d]/f] eGg' · 2018. 9. 27. · d]/f] eGg' s'g} klg ljsf;sf] dfu{ tof/ ug]{ of]hgfsf] ;xL 5gf]6...

$: d]/f] eGg' · 2018. 9. 27. · d]/f] eGg' s'g} klg ljsf;sf] dfu{ tof/ ug]{ of]hgfsf] ;xL 5gf]6 k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] k"0f{ ;Gt'li6 ;lxtsf] pkof]u / lg/Gt/ cg'udg Pjd\d"Nofª\sg$

d]/f] eGg'

s'g} klg ljsf;sf] dfu{ tof/ ug]{ of]hgfsf] ;xL 5gf]6 k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] k"0f{

;Gt'li6 ;lxtsf] pkof]u / lg/Gt/ cg'udg Pjd\ d"Nofª\sg / lbuf]kgfsf] nflu ;xL / j:t'lgi6 lg0f{o

lng tYofÍsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljutaf6 l;s]/ jt{dfgsf] ef]ufO{sf cfwf/df eljiosf nflu of]hgf

th'{df ug'{ jt{dfg k'g;{+/lrt :yfgLo txsf] klxnf] cfjZostf xf] eGg]df b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g .

j:t'lgi7tf / cfjZostfsf] s;Ldf of]hgfx¿ tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿ cufl8 a9fpg g;lsPsdf

hgtfn] :yfgLo txaf6 /fv]sf ck]Iff k'/f x'g ;Sb}gg\ . o;}sf/0f jt{dfgsf] xfd|f] w/ftnLo, ;fdflhs,

;fF:s[lts tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf] klxrfg u/L eljiosf cfjZostf cfFsng ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy of]

cWoog k|ltj]bg -kfZj{lrq_ ;Lldt ;do tyf ;|f]t / ;Ldfleq /xL tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . kfZj{lrqnfO{

;fdfGo ?kdf cWoog ug]{ hf] sf]xLn] klg of] ufpFsf] ax'cfofldstf ;lxtsf] jt{dfg cj:yf ;xh}

cfFsng ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . of] kfZj{lrqnfO{ Psflt/ ufpFsf] ;Dk"0f{ lrgf/Lsf] ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 eg]

csf]{tkm{ xfd|f ;Defjgf / r'gf}ltx¿nfO{ cjut ug{ ;lsG5 .

kfZj{lrq tof/Lsf] qmddf cfˆgf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do k|bfg ug]{ ufpF k|d'v, ufpF pkk|d'v, ljifout

sfof{nosf k|d'v nufot ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/L, j8fWoIfHo"x¿, j8f ;lrj ;fyLx¿, ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿

ljljeGg ;+3÷;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ tyf kfZj{lrqnfO{ of] ?k lbg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g]

k/fdz{bftf >L OG6]lG;e :68L P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/ k|f=ln= sf7df8f}F nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .

cGtdf, of] kfZj{lrq cfˆgf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;kmn /xf]; \ eGg] ;'e]R5f JoQm ub{5' .

=========

;lrj

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] kfZj{lrq 3

v08 ! M e"ldsf

!=! k[i7e"ld

lbuf] / of]hgfa4 ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu j}1flgs of]hgf k4ltsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

j}1flgs of]hgf k4lt lgdf{0fsf nflue/kbf]{ tYofÍsf] ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . To;}n] t'ngfTds cWoog,

cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f, ljj]rgf ug{ ;Defjgfx¿sf] vf]hL ug{ ;lx tYofÍn] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]Nb5 . s'g}

klg :yfgLo txdf /x]sf ljifout sfof{nox¿ tyf cGo ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] tYout l:ylt emNsg] u/L

pknAw eP;Ddsf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt 9+un] ;+sng u/L of] ufpFkflnsf kfZj{lrq tof/ ul/Psf] 5

. ufpFkflnsfsf] ;du| tYofª\s cfjZos kb{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+l3o dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] lgb]{zg u/]adf]lhd ufpFkflnsfx¿n]

cfˆgf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu e/kbf]{ tYofª \sLo cfwf/ tof/ ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . bZff}+ k~rjlif{o

of]hgf -@)&@–@)&&_ n] klg ufpFkflnsfx¿sf] tYofª\sLo cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ gLltut

k|fyldstf lbPsf] / tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)&@÷&#–@)&^÷&&_ n] klg ljsf; of]hgf ;DaGwsf

nflu ufpFkflnsfx¿n] ef}uf]lns ;"rgf s]Gb| :yfkgf / dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ug'{kg]{ yk

bfloTj pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;} k|of]hgsf] nflu ufpFkflnsfsf] j:t'l:ylt emNsg] u/L kfZj{lrq (Profile)

tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

!=@ cWoogsf] p2]Zo

o; cWoogsf d'Vo p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

ufpFkflnsf If]qleq /x]sf ;]jf ;'ljwfx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

ufpFkflnsf If]qleqsf] ;Defjgf / ;d:ofx?sf] cjut u/fpg] .

ufpFkflnsfsf] hg;+Vof tyf ljsf;fTds j:t'l:ylt cf}FNofpg] .

ufpFkflnsfleq a;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs, tyf k]zfut l:yltsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

ufpFkflnsf If]qleq /x]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg tyf ;Lksf] klxrfg u/L ;dli6ut ljj/0f k|:t't ug]{ .

ufpFkflnsfsf] jf:tljs / j:t'ut ;"rgf ;+sng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug'{ .

ufpFkflnsfIf]qsf] tYof°sf] cfwf/df lhNnf tyf /fli6«o :t/;Dd ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ Aoj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug'{ .

:yfgLo cfjZostf / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hgsf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .


ufpFkflnsf:t/df ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] k[i7kf]if0f (Feedback) k|bfg u/L cfufdL sfo{qmdsf] nflu dfu{lgb]{z ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

ufpFkflnsfsf] eflj of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ .

!=# cWoogsf] dxTj

g]kfn;/sf/ ;+l+3o dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] lgb]{zgu/]adf]lhd

ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsfx¿n] cfˆgf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu e/kbf]{ tYofª \sLo cfwf/ tof/ ug'{kg]{

k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .ufpFkflnsfsf] efjL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd / lglt lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ cfwf/ k|bfg ug{]

p2]Zosf ;fy tof/ ul/Psf] kfZj{lrqn] t'ngfTds d'Nof°gsf nflu To; 7fpFsf] j:t'l:ylt ;DjGwL

hfgsf/L :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 . ljleGg :yfgsf] cfj:ostfdf cfwfl/t ljsf;sf sfo{qmd tyf /0fg}lts

of]hgf th'{df ug{sf nflu o; cWoogn] /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} ;dfg'kflts

ljsf;df cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;d]t o; If]qsf] tYok/s hfgsf/L k|bfg ub{5 . o;sf cnfjf ufpF

kfZj{lrqsf] of] cWoog ;DalGwt If]qsf ;+3 ;+:yf Pj+ cg';Gwfgstf{, of]hgfsf/, lzIffsdL{, ;dfh;]jL

nufot ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] ePsf]n] o; cWoogsf] dxTj /x]sf] ljifo k|:6 x'G5 .

!=$ cWoogsf] cf}lrTo

:yfgLo cfjZostf tyf ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ljsf;fTds sfo{qmdnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ g]kfn

;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfo cGtu{t ufpFkflnsfx?nfO{ lb+b} cfPsf] cg'bfgx?df qmdz a[l4 ub}{ nu]sf]

b]lvG5 . ljsf; vr{ yk ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/n] ufpFkflnsfx?sf] Go"gtd zt{ dfkgsf ;"rsx?

klg lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . tL ;"rsx? dWo] x/]s ufpFkflnsfn] cf–cfÇgf] If]qsf]j:t'ut ljj/0fdf

cfwffl/t -Rural Municipality Profil_ tof/ ug'{ Ps xf] . ef}lts ljsf;sf b[li6n] sdhf]/ l:ylt

/x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o; k|sf/sf] sfo{n] ljz]if dxTj /fVb5 . o;n] jt{dfgsf] oyfy{nfO{ ljZn]if0f

u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df ufpFkflnsfn] pknAw >f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg / plrt sfo{qmdx?sf] th'{df,

sfo{Gjog Pjd\ cg'udg d'Nof+sgsf lglDt dfu{bz{ssf] sfd ug]{ x'gfn] of] cWoogsf] cf}lrTo /xG5 .

!=% cWoog ljlw

o; ufpFkflnsfsf] kfZj{lrqsf tof/L ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf ljwLx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ —

o;df ljifout sfof{no tyf ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfx?af6 pknAw tYof+sx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

/fli6«o hgu0fgf, ljleGg ;j]{If0f cflbsf glthfx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

o; cWoog k|ltj]bgdf tYof°sf] laZn]if0fsf j|mddf laleGg tflnsfx?, lrqx? tyf gS;fsf] k|of]u u/L a0f{gfTds tyf t'ngfTds ?kdf laZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=^ cWoogsf ;Ldfx?


/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yflgo ljsf; dGqfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd

ufpFkfZj{lrq tof/ ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf tYof+sx?sf] ;|f]t / cfwf/ jif{ v'nfO{Psf] 5 . ufpFsfljleGg

;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L sfof{no, cGo ;+3;+:yfn] pknAw u/fPsf tYofÍ, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu,

ljleGg dGqfno, ljefux?, ;DaGwLt ufpFkflnsfcflb ;|f]tx?af6 pknAw tYofÍsf] cfwf/df of]

j:t'ut ljj/0f tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . kfZj{lrqsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ o;n] 5q]Zj/L ufpFkflnsfsf] ;Dk"0f{

kIfsf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L ;/n Pj+ :ki6 ?kdf lbG5 . cWoognfO{ oyf;So j:t'ut agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf]

5 . t}klg ;|f]t, ;fwg tyf ;dosf] kl/wLn] o; cWoognfO{ s]xL ;Lldttfdf afFlwPsf] 5 . o;

cWoogdf lgwf{l/t p2]Zosf cfwf/df cfjZostf cg';f/ tYof° ;°ng ul/Psf] 5 .


v08 @ M /fhk'/ufp “kflnsfsf] kl/ro

@=! ufp“kflnsfsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro


g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk'0{f cfly{s ;+efjgf ,;fdflhs l:ytL Pj+ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts

b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfns} k|d'v lhNnfx? dWo] bfª lhNnf xf] . ef}uf]lns ?kdf bfª lhNnffdf leqL dw]zsf

;dy/ kmf6x?, oL kmf6x?nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]g]{ ;fgf tyf dWod kxf8x? ;d]taf6 lgld{t b'O pkTosf

/ kxf8L w/ftn- dxfef/t tyf r'/] _ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . oL pkTosfx? dWo] pQ/L cyf{t dflyNnf]

pkTosf bfª / blIf0fL cyf{t tNnf] pkTosf b]pv'/Lsf] gfdaf6 kl/lrt 5g\ . tNnf] pkTosf b]pv'/L

If]qsf] blIf0f efudf cjl:yt o; /fhk'/ ufpfkflnsf ;fljssf uflj; a]nf / /fhk'/ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 .

bfª lhNnfsf] ;a}eGbf ufpFkflnsfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] If]qkmn %&&=## ju{ lsld

If]qkmndf km}lnP/ /x]sf] 5 .o; ufpFkflnsfsf] If]qkmn hDdf %&&=## ju{ ls=dL 5 . o; ufpFkflnsfsf]

k"j{df u9jf ufpFkflnsf / ndxL gu/kflnsf, klZrddf afFs] lhNnf pQ/df ndxL gu/kflnsf tyf

blIf0fdfef/t 5g\ . ljZj dfglrqdf o;sf] cjl:ylt *@)^'b]lv *@)#)';Dd k"jL{ b]zfGt// @&)#('b]lv

@*))#' pQ/L cfIff+z;Dd 5 . of] ufpFkflnsf ;d'b| ;txaf6 !*& ld6/b]lv *%@ ld6/;Ddsf]

prfOdf cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 1M ufpFkflnsfsf] j8f ljefhg

j8f g+= ;dfj]z ePsf ;fljs uf=lj=;= ;fljs j8f g+=

! a]nf @, #

@ a]nf !, $, %

# a]nf ^–(

$ /fhk'/ ! – #

% /fhk'/ $– ^

^ /fhk'/ &, *

& /fhk'/ ( >f]tM /fhk'/ ufpFklnsf sfo{no

bfª lhNnfdf gofF u7g ePsf ufpFkflnsfx?df ;Defjgf af]s]sf] ufpFkflnsfsf] ?kdf

/fhk'/ufpFkflnsf /x]sf] 5 . ufpFkflnsfsf ;r]t /fhg}lts bn / pTk|]l/t ufpFjf;L ;d]t of]

ufpFkflnsfsf bl/nf] clg bLuf] ljsf;sf] >f]tsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ o;

ufpFkflnsfsf] hg;+Vof @%,)#& /x]sf] 5 h;dWo] dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof !@,&*^ -%!=)& k|ltzt_/

k'?ifsf] hg;+Vof !@,@%! -$*=(# k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L hgu0fgf cg';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L yf?

hflt %,$(( hgf -@!=(^ k|ltzt_, bf];|f]df ofbj $,*!$ -!(=@# k|ltzt_ / t];|f]df du/ $,%)# -

!&=(( k|ltzt_ x?sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . cf}ift kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf s[lif Joj;fosf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]

lx:;f /x]sf] 5 / :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] cfDbfgLsf] csf]{ d'Vo >f]tsf] ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/L klg Ps xf] .

k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLsf] s[lif Aoj;fosf] ljsNk vf]lh/x]sf oxfFsf afl;Gbf cfw'lgs hLjgz}nLdf /dfpg

yfn]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo hgzlQm dhb'/L tyf cWoogsf nflu ljb]lzg] qmd cToflws al9/x]sf] 5 . o;


ufpFkflnsfdf cfwf/e"t b]lv pRr dfWoldstx;Dd lzIff k|bfg ug]{ z}lIfs ;+:yf s]xL dfqfdf /x]sf

5g\ eg] pRr lzIff ljsf;sf] nflu gofF lzIff gLlt Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . cWoogsf nfluo;

ufpFkflnsfsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df :yfgLo ljBfyL{sf cnfjf cGo l5d]sL ufpFkflnsfaf6 ;d]t cfpg]

u/]sf 5g\ .of]hgfa4 ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog cfjZos cfly{s Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO{ x'g'n] o;

ufpFkflnsf If]qsf] ck]lIft ljsf; x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g . ljleGg ;d'bfo, hfthftLsf dflg;sf]

a;f]af; /x]sf] o; If]qdf ljleGg rf8kj{ dgfpg] ul/G5 . bz}F, ltxf/, dfl3, xf]ln, uf}/f,

s[i0fhGdfi6dL, as/Ob, cfO{taf/L, 57kj{, a'4hoGtL, lqmid; cflb oxfFsf k|d'v rf8kj{sf] ?kdf /x]sf]

kfO{G5 .


@=@ e"If]q -6f]kf]u|fkmL_

k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] lx;fan] of] ufpFkflnsf s[lifsf] nflu pko'Qm pj{/ df6f]sf] wgL ufpFkflnsf xf] .

o; ufpFkflnsfdf kfOg] df6f]df anf}6] bf]d6 df6f] kfOG5 . To:t} bf]d6 df6f], anf}6] lrD6fOnf] df6f]

kfOg] x'bfF ufpFkflnsfsf] k|d'v vfBfGg tyf cGg afnLdf wfg, ux'F, ds}, hf}, gub]afnLdf tf]/L, cfn',

pv' / bnxg afnLdf d';'/f], s]/fp, rgf, e6df; pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5  .

@=# e"–If]qsf] auL{s/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] e"ldnfO{ e"–agf}6, k|0ffnL, tyf e"–:vng h:tf k|a[lQsf cfwf/df cWoog

ubf{ e'ldsf] auL{s/0fnfO{ To;sf] pkof]usf] ;DefJotf / ;3gtf 36\b} hfg] (Degrading)qmddf

/flvPsf] 5 . csf]{ zAbdf, e"–:vng jf e"–IfoLs/0fsf] k|a[lQ e"agf]6 cg';f/ km/s kb}{ hfG5 . To;}

qmdn] e"dLsf] :yfloTjnfO{ dha't agfpg]] pkfosf] ef}lts nIf0f (Physical characteristics)sf

cfwf/df lgDg adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M


Slope 1°-5°-df6f]sf] ulx/fO{ kof{Kt ePsf], kfgLsf] lgsf; /fd|f]u/L x'g] sfGnf agfO{ v]tL ug{ ;lsg]_

o:tf] hldgdf df6f]sf] ulx/fO{ kof{Kt x'G5 / kfgL ;txdf tyf cw{e"ldut cj:yfdf ;d]t ;lhn}

lgsf; x'G5 . dg;'gL v]tL ug{sf nlfu o:tf] e"lddf u/fx¿ agfpg' kb{5 . ;txut hnk|jfx Pj+

cw{e"ldut kfgLsf] lgsf;nfO{ e"–Ifo x'g gkfcf]; egL lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg' kb{5 . df6f]sf

ef}lts u'0fx¿ tyf hldgsf] le/fnf]kgsf sf/0f jiff{sf] kfgLaf6 gofF vf]N;Lx¿ aGg] / tL vf]N;Lx¿

k|sf/fGt/df rf}8f x'Fb} uP/ e"–Ifosf] k|j[lQ a9\g] x'gfn] o; ju{sf] hldgsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if Wofg

lbg' kb{5 .

o; ju{sf] hldgdf k/fDk/fut, dWod jf cfw'lgs ljlwaf6 v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . dg;'gsf] ;dodf

x'g] jiff{sf sf/0f r/g tyf jg:kltnfO{ klg dgUu] kmfObf k'Ub5 . o:tf] hldgdf wfg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] 5 eg] df]6f] bfgfbf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t wfgafnL nufpg ;lsG5 .

l;+rfO ePdf lxpFb] Pj+ a;Gt] afnL klg nufpg ;lsG5 .

Slope 5-300-df6f]sf] ulx/fO{ %)–!)) ;]=dL= ePsf], kfgLsf] lgsf; /fd|f] x'g], sfGnf agfP/ dfq v]tL ug{ ;lsg]_

%)–#)) :nf]k /x]sf], kfgLsf] lgsf; /fd|f] x'g] u/]sf] tyf df6f]sf] kqsf] ulx/fO{ %) ;]=dL= b]lv

!)) ;]=dL= ;Dd /x]sf] hUuf o; ju{df kb{5 .

o; ju{sf] hldgdf klx/f] hjfg], hldg efl;g] h:tf e"–IfoLs/0fsf k|a[lQx¿ ;fdfGo?kdf b]vf

kl//xG5g\ . To;}n] hldgnfO{ ;fdfGo?kdf Joj:yfkg gul/Pdf o:tf k|a[lQdf emg\ j[l4 x'g] x'G5 . jg,

jg:ktLsf nflu of] hldg Tolt ;xh x'Fb}g . ufO{a:t'sf] cfjt–hfjtaf6 e"–IfoLs/0fdf j[l4 x'g] x'gfn]

r/g ljsf;nfO{ o; k|sf/sf] hldgdf k|>o lbg 7Ls x'Fb}g . t/, kfn}kfnf] lglZrt :yfgx¿df ufO{a:t'

y'g]/ r/fpg] xf] eg] To;n] hldgsf] pTkfbsTjdf ;3fp klg k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 .

o; k|sf/sf] hldgdf ljz]if u/L dg;'g v]tLsf nflu e"–Ifo /f]Sg u/fx¿ agfpg clgjfo{ x'G5 .

o;df v]tLsf k/Dk/fut / dWod:t/Lo k|ljlw g} ckgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf] le/fnf]kg ePsf]

hldgdf v]tL ubf{ df6f]sf] ef}lts u'0fx¿;Fu Joj:yfkg l;ksf] ;lDd>0fn] d'Vo e"dLsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .

l;+rfOsf] k|of]u lgoldt ?kdf klxn] b]lv g} eO/x]sf] v08df l;+rfO ubf{ e"–Ifosf] ;d:of cfpb}g, t/

gofF l;+rfO k|0ffnL z'? ug]{ xf] eg] z'?df ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb{5 . clnstL klg a9L l;+rfO ePsf]

v08df e"–IfoLs/0fsf] k|a[lQ t'?Gt z'? x'g ;Sb5 .

Slope = 300–400df6f]sf] ulx/fO{ @) ;]=dL= dfq ePsf], kfgLsf] lgsf;;xh ePsf] tyf hldgsf]

le/fnf]kg #)) -!=& ld6/df ! dL=_ eGbf a9L ePsf], sf7 bfp/f pTkfbg ug{ pko'Qm .


df6f]sf] kq @) ;]=dL= dfq ulx/fO{ ePsf] kfgLsf] lgsf; ;xh ePsf] tyf hldgsf] le/fnf]kg

le/fnf]kg #)) -!=& ld6/df ! ld=_ eGbf a9L ePsf] hldg o; ju{df kb{5 . o; k|sf/sf]] Hofbf

le/fnf]kg ePsf] hUufdf u/f agfP/ v]tL ug'{ kmfObfhgs b]lvb}g . o; k|sf/sf] hldgdf jiff{sf]

kfgLaf6 l56f] vf]N;Lx¿ aGg] jf af9Ln] IftL k'¥ofpg] 7'nf] ;Defjgf /xG5. o; k|sf/sf] hldgdf

ag:ktLx¿ nufpg, pko'Qm b]lvG5 . oxfF sf7 / OGwgsf nflu jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg a[l4 ug'{ pko'Qm

x'g]5 . klx/f] hfg] jf af9Laf6 Iflt x'g] k|a[lQ o; k|sf/sf] hldgsf ;fdfGo nIf0f x'g\ .

o:tf] If]qdf hËnsf] ljsf; u/L OGwg, kz' cfxf/ tyf sf7 pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . hËn km8fgL

ePsf] 5 eg] klg o:tf] If]qdf of t af]6lj?jfnfO{ k'gM x'sf{pg ;lsG5 of t j[Iff/f]k0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

o; ju{df kg]{ hldgx¿df ufO{a:t'nfO{ r/fpg] rng s8fOsf;fy lgoGq0f ug'{k5{ . olb OGwg, kz',

cfxf/ tyf r/gsf] nflu pkof]u ug]{ xf] eg] klg jflif{s pkof]un] eljiosf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ hf]lvddf

kfg]{ vfnsf] x'g'x'b}g . o; k|sf/sf] If]qdf o:tf] jg k}bfj/ pkof]u ug]{ tl/sf, :yfg / kx'Frsf] nflu

af6f]sf ljz]if / ;'/lIft of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 . o:tf] hldg v]ltsf] nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

Slope >400df6f]sf] ulx/fO{ @) ;]=dL= eGbf sd ePsf], e'–Ifo eO/xg] k'g?Tkfbgsf] ;+efjgf sd ePsf]

Hofb} le/fnf] ePsf], dWod le/fnf]kg eP klg df6f] kq -tx_ @) ;]=dL= eGbf sd ePsf] jf

h:tf];'s} le/fnf]kg eP klg jif]{ kfgLaf6 Iflt ePsf], w]/} vf]N;Lx¿ l;h{gf ePsf] hldg o; ju{df

kb{{5 . o; k|sf/sf] hldg clt g} sdhf]/, e"–IfoLs/0fsf] k|j[lQ ePsf] tyf k'glg{df{0f /

k'g:yf{los/0fsf] ;Defjgf klg cToGt sd ePsf] sf/0f cGg Pj+ jg:ktL v]tLsf nlfu cg'ko'Qm

dflgG5 .

o; k|sf/sf] hldgnfO{ 3fF; jf af]6–lj?jf nufP/ x/fe/f agfO/fVg' k5{, lsgeg] dfly pNn]v

ul/P em} Psflt/ o:tf] hldgdf e"–IfoLs/0fsf] k|j[lQ tLa| /x]sf] x'G5 eg] csf{lt/ Ps k6s e"–:vng

eO;s]sf] If]qnfO{ k'gM clwu|x0f (reclaim) ug{ c;Dejg g} x'G5 . pRr e"–efudf df6f]sf] tfkqmd sd

/xg] tyf le/fnf]kg ePaf6 df6f] ;lhn};Fu aUb5 .

@=$=! df6f]sf] agfj6 / pj{/fzlQm

k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] lx;fan] of] ufpFkflnsf s[lifsf] nflu pko'Qm pj{/ df6f]sf] wgL ufpFkflnsf xf] .

oxfFsf] s/Lj %#=)@ ju{ ls=ld= hldg v]tLkftLsf] nflu pkof]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . s/Lj @#$=)# ju{

ls= ld= hldg jgh+unn] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] @=^! ju{ ls=ld hnIf]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . ufpFkflnsfsf] k|d'v

vfBfGg tyf cGg afnLdf wfg, ux'F, ds}, df;, d';'/f], c/x/, tf]/L cfbL x'g\ .

@=$=@ e"–cfs[lt tyf df6f]sf] agf]6


ufpFkflnsfsf] pQ/L If]qdf r'/] kj{t >[ªvnf / To; cGtu{tsf] efj/ k|b]z /x]sf] 5 eg] To;eGbf

blIf0fL efudf ;dy/ t/fO If]q /x]sf] 5 . e"cfs[ltdf ePsf] o; km/scg';f/ o; tLg If]qdf kfOg]

df6f]sf] agf]6df klg km/s kfOG5, h'g b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

-s_ pQ/L r'/] If]q M ef}ule{s Oltxf;sf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf lgld{t e"efu ePsf] x'Fbf of] If]q sdhf]/ /

e":vngzLn /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf kfOg] r6\6fgx¿df 9'Ëf, anf}6] r§fg, afn'jf, v;|f] afn'jf, l;N6 /

;]n nufot Sand Stone / Conglomerates sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ dWo efj/ If]q Mr'/] kj{t >[ªvnfsf] blIf0fL km]bdf of] If]q /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf u|fe]n, jfn'jf,

km';|f], /ftf] xNsf bf]d6 tyf cln lrD6fOnf] lsl;dsf] df6f] kfO{G5 . o; If]qsf] df6f] Sandy Loam,

Cobbles / Pebbles sf] cflwSotf /x]sf] 5 .

-u_ blIf0fL t/fO If]q M ufpFkflnsfsf] blIf0fL e"efudf cjl:yt o; If]qdf lrD6fOnf], anf}6] / bf]d6

df6f] kfOG5 .

@=# /fhg}lts tyf k|zf;lgs s]Gb|

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @(% sf] pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd ul7t ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf tyf ljz]if,

;+/lIft jf :jfoQ If]qsf] ;+Vof tyf ;Ldfgf lgwf{/0f cfof]un] ldlt @)&#÷)(÷@@ df k]z u/]sf]

k|ltj]bg / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)&#÷!)÷@@ sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ dfggLo ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo

ljsf; dGqLsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;ldltn] ldlt @)&#÷!!÷@) df k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @)&#÷!!÷@@ df ;flassf uf=lj=; a]nf / /fhk'/ ufe]/ hDdf & j8fx? sfod

ul/ /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] xf] .

@=$ xfjfkfgL

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ ufpF xf] cyf{t oxfFsf] ef}uf]lns agf}6 cg';f/ o;

ufpFsf] df};d tyf hnjfo'df klg ljljwtf kfO{G5 . oxfFsf] df};d cyjf hnjfo'nfO pi0f, pkf]i0f /

lztf]i0f u/L tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . dWo k|b]zdf cjl:yt o; ufpFsf] xfjfdf t'ngfTds

?kn] cGo t/fO{ tyf k"jL{ lhNnfx?sf] bfFhf]df ;fk]lIft cfb|tf sd 5, h;sf sf/0f oxfFsf] xfjf z'is

dx;'; x'G5 . ufpFdf vf]nfgfnf, kf]v/L tyf tfntnf}ofx?sf] ;+Vof k|z:t ePtfklg lxpFb / ljz]if u/L

jiff{b x'g'eGbf k"j{ udL{ dlxgfdf clwsf+z vf]nfgfnf tyf kf]v/L tyf tfnx? ;'Vvf x'g] ub{5g\ . o;

ufpFkflnsf /x]sf] bfª lhNnfsf] cf}ift ;fdfGo jif{x?df clwstd tfkqmd @)=% l8u|L ;]N;Lo;b]lv

#(=( l8u|L ;]N;Lo;;Dd k'Ug] u/]sf] 5 eg] Go"gtd tfkqmd @!=* l8u|L ;]N;Lo;b]lv @=% l8u|L

;]N;Lo; x'G5 . ufpFkflnsfdf u[id Ct'df s]xL udL{sf] / lxpFbdf ;fdfGo hf8f] dx;'; x'G5 . lhNnfsf]


jiff{ jflif{s ;/b/ !,&)^ ldlnld6/ -cfiff9, >fj0f / efb|df a9L jiff{ x'g]_ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/ ljutsf

jif{x?sf cfFs8fx? x]bf{ lhNnfdf Go"gtd tfkmqmd )=) l8u|L ;]N;Lo; / clwstd tfkqmd $)=% l8u|L

;]N;Lo;;Dd k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;/b/ jiff{sf] dfqfdf klg lgs} km/s k/]sf] b]lvG5, h; cg';f/

ljut !) jif{sf] cfFs8f x]bf{ !,@^^=# b]lv !,&&(=% ld=ld= kfgL k/]sf] b]lvG5 . aËfnsf] vf8Laf6

rNg] dg;'gL jfo'af6 oxfF jiff{ x'g] ub{5, h'g c;f/ dlxgfaf6 ;'? e} ebf} dlxgf;Dd ;lqmo /xG5 .

lxpFbdf eg] klZrdL dg;'gL xfjfaf6 kmf6km'6 kfgL kg]{ ub{5 .

;g\ @)!@ / !# sf] cf}ift clwstd tyf Go"gtd tfkqmd / jflif{s jiff{sf] ljj/0f tnsf]

tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 1 M /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] tfkqmd / jiff{sf] ljj/0f -;g\ @)!@ / @)!#_

dlxgf ;g\ @)!@ ;g\ @)!#

cf}= clwstd

tfkqmd -;]=_

cf}= Go"gtd

tfkqmd -;]=_

jiff{ ld=ld= cf}= clwstd

tfkqmd -;]=_

cf}= Go"gtd

tfkqmd -;]=_

jiff{ ld=ld=

hgj/L 19=9 6=2 23=2 21=2 4=8 8=6

km]a|'c/L 24 8=7 35=4 23=3 9=6 57=8

dfr{ 29=6 13 17=5 29=7 14 0=2

clk|n 33=8 23 5=4 33 18 41=2

d] 36=3 21 69=8 34=9 22 67=6

h'g 36=2 24 147 30=9 23 483=6

h'nfO{ 30=3 22 633=5 31=2 24 548

cu:t 31=5 23 454=8 31=3 23 471=2

;]K6]Da/ 30=9 22 333 31=8 21 172=6

cS6f]a/ 28=9 16 0 28=7 18 94=8

gf]e]Da/ 26=3 9=8 0 25=8 11 0

l8;]Da/ 23=2 6=9 0 22=9 7=2 0

;|f]tM bfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq, @)&!


@=% ufp“kflnsfdf /x]sf] ;DefJotf / cj;/

ufpFkflnsf If]qdf /x]sf ;DefJotf / cj;/ cGtu{t oftfoft ;]jf, ;"rgf k|ljlw, z}lIfs k|lzIf0f

s]Gb|, ljQLo ;]jf, a}b]lzs /f]huf/, gbLgfnfx?df df5fkfng Joj;fo, cfw'lgs s[lif Joj;fo h:tf yk

cfly{s ljsf;sf ;DefJotfsf If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

;du|df o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] w]/} If]qdf x]bf{ s[lif k]zf c+ufNg] 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof pRr /x]sf]

5 . ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf] v]tL of]Uo hldgdf vfBfGgsf] ;fy} cGo gub] t/sf/L afnL, kmnk"mn, pv',

tf]/L, t/sf/L d;nf tyf h8La'6L / kz'hGo pTkfbg a[l4 ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf] 5 .

cfw'lgs s[lif k|ljlw, dn tyf cf}hf/sf] cefj x'gfsf] ;fy} ;f] sf] clwstd nfut d"Non] ubf{ ;f] sf]

k|of]udf sdL x'g uO{ s[lif pTkfbgdf cfjZostfcg';f/ j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hgr]tgf, ;Lk tyf

Jofj;foLs/0fsf] clej[l4, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fsf] ;fy} cfjZos k|ljlw, dn, shf{ aLp lahgsf]

pknAwtfdf ;/nLs/0f u/]/ s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbgdf j[l4 NofO{ cfly{s l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg

;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf] 5 .

ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf] cToGt pj{/ e"lddf j:tL ljsf; tyf cGo lgdf{0fn] ubf{ v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] pknAwtfdf lbg k|ltlbg sdL x'Fb} uPsf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ df6f]sf] pj{/fzStL

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

;g\ @)!@ ;g\ @)!#

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] tfkqmd / jiff{sf] ljj/0f -;g\ @)!@ / @)!#_

hgj/L km]a|'c/L dfr{ clk|n d] h'g h'nfO{ cu:t ;]K6]Da/ cS6f]a/ gf]e]Da/ l8;]Da/


qmdzM IfL0f x'Fb} pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfPsf] b]lvG5 . hyfefjL x'g] u/]sf] j:tL ljsf;nfO{ Jojl:yt ugf{sf] ;fy} k'/fgf k/Dk/fut s"nf]x¿sf] dd{t ;'wf/ u/L df6f]sf] pj{/fzStL a9fO{ jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f sd ug{ ;s]df efjL k':tfsf] nflu Pp6f a:g nfos lhjGt :yfgsf] hf]xf] ug{ ;lsg]5 .

ufpFkflnsfsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf b'Uw pTkfbg tyf kz'k~5L pTkfbgsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf of] Joj;fonfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{sf] ;fy} oftfoft ;]jfnfO{ ;j{;'ne tl/sfn] pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr;Dd lj:tf/ ug{ ;s]sf] v08df w]/}j6f :yfgx¿df b'Uw lr:ofg s]Gb|, sf]N8 :6f]/ vf]Ng, df;'hGo pBf]u, cflb ljsf; ug{ ;lsg]5 . h;af6 /f]huf/ >[hgf u/L ;du| ufpFkflnsfdf cfodf j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

o; ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fwgnfO{ Jojl:yt tyf jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlw ckgfP/ plrt k|of]u ug{ ;s]df ;f] If]qn] sltko u|fdL0f Onfsfx¿df :yfgLo :t/df cfjZos /f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt >[hgf ugf{sf] ;fy} :yfgLo >f]t kl/rfngdf ;d]t lbuf]kgf Nofpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

ufpFkflnsfsf ljleGg j8fx?df k|fs[lts gbL tyf vf]nfx? ePsf] / yk s]xL cGo 7fpFx¿df tfn lgdf{0f u/L df5fkfng Joj;fo u/]df ;lhn};Fu /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ a9\g] / vf;u/L ef/taf6 cfoft x'g] df5f k|lt:yfkg eO{ :jb]zs} df5fn] ahf/ lng] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Stf ;d"x¿nfO{ ;+ul7t / ;+:yfut u/L jg If]qdf u}/ sfi7hGo pTkfbgx¿ hl8a'6L v]tLsf] cnfjf dx pTkfbgnfO{ klg k|j4{g u/L ahf/Ls/0f ug{ ;s]df ;f]If]qsf] cfly{s pGgtL ug{ yk 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

ljleGg P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts Pj+ k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf :ynx? /x]sf] o; ufpFkflnsfdf

;fgf7'nf w]/} dlGb/x? /x]sf 5g\ . oL :yfgx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s]sf] v08df lglZrt ?kn] cfGtl/s

tyf afXo ko{6sx¿ a9\g uO{ yk cfly{s cj;/x¿ >[hgf ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

ufpFkflnsf tyf g]kfnd} a]/f]huf/L a9\\b} uO/x]sf] / ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf]

k|z:t cj;/x¿ gePsf]n] a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf cfsif{0f a9]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ufpFkflnsfsf OR5's

o'jfx¿nfO{ l;kd'ns tflnd k|bfg u/L Plss[t?kn] a}b]lzs /f]huf/df k7fpg] Joj:yf ePdf

ufpFkflnsfsf] cfly{s ljsf;df o; If]qn] 7'nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] k|z:t ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;Defjgfd"ns pkfox?nfO{

lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

ufpFkflnsfIf]q leq /x]sf gbL tyf vf]nfx?af6 cfw'lgs s'nf] tyf gx/ dfkm{t\ kfgL l;+rfO{ u/L Jofj;foLs ?kdf v]tL ug{ ;s] s[ifL pTkfbgdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 x'g ;S5 .

:yfgLo sRrL ;8ssf] :t/ j[l4 u/L sfnf]kq] ug{ ;s] :yfgLo jfl;Gbfn] e/k'/ ;'lawf lng'sf ;fy} ;du| ufpFkflnsfsf] ;'Gb/tfdf a[l4 x'g ;S5 .

t/sf/L, kz'kfng tyf cGo s[ifL pTkfbgsf] ahf/sf] nflu ;d:of gePsf]n] Aoj;flos s[ifL pTkfbgnfO{ g} hf]8 lbg' ;xh tyf plrt b]lvG5 .


bfª lhNnfdf cjl:yt o; ufpFkflnsfIf]qdf yk cf}Bf]lus lj:tf/ ug{ ;s] :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/L a[l4 ug{;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

o; If]qdf ljleGg P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts :yfgx? /x]sfn] ko{6g ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+3;+:yfx? o; If]qdf lqmoflzn /x]sfn] ufpFkflnsfsf] ljsf;df ;fem]bf/L x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

ufpFkflnsf If]qdf pkef]Qmfx?sf] j[l4 e}/x]sf] ;Gbe{df pBf]u, Jofkf/ / jfl0fHosf] ljsf; x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

@=^ ufp“kflnsfsf] ;d:of, r'gf}tL, cj;/ / ;Defjgfx?

o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fdflhs tyf ef}lts ljsf;sf nflu ljBdfg r'gf}tL tyf ;d:ofx?nfO{

lgDg a'Fbfdf ;+If]lks/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

jg, pa{/ s[lif hldg, gbL gfnf, ;Dd ef}ulns cj:yf / h}ljs ljljwtf h:tf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] oy]i6 pknAwtf b]lvG5 .

lzlIft dfgljo >f]tdf j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

o'jf hg;d'bfosf] afx'Notf b]lvG5 .

/fli6«o /fhdfu{ k|0ffnL;+u cfj¢ ePsf] 5 .

lzIff s]Gb|x?sf] ;+rfngdf Joj:yf

ef/t;Ë v'Nnf l;dfgf

hg;xeflutfdf sld

ufpFkflnsfsf] If]qleq cfjZos /f]huf/d'ns pBf]uwGbf, snsf/vfgf gx'g' .

ufpFkflnsfIf]qdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;fj{hlgs rkL{sf] cem} klg plrt Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg' .

ufpFkflnsf If]qleqsf w]/} ;8sx? sRrL tyf sd u'0f:t/sf] /xg' .

s[ifLof]Uo e"dL ePtfklg Joj;flos v]tLsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' .

cfo>f]tsf] sldn] ufpFkflnsfsf] :t/Lo ljsf; k|s[ofdf ;d:of pTkGg x'g' .

a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Aojl:yt agfpg g;Sg' .

:yfgLo hgk|ltlglwsf] vfFrf] x'g' .

cfsf;] kfgLdf lge{/ l;rfO{

k/fDk/fut s[lif k|0ffln

jif]{gL 8'jfg tyf s6fgsf] ;d:of s[ifLof]Uo e"ld vl08s[t x'b} k|of]u laxLg x'g' .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf v]ns'bdf /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 .

@=& ufp“kflnsfsf] cGt/ ufp“kflnsf ;DaGw


ufpFkflnsfsf] lar s'g} g s'g} ?kdf Ps cfk;df ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . ;DaGwsf] k|s[lt / b'/L

ufpFkflnsfx¿ lar km/s–km/s x'g ;S5 . dfgj ljsf;sf] lgDtL ljleGg :yfgx¿df cfjt hfjt ug'{

kg]{, pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug{] qmddf Ps ufpFkflnsfn] csf]{ ufpFkflnsfdf lge{/ /xg' kg]{

x'G5 . tL cGt/lge{tfsf d'Vo If]qx¿, oftfoft, a;fO{;/fO{, s[lif tyf kz' pkh, jg k}bfj/, ko{6g,

/f]huf/L, k|fs[lts ;|f]t pkof]u Pj+ Joj:yfkg, lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb x'g\ . o; ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf ljljw

vfn] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ cGo ufpFkflnsf tyf ufpFaf6 cfpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . kxf8L If]qaf6 s[lif /

aghGo pTkfbgx¿ t/fO{ lelqg] ub{5g\ . t/fO{ If]q kxf8L lhNnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf ;'ljwf ;DkGg ePsf]n]

a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] k|a[lQ lgs} a9L b]lvG5 . ef}uf]lns ?kdf Pp6} If]qdf cjl:yt xF'bf xjfO{ / ;8s

oftfoftsf] ;'ljwfsf sf/0fn] ;'ljwf pknAw ufpFkflnsfx¿df ;]jf cfpg] hfg] ub{5g\ . df};dL

/f]huf/sf] nflu kxf8af6 t/fO{ emg]{ k|rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL ljljw sf/0fn] cGt/ufpFkflnsf;DaGw

cem a9L ;'b[9 ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;fy}, o; ufpFkflnsfsf] l5d]sL ufpFkflnsf÷gu/kflnsf tyf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt h:tf ;/sf/L

lgsfox?;+u /fd|f] ;DjGw /x]sf] 5 . kmntM o; If]qsf] ljsf;fTds s[ofsnfksf] ;~rfngdf ;dGjo

ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu ;d]t /fd|f] ;DjGw /x]sf]

5 .

@=* ufp“kflnsf ljsf;df b]lvPsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿

a9\bf] hg;+Vof ;Fu} tLa| ultdf ljsf; e}/x]sf] zx/f]Gd'v u|fld0f a:tLx¿sf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;df

b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

a:tLx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfa4 k|of; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . a:tLx¿df ;'ljwf alu{s/0f

(Zoning) sf] cfwf/af6 cfjf; If]q, cf}Bf]lus If]q, ;fj{hlgs v'nf If]q, xl/t If]q,

c:ktfn ljBfno tyf sfo{no If]q cflb u/L zx/L If]q nufot zx/f]Gd'v Pj+ u|fdL0f

If]qx¿sf] ls6fg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

a:tLx¿sf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;fj{hlgs Pj+ lghL ?kdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug{

of]hgfa4 k|of; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . zx/L a:tLx¿af6 lgsf; x'g] kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ ;+sng /

k|zf]wg u/L a:tLx¿sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts'n agfpg] sfo{ /f]Sg' kg]{ / 7'nf a:tLx¿df

5f8f kz'x¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf kz' xf6 a/fhsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

vf]nfgfnfdf 9n lgsf; u/L kfgL k|b'if0f eO/x]sf] x'Fbf k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{

b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{x¿df ;DalGwt lgsfo Pj+ sfof{nox¿ lar ;dGjo x'g g;ls

k'jf{wf/x¿sf] lbuf] lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf :yfgLo lgsfo tyf gful/s

;dfh;Fu ;dGjo x'g' h?/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 .


a}1flgs a;f]af; of]hgfsf] cfwf/ tof/ u/L Jojl:yt ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' cfjZos

b]lvG5 . a:tLx¿sf] ljsf;sf] nflu u'?of]hgf agfO{ cfjfl;o If]q, Joj;flos If]qx¿,

cf}Bf]lus If]q, kfs{, pBfg / v]nd}bfg h:tf ;fj{hlgs If]q tyf sfof{no Pj+

;+3;+:yfx¿sf] nflu If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

@=( l;d;f/ If]q

gbL, gfnf, tnfp, kf]v/L, s'jf, wfk tyf bnbn] If]qx¿ vf;u/L hxfF hldg n'Sb}g kfgL ;'Sb}g

To:tf If]qx¿nfO{ l;d;f/ elgG5 . o; ufpFkflnsfsf ljleGg lsl;dsf b'n{e r/fr'?ËLx¿ / ;l/;[k

(Reptiles) x¿sf] af; dflgG5 . o; ufpFkflnsfdf ;fgf 7'nf u/L bh{gf} k|fs[lts tfn tn}of /]s8{

ul/Psf] 5 . oL tfn tn}ofx¿ h}ljs ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .

@=!) tfn tn}ofx? tyf vf]nf gbLx?

ufpFkflnsfsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q tyf j8fx¿df km}lnP/ /x]sf /fKtL gbL / ljleGg

vx/] vf]nx? tyf kf]v/Lx¿n] k|z:t hne08f/ ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg lsl;dsf hnr/x¿ / k+5Lx¿nfO{

;'/lIft af;:yfgsf] ?kdf cf>o lbO/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;fy} o:tf gbL tyf tnfpx?af6 kz'x¿n] kfgL

lkpg] / ls;fgx¿n] ;d]t a]nfavt cf+lzs?kdf l;+rfO{sf] nflu kfgLsf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfgj

j:tLsf] ljsf; / a;fO{;/fO{sf] rfksf ;fy} cg'Tkfbs kz'x¿sf] cToflws r/Lr/fp / pkof]un]

k|fs[lts gbLgfnfx?df e"Ifo eO{ k'l/g] qmd hf/L 5  . o:tf k|fs[lts gbLgfnfx¿sf] k'g?4f/ u/L df5f

kfng u/]df ufpFkflnsfsf hgtfsf nflu cfjZos df5fsf] cfk'lt{ x'g] dfq geO{ sltko tfnx¿df

ko{6lso cfsif{0fsf] ?kdf hn ljxf/ / gf}sfog ;d]t ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

ufpFdf ePsf gbLx?nfO{ Joj;flos ?kdf psf:b} n}hfg] xf] eg] ufpFdf cfGtl/s tyf jfXo

ko{6gsf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .


@=!! wfld{s, k|fs[lts tyf ko{6sLo dxTjsf :ynx?

cg'kd k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, k|r'/ h}ljs ljljwtf, ax'hftLo, ax'efifLo ax'wd{ / ;fdflhs ljljwtf Pj+

P]ltxf;s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{ g]kfn ljZj ko{6g dfglrqdf k|d'v ko{6sLo uGtJo:ynsf]

?kdf ;'kl/lrt 5 . lj1fg, k|ljlw / ;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf;n] ;d'Rr ljZj g} Pp6f

ufpFsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'Fb} uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnn] o:tf /fli6«o ;DkbfnfO{ ljZj ;fd' k|:t't ub}{ ljZj

ko{6g ahf/nfO{ cfslif{t u/L cTolws nfe lng ;Sg] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ko{6g Joj;fo

cfkm}+df /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/ ePsf]n] o; Joj;fosf] ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/åf/f cfd

gful/ssf] hLljsf]kfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug'{ ckl/xfo{

ePsf] 5 . o; k|of]hgfy{ Psftkm{ g]kfnsf oL ljljw ;Dkbfsf] ;d'lrt ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug'{

cTofjZos ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ oftfoft ;]jf nufot ko{6g ;]jf;Fu ;Da4 ;a}

k|sf/sf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ub}{ ko{6g ;]jf pBf]usf] ;+VofTds Pj+ u'0ffTds j[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf wfld{s :ynx?sf] s'/f ubf{ bfª lhNnf nufot cGo lhNnfx?df ;d]t

VoftL sfdfPsf dlGb/x? /x]sf 5g\ . ufpFdf ;do7fg eGg] lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx?sf] kljq dlGb/ /x]sf] 5

. hxfF cfsfzd'gL b]jtfx? /x]sf 5g\ eGg] egfO 5 . o; kljq :yndf lzj/fqLsf] a]nf # lbg;Dd d]nf

nfUg] ub{5 . To:t} u/L @ j6f lzj dlGb/ klg /x]sf 5g\ . lbOPsf wfld{s :ynx?df k'Ugsf] nflu

;8ssf] k|of]u klg ug'{k5{ . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf wfld{s :ynsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lgDgjdf]lhdsf]

tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 2M wfld{s tyf ko{6lso :ynsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= :ynsf] gfd /x]sf] :yfg If]qkmn-s¨f_ kx'Fr l:ytL xf]6n nh /]i6'/f dxTj

1 ;doyfg dlGb/ @ g+= 5 ;8s k}bn 5}g wfld{s

2 lzj dlGb/ 1 ;8s k}bn 5}g wfld{s

3 lzj dlGb/ s¨f ;8s k}bn 5}g wfld{s

4 ;'g5x/L ^ g+= ;'gk|ef vf]nf ko{6lso

5 s7a]?jf tfn ! g+= s7a]?jf ko{6lso

6 hªu|xjf /fdhgsL dlGb/

% g+= wfld{s

>f]tM ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f @)&#

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf lklSgs :ynsf] ?kdf /x]sf] s6s'jf kf]v/L /x]sf] 5 . h'g % ljuf If]qkmndf

km}lnPsf] 5 . of] :yfg lklSgs :ynsf] ?kdf rlr{t t 5b} 5 o; 7fpFaf6 ljleGg hgfj/x?sf]

cjnf]sg klg ug{ ;lsG5 .


@=!@ d'Vo rf8kj{x?

o; ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg hftL, wd{ ;Dk|bfo / e]ife'iffsf dflg;x? a;f]af; ub{5g\ . oxfF

clwsf+z lxGb" wd{ dfGg] kxf8L / dw];L d"nsf dflg;x? /x]sf 5g\ eg] To:t} d'l:nd / lqml:rog wd{

dfGg] dflg;x? klg 5g\ . ;a} hfthftL / ;Dk|bfosf cf–cfkm\g} vfn] wd{ ;+:s[lt / rfnrngx? 5g\ .

h;df a8fbz}+, ltxf/, /fdgjdL, dxflzj/fqL, xl/tflnsf, >Lk~rdL, >Ls[i0f hGdfi6dL, ljjfx

k~rdL, 57 -xf]nL_, r}t] bz}+, ;fpg]–df3] ;|u|fGtL, df3L, uf]7w"k, dftftLy{ cf}+;L, cIfo t[tLof,

xl/zogL–xl/af]wgL PsfbzL, gfuk~rdL, /IffaGwg -hg}k"l0f{df_, s'z] cf}+;L, afnfrt'b{zL, sf]hfu|t

k"0fL{df, uf]7fn], >L :j:yfgL k"l0f{df, gofF jif{ ;f]x|>f4 lhtLof, l;?jf -ljz]ifu/L yf?–vjf;_, s"n–yfgL

k"hf, u|fdyfg k"hf, s/jf rf}y, ss{6 ;+qmflGt, e'sL{ k"hg, ;+s6 k"hf, a'4hoGtL, ljleGg Nxf];f/

kj{x?, af/f/lj cjn, ;'j/ft, O{b, js/O{b, df]x/d, Uof/xL ;l/km, Ob'nlkmt/, lqmzd; 8], gofF jif{,

Eofn]g6fO{g 8], uf}/f, xf]nL, cfOtaf/L, b]jLhft, r/fO{x¿ -/fgf yf? hfltsf]_, w'l/of k"hf, e"t'jf k"hf,

/gk'tnf -a|fXd0f, If]qL_, cgGTo, k';] !%, cf]Ns], c;f/] !%, u+uf bzx/f, lj;' ltxf/] cflb rf8kj{x?

/x]sf 5g\ .

@=!# ;“:s[lt, snf, efiff / ;flxTo

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf ;F:s[lt, snf, efiff tyf ;flxTosf b[li6sf]0fn wgL ufpFkflnsfsf ?kdf /x]sf]

5 . ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg lsl;dsf hfthflt, wd{ / efiffefifL af]Ng] kl/jf/x?sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 .

o:t}, e'OFsnf, j]bL, gfu, ci6bn, Hof]lt snf, 6f]6djfbL snf, uf}/f -d"lt{ snf_, ufFh -k'Tnf, b]jLsf]

k|tLs k'Tnf_, ljho ;fns]f lunfF;, sfi7 snf, t]n xfNg] rf8L, kfNnf], sf]zL, 5fk|f], 9lsof, 8f]sf],

gfDnf], 9lsof, 9]/L, lunfF;nufot ljleGg lsl;dsf snf, ;F:s[ltx? k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljBdfg ;a}

snf, ;F:s[lts]f cWoog / ;+/If0fsf] cefjsf sf/0f sltko snf, ;F:s[lt, k/Dk/f cd"t{ / nf]kf]Gd'v

cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

o; ufpFkflnsfdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf /}yfg] yf? ;d'bfox?sf] df}lns ;F:s[ltn] ufpFkflnsfsf]

;fF:s[lts ko{6gnfO{ cfsif{0f u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . yf? ;“:s[ltM

ufpFkflnsfsf] ko{6gsf ax'cfoflds kIfdWo] df}lns ;F:s[lt k|d'v x'G5 . ;dfhzf:qLo b[li6sf]0f

cg';f/ ;F:s[ltsf] j[xt tyf Jofks cy{ / kl/efiff x'G5 . ;du|df dflg;sf] hLjgz}nL, Jojxf/, lrGtg,

d"No, dfGotf k/Dk/f, ljZjf;, snf, efiff, rfnrng, wd{ cflb kIfx?sf] ;ldli6ut cjwf/0ff g}

;fF:s[lts kIf xf] . yf? hfltsf] df}lns / /}yfg] hLjgz}nL, 1fg / ;Lk /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk, cfw'lgs


hLjgz}nL / ljleGg ;fF:s[lts ;d"xx?;Fusf] ;DaGw / k|efjn] ubf{ pgLx?sf] ;fF:s[lts df}lnstfdf

s]xL Ifo x'g k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

yf? hflt;Fu /x]sf] df}lns ;fF:s[lts kIf / /}yfg] cflbjf;L 1fgsf] clen]vLs s"n hg;+Vofsf]

@!=(^ k|ltzt yf? ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof 5 . ;fF:s[lts ko{6g cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6sx?sf] rf;f] /

cfsif{0f aGg k'u]sf] 5 . /fhk'/If]qsf] u|fdL0f ko{6gnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ qmddf o; If]qdf yf? /]:6'/]G6 /

ef]hgfnosf] ljsf; u/L pgLx?sf] ljlzi6 kl/sf/ k:sg] k|of; h?/L 5 . To;}u/L, pgLx?sf] e]ife"iff,

gfrufg, afhf, uLt / v]nx?sf] k|bz{g / k|:t'tLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 cfGtl/s / afXo ko{6snfO{

cfslif{t ug{ ;lsG5 . sf7df8f}+sf] g]jf/ ;F:s[lt, dgfª / d':tfªsf] u'?ª tyf ysfnL, ;f]n'sf] ;]kf{,

ndh'ªsf] 3n]ufpF u'?ª, :ofª\hfsf] l;?af/L ;F:s[lt u|fdL0f ;fF:s[lts–ko{6g ljsf; ePsf uGtJo

:ynx? x'g\ . o; ;Gbe{df /fhk'/If]q yf? ;F:s[ltsf] ko{6sLo uGtJo:yn aGg ;Sg] k|z:t ;Defjgf 5

.

leGgleGg 7fpF / kl/j]zaf6 Pp6} 7fpFdf a;f]af;sf nflu cfPsf ;d'bfosf ;F:s[lt, snf /

rfnrngsf] cg'kd ;+ud ynf]sf ?kdf /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . vf;u/L /}yfg] cflbjf;L

yf? ;d'bfosf] df}lns ;F:s[lt, rfnrng, e]ife"iff, efiff, njfOvjfO /fhk'/ sf] ;fF:s[ltsf] ;Dkbf ag]sf]

5 . yf? ;d'bfosf ufpFj:tL k|foMdf a9L hg3gTj /x]sf] x'G5 . logLx? PSn} a:g ?rfpFb}gg\ . u'Hd'Hh

k/]sf] e"Otn] 3/x? /x]sf] j:tLnfO{ yf? ;d'bfosf] j:tL eg]/ ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . yf? ;d'bfodf

d'lvof, a83/ jf rf}w/L k|yf xfn;Dd klg sfod 5 . yf? ;d'bfodf kl/jf/ ;+Vof lgs} 7"nf] x'g] ub{5

. oBkL, cfw'lgstf;Fu} yf? ;d'bfodf klg kl/jf/ ljv08g x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5 . lgs} 7"nf] kl/jf/ ;+Vof

x'g] ePsf]n] g} e'Otn] 3/ agfpg] k|rng /x]sf] dflgG5 . yf?x?n] 3/ agfpFbf pQ/ blIf0f nfdf] kf/]/

agfpg] rng 5 . k"j{sf] 9fsf]af6 ;"o{sf] ls/0f /fd|f]l;t l5g{;Sg] jf 3/leq}af6 3fd tfKg ldNg] u/L

3/ agfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . vf;u/L, pQ/k"j{sf] sf]7fdf b]ptf /fVg'kg]{ x'Fbf yf?n] Ps} lsl;dsf 3/

agfpg'kg]{ afWotf h:t} /x]sf] 5 .

yf?x?sf] 3/sf] leQfdf s'zntfk"j{s df6f]af6 do"/, km"n, 3f]8f3f]8L, xfQL cflb hLjhGt'sf] lrq

agfPsf] kfOG5 . 3/sf leQfdf agfPsf] df6f]sf] lrqaf6 yf? ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut snfsf]

;+/If0f u/]sf] dfGg'kb{5 eg] csf]{lt/ pgLx? k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} snfsfl/tfdf lgk"0f{ /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{

;lsG5 . nQfsk8f /fVgsf nflu agfOPsf ef}+sf, ;/;fdfg af]SgnfO{ agfOPsf 9lsof cflb df}lns

x:tsnfsf Bf]ts x'g\ . 3/df snfTds em\ofn 9f]sf /fVg] rng klg /x]sf] 5 . pgLx? sfi7snfdf

;d]t lgk"0f{ /x]sf] 5g\ .


yf? efiffdf Ct' cg';f/sf gfrufg 5g\ . ;hgf, d}gf, wdf/, a8sLdf/ cyjf hGdfi6dL / bz}+df

ufOg] uLt, ;lvof cflb yf? ;d'bfodf /x]sf uLt–;FuLtsf pTs[i6 gd"gf x'g\ .

yf? hfltsf] 5'§} df}lns kf]zfs /x]sf] 5 . yf? hfltsf nf]Ug] dfG5]n] wf]tL–sdLh, e]ujf, rb/L,

hfdf sfsf;'tL / 6f]kL nufpF5g\ eg] dlxnfn] c+luof, n]x+uf ul6of / kml/of nufpF5g\ . t/fOdf cGo

;d'bfosf] a;f]af; x'g yfn]kl5 eg] yf? ;d'bfodf klg cfˆgf] df}lns kf]zfs nufpg] rng lj:tf/} sd

x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 . rf8kj{ jf cGo s'g} cf}krfl/s sfo{qmddf dfq} yf?n] cfˆgf] kf]zfs nufpg] u/]sf]

kfO{G5 .

yf? dlxnfn] 6fpsf] b]lv v'§f;Dd uxgf nufpg] rng 5 . lgwf/df l6s'nL / dluof, gfsdf

gl7of, gy'gL, a'nfsL / k]m+kmL, sfgdf jL/, lemnldlnof, n'sL{, sgaemjf, cO/d, 6sL{, d/jf/L /

em'Dsfem'DsL, 3f6Ldf l;qmL, dfnf, u6}of, sg;]x/L 6f}+s, ;'Tof, w'?jf cflb nufpg] u5{g\ . yf? hftLdf

klg b+uxf /eml6of, s7l/of / /fgf yf? ;d'bfosf dlxnfn] nufpg] kf]zfs tyf u/uxgfdf ljljwtf

kfOG5 .

yf? hfltdf cltlynfO{ clt g} cfb/ ug]{ rng /x]sf] 5 . 3/df s'g} cltlysf] cfudg x'Fbf vf6df

sDan jf b/L cf]5\ofP/ ;Ddfg ug]{ / kfgL v'jfpg] rng 5 . vfgf v'jfpFbf klg df5f, df;' jf l;b|f,

geP c08f lbP/ ;Ddfg ug]{ rng 5 . kfx'gfnfO{ ljbfO{ ubf{ klg ufpFsf] l;dfgf;Dd of s'g} gbL of

vf]nf t/fP/ ljbfO ug]{ u5{g\ .


v08 # M hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

#=! hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f


g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / ef}uf]lns c;dfgtfsf] sf/0f hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0fdf klg c;dfg ?k

b]lvG5. /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* cg';f/ /fhk'/sf] hg;+Vof @%,)#& hgf /x]sf] 5 h; dWo] k'?if

$*=(# k|ltzt !@,@%! hgf / dlxnf %!=)& k|ltzt !@,&*^ hgf /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o hgu0fgf,

@)^* cg';f/ n}+lus cg'kft (Sex Ratio)cyf{t\\ k|lt !)) k'?ifdf dlxnfsf] ;+Vof(%=*@ /x]sf] 5 . o;

sf] s'n hg;+Vof dWo] !#,@(# hgf -%#=)( k|ltzt_ !% b]lv %( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf, !),!*% hgf -

$)=^* k|ltzt_ !$ jif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd pd]/sf / !,%%(hgf -^=@#*k|ltzt_ ^) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf

dflyNnf] pd]/ ;d"xsf /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* cg';f/ /fhk'/ df $,$&# 3/kl/jf/ /x]sf

5g\ . xfn o; ufpFkflnsfdf k|lt kl/jf/ cf}ift %=^) hgf ;b:o /x]sf] b]lvG5eg] ;fIf/tf b/

^#=%^k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* adf]lhd o; sf] s'n hg;+Vof dWo] @=&)

k|ltzt cyf{t ^&& hgfckfª\utf ePsfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . h; dWo] #*@ hgf -%^=$#k|ltzt_ k''?if /

@(% -$#=%&k|ltzt_ hgf dlxnf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] kl/jf/sf] cf}ift cfsf/ %=#! /x]sf] 5 . b]zdf

;a}eGbf a9L /f}tx6 lhNnfdf ^=$$ / ;a}eGbf sd sf:sLdf #=(@ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ufpFdf kl/jf/sf]

cf}ift -%=^)_ cfsf/ dWod b]lvG5 . tflnsf g+= 3M hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

ljj/0f ;g\ @))! ;g\ @)!!

hDdf hg;+Vof 25037 k'?if 12251 dlxnf 12786 n}+lus b/ 95=82 hDdf 3/w'/L 4,473 cf}ift kl/jf/ cfsf/ 5=60 ^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf dflysf] ;fIf/tf b/ 61=10 hg3gTj -k|ltju{ ls=dL=_ 43

>f]t M s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefu, @)^*

#=@ j8fcg';f/ If]qkmn, hg;+Vof tyf 3/w'/Lsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= 4M lnËcg';f/ j8fut hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

j8f g+= hDdf If]qkmn

cf}ift 3/w'/L cfsf/

hDdf 3/w'/L ;+Vof

hDdf hg;+Vof

k'?if dlxnf hg3gTj

1 5=05 766 3,871 1739 2132 2 5=29 770 4,076 1972 2104 3 6=35 519 3,298 1698 1600 4 6=23 459 2,860 1468 1392


5 6=16 515 3,170 1617 1553 6 5=66 476 2,692 1309 1383 7 5=24 968 5,070 2448 2622 577=33 5=60 4,473 25,037 12,251 12,786

>f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @)^*

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf s'n & j8fdf ljefhg u/LPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ tflnsfdf j8fx?sf]

hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;df dlxnfsf] ;+Vof %!=)& k|ltzt 5 eg] k'?ifsf] ;+Vof $*=(#

k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] hDdf hg;+Vof @%,)#& /x]sf]df o;nfO{ n}lËssf] cfwf/df

5'6\ofP/ x]bf{ k'?ifsf] eGbf dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof @=!$ k|ltztn] a9L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;du| b]zsf] t'ngf

ubf{ k'?ifsf] eGbf dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof a9L /x]sf] cj:yfdf o; ufpFkflnsfdf klg k'?ifsf] hg;+Vof

dlxnfsf] hg;+VofeGbf sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

j8fut ?kdf x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vof j8f g+=& df %,)&) /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;a} eGbf sd j8f

g+=^ df @,^(@ /x]sf] 5 . kl/jf/sf] ;+VofnfO{ x]bf{ o; ufpFkflnsf $,$&# 3/kl/jf/ /x]sf]df klg

;a}eGbf a9L j8f g+ & df(^* 3/w'/L /x]sf] / ;a} eGbf sd j8f g+= ^ df $&^ 3/w'/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 3/w'/L ;+Vof klg ;dfg'kflts g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1739 19

72

1698

1468 1617

1309

2448

2132

2104

1600

1392 1553

1383

2622

j8fut hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

k'?if dlxnf


#=$ pd]/;'dx cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 5M pd]/ ;d"xcg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

pd]/ ;d"x k'?if dlxnf hDdf k|ltzt n}lËs cg'kft

0—4 1513 1464 2,977 11=89 1=03 5—9 1851 1775 3,626 14=48 1=04 10—14 1779 1803 3,582 14=31 0=99 15—19 1418 1551 2,969 11=86 0=91 20—24 933 1241 2,174 8=68 0=75 25—29 871 1054 1,925 7=69 0=83 30—34 645 770 1,415 5=65 0=84 35—39 692 647 1,339 5=35 1=07 40—44 485 558 1,043 4=17 0=87 45—49 467 503 970 3=87 0=93 50—54 424 389 813 3=25 1=09 55—59 334 311 645 2=58 1=07 60—64 307 274 581 2=32 1=12 65—69 258 191 449 1=79 1=35 70—74 123 121 244 0=97 1=02 75—79 80 62 142 0=57 1=29 80—84 37 42 79 0=32 0=88 85—89 22 15 37 0=15 1=47 90—94 7 11 18 0=07 0=64 95+ 5 4 9 0=04 1=25 s'n hDdf 12,251 12,786 25,037 100=00 0=96


o; tflnsfdf lj=;+=@)^* df s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] u/]sf] ;j]{If0f cg';f/ ufpFkflnsfdf

a;f]af; ug]{ ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;x?sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;df )–!$ jif{ pd]/

;d"xsf] ;+Vof !),!*% -$)=^* k|ltzt_, !%–$%jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof !),*^% -$#=$)

k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L sfd ug]{ pd]/ !% b]lv %( jif{;Ddsf] hg;+Vof !#,@(#-%#+=)(k|ltzt_

/x]sf] 5 . lnËsf] cfwf/df x]bf{ dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof !@,&*^ -%!=)& k|ltzt_ / k'?ifsf] hg;+Vof

!@,@%! -$*=(#k|ltzt_ 5 . o;k|sf/ k'?if / dlxnfsf] hg;+Vofsf] cGt/ @=!$ k|ltzt b]lvG5 . ^)

jif{ eGbfdfly pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;+Vof !,%%(-^=@# k|ltzt_ b]lvPsf] 5 . dflysf] ljj/0faf6 cfl>t

hg;+Vof ;lqmo hg;+Vof Go'g /x]sf] b]lvG5 o;/L ufpFklnsfdf dfgj ;|f]tsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf]

tYon] b]vfpF5 . h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsfdf pNn]v u/LPsf] 5 .


