7/22/2019 Aimee Mann v. MediaNet Digital - opinion on motion to dismiss

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F-Egifm VLG]FM X]@]FX MGX]ZGH] HBVZ]

HFL]Z@I MGX]ZGH] BE H@IGEBZLG@

HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I

H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

Trfsgmglk? ]nf Nblbr`jif KFBZKF N. AGLK, HNGFE V.X. MGX]ZGH] OVMKF

Jf`trghf Nfrrfr` L/@ L/@

Mfputy Hifra Hburt Zfpbrtfr / Zfhbrmfr ]`pf Lb.

@ttbrlfys Trfsflt ebr Ti`gltgees? @ttbrlfys Trfsflt ebr Mfeflm`lt?

 Lblf Lblf

Trbhffmglks? (Gl Hn`cjfrs) Brmfr rf? Mfeflm`lt‗s Cbtgbl tb Mgscgss QMat. Lb. :4S

]ngs c`ttfr gs jfebrf us bl Mfeflm`lt‗s Cbtgbl tb Mgscgss Ti`gltgee‗s Egrst @cflmfm Hbcpi`glt(’E@H–). [f n`vf hblsgmfrfm tnf p`pfrs egifm gl suppbrt be `lm gl bppbsgtgbl tb tnf Cbtgbl `lm mffctngs c`ttfr ̀ pprbprg`tf ebr rfsbiutgbl wgtnbut br`i `rkucflt. I.Z. ;-06. @s tnf T`rtgfs ̀ rf e`cgig`r wgtntnf e`hts, wf wgii rfpf`t tnfc bliy `s lfhfss`ry. @hhbrmglkiy, wf ruif `s ebiibws?

G. J`hakrbulm

Ti`gltgee @gcff C`ll (’C`ll–), ` sblkwrgtfr `lm rfhbrmglk `rtgst, jrbuknt tngs hbpyrgknt

glerglkfcflt `htgbl `k`glst Mfeflm`lt Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh. (’Cfmg`Lft–), e/a/` CusghLft, `mgstrgjutbr be strf`cglk cusgh, bliglf r`mgb, `lm cusgh mbwlib`ms tb hbcp`lgfs igaf Xblkz`, Xtuj Nuj,Xbulmtr`hafr, C]U, W`nbb Cusgh, `lm ]gcf [`rlfr H`jif (`cblk btnfrs). Cfmg`Lft `isb `iibwshblsucfrs tb `hqugrf cusgh mgrfhtiy erbc gts wfjsgtf, www.clmgkgt`i.hbc.

C`ll‗s E@H0 `iifkfs tnf ebiibwglk? C`ll bwls tnf hbpyrgknt tb bvfr 044 cusgh`ihbcpbsgtgbls.:  (E@H µ 0;, Fx. @). Bl Mfhfcjfr 6, :448, C`ll fltfrfm gltb `l `krffcflt wgtnCfmg`Lft tn`t kr`ltfm tnf hbcp`ly ’` lblfxhiusgvf ighflsf tb usf, tr`lscgt, pfrebrc, rfprbmuhf, `lm mfigvfr– nfr hbcpbsgtgbls tb gts `utnbrgzfm mgstrgjutbrs `lm flm usfrs vg` gts strf`cglk `lm mbwlib`m sfrvghfs (’Ighflsf @krffcflt–).8  (E@H µ 0>1 E@H Fx. J, Ighflsf @krffcflt µ :.0). Ebr f`hn strf`c

0 C`ll `cflmfm nfr brgkgl`i hbcpi`glt tb hi`rgey tn`t snf mgm lbt gltflm tb `iifkf tn`t Cfmg`Lftn`m glerglkfm nfr pujigh pfrebrc`lhf rgknts tn`t wfrf ighflsfm tb Cfmg`Lft jy tnf @cfrgh`l Xbhgfty be Hbcpbsfrs, @utnbrs, `lm Tujigsnfrs (’@XH@T–).

: @ cusgh rfhbrmglk hrf`tfs ` hbpyrgknt gl jbtn tnf cusgh`i hbcpbsgtgbl (`utnbrfm jy tnfhbcpbsfr `lm iyrghgst) `lm tnf sbulm rfhbrmglk (`utnbrfm jy tnf pfrebrcfr, tnf rfhbrm prbmuhfr, br  jbtn). ]nf hbpyrgknts tb C`ll‗s sbulm rfhbrmglks `rf fxhiusgvfiy bwlfm `lm hbltrbiifm jy [n`tfvfr Trbmuhtgbls, Glh. m/j/` XupfrFkb Zfhbrms ̀ lm n`vf jffl ighflsfm tb Cfmg`Lft. (Ti. Bpp. `t ;).

8 @mmgtgbl`iiy, ebr C`ll‗s sblks tn`t snf ’egrst c`mf `v`gi`jif . . . murglk tnf ]frc be QtnfS@krffcflt,– tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt kr`ltfm Cfmg`Lft ’`ii rgknts `lm bjigk`tgbls be ` st`tutbryHU-74 (45/4=) HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I T`kf 0 be 7

H`sf :?08-hv-46:57-KNA-EEC Mbhucflt :5 Egifm 00/:;/08 T`kf 0 be 7 T`kf GM #?845

7/22/2019 Aimee Mann v. MediaNet Digital - opinion on motion to dismiss

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F-Egifm VLG]FM X]@]FX MGX]ZGH] HBVZ]

HFL]Z@I MGX]ZGH] BE H@IGEBZLG@

HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I

H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

br mbwlib`m be C`ll‗s sblks, Cfmg`Lft `krffm tb p`y C`ll ` cfhn`lgh`i rby`ity `t tnf st`tutbry r`tf.= (E@H Fx. J, Ighflsf @krffcflt µµ =.0, =.:, 5.0). ]nfsf p`ycflts wfrf tb jf c`mf wgtngl =6 m`ys `etfr tnf flm be f`hn h`iflm`r qu`rtfr. ( Gm.). @iblk wgtn tnf eff p`ycflts, Cfmg`Lft `isb `krffm tb eurlgsn`l `hhbultglk rfpbrt sfttglk ebrtn tnf lucjfr be tgcfs C`ll‗s sblks wfrf strf`cfm br mbwlib`mfm vg`Cfmg`Lft‗s sfrvghf murglk tnf eff pfrgbm (`s wfii `s tnf tbt`i lucjfr be btnfr strf`cs `lm mbwlib`msc`mf vg` Cfmg`Lft‗s sfrvghf murglk tnf eff pfrgbm). (E@H Fx. J, Ighflsf @krffcflt µ 5.:).

