(704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K

7/23/2019 (704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/704825754-196811735-gdi-nietzsche-k 1/46

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2007Cleary/Gordon Lab

1Nietzsche

NIETZSCHE

1NC ...........................................................................2Link: Pity/Sufferin ...................................................!Link: Se"urity ..........................................................12Link: Po#erty $edu"tion..........................................1%I&'a"t: No #alue to life ...........................................1(I&'a"t: Turn) t*e "a)e .............................................1+I&'a"t: Co&'a))ion,-ar .....................................1I&'a"t: Error $e'li"ation ........................................1I&'a"t: 0iolen"e......................................................1!lt: Co&'lete Ni*ili)& ...........................................2lt: &or 3ati .........................................................212: No lternati#e ..................................................22

2: Per&..................................................................2%2: 3ra&e4ork........................................................22: 5til ....................................................................22: Sufferin 6ad....................................................2!2: Niet7)"*e8Na7i.................................................92: Niet7)"*e 6ad ...................................................9133: Per& ...............................................................9233: In)titution) Good ............................................9933: Niet7)"*e ,0iolen"e......................................9(33: Pity #). Co&'a))ion .......................................9!33: Co&'a))ion Good ..........................................%33: 2 Not our Niet7)"*e; ..................................%233: Niet7)"*e,$a"i)& ........................................%9

33: Niet7)"*e,<uali)&) =2: -*ite>.................%%33: No lternati#e ................................................%(33: E?tin"tion @/- ..............................................%+

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2Nietzsche

1NC

We call our argument The Narcissistic Malaise

The Affirmative’s ursuit of a !orl" free of suffering re#uires the construction of an i"eal

!orl" to !hich our current !orl" must asire$ In or"er to achieve this fantas%& the 'A(’sassistance i"entifies the imerfections of e)istence an" *ustifies a rocess of or"ering to

correct them

Paul +auretteA 'rofe))or of 'oliti"al t*eory at Bo*n) Ho'kin)A in 1!,-DI i)tru)t all Sy)te&ati7er) and #oid T*e&: Niet7)"*eA rendtA and t*e Cri)i) of t*e -ill to @rder inInternational $elation) T*eoryA Journal of International StudiesA 2(.1A ''. 1F2

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%Nietzsche

1NC

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.ut of this "esire for a harmonious !orl" arises feelings of env% an" resentment at those

!ho live their lives accor"ing to a "ifferent !orl"vie!$ The it% an" comassion the

Affirmative feels for those in Africa is not benevolent& but is instea" a strateg% of

containment$ /% i"entif%ing the suffering of others& it% restores a sense of utoian!holeness b% re"ucing the other to an ob*ect "een"ent1 on our betterment$

i"*ael reA ona)* 5ni#er)ityA in 20-DT*e Irony of Pity: Niet7)"*e Contra S"*o'en*auer and $ou))eauA The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 92A '. F

S"*o'en*auer re#eal) *ere t*at t*e 'ityin 'er)onJ) di)'o)ition i) not a 'rodu"t of a dire"t 'arti"i'ation in t*e ot*erJ)"ondition and doe) not t*erefore reKuire any &eta'*y)i"al e?'lanation. $at*erA our it% for othe r s e m erges from

the e a sing of our env% over their haine s s. This 3i n " of it%A t*ereforeA "e m a n " s n o un"er s tan"i n g of the

other4s suffer ing at allA let alone t*e &erin of identitie) t*at S"*o'en*auer 're)u''o)e) in *i) &eta'*y)i"ale?'lanation of 'ity. @n S"*o'en*auerJ) o4n analy)i)A it% is not a m% s te r ious me r ging of i"ent ities but& rather& a

s%c h o logi c a l met a mo r h o s is anc h or e " in the "issol u ti o n o f the ain o f e nv % or& to )tate t*i) 'oint in 'o)iti#eter&)A the return of a feeling of self5lenitu"e in the ac3no!le"gm e nt of the other4s lac 3. We "o not g r o !

6ten"erer6 to!ar" the oth e r bec a use !e feel his suffer ing in him A a) S"*o'en*auer 'ut) itA but because in hisstate of "er iv at io n h e n o lo nger c a u ses us suffering$ In S"*o'en*auerJ) e?a&'leA as itiers our re lat io nshi to

the o t her u n " ergo e s a c h a n ge ! hen !e no longer see or imagine the other as enviable& not be c a use !e

miraculousl% enter into an" are motivat e " b% the othe r 4s suffering$ C*a)ti)in t*e ')y"*oloi"al na#etM of S"*o'en*auerJ) &eta'*y)i"al a""ount of 'ityA Niet7)"*e "onfir&) t*i) 'oint in *i) "lai&t*at t*e Leid t*at 4e attend to in t*e a"t of 'ity i) not t*e ot*erJ) Leid butA in fa"tA our o4n feelin of )elfFla"k. Parado?i"allyAt*ereforeA for Niet7)"*eA S"*o'en*auerian Mitleid i) not Mit-Leid or )ufferinFwith: T*at 'ity MitleidenA on t*e ot*er *andA i)t*e same kind of thing a) t*e )ufferin mit demLeiden at t*e )i*t of 4*i"* it ari)e)A or t*at it 'o))e))e) an e)'e"ially )ubtleA

'enetratin under)tandin of )ufferinA are 'ro'o)ition) "ontradi"ted by e?'erien"eA and *e 4*o lorifie) 'ity 're"i)ely ona""ount of t*e)e t4o Kualitie) lacks adeKuate experience in t*i) #ery real& of t*e &oral = D 199>. Niet7)"*e arue) t*at be"au)eS"*o'en*auer fail) to under)tand *o4 *i) notion of 'ity i) an"*ored in t*e de)ire to re)tore oneJ) )elfFaffe"tionA *e al)o fail) to)ee t*at it )ub#ert) t*e #ery reard for ot*er)A or t*e real& of t*e &oralA t*at *e un4i)ely atte&'t) to ba)e on t*e )tru"ture of t*ee&otion a) *e under)tand) it.@f "our)eA t*e "orollary of S"*o'en*auerJ) 'o)ition i) t*at a ltho u gh t he visible signs o f e n v % m a % "i saear ! iththe mi s fo r t un e o f othe r s& t h e a r a n o i" 5s c hi z oi" osit ion that fuels env% re m ains ev en m o re firm l% entren c he ".or r a ther than c uring env%& this 3 in" of it% merel% s e rves to s a tisf% the e nv ious n e e" for others to be"iminishe" s o that one can feel !hole an" comlet e. Though b% this m eans itiers leasu r a b l% as s uagetheirnarcissistic ! o u n "& it i sA a) Niet7)"*e under)"ore)A a " a m ag in g and ener#atin m e ans of "oi n g so b e cause itcreates an a""iction to fin"ing l e a sure in t h e mselves through envio u sl% soiling the othe r. ""ordin to

Niet7)"*eA the tonic effect of env% is out ! eighe" b% its harmful e ffe c ts on not onl% the env ie" but the envie r.The s %chological conse#u e nce of this a " "icti o n to env% is melancholia: that i) to )ayA n o t on l% " o ! e a t ta c 3a n" s o il the o ther4s *o% & but ine v itabl% this s o iling c o nstructs a ! o r l" in !hich !e feel that o ur o!n *o% ma%

similarl% be co me the ob*e c t of attac 3.9

If S"*o'en*auerJ) analy)i) of t*e &oral ')y"*oloy of 'ity i) "orre"tA t*ent*e ot*er)J return to Ooy &u)t &ake t*e& )traner) to our *eart) and e?"ite our en#yA and 4it* t*i) en#y &u)t al)o"o&e t*e return of t*e &ena"e of S"*adenfreude. Niet7)"*e &ake) Ou)t t*i) 'oint reardin t*e di)Oointed reOoi"inof 'ity: The compassionate hristian. T he reve r se si"e of C*ri)tian c o massion for the suffering of one4s

neigh b our is a rofoun" su s icion of all th e * o% o f one4s nei g h b ou r & of his * o% in all t hat he ! a n ts t o " o a n "

can = D >. In ot*er 4ord)A ! ithin the f ra me ! or3 of S"*o'en*auerJ) et*i") of it% !e can regar" others as ofe#ual ! o rth onl% s o lo n g as th e% s u ffer e # uall%. + u fferi n g thus bri " ges the gu lf a m o n g e g o s8b u t n o t & as ! e

have se e n& be c a use as itiers !e m% st eriousl% enter into or a r ticiate in the con"ition of others but& r a ther&

becau s e their "emise brings them "o!n to our level an" thus a e ases the e n v% ! e f e el at the si g ht of their

self5s u fficie n t hainess =)ee D 19>. T he s ight of others4 suff e rin gA in )*ortA m a 3 e s t h eir in"een" e nce m o re

alatable to u s be c a use in this "e b a se" state th e % no lon g er a r o use in us a inful f ee lings of "eri v at io n or t*ea n )ie t% t h a t ! e m a% be a b a n "on e ". To re"all $ou))eau on t*i) latter 'ointA t*e suffering of ot*er) i) a 'lede of t*eiraffe"tion for u). ) S"*o'en*auerJ) analy)i) i&'lie)A takin 'lea)ure in t*e ot*erJ) )ufferin i) a toni" for re)torin da&aednar"i))i)ti" )elfFaffe"tion. It i) for t*i) rea)onA Niet7)"*e belie#e)A t*at 4*en 'er)i)tent feelin) of

