,ay; 3

gpw ,yf;fpa';fspy; cstpay;

ey;ynjhh; ,yf;F nehf;fp ,ak;g[jy; ,yf;fpak; vd;gh; ,yf;fpaj;

jpwdha;thsh;. ,yf;F vd;w brhy;Yf;Ff; ‘Fwp’ my;yJ ‘Fwpf;nfhs;’

vd;gd bghUshFk;. tpy;ypny mk;gpid itj;J va;jpg; gHFk; kf;fs;

j';fSf;F Kd;dhy; ,yf;Fkuk; xd;iw ehl;o ,Ug;gh;. mk;kuj;jpy;

mirahf; Fwp/ mira[k; Fwp vd;W ,uz;lidg; bghUj;jp itj;jpUg;gh;.

gapw;rp bgWgth; ,yf;F kuj;jpYs;s mf;Fwpia va;jp tPH;j;j ntz;Lk;.

,Utiff; Fwpiag; bgw;Ws;s me;j kuj;jpw;F ,yf;F kuk; vd;W bgah;.

,jid/

njhy;/ Jitj;jk;gpw; Wisnjhd;Wt

epiyf;bfhuh ,yf;fk; nghd;wd1

vd;Dk; g[wehD]w;Wg; ghlw;gFjpahy; mwpayhk;.

,yf;fk; - FwpapDila kuk; vd;gijg; nghy/ ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ

Fwpf;nfhSilaJ. cyfeil Kiwapy; vy;yhr; braYf;Fk; xU

Fwpf;nfhs; ,Ug;gijg; nghd;nw ,yf;fpa MrphpaDf;Fk; xU

Fwpf;nfhs; cz;L. ,yf;fpa';fs; njhd;wpa fhy';fspd; NHYf;F

Vw;gnt mtw;wpd; Fwpf;nfhs;fSk;/ czh;j;Jk; fUj;JfSk;

khWgLfpd;wd.

v~J ,yf;fpak;?

‘E]y;’ vd;gjw;Fg; bghUs; Twte;j bjhy;fhg;gpah;/

E]y; vdg;gLtJ EtYk; fhiy

KjYk; Kot[k; khWnfhs; ,d;wp

bjhifapDk; tifapDk; bghUz;ik fhl;o

1 g[wk;./ 4.

114

cs; epd;W mfd;w ciubahL g[zh;e;J

Ez;zpjpd; tpsf;fy; mJ mjd; gz;ng2

vd tpsf;fk; jUfpwhh;. vLj;Jf; bfhz;l bghUspd; KjYk; Kot[k;

‘khW bfhs;sy;’ ,d;wp/ vz;zpa bghUisj; bjhif/ tif vd;w

,UtifahDk; fhl;o/ mjd; mfj;nj epd;W tphpe;j ciunahL ,ize;j

,iag[ilajhfp El;gkhf tpsf;Fjy; E]ypd; gz;ghFk; vd;fpwhh;.

kdk; nghdthW ,a';Fk; cyfkf;fspd; cs;sj;ij khw;wp

ed;bdwpapy; brYj;Jtjw;F mwp"h; gyh; my;Yk; gfYkha;

ciHj;jiyg; ghh;f;fpnwhk;. mth; nghd;nw mtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l

,yf;fpaKk; ehl;ow;F btFfhyk; epd;W gad; jUfpwJ. czh;r;rp

totkhd mt;tpyf;fpa';fs; fw;fg;gl;L m';nf Twg;gl;l cah;bewpfs;

kf;fs; fUj;jpnyna epiyahfj; j';fp tpLjyhy; mf;fUj;njhL Toa

kdk; mth;fis ed;bdwpf;F miHj;Jr; bry;fpd;wJ. ,f;fhuzj;jpdhy;

czh;r;rpiaj; J]z;o tpl;L kf;fis ed;bdwpf;F miHj;Jr; bry;Yk;

jdpg;ghly;fnsh/ fhtpankh/ ehlfnkh/ ciueilnah vJthf

,Ug;gpDk; mtw;iw ,aw;wpa Mrphpad; ehl;ow;F ed;ik bra;gtUs;

rpwe;jtdhff; fUjg;gLfpd;whd;.

“,yf;fpaj;ijj; bjhy;fhg;gpak; motiuaiwa[s;s ghl;lhd

ahg;g[/ motiuaiwapy;yhjitahd ciu/ E]y;/ tha;bkhHp/ gprp/

m';fjk;/ KJbrhy; vd;gitfisa[k; nrh;j;J bkhj;jk; VGtiffshff;

TWfpwJ.”3

Vl;oy; vGjg;bgwhky; kf;fs; tha;bkhHpahfnt tH';fpf;

bfhz;oUf;Fk; ,yf;fpa';fSk; cs;sd. “ciu ghl;ow;Fg; gad;gl;Lk;/

tha;bkhHp ,yf;fpakhf te;Jk; ,U epiyia cilajhf cs;sJ. gprp

vd;gJ kf;fSf;Fs; tha;bkhHpahfnt tH';fptUk; tpLfijahFk;.

2 bjhy;. bghUs;. bra;a[s;/ E].159.

3 nkyJ./ E].74/ 75.

115

,jid kf;fs; ‘bto’ vd;W tH';Fth;. tpLjy; vd;Dk; brhy; bto vd

kUtp tH';Ffpd;wJ. KJbkhHpiaj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; ‘VJ Ejypa

KJbkhHp’ vd;W TWfpd;whh;. KJbkhHp vd;gJk; gHbkhHp vd;gJk;

xnu bghUSilad. kf;fs; j';fSf;Fs; ciuahly; epfH;j;Jk; bghGJ/

jk; Tw;iw typa[Wj;Jtjw;nf ,jidf; TWth;. ,k;KJbkhHp

VJg;bghUisf; fUjp vGtjhy; VJ Ejypa KJbkhHp vd;gh;.

ke;jpukhdJ/ kiwbkhHp/ tha;bkhHp vd;Dk; bgah;fisg; bgw;W

tH';FfpwJ. tha;bkhHp vd;Dk; bgahpidf; fUjpd; ,~J Vl;oy;

vGjg;glhky; tha;bkhHpahfnt tH';fpd vd;gJk;/ kiwbkhHp

vd;Dk; bgahpidf; fUjpg; gpwh;f;Fg; g[yg;glhky; kiwthf

tH';Ftbjd;gJ tps';Fk;. Fwpg;g[ vd;gJ xUtiur; rgpf;fpw jP';F

bkhHpahFk;. ,jid m';fjk; vd;gh;.4 ,t;thW ciu/ gprp/ KJbkhHp/

ke;jpuk;/ Fwpg;g[ vd;gdtw;wpw;F tpsf;fk; jUth;.

tha;bkhHp ,yf;fpa tiffSs; xd;W bgz;fs; ghLk; xg;ghhpr;

bra;a[s;. mr;bra;a[is mth;fs; ,U tifahfg; gphpj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.

xd;W mGtjw;fhfg;ghLtJ. kw;bwhd;W khh;gpy; moj;Jf;

bfhs;tjw;fhfg; ghLtJ.

rpl;Lf;F Utpfns!

v';f/ rPijjhd;/ E]ypHf;f

c';f nridf;Fr; rk;kjnkh?5

,g;ghl;L jhypaWg;gpd; nghJ ghLtJ. rpl;Lf;FUtpfis tpspj;J

‘v';fs; rPij nghd;w ,ts;/ ,d;W jhypaWf;f c';fs;

Tl;lj;jpw;bfy;yhk; rk;kjk; jhdh?’ vd;W nfl;fpd;wdh;.

,g;ghlypy; “rpl;Lf;FUtpfns” vd;Dk; bjhliu

bghUSf;fpiaag; gphpf;fhky;/ jhsj;jpw;fpiaag; gphpj;Js;sdh;.

,g;ghl;L J]';fnyhiriag; bgw;W elf;fpwJ. neha; gw;wp vGe;J

4 rp.ghyRg;gpukzpad;/ bjhy;fhg;gpaf; fl;Liufs;/ g.47.

5 nkyJ./ g.52.

116

mGifr; Ritia Kd;dpiyg;gLj;JfpwJ. fy;tpawptpy;yhg;

bgz;fshy; ghlg;gLk; ,g;ghl;Lfs;/ Kiwahd ,yf;fz

mikg;nghL bghUe;jpg; nghFk; epiyapy; mike;jpUg;gJ

tpag;gspg;gjha; cs;sJ.

,yf;fpaKk;/ cstpaYk;

“gue;Jgl;l mwpt[j;Jiwahf ,Uf;Fk; cstpay;/ kdpjdpd;

elj;ij gw;wpa El;g';fis tpsf;FtJ vd;W kpfr; RUf;fkhfr;

brhy;yyhk;. ,e;j cstpay; elj;ij El;g';fSf;Fk;/ ,yf;fpag;

bghUSf;Fk; bjhlh;g[ ,y;yhky; ,y;iy. Vbdd;why; ,yf;fpaKk;/

mwptpaYk; Tl kdpj cs;sj;jpy; ,Ue;Jjhd; njhd;WfpwJ. cstpanyh

kdpjdpd; cs;elj;ij Kiwikfis Muha;tJ. vdnt/ cstpay;

,yf;fpa Ma;tpy; ,ay;ghfnt gad;gl Koa[k;”6 vd;fpwhh; g[fH;bgw;w

cstpay; mwp"h; rp.#p.a[';.

jdpkdpjh;fspd; bjhFjpahf cs;sJ rKjhak;. kdpj rKjhaj;ij

mog;gilahff; bfhz;L njhd;Wgitna ,yf;fpa';fs;.

,t;tpyf;fpa';fspy; kdpj kd';fspd; btspg;ghLfs; kpFjpahFk;.

jdpkdpjd; r_ff;fyg;gpy; xd;WgLk;nghJ KGikahd kdpjj;jd;ik

bgWfpwhd;. mtnd cly;/ csf;nfhshWfSf;F MshFk;nghJ bewp

gpwH;e;jtdhfpwhd; vd;gijg; gy gilg;g[fs; czh;j;jp epw;fpd;wd.

kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thH;tpy; tsk; bgwyhk;. cseynk

cz;ikahd eyk; vd;gijna ,t;tpyf;fpa';fs; Twhky; Twp

epw;fpd;wd. vdnt/ ,t;tpaypy;/ ,yf;fpa';fspy; cstpay; TWfs;

btspg;gl;oUg;gij/

6 It is obvious enough that, psychology, being the study of psychic process,

can be brought to bear upon The Study of Literature, for the human psyche is the womb of all the sciences and artd. (Bibiligraphy: C.G. Jung, Chapter on “Psychology and Literature”, 20th Century Literary Criticism (Ed by David Lodge). p.175.

117

1. r';f ,yf;fpag; ghly;fspy; cstpay;

2. jpUf;Fwspy; cstpay;

3. gf;jp ,yf;fpa';fspy; cstpay;

4. ghujpapd; fw;gidapy; cstpay;

5. ituKj;Jtpd; ‘fUthr;rp fhtpaj;jpy;’ cstpay;

6. eifr;Ritj; JQf;Ffspy; cstpay;

vdg; gFj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

r';f ,yf;fpa';fspy; cstpay;

cseyk;

“eykhd thH;f;iff;F cly;eyk;/ cseyk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk;

,d;wpaikahjit MFk;. ,it ,uz;Lnk fy;tpapd; ,Wjpf;

Fwpf;nfhs;fs; MFk; vd;W TWtJ kpifahfhJ”7 vd;gh; csE]ywp"h;.

cseyk; vd;gijr; rpwe;j bghUj;jg;ghL/ kdepiwt[/ kdbtGr;rp

Kjph;r;rp vdg; gy bgah;fspl;L cstpayhh; Fwpg;gJz;L. cseyk;

(Mental Health) Fwpj;J Ma;tJ ,d;iwa epiyf;F kl;Lkd;wp/ vd;Wnk

gad; jUtjhFk;. cseyk; vd;gjw;fhd tpsf;fj;jpid cstpay; ty;yhh;

fPH;tUkhW ciuf;fpd;wdh;.

“cseyKs;s epiy vd;gJ/

1. xU thH;f;if Kiwiaf; Fwpg;gJ MFk;.

2. thH;f;ifapy; njhd;Wk; khw;wKoahj cz;ik epiyfis

(Realities) Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sk; kdg;ghd;ik MFk;.

3. gpur;rpidfisf; fz;L Xo Xspahky; jPh;t[ fhz KaYk;

kdg;ghd;ik MFk;”8

7 v!;.re;jhdk;/ fy;tp cstpay;/ g.514.

8 nkyJ./ g.515.