]nf Ighflsf @krffcflt n`m `l glgtg`i tnrff-yf`r tfrc wgtn `utbc`tgh twb-yf`r fxtflsgbls,’ulifss tfrcgl`tfm jy fgtnfr T`rty upbl wrgttfl lbtghf be gltfltgbl tb tfrcgl`tf `t if`st lglfty m`ys prgbr tb tnf flm be tnf ]frc br `ly Zflfw`i Tfrgbm, wnfrfupbl QtnfS @krffcflt QwbuimS tfrcgl`tf `t tnf flm 

be suhn ]frc br Zflfw`i Tfrgbm.– (E@H Fx. J, Ighflsf @krffcflt µ 6). J`sfm bl tnf Mfhfcjfr 6,:448 feefhtgvf m`tf, tnf glgtg`i tfrc w`s sft tb flm bl Mfhfcjfr =, :445. (E@H µ :4).

C`ll hi`gcs tn`t bl Efjru`ry 04, :446, nfr rfprfsflt`tgvf, Ifsigf [`ii`af, sflt Cfmg`Lft `lfc`gi gl wnghn snf glmgh`tfm C`ll wgsnfm tb tfrcgl`tf tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt. (E@H µ :0). ]nf fc`giw`s sflt gl rfspblsf tb `l glqugry erbc Obnl Oblfs, UT be Trbkr`ccglk, @rtgst, `lm I`jfi Zfi`tgbls `tCfmg`Lft. (E@H, Fx. H). Gl tnf jrgfe fc`gi, [`ii`af glebrcfm Oblfs tn`t C`ll ’n`s `mvgsfm tn`t QsnfSmbfs lbt w`lt tb pursuf `l `krffcflt wgtn CusghLft `t tngs tgcf.– ( Gm.). C`ll hbltflms tn`t, pursu`lttb p`r`kr`pn 6 be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt, tngs fc`gi h`usfm tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt tb tfrcgl`tf `t tnfflm be tnf glgtg̀ i tfrc, bl Mfhfcjfr =, :445. (E@H µ ::). Gl `mmgtgbl, glmfpflmflt be nfr purpbrtfm tfrcgl`tgbl lbtghf, C`ll `iifkfs tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt flmfm bl Mfhfcjfr =, :445 jfh`usf gts `utb-rflfw`i prbvgsgbl gs ulflebrhf`jif ulmfr Lfw Wbra Kflfr`i Bjigk`tgbls I`w § 6-748.6  (E@H µ :8).

 Lbtwgtnst`lmglk tnf tfrcgl`tgbl be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt bl Mfhfcjfr =, :445, Cfmg`Lfthbltglufm tb tr`lscgt, rfprbmuhf, `lm mgstrgjutf C`ll‗s sblks `etfr tnf glgtg`i tfrc n`m flmfm. (E@H µ:=). Mfspgtf tngs hbltglufm usf be nfr sblks, Cfmg`Lft `iifkfmiy mgm lbt sflm C`ll `ly rby`itgfs br `hhbultglk rfpbrts `etfr O`lu`ry =, :445. (E@H µ 56). ]ngs i`st p`ycflt w`s ebr tnf qu`rtfr-`llu`i pfrgbm flmglk bl Xfptfcjfr 84, :446. ( Gm.). ]nf bliy p`ycflt C`ll rfhfgvfm erbc Cfmg`Lft `etfr O`lu`ry =, :445 w`s ̀ $:4 hnfha gl C`rhn :408. (E@H µ 55). C`ll prbcptiy rfturlfm tngs hnfha tbCfmg`Lft jfh`usf gt ’jbrf lb rfi`tgblsngp tb tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt br Xfhtgbl 006 be tnf Hbpyrgknt@ht.– ( Gm.). @mmgtgbl`iiy, jfebrf, murglk, `lm ̀ etfr tnf tfrc be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt, Cfmg`Lft

beefrfm btnfr pujigsnfrs cbrf e`vbr`jif tfrcs tn`l tnbsf beefrfm tb C`ll, fvfl tnbukn tnf Ighflsf@krffcflt hblt`glfm ` prbvgsgbl gl wnghn Cfmg`Lft prbcgsfm tb trf`t C`ll bl ` ’cbst e`vbrfm 

ighflsff . . . ebr tnf euii tfrc be tnf hbpyrgknt ebr tnf Cusgh`i [bras.– (E@H Fx. J, Ighflsf @krffcflt µ :.8). Cfmg`Lft w`s kr`ltfm tngs st`tutbry ighflsf ebr tnfsf wbras wgtnbut ’n`vglk tb eurtnfr sfrvf br egif ` lbtghf be gltfltgbl tb bjt`gl ` hbcpuisbry ighflsf– (gm.), fvfl tnbukn suhn lbtghf gs lbrc`iiy ` prfrfqugsgtf tb bjt`glglk ` st`tutbry ighflsf. Xff 0; V.X.H. § 006(j).

= ]nf st`tutbry cfhn`lgh`i rby`ity r`tf gs mftfrcglfm pursu`lt tb Xfhtgbl 006 be tnf Hbpyrgknt@ht. 0; V.X.H. § 006(h).

6 ]nf Ighflsf @krffcflt prbvgmfs tn`t gt gs kbvfrlfm jy Lfw Wbra i`w.HU-74 (45/4=) HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I T`kf : be 7

H`sf :?08-hv-46:57-KNA-EEC Mbhucflt :5 Egifm 00/:;/08 T`kf : be 7 T`kf GM #?84;

7/22/2019 Aimee Mann v. MediaNet Digital - opinion on motion to dismiss

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F-Egifm VLG]FM X]@]FX MGX]ZGH] HBVZ]

HFL]Z@I MGX]ZGH] BE H@IGEBZLG@

HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I

H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

l`tgbls– (’CEL–) ’j`sgs hblhfrlglk QgtsS p`ycflt ebr cfhn`lgh`i ighflsf effs.– (E@H µµ 5:, 58, 5=).

C`ll hbltflms tn`t Cfmg`Lft‗s e`giurf tb hbcpiy wgtn tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt‗s rby`ity,`hhbultglk, `lm CEL prbvgsgbls `etfr Mfhfcjfr =, :445 eurtnfr sukkfsts tn`t tnf Ighflsf @krffcfltn`m gl e`ht flmfm bl tn`t m`tf. (E@H µ 5>). Gl tnf `itfrl`tgvf, ge tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt gs mffcfm tbn`vf lbt flmfm bl Mfhfcjfr =, :445, C`ll sffas tb lbw rfshglm gt ebr ’c`tfrg`i e`giurf be hblsgmfr`tgbl.– (E@H µ 57). C`ll hbltflms tn`t rfshgssgbl be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt wbuim prbvgmf ̀ l`itfrl`tgvf j`sgs ebr hi`gcglk tn`t Cfmg`Lft‗s usfs be C`ll‗s hbcpbsgtgbls `etfr Mfhfcjfr =, :445hblstgtutfm hbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt. (E@H µ ;4).