#=% 3/d"nLsf] n}l·s j8fut ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 6M 3/d'nLsf] n}}lËs ljj/0f

j8f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 hDdf k|ltzt

k'?if 531 636 456 416 473 372 818 3,702 82=76 dlxnf 235 134 63 43 42 104 150 771 17=24 hDdf 766 770 519 459 515 476 968 4,473 100=00

>f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^*

kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf @)^* sf] glthfcg';f/ hDdf $,$&# 3/w'/L ;+Vof /x]sf] o; ufpFkflnsfdf

*@=&^ k|ltzt 3/df rflxF k'?ifx? g} 3/d'nL eP/ 3/sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L lnOPsf] kfOG5 eg] ;fgf]

lx:;fdf sl/j rf/ efusf] Ps efu dfq !&=@$ k|ltzt dlxnfx? 3/d'nL eO{ 3/sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L

lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . n}lËs cfwf/df 3/d'nLsf] ;+Vof k'?if / dlxnfsf] aLrdf 7"nf] cGt/ b]lvG5 . of]

cj:yf ;du| b]zsf] cj:yf;+u ldNbf]h'Nbf] g} b]lvG5 . o;n] n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] h/f cem} uf9]/ /x]sf]

lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf] klxrfg nfO{ a'emfpF5. o:t} /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf klg of] s6'6 ;Totf af6 aflx/


hfg ;s]sf] 5}g h;nfO{ j8fut?kdf dflysf] k|:t't ul/Psf] 3/d'nLsf] n}lËs ljj/0fnfO{ tn :tDe

lrqdf :ki6 ?kdf b]vfO{Psf] 5.

f

#=^ !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf JolQmx¿sf] a}jflxs l:yltsf] ljj/0f

s'g} klg b]zn] ljjfxsf nflu sfg'gd} Go'gtd pd]/ tf]s]sf] x'G5 . pQm pd]/ gk'Ub} ljjfx ul/G5

eg] To;nfO{ afnljjfxsf] ?kdf tyf sd pd]/df u/]sf] ljjfxsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . g]kfndf d'n'sL

P]g, -P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wg @)%*_ @)@) n] ljjfx ubf{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] pd]/ ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L eP c7f/

jif{ / ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L geP la; jif{ gk'uL ljjfxjf/L ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf

lzIffsf] k|rf/k|;f/sf sf/0fn] ubf{ JolQmx¿df lj:tf/} r]tgfdf clea[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] sf/0f afnljjfxsf]

rng 36\b} uO/x]sf] kfOG5 . tfklg cem} s]xL If]qx¿df unt ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / d"No dfGotfsf

sf/0f gfafns cj:yfd} ljjfx ul/lbg] rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} kl5Nnf] qmddf OG6/g]6, 6]lnlehg /

df]jfOndf afnaflnsfsf] kx"Fr a[l4 eO{ b'?kof]u a9]/ cfk'mv';L afnljjfx u/]sf 36gfx¿ klg ;'Ggdf

cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .

/fli6«o hg;fª\lvs tyf :jf:Yo ;e]{If0f cg';f/ afn ljjfx ug]{ qmddf !% b]lv !( jif{sf

lszf]/Lsf] k|ltzt t'ngfTds ?kdf a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . Knfg g]kfn nufot cGo ;+:yfx¿ ldn]/ u/]sf]

cWoog k|ltj]bg ;g\ @)!@ cg';f/ @^=& k|ltzt lszf]/Lx¿ / %=* k|ltzt lszf]/x¿n] afn ljjfx

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g @)^* sf] hg;fª\lvs tyf :jf:Yo ;e]{If0f eGbf 36\bf] qmddf b]lvG5 .

#=&pd]/ ;d'x cg';f/klxnf] ljjfx ubf{sf] pd]/sf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 7M klxnf] ljjfx ubf{sf] pd]/sf] ljj/0f

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

531 63

6

456

416 473

372

818

235

134

63 43 42 104 150

3/d'nLsf] n}lËs ljj/0f

k'?if dlxnf


lnË !) jif{ ;Dddf

!)–!$ jif{

!%–!( jif{

@)–@$ jif{

@%–@( jif{

#)–#$ jif{

#%–#( jif{

$)–$$ jif{

$%–$( jif{

%) jif{ dfly

hDdf

k'?if 39 304 3073 1511 364 90 35 22 4 2 5,444 dlxnf 113 945 4575 794 111 33 16 2 0 5 6,594 hDdf 152 1,249 7,648 2,305 475 123 51 24 4 7 12,038 k|ltzt 1=26 10=38 63=53 19=15 3=95 1=02 0=42 0=20 0=03 0=06 100=00

>f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^*

dflysf] tflnsfdf !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/sf ljjflxt JolQmx¿sf] klxnf] ljjfx ubf{sf]

pd]/sf] ljj/0f b]vfOPsf] 5 . !% jif{b]lv !( jif{;Ddsf] pd]/ ;d"xdf ljjfx ug]{sf] ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L

&,^$* -^#=%# k|ltzt_ b]lvG5 eg] To;kl5 @) jif{ b]lv @$ jif{;Ddsf] pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;+Vof @#,#)%-

!(=!% k|ltzt_ b]lvG5 . !) b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/;d"xsf] afnaflnsfsf] klg klxnf] ljjfx ubf{sf]

hg;+Vof !%@ -!=@^k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg'gn] g]kfndf d'n'sL P]g, -P3f/f}+

;+zf]wg @)%*_ @)@) n] ljjfx ubf{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] pd]/ ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L eP c7f/ jif{ /

;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L geP la; jif{ gk'uL ljjfxjf/L ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/klg dflysf] ljj/0fdf

^#=%# k|ltztn] !% blv !( jif{ df ljjfx ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cem} klg unt ;fdflhs k/Dk/f /

d"No dfGotfsf sf/0f gfafns cj:yfdf g} ljjfx ul/lbg] ;fy} kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfkm'v';L pd]/ cufj}

ljjfx ug]{ rng /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;nfO{ plrt lzIff tyf r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L

lgoGq0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5.

=* n}l·s cfwf/df j}jflxs l:ylt

a}aflxs l:ylt eGgfn] laafx u/]sf, laafx u/]/ klg ;DjGw ljR5]b ePsf ;fy} >Ldfg jf >LdtL

u'dfP/ Psn eO{ a;]sf] cj:ynfO{ hgfpF5 . o:tf cj:yfx?nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ /fhk'/ufpFkflnsfePsf

hg;+Vofx?dWo] !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/sf JolQmx?sf] a}jflxs cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ tnsf]

tflnsfaf6 k|:6\ofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 8M klxnf] ljjfx ubf{sf] pd]/sf] ljj/0f

ln· slxNo} ljjfx gePsf]

Ps ljjfx ax'' ljjfx ePsf]

k'gM ljjfx ePsf]

ljwjf÷ljw'/ kf/kfr's] ePsf]

5'l6\6Psf] s'n hDdf

k'?if 3473 4699 238 247 183 30 17 8887 dlxnf 3026 5694 90 288 407 16 26 9547 hDdf 6499 10393 328 535 590 46 43 18434 k|ltzt 35.26 56=38 1=78 2=90 3=20 0=25 0=23 100=00



dflysf] tflnsfnfO{ x]bf{ o; ufpFkflnsfdf !) jif{ jf ;f] pd]/ ;d'x eGbf dflysf] pd]/ ;d'xdf

ul/Psf] cWoog cg';f/ hDdf @%,)#& hg;+Vof dWo] !!,(#%-^$=&$k|ltzt_ JolQmx? ljjflxt 5g\.

ljjflxt k'?if / ljjflxt dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdf (=@* k|ltztsf] cGt/ b]lvPsf] 5 . s'n ;+Vofsf] !),#(#-

%^=#*k|ltzt_ Ps ljjfx ug]{, ax' ljjfx ug]{ #@* -!=&* k|ltzt_ / k'gM ljjfx ug]{ %#% -@=()

k|ltzt_ 5g\ . ufpFkflnsfdf Ps ljjfx ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof Ps ljjfx ug]{ k'?ifsf] eGbf a9L /x]sf]

5 eg] ax' ljjfx ug]{ k'?ifsf] ;+Vof / ax' ljjfx ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdf 7'nf] cGt/ b]lvG5 hxfF s'n

ljjflxt dWo] ax'ljjfx ug]{ k'?ifsf] ;+Vof @#* 5 eg] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof hDdf () /x]sf] 5 h;n] g]kfnL

lkt[;QfTds ;dfh / c;dfgtf b]lvG5 . ljw'jf÷ljw'/sf] ;+Vof klg s'n ;+Vofsf] %() -#=@)_ k|ltzt

/ 5'l§Psf $# -)=@#_ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . of] tYof° klg ;du| b]zsf] /fli6«o tYof°;Fu d]n vfPsf] 5

.

0

2000

4000

6000

39 304

3073

1511364 90 35 22 4 2

113945

4575

794 111 33 16 2 0 5

klxnf] ljjfx ubf{sf] pd]/ ;d"x

k'?if dlxnf


#=( dft[efiffcg';f/ hg;+Vof ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 9M dft[efiffcg';f/ hg;+Vof ljj/0f

qm=;+= dft[efiff ;+Vof k|ltzt

1 g]kfnL 12896 51=51 2 cjwL 6134 24=50 3 yf? 5376 21=47 4 vfd 228 0=91 5 pb'{ 197 0=79 6 du/ 122 0=49 7 d}lynL 40 0=16 8 g]jf/ 11 0=04 9 lxGbL 7 0=03 10 tfdfª 6 0=02 11 Xof]Ndf]÷øxf]Ndf] 5 0=02 12 8f]6]nL 4 0=02 13 pNn]v gul/Psf] 4 0=02 14 /fO{ 2 0=01 15 u'?ª 1 0=00 16 bg'jf/ 1 0=00

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

slxNo} ljjfxgePsf]

Ps ljjfx ax'' ljjfxePsf]

k'gM ljjfxePsf]

ljwjf÷ljw'/ kf/kfr's]ePsf]

5'l6\6Psf]

3473

4699

238

247

183

30 17

3026

5694

90 288

407

16 26

n}lª\us cfwf/df j}jflxs l:ylt

k'?if dlxnf


17 a+unf 1 0=00 18 5GTofn 1 0=00 19 ;fª\s]lts efiff 1 0=00 hDdf 25037 100=00


g]kfn Ps ax'eflifs / ax';fF:s[lts ljljwtfo'Qm /fi6« xf] .o; /fhk'/ df klg eflifs ljljwtf

b]lvG5. oxfF !* efiff af]Ng] / ;fy} cGo efiff af]Ng]x?sf] ljj/0f k|:t't ePsf] 5. cS;/ a;f]af; ug]{

JolQmx¿n] af]Ng] ljleGg dft[efiffx¿ h;df a8f] ljljwtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . dft[ efiff af]Ng]x¿sf]]

hg;+Vof x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L g]kfnL efiff af]Ng] ;+Vof !@,*(^ -%!=%! k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 ;fy}, g]kfnL

^,!#$ -@$=%) k|ltzt_, yf? %,#&^ -@!=$& k|ltzt_ oL tLg efiff af]Ng]x?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] b]lvG5

eg] c? guGo efiff ?kdf b]lvG5. pb'{ !(& -)=&( k|ltzt_, du/ !@@-)=$(k|ltzt_, vfd @@* -

)=(!k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 eg] tdfª, ;fª\s]lts, lxGbL, d}ynL, a+ufnL 5GTofn,/fO{ efiffx? ;a} eGbf sd

b]lvG5.

#=!) hfthflt ;d'xcg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 a9f] ljljwtfo'Qm /x]sf] kfO{G5 . kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf

cg';f/ o; ufpFkflnsf sl/j !)^ j6f hft÷hfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfO{G5 eg] sl/j !@# eGbf a9L

dft[efiffefifLx? af]lng] ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn Ps ax'efifL, ax'wld{s / ax' hflto d'n's ePsf] x'Fbf

w]/} hfthflt efiffefifLx? /x]sf 5g\ . o; /fhk'/ufpFkflnsfdfklg w]/} hfthfltx?sf] a;f]af; /x]sf]

kfOG5 . &,@^& 3/w'/Ldf u/]sf] hg;f+VoLs ljj/0f cg';f/ o; ufpFkflnsfdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf

ljleGg hfthfltx?sf] ljj/0fnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 10M hfthftL ;d'xsf] hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

02000400060008000

100001200014000

g]kfn

L

cfj

fbL

yf?

vfd pb'{

du/

d}ly

nL

g]jf/

lxGb

L

tfdfª

Xof]Ndf]÷

øxf]Ndf]

8f]6

]nL

pNn

]v g

ul/P

sf]

/fO{

u'?ª

bg'jf

/

a+unf

5GTof

n

;fª

\s]lt

s e

fiff

1289

6

6134

5376

228

197

122

40 11 7 6 5 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1

dft[efiff cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f


qm=;+= hfthflt hDdf k|ltzt qm=;+= hfthflt hDdf k|ltzt

1 yf? 5,499 21=96 7 bdfO{÷9f]nL 669 2=67

2 ofbj 4,814 19=23 8 ;Gof;L÷bzfdL 585 2=34

3 du/ 4,503 17=99 9 rdf/÷xl/hg÷/fd 369 1=47

4 If]qL 3,556 14=20 10 a|fDx0f kxf8L 362 1=45

5 sfdL 2,475 9=89 11 7s'/L 316 1=26

6 s'dfn 709 2=83 12 cGo 1,180 5

hDdf 25,037 100

dflysf] tflnsfsf] tYof°nfO{ x]bf{ o; ufpFkflnsfsf] s'n hg;+Vof @%,)#& /x]sf]df yf? hlt ;a}

eGbf a9L %,$(( -@!=(^ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . bf];|f] :yfgdf ofbj$,*!$ -!(=@# k|ltzt_ /

t];|f]dfdu/ $,%)# -!&=(( k|ltzt_ /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t},If]qL #,%%^ -!$=@) k|ltzt_, sfdL@,$&% -

(=*( k|ltzt_, s'dfn &)(-@=*# k|ltzt_, 7s'/L #!^ -!=@^k|ltzt_ To:t} bdfO{, g]jf/, dfemL

nufotsf hfthftL a;f]jf; ub{5g\ h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfly tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 of]

ljj/0fnfO{ cem k|i6 ug{ tn :tDe k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

>

]|

cflbjf;L

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000


o; ufpFkflnsfsf] s'n hg;+Vof @%)#& dWo] %$=(@ k|ltzt -@!,!($ hgf_ hg;+Vof cflbjf;L

hghflt /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L yf? ;d'bfo !&,%^# -$%=%! k|ltzt_, bf];|f]df du/ $*)# -

!&=(( k|ltzt_, t];|f]df s'dfn&)( -)=$) k|ltzt_ / rf}yf]df u'?Ë %$(( -@!=(^ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5

. d'VotM s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg of] ;d'bfodf ;fIf/tf k|ltzt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . Psftkm{ afn ljjfx, aRrf

hGdg' k"j{ g} dugL ug]{ ljjfx, u'?jf -wfdL, emfqmL_ k|yf h:tf ;fdflhs k|yfx¿ o; ;d'bfodf xfn;Dd

cf+lzs ?kdf ePklg sfod} /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] csf{tkm{ cfkm\gf] df}lns ;+:s[ltnfO{ eg] o; ;d'bfon]

cBfjlw arfO{ /fv]sf] kfOG5 . o; ;d'bfoaf6 hgk|ltlglwsf] ?kdf xfn lg0ff{os txdf ;xeflutf

b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf xft kfv'/L rnfpb} cfPsf] of] ;d'bfo clxn] cfP/

;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / cfly{s ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

pTkLl8t ;d'bfo

hft hfltsf] lx;fjn] /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdfplTkl8t ;d'bfo 7'nf];d'bfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

;fdflhs lje]bsf ?kdf 5'jf5't h:tf] cdfgjLo e]befj ef]lu/x]sf] of] ;d'bfon] /fhlglts, cfly{s /

;fdflhs If]qdf ;d]t pk]Iffsf] l;sf/ x'g' k/]sf] 5 . o; ;d'bfosf k|f=lj=, lgdflj, / df=lj=df cWoog

5fq 5fqfx¿sf] ;+Vof eg] t'ngfTds ?kdf sd /x]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut lzNk / ljleGg snfsf] wgL of]

;d'bfon] cfˆgf] l;knfO{ cfly{s ljkGgtf / ;fdflhs pk]Iffsf sf/0f klg cl3 a9fpg g;s]sf]

kfOG5 . d'n'sL P]g @)@) sf] sfg'gL Joj:yf cGtu{t hflto 5'jf5'tnfO{ sfg'gL ck/fwsf] ?kdf

kl/eflift ul/Psf] em08} % bzs x'g nfUbf /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf pTkLl8t / pk]lIft ;d'bfon] cBlk

pk]lIft cj:yf sfod} /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf / u}/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf klg of] ;d'bfosf] pkl:ylt cToGt}

Go'g 5 . To;} u/L /fhlglts If]qdf @)$^ ;fn otf of] ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf ;fd'bflos ;+u7gx¿ ;d]t

lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhlglts g]t[Tjdf eg] ;Lldt JolQmx¿dfq o; ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf

5g\ . o; ;d'bfosf clwsf+z JolQmx¿ cbIf / cw{bIf hgzlQm s} ?kdf Hofnf, dhb'/L u/]/

hLjgofkg ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . ufpFkflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu of] ;d'bfonfO{ clxn]sf] cj:yfaf6 dfly

p7fpg ljz]if cleofgsf] g} yfngL ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 .

#=!@ cg'kl:yt 3/w'/L / hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 11M cg'kl:yt 3/w'/L / hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

cg'kl:yt 3/w'/L / hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

hgu0fgf jif{ hDdf 3/w'/L cg'kl:yt 3/w'/L pkl:yt 3/w'/L yfxf gePsf]

@)^* 4,473 998 3,468 7 k|ltzt 100 22=31 77=53 0=16

>f]t M s]lGb«o tYof+s ljefu @)^*


dflysf] tflnsf cg';f/ o; ufpFkflnsfdf cg'kl:yt 3/w'/L ;+Vof ((* -@@=#! k|ltzt_ /x]sf]

b]lvG5 . eg] pkl:yt 3/w'/L ;+Vof #,$^* -&!=!# k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ o; If]qdf w]/}

3/w'/L vfnL /x]sf] kfOG5 . tYofÍ cg';f/ o; ufpFkflnsfaf6 ljleGg k]zf, Jofkf/, Joj;fo, cWoog

tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] l;nl;nfdf 7"nf] ;+Vof cg'kl:yt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dflysf]

tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

#=!! wd{sf cfwf/df hg;ª\Vofsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 12M wd{cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

lxGb' lqmlZrog O:nfd af}4 k|s[lt pNn]v gul/Psf] hDdf

24233 554 219 21 1 9 25037 96=79 2=21 0=87 0=08 0=00 0=04 100=00


g]kfnsf];+ljwfg @)^# n] g]kfn Ps wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« xf] .o;y{ g]kfndf wfld{s :jtGqtf /

ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf klg wfld{s ljljwtf /x]sf] 5.lxGb' wd{sf]

afx'Notf ePsf] b]z g]kfndf x/]s If]qdf o;sf] k|efj eg] b]lvG5 .wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ o;

ufpFkflnsfdf clwsf+z lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx? /x]sf 5g\ . @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ dflysf] tflnsfnfO{

x]bf{ @$,@## -(^=&( k|ltzt_n] lxGb' wd{ dfGg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] To;kl5 bf];|f]df wd{ dfGg] lqmlZrog

%%$ -@=@!k|ltzt_, t];|f]df wd{ dfGg] O:nfd @!( -)=*& k|ltzt_ / rf}yf]df af}4 wd{ dfGg] @! -

)=)* k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, axfO{ wd{ dfGg] hDdf ! hgf /x]sf 5g\.;+Vofsf] t'ngfTds ?kdf

cToGt sd cyf{t\ Go"g nf]kf];Gd'v?kdf axfO{ wd{ dfGg] b]lvof]. o; ufpFkflnsfsf w]/}h;f] dflg;x?n]

cfˆgf] ;gftg lxGb' wd{ dfGg] / ;f]xL cg';f/sf rf8kj{x? h:t}M bz}+, ltxf/, hg}k"l0f{df, tLh, 57,

Ob,df3L, xf]nL cflb dgfpg] ub{5g\ eg] cGo wdf{jnDaLx?n] Nxf];f/, a'4hoGtL, r08L kj{, lqm;d; 8]

cflb h:tf rf8kj{x? dgfpg] ub{5g\ . of] tYof°nfO{ x]bf{ ;du| /fi6«sf] tYof°cg';f/sf] wd{sf] cj:yf

h:t} b]lvG5 / o;af6 klg /fli6«o tYof°sf] ljZj;lgotfnfO{ yk ljZjfl;nf] agfpg ;3fp k'Ug]

b]lvG5 . oL ljljw tYoaf6 o; ufpFkflnsfwfld{s ?kn] a9L ljljwtfo'Qm /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ tn

:tDedf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .


#=!@ kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] 3/sf] :jfldTjsf] j8fut ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 13M kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] 3/sf] :jfldTjsf] ljj/0f

j8f g+= lghL ef8f ;+:yfut cGo hDdf

1 763 2 0 1 766 2 743 26 1 0 770 3 518 0 0 1 519 4 451 4 0 4 459 5 514 1 0 0 515 6 471 4 0 1 476 7 959 6 2 1 968

hDdf 4,419 43 3 8 4,473 k|ltzt 98=79 0=96 0=07 0=18 100


Dflysf] tflnsfdf hDdf 3/w'/L $,$&# dWo] kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] 3/sf] :jfldTjsf] ljj/0f

b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;df cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 3/w'/L ;+Vof $,$!( cyf{t (*=&( k|ltzt, ef8fdf

a:g] kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof $# cyf{t )=(^ k|ltzt, ;+:yfut # cyf{t )=)& k|ltzt / cGo 3/w'/Lsf] ;+Vof

* cyf{t\ )=!* k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ ./fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ljj/0f x]bf{ cfkm\gf] :jfldTjsf] 3/sf] ;+Vof

pRr /x]sf] 5. o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] 3/sf] :jfldTjnfO{ dflysf] tflnsf lgDg jdf]lhd k|:t't

u/LPsf] :tDe lrqaf6 k|i6 kf/LPsf] 5 .

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

lxGb' lqmlZrog O:nfd af}4 k|s[lt pNn]v gul/Psf]

24233

554 219 21 19

wd{cg';f/ hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f


#=!# 3/df dlxnfsf] :jfdLTjsf] j8fut ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 14M 3/df dlxnfsf] :jfdLTjsf] j8fut ljj/0f

j8f g+= ePsf] gePsf] pNn]v gul/Psf] hDdf

1 49 714 3 766 2 29 741 0 770 3 26 492 1 519 4 15 444 0 459 5 4 509 2 515 6 2 470 4 476 7 16 948 4 968

hDdf 141 4,318 14 4,473

k|ltzt 3=15 96=53 0=31 100=00 >f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @)^*

dfly pNn]lvt ljj/0fdf o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf a;f]af; ug{] kl/jf/df pgLx?sf] 3/df

dlxnfsf] :jfdLTjnfO{ b]Vg ;S5f} .ljj/0fdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ !$! cyf{t\ #=!% k|+ltzt 3/df dfq

dlxnfsf] :jfldTj /x]sf] 5 eg] $,#!* cyf{t\ (^=%# k|ltzt 3/df dlxnfsf] :jfldTj gePsf] jf

k'?ifsf] :jfldTj b]lvG5 .;fy} !$ 3/df :jfldTj pNn]v gePsf] b]lvG5.

dlxnfx?sf] :t/ :jfledfg / klxrfgsf] kl/efiff gablnPsf] dflysf] ljj/0fn] b]vfpF5 .o;

tYofs+n] /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf n}lËs c;dfgtfsf] pRr?kdf b]lvG5. 3/df dlxnfsf] :jfldTj k'?ifsf]

t'ngfdf cToGt} sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] vfnsf] cGt/nfO{ sd ug{ /fHon] ljz]if vfnsf sfo{qmdx?

Nofpg' kg]{

tyf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

lghL ef8f ;+:yfut cGo

4419

43 3 8

3/sf] :jfldTjsf] j8fut ljj/0f


#=!) hldgdf dlxnfsf] :jfdLTjsf] j8fut ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 15M hldgdf dlxnfsf] :jfdLTjsf] j8fut ljj/0f

j8f g+= ePsf] gePsf] pNn]v gul/Psf] hDdf

1 83 680 3 766 2 151 619 0 770 3 56 462 1 519 4 27 432 0 459 5 17 496 2 515 6 10 462 4 476 7 30 934 4 968

hDdf 374 4,085 14 4,473 k|ltzt 8=36 91=33 0=31 100=00

>f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, ;g\ @)!!

o; /fhk'/ufpFkflnsfdf a;f]af; ug{] kl/jf/df hldgdf dlxnfsf] :jfdLTjsf] ljj/0f b]vfOPsf] 5

. ljj/0fdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ #&$-*=#^ k|+ltzt_ dlxnfsf] hldgdf:jfldTj /x]sf] 5 eg]

$,)*%cyf{t (!=## k|ltzt 3/sf] hldgsf] :jfldTj gePsf] b]lvG5 .;fy} !$ 3/df :jfldTj pNn]v

gePsf] b]lvG5.

dlxnf ;dfgtfsf] sfod ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] e'ld ;DaGwL sf/f]af/ ubf{ dlxnfsf] gfddf s]xL 5'6

lbPsf] 5 o;n] hldgsf] :jfldTjdf s]xL kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5. 3/df dlxnfsf] :jfldTj #=!% k|ltzt

/x]sf] df hldg k|ltsf] :jfldTj *=#^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f ;/sf/n] hldg ;DaGwL

nfu' u/]sf] gLlt xf] oBlk n}lËs cfwf/df hUufsf] :JffldTj k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] cToGt sd

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

j8f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

38 25 58 110

56 77 92

1,11

2

829

790 841 1,

022 1,18

2

817

4 2 15 0 2 1 7

3/df dlxnfsf] :jfldTjsf] j8fut ljj/0f

ePsf] gePsf] pNn]v gul/Psf]


b]lvG5 . o; 7'nf] cGt/nfO{ sd ug{ ljz]if vfnsf sfo{qmdx? Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 h;n] g]kfnsf]

ljsf;df tuf/f] ag]/ /x]sf] n}ª\lus c;dfgtfn] ;'wf/sf] jf6f] klxNopg ;sf];\.

o; tYonfO{ tn :tDe lrqaf6 klg k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 .

v_ husf] cfwf/df 3/sf] agf]6sf] j8fut ljj/0f

s'g}klg 3/sf] d'n cfwf/ To; 3/sf] hu xf]. 3/sf] ;+/rgf alnof] gePsf] sf/0f lj=; @)&@

;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e'sDkn] g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFx?df Iflt k'Uof] olb klxn]g} k+|fs[lts hf]lvdsf af/]df

;f]r]/ 3/sf] ;+/rgf cyf{t hu alnof] agfPsf] eP Iflt Go'g xGYof].o;}n] o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf]

kfZj{lrq tof/ ubf{ oxfFsf 3/x?sf] agfj6sf] af/]df lgDg jdf]lhdsf tYox? lgsflnPsf] 5 . h;sf]

ljj/0f lgDg jf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 16M husf] cfwf/df 3/sf] agf]6sf] j8fut ljj/0f

hucg';f/ 3/sf] cj:yf

j8f hDdf k|ltzt

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

df6f]sf] hf]8fO ePsf] OF6f÷9'Ëf

437 319 117 178 127 165 469 1,812 40=51

l;d]G6sf] hf]8fO ePsf] OF6f÷9'+uf

3 5 10 2 2 0 2 24 0=54

9nfg lkNn/;lxtsf] 0 1 2 0 1 1 2 7 0=16

sf7sf] vDaf uf8]sf] 320 333 304 279 378 304 478 2,396 53=57

cGo 5 111 83 0 0 0 13 212 4=74

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

83

151

56 27 17 10 30

680

619

462

432 49

6

462

934

3 0 1 0 2 4 4

hldgdf dlxnfsf] :jfldTjsf] j8fut ljj/0f

ePsf] gePsf] pNn]v gul/Psf]


pNn]v gul/Psf] 1 1 3 0 7 6 4 22 0=49

hDdf 766 770 519 459 515 476 968 4,473 100=00


o; ufpFkflnsfdf kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] hucg';f/sf] 3/sf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf a9L

@,#(^ cyf{t\ %#=%& k|ltzt sf7sf] vDaf uf8]sf] 3/w'/L kfO{G5 . o;}u/L bf];|f]df df6f]sf] hf]8fO{

ePsf] OF6f tyf 9'+ufaf6 ag]sf] 3/w'/L !,*!@ cyf{t\ $)=%! k|ltzt, t];|f]df l;d]G6sf] hf]8fO ePsf]

OF6f÷9'Ëfaf6 ag]sf]] 3/w'/L @$ cyf{t\ )=%$k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . To:t}, 9nfg lkNn/;lxtsf] 3/ hDdf &

cyf{t\ )=!^k|ltzt /x]sf] 5. cGo @!@ cyf{t\ @=&^k|ltzt / pNn]v gul/Psf] 3/w'/L @@ cyf{t\

)=%(k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf sf7sf] k|of]u pRr b]lvG5 . /fhk'/

ufpFkflnsfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf nufot :tDelrqdf klg k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

u_ aflx/L uf/f]sf cfwf/df 3/sf] j8fut ljj/0f tflnsf g+= 17M aflx/L uf/f]sf cfwf/df 3/sf] ljj/0f

aflx/L uf/f]sf cfwf/df 3/sf] ljj/0f -j8f_

df6f]sf] hf]8fO ePsf] OF6f÷9'Ëf

l;d]G6sf] hf]8fO ePsf] OF6f÷9'+uf

sf7÷ kmNofs

afF;hGo ;fdu|L

sfFrf] OF6f cGo pNn]v gul/Psf]

hDdf

1 416 5 255 18 23 48 1 766

2 185 20 157 139 201 67 1 770

3 105 14 31 286 64 16 3 519

4 147 2 6 270 34 0 0 459

5 122 6 264 115 1 0 7 515

6 133 13 0 308 16 0 6 476

7 358 14 352 53 121 66 4 968

hDdf 1,466 74 1,065 1,189 460 197 22 4,473

k|ltzt 32=77 1=65 23=81 26=58 10=28 4=40 0.49 100


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

df6f]sf] hf]8fOePsf] OF6f÷9'Ëf

l;d]G6sf] hf]8fOePsf] OF6f÷9'+uf

9nfglkNn/;lxtsf]

sf7sf] vDafuf8]sf]

cGo

1812

24 7

2396

212

husf] cfwf/df 3/sf] agf]6sf] j8fut ljj/0f


ufpFkflnsfkl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] aflx/L uf/f]sf] cfwf/df 3/sf] cj:yf x]g]{ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf a9L

!,$$^ -#@=&&k|ltzt_ ;+Vofdf df6f]sf] hf]8fO{ O{6f 9'+ufsf] ;fdfu|L k|of]u ePsf] 3/w'/L b]lvG5 .

o;}u/L sf7 kmNossf] k|of]u ePsf] !,)^% -@#=*! k|ltzt_,afF;hGo ;dfu|L k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/L !,!*( -

@^=%* k|ltzt_, sfFrf] O{6fsf] k|of]u 3/w'/L $^) -!)=@*k|ltzt_,l;d]G6sf] hf]8fO{ ePsf] &$ -!=^%

k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo 3/w'/L !(& -$=$)k|ltzt_ tyf pNn]v gul/sf] 3/w'/L @@ -)=$(k|ltzt_

/x]sf] kfO{G5 . cfFs8f x]bf{ /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf l;d]G6sf] hf]8fO{ ePsf] 3/x? Go"g b]lvG5 eg] qmdz

df6f]sf] hf]8fO{ O{6f 9'+ufsf,afF;hGo ;dfu|L, sf7 kmNos,sfFrf] O{6f a9L k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5. o;sf]

lj:t[t ljj/0f dfly tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 o;nfO{ tn :tDedf o;/L b]vfO{sf] 5.

3_ 5fgfsf] cfwf/df 3/sf] j8fut ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 18M 5fgfsf] cfwf/df 3/sf] j8fut ljj/0f

j8f g+= v/÷k/fn ÷5\jfnL

h:tf÷l6g ÷Rofb/

6fon÷vk8f ÷lemFu6L÷9'Ëf

l;d]G6÷ 9nfg

sf7 ÷kmNofs

cGo pNn]v gul/Psf]

hDdf

1 696 41 6 20 1 1 1 766 2 656 61 8 43 1 0 1 770 3 454 18 0 42 0 1 4 519 4 408 4 1 45 0 0 1 459 5 474 12 4 18 0 0 7 515 6 427 27 5 10 0 0 7 476 7 932 19 1 5 3 1 7 968

hDdf 4,047 182 25 183 5 3 28 4,473 k|ltzt 90=48 4=07 0=56 4=09 0=11 0=07 0=63 100.00


0200400600800

1000120014001600

1466

74

10651189

460197 22

aflx/L uf/f]sf cfwf/df 3/sf] j8fut ljj/0f


dfly pNn]lvt tflnsfdf kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] 3/sf] 5fgfsf] cfwf/df 3/sf] cj:yfnfO{

b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;sf] cWoog ubf{ o; ufpFkflnsfsf 3/kl/jf/x?n] v/, k/fn tyf 5\jfnLsf] 5fgf

ePsf] 3/a9L k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . s'n 3/w'/L ;+Vof $,$&# /x]sf]df v/, k/fn tyf 5\jfnLsf] 5fgf

ePsf] 3/ k|of]u ug]{sf]$,)$&cyf{t ()=$* k|ltzt 5 eg]l;d]G6 9nfg ePsf] 3/ k|of]u ug]{

3/w'/Lsf] ;+Vof !*# -$=)( k|ltzt_ePsf] kfOG5 h'g v/, k/fn tyf 5\jfnLsf] 5fgfsf] k|of]u eGbf

Hofb} Go'g b]lvG5 . o;}u/L h:tf, l6g, Rofb/sf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/w'/L !*@ -$=)& k|ltzt_, 6fon,

vk8f, lemFu8L tyf 9'Ëfsf] 5fgf ePsf] 3/w'/L @% -)=%^ k|ltzt_ /xg'sf ;fy} cGo 3/w'/L # -)=)&

k|ltzt_ / pNn]v gul/Psf] @* -)=^# k|ltzt_ 3/w'/L /x]sf 5g\ . 3/sf] 5fgfsf] cfwf/df qmdz v/,

k/fn tyf 5\jfnLsf] 5fgf, l;d]G6 9nfg, h:tf, l6g, Rofb/sf] 5fgf,6fon, vk8f, lemFu8L tyf 9'Ëfsf]

5fgfsf] k|of]u 5. ufpFkflnsfsf kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] 3/sf] 5fgfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfly tflnsfdf

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] o; tflnsf nfO{ cem :ki6 kfg{sf] nflu tn :tDe lrq klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5.