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+Nietzsche

1NC

en#y t*reaten to attenuate our )elfFaffe"tion 4e 'ur)ue )o"ial or inter)ubOe"ti#e &ean) for re#i#in t*e 'lea)antfeelin of S"*adenfreude.In ot*er 4ord)A !hen !e env iousl% soil others !e )urre'titiou)ly restore to ourselv e s our narcissistic self5

a f fect io n$ .ur en v% " o es so b% e n a b li ng us to c o n s tru c t ourse lves as t hose !h o& b % com aris o n ! ith t hesoile" ob*ect& are e ) e m t f r om s uffering& nee"& an" lo ss $ T h r o u g h e nv% !e a im to m a 3e the o ther abOe"t oritiable s o t h at ! e n o lo n g er f eel or e )er ience our o!n ab*ection. T he "a ma ge !e i n flict through e nv%re"uces the other to the ne e "%& insufficient& iti a ble c o n"iti o n that !e ourse lves e ) e rience . It the r eb%so othes o ur a inful feeling that in the f a ce of a fantasi z e" self5 s ufficie n t other !e are sue rf luous or unlove"$ The imaginat ive ! o r3 of env% r e aches a succe s sful re s olut io n ! h en it enab les us to a c hieve a r e ver s al of rolesan" our formerl% ab*ect self c a n feel itself as !hole an" co mlete in c o m ari s on !ith the no! "imin ishe"other: So&eti&e) 4e lo#e t*e ri"* &an in t*e &id)t of &i)fortune)Q !ut so long as he prospers he has no real

friend A e?"e't t*e &an 4*o i) not de"ei#ed by a''earan"e)A 4*o 'itie) rat*er t*an en#ie) *i& in )'ite of *i) 'ro)'erity.

9!

In $ou))eauJ) fra&e4orkA 'ity i) t*e u)e to 4*i"* en#y 'ut) t*e i&aination. To "larifyA it i) t*e &ean) t*rou*4*i"* $ou))eau belie#e) t*at 4ounded nar"i))i)t) "an re#er)e t*e 'o)ition) of la"k/'lenitude: b% it%i n g ot h ers !etransform ou r selves into those !hoA like t*e E'i"urean od)A are "ivine l% free of an)i e t% an" e ) emt f r omsuff e ring an" ain. In t*i) re)'e"t t*e "on"e'tion of t*e &oral )ubOe"t t*at lie) at t*e *eart of *i) et*i") of 'itye?e&'lifie) t*e 'aranoidF)"*i7oid defen)e) of 'at*oloi"al nar"i))i)&. It i) a''arentA to bein 4it*A t*at $ou))eauJ)&oral )ubOe"t) *a#e not relinKui)*ed or te&'ered t*eir fanta)y of nar"i))i)ti" 'lenitude in)ofar a) t*ey *arbor t*eregret t*at t*ey do not o""u'y t*e 'ri#ileed 'o)ition of t*e needle)) E'i"urean od). IndeedA it i) 'artly be"au)et*ey bitterly &ea)ure t*eir o4n lo)) aain)t t*i) fanta)y of di#ine tranKuility t*at t*ey bri& 4it* 'ainful en#y at t*e)i*t of ot*er)J Ooy. =In a""u)in t*e ot*er of )eekin *a''ine)) for *i&)elf alone t*ey re'eat 4*at Rlein de)"ribe)a) t*e ba)i" "o&'laint of infantile en#y: t*e a""u)ation t*at it) fir)t obOe"t *a) an unli&ited flo4 of &ilk t*at itkee') for it) o4n ratifi"ation. 3or Rlein t*i) i&ae of a 4*olly )elfFratifyin obOe"t i) t*e eoJ) 'roOe"tion of it)o4n &o)t de)ired )tate.>

%

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This it% an" comassion ultimatel% ro"uces limitless violence8!hen the reciients of

our it% assert in"een"ence from our assistance& the% are ignore" or "estro%e" to

maintain the fantas% of our erfect !orl"

i"*ael reA ona)* 5ni#er)ityA in 20-DT*e Irony of Pity: Niet7)"*e Contra S"*o'en*auer and $ou))eauA The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 92A '. +F

Turnin to 9l e in fir)tA )*e i" e ntifies the a r a n o i"5s c hi z oi" o siti o n as the inciient e go4s rimitive resonse to

the a n )ie t % t h at its ra ge ov e r the lo ss o f it s erfe c ti o n =or t*e de&i)e of 'ri&ary nar"i))i)&> mig h t also l e a" it t o

"est r o% t h e goo" o b *ect on !hich it " e e n"s for its ma terial an" s%chic su r v iva l. In"ee"& this r ag eA or 'er)e"utory an?iety a) Rlein "all) itA seems so otent an" thr e atening that the goo" ob*ect mu s t be r en"ere"

sublime an" erfect in o r " e r to r ote c t it from its o ! n r ag e. In or"er to cr % st a llize these intr a s % chic

rocess e s A Rlein for&ulate) t*e "on"e't of t*e 'aranoidF)"*i7oid 'o)ition: t*e idea t*at the ego slits its o b *e c t

!orl" into i" e a li z e" an" " e base" ob*e c ts :schi z oi" sli t tin g ; an" r o * ects them i nt o the o ther : a ra n oi a>.""ordin to RleinA the re s ence of e nv% is s% m to m a tic of an abnor m all% s trong aran o i"5schiz o i" ten"enc%.<n v% arise sA )*e a))ert)A be c a use !e harbor a fanta s % of a c o n" it ion of ine) h a u s tible lenitu"e or s elf5

sufficien c % $ This fanta s% is "isturb e " b% the a inful " is cove r % of our "een" e nce on others an" the limits thislaces on our narcissistic " r e a m of e r fection an" o m niotenc e. 3ollo4in 3reudJ) leadA )*e *old) t*at !e

a t tem t to m a intain a n" nu rture this f a nt a s% an" t*at the egoA at lea)t in 'artA is constitute" an" "evelos as a

mechanism for 4ardin off t*e an?iety enerated by t*i) lo)) and re s tor ing the fanta s % of lenitu" e.9% In t*i)"onte?tA 9lein conceiv e s i" ea li z a tion as a ro*e c tive me c hanism t ha t rote c ts this "ivine i m age o f the se lf b%

utting it i n to the other. +he believes t h at the a ranoi " 5 s chi z oi" osit ion se r v es the e g o as a nece ss a r% initial

st a g e in f e n" ing o f f a n " "i sersing a n)ie t %$ =o !e ver& in"ivi" u als !h o re m ain fi) e " in t his o sit io nA )*e a))ert)Aestablish a ll the intr as% ch ic c o n"itions f o r b a " l% " a m ag e " ob * ect r e la ti o ns c h a r a c teri z e" b%A a&on ot*ert*in)A e nv ious soiling an" the c o ns e #uent inabilit% to accet the oth e r as a searate an" in" e en"ent agen t.lt*ou* *er a""ount of 'at*oloi"al obOe"t relation) i) too elaborate to un'a"k in detail *ereA it i) 'o))ible todi)"ern in RleinJ) analy)i) t*e follo4in a""ount of t*e relation)*i' a&on nar"i))i)&A ideali7ationA and en#y. In

or"er t o r ot e ct t he f a n t a s% of o u r i" e a l c o n"itio n & )*e arue)A !e ro* e ct into our ob*ects the lenitu"e or

omniot e nce that !e "esire for ourselve s. In ot*er 4ord)A th r o ugh the mechanism of i"eali z ation the ob*e c t is

en" o !e" !ith a ll the #u a lit ies of sel f 5s u ff icienc% or le n itu"e t h at the ego ! a n ts f o r itself b ut c a nn ot a t t a in.

T*i) ideali7ationA *o4e#erA "an only be a tran)itional )olution to t*e de&i)e of our 'ri&ary nar"i))i)&. 3or the"iscover% of the i"eali z e" ob*ect4s in"e e n"ence e ng en "ers in the rimitive e g o the f e ar of being a b an " o n e "

b% it an" shame over its o!n nee"% "een"enc e. ""ordin to RleinA this early e&otional &atri? g e nerates

either a c o mulsive attemt to c o nt r o l the ob*ect o r & !hen it c a n no longer be c o ntr o lle"& to s o il a n" "estro%

it. Ho4e#erA if in it) nar"i))i)ti" rae o#er t*e inde'enden"e of t*e ot*er and )*a&e o#er it) de'enden"e on itA t*eeo en#iou)ly )'oil) and de)troy) t*e ot*erA it al)o t*ereby 're#ent) it)elf fro& a))i&ilatin or reintroOe"tin t*eood t*at it *a) 'ut into t*e ot*er.