J`sfm bl tnf ebrfkbglk, tnf E@H `ssfrts egvf h`usfs be `htgbl? (0) mgrfht hbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt1(:) hbltrgjutbry hbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt1 (8) vgh`rgbus hbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt1 (=) glmuhglk hbpyrgkntglerglkfcflt1 `lm (6) rfshgssgbl. C`ll sffas m`c`kfs, ` hblstruhtgvf trust bvfr tnf cblfy bjt`glfm jyCfmg`Lft `s ` rfsuit be gts giifk`i fxpibgt`tgbl be nfr sblks, ` pfrc`lflt gloulhtgbl prbngjgtglk tnfhbltglufm glerglkfcflt be nfr sblks, `l brmfr mgrfhtglk tnf gcpbulmcflt br btnfr rf`sbl`jif mgspbsgtgblbe Cfmg`Lft‗s glerglkglk hbpgfs be nfr sblks, `lm `ttbrlfys‗ effs. Cfmg`Lft lbw cbvfs tb mgscgssf`hn be C`ll‗s egvf hi`gcs.

GG. Cbtgbl tb Mgscgss Xt`lm`rm

]b survgvf mgscgss`i ebr e`giurf tb st`tf ` hi`gc, ` hbcpi`glt cust sft ebrtn ’cbrf tn`l i`jfis `lm hblhiusgbls, `lm ` ebrcui`gh rfhgt`tgbl be tnf fifcflts be ` h`usf be `htgbl wgii lbt mb.–  Jfii @ti. Hbrp.

v. ]wbcjiy, 664 V.X. 6==, 666 (:44;). ]nf hbcpi`glt cust hblt`gl e`htu`i `iifk`tgbls sueeghgflt tb’st`tf ` hi`gc tb rfigfe tn`t gs pi`usgjif bl gts e`hf.–  Gm. `t 666, 6;41 sff `isb @snhrbet v. Gqj`i, 665 V.X.55:, 5;>-;7 (:447). @itnbukn wf cust `hhfpt tnf `iifk`tgbls be tnf hbcpi`glt `s truf `lm hblstruftnfc gl tnf igknt cbst e`vbr`jif tb tnf pi`gltgee, wf lffm lbt `hhfpt `s truf ifk`i hblhiusgbls ’h`st gl tnfebrc be e`htu`i `iifk`tgbls.– [. Cglglk Hbulhgi v. [`tt , 5=8 E.:m 50>, 5:= (7tn Hgr. 07>0). ’Gl suc,ebr ` hbcpi`glt tb survgvf ` cbtgbl tb mgscgss, tnf lbl-hblhiusbry „e`htu`i hbltflt,‗ `lm rf`sbl`jifglefrflhfs erbc tn`t hbltflt, cust jf pi`usgjiy sukkfstgvf be ` hi`gc fltgtiglk tnf pi`gltgee tb rfigfe.– Cbss v. V.X. Xfhrft Xfrv., 6;: E.8m 75:, 757 (7tn Hgr. :447).

GGG. Mgshussgbl

@. Hbpyrgknt Hi`gcs

Cfmg`Lft `rkufs tn`t C`ll‗s hi`gc ebr mgrfht glerglkfcflt snbuim jf mgscgssfm jfh`usf?(g) Cfmg`Lft n`m ` v`igm ighflsf `t `ii rfifv`lt tgcfs `lm tnfrfebrf h`llbt jf ig`jif ebr hbpyrgkntglerglkfcflt, `lm (gg) tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt w`s lbt tfrcgl`tfm bl Mfhfcjfr =, :445 `s ` c`ttfr be i`w.

]nf vg`jgigty be Cfmg`Lft‗s egrst `rkucflt, be hbursf, gs fltgrfiy hbltglkflt bl gts sfhblm `rkucflt. J`sfm bl hif`riy fst`jigsnfm h`sf i`w (`lm sgcpiy `s ` c`ttfr be hbccbl sflsf), C`ll

HU-74 (45/4=) HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I T`kf 8 be 7

H`sf :?08-hv-46:57-KNA-EEC Mbhucflt :5 Egifm 00/:;/08 T`kf 8 be 7 T`kf GM #?84>

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F-Egifm VLG]FM X]@]FX MGX]ZGH] HBVZ]

HFL]Z@I MGX]ZGH] BE H@IGEBZLG@

HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I

H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

hbuim lbt suf Cfmg`Lft ebr hbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt ge Cfmg`Lft n`m ` v`igm ighflsf `t tnf tgcf be tnf`iifkfm glerglkfcflt. Jut tnf fltgrf tnrust be C`ll‗s E@H gs tn`t Cfmg`Lft fxpibgtfm nfr wbras `etfr Mfhfcjfr =, :445, wnfl snf `iifkfs gt lb iblkfr n`m ` ighflsf. @lm `s C`ll hbrrfhtiy lbtfs, ’`etfr fxpgr`tgbl be ` ighflsf, eurtnfr fxfrhgsf jy tnf ighflsff be tnf ighflsfm fxpibgt`tgbl rgknts hblstgtutfshbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt.– [u v. Tf`rsbl Fmuh. Glh., :;; E.Z.M. :66, :5; (X.M.L.W. 0770) (qubtglk Lgccfr bl Hbpyrgknt § 04.06). @hhbrmglkiy, Cfmg`Lft h`l bliy prfv`gi bl gts cbtgbl tb mgscgssC`ll‗s hbpyrgknt hi`gc ge gt h`l snbw, `s ` c`ttfr be i`w, tn`t gt n`m ` v`igm ighflsf tb usf C`ll‗s sblks`t `ii rfifv`lt tgcfs.

0. Xt`tutbry Hbcpuisbry Ighflsf

Gl nfr E@H, C`ll `iifkfs tn`t Cfmg`Lft n`m lfgtnfr ` hbcpuisbry ighflsf lbr ` lfkbtg`tfm ighflsf tb usf nfr sblks `etfr Mfhfcjfr =, :445. Tursu`lt tb Xfhtgbl 006 be tnf Hbpyrgknt @ht, ` pfrsblc`y bjt`gl ` hbcpuisbry ighflsf tb rfprbmuhf `lm mgstrgjutf hbpyrgkntfm cusgh`i wbras. Xff 0; V.X.H.§ 006. ]b bjt`gl suhn ` hbcpuisbry ighflsf, ` pfrsbl cust sfrvf lbtghf bl tnf hbpyrgknt bwlfr tngrty

m`ys jfebrf mgstrgjutglk tnf wbra. 0; V.X.H. § 006(j)(0). ’E`giurf tb sfrvf br egif QtngsS lbtghf. . . ebrfhibsfs tnf pbssgjgigty be ` hbcpuisbry ighflsf, `lm, gl tnf `jsflhf be ` lfkbtg`tfm ighflsf,rflmfrs tnf c`aglk `lm mgstrgjutgbl be pnblbrfhbrms `htgbl`jif `s `hts be glerglkfcflt . . . .– 0; V.X.H.§ 006(j)(:). Nfrf, C`ll `iifkfs tn`t Cfmg`Lft n`m lb hbcpuisbry ighflsf jfh`usf gt mgm lbt sfrvf br egif tnf rfqugrfm lbtghf prgbr tb gts mgstrgjutgbl be C`ll‗s sblks. (E@H µ 05).