\

#=!& JolQmut 36gf btf{sf] aflif{s ljj/0f

qm=;+= ;fljssf uflj;

hGdbtf{ d[To' btf{ ljjfx btf{ a;fO ;/fO{ ;DjGw ljR5]b

k'?if dlxnf hDdf k'?if dlxnf hDdf btf{ ;+Vof

uPsf] cfPsf]

1 a]nf 134 138 272 30 22 52 186 45 115 86 0 2 /fhk'/ 216 205 421 38 24 62 184 38 82 74 0 hDdf 350 343 693 68 46 114 370 83 197 160 0

>f]tM ;+l3o dfdnf tyf :yflgo ljsf; sfo{no @)&@

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

4047

182 25 183 5 3 28

5fgfsf] cfwf/df 3/sf] j8fut ljj/0f


gful/sn] cfˆgf] JolQmut clwsf/ pkof]u ug{ sfg'gL dfGotfx? kfngf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . gful/stf,

/fxfbfgL, jf cGo kl/rokq lng, /f]huf/L jf pBd ug{, ljb]z hfg lglZrt sfg'gL dfGotf kfngf ug'{

kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpF5 . hGd, d[To', a;fO{ ;/fO,{ ljjfx / ;DaGw

ljR5]b h:tf 36gf btf{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] gful/snfO{ ljleGg clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 .

To;sf] k|:yfg ljGb' eg]s} JolStut 36gf btf{ xf] . /fli6«o tYofÍ agfpg] o;sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf xf]

. sxfF slt hGd], sltsf] d[To' eof] sltn] a;fO{;/fO{ u/], sltsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b eof] eGg] s'/fsf]

hfgsf/L /fHon] kfpg' k5{ . o;sf] cfwf/df ;/sf/n] gLlt agfpg] x'Fbf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{ kg]{

b]lvG5 .

k|:t't tlfnsfdf /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] JoQmLut 36gfbtf{sf] ljj/0fnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . lj=;+

@)&@ j}zfv b]vL r}q d;fGt ;Dd ut];Dd #&) hgfn] ljjfx btf{ u/fO;s]sf 5g\ eg] ^(# hgf

afnaflnsfsf] hGdbtf{ klg eO;s]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L oxL cjwLdf a;fO ;/fO u/L hfg]sf] ;+Vof

!(&hgf /x]sf] 5 / a;fO ;/fO u/L cfpg]sf] ;+Vof !^) hgf /x]sf] 5 . t/ a;fO;/fOsf] btf{

u/fpgsf] ;+Vof *# hgf b]lvG5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] JoQmLut 36gfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f

lgDgjdf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .


v08 $ M e"–pkof]u

$=! ufp“kflnsfsf] e"–pkof]usf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 19M e"–pkof]usf] ljj/0f

ljj/0f If]qkmn -ju{ ls= ld=_ k|ltzt

v]tL of]Uo hldg 136=77 23=71 jgh+un 422=52 73=25 emf/L 4=27 0=74 r/g 6=73 1=17 vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L cflb 4=11 0=71 afn'jf 2=44 0=42 s'n If]qkmn 576=84 100=00

;|f]t M gfkL ljefu

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ljwdfg e"–pkof]u x]bf{ ufpFkflnsfsf] !#^=&& -@#=&! k|ltzt _ ju{ ls=ld=

hUuf v]tL of]Uo hldgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 eg] $@@=%@ ju{ ls=ld=-&#=@% k|ltzt_ jgn] cf]u6]sf] 5 .

v]tLof]Uo hldgdWo] clwsf+z hldg df};dL jiff{df lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . ufpFkflnsfdf alu/x]sf ljleGg

vf]nfgfnfsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt o; ufpFkflnsfsf] v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] pj{/fzlQm pRr /x]sf] 5 . To:t}

r/g If]qn] sl/j ^=&# ju{ ls=ld= -!=!& k|ltzt_ hUuf cf]u6]sf] kfOG5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf vf]nf,

gbL, kf]v/L cflb If]qn] sl/j $=!! ju{ ls=ld= -)=&! k|ltzt_ / afn'jfn] @=$$ju{ ls=ld= -

)=$$k|ltzt_ hldg cf]u6]sf] 5 . ufpFkflnsfdf df6f]sf] agfj6, v]tLof]Uo hldg, ;+/lIft If]q,

a:tLof]Uo If]q cflbsf] lj:t[t cWoogsf] cfwf/df ufpFkflnsfaf;Lx?sf] cfly{s x};Lot j[l4 ug{ /

jftfj/0fdf k|lts'n c;/ kg{ glbg s]–s:tf pTkfbg k|0ffnL tyf ltgLx? cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . o;

ljifodf lj:t[t cWoog u/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . e"–pkof]usf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dflysf] tflnsfdf

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;du|df eGg'kbf{ o; ufpFkflnsfe"cfj/0fsf] la:tf/ s|dzM ufpFpGd'v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ce}mklg

;8seGbf leqsf efux? vfnL v]t tyf v'nf :yfgsf ?kdf 5g\ . vf]nf lsgf/sf l;+rfO{ x'g 8f]nIf]qdf

lxpFb tyf aiff{ b'a} df};ddf v]tL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 7"nf] dfgfgfksf] b"/ ;Dj]bg dfg lrqdf x]bf{ lxpFbsf]

;dodf klg tL 8f]nx?df xl/ofnL v]t b]lvG5 . kfgL gePsf 6f/ tyf le/fnf kfvfdf aiff{tsf ;dodf

v]tL ePklg ;'vf ;dodf afFemf] 5fl8G5 . of] k|ls|of g]kfnsf cGo e"efudf h:t} 5 eGg ;lsG5 .

xfnsf s]xL aif{ otf /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf a]df}zdL tyf df}zdL xl/of] t/sf/L nufpg] k|rng a9\b}

uPsf] 5 . ufpFkflnsfn] o:tf Aojzfosf ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ / cfjZos k|flalws tyf ef}lts /


cfly{s ;/;Nnfx tyf ;xof]u k|bfg u/]/ ufpFkflnsfdfpQ/bfloTj axg ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .

o;af6 hgtfsf] cltl/Qm cfDbfgL tyf ufpFkflnsfn] klg Jofj;flos s/sf] Aoaj:yf ug{ ;Sb5 .

$=@ zx/Ls/0fsf] :j?k

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf clwsf+z If]qdf Jojl:yt a:tL ljsf;sf] ;+/rgf gb]lvPsf]n] tL :yfgdf

Jojl:yt of]hgf agfP/ af6f], vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsf; OTofbLsf] ;dod} ljsf; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

ufpFkflnsfaf;Lx?nfO{ 3/b}nf]df ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ Wo]osf ;fy j8f ;ldlt sfof{nox?, ;DalGwt j8f d}

;+o'Qm j8f ;ldlt :yfkgf u/L ;]jf k|jfx e} /x]sf 5g\ ./fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfnfO{ k|:tfljt x'nfs

/fhdfu{n] 5f]Psf] x'Fbf o; ufpFkflnsfdf zx/Ls/0fsf] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm

/fhk'/ufpFkflnsfn] ufpFkflnsf ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf tof/ ug]{ bf}/fgdf j8f e]nf, nufot j8f

sfof{no, ;/sf/L lgsfox?, /fhg}lts kf6L{x?, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? -NGOs_, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? -

CBOs_, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfx? -TLO_, j[l4lhjLx?, ;dfhsf k|ltli7t JolQmTjx?, Joj;flos ;+:yfx?,

;+rf/sdL{x? tyf of]hgf th{'df 6f]nL -Planning_ cflbnfO{ ;df]j; u/L a9L eGbf a9L 5nkmn u/L

k|To]s 6f]ndf kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu sG6]g/, k|To]s 6f]nsf d'Vo tyf ;xfos ;8sx¿df ;f]nf/

alQ h8fg, 6f]n 6f]ndf ;fj{hflgs vfg]kfgL / zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, ljleGg j8fsf 3/w'/Lsf

nflu vfg]kfgLsf] kl/of]hgf cflb ljsf; lgdf{0fsf of]hgfx? tof/ u/]sf]b]lvG5 .

$=@=! hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmd (Land Development Program)

zx/L lj:tf/ If]q gLltn] zx/ -j:tL_ nfO{ s'g If]q tkm{ qmdzM lj:tf/ ub}{ nfg] eGg] lbzf dfq

lgb]{zg u/]sf] x'G5 . k"jf{wf/ nufgL gLlt cg'?k ef}lts k"jf{wf/ of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ul/Pdf j:tLx?

hyfefjL 5l/P/ ljsf; x'gaf6 lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb5 . t/ k|:tfj ul/Psf lj:tf/ If]qsf] Jojl:yt tj/n]

ljsf; ug{ -k|To]s 38]/Ldf cfjt hfjt ug{ df]6/ jf6f], v'Nnf If]qsf k|fjwfg, rf/kf6] cfsf/ ldn]sf

38]/Lx? nufot ef}lts tyf k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f cflb_ lgDg cg';f/ hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmx? ;+rfng

ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

lgb]{lzt hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmd (Guided Land Development Programme)

hUuf PsLs/0f sfo{qmd (Land Pooling Programme)

38]/L tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf sfo{qmd (Site & Services Programme)

of]hgf th'{df ug]{ ;dodf dfly pNn]lvt s] s:tf hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmdx? ufpFkflnsf If]qdf

;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 To:tf If]qsf] klxrfg ug]{ sfo{ dfq ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ubf{

k|:tfljt zx/L lj:tf/ If]qnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] lx;fjn] k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 . hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmd

;DjGwL yk hfgsf/L tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .


-s_ lgb]{lzt hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmd (Guided Land Development Programme):lgb]{lzt hUuf

ljsf; sfo{qmd ljz]if u/L a:tLx¿sf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] / lgs6 eljiodf x'g] If]qx¿df af6f]3f6f]

rf}8f ug{ / gofF af6f] vf]Ng ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{qmd xf] . ljBdfg a:tLx¿ of]hgf ljgf g} cfkm}F ljsf;

x'Fb} cfPsf] x'gfn] o:tf a:tLx¿sf af6f3f6fx¿ ;fF3'/f / gfuj]nL k|sf/sf 5g\ . cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf

-h:tf] cfunfuL x'Fbf bdsn n}hfg / lj/fdL kbf{ PDj'n]G; jf 6\ofS;L k|j]zsf] nflu_ o:tf af6fx¿

afws ag]sf x'G5g\ . t;y{ o:tf a:tLsfafl;Gbfx¿n] cfˆgf] Onfsfdf af6f] rf}8f u/L cfjfudg ;xh

agfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ s]xL hUuf / sxL+ sxL+ 3/, 6x/fsf] s]xL c+z ;d]t eTsfpg kl5

kg{ x'Fb}g . hUufwgL / 3/wgLsf] cg'dlt a]u/ o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug{ ;lsFb}gg\ .

hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmddf hUuf clwu|x0f ug]{ / hUuf PsLs/0f ug]{ h:tf s]xL sfo{ ug'{ kb}{g .

hUuf / 3/wgLsf] ;xdltdf ufpFkflnsfn] af6f] rf}8f ul/lbg] sfo{ ub{5 . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t s'g} s'g}

7fpFdf gofF af6f] vf]Ng] sfo{ klg x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ hUuf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfd

ufpFkflnsfcfkm}n] ug{ ;S5 .

-v_ hUuf PsLs/0f sfo{qmd (Land Pooling Programme):hUuf PsLs/0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{

hUuf clwu|x0f ug'{kb}{g . hUuf PsLs/0f ul/g] If]q leqsf 3/ hUufsf] lsga]r wgLx¿sf] cg'dltdf

s]xL ;dosf] nflu aGb ul/G5 . o; cjlw leq PsLs/0f ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ hUufnfO{ Pp6} rfSnfsf

¿kdf ldnfP/ af6f]3f6f], 9n, 6]lnkmf]g, rp/ cflb ;'ljwfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ x'G5 . k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwf

lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu s]xL hUuf laqmL ul/G5 / ;f] hUufaf6 k|fKt /sdaf6 pQm lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg

ul/G5 .

k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu rflxg] vr{ v'nf If]q tyf ;8s cflbdf hfg] hUufsf] df]n lx;fa

ug'{kb{5 . o; cltl/Qm hUufwgLn] slt hUuf lbg'kg]{ xf] ;f] ;d]t klxNo} olsg ug'{kb{5 .

hUufwgLx¿n] of]hgfn] lgwf{l/t u/] cg';f/ hUuf lbP afkt kl5 ljsl;t 38]/L kfpF5g\ . ljsl;t

38]/Lsf] -;a} k"jf{wf/o'Qm_ ahf/ d"No klxnfsf] eGbf w]/} u'0ff a9L x'g] x'gfn] hUufwgLx¿ o;

sfo{qmdaf6 k|ToIf ¿kn] nfeflGjt x'g] x'G5g\ . o;/L hUufwgLx¿sf] ;xdlt / cg'dlt a]u/ ;+rfng

gx'g] of] sfo{qmdaf6 hUufwgLx¿ k|ToIf nfeflGjt x'g] x'Fbf of] sfo{qmd clxn] cToGt nf]slk|o ;fljt

ePsf] 5 .

of] sfo{qmdsf] /fd|f] kIf eg]sf] g} hUuf clwu|x0f ug'{gkg]{ ePsf]n] d'cfAhf ljt/0f ug]{ h:tf]

emGem6 o;df em]Ng'kb}{g . t'ngfTds lx;fan] of]hgf rfF8f] ;DkGg x'g] x'gfn] hUufwgLn] Psflt/ rfF8f]

kmfObf xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5 eg] csf{lt/ ahf/df ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] cfk"lt{ x'g uO{ Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0fsf]

k|of;df ;d]t o;n] lgs} 7'nf] 6]jf k'¥ofpg] x'G5 .


-u_ 38]/L tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf sfo{qmd (Site & Services Programme):of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{sf]

nflu s'g} lglZrt 7fpF -hxfF 38]/L tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf sfo{qmd ug{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5_ hUuf clgjfo{

¿kn] clwu|x0f ug'{kb{5 . of]hgf If]qsf] nflu cfjZos hUuf clwu|x0f u/]kl5 hUuf tyf 3/wgLnfO{

tf]s]sf] d'cfAhf lbg'kb{5 . o;/L clwu|x0f u/]kl5 of]hgfdf Joj:yf ul/P cg';f/sf] af6f]3f6f], 9n,

6]lnkmf]g, vfg]kfgL, v'nf rf}/ cflb lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ x'G5 . Jojl:yt a;f]af;sf lx;fan] rflxg] k|foM

;Dk"0f{ ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿sf] Joj:yf / lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 o:tf ljsl;t 38]/Lx¿ (Ps}

lsl;dsf] jf ljleGg lsl;dsf]) lgwf{l/t d"Nodf lglZrt gLlt cGtu{t /xL laqmL ljt/0f ul/G5 .

ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] d"Nodf clwu|x0fsf] d'cfAhfsf] /sdsf ;fy} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf nfu]sf] vr{,

v'nf rf}/sf] nflu 5f8]sf] hUufsf] d"No cflb hf]l8G5 . t;y{ ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] df]n ;'?sf] clwu|x0fsf]

df]n eGbf w]/} u'0ff a9\g' :jfefljs 5 . 3f]/fxL pk–dxfgu/kflnsfsf] cDafk'/ If]q, ndxLsf] ahf/

If]q, sf7df8f}+sf] s'n]Zj/ / uNkm'6f/df ;+rflnt cfjf; of]hgfx¿ o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .

$=# zx/f]Gd'v a:tLx¿sf] jt{dfg :j?k

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] hnjfo'sf] cfwf/df a;f]af;sf] nflu kxf8sf cGo ufpFkflnsfx?dWo]

pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf] ;8sx¿sf] ;~hfn ;d]t ljsf; eO;s]sf], l;+rfO{ kl/of]hgfsf]

gx/ lgdf{0faf6 gx/ k|0ffnL;Fu} ;8s k|0ffnLsf] ;d]t ;dfgfGt/ ljsf; ePsf] / lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf

;'ljwfx¿ ;d]t cGo ufpFkflnsfx¿sf] bfFhf]df ;'ne /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ufpFkflnsfsf zx/L If]qsf]

j/k/dfq geO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t a:tL Pj+ a:tL >[+vnfx¿sf] ljsf; lta|?kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . x'nfs,

6]nLkmf]g, :jf:Yorf}sL / ljBfnosf] kx'Frsf ;fy;fy} cfGtl/s a; ;]jfsf] ;'ud oftfoft ;'ljwf x'gfn]

klg u|fdL0f a:tL ljsf;sf nflu of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} ljleGg ufpFkflnsfx?n]

cfˆgf cfGtl/s oftfoft dfu{x¿ agfO{ ;fj{hlgs If]qx¿df xf6 ahf/sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfd ePtf

klg ;–;fgf Jofkfl/s s]Gb|sf ?kdf a:tLx¿sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ahf/f]Gd'v a:tLx¿df xf6 ahf/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu s]xL cfjZos 5fgf÷;]8 tyf

e08f/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/lbPdf u|fdL0f s[lif cy{tGqnfO{ ahf/ cy{tGqdf kl/0ft ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]

b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm Psftkm{ oL a:tLx¿sf] 5]p5fpsf] hldgsf] ;d]t ck|Toflzt?kn] d"No a[l4

eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . eg] csf]{tkm{ ef]lnsf lbgx¿df o:tf] a:tLsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ v]nd}bfg, kfs{ h:tf

;fj{hlgs If]qx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos hUufsf] of]hgf clxn]b]lv g} agfpg' cfjZos 5 .

ufpFkflnsf If]qx?sf] Jojl:yt tj/n] ljsf; ug{ k|To]s 38]/Ldf cfjt hfjt ug{ df]6/ jf6f],

v'Nnf If]qsf k|fjwfg, rf/kf6] cfsf/ ldn]sf 38]/Lx? nufot ef}lts tyf k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ;lxtsf]

Jojl:yt j:tLsf] ljsf; ug{ hUuf PsLs/0f jf ;]jf ;'ljwf h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{' kb{5 . o;/L


hUuf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{ zx/L lj:tf/ If]q k|:tfjgf ul/Psf If]qx?nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] lx;fjn]

k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf h+u|xjf–%, u+ubL–^,l;S6f–^, afn'jf8fF8f–@, s7a]?jf–!, e};xjf–# / b'n}of–

$ sf a:tLx? zx/Ls/0sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

$=$ a:tL ljsf;df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿

a9\bf] hg;+Vof ;Fu} tLa| ultdf ljsf; e}/x]sf] zx/f]Gd'v u|fld0f a:tLx¿sf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;df

b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

a:tLx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu of]hgfa4 k|of; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . a:tLx¿df ;'ljwf alu{s/0f

(Zoning) sf] cfwf/af6 cfjf; If]q, cf}Bf]lus If]q, ;fj{hlgs v'nf If]q, xl/t If]q, c:ktfn

ljBfno tyf sfof{no If]q cflb u/L zx/L If]q nufot zx/f]Gd'v Pj+ u|fdL0f If]qx¿sf] ls6fg

ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf a:tLx¿sf] u'?of]hgf klxn] g} agfO{ cfjfl;o If]q,

Jofj;flos If]q, cf}Bf]lus If]q, kfs{, pBfg / v]n d}bfg h:tf ;fj{hlgs If]q tyf sfof{no Pj+

;+3;+:yfx¿sf] nflu If]q klxn] g} lgwf{/0f ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

a:tLx¿sf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;fj{hlgs Pj+ lghL ?kdf a[Iff/f]k0f ug{

of]hgfa4 k|of; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljsf;f]Gd'v a:tLx¿af6 lgsf; x'g] kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ ;+sng /

k|zf]wg u/L a:tLx¿sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts'n agfpg] sfo{ /f]Sg' kg]{ / 7'nf a:tLx¿df 5f8f

kz'x¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf kz' xf6 ahf/sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . vf]nfgfnfdf 9n

lgsf; u/L kfgL k|b'if0f eO/x]sf] x'Fbf k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{x¿df ;DalGwt lgsfo Pj+ sfof{nox¿ lar ;dGjo x'g g;ls

k'jf{wf/x¿sf] lbuf] lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwdf :yfgLo lgsfo tyf gful/s

;dfh;Fu ;dGjo x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

$=% e"–Ifo ;Defljt If]q

ufpFkflnsfsf gbL tyf vf]nf lsgf/sf efux? e"Ifosf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;+j]bglzn If]qdf kb{5g\ .

dflg;sf] a;fO{ ;/fO{sf sf/0faf6 ufpFkflnsf If]qdf kl//x]sf] jgljgf;sf] rfk, clgolGqt 89]nf],

r/Lr/g /fVg] k|a[lQ Pj+ cJojl:yt 9+un] 9'+uf tyf afn'jfx¿ lemSgfn] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng lau|g uO{

a:tL Pj+ v]tL tkm{ clgolGqt af9Lsf] k|sf]k s]Gb|Lt ePsf] 5 . vf]nfsf] IfdtfeGbf a9L dfqfdf gbLhGo

j:t' lgsf;L ePsf]n] vf]nfsf] ;tx ulxFl/b}+ hfFbf cf;kf;sf If]qx?df s6fg tyf e"Ifosf] ;Defjgf

a9\bf] b]lvG5 . d"ntM ufpFkflnsfsf vf]nfx¿sf] jl/k/L g} s]Gb|Lt eP/ /x]sf] dfgj a:tLsf] dfgjLo

ultljlwn] / cg'Tkfbs kz'x¿sf] rfkn] of] ;+j]bglzn If]qdf e"Ifosf] b[li6sf]0fn] k|lts'n k|efj kf/]sf]

5 . d'ntM ufpFkflnsfx? jiff{ofddf a9L 8'afg x'g] If]q x'g\ . o;qmdnfO{ /f]Sgsf] nflu 9n lgsf;sf]


Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{, ufpFdf ePsf gbLx?df t6aGwg ug'{kg]{b]lvG5. To:t}, cNksflng, dWosflng /

bL3{sflng pkfox¿ canDag ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} cNksflng pkfosf] ?kdf :k/ Pj+

t6aGw lgdf{0f ug]{ dWosflng pkfosf] ?kdf k|efljt If]qsf] jl/k/L j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ / bL3{sflng

pkfosf] ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ vf]nf k|efljt If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ tkm{ sfd cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . pNn]lvt

If]qnfO{ dfgjLo ultljlwaf6 ck|efljt kfg]{ / ;3g hnfwf/ If]q ;+/If0f sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kg]{

b]lvPsf] 5 .

$=& ufp“kflnsfdf x'g ;Sg] ;+efljt k|sf]ksf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 20M ufpFkflnsfdf x'g ;Sg] ;+efljt k|sf]ksf] ljj/0f

qm= ;+= ;+efljt k|sf]k ljwdfg cj:yf ;do

! e'sDk e"slDko hf]lvdsf b[li6n] g]kfn ljZjsf] !! cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] /

ufpFkflnsfdf e'sDk k|lt/f]wfTds ejg sd} dfqfdf ePsf], ejg

cfrf/ ;+lxtf k"0f{ ?kdf nfu' gePsf]

h'g;'s}

;dodf

@ Aff9L ufpFkflnsfdf ljz]iftM/fKtL gbL / ;fgf 7'nf glb÷vf]nfx? aUg]

u/]sf] / jiff{ofddf gbL tyf vf]nfx?n] cf;kf;sf e'efux¿

aif{]gL 8'jfg / s6fg ul/ Iflt k'¥ofO{/x]sf] 5 . aif{]gL w]/} ;+Vofdf

kl/jf/x¿ k|efljt e}/x]sf 5g\  .

h]i7—

c;f]h

# cfunfuL ufpFkflnsfsf] w]/} h;f] e'—efudf 3gfj:tL /x]sf -;'s'Djf;L,

d'Qm sd}of, jf9L lj:yflkt_ nufPtsf clt ljkGg ;d'bfosf

3/x? ;r]tgf cefj, cUgL lgoGq0f oGqsf] cefj, vfgf ksfpg]

sf]7fsf leQfx¿ df6f]n] gkf]Tg', xfjfx'/L rn]sf] a]nf vfgf

ksfpg' / r'Nxf]df cfuf] /fVg] rng /xg', r'Nxf]df cfuf] ;NsfpFbf

d§Lt]nsf] k|of]u ug{' / ;nfO{ nfO{6/ h:tf cfuf] afNg] j:t'x¿

aRrfn] v]nfpFbf cfunfuLsf 36gf a9L x'g] u/]sf] .

r}q—h]i7

$ dxfdf/L Aff9L kZ+rft k"0f{ k|sf]ksf ?kdf emf8fkvfnf nufotsf kfgL

hGo /f]u a9\g] u/]sf], ;|f]t ;fwg cefj / hgr]tgf sdL,

cg's"n Ifdtfsf] cefj .

ljkb\

kl5,

cGo

;dodf

% Jf8{ˆn', cGo

ˆn'

cJojl:yt s'v'/f kfng, :jfOg ˆn' cflb h'g;'s}

;dofdf

^ lztnx/ lr;f]sf] dfqf a9\b} uPsf] ;dodf ljkGg j:tL a9L k|efljt k'; —

df3


& h+unL hgfj/

cft+s

ufpFkflnsfsf] jgh+un jl/kl/ a;f]af; ePsf] If]qx? h'g;'s}

;dodf

* Dff};dL ;'Vvf kfgL gk/]df gx/sf] l;rfO{+ gk'u]sf efux? c;f/ —

ebf}

( ls6 cft+s hnjfo' kl/jt{g, a9L ljifflb k|of]usf sf/0f nfesf/L r/f, ls/f

nf]k

v]tL

df};d

!) r6\ofª,

cl;gf

a9L h;f] aiff{ofd / kfgL k/]sf] ;dodf h'g;'s}

;dodf

/fhk'/ ufp“kflnsfdf ePsf pkhnfwf/x?sf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 21M pkhnfwf/x?sf] ljj/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFklnsfdf ePsf pkhnfwf/ If]qx?

pkhnfwf/ g+= pkhfwf/sf] gfd ;fljssf uflj;

e"Ifosf] ;DefJotf If]qkmn x]]S6/df

Hofb} Go"g Go"g dWod w]/} Hofb} w]/} hDdf

10 v+u|L gbL a]nf 0 0 377 141 0 518 12 u'?· vf]nf a]nf 509 537 3247 47 0 4340 13 kf6'nL vf]nf a]nf 0 0 4130 0 0 4130 14 /:/L vf]nf a]nf 0 582 1845 1155 3582 15 kmf]/L vf]nf a]nf 0 0 1454 0 0 1454 /fhk'/ 0 0 2848 0 0 2848

16 s/· vf]nf a]nf 0 393 661 220 0 1274 /fhk'/ 0 535 1305 567 582 2959

17 dxGtL vf]nf /fhk'/ 393 472 2769 551 661 4846 18 v+u|f gbL /fhk'/ 0 110 2060 0 0 2170 19 x/}of vf]nf /fhk'/ 0 614 3824 850 0 5288 20 /Lp vf]nf /fhk'/ 0 425 2167 157 110 2859 21 b·df/f gfsf /fhk'/ 0 0 1982 0 0 1982 22 ;f]g k|yL gfsf /fhk'/ 0 47 1957 157 0 2161 23 uf]y'jf /fhk'/ 0 31 3919 31 126 4107 24 e+;fxL vf]nf /fhk'/ 0 141 3627 0 0 3768 25 e}+;]xL vf]nf /fhk'/ 0 0 2989 220 78 3287 hDdf 902 3887 41161 4096 1557 51573

>f]t M bfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq @)&#

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf bh{gf} pkhnfwf/x? /x]sf 5g\ . dfyLsf]tlnsfdf /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf

ePsf pkhnfwf/ / hnfwf/n] Nofpg ;Sg] e"Ifosf] hf]lvdsf af/]df k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 . k|:t't tYonfO{

cWoog ug]{ xf] eg] /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf e"Ifosf] b[li6sf]0fn] dWod :yfgdf kb{5 . ufpFsf] s'n If]qkmnsf]


$!,!^! x]S6/ If]qkmn e'Ifosf] hf]lvdsf] dWod :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] ufpFsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] $,)(^

x]S6/ If]qkmn e'Ifosf] w]/} hf]lvd ePsf] If]qdf kb{5 . o:t}u/L !,%%& x]S6/ If]qkmn e"Ifosf] Hofb} w]/}

hf]lvdsf] If]qkmn /x]sf] 5 . ufpFdf ePsf pkhnfwf/x? / e"Ifosf] ;DefJotf If]qkmnsf] lj:t[t[ ljj/0f

dfyLsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .


v08 % M cfly{s If]q tyf /f]huf/ l:ylt

%=! cfly{s¿kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vofsf] cj:yf

tflnsf g+= 22M cfly{s¿kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vofsf] cj:yf

s'n hg;+Vof k"?if dlxnf cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo hDdf hg;+Vof

16,875 8,048 8,827 16,875

k|ltzt 47=69 52=31 67=40 ;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @)^*

dflysf] tflnsfdf /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf] s'n hg;+Vof @%,)#& df !) jif{ b]lv %(

jif{;Ddsf cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f b]vfOPsf] 5.s'n ;lqmo hg;+Vof !^,*&% /x]sf]df

k'?ifsf] ;+Vof *,)$* -$&=^( k|ltzt_, dlxnfsf] ;+Vof *,*@& -%@=#! k|ltzt_ b]lvG5 .ufpFsf] s'n

hg;+Vofsf] ^&=$) k|ltzt hg;+Vof cfly{s?kn] ;lqmo 5g\ . cfly{s ?kdf lg:s[o hg;+Vof #@=^)

k|ltzt 5g\ . of] cfFs8fn] /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf dfgj ;fwg / >f]t k|z:t /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ hgfp5 . h:sf]

lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

%=@ cfl>t hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 23M cfl>t hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

cfl>t afnaflafnsf

-)–!$_

cfl>t a[4a[4f

-^) jf ;f]eGbf dfly_

hDdf cfl>t

hDdf k|ltzt hDdf k|ltzt hDdf k|ltzt

10,185 86=73 1,559 13=27 11,744 46=91 >f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @)^*

o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf s'n hg;+Vofsf] !!,&$$ -$^=(! k|ltzt_ hg;+Vof cfl>t 5g\ . h;df

) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsf !),!*% -*^=&# k|ltzt_ / h]i7 gful/s cyf{t\ ^) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf

dflysf a[4a[4fx?sf] hg;+Vof !,%%( -!#=@& k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfly

tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

dflysf] ;lqmo hg;+Vof / cfl>t hg;+Vof x]bf{ /fhk'/df ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos k'Ug] ;lqmo

hg;+Vof 5 h;nfO{ /fHon] ;xL pkof]u u/L ljsf;df cuf8L a9\g' kg]{ b]lvG5.

%=# l;+rfO


/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ufpF;tx hn l;+rfO{sf] ;|f]t kof{Kt dfqfdf /x]sf] 5 . s[lifsf] nflu pj{/

df6f] ePsf] / ufpFdf7"nf] ;+Vofdf hgtf s[lifdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'Fbf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u u/L ;a}

v]ltof]Uo hldgdf l;rfO{ ;'ljwf k'of{pg ;s] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ a9\g'sf ;fy} s[lif pTkfbgdf klg

k|z:t a[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg ;+:yfx?sf] nufgLdf l;+rfO of]hgfx? NofOPsf] 5 h;sf] lj:t[t

ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 . .

tflnsf g+= 24M /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf l;+rfO of]hgfx?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= of]hgfsf] gfd :yfg l;+lrt If]q -x]=_ qm=;+= of]hgfsf] gfd :yfg l;+lrt If]q -x]=_

1 a]nf l;+rfO of]hgf j]nf !%) 2 u+u6L l;=of]= /fhk'/ !(&


/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf @ j6f l;+rfO of]hgf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fljssf] uflj; a]nfdf a]nf l;+rfO of]hgf

/x]sf] 5 . o; of]hgfåf/f !%) x]S6/ If]qkmndf l;+rfO u/LPsf] 5 . To:t}u/L ;fljssf] uflj; /fhk'/df

u+u6L l;+rfO of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . o; of]hgfaf6 klg ufpFsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !(& x]S6/ If]qkmndf l;+rfO

u/LPsf] 5 . ufpFdf l;+rfO of]hgfx? ;~rfngdf cfpgfn] ufpFjf;Lx? nfefGjLt ePsf 5g\ . o:tf

l;+rfO of]hgfn] s[lif If]q nufot cGo ljleGg If]qx?df klg 6]jf k'of{Psf 5g\ .