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The alternative is to refuse the it% an" comassion of the 'A(8This act of comlete

nihilism affirms the !orl" as it is an" "isregar"s the "esire for a better one$ .nl% this act

can resist the "enigration of life in the !orl" of the Affirmative

lan WhiteA 'rofe))or of '*ilo)o'*y at -illia&) ColleeA in 1!,0 =D-it*in Niet7)"*e;) Labyrint*:Tran)for&ation) of Ni*ili)&A * tt ' ://444.4illi a & ).e du /' * il o )o' * y/fa" u lty/a4 * ite /- NL2 4e b /Tra n ) for & a t ion )2 o f 2 Ni * ili) & .*t &>.

ll of t*i) )ue)t) t*at radi"al ni*ili)& re&ain) )o&et*in to be o#er"o&e. T*e Kue)tion) ari)e: by 4*o&A and*o4 'a))ae already introdu"ed 'ro#ide) a *int "on"ernin t*e fir)t: 4*at I *a#e been "allin radi"al ni*ili)&re)ult) 4*en all one *a) left are t*e #alue) t*at 'a)) Oud&ent. T*i) )ue)t) t*at one for 4*o& t*o)e #alue) *a#ede#alued t*e&)el#e) &u)t be left 4it* not*in at all. Ety&oloi"allyA it 4ould "ertainly &ake )en)e to "all )u"* a

'er)on a ni*ili)t. In additionA Niet7)"*e )ue)t) t*at one 4*o i) left 4it* not*in in t*i) &anner *a) ained rat*er t*an lo)t: in "en % ing th a t the ! o rl" re#uires 6urose&6 6 uni t% &6 o r 6t ru t h of t*e )ort 'o)ited by reliiou)ni*ili)t) and de)'aired of by radi"al ni*ili)t)A o ne m a% re gain the ! o rl" of be c o ming in its o r ig in a l inn o cenc e:

one c a nnot *u"ge& m e asure& comare& or e v en "en% the !hole> W h% not FF 3or fi#e rea)on)A all a""e))iblee#en to &ode)t intelle"t)Q for e?a&'leA because there is nothing besi"es the !hole weil es nichts gi!t ausser dem

"anzen. ... ndA on"e aainA this is a tr e men"ous re s torativ e & for h e rein lies the innocence of all e)istenc e.= N :1(9 / #$ :+(Q "f. TI 0I:>

The Niet z sch e a n term that s uggests itself for the re s ulting osit ion is 6comlete %ollendeter nihilismA but t*i) ter& &u)t be u)ed 4it* "are. I take it fro& Niet7)"*eJ) de)"ri'tion of *i&)elf a) Euro'eJ) fir)t"o&'lete ni*ili)tA 4*oA *o4e#erA *a) *i&)elf already li#ed ni*ili)& t*rou* to it) endA 4it*in *i&)elf FF 4*o *a) it

be*ind *i&A beneat* *i&A out)ide of *i& = N :11%11 / #$ :P>. T*e 4ordin of t*i) 'a))ae indi"ate) t*at Niet7)"*eAalt*ou* Euro'eJ) fir)t "o&'lete ni*ili)tA i) no loner a ni*ili)t. I 4ill ne#ert*ele)) "*ara"teri7e t*i) 'o)ition a)"o&'lete ni*ili)& in t*e )en)e of "o&'leted ni*ili)&A n i hilism th a t has been l iv e" thr o u g h entirel%& 6the log icof o u r gre a t v a lues an" i" ea ls& t h o u g h t th r o u g h to its e n "6 = N :11%11 / #$ :P>.

y u)e of t*e ter& re"ei#e) )o&e Ou)tifi"ation fro& Niet7)"*eJ) "lai& of *a#in brou*t ni*ili)& to it) endAalbeit only 4it*in *i&)elfQ it) ad#ent 4it*in t*e 4orld at lareA *e tell) u)A i) to do&inate t*e *i)tory of t*e ne?t t4o

"enturie). 3ollo4in t*o)e t4o "enturie)A in )o&e future or ot*erA t*ere 4ill be a "ounter&o#e&entA atran)#aluationA t*at 4ill ab)ol#e a!l& sen t*i) "o&'lete ni*ili)& = N :11%11 / #$ :P>. If Niet7)"*e "annota""o&'li)* t*i) tran)#aluationA *e "an at lea)t fore)ee itA and t*erebyA 4it*in *i&)elfA brin ni*ili)& to it) endQ butAaainA *e "an be a4are of doin )oA "an be a4are t*at t*e end i) endA only if *e i) beyond t*e endA only if *e )ee) t*at4*at follo4) t*e end i) no loner ni*ili)&. .ne is a c o mlete nihilist o n l% !hen o ne h a s c o mlete" nihilism&

thereb% c e asing to be a nihilis t. nd indeedA in t*e "ontinuation of t*e 'a))ae definin ni*ili)& a) t*e "onditionof one 4*o *a) left only t*e #alue) t*at 'a)) Oud&ent FF not*in el)eA Niet z sche "escribes the 6roblem of

strength an" !ea3ness6 in terms that clearl% lace the stronge s t be%on" the so5"ef ine" nihilis m:=1> the !e a 3 c o ll ase

=2> the s t r o nger "est ro % !hat "oes not c o llaseQ=9> the s t r o ngest over c ome the values that ass *u"gmen t. = N :!1 / #$ :9>

T*e reliiou) ni*ili)tA unlike t*e radi"al ni*ili)tA denie) bein a ni*ili)tQ 4*at about the comlete nihilis t

CertainlyA t*e latter ac3no!l e "ges that our !orl" "oes not c o rres o n" to the tra"itional 6h ig he s t values&6 an"th a t ! e 6 h ave no rig h t6 t o a n% o t her ! o rl"Q but this a c3 no!le"gment is aire" !ith the " enial t h at an% other

! o rl" 6 o u g ht to be & and t*at our 4orld of be"o&in ou*t not to be. o r the c o mlete nihilist& "eni g rating

the !orl" for its la c 3 of u r ose is as sen s eless as " e n ig r a ting a hil o s ohic a l tre a tise f o r its l a c3 of lo t& a

s%m hon% for its la c 3 of t e )tA or a 'aintin for re're)entinA rat*er t*an "ontaininA &otion or de't*. In nonF Niet7)"*ean ter&): t*e "o&'lete ni*ili)t "on)ider) ni*ili)& it)elf to be t*e re)ult of a "ateory &i)take. T*e"o&'lete ni*ili)t t*u) return) to a 'o) i ti on abandoned 4it* t*e )te' to reliiou) ni*ili)&: the c o m lete nihilist

6"eifies becoming an" the aarent !orl" as the onl% !orl"& an" ca lls them goo " = N :!+ / #$ :((>.

http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL%20web/Transformations%20of%20Nihilism.htm





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!Nietzsche

Link: Pity/Suffering

The emotions of it% an" comassion& or Mitleid in German& stem from the loss of

narcissistic !holeness$ <nvious at others’ "earture from our i"eal of a erfect !orl"& it%

re#uires that the other suffer so that !e ma% intervene an" return ever%thing to normal$

i"*ael reA ona)* 5ni#er)ityA in 20-DT*e Irony of Pity: Niet7)"*e Contra S"*o'en*auer and $ou))eauA The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 92A '. +F

Niet z sche is intent on s tri ing a ! a% it% 4s g o l"en luster. He build) *i) "a)e aain)t 'itiM/itleid larely on t*e ba)i) of *i) )u)'i"ion) about t*e ')y"*oloi"al dyna&i") t*atA )o *e "lai&)A 4e "an u)e to lay bare S"*o'en*auerJ)and $ou))eauJ) ilded rationali7ation) of t*i) 'at*o). Ac c o r " ing to Ni e t z scheA t*e ty'e of iti?/M itlei" t*eye?'ound is s%mtomatic of !hat !e might c a llA dra4in on ')y"*oanalyti" ter&)A the n a rcissistic m a la is e.%/ o l"l% st ate " & he a r gu e s t h a t as a s%c h o lo gical tr a nsa c t io n Mitlei" sat isfies the e g o4s "esire t o as su age its lo ss

of narcissistic lenitu" e. In &akin t*i) "a)eA Niet7)"*e dra&ati"ally End Pae + re#er)e) t*eir 'er)'e"ti#eAaruin t*at M itlei" sh o ul" n o t be u n"er s t o o" as an a ff e c t iv e b o n" ! ith the o t her& n o t as a s ign of li v ing for