118

brtp mwpt[W]c vd;gJ xUth;f;Ff; nfs;tp mwpt[ cz;lhFkhW

Twp thH;j;jy;. brtpa[iw vd;gJ bghpnahhplj;nj ml';fp xGf

ntz;Lk; vd;gij czh;j;jpdhYk; Xh; murd; jd; Fokf;fsplj;nj ele;J

bfhs;s ntz;oa Kiwiaa[k; TWfpd;wJ. brtpa[iwg; bghUis

vy;yh ,yf;fpa';fspypUe;J Xhplj;nj bjhFj;Jg; goj;jhy;/ ehl;il

Ms;nthh; ele;Jbfhs;s ntz;oa Kiwbay;yhk; cstpay;

cz;ikfshf btspg;gl;oUg;gij mwpayhk;.

ghz;oa kd;dUs; xUtd; mwpt[il ek;gp. ,td; fy;tpawpt[k;/

ew;FzKk; cilatd;. ftpghLk; g[fH;r;rpf;Fhpatd;. gprpuhe;ijahh;/

,k;kd;ddplk; thpth';Ftjpy; Fiw ,Ug;gij czh;e;jhh;.

Fokf;fsplkpUe;J thpth';Fk; Kiwia fPH;f;fz;l ghlypd; _yk;

czh;j;jpdhh;. ,jidf; nfl;lgpd; kd;dd; thpth';Fk; Kiwia

khWjy; bra;J xG';FgLj;jpdhd;.

fha;bey; mWj;Jf; fts'; bfhspnd

khepiwt[ ,y;yJk; gd;ehl;F MFk;

E]WbrW MapDk; jkpj;Jg;g[f;F czpnd

tha;g[F tjdpDk; fhy;bghpJ bfLf;Fk;

mwpt[il nte;jd; bewpawpe;J bfhspnd

nfho ahj;J ehLbghpJ ee;Jk;

bky;ypad; fpHtd; Mfp itfYk;

thpir mwpahf; fy;byd; Rw;wbkhL

ghpt[jg vLf;Fk; gpz;lk; er;rpd;

ahid g[f;f g[yk;nghyj;

jhDk; cz;zhd; cyfKk; bfLnk9

vd;w ghly; tHp/ “xU kh vd;Dk; msit tplf; Fiwe;j

epynkahapDk;/ tpise;j bey;iyf; bfhz;L te;J ahidf;Ff;

ftskhf;fpf; bfhLf;fg; bgw;why;/ mJ ahidf;Fg; gy ehl;fSf;F

czthf MFk;. E]W bra; mst[ila bghpa epykhapDk; mjDs;

9 g[wk;./ 184.

119

ahid jhnd jdpaha;g; g[Fe;J cz;zj; bjhl';fpdhy;/ me;j ahidapd;

thapdhy; cz;Qk; bey;iyf; fhl;oYk; gd;kl';F mjpfkhd bey;iy

mjd; fhy; kpjpj;Jf; bfLj;JtpLk;. mt;thnw mwpt[ila kd;dd; xUtd;

Fokf;fsplkpUe;J thp th';Fk; bewpia mwpe;J th';Fthdhdhy;/

mtDila ehl;oy; thGk; Fokf;fs; mtDf;Ff; nfhof;fzf;fhd

bghUisj; je;J jh';fSk; kpFjpahfj; jiHg;gh;. kd;dd; me;bewpia

mwpa[k; mwptw;wtdhfp ehs;njhWk; jFjp mwpahjtUk;/ cWjp

TwhjtUkhd/ kd;dd; tpUk;gpaijna tpUk;gpg; ngRk; ,ay;g[ila

Muthuk; cila mikr;rh;fSld; To/ kf;fs; kd;ddplk; bfhz;l

md;g[ bfLk;go/ th';Fk; thpia tpUk;g[thdhapd;/ me;j ahid g[Fe;j

tpisepyj;ijg; nghyj; jhDk; cz;zg;bgwhd;; cyfKk; mHpa[k;” vd;w

fUj;ij typa[Wj;Jfpwhh;.

vy;yh ,l';fspYk; kdpjd; FGthfr; bray;gLtijg;

ghh;f;fpnwhk;. kw;w kdpjh;fSld; nrh;e;J thH;jy; vd;gJ kdpjdplk;

,aw;ifahf mike;Js;sJ. “jdpkdpjd; gpwUld; nrh;e;J xU FGthfr;

braw;gLk;nghJ mtDila elj;ij Kiw khWfpwJ.”10 r_fkhf

thH;tbjd;gJ kdpjdplk; kl;Lkd;wp tpy';Ffspilnaa[k;

fhzg;gLfpwJ/ kdpjDf;F kdpjd; r_fj;jpy; bjhlh;g[ bfhs;tjw;F

iriffs;/ Kfj; njhw;w';fs;/ rphpg;g[/ brhw;fs; nghd;wit

njitg;gLfpd;wd.

cstpaypd; go ‘FG’ vd;gJ xj;j nehf;fj;ijf; bfhz;ljhf

,Ug;gJk;/ xj;j kdg;ghd;ika[ilajhf ,Ug;gpDk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

,e;j cstpay; cz;ikiana/ gprpuhe;ijahh; ,g;ghlypd;

moehjkhff; bfhz;L ghoa[s;shh;. kd;dd; cz;ik epiyia czu/

mtUila fUj;Jf;fns Mjhukhf tps';fpd.

10 v!;.re;jhdk;/ fy;tp cstpay;/ g.522.

120

cseyk; cs;std; vd;gtd;/

1. thH;tpy; mikjpa[k;/ Mde;jKk; bgw;W thH;fpwhd;.

2. csg;nghuhl;l';fs; mtidg; ghjpg;gJ ,y;iy.

3. jdJ jpwd;fisa[k;/ FiwghLfisa[k; czh;e;J

bray;gLfpwhd;.

4. NH;epiya[ld; bghUe;jpr; bray;gLfpwhd;.

5. gpwUld; xj;JiHj;J ez;gh;fisg; bgWfpwhd;.

6. thH;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;ij cUthf;fpf; bfhz;L mjd;

Fwpf;nfhs;fSf;F Vw;gr; bray;gLfpwhd;.11

vd;w cstpay; tpsf;fj;jpw;nfhh; vLj;Jf;fhl;lha;g; g[ythpd; ghly;

mike;Js;sJ.

cz;ik epiyia Vw;wy;/ gpur;ridfis vjph; nehf;fy; Mfpa

rpwe;j cstpay; bghUj;jg;ghLfs; kd;ddpd; tHpa[k;/ NHYld;

bghUe;jpr; bray;gly;/ Fwpf;nfhs;fSf;F Vw;gr; braw;gly; Mfpa

cstpay; Fwpj;j cz;ikfs; g[ythpd; tHpa[k; btspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

FWe;bjhif fhl;Lk; cstpay; TWfs;

Kl;L ntd;bfhy; jhf;Fntd;bfhy;

Xnud;/ ahDk; Xh; bgw;wp nkypl;L/

‘Mm! Xy;’ vdf; Tt[ntd; bfhy;

mykuy; mirtsp miyg;g/ vd;

cat[ neha; mwpahJ J";Rk; Ch;f;nf12

vd;w xsitahhpd; ghly; tiutpil Mw;whsha;f; ftd;w njhHpf;Ff;

fpHj;jp ciuj;jJ vDk; Jiwapy; mike;jJ.

“RHYjiya[ila mire;J tUfpd;w bjd;wy; fhw;W tUj;j/ vdJ

tUj;Jfpd;w fhknehahfpa Jd;gj;ij czh;e;J bfhs;shky;/

11 v!;.re;jhdk;/ fy;tp cstpay;/ g.515.

12 FWe;./ gh.28.

121

ftiyapd;wpj; J]';Fk; Chpy; cs;shUf;fhf/ ahd; Rth; Kjypatw;wpy;

Kl;of; bfhs;ntndh? nfhy; Kjypa fUtpfshy; jhf;fpf;

bfhs;ntndh? VjhtJ xU fhuzj;jpd; bghUl;L ‘M X’ vd;Wk; ‘xy;’

vd;Wk; xypa[z;lhf/ cuj;Jf; TtpLntndh? ,d;dJ bra;ntd; vd;gij

mwpnad;” vd;fpwhs; jiytp. jd;Dila Jd;g[Wj;Jk; fhknehia

mwpahky; jhahh; Kjypnahh; cw';Ftjhy; Mw;whik kpFe;Js;s

epiyiaj; jiytp ,jd;tHp vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whs;.

ghYzh;t[ caphpdj;jpd; mog;gil ,ay;g[zh;r;rpfSs; xd;W.

caph;fspd; ,dg;bgUf;fj;jpw;Fk;/ guhkhpg;g[f;Fk; ,Jnt mr;rhzpahf

mikfpwJ.

ek; gz;ghl;L elj;ijfspy; Mz;/ bgz; ,Ughyh;f;Fk;

mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghypay; g';F epiy kpf ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. xU

FLk;gj;jpy;/ brhj;Jhpika[ila my;yJ rk;ghjpf;Fk; MltDf;Fg;

ghYwt[r; Rje;jpuk; mjpfk;. FLk;gg;bgz; vd;gts; fztd; vj;jifa

xGf;ff; nfLs;stdhf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mts; mijg; gw;wpg; ngRtJ Tl

jtbwdg;gl;lJ. Mz; Kjd;ik/ MQf;fhfnt bgz; vd;gJ nghd;w

epiyfspy;/ flyd;d fhkk; ,Ug;gpDk; mijg; gw;wp btspg;gLj;jhky;

,Ug;gnj fw;g[il kfspUf;F mHF vd;W typa[Wj;jg;gl;lJ.

bgz; mjpfkhfg; ngRjy; TlhJ/ xUtDf;fhfnt xUj;jp

,Jnghd;w giHa r_f kug[fis cilf;fpd;wd rpy cstpay;

cz;ikfs;. mjw;F Kj;jha;g;ghf mike;jJ ,r;r';fg; ghly; vdyhk;.

Mizg; nghynt bgz;Qk; xU kdpjg;gpwtp vd;w epiyapy; r_fj;jpd;

rpwe;j kjpg;g[fis/ r_fg; g';F epiyfisg; bgz;Qf;F tH';ff; Toa

bgz;zpiy kjpg;g[ gw;wpa[k; ehk; czu ntz;Lk;.

gpuha;od; fUj;Jg;go/ kdpjh;fspd; cs;shh;e;j csr;rf;jpfs;

vd;git mog;gilapy; ,uz;nl ,uz;L. 1. ghy;ntl;if (libido) 2.

122

_h;f;fk; (Mortido) ,e;j ,uz;Lnk rpWFHe;ijg; gUte;bjhl';fp jdp

kdpjhplk; gy;ntW tifapYk; btspaPL bgWjiy nehf;fp

Kidfpd;wd. FHe;ij tsUk; fhyf;fl;l';fspy;/ clypd; gy;ntW

ika';fs; rhh;e;J ghy; ntl;ifahdJ vt;thW epiwt[ bra;ag;gl;L

kfpH;r;rpf;Fhpajhfp tsh;Kfk; bgWfpwJ vd;gijg; gpuha;L

tpsf;Ffpwhh;.

Ie;J fl;l';fshf ,jidg; gpuha;L tpsf;Ffpwhh;. ,e;j

Kiwikia cs-ghypay; tsh;r;rpKfk; (Phychosexual development)

vd;ghh;. Kjyhtjhf/ ghy;Fof;fl;lj;jpy; (oral Phase) cjL-tha; _yk;

rg;g[tjhy; ,e;j kfpH;epiwt[ bra;jy; epfH;fpwJ. ghypay; vd;gJ

gpuha;ilg; bgWj;jtiu btWk; Mz;-bgz; nrh;f;if vd;gJ

bghUsy;y. cly;rhh; ,d;g';fs; midj;JkhFk;. gpwe;J 1½ Mz;L

fhyk; tiu ,e;jf;fl;lk; bry;Yk;.

,uz;lhtJ/ rpWePh; kyf;fHpt[f; fl;lj;jpy; (anal Phase) (1½ taJ

Kjy; 3 taJ tiu) fHpt[fis btspapLk; cly; bray;fs; _yk; epiwt[

fpilf;fpwJ. _d;whtJ Fwpnehf;Ff; fl;lj;jpy; (Phallic Phase) (_d;W

taJ Kjy; VG taJ tiu) cly; g[wj;jpYs;s ghy; cWg;g[fisg;

ghh;j;Jj; bjhl;Lg; gHFtjd; _yk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

mLj;j kiwtff; fl;lj;jpy; (Latency Phase) jhd; (7 taJ Kjy; 12

taJ tiu) ghy;ntl;if cs;bshLf;fg;gLfpwJ. cyif mwpe;J

bfhs;tJ/ r_fr; NHYf;nfw;gj; jd;id khw;wpf; bfhs;tJ vd;gJ

tYthf epfH;fpwJ. 12 tajpw;Fg; gpwF 18 taJ tiu cs;s fl;lj;ij

g[zh;Fwpf;fl;lk; (Genital Phase) vd;ghh;. ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; bghJthf/

,ay;ghd (Normal) ghypay; elj;ij (Sexual Behaviour) Vw;gl;L

tpLfpwJ.