/fhk'/ ufp“kflnsfdf l;+rfOsf] cj:yf

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/ l;+rfOsf] k|sf/

qm=;+= hUufsf] k|sf/ yf]kf l;+rfO{ s'nf] gx/ kf]v/L l;+rfO{ 6\o'ja]n l8k 6\o'aa]n l:k|8sn jif{ft

1 v]t 3=05 59=56 0=2 3=72 2=15 2=93 68=48 >f]tM bfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq @)&#

o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg t/Lsfaf6 l;+rfO u/L v]tL ug]{ u/LG5 . v]tdf ljleGg jfnLx?df

l;+rfO ubf{ yf]kf l;+rfO, s'nf] gx/, kf]v/L l;+rfO{, 6\o'ja]n, l8k 6\o'a]n, l:k|8sn / jiff{t cflb /x]sf

5g\ . ufpFkflnsfdf w]/} l;+rfOsf cfwf/x? ePtfklg ufpFjf;Lx? l;+rfOsf] k|d'v cfwf/ eg]sf] jif{ft g}

/x]sf] 5 . ufpFjf;Lx?n] jfnL pTkfbg ubf{ k|of]u ug]{ l;+rfO{x?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf

k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

%=$ s[lif

g]kfndf s[lif If]q b]zsf] k|d'v /f]huf/ k|bfos tyf s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf k|d'v lx:;]bf/ e} b]zsf]

cy{tGqsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f hgtfx?sf] hLjg:t/df k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] s[lif If]qsf]

cfwf/e"t s[lif tYofÍnfO{ u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] ;"rssf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . vfBfGg tyf gub] afnLx?

kmnkm"n, kz'k+IfL, dT:o l;+rfO{ ;fy} s[lif pTkfbg / If]qkmn ;DaGwL ljljw ;"rgfx? s[lif tYofÍsf]


If]qleq kg]{ ePtfklg g]kfndf ;/sf/L :t/af6 /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo:t/df s[lif ;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf

tYofÍsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ?kdf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L d+qfno / s]Gb|Lt tYofÍ ljefu /x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo

pTkfbgsf] a[l4 / ljsf; ug{ ahf/Ls/0ftkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

t'ngfTds ?kdf x]bf{ k'?ifx¿ o; k]zfaf6 ljd'v x'Fb} cGo k]zftkm{ cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;f]

x'g'df cGo k]zfaf6 cfDbfgLdf a[l4 x'g' / v]tL of]Uo hldgsf] cefj lj:tf/} l;h{gf x'g' klg xf] . s[lif

If]qdf cfw'lgsLs/0f gx'g', ahf/ Joj:yfsf] cefj, l;+rfO{sf] plrt Joj:yf gx'g' tyf cGo hLjgz}nL

hl6n aGb} hfg'n] o; If]qaf6 ljd'v x'gfsf] s]xL k|d'v sf/0f x'g'kb{5 .

o; ufpFkflnsfsf] 7"nf] If]qkmn kxf8L ;dy/n] el/Psf] x'Fbf s[lifsf nflu k|z:t dfqfdf pkof]uL

If]q /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotM s[lif k|0ffnLdf d'Vo cGg afnLx? wfg, ds}, sf]bf], kmfk/, ux'F, hf,}cflb x'g\ .

o:t} bnxg afnLdf c8x/, df;, d;'/f], s]/fp, rgf pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . t]nxg afnLdf tf]/L, ltn

pTkfbg ul/G5 eg] t/sf/L v]tL, cfn', Kofh, sfpnL, leG8L, n;'g nufot k|d'v vfB tyf gub] afnL

x'g\ / oLgsf] pTkfbsTj klg a9L 5 . ufpFdf ;a}eGbf w]/} If]qdf vfBfGg / kmnkm"n afnL nufOg] u/]sf]

5 eg] t'ngfTds ?kn] Go"g If]qdf bnxg / d;nf afnL nufOg] u/]sf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfn] s[lif

If]qsf] tkm{af6 klg cfˆgf] cfly{s j[l4b/ sfodg} /fv]sf] 5 .

-s_lxpb] afnL


ufpFdf pTkfbg ul/g] k|d'v lxpFb] afnLx?df ux'F, hf}, ;l;{p,uf]kL, tf]/L, d';'/f], c8x/, d'+u, sfs|f,

nf}sf, aGbf, 6df6/, v';f{gL, d'nf, Kofh, n;'g, wlgof, ufFh/,;nud cfn' cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

-v_jif]{ afnL

ufpFsf k|d'v jif]{ afnLx?df wfg, ds}, sf]bf], c8x/, sfs|f, s/]nf, nf}sf, kml;{, l3/f}nf, lrlr+8f,

l;dL, af]8L,sfpnL, aGbf, 6df6/, v';f{gL, le+8L, eG6f cb'jf cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

jfnL kfqf]

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg dlxgfdf ljleGg v]tL x'g] ub{5 . o; ufpFkflnsfdf wfg, ds}, sf]bf],

c8x/,cb'jf,ux'F, hf}, ;l;{p,uf]kL, tf]/L, d';'/f], c8x/, d'+u, sfs|f, nf}sf, aGbf, 6df6/, v';f{gL, d'nf,

cflb vfBfGg jfnLsf] v]tL x'g]ub{5 . o; ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg 7fpFdf / ljleGGf dlxgfdf x'g]

v]tLafnLsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf] jfnL kfqf]df k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

qm=;+= jfnL nufpg]] dlxgf leqfpg] dlxgf qm=;+= jfnL nufpg]] dlxgf leqfpg] dlxgf

1 wfg h]i7–>fjg sflt{s–d+l;/ 21 l3/f}nf h]i7–c;f/ ebf}–c;f}h

2 ds} j}zfv–h]i7 ;fpg–dbf} 22 lrlrG8f] hi7–c;f/ ebf}–c;f}h

3 ux''F d+l;/–k'if df3–kmfNu'g 23 l;ld j]zfv–h]i7 sflt{s–d+l;/

4 hf} d+l;/–k'if df3–kmfNu'g 24 af]8L j}zfv–h]i7 sflt{s–d+l;/

5 sf]bf] c;f/ –;fpg ebf}–c;f}h 25 sfpnL c;f/ –;fpg df3–kmfNu'g

6 tf]/L c;f]}h–sflt{s k'if–df3 26 aGbf j}zfv–h]i7 kmfNu'g r}t

7 ;l;{p c;f]}h–sflt{s k'if–df3 27 a|f]sfpnL c;f}h–sflt{s d+l;/–kf}if

8 uf]kL tf]/L c;f}h–sflt{s df3–kmfNu'g 28 ufF7 uf]kL c;f]}h–sflt{s k'if–df3

9 d;'/f] c;f}h–sflt{s df3–kmfNu'g 29 6df6/ a}zfv–h]i7 kmfNu'g r}t

10 rgf c;f}h–sflt{s df3–kmfNu'g 30 v';f{gL j}zfv–h]i7 kmfNu'g r}t

11 s]/fp c;f}h–sflt{s k'if–df3 31 leG8L j}zfv–h]i7 -cGo dlxgf_

kmfNu'g r}t

12 c8x/ c;f/ –;fpg kmfNu'g r}t 32 eG6f h]i7–c;f/ ebf}–c;f}h

13 d'+u a}zfv–h]i7 kmfNu'g r}t 33 d'nf ebf} c;f}h kmfNu'g r}t

14 df; ;fpg–ebf} c;f}h–sflt{s 34 cb'jf j}zfv–h]]i7 k'if–df3

15 e§df; ;fpg–ebf} c;f}h–sflt{s 35 rD;'/ ebf} c;f}h d+l;/–kf}if

16 uxt ;fpg–ebf} c;f}h–sflt{s 36 kfn'+uf] ebf} c;f}h sflt{s–d+l;/

17 sfs|f j}zfv–h]i7 sflt{s–d+l;/ 37 wlgof c;f]}h–sflt{s d+l;/–kf}if

18 s/]nf j]zfv–h]i7 sflt{s–d+l;/ 38 ufFh/ c;f]}h–sflt{s df3–kmfNu'g

19 nf}sf j}zfv–h]i7 sflt{s–d+l;/ 39 ;nud c;f}h–sflt{s df3–kmfNu'g

20 kml;{ j}zfv–h]i7 kmfNu'g r}t 40 cfn' c;f}h–sflt{s df3–kmfNu'g

>f]tM ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f@)&#


%=% s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf :yflgo s[ifsx? ldn]/ g} ljleGg ;fljssfj8fx?df ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? vf]n]sf

5g\ . o; ufpFkflnsfdf ;fljssf uflj; a]nf / /fhk'/df u/L !) j6f ljleGg k|sf/sf- slif ;xsf/L,

jrt tyf C0f, pkef]Qm ;xsf/L b'Uw ;xsf/L_ h:tf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/Lsf] dbtaf6

s[ifsx? cfly{s ?kdf lge{/ x'g] / ufpFdf s[lif ljsf; klg x'g] ;+efjgf b]lvG5 . ufpFdf ePsf

ljleGGg ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] lj:t't ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 25M s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f

q=;+= ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf] gfd

7]ufgf ;b:otf ;+Vof ;~rfns z]o/ kF'hL art lgIf]k

;b:onfO{ C0f nufgL

dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDdf

1 ;f]dxLyfg dlxnf

art tyt C0f

;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=

j]nf 25 0 255 9 0 9 207095 206585 269311

2 hfgsL dlxnf art

tyt C0f ;xsf/L

;+:yf ln=

/fhk'/, ^ 498 0 498 7 0 7 43600 109722 179774

s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?

;'of]{bo s[ifs

ax'p2]Zo ;xsf/L

;+:yf ln=

a]nf !,

d6]/Lof

46 100 146 3 8 11 5065800 4983045

5865000

rfFbgL s[lif ax'p2]Zo

;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=

a]nf !,

d6]/Lof

38 8 44 6 1 7 227000 67300 183000

uubL s[lif ;xsf/L

;+:yf ln=

/fhk'/ &,

b]pv'/L

12 18 30 0 7 7 84200 51315 43820

;'o{Hof]lt s[lif ;xsf/L

;+:yf ln=

/fhk'/ (,

l;S6f

12 14 26 2 5 7 26000 50000 75000

kfn'jf s[lif ;xsf/L

;+:yf ln=

a]nf !,

d6]/Lof

212 146 358 5 2 7 460850 413802 795310

pHjn s[lif ;xsf/L

;+:yf ln=

/fhk'/ $,

dxltlgvf]n

f

5 23 28 2 5 7 154000 29400 178000

pkef]Qmf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?

/fhk'/ pkef]Qmf

;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=

/fhk'/ ^ 1 25 26 0 9 9 50000 0 0

b'Uw ;xsf/L ;+3÷;+:yfsf] ljj/0f 1 a]nf ls;fg b'Uw

pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8

a]nf !,

d6]/Lof

10 71 81 9 40500 0

>f]t M /fKtL c~rnsf] ;xsf/L ultljlw@)&#

s[ifL afnLdf nfUg] /f]u

ufpFsf]] s[lif pTkfbgdf wfg, ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], tf]/L, hf}, kmfk/ bnxg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n cfbL g} d'Vo

?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof vfBfGgdf uef/f] cfVn], v}/f, lnkm Anf:6,,kmnkm'nx?df kmndf uef/f]

nfUg], h:tf /f]ux? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ eg] ux'Fdf h:tf /f]ux? b]lvG5g\ . o;}u/L bnxg jfnLdf 88'jf,

Anf:6, gub] jfnL klg 88'jf cfbL /f]usf] k|sf]kaf6 s[ifsx? ;d:ofdf k/]sf 5g\ . /fhk'/

ufpFkflnsfsf] s[lif jfnLdf nfUg] /f]ux?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 26M s[lif jfnLdf nfUg] /f]ux?sf] ljj/0f


qm=;= t/sf/L jfnLdf nfUg] /f]ux?sf] gfd

kmnkm'n v]tLdf nfUg] /f]usf] gfd

vfBfGg jfnLdf nfUg] /f]usf] gfd

bnxg jfnLdf nfUg] /f]usf] gfd

gub] jfnLdf nfUg] /f]usf] gfd

1 df]Hofs efO/; kmnsf] uef/f] 88'jf 88'jf 88'jf

2 uef/f] cfVn] Anf:6

3 v}/f

4 lnkm Anf:6

>f]tM ufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f @)&#

%=^ kz'kfng

kz'kfng eGgfn] 3/df kz' jf k+IfLnfO{ kfNg] k|lqmof xf] . ljz]if ul/ kz'kfng vfB j:t' pTkfbg

/ >dsf nflu kflng] ul/G5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ul/g] kz'kfng dWo] ufO{, uf]?, e};L, e]8f, afv|f,

s'v'/f, xfF;, k/]jf, ;'Fu'/, a+u'/ cflb kb{5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L kflng]df afv|f, s'v'/f, ufO{, uf]?, e]8f, xfF;

/ k/]jf /x]sf 5g\ .

%=^=! kz'x?df nfUg] /f]u

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf kz'k+lIfx?df ljleGg /f]ux? b]lvPsf 5g\ . kz'x?df b]lvg] /f]ux?df

Eofu't],r/r/], vf]/]t, PGkm]S;, 8df{6fOl6;, 8fOl/of, 6]kjd{, nfO; cflb h:tf /f]ux? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .

k+IfLx?df PlS;l8k]l;;, sf]/fOhf, uDaf/f], l; cf/ 8L, ;Ndf]g]nfl;;, /flgv]6, km'an km'S; cflb /f]ux?


b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf kz'k+IfLdf b]lvPsf /f]ux?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf

k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 27M kz'k+IfLx?df nfUg] /f]ux?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= kz'kG5L cGo pTkfbg /f]usf] gfd

1 kz' Eofu't], r/r/],vf]/]t, PGkm]S;, kL=kL=cf/,Pg] o"/Lof, 8df{6fO{l6;, 8fol/of, kfO/\]S;l;of,l/6]gk|f];]G6f, l;:6f]lsof, Pgf]/f]lS;;, Pn Pkm, /fpG8cf]d,6]kjd{, dxf]:6, l6S;, nfO;, ;le{;fOl6;, e]6«fOl6;,kfof]d]6«f, :jfOg lkma/

2 k+IfL PS;Ll8k]l;;, sf]/fOhf, uDaf/f],l; cf/ 8L, ;Ndf]g]nfl;;,/flgv]6,km'an, km'S;, xjfO8fOl/of

>f]tM s[lif ;]jfs]Gb« ;]jf, ;d'x 5nkmn

%=^=@ s[lif cf}hf/

s[ifsn] k|of]u ug]{ d'Vo cf}hf/df 6«ofS6/, y|];/,kDk;]6, uf]?uf8f, cGg /fVg] efF8f], xnf] s'6f],

sf]bfnL, xl;of, cflb kb{5g\ . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fljssf] uflj; /fhk'/df s[ifsx?n] pknAw

s[lif cf}hf/df v'kf{, xl;of, ;a}eGbf w]/} k|of]u ub{5g\ eg] s'6f], sf]bfnf] cGg /fVg] efF8f], xnf], uf]?

Uff8f, kDk;]6 / y|];/ kb{5g\ .

%=^=# s[lif pBf]u

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf s[lif pBf]ux? pNn]vlgo dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ . ufpFdf lu6L pBf]u, afn'jf

pBf]u,/fO; ldn, kmlg{r/ pBf]u, sfi7snf pBf]u cflb pBf]ux? /x]sf 5g\ . ufpFdf ePsf] s[lif

pBf]ux?df dlxnfx? klg ;lqmo eP/ nu]sf 5g\ / ufpFdf /f]juf/Lsf cj;/x? klg l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ .

o; ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf ljleGg pBf]ux?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lgDgjdf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5

.

tflnsf g+= 28M s[lif pBf]ux?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= pBf]usf]] gfd ;+Vof pBf]usf] lsl;d

xfnsf] cj:yf

pBf]uaf6 k|ToIf /f]huf/L ;+Vof

pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfu|L gfd

pTkflbt ;fdfu|Lsf] jflif{s

d"No dlxnf k'?if hDdf

1 ;Gtf]]; /fO{; ldn 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 3 3 lk;fgL, s'6fgL k]nfgL 100000

2 sdnf /fO; ldn 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 1 3 4 lk;fgL s'6fgL,k]nfgL 50000

3 ;l/tf /fO[; dln 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 1 2 3 rfdn lk7f] 100000

4 ;To /fO{; ldn 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 1 2 3 lk;fgL,s'6fgL 100000

5 lai0f' /fO{; ldn 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 1 1 2 lk;fgL s'6fgL 100000

6 k|sfz jfn'jf jfl;· 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 4 6 10 afn'jf 1000000

7 dgsfdgf lu6L pBf]u 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 4 12 16 lu6L 15000000

8 sfi7snf pBf]u 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 1 2 3 sf7sf ;fdfg 300000

9 kmlg{r/ pBf]u 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 1 3 4 sf7sf ;fdfg 500000


10 /fO; ldn 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 1 2 3 s'6fgL lk;fgL 100000


12 la/]Gb« ldn 1 ;fgf pBf]u rfn' 1 2 3 s'6fgL lk;fgL 80000



>f]tM ufpFj:t'l:ytL ljj/0f @)&#

%=&jfnL pTkfbg

dflg;n] nufpg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] la?jf h' dflg;sf] vfgf,cf}ifwL, kz'kfngsf] nflu bfgf, kmfOa/, cflb

pTkfbg / cGo gub sdfpg k|of]u x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ jfnL elgG5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf pTkfbg x'g]

jfnLx?nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ljefhg u/LPsf] 5 .

cGg jfnLM wfg, ux'F, ds}, sf]bf], cfn'

t]n jfnLM tf]/L, ;l;{p, ;"o{d'vL, cfn;

bfn jfnLM rgf, /x/, d;'/f], df;, l;ld, e6df;, s]/fp

gub] jfnLM pv', skf;, ;gkf6

%=&=! /fhk'/ ufp“kflnsfdf s[lif If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf pi0f hnjfo' ePsf] t/fO{ If]qdf k5{ . ef}uf]lns cj:yf, hnjfo', df6f]sf]

cj:yf ;fy} cGo k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fdflhs, cfly{s kl/j]zsf] b[li6sf]0fn] of] uflj;sf] ;+k'0f{ e"efu

s[lif / kz'kfngsf] nflu pko'Qm /x]sf] 5 . dx]Gb« /fhdfu{;Fusf] sd b'/L, afFs] lhNnf;Fusf] klg kx'Fr

ePsf]n] oxfF pTkfbg ePsf ;fdfu|Lx?nfO{ ;lhn};Fu ahf/df k'of{pg ;lsG5 . t/ /fKtL glbdf k'nsf]

cfjZostf cToGt h?/L 5 . o:n] ubf{ oxfF Joj;flos s[lifsf] ;+efjgnfO{ j[4L ub{5 . s[lif /

kz'kfngsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf af]s]sf] ePtf klg o; ufpFdf ;du| ?kdf x]bf{ TotL w]/} pNn]lvo ;'wf/

eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cem} klg oxfFsf] s[lif lgjf{xd'vLg} /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf s]xL jif{df eg] ks]6 If]q

lgwf{/0f / k|lt:k|wfTds s[lif k|0fnLsf sf/0f Joj;flos s[lifn] s]xl ult lng yfn]sf] dx;'; x'Fb} 5 .

Joj;flos t/sf/L v]lt h:t}M knfl:6s 3/df 6df6/ v]lt aGbf v]lt, Rofp v]lt, ljleGg jfnLsf] lap

pTkfbg, df}/L kfngn] Jofkstf kfPsf] b]lvG5 .

v]lt k|0fnL x]bf{ oxfFsf] s[lif k|0ffnL Plss[t vfnsf] 5 h; cGtu{t oxfFsf] s[ifs kz'kfng ;Fu}

ljleGg jfnL nufpg] u5{g\ . cfˆgf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ vfBfGg , t/sf/L, t]n, df;', b'w, cG8fsf nflu

aflx/ hfg gkf]{ ul/ cfkm}n] g} pTkfbg ug]{ k/Dk/fut Pjd\ lgjf{xd'vL v]lt k|0nL g} oxfF JofKt 5 . t/

klg kl5Nnf] r/0fdf cfP/ x]bf{ Tof] k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]8\b} cfˆgf] lhljsf] kfh{gsf] nflu dfq geO{ s]xL

ls;fgx?n] Joj;flos ?kdf gub cfo cfh{gsf] nflu klg s[lif k};fnfO{ lasl;t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

%=&=@ pGgt ljpsf] k|of]u


pGgt hftsf] jfnLsf] k|of]un] Ptkfbg Pjd\ pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} vfB ;'/Iffdf ;d]t 6]jf

k'of{p5 . pGgt jfnLdf lj?jfsf] /f]u ls/f ;Fu n8\g] Ifdtfsf] ;d]t j[l4 u/LPsf] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ /f]u

ls/f lgoGq0fsf nflu nfUg] cltl/St vr{sf] s6f}tL u5{ . pGgt jfnLx?df k|lts'n df};d;Fu n8\g

;Sg] Ifdtf klg w]/} x'G5 . h:t} ;'Vvf ;xg ;Sg] 8'jg ;xg ;Sg], w]/} lr;f] ;xg ;Sg], s'lx/f] ;xg

;Sg] cflb , s]lx pGgt jfnLdf t]:df kfOg] kf]ifs tTjdf ;d]t ;'wf/ u/LPsf] 5 . t];}n] pGgt jfnLx?

ls;fgsf nflu Hofb} dxTjk'0f{ x'G5g\ . /fhk/ ufpFkflnsfdf pGgt jfnLx?s]f k|of]u ePtf klg s['g}

jfnLdf eg] k/Dk/fut jfnLx?sf] k|of]u g} ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ufpFkflnsfdf pGgt jfnLn] 9fs]sf]

If]qkmn j[4L ug]{ xf] eg] ;du| uflj;sf] pTkfbg Pjd\ pTkfbsTjdf j[4L ug{ ;lsG5 . /fhk'/

ufpFkflnsfdf k|of]u ePsf s]lx pGgt jfnL / ltgsf] ljj/0f lgDgjdf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf]

5 .

tflnsf g+= 29M pGgt jfnL / ltgsf hftx?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= jflnsf] ljj/0f jflnsf] hft 1 wfg ljGb]Zj/L, shankar shanti, 312 2 ds} /fk'/, sDkf]lh6,c?0f 3 ux'F uf}td, ljho 4 tf]/L pGgtL, l|k|tL 5 d;'/L vh'/f d;'/f] 6 6df6/ ;'/Iff l;h{gf 7 sfpnL l;Ne/ sk, :gf]an !^ 8 aGbf u|Lg qmf]g]6 9 cfn' TPS, sfl8{gn,s'k|mL ;'gb/L

>f]tM j:t'ut ljj/0f cfjlws ufpFljsf;of]hgf bfª @)&#

%=&=# ks]6 If]q klxrfg / ljsf;

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf s[lif Pjd\ kz'kfngsf] b[li6n] bfª lhNnfsf nflu Ps dxTjk'0f{ 7fpF xf] . clxn]

;Dd klg of] If]qnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ks]6 If]qsf] ?kdf eg] ljsf; u/LPsf] 5}g . t/ klg ;+efjgf

eg] y'k|} /x]sf] 5 . of] If]qnfO{ df}/Lkfng ks]6 If]q, vfBfGg ks]6 If]q, bnxg jfnL ks]6 If]q, t/sf/L

pTkfbg ks]6 If]q / ufO{ e};L pTkfbgsf] ks]6 If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] b]vG5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfd w]/} k|sf/sf] s[lif pBdx?sf] ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 . t/ ef}uf]lns cjl:yLtL /

hnjfo'sf] cfwf/df ;+efJo jfnLx? dWo] t'ngfTds nfe, :yflgo ;DefJotf tyf ljlzi6 cj;/sf] /

k|lt:k|wfTds nfesf] cfwf/df s]xL jfnLx? 5gf}6 u/L Joj;flostfsf] k|j]z ug{ cfjZo b]lvG5 . xfn

Joj;flostfdf hfg ;lsg] jfnLx?df d'Vo u/L t/sf/Lx? h:t} 6df6/, sfpnL, aGbf, s/]nf, sfqmf


/x]sf 5g\ . eg] kz'kfng tk{m s'v'/f, a+u'/ / b'w pTkfbg /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} Joj;flos df5f kfngsf]

nflu ks]6 If]qsf] ?kdf klg o; If]qnfO{ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . sfk{ hftsf] df5f kfng ks]6 If]qsf]

?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;s] To; dfkm{t s[ifsx?sf] cfDbfgLdf k|z:t j[4L ug{ ;lsG5 .

ufpFdf ;a} If]q Jjj;flos e};Lkfng, ufO{kfng / b'w pTkfbgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

;fy} of] If]qdf df;'sf nflu a+u/kfngsf] klg plQs} ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . gZn ;'wf/ sfo{qmd dfk{mt

:yflgo ufOsf] gZn ;'wf/ u/L b'w pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .

%=* vfgLsf] ;|f]t / pkof]usf] l:ylt

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf vfgL;DaGwL ;DefJotfsf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf] ePtflg Joj;flos

pTkfbgsf] nflu s'g} kxn u/]sf] kfOb}g . t/ o; ufpFkflnsfdf vf]nf gfnfdf ePsf jfn'jf 9'+uf tyf

lu6Lsf] ;b'kfo]uaf6 kmfObf lng ;lsg] l:ytL /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] dxfFef/t tyf r'/] If]qdf Schists,

Quarzites,Fragile & Stone, Conglomerates, Pabbles/ Boulders,Sand Stone, Calcareous, Thin

Lime Stone,Clay/ Phyllites r¨fgx? kfOG5g\ .


v08 ^M ef}lts tyf ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/

^=! ;8s ;DaGwL ljj/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf u9jf–l;S6f–/fhk'/ ;8s v08df /x]/ oftfoftsf ;fwgx? rNg] / ufpFjf;Lx? Ps

7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfg]ub{5g\ . of] ;8sdf @% ls=ld u|fj]n /x]sf] 5 eg] % ls=ld= ;8s sRrL /x]sf] 5 .

ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf] o; ;8saf6 ufpFjf;Lx? nfeflGjt t ePsf 5g\ g} ufpFjf;Lx?nfO{ ljleGg cfly{s

Joj;fo ug{ dBt ldn]sf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf ;8sx?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't

u/LPsf] 5 .

qm=;+= ;8ssf] gfd ;8ssf] k|sf/ tyf nDafO

hDdf nDafO{-ls=ld_ sfnf]kq] u|fe]n sRrL goFf

1 u9jf–l;S6f–/fhk'/ ;8s 0 25 5 0 30 2 snsQ] –u9jf–/fhk'/–vf]s/L /f]8 25 27=8 8=21 61 3 ;ftafl/of–l/xf/ –/fhk'/–u+ubL–

;fnef}/L– v+·|f gfsf ;8s

30 30 0 60

>f]tM bfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq @)&!

^=!=! ;8s ;~hfnsf] cj:yf

qm=;+= ;fljssf uflj; b"/L sf]ifdf -;b/d'sfd af6_ ;8ssf] k|sf/ oftfoftsf] ;fwg

1 a]nf 16 sfnf] kq], sRrL a; lhk

2 /fhk'/ 14 sfnf] kq], sRrL a;,k}bn >f]t M bfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq @)&!

dfly lbOPsf] tflnsfsf] tYo cg';f/ oxfF sfnf]kq] / sRrL ;8s u/L @& lsnf]dL6/ dfq;8s

/x]sf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] af6f]–3f6f]sf] l:ylt x]bf{ sfnf]kq], u|fen, sRrL, / s[lif ;8s cflbn]

oftfoft ;+hfnsf] ¿kdf ljleGg ufpFa:tLx¿ hf]8]sf] b]lvG5 . ufpFkflnsfsf] ;du| kIfsf] ljsf; ug{

ljBdfg ;8s ;+hfnx¿sf] ;+/If0f, :t/ pGglt / yk ljsf; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkkflnsfdf

ePsf ;8sx?df rNg] k|d'v oftfoftsf] ;fwg a;, lhk, 6\ofS6/, l6Kk/, df]6/;fOsn, cflb /x]sf

5g\ .

^=@ ljB't tyf a}slNks phf{

^=@=! b}lgs aQL afNg k|of]u ul/g] OGwgsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 30M j8fut b}lgs aQL afNg k|of]u ul/g] OGwgsf] ljj/0f

j8f lah'nL dl§t]n uf]a/UofF; ;f]nf/ cGo pNn]v gul/Psf] hDdf

1 205 16 1 120 423 1 766


2 500 119 0 2 149 0 770

3 241 90 1 18 167 2 519

4 247 162 0 2 48 0 459

5 362 71 0 3 72 7 515

6 204 34 1 48 184 5 476

7 88 136 1 337 402 4 968

hDdf 1,847 628 4 530 1,445 19 4,473

k|ltzt 41.29 14.04 0=09 11=85 32=30 0=42 100=00


ufpFsf ;a} j8fx?df ljB't dd{t ;+ef/, dx;"n c;'nL tyf ljB'tLs/0f of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog g]kfn

ljB't k|flws/0fn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* -;g\ @)!!_ sf] glhtfcg';f/ b}lgs aQL

afNg k|of]u ul/g] OGwgdf ljB't k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ufpFkflnsfdf aQL afNg ljB't

k|of]u ug]{sf] 3/w'/L ;+Vof !,*$& -$!=@( k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ufpFdf a;f]af; ug]{ s'n 3/w'/Lsf]

$ -)=)( k|ltzt_ 3/w'/Ln] uf]a/UofF; h'g Go'g b]lvG5.^@* -!$=)$ k|ltzt_ 3/w'/Ln] dl§t]n /

%#)-!!=*%k|ltzt_ 3/w'/Ln] ;f]nf/ k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] cGo OGwgsf] >f]t k|of]u ug]{

3/w'/Ldf !,$$% -#@=# k|ltzt_ / OGwgsf] >f]t gv'n]sf] !( -)=^) k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;nfO{

dfly lbOPsf]tflnsf tyf tn af/ u|fkm dfkm{t b]vfOPsf] 5.

^=@=@ vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/g] OGwgsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 31M vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/g] OGwgsf] ljj/0f

j8f sf7÷bfp/f d6Lt]n Pn=kL= UofF; s'O7f÷7f]/xf uf]a/Uof; pNn]v gul/Psf] hDdf

1 761 0 1 1 2 1 766

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

lah'nL dl§t]n uf]a/UofF; ;f]nf/ cGo pNn]vgul/Psf]

1847

628

4

530

1445

19

b}lgs alQ afNg k|of]u ul/g] OGwgsf] j8fut ljj/0f


2 745 1 7 0 17 0 770 3 511 1 1 2 2 2 519

4 454 1 4 0 0 0 459 5 491 0 0 0 17 7 515

6 468 1 0 2 0 5 476

7 961 1 0 0 2 4 968

hDdf 4,391 5 13 5 40 19 4,473 k|ltzt 98=17 0=11 0=29 0=11 0=89 0=42 100

>f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, ;g\ @)!!

;g\ @)!! sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ kl/jf/df vfgf ksfpg a9L k|of]udf cfpg] OGwgsf]sf7÷bfp/f ¿kdf

k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/L $,#(! -(*=!& k|ltzt_,uf]a/ UofF; k|of]u ug]{ $) -)=*( k|ltzt_,Pn=kL= Uof; k|of]u

ug]{ !# -)=@( k|ltzt_, dl§t]n k|of]u ug]{ % -)=!! k|ltzt_, s'O7f tyf 7f]/xf k|of]u ug]{ %-)=!! k|ltzt_

5g\ eg] pNn]v gul/Psf] 3/w'/L !( -)=$@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf vfgf ksfpg]

OGwgsf] ?kdf clwsfz+ sf7 bfp/fsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5.h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lgDgjdf]lhd jf/u|fkm /

tflnsfdfpNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

/fhk'/ ufp“kflnsfdf ePsf ;/sf/L sfo{nox?sf] ljj/0f

;fljssf uf=lj=; k|zf;g ufpFkflnsf sfo{no

jg kz' ;]jf x'nfs hg:jf:Yo cfo'j]{b s]Gb«

a]nf a]nf Onfsf x'nfs ;j x]Ny kf]i6 cf}ifwfno

/fhk'/ /fhk'/ /]Ghkf]i6 ;]jf pks]Gb« cltl/qm x'nfs Onfsf x'nfs

;j x]Nykf]i6


/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg ;/sf/L sfo{nox? /x]sf 5g\ . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf ;fljssf

uflj;x? /fhk'/ / a]nf uflj;df !–! j6f uflj; sfo{no /x]sf 5g\ . /fhk'/df jg cGtu{t /x]sf]

0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

sf7÷bfp/f d6Lt]n Pn=kL= UofF; s'O7f÷7f]/xf uf]a/Uof; lah'nL cGo pNn]vgul/Psf]

4391

5 13 5 40 0 0 19

vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/g] OGwgsf] ljj/0f


sfo{no /]Ghkf]i6 /x]sf] 5 eg] ;fljssf] uflj; /fhk'/ uflj;df ! j6f kz';]jfs]Gb« /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

a]nf uflj;df Onfsf x'nfs sfo{no /x]sf] 5 eg] /fhk'/df cltl/Qm x'nfs / Onfsf x'nfs sfo{no

u/L @ j6f x'nfs sfo{no /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} u/L a]nf / /fhk'/ uflj;df !–! j6f ;j x]Nykf]i6 /x]sf

5g\ eg] a]nf uflj;df cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfno /x]sf] 5 . ufFpkflnsfdf /x]sf ;/sf/L sfo{nox?sf] lj:t[t[

ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .


v08 & M ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ tyf ;]jf

&=! lzIff

s'g} klg b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df lzIffn] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ dfgj

ljsf;sf] ;"rssf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf oxfF /fhk'/ufpFkflnsfsf] z}lIfs l:ytL b]vfpg

vf]lhPsf] 5 . ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/lznf lzIff g} xf], lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 JolQmdf cGtlg{lxt

k|ltefx¿sf] ljsf; x'g uO{ ;du| ;dfh / /fi6«df g} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;j{dfGo

l;4fGt /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;r]t, cg'zfl;t tyf pTkfbglzn hgzlQm lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu lzIff If]qsf]

;jf]{kl/ e'dLsf clgjfo{ /xG5 . of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu lzIff

If]qnfO{ dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;sf] Ps z;Qm dfWodsf] ?kdf lgtLut ?kdf canDag ul/Psf] 5 .