@itnbukn Cfmg`Lft mbfs lbt hbltflm tn`t gt sflt C`ll `ly suhn lbtghf, gt sukkfsts, gl p`ssglk,tn`t p`r`kr`pn :.8 be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt kr`lts gt `l blkbglk st`tutbry ighflsf tn`t rfc`gls gl feefhtfvfl `etfr tnf tfrcgl`tgbl be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt. (Cbt. `t =). T`r`kr`pn :.8 be tnf Ighflsf@krffcflt kr`ltfm Cfmg`Lft ’`ii rgknts `lm bjigk`tgbls be ` st`tutbry ighflsff– ebr tnf fltgrf mur`tgblbe tnf wbras‗ hbpyrgknt wgtnbut Cfmg`Lft lffmglk tb ’eurtnfr sfrvf br egif ` lbtghf be gltfltgbl tb bjt`gl` hbcpuisbry ighflsf– `s usu`iiy rfqugrfm jy Xfhtgbl 006. C`ll hblhfmfs tn`t tngs prbvgsgbl kr`ltsCfmg`Lft sbcf rgknts tn`t hbltgluf `etfr tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt gs tfrcgl`tfm. (Bpp. `t :0). Xnfglsgsts, nbwfvfr, tn`t gt bliy `ppigfs tb tnf sblks tn`t snf hbcpbsfm wngif tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt w`s glfeefht. (Bpp. `t 6). Xnf pbglts tb i`lku`kf gl p`r`kr`pn :.8 prbvgmglk tn`t gt `ppigfs tb ’tnf Cusgh`i[bras hblt`glfm gl QC`ll‗sS H`t`ibk tn`t `rf egrst c`mf `v`gi`jif murglk tnf ]frc be Qtnf IghflsfS

@krffcflt.– Jy gts pi`gl tfrcs, C`ll `rkufs, p`r`kr`pn :.8 mbfs lbt `ppiy tb tnf sblks tn`t snfhbcpbsfm prgbr tb tnf tfrc be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt br `etfr tnf tfrc be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt jfh`usf tnfsf sblks wfrf lbt ’egrst c`mf `v`gi`jif– jftwffl Mfhfcjfr 6, :448 `lm Mfhfcjfr =, :445.]ngs gs ` rf`sbl`jif gltfrprft`tgbl be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt, `lm Cfmg`Lft n`s e`gifm tb `rkufbtnfrwgsf. @hhbrmglkiy, C`ll n`s `mfqu`tfiy `iifkfm tn`t Cfmg`Lft mbfs lbt n`vf ` Xfhtgbl 006hbcpuisbry ighflsf tb usf nfr prf-Mfhfcjfr 6, :448 `lm pbst-Mfhfcjfr =, :445 sblks.

:. ]frcgl`tgbl be Lfkbtg`tfm Ighflsf

HU-74 (45/4=) HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I T`kf = be 7

H`sf :?08-hv-46:57-KNA-EEC Mbhucflt :5 Egifm 00/:;/08 T`kf = be 7 T`kf GM #?847

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H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

Cfmg`Lft‗s prgc`ry hbltfltgbl gs tn`t tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt sgklfm jy C`ll bl Mfhfcjfr 6,:448 rfc`gls gl feefht. C`ll‗s E@H prbeefrs sfvfr`i tnfbrgfs tb suppbrt nfr hi`gc tn`t Cfmg`Lft lbiblkfr n`m ` v`igm lfkbtg`tfm ighflsf `etfr Mfhfcjfr =, :445? (g) tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt‗s `utb-rflfw`i prbvgsgbl gs ulflebrhf`jif1 (gg) C`ll sflt Cfmg`Lft tgcfiy lbtghf be nfr gltflt tb tfrcgl`tf1 `lm (ggg)tnf T`rtgfs hblmuhtfm tnfcsfivfs `s ge tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt n`m tfrcgl`tfm. C`ll‗s E@H st`tfs `v`igm hi`gc ebr mgrfht hbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt ge `ly blf be tnfsf tnfbrgfs `mfqu`tfiy suppbrts nfr 

`iifk`tgbl tn`t tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt tfrcgl`tfm bl Mfhfcjfr =, :445.

]nf `iifk`tgbls suppbrtglk C`ll‗s egrst tnfbry `rf str`gkntebrw`rm. Xnf hbltflms tn`t tnfIghflsf @krffcflt, `s ` hbltr`ht glvbivglk ` sfrvghf ebr nfr prbpfrty, w`s sujofht tb Lfw Wbra Kflfr`iBjigk`tgbls I`w § 6-748. ]n`t st`tutf prbvgmfs, gl rfifv`lt p`rt?

 Lb prbvgsgbl be ` hbltr`ht ebr sfrvghf . . . tb br ebr `ly . . . pfrsbl`i prbpfrty wnghn st`tfstn`t tnf tfrc be tnf hbltr`ht sn`ii jf mffcfm rflfwfm ebr ` spfhgegfm `mmgtgbl`i pfrgbm ulifss tnf pfrsbl rfhfgvglk tnf sfrvghf . . . kgvfs lbtghf tb tnf pfrsbl eurlgsnglk suhnhbltr`ht sfrvghf . . . be ngs gltfltgbl tb tfrcgl`tf tnf hbltr`ht `t tnf fxpgr`tgbl be suhntfrc, sn`ii jf flebrhf`jif `k`glst tnf pfrsbl rfhfgvglk tnf sfrvghf . . ., ulifss tnf pfrsbleurlgsnglk tnf sfrvghf . . ., `t if`st egetffl m`ys `lm lbt cbrf tn`l tngrty m`ys prfvgbus tbtnf tgcf spfhgegfm ebr sfrvglk suhn lbtghf upbl ngc, sn`ii kgvf tb tnf pfrsbl rfhfgvglk tnfsfrvghf . . ., wrgttfl lbtghf, sfrvfm pfrsbl`iiy br jy hfrtgegfm c`gi, h`iiglk tnf `ttfltgbl be 

tn`t pfrsbl tb tnf fxgstflhf be suhn prbvgsgbl gl tnf hbltr`ht.

C`ll `ssfrts tn`t jfh`usf Cfmg`Lft e`gifm tb `ifrt nfr tb tnf fxgstflhf be tnf `utb-rflfw`i prbvgsgbl,tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt w`s lbt `utbc`tgh`iiy rflfwfm `etfr gts glgtg`i tfrc flmfm bl Mfhfcjfr =, :445.(E@H µ :8).