123

,e;j Ie;Jfl;l tsh;r;rpg; nghf;fpy; VjhtJ xU fl;lj;jpy;

czh;tjph;r;rp (Traumatized) Vw;gl;lhy;/ me;jf; fl;lj;jpy; FHe;ij

kdj;jpy; ,WFjilepiy my;yJ epiyFj;jy; (Fixation) cUthfp

ciwe;J tpLfpwJ. ,J vg;nghJk; MHkhf ciwe;J bfhs;fpwJ.

gpd;dhspy; FHe;ij tsh;e;J bghpath;fshd gpd;/ kd mGj;j';fs;

(Stress) Vw;gLk;nghJ/ Kd;dh; ,Wfpj;jil epiya[w;w fl;lj;jpw;F

kdkhdJ gpd;dilt[ bgWk; nghf;F cUthfp tpLfpwJ.”13 FHe;ijg;

gUtj;jpnyna/ MQk; bgz;Qk; rkkhf kjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

bgz;Qf;fhd chpikfs; kWf;fg;gLfpd;wd. kug[ ePjpahd ghypay;

xLf;fy;/ Mz; vd;w Kjd;ik epiy tHpahfg; bgz;izj; Jd;gj;Jf;F

Mshf;FfpwJ.

cstpayhh; Tw;Wg;go/ “Mf;fpukpg;g[ kdg;ghd;ik Mz;fspy;

cs;shh;e;jjhff; (Innate) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ ghYzh;r;rpiag; nghy;

rf;jp tha;e;j ce;Jjyhft[k; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.”14

jpUkzk; vd;gJ jdpg;gl;nlhhpd; cly; gw;wpaJk;/ cs;sk;

gw;wpaJk;/ Md;kPf cwt[ gw;wpaJkhd Kjph;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk; r_fr;

rhd;whFk;. m~J xU Fwpg;gpl;l neuj;jpy; Xh; Mltid/ fztd; -

je;ijbad;Wk;/ xU bgz;iz kidtp - jhbad;Wk; khw;WfpwJ.

,e;epiyapy; mJ mth;fSf;Fr; r_fj;jpy; Xh; cahpa epiyiaa[k;/

flikfisa[k;/ chpikfisa[k; bgw;Wj; jUfpwJ.

Mz; nghynt bgz;Qk; kdpj kjpg;g[f;Fhpa rkkhd

thH;epiyfs; bgWtjw;fhd g[jpa gz;ghl;L kjpg;g[fs; cUthf

ntz;Lk;. FLk;gk; vd;gJ fUj;jhy;/ brayhy; khWgl;lth;fs; Tl

xUtUf;bfhUth; tpl;Lf; bfhLj;J/ xj;jpire;J thH;tjpy;jhd;

rpwg;g[WfpwJ. ,d;gj;ijg; gfph;e;J bfhs;tij tplj; Jd;gj;jpy; Jiz

13 J.rPdpr;rhkp/ jkpH;ehty;fspy; csr;rpj;jhpg;g[/ g.23.

14 Manocha, B.L., Marriage Conflicts causes and Curses, p.14.

124

epw;f ntz;oaJ Mz;/ bgz; Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; ,Uf;f ntz;oa r_fg;

bghWg;ghFk;.

brk;g[yg; bgay; ePh;nghy

md;g[il be";rk; jh';fye;jdnt15

vd xw;Wika[zh;t[ld; kd';fs; ,iza[khapd; ,y;ywk; ey;ywkhFk;.

jpUf;Fwspy; cstpay;

,d;gj;ij tpUk;gp Vw;wYk;/ Jd;gj;ijj; jtph;j;jYk; kdpj kd

,ay;g[fspd; mog;gil vd;ghh; cstpayhh;. ,r;bra;jpna ts;Stuhy;/

ed;wh';fhy; ey;ythf; fhz;gth; md;wh';fhy;

my;yw; gLt bjtd;16

vd;w Fws; tHp/ “ed;ik tpisa[k;nghJ ey;yit vdf; fUjp

kfpH;fpd;wth;/ jPik tpisa[k; nghJ Jd;gg;gl;Lf; fy';FtJ Vd;?”

vd;W vs;sy; bjhdpapy; tpdtg;gLfpd;wJ.

Jd;gj;ijj; jtph;f;fnt vy;yh kdKk; tpiHfpwJ vd;whYk;

,Hg;g[/ neha;/ gphpt[ vd;W Vnjh xU totpy; vjph;kiw mDgt';fs;

thH;tpy; Vw;gl;Lf; bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd.

midj;J mDgt';fisa[k; thH;tpd; gFjpfsha; Vw;Fk;

kdKilnahh; kpf tpiuthf ,lh;fisf; fisa Koa[k;. mg;gf;Ftk;

tha;f;fg; bgwhnjhh;/ Fwpg;gha;g; gpwtp Cdk;/ neha; my;yJ tpgj;jpy;

cWg;g[ ,Hj;jy;/ ghYwt[ fpl;lhik/ mjw;fhd tha;g;g[ kWf;fg;gLjy;

nghd;w MH;e;j fhuz';fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;nlhh; Jah; bghWf;f

Koahky; tUe;Jfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; kdk; jd;dpuf;fk; bfhs;fpwJ.

njhy;tp czh;t[f;F Ml;gLfpwJ.

15 FWe;./ gh.40.

16 Fws;. 379.

125

njhy;tp czh;thy; Vw;gLk; mGj;jj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; bfhs;s

kdk; jd;id mwpahkny Kay;fpwJ. mk;Kaw;rpfis kdj;jpd; jw;fhg;g[

Kaw;rpfs; vd;W Kjd;Kjyha; ,dk; fz;L ciuj;jth; rpf;kz;l;

gpuha;L. mth; rpe;jidia mobahw;wp/ gpd;te;njhh; mtw;iw ,d;dKk;

tphpt[ gLj;jpdh;.

czh;r;rpfSf;Fk;/ njhYf;Fk; cs;s beU';fp bjhlh;ig/

mLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gsp';Fnghy; be";rk;

fLj;jJ fhl;Lk; Kfk;17

vd;fpwhh; ts;Sth;.

fz;izg; nghynt/ njhYk; czh;r;rpfis btspf;fhl;Lk;

cWg;ghFk;. xUtUila kd eyj;ij my;yJ eykpd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk;

fz;zhoahfj; njhy; tps';FfpwJ. rpdj;jhy; Kfk; rptj;jYk;/ gaj;jhy;

Kfk; btSj;jYk;/ gjl;lj;jhy; Kfk; tpah;j;jYk; vy;nyhUk; mwpe;j

xd;W.

“typ czh;t[/ bjhL czh;t[/ btg;g czh;t[ nghd;wtw;iw mwpa

cjt[k; bky;ypa euk;g[fshy; njhy; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;

kdj;ija[k;/ cliya[k; ,izf;Fk; ghykhf mJ bray;gLfpwJ.

Ahh;nyh (Harlow) kw;Wk; bgsy;gp (Bowlpy) Kjypa Muha;r;rpahsh;fs;

kd/ cly; tsh;r;rpf;F FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpnyna bjhL czh;r;rpa[k;/

mutizg;g[k; vt;tst[ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit vd;gij

ep%gpj;Js;sdh;. b\dhd; (Shanon) vDk; njhy; kUj;Jt epg[zh;

,uz;lhtJ cyfg;nghhpy; Apl;yuhy; milj;J itf;fg;gl;L

tpLjiyahd ifjpfis (Concentration camp) Muha;e;jhh;. czh;r;rpg;

nghuhl;l';fSf;F mth;fs; Mshdjhy; mth;fspy; 33 rjtPjk; ngUf;Fj;

njhy; tpahjpfs; cz;lhapd vd mwptpj;Js;shh;.”18

17 Fws;. 706.

18 jp.b#auhkfpU\;zd;/ g[.b#ar;re;jpud;/ czh;r;rpfs; cUthf;Fk; cly; neha;fs;/ g.218.

126

kdpjdpd; r_f elj;ijfs; ,ay;ghfnt cUthdit my;y.

mit fw;fg;gLfpd;wd. Rw;Wg;g[wr; NH;epiy/ mr;NH;epiy bfhLf;Fk;

fz;nzhl;lk;/ mjdhy; kdpjdplk; Vw;gLk; vjph; tpist[fs;

Kjypatw;iwg; bghWj;nj ,e;elj;ijfs; cUthfpd;wd. (Learning

Theory).

,t;thW FLk;gk; r_fj;jpypUe;J kw;w elj;ijfs; r_f

eilKiwf;Fg; bghUj;jkhd gHf;f';fshf kdpjdhy; khw;wpf;

bfhs;sg;gLtnj tskhd rKjhaj;jpw;fhd mog;gil vdyhk;.

gf;jp ,yf;fpa';fspy; cstpay;

jkpHpy; kpFe;j rpwg;g[ bgw;w ,yf;fpa';fshfg; gf;jp ,yf;fpa';fs;

,Ug;gjhy; jkpiHg; ‘gf;jpapd; bkhHp’ vd;gh;. ghku kf;fSk;

filg;gpof;f Vw;wjhf cs;s gf;jp bewpia ,t;tpyf;fpa';fs;

fhl;LtjhYk;/ ehl;Lg;g[w kf;fspd; gHf;f tHf;f';fis xl;oa ,yf;fpa

tot';fis cUthf;fpg; gho ,Ug;gjhYk;/ ,t;tpyf;fpa';fs; kf;fis

tpiutpy; fth;e;jpUf;fpd;wd.

,t;tpyf;fpa';fspy; MH;thh;fSk;/ ehad;khh;fSk; j';fs; gf;jp

mDgt';fspd; _yk; fpilj;j xg;g[ah;tw;w fUj;Jfis

vLj;Jiuj;Js;sdh;. ,it kf;fs; kdj;ijr; brk;ikg;gLj;jt[k;

cjtpapUf;fpd;wd.

Ik;g[yd;fisa[k; kdk; mlf;fp MSk;nghJ kdj;jpd; bjspt[

bgw;w gf;Ftepiy/ chpa neur; bray;ghL Mfpad btspg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;gf;Ft epiyapny jhd; gf;jp ,yf;fpag; gilg;g[fs;

mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. mit moath;fspd; mst[ fle;j gf;jp czh;it

cstpay; TWfshf btspg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;wd.

127

MH;thh;fs; ,iwtDila Fz';fspy; MH;e;J jk;ik mwnt

kwe;J mtd; md;gpny MH;e;jjhy; MH;thh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;. mth;fSs;

ngahH;thh;/ “ngadha; xHpe;njd; vk;gpuhDf;nf’ vDk;go ghftj

mDgt mjpraj;jhy;/ ‘mGtd;/ bjhGtd;/ Mof; fhz;gd;/ ghoay;

cw;wtd;’ vd;Wk;/ ‘fhyhGk; be";rhPa[k; fz;RHYk;’ vd;Wk; brhy;Yk;

tz;zk; kw;w MH;thh;fisf; fhl;oYk; gf;jp kpf;fth;”19 vd;ghh;.

mth;jk; ghlypy;/

ePad;nw ePnuw;W cyfko ase;jha;

ePad;nw epd;W epiunka;j;jha; - ePad;nw

khth a[uk;gpse;J kukUjp D]L ngha;

njthRuk; bghUjha; brw;W20

vd;W gho ,iwtidg; g[fH;fpwhh;. “khtypaplk; ahrfdha;r; brd;W

ePnuw;W cyf';fisj; jpUtoahy; mse;jtd; ePad;nwh? ghJfhg;gjpy;

epiyj;J epd;W gRf;Tl;l';fis nka;j;jtDk; ePad;nwh? Fjpiu

totpy; te;j mRuDila thapd; typikia xHpj;jtDk; ePad;nwh?

bghpa ,ul;il kUj ku';fspilna jtH;e;J/ Khpj;Jj; js;spatDk;

ePad;nwh? njt mRug; nghhpny/ muf;fiu mHpj;Jg; nghh; bra;jtDk;

ePad;nwh?” vd;W ,iwtnd cyfbk';Fk; epiwe;jpUg;gij MH;thh;

Rl;Lfpwhh;.

cstpayhh; Tw;Wg;go/ “xU jdp kdpjd; fhy';fhykhf kug[tHp

rhh;e;J/ jdf;Fs; ,uj;jr; nrh;f;ifaha;/ _jhijah;fsplkpUe;J/ Mjp

kdpjh;fsplkpUe;J kugQ tHpahfr; nrh;j;J itj;Jj; nj';fpj; bjhlh;e;J

tUk; MH;e;j kiwthd epidt[fs; epuk;gpf; fplf;fpd;wd. ,ita[k;

kiwepiyahfnt cs;sd.”21

19 vk;.ehuhaz ntYg;gps;is/ MH;thh;fs; nghw;wpa mUe;jkpH;/ g.18.