others& but& ra ther& as a veil e " m e ans of re s t o ring se lf5affection at the other4s e )ens e. To )*o4 t*i) *e analy7e)t*e &oral ')y"*oloy t*at under'in) t*e 're"e't) of t*e et*i") of 'ity. If Niet7)"*eJ) ')y"*oloi"al analy)i) i)"orre"tA t*en Mitlei" is no t ant ith e tical t o reve n ge a ga inst others but& in fact& closel% lin3e" to one of it) )ubtle)*adin) and &a)k)A 4*i"* *e "all) env %. In t*e ilded )*eat* of 'ityA a) *e 'ut) it 4it* )inature 'it*ine))A t*erei) )o&eti&e) )tu"k t*e daer of en#y =@ 9>.-*erea) $ou))eau and S"*o'en*auer "lai& t*at itleid i) t*e only )our"e of et*i"al "on"ern for ot*er)A Niet7)"*earue) t*at t*eir ')y"*oloy of Mitlei" unc r iticall% accets a a r a noi"5 s chi z oi" slitt ing of the ob* e ct !orl "A to

borro4 elanie RleinJ) ter&inoloyA into t*e en#iable and t*e 'itiable.( He "lai&) t*at becau s e these for m s of it%

are gene r a t e " b% a a r a n o i" 5schi z oi" s % c hological c o ns tellati o n& th e% are b e tter c ha racteri z e" as ! hat ! e

might call 6hateshi6 rather t h an frien" sh i. In t*i) re)'e"tA Niet z sche sees in the s%cholog% of the itier an

immature or infantile atte m t to re s olve the narcissistic ma la is e. Niet7)"*e 'ur)ue) t*i) "ritiKue of $ou))eau andS"*o'en*auer a) 'art of a broader "on"ern t*at infor&) *i) &iddle 'eriod: *i) "on"ern 4it* t*eori7in a &aturetran)for&ation of nar"i))i)& t*at doe) not entail )u"* da&ain )'littin and 'roOe"tion.-e "an re"on)tru"t and elaborate t*ree )te') in Niet7)"*eJ) "riti"al analy)i) of t*e ')y"*oloi"al "onfiuration t*atenender) t*e ty'e of 'ity t*at $ou))eau and S"*o'en*auer ad#o"ate: *i) "lai& t*at it% is "ee l% c o mlicit in

env% an" its ro*e c tive i"entification sQ t*at it ulti m a te l% ten"s to ! a r" a "iminut io n of othersQ andA finallyA t*atthe t!inning of it% a n " env% in the construction o f the ob*ect ! o r l " bl o c3s o ur a bilit% to li v e !ell !ith

others. In ot*er 4ord)A Niet7)"*e build) a )tron "a)e for re#er)in S"*o'en*auer and $ou))eauJ) "entralAune?a&ined 're)u&'tion: *e )*o4) t*at far from o v er c o m ing our 6 c olo s sal e gois mA a) S"*o'en*auer "all) itAit% is a seci e s of atho log ical narcissism that " a m a ges the in"ivi " u a l4s c a acit% for co m osing or

6restoring6 balanc e " =lei"*e4i"*t> relations !ith others =HH 9+>. Niet7)"*e e)'e"ially under)"ore) t*e 'oint t*at a mo ralit% built on these s% c ho lo gical foun " at io ns revents in"ivi" u als from " e veloi n g a s u btle&

enet r ati n g& an" therae u ticall% e ffi c a cious u n "erst a n"ing o f another4s intras% ch ic !orl" an" e )erience s.In critici z ing the ethics of it %A t*enA Niet z sche sec ifica ll% ta r g ets the concetu a liz a ti o n of this athos o r

a f fect t h at lies at the he a r t of bot* $ou))eauJ) and S"*o'en*auerJ) ethical hilo s o h % . In 'ro)e"utin *i) "a)eaain)t t*eir et*i") *e brin) to bear *i) &et*od of ')y"*oloi"al di))e"tionA "lai&in t*at it "an *el' e?'lore andfat*o& 'ityJ) intra')y"*i" )inifi"an"e in a 4ay t*at )*ed) ne4 li*t on bot* $ou))eauJ) &oral 'edaoy of 'itiM andS"*o'en*auerJ) &eta'*y)i"ally ba)ed et*i") of itleid =HH 9(A 9>. Hi) "ore t*e)i) i) t*at iti?@M itlei "A a) t*ey

"on"ei#e itA m e rel% cr%stallizes the st r ucture of affe"t) and " e fenses characteri s tic of a s %che en sn are" b% arimitive m e ans of so othing the narcissi s tic !oun".+ Conte?tuali7ed t*i) 4ayA Niet7)"*e arue)A M itlei" sh o ul"

be tr e a t e " first an" f o re m o s t as a a t ho lo g ical s tr at ag e m th r o u g h !h ich the s%che see3s narciss istic

g ratification$ Hi) analy)i) &i*t )tand a) an illu)tration of *i) broader "lai& t*at moral hilo s o h % s h oul" not be

base" on or g ive cre" e nce to belief in c o n c etual oositions =HH 1>. 3or *e turn) "o&&on )en)e in)ide outand "lai&) t*at iti?@Mitlei"A 4*i"* S"*o'en*auer identifie) a) a"tion de#oid of all eoi)ti" &oti#ation)A *a) it)root) in en#y. It i) *i) ')y"*oloi"al di))e"tion) t*at 'la"e Niet7)"*e )e#eral )te') a*ead of not only $ou))eau andS"*o'en*auer but al)o t*o)e "riti") 4*o in#oke t*i) tradition of 'ity aain)t Niet7)"*e 4it*out "arefully e?a&ininAa) *e doe)A it) t*eoreti"al and ')y"*oloi"al 're)u''o)ition). -e "an orient our)el#e) to Niet7)"*eJ) "ritiKue of t*i)ty'e of 'ity by briefly e?a&inin $ou))eauJ) and S"*o'en*auerJ) #ery )i&ilar treat&ent) of t*e oriin) and 4ort* of

'ity.!

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The assistance of the Affirmative is a form of it% that is not genuine but uses the suffering

of others to "isguise feelings of contemt an" env%$ To restore the sense of a erfect&

or"ere" !orl"& !e besto! on others a sense of suffering that !e shoul" correct$

i"*ael reA ona)* 5ni#er)ityA in 20-DT*e Irony of Pity: Niet7)"*e Contra S"*o'en*auer and $ou))eauA The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 92A '. F1

$ou))eau t*en bein) not 4it* a )ubOe"t 4*o )eek) &utual re"onition but 4it* one 4*o )uffer) dee'ly fro& t*e lo)) ofnar"i))i)ti" )elfF)uffi"ien"y. T*e only 4ay *e "on"ei#e) of t*i) )ubOe"t be"o&in )o"iable i) to i#e full rein to it) 'ri&ordialen#y to )'oil ot*er) )o t*at it doe) not )uffer fro& it) o4n )en)e of )elfFla"k or nar"i))i)ti" 4ound. En#yJ) "onOurin tri"k i) tore)tore )elfFaffe"tion t*rou* di&ini)*in ot*er). T*i) i) *o4 $ou))eau arri#e) at t*e 'er#er)e 'o)ition of affir&in a&oral ')y"*oloy in 4*i"* 4e e?'erien"e t*e ot*erJ) Ooy a) a )our"e of !itterness and t*e ot*erJ) )ufferin a) a)our"e of sweet pleasure. $it' is a dis(ointed re(oicing .

%1The other4s s uff e ring is s!e e t because it re s tores to us

our narcissi s tic self5affect io n 6Bit% is s! e et& because& ! hen !e ut ourselves in the lace of the one !hosuff e rs& we are a w are, never theless of the p leasure of not s uffering l ike hi m) *n%' is !itter A be"au)e t*e )i*t of a*a''y &anA far fro& 'uttin t*e en#iou) in *i) 'la"eA in)'ire) *i& 4it* reret t*at *e i) not t*ere. The one seems to

exempt us from the pain he suffers+ the other seems to depri%e us of the good things he en(o's.%2

It i) for t*i) rea)on t*at Niet7)"*e "lai&) t*at o#er"o&in t*e feelin of )elfFla"k and re)torin t*e #anity of )elfFaffe"tion are t*e &oti#atin for"e) of t*e kind of 'ity $ou))eau and S"*o'en*auer identify a) t*e )our"e of all our&oral a"tion). Cou"*ed in ')y"*oanalyti" ter&)A our feelin) of )elfFla"k are a reinition of infantile rae o#er our a)y&&etri"al de'enden"e on an ideali7edA )elfF)uffi"ient ot*er. Pity )er#e) to )oot*e t*i) en#iou) rae byo#erturnin t*e a)y&&etry t*at t*e needyA de'endent "*ild fear) &ay lead to it) abandon&ent. T*e)e ')y"*oanalyti"in)i*t) are i&'li"it in Niet7)"*eJ) treat&ent of $ou))eau and S"*o'en*auer. It i) be"au)e Niet7)"*e )ee) *o4 t*eirnotion of 'ity i) )*a'ed by t*i) ')y"*oloi"al &atri? t*at *e arue) t*at it i) bot* )elfF)er#in and da&ain to t*eot*er. @n t*e 'lane of fanta)yA *e )ue)t)A as itiers !e i m agine the oth e rs on !hom ! e "ee n " as s e lf5

sufficient an" !e la% the game of it% in or"er to r e" re s s this a s %mm e tr%$ We "o s o b% attemting to m a 3e

ourse lves a ear as e nv iab le a n " sel f 5s u f f icient in"ivi "u a ls on !h ose b eneficence o th ers mu s t " e e n ". In t*e ')y"*oloi"al tran)a"tion of 'ityA a) Niet7)"*e )ee) itA ! e aim t o s oil ot h ers b% m a 3ing their s uffering the

occasion for un"ermin ing their in"een" e nce an" asse rt ing our o! n. ) Niet7)"*e e?'lain) in t*e follo4ina'*ori)&: C<n" Bage 0E