Cfmg`Lft mbfs lbt hbltflm tn`t gt sflt C`ll lbtghf be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt‗s `utb-rflfw`i prbvgsgbl, `s rfqugrfm jy § 6-748. Glstf`m, Cfmg`Lft c`afs tnrff `rkucflts `s tb wny § 6-748 gswnbiiy gl`ppigh`jif nfrf? (g) gt mbfs lbt `ppiy tb gltfiifhtu`i prbpfrty ighflsfs1 (gg) gt w`s fl`htfm tb prbtfht hblsucfrs1 `lm (ggg) gt bliy prbtfhts tnf p`yglk p`rty. ]nfsf `rkucflts `rf ulpfrsu`sgvf.

Egrst, Cfmg`Lft sukkfsts tn`t jfh`usf lb h`sf n`s `ppigfm tnf st`tutf tb `l gltfiifhtu`i prbpfrtyighflsf, tnf ’glfsh`p`jif hblhiusgbl– cust jf tn`t gt mbfs lbt `ppiy gl tngs hbltfxt. (Zfpiy `t 5-;).[n`t Cfmg`Lft e`gis tb `halbwifmkf, nbwfvfr, gs tn`t lb hburt n`s nfim tn`t § 6-748 mbfs lbt `ppiy tbgltfiifhtu`i prbpfrty ighflsfs fgtnfr. ]nf sgiflhf be Lfw Wbra hburts bl tngs gssuf gs ` lfutr`i e`htbr ‘ gtif`ms tb lb ’glfsh`p`jif hblhiusgbl– be `ly aglm. Gt gs ` wfii-sfttifm prglhgpif, nbwfvfr, tn`t gltfiifhtu`i prbpfrty ’gs lbt mgstglkugsn`jif erbc `ly btnfr pfrsbl`i prbpfrty– `lm ’n`s tnf jflfegt be `ii tnfrfcfmgfs `hhbrmfm tb btnfr prbpfrty.– T`icfr v. Mf [gtt , =; L.W. 68:, 68> (0>;:).  @hhbrmglkiy, tn`ttnf hbltr`ht `t-gssuf nfrf glvbivfs gltfiifhtu`i prbpfrty mbfs lbt, gl `lm be gtsfie, mgsqu`igey C`ll erbctnf prbtfhtgbls be § 6-748.

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H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

Xfhblm, Cfmg`Lft `ssfrts tn`t § 6-748 gs sbifiy ` hblsucfr prbtfhtgbl st`tutf `lm tnfrfebrf`eebrms lb prbtfhtgbl tb C`ll. ]ngs `rkucflt gs ̀ isb cfrgtifss. @s suppbrt ebr gts hi`gc tn`t § 6-748w`s fl`htfm tb prbtfht hblsucfrs, Cfmg`Lft sgcpiy usfs ` ’sff kflfr`iiy– sgkl`i tb hgtf twb sfhblm`rysburhfs tn`t mgshuss Lfw Wbra‗s hblsucfr prbtfhtgbl st`tufs. ]ngs mbfs lbt nfip Cfmg`Lft‗s `rkucflt.]n`t twb `rtghifs mgshuss § 6-748 `iblksgmf btnfr hblsucfr prbtfhtgbl st`tutfs gl lb w`y sukkfsts tn`t§ 6-748 bliy prbtfhts hblsucfrs. Cbrfbvfr, Cfmg`Lft‗s hbltfltgbl tn`t § 6-748 n`s `l fxhiusgvfiyhblsucfr-prbtfhtgbl jflt gs jfigfm jy tnf st̀ tutf‗s pi`gl i`lku`kf `lm Lfw Wbra h`sf i`w. ]nf wbrm ’hblsucfr– `ppf`rs lbwnfrf gl § 6-748. Gt gs ` eulm`cflt`i h`lbl be st̀ tutbry hblstruhtgbl tn`t hburtssnbuim lbt rf`m wbrms gltb ` st`tutf tn`t mb lbt `ppf`r bl gts e`hf. Xff, f.k., Vlgtfm Xt`tfs v. Krf`t 

 Lbrtnfrl Zy. Hb., 8=8 V.X. 65:, 6;6 (076:) (’Gt gs bur oumghg`i eulhtgbl tb `ppiy st`tutfs bl tnf j`sgs be 

wn`t Qtnf ifkgsi`turfS n`s wrgttfl, lbt wn`t Qtnf ifkgsi`turfS cgknt n`vf wrgttfl.–). ]nf Lfw Wbra ifkgsi`turf hbuim n`vf hnbsfl tb usf tngs st`tutf tb prbtfht bliy hblsucfrs, jut tnf tfxt be § 6-748fvglhfs tnf ifkgsi`turf‗s mfhgsgbl tb kgvf tnf st̀ tutf ` jrb`mfr rf`hn. Lfw Wbra hburts n`vf rf`sblfm sgcgi`riy `lm hblhiumfm tn`t ’tnf sgzf be tnf p`rty rfhfgvglk tnf sfrvghf rflmfrfm n`s lbtnglk tb mb wgtntnf `ppigh`jgigty be tnf st`tutf.–  N`rrgs v. @m`cs & Hb. Zf`i Fst`tf, 804 L.W.X.:m :6>, :5:-58 (Hgv.Ht. 07;4) (’]nf st`tutf mbfs lbt t`ia gl tfrcs be ` p`rty eurlgsnglk sfrvghfs, c`gltfl`lhf br rfp`gr tb `i`rkf br sc`ii bwlfr, hblsucfr, br hbltr`htglk p`rty. Gt bliy s`ys „sfrvghf, c`gltfl`lhf, `lm rfp`gr.‗–).Eurtnfrcbrf, § 6-748 n`s jffl `ppigfm `k`gl `lm `k`gl tb prbtfht lbl-hblsucfrs. Xff, f.k., H`rjb

 Glmus., Glh. v. Hb`st`i Zfe. & Catk., Glh., 06= E. @pp‗x :0>, :07-:4 (:m Hgr. :446) (`ppigfm tb prbtfht `hbcp`ly tn`t hbltr`htfm ebr stbr`kf sfrvghfs ebr gts pftrbifuc prbmuhts)1 Trbofhtgbl Ugmfb Xfrvs., Glh. v.

 Gltfr-Hblt‗i Nbtfis Hbrp., 0777 [I 0:5;=6=, `t *:-8 (X.M.L.W. Mfh. :7, 0777) (`ppigfm tb prbtfht tnfNbtfi Gltfr-Hbltglflt`i Lfw Wbra, wnghn n`m hbltr`htfm ebr `umgb-vgsu`i fqugpcflt `lm sfrvghfs)1 Obnlsbl v. VlgEgrst Hbrp., >>7 L.W.X.:m 8=7, 864 (@pp. Mgv. :447) (`ppigfm tb prbtfht wfimglkhbrpbr`tgbl tn`t hbltr`htfm tb rflt ulgebrcs)1 Kufrrfrb v. [. :8rm Xt. Zf`ity, IIH , >=5 L.W.X.:m =0, =:(@pp. Mgv. :44;) (`ppigfm tb prbtfht rf`i fst`tf hbcp`ly tn`t hbltr`htfm ebr jugimglk c`l`kfcfltsfrvghfs).