20 ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk;/ gh.48.

21 J.rPdpr;rhkp/ jkpH; ehty;fspy; csr;rpj;jhpg;g[/ g.35.

128

,iwtidg; gut[k; moath;fs;/ jk; J]a cs;sj;jpy; ,ilawhJ

vz;zp/ kdKUfp/ thapdhy; g[fH;e;J ghLfpd;wdh;. clypd; m';f';fs;

vy;yhtw;wpYk; tz';Ffpd;wdh;. ,t;thW vz;zk;/ brhy;/ bray;

_d;wpYk; ,iwtd; bghUl;lhfnt mtd; kPJ md;g[ bfhz;L bjhz;L

bra;fpd;wdh;. ,d;Dk; mjw;F mLj;j epiyahf/ gf;jpg; bgUf;fhy;

,iwtDila "hdrf;jpfis kwe;J mtid/ “,d;dy; VJkpd;wp ePL

thH;f” vd thH;j;JtJ Kz;L.

,iwtida[k; jk;ikg; nghynt vz;zpf; bfhs;Sk; gf;jd;

mt;tpiwtidj; jk; cwt[Kiwfspy; xUtuhf vz;zp md;g[ fhl;Lfpd;w

kdepiyfs; jkpH; gf;jp ,yf;fpa';fspy; kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

“ngud;gpd; Kjph;r;rpna gf;jp”22 vd;W TWk; eh.Rg;g[bul;oahh;

“gj;jbudpDk; gpj;jbudpDk; xd;nwahFk;. cyfpy; nehahy; bfhs;Sk;

gpj;Jk;/ kUshy; bfhs;Sk; gpj;Jk; Jd;gk; jUtd. mUshy; bfhs;Sk;

gpj;J mstpyh ,d;gk; jUtJ”23 vd;W TWfpwhh;. ,t;thW “gj;juha;g;

gzpthh;fs; vy;yhh;f;Fk; monad;”24 vd;W Re;ju_h;j;jpaofs; ,iwtd;

nky; gf;jp g{z;L gf;jh;fSf;Fj; jd;id moatdhf vz;zpg; ghLfpwhh;.

gf;jh;fs; ,iwtDf;Fr; bra;a[k; nehd;g[ vd;gJ

csf;fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; Fwpf;Fk;. m~J Ik;g[yd;fisa[k; mlf;fp kdj;ijj;

jd;tag;gLj;jpr; bray;gLk; brayhFk;.

vdnt gf;jp czh;t[k; cstpanyhL beU';fpa bjhlh;g[ilaJ

vdyhk;.

22 eh.Rg;g[bul;oahh;/ Kj;jpbewp/ g.92.

23 nkyJ./ g.92.

24 Re;ju_h;j;jp ehadhh;/ jpUj;bjhz;lj; bjhif/ gh.vz;.107/ thp-1.

129

fdt[k;/ cstpaYk;

cstpayhh; Tw;Wg;go/ mlf;FjYf;Fs;shfp/ kiwepiyapy;

fplf;Fk; MH;kd ntl;ifiag; gy;ntW tifapy; gjpyPLfs;

gilg;gjd; _yk; epiwt[ bra;tjpy; <LgLjy; epfH;fpwJ. ,j;jifa

epfH;t[fspy; xd;nw fiy/ ,yf;fpag; gilg;g[k;/ mf;fiy/ ,yf;fpag;

gilg;g[fspy; ,lk;bgWk; fdt[fs; Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

fdt[fspy; btspg;gLgit MH;kdj;jpd; Mirfns. “,it

fw;gpjkhd/ g[idt[ cUj;njhw;w';;;;;fshf btspg;glyhk;; thapypUe;J

brhy; jtwp te;J tpLtjd; _yk; btspg;glyhk;. ,tw;iwbay;yhk;

Ma;e;J ghh;j;jhy; kiwepiyapy; mlf;fg;bgw;w Mirfis milahsk;

fhzyhk;”25 vd;ghh; gpuha;L.

mth;/ Mapuf;fzf;fhd fdt[fis Muha;e;J/ mtw;iwg; gw;wp

“fdt[fspd; tpsf;fk;” vd;w E]ypy; btspapl;Ls;shh;. mtUila

fUj;Jg;go xt;bthU fdita[k; gFj;Jg; ghh;j;J tpsf;fKoa[k;.

“xt;bthU fdt[f;Fk; Fwpg;ghd bghUs; ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W ehd;

epr;rakhff; TWntd;. fdit tp";"hd Kiwapy; tpsf;FtJk;

rhj;jpakhdnj”26 vd;W gpuha;L vGJfpwhh;.

rh!;jpu';fSk; fdt[fis Muha;e;Js;sd. “tpHpg;g[ epiyia

‘#hf;uj; mt!;ij’ vd;Wk;/ fdt[ fhQk; epiyia ‘!;tg;dht!;ij’

vd;Wk; J]f;fepiyia ‘!@\Pg;jp mt!;ij’ vd;Wk; rh!;jpuk; TWfpwJ.

mnef #d;k';fspy; ehk; nfl;L/ ghh;j;J/ bjhl;L/ Ritj;J

mDgtpj;jit Vuhsk;. mitfs; ek;Kila kdj;jpy; bgUk;

jhf;f';fis Vw;gLj;jp/ epHy; Xtpa';fshfg; gjpe;jpUf;fpd;wd.

mitfis “th!dh” vd;W rk!;fpUjj;jpy; brhy;fpwhh;fs;. ,e;j

25 J.rPdpr;rhkp/ jkpH; ehty;fspy; csr;rpj;jhpg;g[/ g.26.

26 re;jpah eluh#d; (bjh.M.)/ FHe;ij cstpaYk; kdpj kdKk;/ g.382.

130

cUtf';fspd; gpujpgypg;igg; gfthd; Fiwj;J/ btl;o/ xl;o

jd;dpr;irg;go fdt[f; fhl;rpfshf xspgug;g[ bra;fpwhd;. “Xk; khah -

khj;uk;J fhj;!;d;uh;nadh ehgp t;af;j!;t %gj;thj; Xk;” vd;w

!;nyhfk; ,g;goj;jhd; TWfpwJ. fhl;rpfs; mg;bghGnj njhd;wp

mg;bghGnj kiwe;J tpLjyhy; mitfis kWKiw ghh;f;Fk; tha;g;g[

tUtjpy;iy. kpd;diyg;nghy/ ePz;l neuf;fdt[fs; vd;W ehk;

epidg;git Tl xU epkplj;jpw;Fs;shfj; njhd;wp kiwtJ jhd;”27 vd;W

fdit mit Muha;fpd;wd.

md;g[f; fhjy;/ bjhiy J]uj;ija[k; mz;ikahf;fp tpLfpwJ.

gf;jpf; fhjy; Mz;ltida[k; mUl;fhjydhfj; jGtpf; bfhs;fpwJ.

mt;tifapy; jhd; fz;l jpUkzf; fdt[ tHp ,yf;fpaj;jpy;

rpwg;g[g; bgw;wts; Mz;lhs;. kHiy khwhj rpd;d"; rpWrpWkpahf

,Uf;Fk; nghnj/ mtsJ gf;jpa[k; nfhijnahL nfhijaha; tsuj;

bjhl';fptpl;lJ. ,e;epiyapy; Vw;gl;lJ jhd; ,iwtDf;Fhpa

g{khiyfisj; jhnd Nof;fise;J mtDf;nf mspj;jYkhfpa

thH;f;ifj; jpUg;g epfH;r;rp.

ghitapd; ghRu';fs; gf;jp/ fhjyhf khWk; mw;g[jj;ijr;

brhy;fpd;wd. flt[is milaf; fhjy; tHpna rpwe;j tHp vd;w fUj;ij

mts; mg;ghly;fspy; g[yg;gLj;Jfpwhs;. cyfpaYk;/ rkathH;t[k;

Kuz;gLtd my;y vd;gij ca;j;Jzu itf;fpwhs;.

Mah;Foapny gpwe;J tsh;e;j bgUkfDf;Fj; jhd;

thH;f;ifg;gl;ljhff; nfhij jhd; fz;l fdtpidj; njhHpf;Ff;

TWfpwhs;.

thuzk; Mapuk; NH ty";bra;J

ehuzd;ek;gp elf;fpd;whd; vd;Wvjph;

27 $ !Pjh (jkpH;khj ,jH;)/ #Pd; - 2009/ g.16.

131

g{uzg; bghw;Flk; itj;Jg; g[wk;v';Fk;

njhuzk; ehl;lf; fdhf;fz;nld; njhHP! ehd;.28

“jd;idr; Rw;wpYk; Mapuk; ahidfs; NH;e;J tu/ mHF kpf;f

jiytdhk; ehuhazd; vGe;jUsp efutyk; tUfpd;whd;. vdnt

bghd;kakhd g{uz Fk;g';fis itj;J efh; KGtJk; njhuz';fs;

fl;o mtid tuntw;wJ nghy; fdt[ fz;nld;” vd;fpwhs;.

nkYk;/ “kzg;ge;jy; mHFgLj;jy;/ kzkhiy Nl;ly;/ f';fzk;

fl;Ljy;/ ge;jypy; vGe;jUSjy;/ if gpoj;jy;/ jP tyk; tuy;/ mk;kp

kpjpj;jy;/ bghhp nghLjy;/ jpUk";rdkhl;ly;”29 vd;W Kiwahf epfGk;

jpUkzj;jpy; elj;jg;bgWk; rl';Ffs; midj;Jk; ele;njWtjhff; fdt[

fhz;fpwhs;.

itzth;fs; j';fs; tPl;Lj; jpUkz';fspy; thuzkhapuj;ijg;

ghLk; kug[k; ,d;Ws;sJ.

“FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpnyna nth;gpoj;Jf; fplf;Fk; mwpbthG';F

bgwhj ghy; Mirjhd; (Irrational Desires) fdt[fspd; _yk; njhd;Wk;”

vd;ghh; gpuha;L.

gpuha;od; fUj;Jg;go fdt[fspy; ,uz;L gFjpfs; cs;sd.

1. kiwafk; (Latent Dream)

2. btspafk; (Manifest Dream)

kiwafk; vd;gJ fdt[ _yk; cs;Sf;Fs; ciwe;J fplf;Fk; Mirapd;

bghUsikg;ghFk;. btspafk; vd;gJ/ ,e;j Mirapd; bghUsikg;g[

khaf;fhl;rpahfj; jphpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;oUf;Fk; fhl;rp epiyahFk;.

28 Mz;lhs;/ ehr;rpahh; jpUbkhHp/ ghRuk;.556.

29 nkyJ./ ghRu';fs;.557-566.

132

,t;thW fdtpd; kiwafk;/ btspafkhf khWk; Kiwapy; rpy

cj;jp El;g';fs; ,Ug;gij gpuha;L tpsf;fpa[s;shh;.30 mit:

1. RUf;fk; (Condensation): btspafj;jpy; fhz;gd/ kiwafg;

bghUSf;nfw;gr; rkkhf ,y;yhky; rpwpjhf ,Uf;Fk;. rpy TWfs;

tpLgl;nl ,lk; bgwyhk;. rpWTWfs; _yk; g[hpaKoa[k;.

gytw;iw xd;Wnrh;j;Jg; ghh;f;f ntz;oajpUf;Fk;.

2. ,lk; bgah;e;J epw;wy; (Displacement): kpf Kf;fpakhd kiwafg;

bghUs; btspaf cUtpy; rhjhuzkhf Kf;fpakw;W/ khw;Wilapy;

ntlkpl;LUg;gJ nghy; ,Uf;Fk;.

3. vjph;f;TWfshf epw;wy; (Elements of opposite): kiwafg;

bghUSf;nfw;w neh;gokkhf ,y;yhky;/ vjph;g;bghUs; jUtJ

nghyf;Tlf; fhl;rp cUf;fs; ,lk; bgw;wpUf;fyhk;.

4. Xtpak; nghyj; njhd;wy; (Logical Relation Between Pictorial

Images): ,j;jifa gok';fis cw;Wf; ftdpj;jhy; VnjDk; Xh;

cs;spizg;g[j; bjhlh;ig mstpl Koa[k;.

kdk; vg;nghJk; ,d;gj;ijna tpUk;g[fpwJ. Mdhy; cyfk; vy;yh

neu';fspYk; mij mDkjpg;gJ ,y;iy. mg;nghJ me;j tpiHt[

Kisapnyna eRf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;/ me;j ce;Jjy;fs; Kw;wpYkhf

mHpe;J tpLtjpy;iy. mit ek; kdj;jpd; MHj;jpy; mlf;fp

itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cwf;fj;jpy; mit fdt[fshf btspg;gLfpd;wd.