If 4e lo#eA *onourA ad&ire )o&eone and t*en after4ard) di)"o#er t*at *e i) suffering . . . our feelin of lo#eAre#eren"e and ad&iration "*ane) in an e))ential re)'e"t: it ro4) tenderer Q t*at i) to )ayA t*e ulf bet4een u) and*i& )ee&) to be bridedA an a''ro?i&ation to identity )ee&) to o""ur. @nly no4 do 4e "on"ei#e it 'o))ible t*at 4e&i*t i#e ba"k to *i&A 4*ile he pre%iousl' dwelt in our imagination as !eing ele%ated a!o%e our gratitude. T*i)"a'a"ity to i#e ba"k 'rodu"e) in u) reat Ooy and e?altation. . . . -e *a#e t*e en(o'ment of acti%e gratitude 4*i"*A in )*ortA i) !ene%olent re%enge. If he wants and takes nothing whate%er from us+ we go awa' chilled and

saddened+ almost offended . . . . 3ro& all of t*i) it follo4) t*atA e#en in t*e &o)t fa#orable "a)e)A t*ere i) )o&et*inderadin in )ufferin and )o&et*in ele#atin and 'rodu"ti#e of )u'eriority in 'ityin4*i"* )e'arate) t*e)e t4o)en)ation) fro& one anot*er to all eternity.= D 19>) Niet7)"*e analy7e) it *ereA as itiers our givi n g is mo tiv a te" b% t he "esire to u s ur the osit ion ofimagine" omniot e nce& rather than b% t h e other4s "esire for our it%$ =It i) t*i) in)i*t t*at infor&)Zarat*u)traJ) "autiont*at 'ity )*ould al4ay) be a "onOe"tureay your 'ity be a "onOe"ture: t*at you &ay fir)t kno4 if your friend

4ant) 'ity , :1 @f t*e 3riend.> 3or Niet7)"*e t*e fa"t t*at a) 'itier) 4e are dri#en by our de)ire to re)tore our)elfFaffe"tion i) di)"lo)ed by our feelin of offen"e if t*e ot*er doe) not a''re"iate our ift of Mitleid : efusing

gratitude.@ne &ay 4ell refu)e a reKue)tA but one &ay ne#er refu)e ratitude =or 4*at "o&e) to t*e )a&e t*inAre"ei#e it "oldly or "on#entionally>. To do )o i) #ery 4oundinand 4*y = D 29(>. T hro u g h g ift g iving insire"

b% s uch it%& Niet7)"*e i&'lie)A ! e t r% to e )a c t fr o m t he ot h er t he 3i n " o f ac3 n o ! le " g me n t th a t ca n ai" us in

our a tte m t t o re s tore our fanta s % of le n itu" e. As a sign of their sub o r"in a t io n to us& the g r atitu"e of others

c a n ser v e to b o lster o ur fra g ile illusi o n o f o mniotence. In t*i) "onte?tA t*ereforeA if others r e fuse our g ift of

it%ing c o nce r n& the% are& as it !ere& r e fus ing to gra n t us the right to f e el or i m agine ourse lves as e levate"

a b ove t h em$ I n this re g ar " & the gi f t of Mi t lei" is reall% a gi f t ! e a t te m t to bes tow o n ourselves at the other's

exp e nse)

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The use of suffering to create a sense of it% among eole e)ternalizes suffering& creating a

sense of sueriorit%& resentment& an" fear

$oland /lei3erA 5ni#er)ity of Uueen)land an" &y 9a%A 5N<PA CairoA 2007D$e're)entin HI0/I<S in fri"a: Plurali)t P*otora'*y and Lo"al E&'o4er&entA International Studies.uarterl' (1.1A ''. 19!F1+9

In a "o&'ellin a''li"ation of rendtJ) ty'oloyA Lu" 6oltan)ki =1!!!:%> )tre))e) *o4 a olitics of i t % vie ! s t he

unfortunate c o llectivel%& ev en t h o u gh it r elies on si n g ling o u t a r tic u lar misf o rtunes to insire it% in the first

lace. It i) e#ident t*at t*e en)uin dyna&i") entail a funda&ental dile&&aA one t*at 'er*a') "annot be )ol#ed. A

gene r a li z e" ort ra%al of = I F@A I D+ as a o litical r o b lem is unli3el% to insire it % $ + t a t is ti c a l " a t a & f o r

instance& c a nn o t "o thi sA no &atter *o4 &u"* e#iden"e it 'ro#ide) of t*e de#a)tatin i&'a"t of t*e di)ea)e. Toarou)e 'ityA 6oltan)ki =1!!!:11> )tre))e)A suffering an" !retche" bo"i e s mu s t be conve% e " in such a !a% as to

a f fect the sensibilit% of th o se m o re f o rtunat e. T*at i) t*e fun"tion of t*e Hoo'er '*otora'*. /ut roblems arise

as so on as this im a g e is u se" t o e s ta b lish an" " e fen" a m o re generic olitical stanc e. This is the caseA forin)tan"eA !hen the Hoo'er hotog r ah is being use" to "ra! ublic a!areness in the West about the g e neral

roblem of = I F@A I D+ in Africa$ The image of suffering then in e v itabl% be c o mes " e tache" f r om both the

suff e rer an" local circumstance s $

Manife s tatio n s of it% oft e n mas3 un e # u al o!er re lat io n s. It !as recisel% in the s e emin g l% selfless

(hristian r a c tices of it% th a t Nietzsche "etecte" a !ill to o !e rA a t*ir)t for triu&'*A a "esire to su b * u g at e.Bit% th e n becomes lin3 e " to s e ve r a l f e atures that f u n"am e ntall% c o ntra"i c t the ori g in al h u manist " e sire for

social cha n g e . I m ages of suff e ring in Africa su bc o nsc io us l% co nt a in a r a n g e o f mo r a l *u"gments an"

s e ntiment s & inclu"ing r e s e ntme n t an" f e ar =)ee Sonta 29:(>. T*ey &ay al)o re&ind 4e)tern audien"e) of4*at t*ey are free fro&. Parado?i"allyA the ver% "isturbi n g n a ture of t*e Hoo'er '*otora'* t*u) rovi"es a

ce r ta in feeling of saf e t% an" se c urit% to s o me of those vie!ing it$ D e ath in a "istant an" "ange r ous else!here

can then be c o me a !a% of affirm ing life in the s a fe here a n " no!& giving e ole a sense of bel o nging to a

a r ticular g r ou that is "istinct f r om others =6ie*l 21:19!Q $adley 22:2Q )ee al)o Nu))bau& 21:2!V%(%for a &ore eneral di)"u))ion of 'ity and it) di)tin"ti#ene)) fro& "o&'a))ionA )y&'at*yA and e&'at*y>.