Cfmg`Lft‗s egl`i `rkucflt e`rfs lb jfttfr. Cfmg`Lft hbltflms tn`t § 6-748 bliy jflfegts tnf p`yglk p`rty `lm tn`t, `s ` p`yglk ighflsff be C`ll‗s prbpfrty, gt n`s lb bjigk`tgbls ulmfr tnf st`tutf. Lfw Wbra h`sf i`w rfvf`is, nbwfvfr, tn`t wnftnfr br lbt ` p`rty rfhfgvfs p`ycflts erbc tnf btnfr p`rtygs gl lb w`y mgspbsgtgvf be wnftnfr gt gs fltgtifm tb prbtfhtgbl ulmfr § 6-748. Glstf`m, ` p`rty tn`t p`ys tb

usf prbpfrty gs stgii rfqugrfm tb prbvgmf lbtghf be tnf `utb-rflfw`i prbvgsgbl ge gt gs `isb eurlgsnglk `sfrvghf ebr tn`t prbpfrty. Xff, f.k., LWMGH/[fsthnfstfr Cbjgif CZG @ssbhg`tfs, I.T. v. I`wrflhf

 Nbspgt`i, 55: L.W.X.:m 678, 67=-76 (@pp. Mgv. 077;) (nbimglk tn`t hbcp`ly tn`t p`gm nbspgt`i ` eff tb prbvgmf CZG sfrvghfs `t nbspgt`i n`m tb lbtgey nbspgt`i be `utb-rflfw`i prbvgsgbl)1 Nfrhuifs Hbrp. v.

 Jf`hn Ugfw @pt. Hbrp., :440 [I 8=;8;677, `t *=-6 (Xup. Ht. :440) (nbimglk tn`t i`ulmry sfrvghf tn`t p`gm cbltniy eff tb glst`ii, bpfr`tf, `lm c`glt`gl fqugpcflt gl `p`rtcflt jugimglk n`m tb lbtgey jugimglkbe `utb-rflfw`i prbvgsgbl)1 Mgcf I`ulmry Xfrvs., Glh. v. :84 @p`rtcflts Hbrp., =55 L.W.X.:m 00;, 0:4-:0 (Xup. Ht. 07>8) (s`cf).  ]nus, gl mfhgmglk wnftnfr § 6-748 `ppigfs nfrf, tnf bliy rfifv`lt qufstgbls`rf wnftnfr tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt h`l e`griy jf hn`r`htfrgzfm `s ` ’hbltr`ht ebr sfrvghf . . . tb br ebr–C`ll‗s gltfiifhtu`i prbpfrty `lm wnftnfr Cfmg`Lft eurlgsnfm s`gm sfrvghf tb C`ll.

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HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I

H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

Gl hblsgmfrglk tngs qufstgbl, wf `rf cglmeui be Lfw Wbra hburts‗ mgrfhtgvf tn`t ’tnf wbrms„sfrvghf, c`gltfl`lhf br rfp`gr‗ gl § 6-748 `rf tb jf kflfrbusiy rf`m gl brmfr tn`t tnfgr shbpf wgiiflk`kf tnf v`rgfk`tfm fvgi tn`t tnf st`tutf w`s gltflmfm tb cfft.– ]fi. Xfhrft`rg`i Xfrv. v. Xnfrc`l, :>= L.W.X.:m 8>=, 8>6->5 (@pp. Mgv. 075;). Nfrf, C`ll hbltflms tn`t Cfmg`Lft `krffm tb eurlgsn gtsmgkgt`i cusgh sfrvghfs tb C`ll‗s hbcpbsgtgbls `lm tn`t gt gs tnfrfebrf jbulm jy § 6-748. Cfmg`Lftbeefrs lb `rkucflt tb rfjut C`ll‗s hbltfltgbl btnfr tn`l tb s`y tn`t gt gs ’`jsurm.– (Zfpiy `t >). Gligknt be tnf fxp`lsgvf rf`mglk hburts n`vf kgvfl § 6-748 `lm Cfmg`Lft‗s hbltr`htu`i bjigk`tgbls ulmfr tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt, wf `krff wgtn C`ll. Jy tnf pi`gl tfrcs be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt, Cfmg`Lft`krffm tb eurlgsn gts mgkgt`i cusgh sfrvghfs bl jfn`ie be C`ll‗s hbcpbsgtgbls. (E@H Fx. J, Ighflsf@krffcflt `t 0). Gt hbltr`htfm tb usf gts mgkgt`i stbr`kf `lm sfhurgty, strf`cglk, `lm mbwlib`m 

tfhnlbibky tb prbcbtf `lm mgstrgjutf C`ll‗s sblks tb gts jusglfss p`rtlfrs ̀ lm flm-usfrs. Jfh`usftnfsf sfrvghfs rfi`tf tb pfrsbl`i prbpfrty `lm tngs h`sf mbfs lbt e`ii ’wgtngl tnf igcgtfm fxhfptgblmfvfibpfm ebr „pfrsbl`i sfrvghfs hbltr`hts,‗– § 6-748 `ppigfs. Xff H`rjb Glmustrgfs, Glh., 06= E. @pp‗x`t :07-::4. Cfmg`Lft‗s jiustfrglk `lm hblhiusbry i`jfis mb lbtnglk tb hblvglhf us tn`t tnfsf sfrvghfsmb lbt e`ii wgtngl § 6-748‗s `cjgt. ]n`t Cfmg`Lft‗s sfrvghf gs eurlgsnfm bliglf gs gcc`tfrg`i? ’tnfrf gslb pbighy rf`sbl tb rfstrght tnf `ppigh`tgbl be tngs rfcfmg`i st`tutf wnghn w`s `gcfm `t ` wgmfsprf`m `jusf.– ]fi. Xfhrft`rg`i Xfrv. v. Xnfrc`l, :;; L.W.X.:m =6, =; (Xup. Ht. @pp. 0755). [f tnfrfebrfhblhiumf tn`t tnf sfrvghfs rflmfrfm jy Cfmg`Lft gl hbllfhtgbl wgtn C`ll‗s prbpfrty pi`hf gt squ`rfiywgtngl tnf shbpf be § 6-748. Xff gm.1 Tffrifss ]bwfi Xuppiy Hb. v. ]rgtbl Trfss, Glh., 054 L.W.X.:m 058,056 (@pp. Mgv. 076;).