,g;go mlf;fg;gl;l Mirfs; thH;tpd; ,Wjptiu kdj;jpd; MHj;jpy;

bjhlh;e;J ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. vdntjhd; ,d;Wk;/ kuzj;jWthapy;

,Ug;nghhplk; ,Wjp Miriaf; nfl;L mij epiwntw;Wk; tHf;fk;

ek;kpilna cs;sJ.

“ek; fdtpy; ,we;Jnghd cwtpdh; njhd;Wjy;/ gwf;Fk; fdt[fs;/

eph;thzf; fdt[fs;/ 55 tajpy; ehis fk;bgdpapd; bghJ nkyhsuhfg;

30 J.rPdpr;rhkp/ jkpH; ehty;fspy; csr;rpj;jhpg;g[/ g.27.

133

gjtpnaw;f ,Uf;Fk;nghJ ,d;wput[ gj;jhk; tFg;g[j;njh;t[ vGJjy;

nghd;wita[k; tUfpd;wd. fle;j fhyk; kl;Lky;y; vjph;fhyKk; rpy

rkak; ,d;iwa fdt[f;Fs; tUk;. ,tw;wpy; cyfg;g[fH; bgw;w xd;W/

mbkhpf;f mjpgh; Mgpufhk; yp';fd; fz;l fdt[. mth; fdtpy; xU

rtg;bgl;o fhzg;gLfpwJ. mJgw;wp mth; gzpahsh;fsplk; tpdt/

mth;fs; ‘c';fSf;Fj; bjhpahjh? ek; #dhjpgjp bfhy;yg;gl;L tpl;lhh;’

vd;W TWfpd;wdh;. jd;Dila kuzj;ijj; jhnd Kd;Tl;o fdtpy;

fz;lhh; MgpuAhk; yp';fd;.31

ek; vy;nyhUf;Fk; xt;bthU ,utpYk; Fiwe;jJ _d;W fdt[fs;

cUthfpd;wd. 70 Mz;Lfs; thH;e;jpUf;Fk; xUth; Fiwe;jJ 50/000

kzpneuk; fdt[ fhz;gjpy; fHpf;fpwhh;. g[jpjhfg; gpwe;j FHe;ij ehspy;

bgUk;gFjp cw';Fk;. ,e;j cwf;f neuj;jpy; ghjpia mJ fdt[ fhz;gjpy;

fHpf;fpwJ.

ftp"h;fSk;/ fjhrphpah;fSk; j';fs; gilg;g[fs; jk; fdt[

epiyapypUe;J njhd;wpait vd;W mwpe;J TwpapUf;fpwhh;fs;.

fdt[fspypUe;J fw;gid tsj;ij vg;goj; J]z;og; bgw;W

,yf;fpaj;ijg; gilg;gJ/ fiyg; bghUis tog;gJ vd;gJ gw;wpr;

rpwpjst[ gapw;rpa[k;/ brk;ikahd Kaw;rpa[k; ,Ue;jhy;/ Xust[ Mh;tk;

cs;sth;fs; Tl/ cd;djkhd fiyg;gilg;g[fisj; ju,aYk;.

“hpr;rh;L n#hd;!; vd;w nguhrphpah; ‘The Dream Poet’ (fdt[f;

ftp"d;) vd;w jd;Dila E]ypy;/ vt;thW fdt[fspypUe;J/ gapw;rpa[k;

Kaw;rpa[k; bfhz;L ftpijfisg; gilf;f Koa[k; vd;gij

vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;fpa[s;shh;.”32

31 uh#hfnzrd;/ fdt[fs;/ g.18.

32 nkyJ./ g.147.

134

fdt[fs; ehk; brhy;yj; ja';Ffpd;w/ brhy;yj; Jof;fpd;w caph;

mDgt';fs; vdyhk;. ,it ,yf;fpag; gilg;g[fSf;Ff;

fUg;bghUisj; jUk; tw;whj Cw;WfshFk;.

Mz;lhspd; fhjw;fdt[k;/ jpUkzKk; bka;";"hdpfspd;

ghh;itapy; “#Pthj;kh - gukhj;khf;fspd; nrh;f;ifahft[k;/”

cstpayhh; nehf;fpy;/ “FHe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; MHkhf Vw;gl;l

cs;sjph;r;rpapd; epidt[” fshft[k; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.

ghujpapd; fw;gidapy; cstpay;

bgh;dhl;\hit Xh; ‘mwpt[f; ftp"d;’ vdyhk;. ftp"d; jhTiu

Xh; ‘mikjpf; ftp"d;’ vdyhk;. ghujp Xh; ‘czh;t[f; ftp"d;’.

mtDila cs;shh;e;j czh;r;rpapd; Jog;g[fs;jhk; mtd; ftpijfs;.

mtw;iwg; ghLk; tha; Rita{Wk;. nfl;Fk; brtpapy; ,ira{Wk;. mtd;

ghly;fs; mike;j g[j;jfj;ijj; bjhl;l ifa[k; czh;r;rpnahL cah;e;J

epw;Fk;.

rKjha czh;it/ kf;fs; Kd;ndw;wj;ij/ cyfpay; thH;tpd;

Kw;nghf;iff; ftpijf; fiyEty; bghUshff; bfhz;lJ ghujpapd;

tUiff;Fg; gpwFjhd; vdyhk;.

cyfpaiyg; ghLk; tpUg;gf;ftp"uhd ghujp Md;kPff; ftp"uha[k;

bghype;jhh;. cyfpayhapDk;/ Md;kPfkhapDk; tpLjiy ehLk;

MSikahfnt ghujpapd; MSik jpfH;e;jJ. itaj;ij tpG';fp/

thdpYk; cauj;jhtp/ mz;lk; mshtpLk; MSikiag; ghujpaplk;

fhzyhk;.

g[Jik vd;w bgauhy; gHikg; g[wf;fzpg;g[k;/ gHik vd;w

bgauhy; g[Jikg; g[wf;fzpg;g[k; mthplk; fhzKoahJ. ftpij

135

tothYk;/ TWk; bghUshYk; gHik/ g[Jik ,uz;ila[k; Kiwahff;

ifahz;lJ ghujpapd; rpwg;g[ vdyhk;.

ftpijf;Ff; fw;gid/ jis/ re;jk; Mfpad vj;Jiz

,d;wpaikahjd vd;gijg; ghujpapd; fPH;f;fz;l ftpij czh;j;JfpwJ.

epyhita[k; thdj;J kPida['; fhw;iwa[k;

neh;g;gl itj;jh';nf

Fyht[ kKjf; FHk;igf; Foj;bjhU

nfhy btwpgilj;njhk;

cyht[ kdr;rpW g[s;spid ba';fQk;

Xl;o kfpH;e;jpLnthk;

gyhtpd; fdpr;Ris tz;oap nyhh;tz;L

ghLt Jk;tpag;ngh?33

vd;w ghly; ‘kdj;ij thH;j;jy;’ vd;w jiyg;gpd;fPH; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

epyh/ thdj;J kPd;/ fhw;W Mfpa _d;iwa[k; xd;whff; fz;L

czh;e;jhy; kdk; vDk; rpWgwit mKjf; FHk;igf; Foj;jJ nghd;w

,d;gk; bgWk;. gyhr;Ris epiwe;j tz;oapy; xU tz;L ghLtJ vg;go

tpag;ghdjpy;iynah mJnghy epyh/ thdj;J kPd;/ fhw;W Mfpa

_d;iwa[k; xd;whfg; ghh;j;J czh;fpwnghJ kdk; vDk; gwit

kfpH;tjpy; tpag;gpy;iy.

,aw;ifiag; ghLtjpy; jdpapd;gk; fhQk; ghujp/ ,g;ghlypy;

vLj;jhz;Ls;s rpy gj';fs; mtDila gilg;gpd; cah;itf;

fhl;Lfpd;wd. mKjf;FHk;g[/ nfhy btwp/ kdr;rpW g[s; nghd;w g[jpa

brhw;fs; gof;Fk;nghnj ,aw;if ,d;gj;ij tH';Ffpd;wd.

“fUf;bfhz;L cUthf;Fk; cUf;fhl;rpfshy; rpy vspa brhw;fs;

mw;g[jkhd ntfj;ijg; gilj;Jtpl Koa[k;. ‘epyhita[k; thdj;J

33 ghujp ghly;fs;/ Ma;t[g;gjpg;g[/ g.588.

136

kPida[k;’ vd;w ghlypny ‘nfhy btwp’ vd;w brhw;bwhliuf;

fUjpg;ghU';fs;. ‘btwp’ vd;gJ vf;fhYk;/ vtuhYk; Vw;fg;gLk; jFjp

cilajhfhJ. Mdhy;/ ghujp mjidf; ‘nfhy btwp’ vd milbkhHp

bfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpf;fpwhh;. btwpia mHfpa btwp vd;W Vd;

rpwg;gpf;fpwhh;? ,e;j btwp kJ mUe;jpajhy; tpise;jJ md;W. mKjf;

FHk;igf; Foj;bjhU nfhybtwp gilj;njhk; vd;fpwhh;. Foj;jJ

mKjf;FHk;g[; tpise;jJ nfhybtwp. kdr;rpWg[s;/ kpd;dy; tpsf;F/

kpd;dw;Rit/ beUg;g[r; Ritf;Fuy; nghd;w brhw;fs; be";rj;jpiuapy;

vGg;g[fpd;w cUf;fhl;rpfs; ftpijj;njtp mzpe;Js;s Rlh;kzp

mzpfshFk;”34 vd;ghh; k.uh.ngh.FUrhkp.

,j;jifa ,wthj g[fGila ghujpapd; ghly;fis cstpay;

nehf;fpy; Muha;nthk;.

jdpegh; vd;gtd; gpwuhYk;/ r_f kug[ tpjpfshYk;/

ek;gpf;iffshYk;/ r_fg; bghUshjhu mikg;g[ epiyahYk;

ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhd;. mtDila cs;sKk;/ elj;ijfSk; ,e;jr;

rf;jpfshy; bghpJk; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW jdpkdpjdpd;

elj;ijia/ r_f rf;jpfspd; rhh;gpy; itj;J/ gilg;ghsp ,yf;fpag;

gilg;ghf;fk; bra;fpwhd;.

xU gilg;ghsp/ r_fj;jpy; cs;s gy;ntW fhl;rpfspy; CnlhLk;

kdpj elj;ijfis btspg;gLj;j vz;Qk;nghJ mjd; fhuzkhf

mw;g[jkhd gilg;g[fs; cUthfpd;wd.

r_f mikg;g[fSk;/ kjpg;g[fSk; gilg;ghshplk; vt;thW

cs;th';fpf; bfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd vd;gnj mtUila gilg;gpd;

btw;wpiaj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd. gilg;g[fspy; ,lk; bgWfpd;w vy;yh

cselj;ijfSk;/ rpf;fy;fSk; MrphpaUf;Fhpad vd;W Twptpl;lhy;/ mJ

34 ngh.uh.k.FUrhkp/ ghujp ghly;fs; - Ma;t[g;gjpg;g[/ xxxviii.

137

kpfg;bghpa jtW kl;Lkd;W/ ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rp mog;gilfSf;F

Kw;wpYk; bghUe;jhjJ MFk;. MapDk; rpy gilg;g[fspy; rpy

Ez;zpiH Xl;lj;ijf; fhzKoa[k;.

,Jnghynt/ gy;ntW ghj;jpu';fisa[k;/ csr;rpf;fy;fisa[k;

gilf;Fk;nghJ/ mtw;iwj; jdpkdpjDf;F chpa jdpj;jdp mstpyhd

gpur;rpidfshf Mrphpad; fhl;Lfpwhdh my;yJ NHy;/ r_fk;/ kug[

vd;gdtw;nwhL rhh;j;jpf; fhl;Lfpwhdh vd;W fhz;gJk; njit

,j;Jld; gog;gthpd; kd<LghL/ kdepiwt[ Mfpad gw;wpa[k; Muha

,lKz;L. gog;gthpd; kdg;nghf;fpw;nfw;gg; gilg;g[fis mwptJk;

xU ,d;wpaikahj epiyahFk;.

gilg;g[r; bray;

csEl;gf; TWfspd; bghJj; jd;ikiaj; jj;Jt nehf;fpy; Xh;ik

(Consciousness) vd;w brhy;yhy; Fwpg;gh;. ,Jgw;wp gpbu";R ehl;lwp"h;

rhh;j;jhpd; bfhs;iffshtd:

“rhjhuz eilKiwf; fhhpa cyfpypUe;J tpyfp epd;w/ tpLjiy

czh;t[ld; bray;gLk; gilg;ghspna fw;gid Xh;ik

bfhz;ltdhfpwhd;. ,e;jf; fw;gid Xh;ik _yk; fpilf;Fk; mwpt[

(imaginative knowledge) J]a mwptpypUe;J (pure knowledge) ntWgl;lJ.