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12Nietzsche

Link: Security

The "esire for securit% smothers life !ith a constant search for& an" fear of& forms of

"ifference that threaten insecurit%$ The ursuit of total securit% *ustifies violence against

"ifference an" comes at the cost of ever%thing that ma3es life !orth!hile$

Ba&e) Der DerianA 'rofe))or of international )tudie) at 6ro4nA 1!,DT*e 0alue of Se"urity: Hobbe)A ar?A Niet7)"*eA 6audrillardA @n Se"urit y A ed. $onnie Li')"*ut7A onlineA* tt ' ://444."ia on et.or /b oo k /li ' )"* u t7/i nd e ? .* t&l

Niet z sche t r ansvalues bot* = o bbes4s and ar?J) inte r re t at io ns of sec u rit% th r o u g h a gen e al og% of

mo"es of b ei n g$ =is m e t h o" is not to un c over so me "ee meaning or val u e for secur it % & b u t to

"estabili z e the intolerable f ictional i"entities of the ast !hich have b e en create" out of f e ar& an" to

affirm the cr e at iv e "ifferen c es !hich m ight %iel" ne! va lues for the future. 99 .ri g in a t ing in the

a r a "o)i c a l r elationshi of a c o nting e nt l ife an" a certain " e ath& the histo r% of secur it% rea"s for

Niet z sche as an abn e gation& a res e ntm e nt an"& fi n a ll%& a tr a ns ce n" e nce of t h is a r a " o ). In briefA t*ehisto r % is o ne of in"ivi " uals see3ing a n i m ossible s ecu r it% from the m o st ra"ical 6other6 of life& the

terror of " e ath !hich& once gene r a lize" an" nat ionali z e "& triggers a fu t ile c%cle of c o llective i" e ntities

see3ing secur it% f r om alien others55!ho are see3ing si m ilarl% im o ss ible g u a r a n te e s. It is a s to r % of

"ifferenc e s ta3ing on the otherness of " e ath& a n " i"entities calcif% ing into a f e a r ful s a menes s. Sin"e Niet7)"*e *a) )uffered t*e reate)t nele"t in international t*eoryA *i) reinter'retation of )e"urity 4ill re"ei#ea &ore e?ten)i#e treat&ent *ere.@ne &u)t bein 4it* Niet7)"*eJ) idea of t*e 4ill to 'o4erA 4*i"* *e "learly belie#ed to be 'rior to andenerati#e of all "on)ideration) of )e"urity. In 6eyond Good and E#il A *e e&'*ati"ally e)tabli)*e) t*e

'ri&a"y of t*e 4ill to 'o4er: P*y)ioloi)t) )*ould t*ink before 'uttin do4n t*e in)tin"t of )elfF 're)er#ation a) t*e "ardinal in)tin"t of an orani" bein. li#in t*in )eek) abo#e all to di)"*are it))trent*FFlife it)elf i) 4ill to 'o4erQ )elfF're)er#ation i) only one of t*e &o)t freKuent re)ult). 9%The !ill to o!e rA t*enA s h o u l" n o t be c o n fus e" !i th a = o b b esian e retual "esire for o!e r. It "anA init) neati#e for&A 'rodu"e a rea"ti#e and re)entful lonin for only 'o4erA leadinA in Niet7)"*eJ) #ie4A to atriu&'* of ni*ili)&. 6ut Nietzsche refers to a o sit iv e !ill to o!er& a n a ct iv e a n" affecti v e f o rce o f

becomi n g & f ro m ! hich val u es a n " m e ani n gs 5 5inclu"ing self5rese r vat ion55are r o"uce" !hich affirm

life$ (onventions of securit% a c t to su r ess rather than conf r o nt the f e ars en"em ic to lifeA for . . . life

it)elf i) e))entially a''ro'riationA inOuryA o#er'o4erin of 4*at i) alien and 4eakerQ )u''re))ionA *ardne))Ai&'o)ition of oneJ) o4n for&)A in"or'oration and at lea)tA at it) &ilde)tA e?'loitationFFbut 4*y )*ould oneal4ay) u)e t*o)e 4ord) in 4*i"* )landerou) intent *a) been i&'rinted for ae). 9( El)e4*ere Niet7)"*ee)tabli)*e) t*e 'er#a)i#ene)) of aoni)& in life: life is a c o nse#uence of !ar& s o ciet% itself a m e ans to

! a r. 9+ 6ut the "en ial of this ermanent con" ition& the effort to "i s g uise it !ith a co nsensual

rat ionalit% or to hi"e from it !ith a fi c tional s overe ignt%& are all e ffe ct s of this su r ession of f e a r.The "esire for securit% is ma nifest e " as a c o llective r e sentment of "iff e renceFFt h at !hich is n o t us& not

certain& not r e"ictable$ (omlicit !ith a negat ive !ill to o!er is the f e ar5"r iven "esire for r ot e ction

from the u n 3 no!n$ nli3e the o sit ive ! ill to o!er& !hich r o"uc e s an ae)t*eti" a f firm a tion o f

"ifferenc e & the sear c h for truth r o"uces a trun c at e " life !hich confo r ms to the ra tionall% 3no ! able& to

the c a u s all% s ustainable. In T*e Gay S"ien"e A Niet7)"*e a)k) of t*e reader: LookA i)nJt our need forkno4lede 're"i)ely t*i) need for t*e fa&iliarA t*e 4ill to un"o#er e#eryt*in )traneA unu)ualA andKue)tionableA )o&et*in t*at no loner di)turb) u) I) it not t*e in)tin"t of fear t*at bid) u) to kno4 nd i)

t*e Oubilation of t*o)e 4*o obtain kno4lede not t*e Oubilation o#er t*e re)toration of a )en)e of )e"urity9The f e ar of the un3no!n an" the "esire for certaint% co mbine to ro"uce a "ome s ticat e " life& in !hich

cau s alit% an" rat ionalit% b e come the highest s ign of a sovereign sel fA t*e )ure)t 'rote"tion aain)t "ontinentfor"e). T*e fear of fate a))ure) a belief t*at e#eryt*in rea)onable i) trueA and e#eryt*in trueA rea)onable. In )*ortA t*e)e"urity i&'erati#e 'rodu"e)A and i) )u)tained byA t*e )trateie) of kno4lede 4*i"* )eek to e?'lain it. Niet7)"*eelu"idate) t*e nature of t*i) enerati#e relation)*i' in T*e T4ili*t of t*e Idol) :T*e "au)al in)tin"t i) t*u) "onditional u'onA and e?"ited byA t*e feelin of fear. T*e 4*y )*allA if at all 'o))ibleA noti#e t*e "au)e for it) o4n )ake )o &u"* a) for a 'arti"ular kind of "au)e FFa "au)e t*at i) "o&fortinA liberatin andrelie#in. . . . T*at 4*i"* i) ne4 and )trane and *a) not been e?'erien"ed beforeA i) e?"luded a) a "au)e. T*u) one notonly )ear"*e) for )o&e kind of e?'lanationA to )er#e a) a "au)eA but for a

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'arti"ularly )ele"ted and 'referred kind of e?'lanationFFt*at 4*i"* &o)t Kui"kly and freKuently aboli)*ed t*efeelin of t*e )traneA ne4 and *it*erto une?'erien"ed: t*e &o)t *abitual e?'lanation). 9A s a fe life re # uires safe tr ut hs$ The st r a ng e a n " the alien re m ain u n e ) amine"& the un3 n o!n be c o mes

i"entifie" a s e v il& an" e v il r o v o 3es h o sti lit%55re c%cling the "esire for securit%. T*e influen"e ofti&idityA a) Niet7)"*e 'ut) itA "reate) a 'eo'le 4*o are 4illin to )ubordinate affir&ati#e #alue) to t*ene"e))itie) of )e"urity: t*ey fear "*aneA tran)itorine)): t*i) e?'re))e) a )traitened )oulA full of &i)tru)t ande#il e?'erien"e). 9!The un 3 no ! a ble !hich ca n not be contai n e" b% force or e) laine" b% rea s o n is rel eg at e " to the off5

! o rl ". Tru)tA the 6 g o o " &6 a n" o ther common values come to rel% uon an 6 a rtif ici a l strength6

6the feeling of securit% )u"* a) t*e C*ri)tian 'o))e))e)Q *e feel) )tron in bein able to tru)tA to be 'atientand "o&'o)ed: *e o4e) t*i) artifi"ial )trent* to t*e illu)ion of bein 'rote"ted by a od. % 3or

Niet7)"*eA of "our)eA only a fal)e )en)e of )e"urity "an "o&e fro& fal)e od): orality and reliion belon

altoet*er to t*e ')y"*oloy of error : in e#ery )inle "a)eA "au)e and effe"t are "onfu)edQ or trut* i)"onfu)ed 4it* t*e effe"t) of belie#in )o&et*in to be trueQ or a )tate of "on)"iou)ne)) i) "onfu)ed 4it* it)"au)e). %1

Niet7)"*eJ) inter'retation of t*e oriin) of reliion "an )*ed )o&e li*t on t*i) 'arado?i"al oriin andtran)#aluation of )e"urity. In T*e Genealoy of oral) A Niet7)"*e )ee) reliion ari)in fro& a )en)e of fear and indebtedne)) to oneJ) an"e)tor):T*e "on#i"tion rein) t*at it i) only t*rou* t*e )a"rifi"e) and a""o&'li)*&ent) of t*e an"e)tor) t*at t*e tribee?i)t) FFand t*at one *a) to 'ay t*e& ba"k 4it* )a"rifi"e) and a""o&'li)*&ent): one t*u) re"oni7e) a debtt*at "on)tantly ro4) reaterA )in"e t*e)e forebear) ne#er "ea)eA in t*eir "ontinued e?i)ten"e a) 'o4erful)'irit)A to a""ord t*e tribe ne4 ad#antae) and ne4 )trent*. %2

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1%Nietzsche

Link: Poverty Reduction

The banner of overt% re"uction creates a feeling of sueriorit% an" self5righteousness that

unites eole through emotional i"entification$

ndrea (orn!allA In)titute of <e#elo'&ent Studie)A 5ni#er)ity of Su))e?A @"tober 200D-*at do 6u774ord) do for <e#elo'&ent Poli"y "riti"al look at 'arti"i'ation;A e&'o4er&ent;and 'o#erty redu"tion;A Third #orld .uarterl' 2+.A ''. 1%9F1+