&=!=! ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf

;fdflhs Pj+ dfgj ljsf;sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfodsf] ?kdf ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yfnfO{ lng] ul/G5 .s'g}

klg b]z ljsf;sf] ;'rs dWo] lzIff klg Ps xf].g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;df kl5 k/]sf] b]zsf] nflu

;fIf/tfsf] cjZyfn] k|ToIfo k|efj kfb{5.s'g} klg ufpFkflnsfsf] ljsf; Pjd+ cj:yfsf] cfFs8g ug{

ToxfFsf] ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts tyf cfly{s kf6f] nfO{ s]nfpg' h?/L k5{ . kl5Nnf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf@)^*

cg'';f/ g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf ^%=($ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf]

tflnsfdf pNn]v u/LPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 32M j8fut ;fIf/tfsf] ljj/0f

k9\g

/

n]Vg

;Sg

]

k9\g

dfq

;Sg

]

k9\g

/

n]Vg

g;Sg

]

pNn

]v

gul/Ps

f]

hDd

f

s'n h

Ddf

j8f g+=

k'?if

dlx

nf

k'?if

dlx

nf

k'?if

dlx

nf

k'?if

dlx

nf

k'?if

dlx

nf

1 1033 984 53 42 372 805 0 1 1,458 1,832 3,290 2 1162 906 44 42 514 888 0 0 1,720 1,836 3,556 3 966 639 59 56 358 666 0 0 1,383 1,361 2,744 4 849 517 31 22 361 631 1 0 1,242 1,170 2,412 5 995 653 40 33 340 655 1 2 1,376 1,343 2,719 6 915 691 1 4 200 474 3 3 1,119 1,172 2,291 7 1476 1249 47 43 550 955 0 1 2,073 2,248 4,321

hDdf 7,396 5,639 275 242 2,695 5,074 5 7 10,371 10,962 21,333 k|ltzt 71=31 51=44 2=65 2=21 25=99 46=29 0=05 0=06 100=00 100=00

>f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @)^*


dflysf] tflnsfdf /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fIf/tf cjZyfsf] j8fut ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf]

5.kl5Nnf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* cg';f/ o; ufpFkflnsfsf] s'n ;fIf/tf b/ ^!=!) k|ltzt -

g]kfnsf] ^%=($ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . n}+lus lx;fan] of] ufpFkflnsfdf klg cGoq em}+ s]xL lje]b /x]sf]

kfO{G5 . h:t}M o; ufpFkflnsfsf] k'?ifsf] ;fIf/tf b/ &,#(^ -&!=#! k|ltzt_sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf]

;fIf/tf b/ %,^#( -%!=$$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . k'?if / dlxnfsf] ;fIff/tf b/df nueu !(=*&

k|ltztsf] km/s b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf cu|:yfgdf /x]sf] sf7df08f} lhNnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ *^=@% k|ltzt

/x]sf] 5 eg] k'R5f/df /x]sf] /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ $!=^( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; /fhk'/

ufpFkflnsfsf] z}lIfs l:ytLnfO{ lgDg jdf]lhdsf] :tDe lrqdf ;d]t k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

&=!=@ z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 33M z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] ljj/0f

ln·

:s"n g

uPs

f]

k|fyl

ds

tx

lg=d

f=lj=

tx

df=l

j= t

x

P;=P

n=;

L= tx

k|df0fk

q tx

:gft

s t

x

:gft

sf]Q

/ tx

/ ;

f]eGb

f dfy

L

cGo

cgf

}krfl/

s lz

Iff

pNn

]v g

ul/P

sf]

hDdf

k'?if 383 4369 1683 549 278 147 44 9 6 355 8 7,831

dlxnf 311 3560 1186 381 165 54 5 0 2 353 14 6,031

hDdf 694 7,929 2,869 930 443 201 49 9 8 708 22 13,862

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg] k9\g dfq ;Sg] k9\g / n]Vg g;Sg] pNnv gul/Psf]

7,396

275

2,695

5

5,639

242

5,074

7

;fIf/tfsf] ljj/0f

k'?if dlxnf


k|ltzt 5=01 57=20 20=70 6=71 3=20 1=45 0=35 0=06 0=06 5=11 0=16 100=00


s'n ;fIf/ hg;+Vof !# xhf/ #% hgf dWo] *;o @@ hgf cyf{t\ %=#( k|ltztn] dfq k|j]lzsf

tyf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs:t/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . h;df & xhf/ # ;o (^ hgf ;fIf/ k'?if dWo] $

;o &* -^=$^k|ltzt_ hgfn] dfq k|j]lzsf tyf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs:t/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ eg] %

xhf/ ^ ;o #( hgf ;fIf/ dlxnf dWo] @ ;o @$ -#=(& k|ltzt_ hgfn] dfq k|j]lzsf tyf ;f] eGbf

dflyNnf] z}lIfs:t/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . k|fKt z}lIfs:t/sf] tYofÍ x]g]{ xf] eg] o; ufpFkflnsfdf 7'nf]

;+Vofdf k|fylds tx k"/f u/]sf&(@( cyf{t\ %&=@) k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] To;kl5 bf];|f] :yfgdf lgDg

dfWoldsdf @,*^(cyf{t\ @)=&) k|ltzt, t];|f] :yfgdf k|j]lzsf (#) cyf{t\ ^=&! k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .

cem} klg ufpFkflnsfdf#(=() k|ltzt hgtf lg/If/ /x]sf 5g\ .

dfly u|fkmdf / tflnsfsf] cWoog ubf{ /fhk'/df lzIffsf] cjZyf dWod b]lvG5.

ufpFkflnsfdfk|fylds tx %&=@)k|ltztn] k'/f u/]tfklg qmdz :gfts / :gfsQf]/ tx;Dd k'Ubf )=#%

/ )=)^ df em/]sf] 5 o;n] g]kfnsf] lzIffsf] ljsf; / cj:yfsf] af/]df :ki6 lrq0f ub{5. g]kfndf g}

sxL If]qnfO{ k'0f{ ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ul/;lsPsf] cjZyfdf oxfFsf] ;fIf/tf b/ ^!=!) /x]sf] 5. To;}n]

/fHon] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf ;fy} Jofj;flos lzIff tkm{ klg ljz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ctMoL

ljljw ;"rsx?sf] cWoog ubf{ ufpFkflnsfsf] lzIff If]qdf yk ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] b]lvG5.

&=!=# ljifout z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] j8fut ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 34M ljifout z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] j8fut ljj/0f

010002000300040005000

383

4369

1683

549

278

147

44 9 6 355

8311

3560

1186

381

165

54 5 0 2 353

14

z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] ljj/0f

k'?if dlxnf

j8f g+= dfgljsL / snf

Jokf/ / k|zf;g

lzIff lj1fg :j:Yo ;fdflhs / Jojxfl/s

ul/0ft / tYofª\s

pNn]]v gul/Psf]

hDdf



dfly pNn]lvt ljj/0fdf ufpFkflnsfsf] ljleGg ;+sfodf cWoog u/]sf z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] ljj/0f

b]vfOPsf] 5 . h;df ;a}eGbf w]/} *) -#)=*( k|ltzt_ lzIff ljifo lnP/ cWoog u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg]

bf];|f]df %) -!(=#! k|ltzt_ dfgljsL / snf, t];|f]df @@-*+=$( k|ltzt_ Jofkf/ tyf k|zf;g ljifo

lnP/ cWoog u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o;}u/L ;fdflhs / Jojxfl/s lj1fg !$ -%=$! k|ltzt_, :jf:Yo * -

#=)( k|ltzt_,_ ljifo lnP/ cWoog u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ufpFkflnsfdf k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ;+Vof

cToGt Go"g b]lvG5 k|ljlws lzIffdf v8]/L b]lvG5 h'g ;/sf/,cfhsf] gful/s ;dfh / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]

r'gf}ltsf] ljifo xf] o;sf] ;'wf/sf] nflu cf cfkm\gf] If]qaf6 sbd rlng' cltcfjZos b]lvG5.h:sf]

lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

&=@=$ ufp“df /x]sf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] ljj/0f

19%

9%

31%5%

3%

5%

1%

27%

ljifout z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] j8fut ljj/0f

dfgljsL / snf Jokf/ / k|zf;g lzIff

lj1fg :j:Yo ;fdflhs / Jojxfl/s lj1fg

ul/0ft / tYofª\s pNn]]v gul/Psf]

lj1fg

1 4 6 13 1 0 1 0 3 28 2 11 5 12 4 0 8 0 25 65 3 4 3 13 0 2 1 1 6 30 4 10 1 2 1 2 1 0 22 39 5 4 2 9 2 2 2 2 5 28 6 3 1 17 1 2 1 0 3 28 7 14 4 14 3 0 0 0 6 41

hDdf 50 22 80 12 8 14 3 70 259 k|ltzt 19=31 8=49 30=89 4=63 3=09 5=41 1=16 27=03 100=00


/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf ljleGg txsf ljBfnox?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= uflj; pRr dflj df=lj= lg=df=lj= k|f=lj= hDdf

1 a]nf 1 0 2 9 12 2 /fhk'/ 1 1 6 11 19

hDdf 2 1 8 20 31 >f]t M bfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq @)&!

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ;fljssf uflj; a]nf / /fhk'/df u/L z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf] ;Vof hDdf #!

/x]sf] 5 . a]nf / /fhk'/ uflj;df !–! j6f u/L @ j6f pRr dfWolds ljBfnox? 5g\ eg] dfWolds

ljBnfosf] ;+Vof ! /x]sf] 5 . lgdfjL ljBfnox?sf] ;+Vof * /x]sf] 5 . To:t}u/L k|fylds ljBnfosf]

;+Vof @) /x]sf] 5 . ufpFsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ljBfnox?sf] :yfkgf x'gfn] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cfwf/e't

lzIff nufot pRr dflj txsf] lzIff k|fKt ug{sf] nflu klg ;'ljwf ePsf] 5 . o; /fhk'/

ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

-s_ z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ tyf ;]jf

ljsf;sf] k|d'v cfwf/lznf lzIff g} xf], lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 JolQmdf cGtlg{lxt k|ltefx¿sf]

ljsf; x'g uO{ ;du| ;dfh / /fi6«df g} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt

/lxcfPsf] 5 . ;r]t, cg'zfl;t tyf pTkfbglzn hgzlQm lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu lzIff If]q g} ;jf]{kl/

e'dLsf clgjfo{ /xG5 . ufpFdf lzIff If]qdf w]/} k|of; ePtf klg ck]lIft pknlAw eg] k|fKt ug{

;lsPsf] 5}g . tyflk of]hgfa4 ¿kdf z}lIfs k"jf{wf/ Pjd\ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf nflu lzIff If]qnfO{ dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf;sf] Ps

z;Qm dfWodsf] ¿kdf gLltut ¿kdf canDag ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+l3o dfldnf tyf :yfgLo

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

pRr dflj df=lj= lg=df=lj= k|f=lj=

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf z}lIfs ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f

a]nf /fhk'/


ljsf; dGqfnon] lgb]{zg u/]adf]lhd:yfgLo ;/sf/s]f ¿kdf ufpFsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] lglDt

ufpFkflnsfnfO{ gofF / uxg lhDd]jf/Lx¿ ylkb}F cfPsf] 5 .

&=!=% ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿

ljBfno 5f8\g] k|j[lQ pRr x'g' M ljBfyL{x? k|fylds tx k'/f gub}{ ljBfno 5f8\g], ljleGg lsl;dsf 5fqj[lQ pknAw u/fOPsf] ePtf klg blnt, cflbjf;Lx?sf] ljBfno 5f8\g] k|j[lQ pRr x'g' z}lIfs ljsf;sf] afwssf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .

sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] k|j[lQ a9L x'g' M k|fylds txsf] ljBfyL{x?sf] tYofªsnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ x]bf{ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] k|j[lQ a9L x'g'n] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ OlËt u/]sf] 5 .

blnt, cflbjf;L hghftL egf{b/ Go"g x'g' M ljkGg, blnt, cflbjf;L hghftLsf] egf{b/ Go"g x'g' ufpFkflnsfsf] z}lIfs ljsf;sf] r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

blnt, cflbjf;L hghftL ljBfno 5f8\g] b/ M ufpFkflnsfsf] cf}ift ljBfno 5f8\g] b/df j[l4 x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f cflbjf;L / blntx?sf] ljBfno 5f8\g] b/df j[l4 x'g' xf] .

ljBfnox? cfly{s ?kn] sdhf]/ x'g' M g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ;Lldt cg'bfg tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;d]t cfjZos >f]t h'6fpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ax';+Vo ljBfnox?sf] cfly{s l:ylt lgs} sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . b'a{n cfly{s cj:yfn] ubf{ z}lIfs ;fdu|L h'6fpg tyf cGo cltl/St lqmofsnfkx? ;~rfng ug{ afwf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

cleefjsx? rgfvf] gx'g' M afnaflnsfx?sf] z}lIfs k|ultaf/] cleefjsx?sf] rf;f] sd x'g' tyf ljBfnoåf/f ;d]t afnaflnsfx?sf] l:yltaf/] cleefjsnfO{ hfgs/L glbOg'n] klg z}lIfs u'0f:t/df gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .

lzIfs b/aGbL sd x'g' M b/aGbL cg';f/ lzIfssf] sdL x'g' tyf s]xL ;dosf nflu s'g} lzIfssf] cg'kl:ylt x'Fbf sIffx? vfnL /xg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lzIfsx? tflnddf hfFbf, ;'Ts]/L labf jf ;l~rt labfdf /xFbf ljBfnon] cNksflnt lzIfssf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5}g . Psflt/ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfjZos b/aGbL pknAw gx'g' csf]{tkm{ :yfgLo lgsfo Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] To;sf] cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg' cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ cfjZos k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvFb}g .

/fhgLlts/0f x'g' M ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] lzIfsx?sf] ;+u7gx? dfkm{t lzIfsx?nfO{ cfˆgf] kf6L{:jfy{ k"/f ug{ k|of]u ul//x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] bafjsf sf/0f lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] To:tf lzIfsx?dfly cg'zf;gsf] sf/jfxL ;d]t ug{ g;s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o; afx]s Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;d]t lzIfsx?nfO{ cfˆgf] bnut :jfy{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ ;fwgsf ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

lzIfsx?df k|lta4tfsf] sdL M lzIfsx?n] lzIf0f k]zfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;Sg' tyf ljBfyL{n] k|fKt ug]{ k|ltkmnsf] lhDd]jf/L lng g;Sg' klg z}lIfs k|ultsf] afwssf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . k|foM k7g–kf7g ;dodf gl;l4g' klg d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .

cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u gx'g' M ;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cfPsf cTofw'lgs kl/jt{g / ;'ljwfaf6 ax';+Vos ljBfnox? al~rt x'g' klg z}lIfs ljsf;df afwf k'u]sf] b]lvG5


. k|foM w]/} ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx? sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6sf] k|of]usf] ;'lawfaf6 al~rt /x]sf] 5g\ .

&=@ :jf:Yo

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO tyf ;d'bfosf] :j:ys/ afgL Jojxf/ klg cg's'n b]lvG5 .

/fhlglts ?kdf & j6f j8fx?df ljeflht o; ufpFkflnsfdf w]/}h;f] hgtfn] cfjZostf cg';f/sf]

:jf:Yo ;]jf lng ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .o; ufpFkflnsfsf ljleGg j8fx?df pk:jf:Yo rf}sLx? /x]sf 5g\ .

;fljssf uflj; a]nf / /fhk'/df pk:jf:Yo rf}sLx?df l:js[t b/jGbL cg';f/ ;a}df kbk'tL{ ePsf]

sf/0f ufpFjf;Lx?n] pk:jf:o rf}sLaf6 e/k'/ ;'ljwf lnO/x]sf 5g\ .

:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] ;e]{If0f cg';f/ sl/a cfwfhlt hg;+Vofn] u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL

If]qaf6 :jf:Yo ;]jf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . cfly{s l:ylt dha't ePsf tyf kx"Frjfnf JolQmx¿ dfq}n] o;

lsl;dsf] ;]jf pkef]u ug{ ;kmn ePsf] kfOG5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿, :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf

k|ltlgwLx¿sf] cleJolQm cg';f/ o; ufpFdf dft[ tyf lzz' d[To'b/ uDeL/ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

o; If]qdf cfktsflng k|;'tL ;]jf (Emergency Obstetric Care)sf] sdLsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pTkGg

x'g] kl/l:ylt g} dft[d[Tob/ (Maternal Mortality) sf] ;a}eGbf k|d'v sf/0f ag]sf] 5 . ;d:ofsf]

klxrfg ug]{ ;Gbe{df 1fgsf] sdL, nIf0fx¿sf] (Symptoms)uDeL/tf ;DalGw a'emfOdf sdL, cf}ifwL

pkrf/ k|0ffnL (Medical System) dflysf] ljZjf;df sdL, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu ofqf ul//xg'kg]{ b'/L

;DaGwL s'/fx¿, ;]jfsf] nfut, k/Dk/fut ljZjf;, ul/aL Go'g ug]{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf h:tf

ljljw k|sf/sf tTjx¿sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfktsfnLg ;]jfdf sdL cfpg] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

;fljssf uflj; a]nf / /fhk'/df u/L hDdf @ j6f :jf:yo rf}sL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo

;+:yfx¿df cf}ifwLsf] sdL d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 6f9fsf] j:tLdf a:g] kl/jf/x¿n]

:jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu w]/} ;do vlr{g' kg]{ afWotf 5 eg] jiff{tsf] ;dodf cem sl7gfO{ em]Ng' kg]{ cj:yf

5 .

&=#=! dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿(Female Community Health Volunteers)

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o :jf:Yo gLlt cg';f/ ;g\ @,))) sf] k|f/Dedf g} 5gf}6 ePsf dlxnf

:jf:Yo :j+o;]ljsfx¿n] pkrf/fTds, k|a4{gfTds tyf k|ltsf/fTds :jf:Yo ;]jfdf pNn]vgLo sfd ub}{

cfPsf 5g\ .

&=#=@ ;'“8]gL (TBA)


x/]s j8fx¿df Pshgf ;F'8]gLx¿ /fVg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgtL /x]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;]jf

k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] ;'F8]gLx¿n] !@ lbgsf] cfwf/e't tflnd k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g . ltgLx¿n] MCHW af6

;'kl/j]If0f ;d]t k|fKt u/L x/]s ^ dlxgfdf :jf:Yo÷pk:jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k'gtf{huL tflnd ;d]t k|fKt

u/]sf 5g\ .

&=#=# ufp“3/ lSngLs / lgoldt vf]k

vf]k tyf dfl;s lSnlgsx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu x/]s ufpFkflnsfn] ljleGg :yfgx¿sf] klxrfg

ub{5 . ufpFsf ljleGg :yfgdf ufpF3/ lSnlgs sfo{qmd ;+rfng ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL :yfgx?df

cflZjg dlxgf afx]s lSnlgsx¿nfO{ lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . oBkL ltgLx¿nfO{

v6fOPsf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgoldt pkl:ylt eg] sd kfOPsf] 5 eg] cf}ifwLsf] cfk'lt{ klg pknAw 5}g .

zfl/l/s a[l4sf] n]vfhf]vf h:tf cGo ;]jfx¿ HP / SHP sf] txdf dfq pknAw u/fOG5 . ufpFdf

lgoldt vf]k sfo{qmd lgoldt ?kdf g} rfn' /x]sf] 5 tyf o;n] 9fSg] nlIft ju{ klg a9\bf] qmddf

kfOPsf] 5 . ^ lsl;dsf ljleGg k|f0f3fts /f]ux¿af6 arfpgsf nflu aRrf hGd]sf]] ! jif{leq !!

j6f vf]k k'/f nufO;Sg' kb{5 .

&=#=$ Pr= cfO{= eL=÷P8\;sf] cj:yf

;g\ !(** df klxnf] ;+qmd0f e]l6Pkl5 g]kfndf PrcfO{eLsf] k|sf]k lj:tf/} afnaflnsfdf klg

km}lng yfn]sf] 5 . afnaflnsf klg of] ;d:ofaf6 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf k|efljt x'b} uPsf 5g\ . xfn

g]kfndf PrcfO{eL ;+qmldt afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o P8\; tyf of}g /f]u lgoGq0f

s]Gb|sf cg';f/ @)&! sf] ;fpg dlxgf ;Dd g]kfndf e]l6Psf hDdf @@,(($ PrcfOeL ;+qmd0f dWo]

!,^!* hgf !% jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf PrcfOeL ;+qmd0f e]l6Psf] 5 . ef/tnufotsf cGo d'n'sdf

sfdsf] vf]hLdf hfg] cEof;, a9\bf] ?kdf eO/x]sf] b]x Jofkf/, r]nLa]6L a]rljvg, ;'O{åf/f nfu'kbfy{sf]

k|of]u, clzIff / ul/aLh:tf ;fdflhs ;d:ofn] PrcfOeLsf] k|sf]k a9fpgdf e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf 5g\ .

lhNnf P8\; ;dGjo zfvfsf] tYofÍcg';f/ Ko'7fg lhNnf klg Pr=cfO{=eL=÷P8\;sf] hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5

.

&=#=% ;'/lIft dft[Tjsf] cj:yfsf] ljj/0f

afnaflnsfnfO{ ue{df /xFbf b]lv / hGd]kl5 :ofxf/ tyf /]vb]v ug{ ;lsPg eg] pgLx¿ ljleGg

/f]uaf6 ;+qmldt x'g] hf]lvd x'G5 . ue{df /xFbf d"ntM cfdfsf] pd]/, kf]if0f, cf/fd, dfbs tyf ;'lt{hGo

kbfy{sf] ;]jg nufotsf cj:yfn] afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo lge{/ /xG5 . afnaflnsf :j:y hGdgsf nflu

ue{jtL dlxnfn] sDtLdf klg rf/k6s lgoldt :jf:Yo hfFr u/fpg'kb{5 / cfjZos vf]k -l6=l6_ tyf

cfO/g, le6fldg rSsLx¿ lgoldt ;]jg ug{'kb{5 . sd pd]/d} ue{jtL x'Fbf cfdf / lzz' b'j}sf]


:jf:Yodf xflggf]S;fgL k'Ug] ePsfn] ;/sf/n] sfg'gL ?kdf ljjfx ug]{ Go"gtd pd]/ @) jif{ tf]lsPsf]

5 . t/ !& k|ltzt lszf]/Lx¿ -!% b]lv !( jif{ pd]/sf_ ue{jtL ePsf jf cfdf eO;s]sf x'G5g\ .

kl5Nnf] ;do ;'/lIft dft[Tj sfo{qmd g]kfn e/Lg} nfu' u/LPsf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf

;fljssf uflj; a]nf / /fhk'/df @) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dfyL -klxnf] rf]6L PPg;L hfFr ug]{_dlxnfsf]

;+Vof !(# hgf /x]sf] 5 eg] @) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd pd]/sf] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof !)$ hgf /x]sf] 5 .

k|f]6f]sn cg';f/ dlxgfdf $ rf]6L PPg;L hfFr ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof -@) jif{ eGbf ;f] eGbf pd]/sf]_

*! hgf /x]sf] 5 eg] @) jif{ jf sd pd]/ ePsf] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof !^$ hgf /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L klxnf]

k6s cfO/g rSsL kfpg] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof #*% /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] !*) cfO/g rSsL kfpg] dlxnfsf]

;+Vof @$@ hgf /x]sf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ;'/lIft dft[Tj sfo{qmdsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf]


;'/lIft dft[Tj sfo{qmd

qm=;+=

;fljssf uflj; klxnf] k6s PPg;L hfFr ug]{

k|f]6f]sn cg';f/ rf/ k6s PPg;L hfFr ug]{

@) j

if{ /

;f]e

Gbf dfly

sf

ue{jt

L

@) j

if{ eGb

f s

d p

d]/s

f

ue{jt

L

@) j

if{ /

;f]e

Gbf dfly

sf

ue{jt

L

@) j

if{ eGb

f s

d p

d]/s

f

ue{jt

L

klxn

f] k6

s c

fO/g

rSs

L kfp

g]

ue{jt

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nf

!*) c

fO/g

rSs

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g]

ue{jt

L dlx

nf

1 a]nf 128 56 55 120 194 176 2 /fhk'/ 65 48 26 44 191 66 hDdf 193 104 81 164 385 242

>f]tM lhNnf :jf:Yo sfo{no @)&#

;/sf/n] :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefudfkm{t ;'/lIft dft[Tj tyf gj lzz' :jf:Yosf nflu ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . o;n] cfdf / afnaflnsfsf] d[To'b/ 36fpg w]/}] d2t

k'¥ofPsf] 5 . t/ klg pQm ;]jfx¿ sfo{qmd s]lGb|t ePsf sf/0f ;a} nlIft ju{df cem} k'Ug ;s]sf]

b]lvFb}g .

&=#=^ vf]ksf] ljj/0f

afnaflnsf eljiosf lgdf{tf x'g\ . o;sf] nflu logLx? :j:y / lg/f]uL x'g' cfjZos 5 . afns

cj:yfdf pgLx?nfO{ aL=;L=hL= Ps k6s, l8=lk=6L= tLg k6s, bfb'/f Ps k6s, kf]lnof] / le6fldg

tf]lsPsf] dfqdf lbg} kb{5 . afnaflnsfx?sf] nflu kfFrcf]6} vf]kx? lgoldt k'/f dfqdf lbg' kb{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o vf]k sfo{qmdnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . vf]k sfo{qmd sd vlr{nf] tyf


ldtJooL ?kdf ul/g] :jf:Yo If]qsf] Pp6f k|efjsf/L k|oTg xf] . vf]k sfo{qmdn] pNn]Vo ?kdf

afnd[To'b/ 36fpg / ljleGg /f]unfO{ /f]syfd ug{ ;xof]u k'of{Psf] kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ ;x;|fAbL ljsf;

nIosf] afnd[To'b/ 36fpg] nIo -Pd=hL=8L=–$_ k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . aRrf cfdfsf] ue{df x'Fbf

dlxnfn] klg ljleGg k|sf/sf vf]kx? lng' h?/L x'G5 . o;n] dft[d[To'b/nfO{ sd ug'{sf ;fy} aRrfnfO{

:j:y /xg klg dBt ub{5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf hgtfx?nfO{ :jf:Yosf] r]tgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ufpFkflnsfdf vf]ksf]

cj:yf x]g{ xf] eg] c? ufpFkflnsfsf] t'ngfdf ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvG5 . lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf

k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

;flj

ss

f uf

lj;

la=l;=lh= vf]k kfPsf afn

aflnsf

8L=kL=6L–x]kf6fOl6; aL=–lxj t];|f]

vf]k kfPsf afn

aflnsf

bfb'/f÷

?a]nf sf vf]k kfPsf (–!!

dlxgfs

f afn

aflnsf

@ cf]6f 6L8

L kfPsf ue{jtL

dlxnf

@± 6L8

L kfPsf ue{jtL dlxnf

a]nf x]Nykf]i6 274 225 240 198

/fhk'/ x]nykf]i6 220 202 196 186

hDdf 494 427 436 384

>f]tM lhNnf :jf:Yo sfo{no @)&#

&=#=& afNosfndf x'g] /f]usf hf]lvd

% jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfnfO ljleGg /f]un] ;+qmd0f ug]{ pRr ;Defjgf /xG5 . g]kfn hg;+lVos

tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f, @)!! sf cg';f/ afNosfndf x'g] k|d'v ;+qmd0f Pj+ d[To'sf sf/0fsf ?kdf

Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DalGw /f]u, lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf, s8f hnlaof]hg, dn]l/of, bfb'/f / s'kf]if0f kb{5g\ .

;/sf/n] tL /f]uaf6 arfpg tyf /f]usf] /f]syfd ug{, afNosfndf x'g] /f]ux¿sf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

Plss[t Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd nfu' u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdn] oL /f]usf] Plss[t Joj:yfkg ;d'bfod} ub{5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf emf8fkvnfsf] /f]uLx?sf] ;+Vof cToflws dfqfdf /x]sf] 5 . b'lift kfgLsf]

k|of]u, ;f}rfnosf] k|of]u gug]{, b'lift tyf jf;L vfgf vfg] / ;/;kmfO{df Wofg glbgfn] emf8fkvnf

h:tf /f]usf] k|sf]k km}lng] ub{5 . emf8kvnf Ps ;?jf /f]u xf] . o;nfO{ k|fylds pkrf/ u/]/ klg

lgsf] kfg{ ;lsG5 . obL /f]usf] ;'?jftL cj:yfdf g} Wofg lbPg eg] /f]uL Hofg} ;d]t hfg ;S5 .

ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fljssf] uflj; a]nfdf To:t} Ifo/f]uL, 5fnfsf ljleGg /f]ux?, bd Zjf; k|Zjf;, d'6'

;DaGwL /f]u cflb /f]ux?af6 /x]sf 5g\ eg] dlxnfdf kf7]3/ ;DaGwL ;d:of, k|;'tL /f]u cflb


/f]ux?af6 lkl8t /x]sf 5g\ . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fljssf] uflj; /fhk'/df h/f] uf8]/ a;]sf k|d'v

/f]ux?sf] ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf k|d'v /f]ux?sf] ;+Vof

qm=;+ /f]ux? tyf ;d:of @)&)÷&!-k|ltzt_

1 ?3fvf]sL 38 k|ltzt 2 lgdf]lgof 12 k|ltzt 3 emf8fkvfnf 11 k|ltzt 4 cfpF/ut 12 k|ltzt 5 5fnfsf] ;d:of 11 k|ltzt 6 Hj/f] 12 k|ltzt 7 sfg kfSg] b'Vg] 4 k|ltzt hDdf 100 k|ltzt

>f]tM lhNnf kfZj{lrq bfª

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/df @)&)÷&! df u/LPsf] cWoog cg';f/

?3fvf]sLaf6 u|l;t x'g]sf] ;+Vof #* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lgdf]lgofaf6 ;+qmldt x'g]sf] ;+Vof !@ k|ltzt

/x]sf] 5 eg] emf8kvfnf !! k|ltzt, cfpF/ut !@ k|ltzt, 5fnfsf] ;d:of !! k|ltzt, Hj/f] !@

k|ltzt / sfgkfSg] ;d:of $ k|ltztdf hg;+Vofdf /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf

k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

bL3{/f]uLx?sf] cj:yf

qm=;+= ;fljssf uflj;

/f]ux?

d'6' /f]u

dw'd]x Ifo/f]u kIf3ft Pr=cfO{=eL= ÷P8\;

bd d[uf}nfsf] /f]u

dfgl;s /f]u

k]6sf] /f]u

afy kf7]3/sf]] /f]u

dn]l/of cGo

1 /fhk'/ 150 21 14 8 4 43 6 20 72 28 9 25 2 a]nf 13 2 1 7 35 1

hDdf 163 23 15 15 4 78 6 20 72 28 9 1 25 >f]tMufpF j:t'ut ljj/0f bfª

/fhk'[/ ufpFkflnsfdf ;fljssf uflj; a]nf / /fhk'/df u/L d'6'/f]uLx?sf] ;+Vof !^# /x]sf] 5 eg]

d'6' dw'd]xsf /f]uLx?sf] ;+Vof @# hgf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L kIf3ft x'g]sf] ;+Vof !% hgf, Pr=cfO{=eL=

P8\; ;+qmldtsf] ;+Vof $, bd /f]uLsf] ;+Vof &* hgf /x]sf] 5 . ufpFdf /x]sf] lb3{/f]uLx?sf] lj:t[t

ljj/0f dfyL tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

afnkf]if0f ;DjGwL ljj/0f

s'g} klg 7fpFsf] kf]if0fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f To; 7fpFsf afnaflnsfnfO{ x]/]/ ;lhn}

cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . kf]lift afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} klg 7fpFsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;'rssf]

?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] klg kf]if0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ % jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lgoldt


?kdf afna[l4 cg'dfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . afnclwsf/ ;DalGw dxf;+GwL, ;g\ !(*( n] ;d]t

afnaflnsfnfO{ cjx]ngf, j]jf:tf, x]nr]qmfO, b'Joj{xf/, lx+;f nufotaf6 hf]ufO{ vfgf / kf]if0fsf]

clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ n] klg vfB ;Dk|e'tfnfO{ df}lns

xssf ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 .

:jf:Yo / kf]if0f dfgj hLjgsf] klxnf] dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf ePsf] / :j:y gful/slagf /fi6«sf

cGo ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf hg:jf:Yosf] cWoog of]hgf th'{df

k|lqmofsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f x'g cfpF5 . /fhk'/ufpFkflnsfdf /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t

eO{ afn :jf:Yo sfo{qmd, kl/jf/ :jf:Yo sfo{qmd, Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd, k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf k'ghf{u/0f

sfo{qmd, /f]u lgoGq0f sfo{qmd, :jf:Yo lzIff, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ sfo{qmd, dxfdfxf/L tyf /f]u

lgoGq0f sfo{qmd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eO cfPsf 5g\ . :jf:Yo tyf

kf]if0f;DaGwL sfo{ ug{sf nflu /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿ ;d]t sfo{/t /x]sf 5g\ . sfo{qmd

;~rfngsf] ;xof]usf nflu ufpF ufpFdf :jf:Yo ;~hfn lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .

o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf] ;+k'0f{ afnaflnsfx?n] kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf k|fKt u/L/x]sf 5g\ . s]xL

afnaflnsfx?n] k|ofKt dfqfdf kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf k|fKt gu/]tfklg s'kf]if0fsf] uDeL/ l:ytL eg] b]lvb}g .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] afn kf]if0fsf] l:ytLnfO{ lgDgjdf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

;fljssf uflj; !–!! Dlxgf ;Dd !@–@# dlxgf ;Dd

l7s ;fwf/0f u+le/ l7s ;fwf/0f u+le/

a]nf 11 242 6 221 /fhk'/ 104 71 hDdf 11 346 0 6 292 0

>f]tM lhNnf :jf:Yo sfo{no bfª @)&#

/fhk'/ ufp“kflnsfsf] :jf:Yo cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf k"jf{wf/sf] nflu :jf:Yo rf}sL :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . :jf:Yo

rf}lsaf6 ;fdfGo lrlsT;f , kl/jf/ lgof]hg c:yfoL ;fwg ljt/0f tyf k/fdz{ , lgz''Ns k|;'tL ;]jf,

vf]k ;]jf kf]if0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf :jf:Yo ;Nnfx k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns sl7gfO /

o;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] oftfoft sfo{qmd ;~rfng tyf :jf:Yo ;Nnfx k|bfg u/Lb} cfPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns

sl7gfO / o;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] oftfoft ;d:ofsf sf/0f ;a} j8fx?df ;dfg'kflts ?kdf ;'ne :jf:Yo

;]jf k|bfgfy{ dfl;s ?kdf ljleGg :jf:Yo rf}sL / lSnlgsx?df vf]k s]Gb« ;~rfng ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .

;fdfGo pkrf/ kZrft yk ;]jf tyf k/fdz{sf] nflu bfª lhNnf c:ktfn, g]kfnu+h / sf7df+8f} ;Dd

hfg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf] :jf:yo rf}sL / ltgLx?sf] sfo{If]qsf] ljj/0f

lgDgjdf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

mailto:!@–@# dlxgf ;Dd


qm=;+= ;]jf :yfg ;]jfIf]q

1 /fhk'/ :jf:Yo rf}sL /fhk'/ u+ubL ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/ ;a}

2 ufpF3/ lSnlgs-# j6f_

/fhk'/ ,dfltk'/ ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/

/fhk'/ h+u|xjf ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/

/fhk'/ l;S6f ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/

3 vf]k s]Gb«

/fhk'/, df]ltk'/ ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/

/fhk'/, h+u|xjf ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/

/fhk'/ l;S6f ;fljssf uflj; /fhk'/ >f]tM /fhk'/ :jf:Yo rf}sL @)&@

:jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k|ToIf k|bfg u/Lg] ;]jfx?

lj/fdL hfFr tyf pkrf/ ;]jf

;'Ts]/L tyf ue{hfFr ;]jf

kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf

kf]if0f lzIff sfo{qmd

PDa'n]g; ;]jf

k/fdz{ ;]jf >f]tM /fhk'/ :jf:Yo rf}sL @)&@

ufpF3/ lSnlgs dfkm{t k|bfg ul/g] k|d'v ;]jfx?

vf]k ;]jf

;'/lIft dft[Tj ;]jf

kf]if0f pkrf/ ;]jf >f]t M /fhk'/ :jf:Yo rf}sL @)&@

:jf:Yo rf}sLdf sfo{/t dfgljo zlQm

/o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf] /fhk'/ :jf:Yo rf}sLdf & hgfsf] b/aGbL /x]sf]df % hgfn] ;]jf

k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm j8fut ?kdf& hgf dlxnf :jo+;]ljsf /x]sf 5g\ . xfn :jf:Yo

rf}sLdf sfo{/t dfgjLo zlQmLsf] ljj/0f lgDgjdf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

qm=;+= kb b/aGbL xfn sfo{/t

dlxnf k'?if

1 l;=c=x]=j= 1 1 2 c=x]=j 3 1 3 c=g=ld 2 2 4 sfo{no ;xfos 1 1 5 dlxnf :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ 7

hDdf 7 11 1 >f]t M/fhk'/ :jf:Yo rf}sL, @)&@


Affn tyf lzz' d[To'b/sf] ljj/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ljut Ps jif{sf] cGt/fndf !–% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] s;}sf] d[To' gePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 eg] lzz'sf] d[To' klg gePsf] kfO{G5 . :jf:Yo If]qdf ePsf] hgr]tgf clej[l4 / :jf:yo

;]jfsf] kx'Frdf ePsf] qmlds j[l4sf sf/0f l:ytLdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

&=# ckf·utfsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 35M ckf+utfsf] ljj/0f

ln· zfl//Ls ckfª\utf

b[i6L ;DaGwL ckfËtf

>j0f ;DaGwL ckfËtf

>j0f, b[li6ljxLg ckfËtf

:j/af]nfO{ ;DaGwL ckfËtf

dfgl;s ckfËtf

af}l4s ckfËtf

ax' ckfËtf

hDdf

k'?if 140 62 52 8 52 15 14 39 382

dlxnf 80 52 51 2 50 14 5 41 295

hDdf 220 114 103 10 102 29 19 80 677

k|ltzt 32=50 16=84 15=21 1=48 15=07 4=28 2=81 11=82 100=00


/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ ufpFdf ckfËtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ ckfËtf ePsf] hg;+Vof ^&& -

@=&) k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . h;df zl//Ls ckfËtf ePsf@@) -#@=%) k|ltzt_, b[li6 ;DaGwL !!$ -

!^=*$ k|ltzt_, ;'gfO{ ;DaGwL ckfËtf ePsf !)# -!%=@! k|ltzt_, ;'gfO{ tyf b[li6 ;DaGwL ckfËtf

ePsf !)-!=$* k|ltzt_, :j/ af]nfO{ ;DaGwL ;d:of ePsf !)@ -!)=)& k|ltzt_ b]lvG5 .

vf;u/L JolQmx¿df ckfËtf x'g] sf/0f cfof]l8go'Qm g'gsf] k|of]usf] sdL, u|fdL0f If]qdf d'v

gw'g] ;d:ofsf sf/0f pTkGg Trocoma h:tf] g]qHof]tL gf; ug]{ /f]u, b'3{6gf, hGdhft, k|fs[lts

k|sf]k, s'kf]if0f, :jf:Yo pkrf/ gkfP/, åGå jf o'4 jf lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] k|of]u cflb b]lvPsf 5g\ .

h;nfO{ 36fpg k|lt/f]wfTds / pkrf/fTds b'j} sfo{x¿ ul/g'kb{5 . g]kfnn] ckfËtf ePsf JolQm

tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] xs lxt / clwsf/sf] ;+/if0f Pj+ ;Da4{g / ljsf; ug{ !( j6f If]qnfO{ ;d]6L

ckfË ;+/If0f tyf sNof0f P]g, @)#( / ckfËtf;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf, @)^# tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf

NofPsf] 5 . To;} u/L @)^^ k'; !@ ut] g]kfnn] ckfËtf ePsf JolQx¿sf] clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«

;+3Lo dxf;GwL, @))^ nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfndf s'n

hg;+Vofsf] !=($ k|ltzt -%,!@,#@! hgf_ hg;+Vofdf s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] ckfËtf b]lvPsf] 5 .

h;dWo] zfl//Ls ckfËtf #^=# k|ltzt, b[li6laxLg !*=% k|ltzt, dfgl;s ckfËtf ^ k|ltzt, af}l4s

ckf+utf @=( k|ltzt, ax' ckf+utfdf &=% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ckfËtf kl/rokq ljt/0f

lgb]{lzsf;d]t hf/L u/L ljt/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . ckfËtf kl/rokq ljt/0f ug{sf nflu ckfËtf ePsf

JolQmx¿nfO{ ckf+utfsf cfwf/df zfl//Ls ckfËtf, b[li6ljxLg / Go'g b[li6o'Qm, :j/af]nfO ;DaGwL


ckfËtf, ;':t >j0f / alx/f, >j0f b[li6ljlxgtf, dfgl;s ckfËtf, af}l4s ckfËtf, ax'ckfËtf u/L

;ft lsl;dn] / ufDeL{osf cfwf/df tx s -/ftf] /ªsf] kl/rokq_, tx v -gLnf] /ªsf] kl/rokq_, tx

u kx]nf] /ªsf] kl/rokq / tx 3 -;]tf] /ªsf] kl/rokq_ u/L rf/ txdf ljeQm u/L kl/ro kq

ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Dd of] ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg

s]xL ;fdfGo cfod'ns / l;kd'ns tflndx¿ ;~rfng ul/Ptf klg logLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf;nfO{

a9fpg / ;d'bfoaf6 x'g] u/]sf] pk]Iffaf6 d'Qm /fVg :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwfg / lgsfox¿df of] ;d'bfosf]

kx"Fr k'¥ofpg ljleGg sfo{qmd Nofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ tn :tDesf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5.

&=$ afn>dsf] cj:yf

afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fdflhs jf cfly{s nfesf nflu >ddf ;+nUg u/fpg' afn>d xf] . g]kfndf

sfg'gn] afnaflnsfsf] pd]/sf cfwf/df :jLsfo{ / c:jLsfo{ sfdx¿ tf]s]sf] 5 . !# jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf

afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ >ldssf ?kdf sfddf nufpg x'b}g eg]] !$ jif{ blv !% jif{;Ddsf nfO vf;vf;

If]qsf] xNsf / ljz]if ;'ljwfsf sfddf nufpg kfOG5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdk'0f{ sfddf

nufpg kfOb}g . tyfkL ;'/lIft jftfj/0fdf gofF–gofF s'/f l;Sg], hfGg], k9\g], a'em\g] pd]/df g]kfnsf

w]/} afnaflnsfsf afn>lddsf ?kdf sfd ug{ afWo 5g\ . cfkm\gf afnfkgnfO{ s8f >d;Fu ;fl6/x]sf

5g\ . sfd ug{' kgf{n] lzIffaf6 al~rt x'g' b]lv zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/af6 w]/} afnaflnsf lkl8t ePsf

5g\ . g]kfndf afn>dsf af/]df ljleGg ljifout If]qx¿df ;fgf–7'nf cWoog eP tfklg cfjlws,

Plss[t, cflwsfl/s tYof+s tyf hfgsf/Lsf] eg] cefj 5 . afn>dd g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf] Ps b'Mvb

oyfy{ xf] .

afnaflnsfnfO{ >ddf nufOg' afnclwsf/ ljkl/t sfo{ xf] . afn>d g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f @@ n] klg /f]s nufOsf] 5 eg] afn>d -lgif]w / lgoldt ug{]_ P]g, @)%^, >d P]g @)$*

0

50

100

150

zfl//Lsckfª\utf

b[i6L ;DaGwLckfËtf

>j0f ;DaGwLckfËtf

>j0f, b[li6ljxLgckfËtf

:j/af]nfO{;DaGwL ckfËtf

dfgl;s ckfËtf af}l4s ckfËtf ax' ckfËtf

140

62 52

8

52

15 1439

80

52 51

2

50

14 5

41

ckfª\utfsf] ljj/0f

k'?if dlxnf


nufot sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . o;}u/L g]kfnn] /fHo kIfsf ?kdf cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] ;+o'Qm

/fi6«;+3sf afn clwsf/ ;DalGw dxf;lGw!(*(, cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf] /f]huf/Lsf] Go'gtd pd]/

;DaGwL dxf;GwL g++ !#* tyf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d;DagwL dxf;GwL g+= !*@ tyf l;kmfl/z g+

!() n] klg /fHonfO{ afn>dlj?4 yk pQ/bfloTj axg ug{ k|]l/t u/]s]f 5 .

/fhk'/ ufp“kflnsfdf afn>dsf] l:ytL

qm=;+= ;fljssf uflj; afns aflnsf hDdf 1 a]nf 4 9 13 2 /fhk'/ 19 9 28

>f]tM bfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq @)&#

;fljssf uflj; a]nf If]qsf afn>ldssf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof !# /x]sf] 5 . h;

cg';f/ pBf]udhb'/sf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ ;a}eGbf a9L ( hgf tyf 3/]n' dhb'/sf] ?kdf sfo{ug]{ $ hgf

/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} u/L ;fljssf] uflj; /fhk'/df afn>ldssf] ;+Vof @* hgf /x]sf] 5 . o; /fhk'/df

clwsf+; afns afn>lds /x]sf 5g\ eg] aflnsf afn>ldssf] ;+Vof ( /x]sf] 5 . /fhk'/

ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf afn>ldsx?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

&=% vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{

&=%=! vfg]kfgLsf] ljj/0f

ufpFsf s]xL j8fx?df :ofnf] 6\o'a]n, Xof08kDk g} k|d'v vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

vf;u/L ufpFkflnsfdf ;~rflnt vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfn] s]xL ;'ljwf / /fxt pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 36M vfg]kfgLsf] ljj/0f

j8f wf/f÷ kfOk

6\o'aj]n÷ xft] kDk

9flsPsf] Ogf/÷s'jf

v'nf Ogf/ ÷s'jf

d"n wf/f gbL÷vf]nf cGo pNn]v gul/Psf]

hDdf

1 30 306 2 139 16 272 0 1 766 2 0 626 17 125 1 1 0 0 770 3 17 69 16 325 1 37 52 2 519 4 1 386 1 55 0 16 0 0 459 5 7 294 0 115 3 87 2 7 515 6 2 169 2 86 58 126 28 5 476 7 101 41 7 267 48 499 1 4 968

hDdf 158 1,891 45 1,112 127 1,038 83 19 4,473 k|ltzt 3=53 42=28 1=01 24=86 2=84 23=21 1=86 0=42 100

>f]t M s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefu, lj=;+=@)^*

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] tYofÍcg';f/ ufpFkflnsfdf vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{sf] nflu ljleGg >f]tsf]

k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 ./fhk'/ufpFkflnsf vfg]kfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t 6\o'aj]n jf xft] kDk xf] . h;df 6\o'aj]n


jf xft] kDksf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lsf] ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L !,*(! -$@=@* k|ltzt_ b]lvG5 eg] bf];|f] 7"nf]

;|f]tsf] ?kdf v'nf Ogf/ / s'jfsf] k|of]u ug]{sf] ;+Vof !,!!@ -@$=*^k|ltzt_ b]lvG5 . o;}u/L,gbL tyf

vf]nfsf] kfgLsf] k|of]uug]{ !,)#* -@#=@! k|ltzt_, d"n wf/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/L !@& -@=*$ k|ltzt_,

wf/f kfOksf] k|of]u ug]{ !%* -#=%#k|ltzt_ 3/w'/L /x]sf] kfO{G5 h'g Go'g b]lvG5 eg] ufpFkflnsfdf

guGo ;+Vofdf eg] s]xL 3/w'/L gbL tyf vf]nfsf] kfgLsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;sf] lj:t[t

ljj/0f tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

&=%=@ j8fut rkL{sf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 37M uf=lj=;=cg';f/ zf}rfno ;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

j8f g+= ˆn; ePsf]

-;fj{hlgs 9n_

ˆn; ePsf]

-;]lK6s 6\ofÍ_

;fwf/0f rkL{

gePsf]

pNn]v

gul/Psf]

hDdf

1 2 117 56 590 1 766

2 0 163 89 518 0 770

3 2 43 10 462 2 519

4 0 8 12 439 0 459

5 1 28 9 470 7 515

6 2 23 12 434 5 476

7 3 47 22 892 4 968

hDdf 10 429 210 3,805 19 4,473

k|ltzt 0=22 9=59 4=69 85=07 0=42 100 >f]t M s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefu, ;g\ @)!!

0200400600800

100012001400160018002000

wf/f÷kfOk 6\o'aj]n÷xft]kDk

9flsPsf]Ogf/÷s'jf

v'nfOgf/÷s'jf

d"n wf/f gbL÷vf]nf cGo

158

1891

45

1112

127

1038

83

kl/jf/n] k|of]u ug]{ vfg]kfgLsf] d'Vo >f]t


s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] tYofÍcg';f/ ;d'bfosf] k|To]s 3/w'/Ldf ePsf] zf}rfnosf] cj:yfnfO{

cWoog ubf{ cToGt} gfh's l:ylt b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3

;+:yfx?n] v'nf lbzf d'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff tyf sfo{qmdx? eO{ /xFbf o; /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf g]kfnsf]

hgu0fgf @)^*sf] cg';f/ #,*)% -*%=)& k|ltzt_ 3/w'/Ldf zf}rfno gePsf] kfO{of] . To;}u/L $@(

-(=%( k|ltzt_ ˆn; ePsf] -;]ˆ6L 6\ofÍL_ zf}rfno k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] @!)-$=^( k|ltzt_

3/w'/Ln] ;fwf/0f rkL{ k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{of] . ufpFkflnsfdf ˆn; ePsf] -;fj{hlgs 9n_z}rfnosf] k|of]u

ug]{ !)-)=@@ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{;/sf/ tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfn lgsfon]

hgr]tgfsf] sfo{qmd tyf cfjZos sbd rfNg'kg]{ blvG5. /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] zf}rfnosf] l:ytLnfO{

dfyLsf] tflnsf / tnsf] :tDe lrqdf klg k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

dfyLsf] tflnsfdf zf}rfno gePsf] tYof+s /fv]tfklg xfn bfª lhNnf g} v'Nnf lbzfd'Qm If]q

3f]if0ff eO;s]sf] x'Fbf /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf ;a} 3/w'/Ldf zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

&=^ ko{6sLo If]q

o; ufpFkflnsfsf] glhs :jR5 xfjfkfgL / 7fpF 7fpFdf ;;fgf wfld{s :ynx? sf/0f laleGg

vfnsf ko{6ssf nflu cToGt /fd|f] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

wfld{s ko{6ssf nflu

b[Zofjnf]sg, 5f]6f] kbofqf tyf ;fO{sn oqfsf nflu

s[lif ko{6ssf nflu ufpFkflnsf If]qsf cfGtl/s efux?df /x]sf 6g]nf, 6x/f / cfw'lgs / k'/ftg ld>[t v]tL k|0ffnL

b}lgs egef]h, r/fr'?ËL cjnf]sg, jg:klt cjnf]sgsf nflu o'jf tyf laBfyL{x?sfnflu,;;fgf h+unsf 6fk'x?, vf]nf lsgf/,

Wofg tyf cfTdzfGtLsf nflu

0500

1000150020002500300035004000

ˆn; ePsf] -;fj{hlgs 9n_

ˆn; ePsf] -;]lK6s 6\ofÍL_

;fwf/0f rkL{ gePsf] pNn]v gul/Psf]

10429

210

3805

19

zf}rfnosf] j8fut ljj/0f


&=!) kmf]xf]/ d}nf Aoj:yfkg tyf 9n lgsf;

kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] >f]tdf Go"lgs/0f ,k"gM k|zf]wg jf lj;h{g u/L kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Jojl:yt tyf

k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug{ tyf kmf]xf]/d}nfaf6 hg:jf:yo tyf jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] k|lts'n k|efjnfO{

sdu/L :jR5 tyf :j:y jftfj/0f sfod ug{sf nflu /fhk'/ ufpfkflnsfn] ;/;kmfO{ cleofgnfO{

lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ub}{ cfpg] qmddf j8f gful/s dGr, gful/s ;r]tgf s]Gb|, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, 6f]n

;'wf/ ;dfh / ljkb Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cu'jfO{ / ;xsfo{df 6f]n tyf j8f:t/df ;/;kmfO{ cleofgsf]

?kdf ;+rfng ePsf] kfOG5 . o;af6 cfd gu/af;Lx?df Jofks ?kdf ;/;kmfO{ hfu/0fsf] nx/

km}lnPsf] 5 . xfn ufpFkflnsfdf pTkflbt kmf]xf]/ cfkm} Joj:yfkg ug]{, vf]N;f vf]N;Ldf vfN6f agfO k'g]{

u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

xfn o; ufpFkflnsfdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?df lgDgjdf]lhdsf ;d:ognfO{ a'bfut ?kdf k|:t't

u/LPsf] 5 .

kmf]x/ Joj:yfkgsf gfddf kmf]x/x? vf]nfvf]N;fsf xf]rf efudf clgolGqt tl/sfn] kmfNg] k|a[lt oqtq b]lvG5 . o;/L kmflnPsf] kmf]x/ aiff{tsf ;dodf kfgLn] aufP/ vf]nf vf]N;f tyf gbLsf tNnf] efu ;Dd k'/\ofP/ k|b'if0fnfO{ la:tfl/t ub{5 .

hdLgsf xf]rfefu kfgLsf ;|f]t klg x'g] ePsf / ltg} kfgL ;txdf b]lvg] Pj+ hdLgsf] leqklg l5/]/ hfg]x'Fbf xf]rf efudf kmflnPsf] kmf]x/n] ;txsf] kfgL tyf hdLg leqsf] kfgL ;d]tnfO{ k|b'lift ub{5 .

s_ 3/of;L kmf]x/

kmf]x/sf] klxrfg efG5fsf]7faf6 u/L s'lxg] / gs'lxg] u/L 5'6\ofpg] .

s'lxg]nfO{ dndf k|of]u ug{ tflnd tyf x/]s 3/wgLnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ sfo{sd ufpFkflnsfn] ug]{ .

gs'lxg] kmf]x/nfO{ k"gM laleGg txdf 5'6\ofpg] h:t} sf7, Knfi6Ls, wft', ;L;f . oL kmf]x/nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ klxrfg ul/;s]skl5 k"g k|of]udf cfpg]nfO{ ;DalGwt ;]jf Joj:yfkg tkm{ hf]8 lbg] . gePsf o; ufpFkflnsf If]qsf v'nf :yfg hxfF kfgLsf] ;|f]t 5}g ToxfF a}1flgs tj/af6 5gf}6 ug{ Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

&=!! dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf

&=!!=! dlxnf ;DaGwL ljj/0f

ue{jtL dlxnfx?sf] lgMz'Ns jf Go"gtd\ z'Nsdf :jf:Yo kl/If0f ug{ tyf dlxnfx?df b]lvg] :tg

SofG;/ / kf7]3/ SofG;/sf] cu|Ld klxrfg / Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ljz]if kxn ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . lhNnf

x]Nykf]i6 Pj+ cGo ;Da4 :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?;Fu ;dGjo u/L dft[lzz' :jf:Yo tyf Ifo/f]u lgoGq0fsf

If]qdf sfo{/t :jf:YosdL{x?sf nflu :yfloTj, j[lQljsf; tyf k'gtf{hlu h:tf sfo{qmd NofO{

dlxnfx?sf nflu n3' pBd Joj;fo tflnd k|bfg u/L pBd Joj;fo dfkm{t cfly{s ?kdf ;an agfpg'

kg]{ b]lvG5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;zlQms/0f ub}{ ufpF ljsf;df dlxnfx?sf]


;dfg ;xeflutf u/fpg cem}klg yk k|f]T;fxg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs If]qdf pbfx/0fLo sfo{ ug]{

cfdf ;d"x, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, dlxnf ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf dlxnf ;DaGwL ;+3;+:yfnfO{ ;+:yfut

ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ kb{5 . dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf nflu

;fd'bflos sfo{k|lqmofnfO{ j8fx?df lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfng k|j4{g sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{

nlIft ;d"xtkm{ ;a} ;d"x / ju{sf] ;xeflutf x'g] sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/ ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ff cg'?k

:yfgLo zf;g / ljsf;df dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtf j[l4 ug{ ljleGg Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? Nofpg'kg]{

b]lvG5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf dlxnf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg dlxnf ;d'xx?sf] :yfkgf u/LPsf] 5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fljssf uflj; a]nf / /fhk'/df u/L !–! j6f dlxnf jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L

;+:yf /x]sf 5g\ . ;fljssf uflj;x? j]nf / /fhk'/df u/L dlxnfljsf; sfo{noaf6 agfOPsf dlxnf

;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof &^ hgf /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf ;d'xsf dlxnf ;b:o ;+Vof -k|ltw'/L ! ;b:o_ %@# hgf

/x]sf 5g\ . ufpFx?df g} o:tf ljleGg ;+:yfx?sf] ljsf; x'g] xf] eg] dlxnfx? cfly{s ?kdf ;Ifd t

x'G5g\ g} dlxnf lx+;fdf klg sdL cfp5 .

tflnsf g+= 38M dlxnf ;d'xsf] ljj/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf dlxnf ;d'xsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= ;fljssf uflj;sf] gfd

dlxnf ljsf; sfo{noaf6 agfOPsf dlxnf ;d'x

dlxnf ;d'xsf dlxnf ;b:o ;+Vof -k|ltw'/L ! ;b:o_

dlxnsf] art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+Vof

dlxnf jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/Ldf z]o/ ;b:o ;+Vof

1 a]nf 23 143 1 64 2 /fhk'/ 53 380 1 333 hDdf 76 523 2 397


;fdflhs ;'/Iff

lj=;+ @)^( jdf]lhd h]i7 gful/s ljw'jf dlxnf, ckf· JoQmL tyf afnaflnsf, blnt cflbjf;L

hghftLsf] nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff elg ljleGg eQf lbg] Joj:yf u/LPsf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf

;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|fKt ug]{ JoQmLx?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lgDgjdf]lhdsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

;flj

ss

uflj

;

h]i7

gfu

l/s

bln

t

h]i7

gfu

l/s

-cGo_

ljw'jf dlxnf

k'0f{ ckfË

cf+lzs ckfË

nf]kpGd'v

cfbLj

f;L hghflt

cf}ifw

L pkrf/

a;fFO{;/fO{

dlx

nf

k'?if

hDd

f

dlxnf

k'?if

hDdf

dlxnf

k'?if

hDdf

dlxnf

k'?if

hDdf

dlxnf

k'?if

hDdf

dlxnf

k'?if

hDdf


a]nf 48 52 100

72 101 173 214 0 0 3 6 7 13 0 0 0 92 116 208 d= @,

k'=!

/fhk'/ 30 47 77 96 129 225 245 2 1 3 0 0 0 8 10 18 101 136 237 –

>f]tM ;++l3o dfldnf tyf :yflgo ljsf; dGqfno @)&@

&=!!=@ afnSna

afnaflnsfx¿ ;+ul7t eO{ cfkm';Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{, k|ltlglwTj ug{ / cfkm\g}

Ifdtf ljsf;, ;r]tgf nufot afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f k|a4{gdf ljljw lqmofsnfk ug{ g]kfndf afn–

;d"x, afn Snj, afnclwsf/ d~r cflbsf ?kdf afnaflnsfx? lqmoflzn /x]sf 5g\ . afnSna, afn–

;xeflutfsf] Ps z;Qm dfWod ag]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt y'k|} lgtLut b:tfj]hx?df

klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d'xdf cfa4 u/fpg / pgLx¿;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifodf

dt JoQmsf nflu ljleGg :t/sf lgtL tyf of]hgf lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjog / cg'udg;Dd afnSnasf]

k|ltlgwTjnfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 .

JolQmut?kdf ufpFdf afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf, ;lqmotf / g]t[Tjdf u7g ul/Psf afnSnax¿n]

afn clwsf/;DaGwL r]tgfd'ns sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] 5g\ . afnSnax¿n] ;+rfng u/]sf sfo{qmdx¿df -

!_ hGdbtf{ k|rf/fTds cleofg, -@_ ljBnfo egf{ cleofg, -#_ afn>d Go'gLs/0f sfo{qmd,-$_

afn;xeflutf clea[l4 sfo{qmd, -%_ afnaflnsfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] vf]k k|rf/ sfo{qmd, -^_ lgz'Ns lzIff

k||rf/fTds / k|a4{gfTds sfo{qmd, -&_ eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff kfpg] clwsf/af/] k|rf/k|;f/, -*_

jftfj/0fLo ;''wf/ sfo{qmd, -(_ cleefjs r]tgflzIff sfo{qmd / -!)_ afnljjfx pGd'ng ;DaGwL

k|rf/fTds sfo{qmd k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf afnSnjx?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= ;fljssf uflj; afnSnj ;+Vof hDdf aflnsf afns blnt hghftL cGo

1 a]nf 12 248 135 113 35 165 48 >f]tM bfª lhNnf kfZj{lrq

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fljssf uflj; a]nfdf afnSnjsf] ;+Vof !@ /x]sf] 5 . ufpFdf ePsf

afnSnjx?df afnaflnsfsf] pkl:ytL pNn]vlgo /x]sf] 5 . ufpFdf afnsx?sf] ;+Vof !!# hgf /x]sf]

5 eg] aflnsfsf] ;+Vof !#% hgf /x]sf] 5 . o; ufpFkflnsfdf blnt tyf hghftL afnaflnsf klg

afnSnjdf ;lqmo eP/ nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . blnt afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof #% hgf /x]sf] 5 eg] hghftL

afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof !^% hgf /x]sf] 5 . ufpFdf /x]sf afnaflnsf / ;dfhsf] lxtsf] nflu ljleGg

sfd ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf afnSnjx?sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf] tflnsfdf

k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .


v08 * M jg tyf jftfj/0f

*=! h}ljs ljljwtf ;DjGwL ljj/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf jg jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] oBkL ;DkGg ufpFkflnsfsf]

>]0fLdf kb{5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf s'n If]qkmn %&&=## ju{ ls=ld= dWo] $@@ -&#=@% k|ltzt_ ju{

ls=ld= jg If]qsf] ?kdf /lx cfPsf] 5 . h'g /fli6«o jg / ;fd'bflos jg If]qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;r]tgf

/ ljsf;sf] qmd;Fu} a9\bf] ul/jL / hg;+Vof s[l4 , cfGtl/s tyf afXo a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] rfkn] lhNnfsf]

k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?df lbgfg''lbg rfk ylkFb} / To:tf] ;|f]tx?sf] cToflws bf]xgsf] vt/f a9\\b} uPsf] kfOPsf]

5 . ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf oftfoft If]qdf cfPsf] ljsf; / kl/jt{gn] lhNnf jf;Lx?sf] /xg;xg, cfly{s /

;fdflhs lqmofsnfk / sfo{z}nL tyf ;f]rdf ;d]t k|efj kf/]sf] / lhNnfsf] ;du| k|fs[lts :j?kdf

km]/jbn NofPsf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;sf] kmn:j?k lhNnfsf k|fo jgIf]qx?df dfgjLo rfksf] sf/0f s}of}F

jl:tx? h+un aLrd /x]sf, st} v]lt u/]/ cfu6\g]. slxF ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g u/L ;d"xs}

cf8df jg kmfF8]/ em'k8L agfpg], v]tLjfnLsf] lglDt e"ldlxg, sDn/L / sd}ofsf] jxfgfdf cltqmd0f ug]{

u/fpg] k|j[lQx?n] jg If]qdf k|lts'n c;/ k/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

o; ufpFkflnsfdf kfOg] k|d'v ag:ktLsf k|hfltx¿df, ;fn, l;;f}+, l;dn, hfd'g, sbd, vo/,

s/d, lk7f/L, 5ltjg, jf]x/L, vdf/L, jf]6wFu]/f], asfO{gf], OKkLn, l6s, j/, kLkn, a]n, cdnf, lgd,

knfF;, cfFk, 8'd|L, s6x/, lnrL, gl/jn, ;'kf/L, jo/, sfFzLcdnf, s}Fbn, /fhj[If, czf]s, r]/L, ;dL,

d;nf, j8x/, cDaf, s]/f, sfutL, ef]u6], ;l/kmf, bfl/d, ltqL, kml8/, c;f/], ;fh, ;fbg, s'DeL, x/f]{–

a/f]{, xNn'8], l;/L;, tf/L, s';'d, Sofd'gf, baba], 6'gL, ;fGbg, sdf{, dfntL, kfrkft], ;lt;fn, xNn'8],

jg;'Gtnf, s'DeL, g]jf/f], czf]s, ;k]6f . o;} u/L l3;|g] hGt'x¿df uf]dg, ugUjfnL, x/x/], s/]t,

l;l/;], wfdg, x/]p, 9f]l8of, ;'guf]xf]/f], 5]kf/f], clhFu/, leQL, ;k{, u8\of}nf, h'sf, cGo ls6ktª\u cflb

/ r/fr'?ËLx¿df sf]OnL, d}gf, ;'uf, 9's'/, n'OFr], uf}ynL, sfu, eFu]/f, do'/, x'l66\ofpF, x'lrn, h'/]nL,

eb|fof], lrn, afh, sf]6]/f, 7]pjf, a§fO, lra], Eofs'/, lkm:6f], ?kL, lu4, wg]z, sflnh, nf6f]sf];]/f],

rd]/f], xfF;, k/]jf, s'v'/f, ltqf, wf]aL r/f], xf8kmf]?jf, s¥ofªs'?ª, eb|fO{, ;f/; cflb k|hfltsf :yfgLo

/ cfk|jf;L r/fr'?ËLx? kfOG5g\ .