J]a mwpt[ vd;gJ bghJthd rhuhk;r';fisa[k; (essence)/ bghJf;

fUj;jhf;f';fisa[k; (universals) gw;wpa njlyhFk;. fw;gid mwpt[

vd;gnjh/ xU bghUisg; gokkhfg; ghh;j;J/ g[yg;gjpt[ epiy fle;J/

Fwpg;gpl;l jdpj;Jt';fis cUg;gLj;JtJ vdyhk;.

,';nf bray;gLk; gilg;ghspapd; kdk;/ Kw;wpYk; jdpahd

eilKiwf; fhhpa cyF rhh;e;j ntl;iffspypUe;J rw;W tpyfpa epiy

bfhz;lJ. ,~J csepiy tpyfy; (psychie distance) vdg;gLk;.

138

,j;jifa Kiwapy; gilf;Fk; gilg;ghsp btWknd jdf;fhfg;

gilg;gjpy;iy. gpwh; ikaj;jpnyna gilf;fpwhd;. kw;wth;fs; my;yJ

thrfh;fs; ,y;iybad;why;/ mtDila gilg;g[r; bray; vd;gJ

bghUsw;w/ capuw;w Fwpfshfnt (dead Sings) fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. ,t;thW

kw;wth;fisa[k; cl;gLj;jpa xU g[yg;gLj;jy; (communication) bewpapy;

gilg;g[fs; bray;gLtjhy; ,ay;ghf ,g;gilg;g[r; braYf;F xU

jd;dpidg;g[ bfhz;L edt[epiy (Conscious) elj;ijg; gh';F Vw;gl;L

tpLfpwJ”35 vd;w fUj;J ,';F MH;e;J nehf;fj;jf;fjhFk;.

jk;Kila ftpijahw;wy; tHpa[k;/ vGj;jhw;wy; tHpa[k;

ehl;Lg;gzp g[hptijj; jk; Fwpf;nfhshff; bfhz;l ghujpf;F

mr;rpe;jidfs; vH mg;ghpd; jd; fld; monaida[k; jh';Fjy;/ jd; fld;

gzp bra;J fplg;gnj vd;git _y';fshapUf;ff; TLk;. mtUila

MSik tsk; bgw;wjw;Ff; fhyj;jpd; NHYk; cjtpapUf;f ntz;Lk;.

fhrpapy; j';f neh;e;j ghujp/ mjd; tHpahf mDgtf;fdpita[k;/ gue;j

fhl;rpiaa[k; bgw;wpUf;fpwhh;. Vw;fdnt mwpe;jpUe;j tlbkhHpapy;

njh;r;rp bgwt[k; t';f bkhHp/ ,e;jp bkhHp Mfpatw;iwg; gapyt[k;

Koe;jpUf;fpwJ. nkYk; kWkyh;r;rp ,af;f';fshd Mhpa rkh#k;/ gpuk;k

rkh#k;/ ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; fUj;Jf;fis mwpat[k;

tha;g;g[ fpilj;jJ. g[wg;gaz';fshYk;/ mfg;gaz';fshYk; ghujpapd;

MSik tphpe;jJ vdyhk;.

gpuha;od; fUj;Jg;go/ gilg;g[r;bray; vd;gJ kiwkd

epiyapypUe;J (Unconscious) cUthtjhFk;. gpuha;L njhw;Wtpj;j ,e;j

kiwkdf; nfhl;ghnl ,d;W gy;ntW tiffspy; jhf;fk; tpistpj;J

tUfpwJ. etPd ,yf;fpa Muha;r;rpfspy;/ Fwpg;ghf cstpay; rhh;g[

Muha;r;rpfspy; gpuha;od; nfhl;ghl;ilg; g[wf;fzpj;J tpl;L <Lgl

,ayhJ.

35 J.rPdpr;rhkp/ jkpH; ehty;fspy; csr;rpj;jhpg;g[/ g.12.

139

ituKj;Jtpd; fUthr;rp fhtpaj;jpy; cstpay; TWfs;

g[idfij/ ehlfk; Mfpa ,yf;fpa';fs; xU rpf;fiy

btspg;gLj;jp/ mjw;fhd jPh;it neuoahfnth/ kiwKfkhfnth

czh;j;Jtd. jPh;t[ Rl;lhky; rpf;fiy kl;Lk; btspg;gLj;Jk;

gilg;g[fspy; Tl/ gilg;ghsUila ghh;it ve;jf; nfhzj;jpy;

bry;fpwJ vd;gijg; ghj;jpu thh;g;g[k;/ ciuahly; totKk;

btspg;gLj;jp tpLk;. bgz;zpd; rpf;fy;fs; Fwpj;j gilg;g[fspy; Mzpd;

ghh;it vjhh;j;jj;ijf; fhl;Lk; ghh;itahft[k;/ bgz;zpd; ghh;it

mijf; fle;J nehf;Ftjhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ.

fUthr;rp vd;w bgz;zpd; fijiar; brhy;yg;g[Fk; ituKj;J/

“fUthr;rp vd;ghs; xU fw;gidg; ghj;jpuk; my;ys;. fUthr;rpapd;

Kw;gFjp thH;f;if v';fs; FLk;g';fSf;Fs; epfH;e;j ep#k;. gpw;gFjp

thH;f;if v';fs; fpuhk btspfspy; btt;ntW bgz;fs; btt;ntW

fhy';fspy; thH;e;J bjhiyj;j thH;f;if”36 vd;fpwhh;. fpuhkj;jpy;

thH;fpd;w/ fw;fhj/ rhjhuzkhd xU bgz;Qf;Ff;Tl gz;ghl;L

Kjph;r;rpa[k;/ kdg;gf;FtKk; ve;j mst[f;F mjpfkhf cs;sJ

vd;gija[k;/ Jd;g';fSk;/ nrhjidfSk; tUfpd;wnghJ mij

vjph;bfhs;sj; njitahd Jzpt[k;/ ek;gpf;ifa[k; epuk;gpapUf;fpd;wJ

vd;gija[k; ‘fUthr;rp’apd; _yk; fz;Kd; fhl;o tpLfpwhh; ituKj;J.

fUthr;rp fhtpak; - fijr; RUf;fk;

rilaj;njth; kfd; fl;ilad;/ bghpa _f;fpapd; kfs; fUthr;rp/

bghpa_f;fpapd; fztd; rilaj;njthpd; ikj;Jdd;. ehw;gJ

Mz;LfSf;F Kd;g[/ rilaj;njthpd; jk;gp kfs; brhh;zf;fpspia/

bghpa_f;fpapd; mz;zd; kfd; brapy;uhR fw;gHpj;Jf; bfhd;W

tpLfpwhd;. ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j rilaj;njth;/ jd; kfd; fl;ilad;

_yk; bghpa_f;fpapd; FLk;gj;ijg; gHpth';f epidf;fpwhh;. t";rfk;

36 ituKj;J/ fUthr;rp fhtpak;/ ghapuk;.

140

jPh;g;gjw;fhff; fUthr;rpiaj; jdJ tPl;L kUkfshf;Ffpwhh;.

rilaj;njtUk;/ fl;ilaDk; fUthr;rpf;Fg; gy bfhLikfis

,iHj;J kzkhd gj;nj ehspy; jha; tPl;ow;Fj; Juj;jp tpLfpd;wdh;.

g";rhaj;jhUk; ntWtHpapd;wp mth;fs; ,Utiua[k; gphpj;J

itf;fpd;wdh;. gphpe;J thHr; rk;kjpj;j fUthr;rp/ jhypia kl;Lk;

jukWj;J tpLfpwhs;. fUthr;rpf;F ntW thH;f;ifj; Jiz njoj;ju/

jha[k;/ CuhUk; Kay;ifapy;/ jhd; fUt[w;wpUg;gijj; jhaplk; TWfpwhs;

fUthr;rp.

bghpa_f;fpa[k;/ fUthr;rpa[k; thH Koahky;/ mth;fSf;Fg; gy

bjhy;iyfis ,iHf;fpwhd; fl;ilad;. bghpa_f;fp ,we;jt[ld;

mtsJ ,Wjpr; rl';Ffisj; jhnd bra;fpwhs; fUthr;rp.

fhl;oy; jd;de;jdpahf Mz;gps;is mHF rp';fj;ijg;

bgw;bwLf;fpwhs;. mHF rp';fj;jpw;Fg; gog;g[ Vwtpy;iy. xt;bthU

tFg;iga[k; ,uz;L ,uz;L tUlkhfj; jhz;o te;jjpy; Ie;jhtJ

Kof;Fk; Kd;g[ gjpdhd;F tajhfptpl;lJ. jd; je;ijapd; kPJk;/

jhj;jhtpd; kPJk; btWg;nghL tsh;fpwhd;.

fl;ilad; ehw;gj;ije;J tajpy; kWkzk; bra;J bfhs;fpwhd;.

mtd; kidtp mHF rp';fj;jplk; kpft[k; md;ghdts; nghy; eof;fpwhs;.

fztidg; gphpe;J MWkhjf; iff;FHe;ijnahL ,Uf;Fk; gt[D

vd;gtnshL mHF rp';fj;ijg; gHftpLfpwhs; mts;.

bra;jpawpe;j fUthr;rp/ jd; brhe;jj;jpnyna/ jd; kfDf;Fg; bgz;

vLf;f epidf;f/ jhaplk; brhy;yhky; kfd; tPl;il tpl;L

btspnaWfpwhd;. jfhj ,lj;Jf;F kfd; bry;y/ mtid m';fpUe;J

miHj;J tUfpwhs; fUthr;rp.

141

fUthr;rpf;Ff; fl;iladpd; kidtpapd; brhe;jg;bgah; ngak;kh

vd;gJk;/ mts; Vw;fdnt ,uz;L Kiw jpUkzk; bra;J bfhz;lJk;/

mts; FHe;ijna bgwKoahjts; vd;gJk; bjhpatUfpwJ.

ngak;kh/ mHF rp';fj;jplk; jdJ mz;zd; kfs;

Fg;gzk;gl;oapy; ,Ug;gjhft[k;/ m';nf tpahghuk; bra;J gpiHj;Jf;

bfhs;Sk;goa[k; Twp/ gzk; bfhLj;J mtid mDg;gp itf;fpwhs;.

m';nf brd;w mtd;/ fUthr;rp FoapUe;j tPl;ila[k; m';nfapUe;jgona

tpw;W tpLfpwhd;. j';f ,lkpd;wp/ Ch; vy;iyapy; Foir nghl;Lj;

j';Ffpwhs; fUthr;rp.

xU ehs;/ jd; kfida[k;/ ,U nguf;FHe;ijfisa[k;

ghh;g;gjw;fhfr; bry;fpwhs; mts;. m';nf/ f";rh Foj;Jf; Foj;J/ _is

bfl;L/ xU _iyapy; igj;jpak; nghy; r';fpypahy; fl;oitf;fg;gl;L

kfd; ,Ug;gijg; ghh;j;Jf; fz;zPh; tpLfpwhd;.

fl;iladpd; kidtp ngak;kh mtDf;Fr; brhe;jkhd tPl;il

ahUf;nfh tpw;W/ m';fpUe;j bghUl;fs; midj;ija[k; vLj;Jf; bfhz;L/

mtid tpl;Ltpl;L ntW CUf;Fr; brd;W tpLfpwhs;.

fl;ilad; xUehs; jd;idg; ghh;g;gjw;fhf tur; brhd;djhy;/

mtd; tPl;ow;Fr; bry;fpwhs;. m';nf bjhGneha[ld;/ kpf;f

mUtUg;ghd njhw;wj;Jld; mtd; mdhijahff; fplf;fpwhd;. jhd;

filrpahf mtisg; ghh;f;f tpUk;gpajhft[k;/ kWehs; mt;t{iu tpl;nl

bry;y ,Ug;gjhft[k; mtd; bjhptpf;fpwhd;.

jd;ndhL te;J tpLkhW mtid miHf;fpwhs; fUthr;rp. “eP

vd;idf;Fk; vdf;Fg; g[Urdhf KoahJ! Mdh vd;idf;fhr;Rk;

kDrdhf Koa[k;D ek;gpndd; khkh!” vd;fpwhs;. jd; Foirapnyna

mtid itj;Jg; guhkhpf;fpwhs;. gy khj';fshf mt;t{iu thl;oa

142

g";rk; nghf;f tUif jUfpwJ kiH. “jg;gpa[k; tuyhk;; js;spa[k;

tuyhk;. Mdh - vg;gt[k; kiH ,y;nyd;D nghapuhJ” vd;w

cz;iknahL ehty; epiwtilfpwJ.

jpUkz thH;f;if

“kf;fshy; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;l g[jpa FLk;gj;ij cUthf;fpf;

bfhs;s epWtg;gl;l xU tpidna jpUkzk; MFk;. mJt[k; xU

epWtdk; MFk;. kzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF fztd; - kidtp cwt[ epiy

bgw;wjhfpwJ”37 vd;gh; r_ftpayhh;. fUthr;rp fhtpaj;jpd; Kjy;

mj;jpahaj;jpnyna jdf;Fg; bghUe;jhj kidtp fUthr;rpiaf;

fl;ilad; jd;idtpl;L tpyf;fptplr; brhy;tjhf

mikf;fg;gl;oUf;fpwJ.