@hhbrmglkiy, tnf `utb-rflfw`i be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt gs ulflebrhf`jif ulmfr § 6-748. @ssuhn, C`ll‗s `iifk`tgbl tn`t Cfmg`Lft fxpibgtfm nfr prf-Mfhfcjfr 6, :448 `lm pbst-Mfhfcjfr =, :445hbcpbsgtgbls `etfr tnf glgtg`i tfrc be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt st`tfs ` hi`gc ebr hbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt.5 

8. Xfhblm`ry Glerglkfcflt Hi`gcs

C`ll n`s `isb jrbuknt tnrff hi`gcs `k`glst Cfmg`Lft ebr sfhblm`ry hbpyrgknt glerglkfcflt?hbltrgjutbry glerglkfcflt, vgh`rgbus glerglkfcflt, `lm glmuhglk glerglkfcflt. Cfmg`Lft cbvfs tbmgscgss tnfsf hi`gcs bl tnf krbulms tn`t C`ll n`s ’sgcpiy `iifkfQmS hblhiusgbls ulsujst`ltg`tfm jy`lytnglk rfsfcjiglk e`hts.– (Cbt. `t 05). [f mgs`krff. @s fst`jigsnfm `jbvf, C`ll n`s ̀ mfqu`tfiy

 pifm ` hi`gc ebr mgrfht glerglkfcflt. ]b c`af but hi`gcs ebr sfhblm`ry glerglkfcflt `s wfii, C`ll bliylffms tb `iifkf ` efw `mmgtgbl`i fifcflts. Ebr hbltrgjutbry glerglkfcflt, snf lffm bliy `iifkf tn`tCfmg`Lft‗s hblmuht glmuhfm, h`usfm, br c`tfrg`iiy hbltrgjutfm tb tnf glerglkglk `htgvgty be btnfrs. Xff 8

 Lgccfr bl Hbpyrgknt § 0:.4=Q@SQ8S. Ebr glmuhfcflt, snf lffm bliy `iifkf tn`t Cfmg`Lft c`lgefstfm `sujofhtgvf gltflt tn`t gts sfrvghf jf usfm tb glerglkf C`ll‗s wbras.  Gm. § 0:.4=Q@SQ=S1 sff `isb Hbiucjg`

Tghturfs Glmustrgfs, Glh. v. Eulk, ;04 E.8m 04:4, 048; (7tn Hgr. :408). Egl`iiy, tb st`tf ̀ hi`gc ebr vgh`rgbus glerglkfcflt, snf lffm bliy `iifkf tn`t Cfmg`Lft n`m tnf rgknt `lm `jgigty tb supfrvgsf gtsusfrs‗ glerglkglk `htgvgty `lm tn`t gt n`m ` mgrfht egl`lhg`i gltfrfst gl tnf glerglkglk `htgvgty.  Gm.

§ 0:.4=Q@SQ:S.  C`ll `mfqu`tfiy sfts ebrtn tnfsf e`htu`i `iifk`tgbls gl nfr E@H jy mfshrgjglk nbw

5 Gl igknt be tngs hblhiusgbl, wf lffm lbt hblsgmfr C`ll‗s `itfrl`tgvf `rkucflts ebr tfrcgl`tgblbe tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt.HU-74 (45/4=) HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I T`kf ; be 7

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H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

Cfmg`Lft‗s sfrvghf wbras `lm `tt`hnglk tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt, wnghn fxpi`gls tnf spfhgeghs be Cfmg`Lft‗s sfrvghf gl eurtnfr mft`gi. Jfh`usf Cfmg`Lft‗s sfrvghf eulhtgbls (`lm Cfmg`Lft prbegts) jymgstrgjutglk cusgh tb gts jusglfss p`rtlfrs `lm flm usfrs, C`ll n`s mblf flbukn tb sft ebrtn pi`usgjif

hi`gcs ebr sfhblm`ry glerglkfcflt, fspfhg`iiy kgvfl tnf st`lm`rm bl ` cbtgbl tb mgscgss.  @hhbrmglkiy,

wf MFLW Cfmg`Lft‗s Cbtgbl `s tb `ii be C`ll‗s hbpyrgknt hi`gcs.

J. Zfshgssgbl Hi`gc

Vlmfr Lfw Wbra i`w, rfshgssgbl gs `l ’fxtr`brmgl`ry rfcfmy– `v`gi`jif gl bliy ` efw igcgtfm 

hgrhucst`lhfs? ’er`um gl tnf glmuhfcflt be tnf hbltr`ht, e`giurf be hblsgmfr`tgbl, `l gl`jgigty tb pfrebrctnf hbltr`ht `etfr gt gs c`mf, Q`lmS sujst`ltg`i jrf`hn.–  Zbjglsbl v. X`lhtu`ry Zfhbrm Krps, Itm., >:5 E.Xupp. :m 6;4, 6;6 (X.M.L.W. :400) (qubtglk Aruccf v. [fstTbglt Xtfvfls, Glh., :8> E.8m 088, 0=8 (:m Hgr. :444)). Gt gs `isb wfii sfttifm tn`t ’rfshgssgbl gs ̀ l fqugt`jif rfcfmy wnghn wgii lbt jf kr`ltfm ulifss QTi`gltgeeS i`haQsS `l `mfqu`tf rfcfmy `t i`w.–  Gm. (hgt`tgbl bcgttfm)1 sff `isb H`ii`l`l v.

Tbwfrs, 077 L.W. :5>, :>= (0704). [nfrf tnf ’n`rc pi`gltgee hi`gcs tb n`vf sueefrfm gs Q`S egl`lhg`iibss– `lm ’m`c`kfs `ppf`r `mfqu`tf,– ’rfshgssgbl gs gl`pprbprg`tf.–  Lfw T`r`mgkc Xbetw`rf Hbrp. v.

 Lfw Fr` be Lftwbras, Glh., 04; E. Xupp. :m 8:6, 884 (X.M.L.W. :444) (qubtglk Lfw Xnbws, X.@. mf H.U.

v. Mbl Aglk Trbmuhtgbls, Glh., :444 [I 86=:0=, `t *: (:m Hgr. @prgi 5, :444))1 sff `isb Egla v.

Ergfmc`l, 86> L.W.X. :m :64, :67 (Xup. Ht. 07;=) (fxpi`glglk tn`t ` p`rty gs bliy fltgtifm tb rfshgssgblge snf h`l snbw tn`t nfr gloury gs ’lbt . . . pr`htgh`iiy hbcpfls`jif jy Q`S cblfy m`c`kf `w`rm–). 

Nfrf, C`ll j`sfs nfr rfshgssgbl hi`gc bl nfr `iifk`tgbl tn`t Cfmg`Lft sujst`ltg`iiy jrf`hnfm tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt jy lbt nblbrglk tnf hbltr`ht‗s CEL prbvgsgbl `lm e`giglk tb c`af `ly rby`ity p`ycflts br prbvgmf `ly `hhbultglk st`tfcflts `etfr O`lu`ry =, :445. [ngif Cfmg`Lft‗s `iifkfm hbcpiftf e`giurf tb hbcpiy wgtn tnf tfrcs be tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt sglhf O`lu`ry =, :445 cgknt`rku`jiy hblstgtutf ` sujst`ltg`i jrf`hn tn`t kbfs tb tnf fssflhf be tnf hbltr`ht, C`ll n`s e`gifm tbfxpi`gl wny tngs lbl-p`ycflt be rby`itgfs hbuim lbt jf `mfqu`tfiy rfcfmgfm jy cblft`ry m`c`kfs.