*=@ h}ljs ljljwtf ;DjGwL ljj/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfsf] kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu kfl/l:ylts h}ljs k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Gt'lnt?kaf6

sfod /fVg jg, ag:ktL tyf k|f0fLx¿ larsf] :yflkt ;DaGwnfO{ lbuf]?kdf sfod /fVg ;hutf

ckgfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf lgDtL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] qmddf x'g] ljgf;nfO{ Go'gLs/0f ug{

lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . jftjf/0fLo ;Gt'ngn] jg:ktL jf k|f0fLx¿sf] qmlds x|f; / ljgf; x'Fb} cGttM

nf]k x'g] cj:yf x'g ;S5 . ljifd xfjfkfgLdf ljleGg hft hfltsf k|f0fL / ag:ktL /x]sf] o;

ufpFkflnsfdf jg ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf] sfo{df :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ckl/xfo{ x'g k'u]sf]

5 . log} s'/fx¿nfO{ dWogh/ u/L @)$( ;fndf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿nfO { cfˆgf] b}lgs pkef]Uo jg

k}bfj/sf] pknAwtf u/fpg] p2]Zo /fvL ;fd'bflos jg btf{ ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 .

dfgj hLjgsf] nflu h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ckl/xfo{ 5 . b}lgs lhjgsf] nflu cfjZos sf7,

bfp/f, 3fF;sf] nflu dfq geO{ kfl/l:ylts tyf h}ljs k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ngsf] nflu ;d]t h}ljs

ljljwtfsf] dxTjnfO{ b[li6ut u/L xfn o; ufpFkflnsfdf ;fd'bflos jg h:tf cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{

Jojxf/df nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df jg jl/k/L al9/x]sf] hg;+Vof, rf]/L lgsf;L / cfufdL

lbgx¿df pQm jg If]qn] dfu]sf] cfwf/df cfk'lt{ ug{ g;Sg] jg k}bfj/sf] x}l;otnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;

If]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb} uPsf] 5 . xfn ;fd'bflos jgx¿ jg ;+/If0f,

;Da4{g tyf ;b'kof]udf ;xeflu eO/x]sf 5g\ .

o; ufpFkflnsfdf pi0f k|b]zLo hnjfo' ePsf] sf/0f o; If]qdf ;fn, l;;f}+, xNn'8], cdnf, x/f]{,

a/f]{, vo/, l;dn, ljho;fn, /fhj[If, cflb hftsf lj?jfx¿ kfOG5g\ . h;dWo] sfF;Lcdnf, x/f]{, a/f]{,

af]x/L, kml8/, vdf/L, c;f/], ;fh, ;fbg, s'DeL, s';'d cflb qmdzM nf]k x'b} hfg] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

u}/ sfi7 k}bfj/sf] ?kdf Jofkfl/s / cfo'j]{lbs dxTjsf b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm b]lvPsf lkknf, rfgd8'jf,

?lbnf], ltt]kftL, c;'/f], rfjf], u'hf]{, cfFs, jn'emf/, s'/Lnf], 3f]8tfk|], lv/f]{, xf8hf]/, w';'/], ef]u6], kfgL,

cdnf, cr{n, u'h/ufFgf], b'jf], cfO6Lgemf/, t'n;L, kf/Lhft, 6f]6nf], £o'Fs'df/L, lgd, af]emf], jfsnkft],

;'tfgL nx/f], xf8]n;'g, pGo"F, ckdfu{, ;okqL km"n, kfFrkft], rl/cldnf], d/x§], jfj/L ;'Orf]emf/,

sbd÷;+lhjg, xn]bf], l6ª\r'/emf/, l;pF8L, r/r/]nx/f], j]n, cdnf, dy]emf/, a/, lkkn, cDaf, /fhj[If,

Sofd'g, x/f]{, a/f]{, ;'gnx/f], lrKn] jx/f], t/jf/], wf]jL, l;dnL, ?b|306L, x8\r'/ cflb h:tf jg

k}bfj/x¿sf] pknAwtf klg /x]sf] 5 . oL dWo] xf8hf]/, u'h/ufFgf], lv/f]{, x/f]{, a/f]{, lkk\nf, ef]u6], kfgL

cdnf, cr{n, nx/f], Sofd'gf cflb nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .


o; If]qdf /x]sf jgh+unx?n] af3, efn', lrt'jf, lrQn, xl/0f b'D;L, aFb]n, lv/lv/], ;fns,

ag9f8], h/fof], d[u, 3f]/n, nª\u'/, afb/, agd';f, :ofn, ag la/fnf], v/fof], dn;fk|f], 9]8' cflb

k|hfltsf hLjx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm jf;:yfg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf jgIf]q tyf

ljleGg vf]nfgfnfx?n] ljleGg k|hfltsf r/fr'?ËLx¿ ljz]iftM sf]OnL, d}gf, ;'uf, 9's'/, n'OFr], uf}ynL,

sfu, eFu]/f, do'/, x'l66\ofpF, x'lrn, h'/]nL, eb|fof], lrn, afh, sf]6]/f, 7]pjf, a§fO, lra], Eofs'/, lkm:6f],

?kL, lu4, wg]z, sflnh, nf6f]sf];]/f], rd]/f], xfF;, k/]jf, s'v'/f, ltqf, wf]aL r/f], xf8kmf]?jf,

s¥ofªs'?ª, eb|fO{, ;f/; tyf ljleGg l3;|g] hGt'x¿ uf]dg, ugUjfnL, x/x/], s/]t, l;l/;], wfdg,

x/]p, 9f]l8of, ;'guf]xf]/f], 5]kf/f], clhFu/, leQL, s5'jf, ;k{, u8\of}nf, h'sf, cGo ls6ktª\u cflbnfO{

af;:yfg k|bfg ub}{ ;+/lIft u/]sf] 5 . oBkL jgh+un cltqmd0fsf sf/0f k|s[tL k|bQ oL h}ljs /

jg:klto cd'No jg ;Dkbfx¿sf] lj:yfkg / ljgfzsf] qmd ltj|?kn] a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . jif]{gL jg If]q

km8fgL eO{ r'/] If]q gfª\uf 8fF8fdf kl/0ft x'Fb} hfg' / cGo jg If]q s[lifof]Uo e'efudf kl/0ft x'g' tyf

jGohGt'x¿sf] jf;:yfg Pj+ jGo k|hftLdf x|f; x'g' h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf lgldQ ljs/fn r'gf}tLsf

?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .

ufpFsf] xfjfkgLn] hLjhGt' / jg:ktLx¿nfO{ ;+/lIft ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf jf;:yfg pknAw

u/fOPsf] ePtfklg hg;+Vof / a;fO{;/fOsf] cToflws rfk / e'dLsf] pj{/fkgsf sf/0f sl/a $ bzs

cl3b]lv g} oxfFsf] jgIf]q cltqmd0f / jg km8fFgLsf] rk]6fdf kg{ uPsf] 5 . h}ljs ljljwtf cGtu{t kg]{

:yfgLo snf ;+:s[ltx¿sf] ljljwtfnfO{ hu]gf{ ub}{ wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts / ko{6lso b[li6sf]0fn]

dxTjk'0f{ 7flgPsf ljleGg :yfgx?sf] ;d]t ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

*=# n3' jg k}bfjf/

ufpFsf] jg If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hl8a'6L tyf u}x|sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x¿ kfOG5g\ . o;

ufpFkflnsfdf d'Vo ?kdf kfOg] u}x|sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x?df ;fn, c:gf, vo/, wf}6L, hfd'g, sdf{, vf]6]

;Nnf, ;lt;fn cflb x'g\ . l;sfsfO{, lkknf, ;tj/L, x/f]{, j/f]{, cdnf, Eofs'/, sfpnf]sf] jf]qmf, lr/fOtf]

t]hkft, jf]emf], ;k{uGwf, ;]tf]d':nl, t'n;L, cZjfuGwf, ;'uGwsf]lsnf, l6d'/, bf?xNbL, nufot !))

eGbf a9L k|hftLsf d'Nojfg h8Lj'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/ kfOG5.

*=$ ufp“kflnsfdf kfO{g] jGohGt'

-s_ jGohGt'


/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf :tgwf/L jGohGt'x? kfOG5g\ . o; ufpFkflnsfdf kfOg]

k|d'v jGohGt'x?df af3, efn', lrt'jf, lrQn, b'D;L, aFb]n, lv/lv/], ;fns, ag9f8], d[u, 3f]/n,

nª\u'/, afb/, agd';f, :ofn, ag la/fnf], /t'jf, v/fof], dn;fk|f], 9]8' cflb 5g .

-v_ r/fr'?ª\uL

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf/x]sf] bfª lhNnfdf sl/a !$) k|sf/sf r/fx? kfOG5g\ . o; ufpFkflnsfdf

kfO{g] r/fr'?ËLx?df sf]OnL, d}gf, ;'uf, 9's'/, n'OFr], uf}ynL, sfu, eFu]/f, do'/, x'l66\ofpF, x'lrn, h'/]nL,

eb|fof], lrn, afh, sf]6]/f, 7]pjf, a§fO, lra], Eofs'/, lkm:6f], ?kL, rv]jf, lk/f}6f, e'Fl8kmf]/, lrj], lu4,

wg]z, sflnh, nf6f]sf];]/f], rd]/f], xfF;, k/]jf, s'v'/f, ltqf, wf]aL r/f], xf8kmf]?jf, s¥ofªs'?ª, eb|fO {,

nfdk'R5«], /fhs 5]u|f, ;f/; cflb k|d'v 5g\ .

-u_ l3;|g] lhjhGt'x¿

o; ufpFkflnsfdf kfOg] l3;|g] lhjhGt'x¿df du/ uf]xL, b'n{e /ftf] vf]n ePsf] s5'jf;lxt #

hftsf s5'jf, clhFu/, leQL, uf]dg, ugUjfnL, x/x/], s/]t, l;l/;], wfdg, j}l/s/]6, x/]p, 9f]l8of,

;'guf]xf]/f], cg]s k|sf/sf ;k{ tyf 5]kf/f], eft]dx'/f, u8\of}nf, h'sf, cGo ls6ktª\u cflb k|d'v 5g\ .

-3_ hnr/ tyf peor/ hLjx?

;]w/L, l8+/f, r/+uL, /fjf, 8/xL, s"/;f, /f]xx", ;f}/L, l;+uL, d+u"/f, d}njf, 8f]+uL, v];6L, 6]+u|f, jfd],

jSsfOg, 9f]/L, x/f6, k/gL hftsf df5fx?, 7f]6]/f, uFu6f, Eofu'tf, ljleGg k|hftLsf 3'F3L cflb .

-ª_ sL/f km6\ofª\u|fx?

df}/L, vfuf], k'Tsf], s7]p/L, uf]a|]sL/f, h'sf, laR5L, vh'/f], em'l;nf], af?nf], p8';, cl/+ufn,

zª\v]sL/f, aR5\o'F, dfs'/f, acl/df]7], 8fF;, kt]/f], ;fª\nf], nfdv'6\6] ;of}+ k|sf/sf ls/f km6\ofË|fx? cflb

.

-r_ km"nsf k|hfltx?

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg lsl;dsf] jg:ktLx? kfOg'sf ;fy} @#% k|hfltx? km'n km'Ng] ju{df

/x]sf 5g\ . ;okqL, uf]bfj/L, dvdnL, afx|df;], u'nfj, nfn'kft], 3G6Lkm"n, ltp/, afa/L, efn]km"n,

kfl/hft, nfx'/] r'jf, knf;, d;'G8f cflb ufpFkflnsfdf kfO{g] km'nsf k|hfltx? x'g\ .

*=% jgh+un

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsf ;d'Gb| ;txaf6 %@( ld6/sf] prfO{ b]lv @)#* dL6/;Dd /x]sf] 5 . of]

ufpFkflnsfdf k|z:t dfqfdf jg If]q x'g'sf] ;fy} jg If]qleq h}ljs ljljwtf klg k|z:t /x]sf] 5 .

jgIf]qleq y'k|} 3fF;] d}bfgx? ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . ufpFkflnsf aflx/sf cGo ufpF tyf lhNnfx?df sl/j


nf]k cj:yfdf k'u]sf] k|fs[lts ?kdf l;;f} / vo/ h:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|hflt kfO{g] gbL t6Lo jg o;

ufpFkflnsfdf k|z:t} dfqfdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ljlzi6 jftfj/0fLo cj:yf;Fu oxfF aUg] vf]nfx¿sf] cleGg

;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .

jg If]q t/fO{sf] ;dyn e"–efu ePsf] sf/0f oxfF kfOg] jgsf] lsl;d / k|hfltdf klg ljljwtf

kfO{G5 . pi0f / ;d–lztf]i0f k|b]zLo ePsf] o; ufpFsf] jg If]qdf y'k|} k|hfltsf ldl>t jg kfO{G5 .

xfjfkfgL, ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt tyf k|hfltsf] cfwf/df o; ufpFkflnsfdf ljleGg lsl;dsf jgx? h:t}

;fnsf] jg, t/fO{ xf8{p8, vo/ l;;f}+, lr/kfO{g -vf]6] ;Nnf]_, ld>t jg / emf8L a'6\ofg /x]sf 5g\ .

*=%=! ;fd'bflos jg

:yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ jg ;+/If0f / pkof]udf ;xeflu agfpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgtL cg';f/ o;

ufpFkflnsfdf lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g u/L jg x:tfGt/0f ug{]

sfd klg eO/x]sf] 5 . jg P]g, @)$( tyf jg lodfjnL, @)%! n] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd ;fd'bflos

jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ;Dk"0f{ hjfkmb]xL ;DalGwt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?nfO{ g} x'G5 .

of] sfo{qmd z'?df nfu" ePsf] a]nf o;sf] p2]Zo gfËf 8fF8f kfvfx?df xl/ofnL a9fpg] / ;j{;fwf/0f

hgtfnfO{, sf7, bfp/f / 8fn]3fF; nufot jg k}bfjf/sf] cfwf/e't cfjZostf kl/k'lt{ ug]{ /x]sf] lyof],

t/ clxn] o; sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zodf ljkGg kl/jf/x?sf] ul/jL lgjf/0f, hLljsf]kfh{g, h}ljsf

ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg, ;'zf;g, ;dfj];Ls/0f, n}lËs ;dfgtf, ljz]if ul/ dlxnf,

blnt tyf hghfltsf] ;xeflutf h:tf gofF gofF ;afnxx? ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf]n] o; sfo{qmdn] ul/jL

Go'lgs/0fdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlws

;xof]udf ;d"xsf] :jLs[t ljwfg tyf jg sfo{of]hgf adf]lhd pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfng

tyf ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g, Joj:yfkg tyf jg k}bfjf/sf] ;b'kof]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljutsf]

;dodf yf]/} hg;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf k|z:t jg If]q ePsf]n] klg jg ;+/If0feGbf pkof]udf dfq hf]8

lbPsf] kfOG5 t/ uPsf] s]xL jif{b]lv jg If]q jl/kl/sf hgtfdf gofF hfu/0f b]lvPsf] 5 . a9\bf]

cltqmd0f, n'lsrf]/L x'g] s6fgL, rl/r/g, cfunfuL cflb sf/0f / e}/x]sf] jg ljgf;n] jgsf] cj:yf

cToGt ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ jg ;+/If0f ;ldlt tyf jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿ u7g u/L jg

;+/If0fsf nflu :yfgLo k|of; z'? x'g yfn]sf] 5 . Psflt/ jg If]q glhs a:g] afl;Gbfx¿df jg

;+/If0fsf] k|of; z'? x'Fb}5 eg] csf]{tkm{ jgIf]qaf6 6f9fsf ufpFn]x¿sf] nflu ;j{;'ne tl/sfaf6 jg

pkof]u Jojl:yt x'g g;Sbf jgaf6 sf7bfp/f n'lsl5kL rf]/L lgsf;L x'g] qmd klg oyfjt 5 . ljutsf

jif{x¿sf] t'ngfdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] kl/0ffd :j?k sltko jgIf]qx¿ k'gM k|fs[lts cj:yfdf

?kfGtl/t x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos jgx¿df ljBdfg ;+/If0f / cfˆgf] ;fd'bflos jg k|ltsf] nufjsf]

kl/0ffd :j?k phf8 / d?e"dLs/0ftkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} vf]nf / vx/]x¿n] u|l;t ePsf jgIf]qx¿ cfh


k|fs[lts ?kdf ;+/lIft ePsf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos jgsf pkef]Qmfx¿;Fu k|fljlws 1fg / jgsf] pTkfbsTj

a9fpg cfjZos kg]{ k|ljlwsf] cefj v8\lsPsf] 5 . t;y{ jg Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg

;fd'bflos jgx¿nfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / k|ljlwo'Qm hgzlQmsf] pknAw x'g' h?/L 5 . pkef]Qmfx¿df /x]sf

k/Dk/fut jg ;+/If0f ljlwx¿sf cltl/Qm gofF ljlw / sfo{z}nLx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpg h?/L b]lvG5 .

bIftf clej[l4sf lgldQ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ / cjnf]sg e|d0fsf

cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

af}l4s ;Dkbf clwsf/ (Patent right) sf ljifodf / GATT WTO ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffx¿sf

ljifodf ;d'bfonfO{ cfjZos hfgsf/L u/fpg' cg'lzIf0f lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ufpFkflnsf / ;fd'bflos jg

pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf ;fd'bflos jgleq u}/sfi7 jgk}bfj/sf] pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ /

ljleGg tflnd uf]i7L cWoog e|d0fx¿ ul/b} cfPsf 5g\ . o;n] :yfgLo :t/af6 jg Joj:yfkgsf

;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg / jgIf]qsf] pTkfbg a9fpg yk d2t ldNg] b]lvG5 . ;fd'bflos

jgx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf lgldQ lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] hgzlQm dfqn] ;Dej gb]lvPsfn] pQm sfo{sf

lgldQ jg;Fu cfj4 ljleGg u};;x¿nfO{ ufpFkflnsfdf kl/rfng ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

dfly pNn]lvt tYox¿sf] cfwf/df xfn;Dd gu/n] sf7 bfp/fsf] ljqmL ljt/0faf6 cfo u/]sf]

b]lvPtf klg jgx¿sf] k/Dk/fut pTkfbgdf x|f; / k/Dk/fut k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] bf]xgn] ubf{ efjL

lbgx¿df ;'Vvf, 9nfk8fsf] ;+sngsf] l:ylt oxL /xnf eGg ;lsGg . ;fd'bflos jgx¿sf] qmlds

x:tfGt/0f / jg ;+/If0fsf k|efjsf/L pkfox¿sf] cjnDagn] k|fs[lts k'g?Tkfbg qmdzM a9\b} hfg]

b]lvG5 . jgx¿af6 sf7 / bfp/fsf] k/Dk/fut pTkfbg lng] k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g ub}{ hgtfnfO{ u}/sfi7

k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbgtkm{ pGd'v u/fpg'kg]{ / jGohGt'x¿sf] Joj;flos kfng nufotsf ultljlwx¿af6

cfo ;|f]tx¿df a[l4 ug{ hg;xeflutfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf cf=j= @)&@÷)&# df hDdf ^ j6f ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldtLx? /x]sf

5g\ . ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldtLsf] If]qkmn klxnf @#^&=#% x]S6/ /x]sf]

lyof] eg] xfn @%&)=& x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 . h:sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't u/LPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= 39M ;fd'bflos jgx?sf] ljj/0f

/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf ;fd'bflos jgx?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= ;d'xsf] gfd 7]ugf If]qkmn-x]]=_ jgsf] lsl;d

;fljs xfn

1 ;/:jtL /fhk'/ ( 494=47 494=47 k|fs[lts 2 l;duh]/L /fhk'/ ( 761 497=5 k|fs[lts 3 ;'Gb/] /fhk'/ ( 199=78 394=68 k|fs[lts 4 r'/]xl/ofnL /fhk'/ ( 112=48 384=43 k|fs[lts


5 a'sL8f8f a]nf # 445 445 k|fs[lts 6 xl/ofnL /fhk'/ ^ 354=62 354=62 k|fs[lts

hDdf 2367=35 2570=7 >f]tMbfª lhNnfdf jg ljsf; sfo{qmd @)&@÷)&#

@)&@÷)&# ;Dddf x:tfGt/0f ePsf ;fd'bflos jg ;d'xsf] ljj/0f

tflnsf g+= 40M @)&@÷)&# ;Dddf x:tfGt/0f ePsf ;fd'bflos jg ;d'xsf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= Onfsf ;fljssf uflj; ;d'xsf] gfd If]qkmn-x]=_ 3/w'/L ;+Vof ;b:o ;+Vof dlxnf ;+Vof

1 u+ubL a]nf @ b]jL:yfg 429=12 251 15 2

2 u+ubL a]nf ! >fLStL 276 227 15 2

3 u+ubL a]nf #,$ b'uf{ 718 336 13 4

4 u+ubL a]nf ^,& lzj 438 194 13 4

5 u+ubL a]nf ( z+s/ 272 140 13 5

6 u+ubL a]nf (, /fhk'/ @ ag zQmL 231 121 13 0

7 u+ubL a]nf # Hofld/] 121 65 9 2

8 u+ubL a]nf # a'sL8f8f 445=48 151 11 3

9 u+ubL a]nf $,%,^ /fd]Zj/ 294=25 100 11 3

10 u+ubL a]nf * lqzQmL 352 199 11 2

11 u+ubL a]nf # hgsNof0f 540 176 15 7

12 u+ubL a]nf @ u0f]z 908 295 15 4

13 u+ubL a]nf ^ eujtL 113 209 11 11

14 u+ubL /fhk'/ &,* u+ubL 14=89 26 9 0

15 u+ubL /fhk'/ ^ x/LofnL 353=2 116 13 5

16 u+ubL /fhk'/ ^ d}gLxjf 353 133 15 2

17 u+ubL /fhk'/ %,$ hofsfnL 146 35 13 3

18 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( a;]/L 828 146 11 1

19 u+ubL /fhk'/ ^ a|Lh'e"dL 177 93 11 0

20 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( /fKtL lsgf/ 314 67 13 4

21 u+ubL /fhk'/ $ sfhf]n 681=93 188 13 4

22 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( ;Nn]/L 240 63 9 3

23 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( eo/yfg 213 112 13 3

24 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( a'sf 300 75 13 4

25 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( lz4afaf 376 91 13 4

26 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( ;fn3f/L 566 89 13 6

27 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( uf]/If 476=51 194 15 3

28 u+ubL /fhk'/ @,# h'Ns] 236 85 11 3


29 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( 9f]/]gL 170 95 11 2

30 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( ufO3f6 166=74 51 9 3

31 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( lr;fkfgL 166=92 123 13 5

32 u+ubL /fhk'/ * em'kfvf/f 244 76 11 7

33 u+ubL /fhk'/ $ /fdhfGsL 556 306 11 4

34 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( a]n3f/L 208=26 95 11 5

35 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( l;duh]/L 761 222 13 5

36 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( r'/]xfl/of 112=48 92 13 4

37 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( ;'Gb/ 199=78 177 11 4

38 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( h'/kfgL 197=63 137 9 3

39 u+ubL /fhk'/ & lrqsnf xl/ofnL 337=32 141 11 7

40 u+ubL /fhk'/ ( ;/:jtL 436 115 13 2

hDdf 13969=51 5607 486 145

>f]tMbfª lhNnfdf jg ljsf; sfo{qmd @)&@÷)&#

@)&@÷)&# df /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf $ j6f ;fd'bflos jg x:tfGt/0f ePsf 5g\ . x:tfGt/0f

ePsf $) j6f ;fd'bflos jgsf] hDdf If]qkmn !#(^(=%! x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 . x:tfGt/Lt ;fd'bflos

jgaaf6 %^)& 3/w'/L nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\\ . x:tfGt/0f ePsf ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;b:o ;+Vof hDdf

$*^ hgf /x]sf] 5 eg] !$% hgf dlxnf ;b:o klg cfj4 /x]sf 5g\ . h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f dfyLsf]


*=%=@ wfld{s jg

wfld{s ;+3÷;+:yfsf] jl/kl/ /x]sf] jg h+un If]qx¿ wfld{s If]qsf] dxTj / ;f}Gbo{ a9fpg]

p2]Zon] To:tf wfld{s jgsf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f ul/G5 . ufpFkflnsfsf] ljleGg efux¿df /x]sf wfld{s

:yn wfld{s jgsf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf If]qx¿ ePtfklg To;sf] plrt ;+/If0f / k|j{4g x'g g;s]sf]

b]lvG5 .

*=%=# ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg

ufpFkflnsfsf] s'n jg If]q dWo] ufpFkflnsfdf ;fd'bflos jg / wfld{s jgsf] ?kdf x:tfGtl/t

afx]s afFsL /x]sf] jg If]q ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

*=%=$ lghL jg

/fli6«o jg If]q dfly kg]{ jg k}bfj/sf] rfknfO{ sd ug{{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] gLlt

cGtu{t ;fd'bflos jg ;Fu} lghL jg sfo{qmd ;d]t o; ufpFkflnsfdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] 5 . lghL jgdf

/f]lkPsf d'Vo k|hfltx?df l;;f}+, nx/]lkkn, l6s, d;nf, vo/, afF;, l;dn h:tf k|hfltx? /x]sf 5g\ .

/fhk'/ ufp“kflnsfdf ePsf jgh+unx?sf] ljj/0f


tflnsf g+= 41M /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf ePsf ljleGg jgx?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;+= ;fljssf uflj; jgsf] If]qkmn- x]S6/df_ hDdf jg r'/] If]qkmn

;fd'bflos jg ;/sf/L4f/f Jojl:yt jg

1 a]nf 5117=85 11207=15 16325 20558=8 2 /fhk'/ 7994=79 26984=09 34978=88 37125=8 hDdf 13112=64 38191=24 51303=88 57684=6


/fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf jg h+unsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ljleGg sbdx? rfn]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} jgnfO{

;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f u/LPsf] 5 eg] s'g} jgnfO{ ;/sf/n] g} ;+/If0f u/]sf] 5 . /fhk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf

s'n If]qkmnsf] !#!!@=^$ x]S6/ ;fd'bflos jg /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt u/]sf] jgsf]

If]qkmn #*!(!=@$ x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 .

*=^ lghL cfjfbLdf /x]sf ?v lj?jfx?sf] cj:yf

xfn o; ufpFkflnsfsf]jg pkef]Qmfsf] lghL cfjfbLdf j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf ?v k|hfltx?df l;;f},

asfO{gf], lgd, s'6ld/f], lsDa', OlknOlkn, a8x/, 6Ls, vlgof]sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] kmnkm'n

hftsf k|hfltx?df cDjf, s6x/, cd/f, d]jf, s]/f, cfFk cfbL kb{5g . jgdf kfO{g] ?v k|hfltx? ;fn,

c;gf, sdf{, l;dn, x/f]{, j/f]{, kL7f/L, sbd, hfd'g ;d]t cfjfbL If]qdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

*=* hl8a'6L ;DaGwL ljj/0f

o; ufpFkflnsfsf] jg If]qdf kfOg] hl8a'6Lx¿df l;sfsfO{, lkknf, ;tfj/L,x/f]{, j/f]{, cdnf,

Eofs'/, sfpnf], t]hkft, af]emf], ;k{uGwf,;]tf] d';nL, t'n;L, cZjuGwf, ;'uGwsf]lsnf, l6d'/, bf?xNbL

nufotsf !)) eGbf a9L k|hfltsf d'Nojfg hl8j'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x? kfOG5g\ . :yflgo

JoQmLx?n] lghL cjflb tyf jg If]qaf6 hl8a'6L ;+sng u/L ahf/Ls/0fsf] sfo{ ljut b]vLg} lg/Gt/

?kdf cuf8L a9fO /fv]sf 5g\ . sltko ;fd'bflos jgx?df clt ljkGg pkef]Qmf kxlrfg u/L

;fd'bflos jgsf] vfnL 7fpFdf hl8j'6L v]tL u/L cfo cfh{gdf 6]jf k'of{pg] k|r''/ ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 .

vf; u/L pRr d"Nojfg h8Lj'6Lx? >Lv08, jg s'/Lnf] d';nL, ;k{uGwf, t'n;L, d]x]+bL, sfnd]3 h:tf

h8Lj'6Lsf lj?jf pTkfbg ljt/0f, ljp ;+sng, jg k}bfjf/sf] Joj:yfkg lj:tf/ tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf]

nflu ;xlhs/0fsf k|of;x? e}/x]sf 5g\ .

*=!) jg ;+/If0fsf nflu rfNg' kg]{ sbd

/fli6«o, ;fd'bflos / ;+/lIft jgx¿nfO{ ;3gLs/0f ub}{ ltgLx¿ leq u}/sfi7 k}bfjf/ / ax'd'No

hl8a'6Lx¿sf] pTkfbg ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ahf/sf] ljZn]if0f u/L u}/sfi7

k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t hl8a'6L k|zf]wg pBf]usf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngtkm{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L


;+3;+:yfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . ufpFkflnsfdf hg;+Vofsf] rfk a9\b} uPsf] /

pGgt hftsf kz'x¿sf] t'ngfdf :yfgLo cg'Tkfbs kz'x¿sf] ;+Vof klg pRr /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL

cg'Tkfbs kz'x¿sf] clgolGqt rl/r/gsf] sf/0f /fli6«o / ;+/lIft jg If]qx¿ cToflws k|efljt

ePsf 5g\ k|fs[lts ?kaf6 k'g?Tkfbg x'g] u/]sf] kf]y|f kf]y|Lx¿ clgolGqt rl/r/gn] ljgfz eO/x]sf

5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] lbuf] pkof]uaf6 g} dfgj ;dfhsf] ;d'Ggt eljiosf] kl/sNkgf ug{

;lsG5 . hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ;+nUgtfdf jg ;+/If0fnfO{ ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmd, sa'lnotL jg

sfo{qmd / s[lif jg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ul/a, c;xfo, ckfË / dlxnf ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{kg]{

b]lvG5 . jgsf] x}l;otdf ;d]t ;'wf/ Nofpg ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿af6 x'g ;Sg] ;sf/fTds

sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L ;xeflutfTds ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmd cl3 a9fpg' cTofjZos

b]lvG5 .


v08 ( M ljsf; ;'rsf+s / ul/aLsf] l:ylt

(=! dfgj ljsf; ;'rssf] ljj/0f -HDI_

dfgjljsf; ;'rsn] tLgj6f s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] 5 . h;df cfDbfgL, lzIff / ;fk]lIft cfo'

5g\ . oL ltgj6} kl/;'rsnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L dfgj ljsf;sf] ;'rs lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . x/]s

b]z÷7fpFsf hgtfsf] :jf:Yo l:ylt, z}lIfs cj:yf, tyfhLjg :t/sf] cj:yf dfkg u/L :t/lgwf{/0f ug]{

k|of]hgsf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ljsf; sfo{qmd(UNDP)n] ljsf; u/]sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf k|lt

JolQm cfosf ;"rsx¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;"rsfÍ g} dfgjljsf; ;"rsfÍ xf] .UNDPg]kfnn] xfn} g]kfnsf ;a}

lhNnfx¿sf] dfgjljsf; ;"rsfÍsf] dfg ;d]l6Psf] g]kfndf gjljsf; k|ltj]bg, @)!$ ;fj{hlgs

u/]sf] 5 . of] k|ltj]bgcg';f/ bfªlhNnfsf] dfgjljsf; ;"rsfÍ )=$*% - g]kfnsf] )=$()_ /x]sf]

5 .cyf{t\ bfª lhNnfsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cf}ift eGbf sd b]lvG5 . dfgjljsf;

;"rsfÍsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] :yfg cf]u6\g ;kmn sf7df08f}+ lhNnfsf] dfgjljsf; ;"rsfÍ

)=^#@ /x]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f] :yfgdfnlntk'/ dfgjljsf; ;"rs )=^)! /x]sf] 5 . k'R5f/df /x]sf] afh'/f

lhNnfsf] dfgjljsf; ;"rsfÍs )=#^$ /x]sf] 5 . dfgjljsf; ;"rsfÍsfcjoj ;"rsx¿ x]g]{ xf]eg]

bfªlhNnfsf] x/]s JolQm afFRg] ck]lIftcf}iftcfo'(Life expectancy)^&=## jif{ / o;sf] ;"rs )=&)%,

k|f}9 ;fIf/tf b/(Adult literacy)^@=$! k|ltzt / o;sf] ;"rs )=^@$, lzIffcfh{gdfvr]{sf] cf}ift

;do(Mean years of schooling)#=*# jif{ / o;sf] ;"rs )=@%%tyfs'n /fli6«o k|ltJolQmcfo(Per

capital income) !,!@&cd]l/sL 8n/ / o;sf] ;"rs )=$)$ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .o;nfO{ tnsf] tflnsf

af6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= 42M dfgjljsf; ;'rssf] ljj/0f -HDI_

If]q :jf:Yo lzIff cfDbfgL dfgjljsf; ;'rs

;fk]lIftcfo' k|f}9 ;fIf/tf ljBfnohfg] dWodjif{ k|ltJolQmcfDbfgL -qmozlSt_ HofldtLo dWos

dfg ;'rs dfg ;'rs dfg ;'rs dfg ;'rs

g]kfn 68=80 0=730 59=57 0=596 3=90 0=260 1160 0=409 0=490

bfª 67=33 0=705 62=41 0=624 3=83 0=255 1,127 0=404 0=485

;|f]tM g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @)!$

(=@ dfgj u/LaL ;"rsf° (Human Poverty Index)

ck]lIft cf}ift cfo' $) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd ePsf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt, k|f}9 lg/If/tf,

;'/lIftvfg]kfgLgk'u]sf] hg;+vofsf] k|ltzttyfs'kf]lift % jif{ eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] k|ltzt

h:tf ;"rsx¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;"rsfÍsf] ?kdfljsf; ul/g] dfgj u/LaL ;"rsfÍsf] l:ylt x]bf{


bfªlhNnfdfgjljsf; ;"rsfÍsf] l:ylt vf;} /fd|f] cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvb}g . bfªlhNnfsf] dfgj u/LaL

;"rsfÍdfg #$=(@ -g]kfnsf] #!=!@_ /x]sf] 5 . of] ;"rsfÍsf] dfghltsdeof] Tolt /fd|f] dflgG5

lsgeg] of] ;"rsfÍgsf/fTds ;"rsx¿sf] k|of]u u/L lgsflnG5 . h:t}M k|f}9 lg/If/tf b/ . dfgj u/LaL

;"rsfÍsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbfdflyNnf] :yfgdfx'DnflhNnfsf] dfgj u/LaL ;"rsfÍ $(=@^ /x]sf] 5 eg]

k'R5f/df /x]sf] sf:sLlhNnfsf] dfgj u/LaL ;"rsfÍs !^=%) /x]sf] 5 . dfgj u/LaL ;"rsfÍsfcjoj

;"rsx¿dfbfªlhNnfsf] k|f}9 lg/If/tf b/(Adult illiteracy rate) #&=%(k|ltzt, $) jif{;Dd klg

afFRg ;Sg] ck]Iffgul/Psf] hg;+Vof(Percentage of people not expected to survive to age

40)&=(*k|ltzt, ;'/lIftvfg]kfgLgk'u]sf] hg;+Vof(Percentage without safe

water)$$=&@k|ltzttyf % jif{ d'lgsfs'kf]if0faf6 k|efljtafnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof(Percentage of

children under age five who are malnourished)#(=#)k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-;|f]t M g]kfndfgjljsf; k|ltj]bg ,@)!$,UNDP,NEPAL)

(=# dfgjljsf; / u/LaL

g]kfndf u/LaLsf] n3'If]q cg'dfg, @)^* cg';f/ bfªlhNnfGo'g ;d[l4 :t/ ePsf lhNnfx¿sf]

>]0fLdf kb{5 . &% lhNnfx¿ dWo] of] lhNnf #@cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 / u/LaLsf] b/ *=)! k|ltzt /x]sf]

5 . lhNnfdful/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] ;+Vof !,#&,@%% /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ul/aLsf] b/sf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf

dflyNnf] :yfg cf]u6\g ;kmn sf:sL lhNnfsf] ul/aLsf] b/ $ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] k'R5f/df /x]sf]

afh'/f lhNnfsf] u/LaLsf] b/ ^$=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf]

5 .

tflnsf g+= 43M u/LaLsf] b/sf] ljj/0f

ul/aLsf] :yfg ul/aLsf] b/ -k|ltzt_

ul/aLsf] ljifdtf -k|ltzt_

ul/aLsf] uxgtf -k|ltzt_

u/Lax¿sf] ;+Vof

32 25=05 -8=01_ 5=9-2=57_ 2=03 -1=07_ 137255

>f]t M s]Gb|LotYofÍ ljefu, ;g\ @)^*

d]/f] eGg' · 2018. 9. 27. · d]/f] eGg' s'g} klg ljsf;sf] dfu{ tof/ ug]{ of]hgfsf] ;xL 5gf]6...

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Transcript of d]/f] eGg' · 2018. 9. 27. · d]/f] eGg' s'g} klg ljsf;sf] dfu{ tof/ ug]{ of]hgfsf] ;xL 5gf]6...