“ma;ah! nghdhg; nghFJ - guk;giug; gif jPul;Lnkd;Djhd;

fUthr;rpiaf; fy;ahzk; gz;zpndd;. thHte;j gpwFjhd; mt tfprp

bjhpa[J. mtf";rp fhr;rpwhy;y; brtf;fp mLg;bghpf;fj; bjhpay.

flbyz;z Cj;jpj; jhspf;fr; brhd;dh/ ntg;bgz;z Cj;jp btsht[wh.

tpo";rp ve;jphpf;fpwhy;y. nkY typf;fpJ/ nkY typf;fpJd;D

bghe;Jf;Fs;ns nghd ez;L khjphp bghj;jpg; bghj;jpg; gLj;Jf;fwh.

vj;jd ehspf;Fg; bghk;gs ,y;yhj tPl;Ly mg;gDk; kfDkh thrj;

bjspf;fpwJ? ,ts vg;gpo tr;Rg; bghHr;R thH;wJ? jPj;J tpl;U';f!”38

vd;W brhy;fpwhd; fl;ilad;. ehw;gJ tUlg;gifia kdj;jpy; itj;Jf;

bfhz;L fUthr;rpapd; nky; bra;ahj Fw;w';fisr; brhy;ypg; gHp

Rkj;Jfpwhd;. kzkhfpg; gj;nj ehspy; g";rhaj;ijf; Tl;Lfpwhd;.

“xU ehl;od; ehfhpfk; me;ehl;od; bgz;kf;fs; epiyiag;

bghWj;nj epw;fpwbjd;gJ vtUk; Vw;fj;jFe;j cz;ik. bgz; kf;fs;

37 n#.v!;.gh!;fy; fpy;gh;l;/ (jkpHpy; b#.ehuhazd;)/ r_ftpaypd;

mog;gilf; nfhl;ghLfs;/ g.99.

38 ituKj;J/ fUthr;rp fhtpak;/ g.17.

143

vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLkpd;wp/ ,Lf;fQkpd;wpg; gpwg;g[hpik ,d;gj;ij

v';nf Efh;fpwhh;fnsh/ m';nfa[s;s Mz;kf;fs; ehfhpf

El;gKzh;e;jth;fshfpd;wdh;. me;ehnl ehfhpfk; bgw;wjhFk;”39

vd;ghh; jpU.tp.f.

fpuhk';fspy; bgz;fSf;F ,sk;tajpnyna jpUkzk; epfH;tJ

kpf ,ay;g[/ cly; tsh;r;rp/ kdKjph;r;rp ,it ,uz;Lkpd;wpj; jpUkzk;

bra;J bfhLf;fg;gl;l fUthr;rp/ fztdpd; fhl;Lkpuhz;oj;jdkhd

Mjpf;fj;jhy; epiyFiye;J nghtij mHfhfg; glk; gpoj;Js;shh;

ituKj;J.

kdk;

cstpay; xU jdpj;Jiwahf tsh;r;rp bgwj; bjhl';fpaJ.

gj;bjhd;gjhk; E]w;whz;oy; jhd;. mjw;FKd; cstpay; jj;Jtj;

Jiwapd; xU gphpthfnt itf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ. ‘Md;khtpd; ,ay;g[fs;’

vd;w E]y; mhpRlhl;oy; vd;w fpnuf;fj; jj;Jt mwp"uhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

,Jnt cstpay; gw;wp vGe;j Kjy; E]y;.

cstpay; tsh;r;rp milaj; bjhl';fpa gpwnf Mtp/ nga;/ Md;kh

gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; jfh;e;jd. ,f;fUj;ijna ituKj;J jdJ bkhHpapy;/

“ngapd;D xz;Q Jz;lhth ,Uf;F? ,y;y/ ek;k khjphp fz;Q/ fhJ/

_f;F tr;R m';f';nf fhLnkL njo miya[jh? mbjy;yhk; xz;Q';

fpilahJ! flt[s; khjphpna nga[k; kDrdhy cz;lhf;fg;gl;lJ.

kdRy/ ey;y kdRjhd; flt[s;; bfl;lJ nga;. flt[Sf;F khjphpna

nga;f;Fk; cUtk; bfhLf;FwJ mtdtd; brhe;jr; ruf;F. tapj;Jf;F xU

brhpkhd rf;jp ,Uf;fw khjphp kdRf;Fk; xU brhpkhd rf;jp ,Uf;F.

tapW brhpf;f Koayd;dh/ mJ the;jpah te;J bjhiyf;FJ! kdrhy

brhpf;f Koahj ftiynah/ mGj;jnkh ngah/ rhkpah/ gpuikah/

39 jpU.tp.fypahz Re;judhh;/ bgz;zpd; bgUik my;yJ thH;f;ifj;

Jizeyk;/ g.33.

144

g[j;jpkhwhl;lkh btspnaWJ”40 vd;W kd,ay; nguhrphpauhfj;

bjspt[gLj;Jfpwhh;.

czh;r;rp rhh;e;j cly;neha;fs; kdpjdJ md;whl eilKiwg;

gHf;ftHf;f khWghLfspd; kpifg;ghnl vd;gJ rpy kUj;Jt

Muha;r;rpahsh;fspd; fUj;J.

“Jd;gr; NHiy vjph;j;Jg; nghhpLk; kdg;gh';F my;yJ mtw;iw

tpl;Ltpyfp XLk; epiy Mfpa ,uz;Lnk kdpjUf;F ,ay;ghdit.

Mdhy;/ rpyh; khwhfr; brayw;W ,Ug;gh;. vjph;f;ft[k; Koahky;/

xJ';ft[k; Koahky; mt;t[zh;r;rpfis kdj;jpy; mlf;fp itj;J

kdg;g[Gf;fk; milth;. ,k;kdg;g[Gf;fnk ehsiltpy; mjpfhpj;J

clYWg;g[fisj; jhf;f Muk;gpf;fpwJ”41 vd;w kUj;Jth;fspd; Tw;iwna

vspa tl;lhu eilapy; vLj;Jf;fhl;o kdj;ij Ma;fpwhh; ituKj;J.

ituKj;J fhl;Lk; “bgz;ik”

“xU rKjhaj;jpy; Mlth; vj;Jizr; rpwe;jth; MapDk;/

mr;rKjhak; MtJk; mHptJk; mjpYs;s kfspuhy; jhd; vd;gJ tuyhW

fz;l cz;ik”42 vd;ghh; m.r."hdrk;ge;jd;. mt;tifapy; bgz;zpd;

bgUik nghw;wnt vGe;j ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghd “fUthr;rp fhtpaKk;”

,t;t[z;ikia cuj;j Fuypy; KHf;fkpl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ.

“Mzhjpf;f kugpypUe;J bgz; vd;w fUj;JU bky;y bky;y tpyfp

tUfpwJ. khwptUk; a[f re;jpapd; ikaj;jpy; epw;fpwhs; bgz;. ,Jtiu

bgz; vd;w jj;Jtj;ijg; bgUk;ghYk; totikj;jJ mts; cly;jhd;.

bgz; jd; cliyg; gpd;dpGj;Jf; bfhz;L/ jd; cs;sj;ij kl;Lnk

40 ituKj;J/ fUthr;rp fhtpak;/ g.30.

41 jp.b#auhkfpU\;zd;/ g[.b#ar;re;jpud;/ czh;r;rpfs; cUthf;Fk; cly; neha;fs;/ g.53.

42 r.m."hdrk;ge;jd;/ fk;gd; g[jpa ghh;it/ g.114.

145

Kd;dpWj;jj; jiyg;gl;L tpl;lhy;/ ,UE]W/ Ke;E]W Mz;Lfspy;

,aw;iff;Fg; g[wk;ghd rpy fyhrhu mjph;r;rpfisr; re;jpf;ff; TLk;

r_fk;”43 vd;W ehtypd; Muk;gj;jpnyna brhy;yp tpLfpwhh; ituKj;J.

fUthr;rpaplk; rhkpahh;/ “thH;tpd; tHpba';Fk; Jnuhf';fisna

re;jpj;j eP fL";rpdk; bfhz;oUf;ff; TLk;. ahh; kPJ?”44 vd;W nfl;fpwhh;.

“vd; bghHg;g[ - bghwg;g[ buz;Lnk vk;nky nfhtkhapUf;fwg;g

ehd; ahuf; nfhtpf;fpwJ rhkp? mg;gona nfhtpr;rhYk;/ xU nfhtj;jj;

jPj;jpUkh ,d;bdhU nfhtk;? jPa tr;rh mizg;gPf jPa? Ko";r kl;Lk;

jz;zpah ,Ue;J ghg;gk;D ,Ue;Jl;nld;. nfhtk;';fpwJ g[j;jp

khwhl;lkh ,y;iyah? fpWf;fd vg;gt[k; fpWf;Fg; g[or;rpUf;F;

nfhtf;fhud mg;gg;gf; fpWf;F g[or;Rl;L g[or;Rl;Lg; nghFJ. xU

FLk;gk;/ vd; FLk;gj;J nky tr;rpUe;j nfhtj;Jy jhd; rhkp vd;

bghHg;g[y beUg;g[ tpGe;Jr;R. ehDk; ifapy beUg;bgLj;njd;D

tr;Rf;F';f vy;yhnk mHp";R nghapUf;Fk; rhkp!”45

vd;W gjpy; brhy;fpwhs;.

fUthr;rp/ fy;tp fw;fhj bgz;zhapUe;jhYk; thH;tpd;

cz;ikfis czh;e;j "hdp nghynt ngRfpwhs;.

bgz;zpd; bgUe;jf;f aht[s fw;bgd;Dk;

jpz;ikcz; lhfg; bgwpd;?46

vDk; ts;Stg; bgUe;jifapd; tha;bkhHpf;nfhh; ,yf;fzkha;

elkhLfpwhs;.

43 ituKj;J/ fUthr;rp fhtpak;/ ghapuk;.

44 nkyJ./ g.321.

45 nkyJ./ g.322.

46 Fws;.54.

146

gilg;gpyf;fpa';fspy; thH;tpy; ghpkhz';fs; fw;gidfnshL

fye;Jk;/ rpy ntisfspy; kpifg;gLj;jg;gl;Lk;/ rpy ntisfspy; fz;

jpwg;ghft[k; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

“xl;L bkhj;j r_fj;ija[k;/ jiyfPHhfj; jpUg;gpg; nghl/

jdpg;gl;l rpyhpd; rpe;jidfns fhuzkhfpa[s;sd. ,Wfpf; fplf;Fk;

vhpkiyapd; btog;g[g; nghy/ ,Wfpg;nghd r_fj;jpd; kdr;rhl;rpahf

,th;fs; btoj;J vGk;gp/ g[jpa a[f';fisg; gilj;Js;sdh;.”47

fUthr;rp fhtpaj;jpy;/ bgz;zpak; Fwpj;j ituKj;Jtpd; g[jpa

ghh;it xU r_f khWjYf;fhd bjhlf;fk; vd;W bfhs;syhk;.

,Jnghd;w gilg;g[fs; bjhlh;e;J tUtJ bgz;Qyfpw;fhd xU

tskhd Kaw;rp vdyhk;.

“cstpay; Jiwapy; r_f cstpay; vd;w gphpt[ mz;ikapy;

tsh;e;J tUfpwJ. r_fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rhjp ntw;Wik/ jPz;lhik/

ghypd ntw;Wik vd;w rpf;fy;fSf;Fr; r_f epWtd';fs;/ FGf;fs;/

gz;ghl;L ,Wf;f';fs; vd;gdtw;iwf; Fw;wk; brhy;Yjy; xUKiw.

mij tpLj;J/ rpf;fy; ikaj;jpy; cs;s jdpkdpjr; bray;ghl;il

cd;dpg;gha;f; ftdpg;gjd; _yk; r_fg; bghJthd vjph;tpidfspd;

fl;likg;g[f;Ff; fhuzkhFk; fUj;jikt[fis ,dk; fz;L/

jdpkdpjidj; bjsptpg;gJ r_f cstpaypd; bray;ghL vd;W

ciuf;fg;gLfpwJ.”48

47 ghj;jpkh Nirkzp/ jkpH;g;g[idfijfspy; cstpay;/ g.80.