-e arue in t*i) 'a'er t*at articiation an" emo!er m ent& ! o r"s t hat se a 3 of the

la u " able aim of e n abling o or e ole t o h ave v o ice an" choice& h a ve n o ! c o me t o s% mbolise

the l e gitima c % to u r sue to " a %’s gene ra tion of " e ve lo m ent bl u erint s & u n "er the ru bric of

overt% r e "u c tio n. In t*e te?t) of &ain)trea& de#elo'&ent aen"ie)A this tria" o f H g o o "

thin g s’ is use" t o u r v e % a st or%line t h at s itu a tes th e m as g u ar" ians o f righ t ness an"cham ions of rogres s. This st o r % line i) &ore t*an uto'ianA in Sorel;) )en)e: &ore t*an ane?er"i)e in intelle"tual "on)tru"tion. It c o mes imbue" !ith o !erful m%ths about the "esir a bilit%

of "onor c o 5o r "inat io n& olic% c o herence an" a series of embe"" e " as s umt ions

a b out t he " o ing of " e vel o ment t h at l a ce ent re nche" i"eas an" r actices un"erg ir"ing the

"evelome n t in"u s tr% entir e l% b e %on" #u e stio n. Sorel "ontend): m % ths are not "escr itionsof things& but e)ress ions of a "etermination to act$ A m % th c a nnot be refut e " since itis& at b o tt o m& i"entic a l !ith t he c o nvi c tions o f a gr o u. yt*) )afeuard uto'ia)A Sorelarue). T*e )tate&ent) of intent t*at "on)titute t*e 'oli"ie) of internati o n a l "e v el omentag e ncies gain the #ualities of m % th recis e l% be c a use th e % are born of conviction s. T he%see3 t o c a ll us to a c tio n & n a m e ! hat ! e c a n "o& an" ma3e us i n to age n ts of t he o ssib le. Likeall )u""e))ful ideoloie)A t h e% ! o r3 be c a u s e th e% "o m o re t h a n c o n v e% a g o o " a r g um entth e % c o mel eole to listen becau s e the% them s elves are the main r o t a g oni s ts of the s t or % $De v e lo m e nt m % t hs ! o r3 t hr o u g h em o t io n a l i " en tifi ca ti o nA not t*rou* rationalityQ t*ey

build and )u)tain t*e feelin of "on#i"tion t*at 'eo'le need in order to be able to a"t. Goo"

argument has its lace here& but is se c o n"ar% to someth ing that is of #uite a "ifferent or"er

a feeling of rightnes s & bac3 e " b% the cr e at io n of nor m at iv e in s trum e nts& like t*e <G)A!hich serve an al m o st cer e mon ial funct ion in bolster ing a feeling of tog e thern e ss an"

ur o se f ulne s s& o f a visi o n a r% g o al to ! a r "s ! hich to s t rive. 6ut bu774ord) are &ore t*an 'e'F4ord). T*eir u)e in de#elo'&ent di)"our)e i) not Ou)t to 'ro&ote a 4eF"anFdoFit boo)t.T*e uto'ia) t*at are )*ored u' by de#elo'&ent &yt*) and bol)tered by bu774ord) are

'rofoundly ideoloi"al "on)tru"tion). International de#elo'&ent orani)ation) &ay a''ear to *a#e a''ro'riated "on"e't) on"e u)ed by radi"al alternati#e &o#e&ent)A but t*ey*a#e not ne"e))arily )4allo4ed t*e& 4*ole. Effort) to 'ro&ote 'arti"ular "on"e't) 4it*int*e)e in)titution) *a#e 'rodu"ed 'artial #i"torie). "tor net4ork) linked to broaderAo#erla''in net4ork) of ad#o"ate) and a"ti#i)t) in "i#il )o"iety orani)ation) *a#e )ou*tto ain roo& for &anoeu#re 4it*in t*eir o4n in)titution)A lare 'art) of 4*i"* &ay re&ainentirely unre)'on)i#e to ne4 idea). To talk of ter&) bein "oFo'ted i) to a))u&e t*at

bu774ord) *a#e )inular &eanin). 6ut bu774ord) are u)eful in 'oli"y )tate&ent) be"au)et*ey are fu77F4ord). T*eir 'ro'en)ity to )*elter &ulti'le &eanin) &ake) t*e& 'oliti"allye?'edientA )*ieldin t*o)e 4*o u)e t*e& fro& atta"k by lendin t*e 'o))ibility of "o&&on&eanin to e?tre&ely di)'arate a"tor).

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1(Nietzsche

Impact: No value to life

Bit% "estro%s all value to life an" lea"s to self5e)tinction$ The constant i"entification an"

resonse to suffering multiles it an" smothers life !ith contemt

3riedri"* NietzscheA t*e antiF"*ri)tA ',T*e ntiFC*r i)tA * tt ' ://444.f n ) .or.u k /a".* t &

C*ri)tianity i) "alled t*e reliion of pit'.FF B it% st an"s in o os ition t o a ll the t o nic a s sions t h at a u g ment the

energ% of the feeling of aliv e ness it is a " e ressant. &an lo)e) 'o4er 4*en *e 'itie). Th r o u g h it% that "rain

uon s tre n gth !hich s u ffer ing ! o r3s is multilie" a thous a n"f o l". + u ff ering is m a "e c o nt ag io us b% it %

un"er ce r tain circumstances it m a % l e a" to a total s a crifice of life a n " li v ing energ%55a loss o ut of a ll

ro o r tion t o the ma gni t u"e o f t he c a use =FFt*e "a)e of t*e deat* of t*e Na7arene>. T*i) i) t*e fir)t #ie4 of itQt*ere i)A *o4e#erA a )till &ore i&'ortant one. If one &ea)ure) t*e effe"t) of 'ity by t*e ra#ity of t*e rea"tion) it )et)u'A it) "*ara"ter a) a &ena"e to life a''ear) in a &u"* "learer li*t. Bit % t*4art) t*e 4*ole la4 of e#olutionA 4*i"*i) t*e la4 of natural )ele"tion. It 're)er#e) 4*ate#er i) ri'e for de)tru"tionQ it figh t s on the si"e of t h ose"isinherite" an" c o n"e m n e " b% lif eQ by &aintainin life in )o &any of t*e bot"*ed of all kind)A it g iv e s life itself agl o o m% an" " ubious a sec t. ankind *a) #entured to "all it% a #irtue =FFin e#ery superior &oral )y)te& it a''ear)

a) a 4eakne))FF>Q oin )till furt*erA it has been calle" the virtu e & the s o urce an" foun"at io n of all other vi r tue s 55but let us a l! a% s be a r in min" that this ! a s from the st a n" o int o f a hil o soh% th a t ! a s nihilistic& a n " uon

!h o se shiel" the "en ia l of life ! a s inscribe ". S"*o'en*auer 4a) ri*t in t*i): t*at b% m eans of it% life is

"enie " & a n" ma"e ! o rth% of "eni a l55it% is the technic of nihilism. Let &e re'eat: this "er es sing an"

contag ious instinct stan"s again s t all those in s tincts !hich !or3 for the reservation an" enhancement of lif e:in t*e role of protector of t*e &i)erableA it i) a 'ri&e aent in t*e 'ro&otion of decadence-- p ity e r s ua"es to

e) ti n ctio n....@f "our)eA one "oesn4t s a% 6e)tinctio n: one s a% s 6the other ! o rl "A or GodA or 6 the true lif eA or Nir#anaA )al#ationA ble))edne)).... T his innocent r hetoricA fro& t*e real& of reliiou)Fet*i"al balderda)*A a e ars

a g o od deal less in n o c ent !hen one reflects uon the t e n"en c % that it c o nc e a ls ben e ath s u blime !or" s the

ten " en c %to dest r o y life ) S"*o'en*auer 4a) *o)tile to life: t*at i) 4*y 'ity a''eared to *i& a) a #irtue. . . . ri)totleA a) e#eryone kno4)A )a4 in 'ity a )i"kly and danerou) )tate of &indA t*e re&edy for 4*i"* 4a) an o""a)ional 'urati#e: *erearded traedy a) t*at 'urati#e. The instinct o f life shoul" r omt us to see3 some means of uncturing an%

)u"* a t ho log ical a n" " a ng e rous ac c umu la t ion of i t % a) t*at a''earin in S"*o'en*auerJ) "a)e =and al)oAala"kA in t*at of our 4*ole literary decadence+ fro& St. Peter)bur to Pari)A fro& Tol)toi to -aner>A t*at it &ay bur)t and be di)"*ared. . . Nothi n g is more unh e alth%A a&id all our un*ealt*y &oderni)&A th a n C*ri)tian it %.To be t*e do"tor) here+ to be un&er"iful here+ to 4ield t*e knife *ereFFall t*i) i) our bu)ine))A all t*i) i) our )ort of*u&anityA by t*i) )in 4e are '*ilo)o'*er)A 4e Hy'erborean) WFF