]ngs e`giurf gs e`t`i tb nfr rfshgssgbl hi`gc. Xff Zbjglsbl, >:5 E. Xupp. :m `t 6;5.  Gl nfr Bppbsgtgbl,C`ll hgtfs ` sglkif h`sf, Z`etfry v. [brim Egic Hbrp., 05; L.W.X. 04:; (0st Mfp‗t 070;), tb suppbrt nfr  prbpbsgtgbl tn`t ’n`vglk `l `mfqu`tf ifk`i rfcfmy mbfs lbt prfhiumf ` hi`gc ebr rfshgssgbl wnfrf tnf jrf`hnfs `rf sujst`ltg`i `lm eulm`cflt`i `lm kb tb tnf rbbt be tnf `krffcflt.– (Bpp. `t 0>-07). Jut

tngs vfry h`sf hbltr`mghts nfr prbpbsgtgbl, `s gt hblegrcs tn`t rfshgssgbl gs ul`v`gi`jif wnfrf ’m`c`kfsh`l jf `shfrt`glfm wgtn rf`sbl`jif hfrt`glty.–  Z`eefrty, 05; L.W.X. `t 0480 (qubtglk H`ii`l`l, 077 L.W. `t :>=). Jfh`usf tnfrf gs lbtnglk nfrf tb sukkfst tn`t tnf h`ihui`tgbl be m`c`kfs wbuim jf`lytnglk btnfr tn`l str`gkntebrw`rm, `l fqugt`jif rfcfmy wbuim jf gl`pprbprg`tf ulmfr kbvfrlglk LfwWbra i`w. Xff, f.k., Lfw T`r`mgkc Xbetw`rf Hbrp., 04; E. Xupp. :m `t 884 (mgscgssglk rfshgssgbl hi`gcwnfrf pi`gltgee n`m ’`ssfrtfm lb rf`sbl wny m`c`kfs wbuim lbt jf `l `mfqu`tf rfcfmy–)1 Nbtfi H`pgt`i

 IIH v. [fiis E`rkb J`la , :40: [I 06450:4, `t *= (Xup. Ht. :40:) (’@s pi`gltgee n`s lbt mfcblstr`tfm tn`t gt hbuim lbt jf `mfqu`tfiy hbcpfls`tfm jy m`c`kfs gl tngs `htgbl . . ., tnf egrst h`usf be `htgbl

sffaglk rfshgssgbl . . . gs mgscgssfm.–). @hhbrmglkiy, C`ll‗s rfshgssgbl hi`gc gs MGXCGXXFM wgtn

if`vf tb `cflm. [f `rf safptgh`i tn`t C`ll h`l `mfqu`tfiy pif`m ` rfshgssgbl hi`gc, jut kgvfl tn`t tnfrfshgssgbl hi`gc hbuim pbtfltg`iiy jf rfe`sngblfm gltb ` vg`jif jrf`hn be hbltr`ht hi`gc, wf h`llbt

HU-74 (45/4=) HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I T`kf > be 7

H`sf :?08-hv-46:57-KNA-EEC Mbhucflt :5 Egifm 00/:;/08 T`kf > be 7 T`kf GM #?808

7/22/2019 Aimee Mann v. MediaNet Digital - opinion on motion to dismiss

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aimee-mann-v-medianet-digital-opinion-on-motion-to-dismiss 9/9

F-Egifm VLG]FM X]@]FX MGX]ZGH] HBVZ]

HFL]Z@I MGX]ZGH] BE H@IGEBZLG@

HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I

H`sf Lb. HU 08-6:57-KNA (EECx) M`tf Lbvfcjfr :;, :408

]gtif  @gcff C`ll v. Cfmg`Lft Mgkgt`i, Glh., ft `i.

hblhiumf tn`t `cflmcflt wbuim jf eutgif.;

GU. Hblhiusgbl

J`sfm bl tnf ebrfkbglk, Cfmg`Lft‗s Cbtgbl gs KZ@L]FM gl p`rt `lm MFLGFM gl p`rt. ]nf

Cbtgbl gs MFLGFM `s tb C`ll‗s hbpyrgknt hi`gcs, jut KZ@L]FM wgtn if`vf tb `cflm `s tb nfr 

rfshgssgbl hi`gc. C`ll sn`ii egif ̀ ly Xfhblm @cflmfm Hbcpi`glt (’X@H–) twflty-blf (:0) m`ys

nfrfbe , `lm c`y bliy `cflm nfr rfshgssgbl hi`gc. Ge C`ll egifs ` X@H, Cfmg`Lft sn`ii rfspblm tb tnf

X@H wgtngl twflty-blf (:0) m`ys tnfrf`etfr. C`ll‗s e`giurf tb egif ` X@H wgii jf mffcfm nfr 

`mcgssgbl tn`t `cflmcflt be tnf rfshgssgbl hi`gc gs eutgif, `lm tngs hi`gc wgii jf mffcfm mgscgssfm wgtn prfoumghf glsbe`r `s gt gs j`sfm bl ` rfshgssgbl tnfbry. Ge C`ll mbfs lbt egif ` X@H, Cfmg`Lft XN@II

`lswfr tnf survgvglk pbrtgbls be tnf E@H wgtngl eburtffl (0=) m`ys `etfr tnf m`tf bl wnghn C`ll‗sX@H cust jf egifm.

G] GX XB BZMFZFM.

-- ? --

Glgtg`is be Mfputy Hifra Jf`

; [f lbtf, jut mb lbt mfhgmf nfrf, tn`t fvfl ge C`ll wfrf tb `iifkf tn`t snf i`has `l `mfqu`tfifk`i rfcfmy, rfshglmglk tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt mbfs lbt `ppf`r tb `iibw nfr tb rftrb`htgvfiy `ssfrtglerglkfcflt ebr Cfmg`Lft‗s usfs be nfr sblks tn`t wfrf `utnbrgzfm jy tnf Ighflsf @krffcflt ‘ 

rfshgssgbl wbuim bliy rfvbaf Cfmg`Lft‗s pfrcgssgbl tb usf tnf sblks kbglk ebrw`rm. Xff Lgccfr blHbpyrgknt § 04.06Q@S (’QVSpbl . . . rfshgssgbl, tnf . . . ighflsf gs tfrcgl`tfm `lm tnf hbpyrgknt prbprgftbr c`y nbim ngs ebrcfr kr`ltff ig`jif `s `l glerglkfr ebr sujsfquflt usf be tnf wbra.–) (fcpn`sgs `mmfm).HU-74 (45/4=) HGUGI CGLV]FX - KFLFZ@I T`kf 7 be 7

H`sf :?08-hv-46:57-KNA-EEC Mbhucflt :5 Egifm 00/:;/08 T`kf 7 be 7 T`kf GM #?80=