48 The plan to attack the collective problem not after the manner of social sciences by focusing attention upon groups, institutions and culture as entities, but by studying the behaviour of individuals as they operate in these relationships. It deals with individuals but it seeks to discover how the common and reciprocal behaviour of individuals are patterned, organized or structured in such a way that taken together they consititute the aggregates that the social scientists view as collective entities, Encyclopedia Amerieana, Vol.25, p.128. (Bibliography: Encyclopedia Americana, Vol.25, Grolier Incorporated Danbury, Connectruct, F.E., 1829).

147

r_f mf;fiw bfhz;l ftp"h; ituKj;J/ “gpwe;j gad;fspy;

xd;W vd;nw ,e;jf; fhtpaj;ijf; fUJfpnwd;”49 vd;W ciug;gjd; _yk;

rpe;jid khw;w';fSf;fhd tpijfisj; J]tp/ bgz; cyifg;

bgUikg;gLj;jpa[s;shh; vd;nw Twyhk;.

eifr;Ritj; JQf;Ffspy; cstpay;

“tFg;giwf;Fk;/ Ma;t[f;Tlj;jpw;Fk; vd;d ntWghL?”

“Mrphpah; mWj;jhy; mJ tFg;giw;

khztd; mWj;jhy; mJ Ma;t[f;Tlk;”

bghJthf/ vy;yh khztUk; mwpe;j ,e;j eifr;Ritj; JQf;F/

gy;ntW cstpay; cz;ikfisg; gpujpgypg;gjhf cs;sJ.

xt;bthU kdpjDf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l rf;jp rpe;jpf;Fk;

rf;jpna. ,e;j chpikia ,d;W ehk; ek; FHe;ijfSf;Fj; jUtjpy;iy.

rpWth;fSf;Fj; jhnk rpe;jid bra;a ,le;jUtJld; mth;fs;

btspapLk; vz;z';fSf;Fk; khpahij juntz;Lk;.

“FHe;ijfSf;Fg; gy bghUs;fs; njhd;Wk; tpjk; ntW;

bghpath;fSf;F mit njhd;Wk; tpjk; ntW. FHe;ijf;F kug;ghr;rp xU

FHe;ijahfnt czh;r;rpfis vGg;g[fpwJ. xU Fr;rpiaf; Fjpiu vd

epidj;J/ rpWtd; mjpy; rthhp bra;a[k; nghJ/ mf;Fr;rp mtDf;Ff; Fjpiu

nghd;nw MfptpLfpwJ. ,k;khjphp rpWtUila cs;sj;jpy; vGk;

vz;z';fs; ntwhdit vd;gij ehk; ed;F epidtpy; itj;Jf; bfhs;s

ntz;Lk;”50 vd;gJ cstpay; cz;ik.

bghJthf/ kdpjd; r_fj;ija[k;/ NH;epiyiaa[k; fUj;jpy;

bfhz;L jdJ thH;f;ifia mikj;Jf; bfhs;fpd;whd;. Mdhy;/

cWjpahd vz;z';fSila rpyh;/ r_fj;ijj; jk; vz;z';fSf;nfw;g

49 ituKj;J/ fUthr;rp fhtpak;/ ghapuk;.

50 bg.J]ud;/ FHe;ij cstpaYk; kdpj kdKk;/ g.186.

148

khw;wp mikj;jpl Kay;fpd;wdh;. mth;fspd; vz;z';fs; cah;e;jitahf

,Ug;gpd; mit r_fj;jpd; Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfp tpLfpd;wd.

mg;gog;gl;l rpe;jidahsh;fshy; cyfk; ed;ikailfpd;wJ.

FHe;ijfspd; rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwidr; rpWtaJ Kjw;bfhz;nl jil

bra;ahJ/ kyUk;gor; bra;tjhy; ,g;gog;gl;l rpe;jidahsh;fis ehk;

cUthf;f ,aYk;.

khzth;fs; gw;wpa j';fs; kjpg;gPLfs; bgha;ahfpg; nghtij

czuhj Mrphpah; vtUnk ,Uf;f KoahJ. fhuzk;/ j';fs; ifapy;

,Uf;fpw juhRfshy; Mrphpah;fs; khzth;fis vil nghLfpwhh;fs;.

Fiwa[s;s ,e;jj; juhRfs; r_fk; je;jit. xt;bthUtiu kjpg;gplt[k;/

jdpj;jdpj; juhR ntz;Lk; vd;w cz;ikiag; g[wf;fzpj;Jr; r_fk;

cUthf;fpa bghJj; juhRfs; mit. mitjhk; bgUk;ghyhd

Mrphpah;fspd; iffspy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

“Mrphpah; g[j;bjhspg; gapw;rp eilbgw;wnghJ Xh; Mrphpah;

gpd;tUkhW Twpdhh;. v';fs; fy;Y]hp fpuhkg;g[wf; fy;Y]hp; ehd; jhd;

mf;fy;Y]hpapd; khzth; gzpf;fHfg; bghWg;ghsh;. xUKiw xU

khztd; vd;dplk; te;jhd;. “rhh;! khepy mstpyhd fy;Y]hp

khzth;fSf;fhd ngr;Rg; nghl;oapy; fye;J bfhs;s tpUk;g[fpnwd;.

nghl;o kJiuapy; elf;fpwJ. ehd; ,e;jf; fy;Y]hp khztd; vd;gjw;fhd

rhd;wpjH; ntz;Lk;/ jhU';fs;!” vd;whd;. mtid Vw ,w';fg;

ghh;j;njd;. nghl;onah M';fpyg;ngr;Rg; nghl;o/ mJt[k; khepy

mstpyhd nghl;o. ,tndh/ fy;Y]hpg; ngr;Rg; nghl;oapnyna

,Jtiu fye;J bfhz;L ehd; ghh;j;jjpy;iy. vdnt/ mtid

mijhpag;gLj;jpndd;. ‘fhny#; ngiuf; bfLf;fth? ntz;lhk;!’

vd;nwd;. mtndh tplhg;gpoahf epd;whd;. bf";rpdhd;. ntz;lh

btWg;ghf xU rhd;wpjH; bfhLj;njd;. ,uz;L jpd';fs; brd;wpUf;Fk;.

jpObud;W vd; miwf;Fs; EiHe;jhd;. ‘rhh;! khepyg;ngr;Rg; nghl;oapy;

ehd;jhd; Kjy; ghpR!’ vd;whd;. ghpira[k;/ ghuhl;Lr; rhd;wpjiHa[k;

149

fhl;odhd;. vd;dhy; ek;g Koatpy;iy. ehd; ntz;lh btWg;ghff;

bfhLj;j milahsr; rhd;wpjGf;fhf mtd; E]W Kiw nj';f;!;

brhd;dhd;. vdf;nfh mtkhdk; jh';f Koatpy;iy”51 vd;W Xh;

Mrphpah; TWk;nghJ/ khzth;fspd; cstpaiy Mrphpah; gyh; ,d;Dk;

g[hpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk; vd;w cz;ik btspg;gLfpwJ.

Mrphpah;fSf;Fk;/ bgw;nwhh;fSf;Fk; jk; gps;is btw;wp

bgWk;tiu mth;fs; kPJ jPuhj re;njfk;. btw;wp bgw;w gpwF/ jd;

gps;isaplk; ,t;tst[ jpwikah? mwpahky; nghndhnk? vd;W

jtpf;fpd;wdh;.

kdtsh;r;rpapd; ntfj;ijg; gy;tifahd nrhjidfspd; _yk;

cstpayhh; Ma;e;Js;sdh;.

“ve;j tajpy; kdtsh;r;rp epd;WtpLfpwJ vd;gij mwpa/ vz;zw;w

Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; Kaw;rp bra;jdh;. Kjy; cyfg;nghhpd; nghJ/

,jidf; fzpf;f Kw;gl;l Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; kdtsh;r;rp 13 my;yJ 14

Mz;Lfspy; epd;W tpLtjhfj; jPh;khdpj;jdh;. Mdhy; 1921-24 Mz;Lf;

fhyj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l nrhjidfs; 16 Mz;Lfs; tiu kdtsh;r;rp

bjhlh;e;J epfH;tjhf vLj;Jf;fhl;od.

g[%f; (Brooke) vd;ghh; kdtaJ 15 tajpYk; bjhlh;e;J tsh;e;J

bfhz;oUg;gjhft[k; ghy;Ltpd;Dk;/ !;blf;fUk; (Baldwin and Stecher)

mJ 16 tajpYk; tsh;e;J bfhz;oUg;gjhft[k; j';fspd; Ma;t[fs; tHp

Twpa[s;sdh;. #hd;rd; (Johnson) vd;ghh; mwpt[ tsh;r;rpapd; vy;iy 18

tajpw;Fg; gpd;dh; jhd; milag;gLfpwJ vd;W Twpdhh;.

51 r.khlrhkp/ vdf;Fhpa ,lk; v';nf? (fy;tpf;Tlr; rpe;jidfs;)/

g.85.

150

,t;thnw jhh;d;ilf; (Thorndika) vd;ghh; 18 tajpw;F nkw;gl;Lk;

kdtaJ tsh;e;J bfhz;oUg;gijf; fz;lhh;. n#hd;Rk;/ fhd;uLk;

(Jones and Cornad) 1911-y; epa{ ,';fpyhe;jpd; fpuhkg; g[wj;jpdiu ,uhQt

My;gh (Army Alpha) nrhjidiaf; bfhz;L Muha;r;rp elj;jpajpy;/

kdtsh;r;rpapd; ntfk; 16 taJ tiu kpft[k; Jhpjkhf ,Ug;gjhft[k;/

gpd;dh; 19-20 taJ tiu mJ bjhlh;e;J bkJthf ,Ug;gjhft[k;

fz;ldh;.

,th;fisg; bghWj;jtiu/ kdtsh;r;rpapd; cr;r vy;iy 19f;Fk;

20f;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;Fg; gpd;dh; kdtsh;r;rp bkJthff;

Fiwaj; bjhl';fp/ 50 tajpy; 14 tajpd; epiyf;F te;J nrUfpwJ.

“Vida Muha;r;rpfSk; ,ijg;nghd;w Kot[fisna je;Js;sd.

Mjyhy; Ez;zwptpd; tsh;r;rp epd;WtpLk; fhyk; Ik;gJ tajpidj;

jhz;ona Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij mwpayhk;.”52

,isnahh; gUtj;jpy; jhd; kdpjd; Ez;zwptpd; cr;repiyia

milfpd;whd;. vdnt/ Kjph;e;j gUtj;jpy; mtDf;Fs;s fw;Fk; jpwk;/

,g;nghJ ,isnahh; gUtj;jpnyna mtdplk; cs;sJ. Mjyhy;

mtDila fw;Fk; jpwikapidg; bgUkstpy; gad;gLj;jp/ mjidf;

Th;ikahf;Fk; bghUl;L/ mjw;fhd fy;tp mDgt';fspd; tha;g;g[fis

mtDf;F ,g;nghJ mspf;f ntz;Lk;.

fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;l';fs; ,isnahhpd; ,aw;if Mw;wypd;

jFjpf;Fk;/ csehl;lj;jpw;Fk; (Aptitude) Vw;wjhft[k;/ gpw;fhyj;jpy;

mth;fs; nky;epiyg; gapw;rpfs; bgWtjw;F Vw;w tifapy; gad;gLk;

goa[k; mika ntz;Lk;.

52 m.mg;Jy; fhPk;/ ,isnahh; cstpay;/ g.136.

151

,ay; Kot[

,yf;fpa';fspy; fhQk; cstpay; TWfs; ,t;tpay;tHp

gpd;tUkhW gFj;jhuhag;gl;Ls;sd.

kdpjh;fspd; cs;shh;e;j csr;rf;jpfSs; xd;W ghy;ntl;if vd;w

gpuha;od; fUj;J FWe;bjhifg;ghlypd; tHp Rl;lf;fhl;lg;

bgw;Ws;sJ.

kdj;jpd; ,ay;g[fs; jpUf;Fws; tHp Muhag;bgw;Ws;sd.

cstpayhh; TWk; fdt[f;bfhs;if Mz;lhs; ghly; tHp Muhag;

bgw;Ws;sJ.

bgz;zpa cstpay; ituKj;Jtpd; ‘fUthr;rp fhtpak;’ _yk;

Rl;of;fhl;lg;bgw;Ws;sJ.

,isnahh; gUt cstpay; eifr;Ritj; JQf;fpd; tHp gFj;jhuhag;

bgw;Ws;sJ.