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1+Nietzsche

Impact: Turns te case

The charit% of the Affirmative entrenches e)isting o!er relations an" "isguises the

structural causes of oression

C*ri)tina Jaro!s3%A Le"turer P)y"*iatryF "Gill 5ni#er)ityA 2000G lob al Healt* P o li"yA L o "al $ealitie): t* e falla"y o f t* e le # el ' layin fiel dA ed). L. -*iteford X L. ander)onA '.1(

An imo r tant comon e nt of the m o "e r n ractice of cha r it% is the emotion of it% & an" the m utual recognit io n

o f ine#u a lit% th a t this em o t io n m a r3s$ The "iscourse of it% a n " c h ar it% in v o 3es "% a "ic em o tio n al ties& e r asi n g

the v isibilit% of the struc t ur a l ine#u a lit% th a t m a 3es these "iscourses o ssibl e. Ho4e#erA t*e 'ra"ti"e of 'ity i)not a 'ri#ateA inter'er)onal tran)a"tion. T*e lon tradition of DC*ri)tian "*arityA of 4*i"* *u&anitariani)& i) ani&'ortant &odern #er)ionA de#elo'ed in a )tratified )o"iety. Bit% "o e s not erase o ! er "ifference s & but reinforces

them& b% r ovi"ing e m ot io n a l an" mo r a l val ua tion of a t r o n 5client r e lationshi s. In Et*io'iaA o'en a''eal) to 'ity 4ere al&o)t ne#er &ade by e#en t*e 'oore)t So&ali refuee) or returnee) 4it* 4*o& I intera"tedA but 4erefreKuently &ade and al&o)t a""o&'anied by '*y)i"al e)ture) of )ubordinationA )u"* a) bo4in t*e *ead and&akin 4*i&'erin noi)e)A by de)titute &*ari" returnee) and bear). &*ari" )o"iety i) &u"* &ore )tratifiedand *ierar"*i"al t*an So&ali )o"iety. T*e e#olution of 'ity by &*ari" bear) and refuee) 4a) an atte&'t to

obtain a))i)tan"e 're"i)ely t*rou* offerin re"onitionA and reinfor"e&entA of t*e )tratifi"ation of &*ari" )o"iety.The a e als t o it% a n" e ) ression o f i t % b% We s tern " o n o rs& in"ivi " ual an" co r o rat e & " o the s a me thi n g ona global s c ale& but ! ithout the a c 3no!le"gement that this g lobal soc iet% is st r uctu r all%A and not )i&'lya""identally and te&'orarilyA str a tifie" .

Turns the case55Discourses of assistance "isguise reinforce the structural lin3s bet!een

overt% an" the rest of societ%

C*ri)tina Jaro!s3%A Le"turer P)y"*iatryF "Gill 5ni#er)ityA 2000G lob al Healt* P o li"yA L o "al $ealitie): t* e falla"y o f t* e le # el ' layin fiel dA ed). L. -*iteford X L. ander)onA '.

1!Kefugee s & r e fugee "is c ours e & an" "een"enc%1 la% a a rticular r o le in this r ocess$ In a"" ition to being an

unco mf o r t ab le ma r 3er of n a t ion5 a n" sta te h oo " & r e f u g e es al s o rer es ent the mo s t v i sible art L literall%& the

homeless L of the global un"erclass$ It is not surrising that !ith the internat io nalizat io n of !elfare& !e

shoul" al s o s e e an inte r n a ti o n a li z ati o n of a t tem ts to e r ase& th r o u g h " iscursive& l e g a l& or fiscal st ra tegies& t he

stru c tu r al lin3s b e t!een the un"erc lass V 4elfare bu&)A ba ladie)A yout* an)A or refuee) V an" the re s t of

societ%$ A it%5base" "iscourse that z eros in on s t a n "a r "i z e" in"ivi" u als L b o t h on t he " o n o r an" on the

reciient si"e of the relationshi L !ho a r e stri e " of s o cial& oliti c al& or econ o mic net!or3s :l e t alone

o!er; ma3e these s tru c tu r al lin3s m o re "ifficult to see& !hile m a intai n ing ine # ual it% bet!een "o nors a n "

beneficiarie s.

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Impact: Compassion ,!ar

The humanitarianism of it% an" comassion ro"uces en"less interventions an" !ar an"

reinforces global ine#ualities

C*ri)tina Jaro!s3%A Le"turer P)y"*iatryF "Gill 5ni#er)ityA 2000Global H e al t* P oli " yA L o " a l $ e a lit ie): t*e fa lla " y of t* e le# e l ' la yin fiel dA ed). L. -*iteford X L. ander)onA '. 1F

This m o r a l " imensi o n of g lo b a liz a ti o n is n o t limite" to in)titution) t*at e?'li"itly e)'ou)e &oral aenda)A )u"* a)t*e 'rote"tion of *u&an ri*t) and 'ro#i)ion of h u manita r ian ai". T he *ustifi c ation offere" for militar%

interv e ntion in recent !ars V Ru4aitA So&aliaA Ro)o#o ! a s m o r a l: t*e i&'erati#e to 're#ent eno"ideA 'rote"t*u&an ri*t)A 're#ent )tar#ation. lt*ou* each of these inte r v ent ions al)o h a " i&'ortantA and often o#erridinAe"ono&i" or eo'oliti"al i&'li"ation) for key a"tor)A a mo ral rh e toric 4a) essenti a l to the m o biliz a ti o n o f

economic an" olitical r e source s. In t*e "a)e of refuee reliefA t*e &oral i&'erati#e i) "entral to t*e e?i)ten"e oflare in)titution) and lobal 'rora&) affe"tin &illion) of 'eo'le around t*e 4orld. T*e 'otential and real "onfli"t)

bet4een in)titutional intere)t) and &oral obOe"ti#e) are re"oni7ed 4it*in t*e *u&anitarian field. T*i) "*a'ter arue) furt*er t*at m o ral mo "els base" on it% contrib u te to ine # ualit%& b o th in 'arti"ular in st ances of

hum a ni t ari a n ai" an" g lo b all%. Hu&anitarian aid i) ba)ed in *i)tori"ally "ontinent &odel) and 'ra"ti"e) of

"*arityA and it "ontinue) to &anife)t t*e "onfli"t) and a&biuitie) 're)ent in t*e 'ra"ti"e of "*arity o#er t*e la)t t4oto t*ree "enturie). The incr e asing use b% h u manitarian agencies of &ental health language about trau&a orde'enden"y )yndro&eA in lace of a m o ral la nguage of it% and "*arityA "oes not over c ome the a&bi#alen"e) andine#u a lities inte g r a l to o l"er m o " e ls of c h a r it%. Kather& it m a s3s th e m. This a mbi v a lence t o ! a r " c hari t % a n "

eseciall% its r eciients& an" its imlicat io ns for refuee !ell5being and t*e 'o))ibilitie) of Dle#elin t*e 'layinfieldA are often eclise" b % t he u r gen c % of hum a ni t ari a n crises an" b% the real t r an sf er of re s ourc e s an" relief

of su f feri n g t h at oc c ur t hr ou g h hu m ani t ar ia n ai". T*e a&bi#alen"e to4ard benefi"iarie) and t*e role of 'ity in&aintaininA rat*er t*an era)inA ineKuality are &ore "learly #i)ible in t*e 4ide)'read "on"ern and r*etori" o#erDrefuee de'enden"y.

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Impact: "rror Replication

The rush to secure the !orl" ro"uces bureaucratic bungling that creates error

relication8The solutions !e rescribe ma3e the roblems !orse

Ba&e) Der Derian 200 =-at)on In)titute re)ear"* 'rofe))or of international )tudie)Q dire"tor of t*e -at)onIn)tituteJ) Global Se"urity Prora&Q Har#ard International $e#ie4Q DNational Se"urity: n ""ident 4aitin toHa''enQ 3all 2(Q * tt ' :// * ir. * ar # a rd.ed u /arti"le)/ 1% 9 />

It often take) a "ata)tro'*e to re#eal t*e illu)ory belief) 4e "ontinue to *arbor in national and *o&eland )e"urity.To 3ee us s a fe& !e lace o u r faith in nat ional bor"ers and uard)A bur ea ucracies a n " e )e r t sA te"*noloie) andar&ie). These an" other instruments of national secur it% are e mo!ere" an" l e giti m a t e " b% the a s sumt ion

that it falls uon the sovere ign c o unt r % to rotect us from the turbul e nt s tate of nature an" anar c h% that

ermanent l% lies in !ait off s hore an" over the hori z o n for t*e un're'ared and inadeKuately defended. 6ut t*i) 'aro"*ial fearA 'o)in a) a reali)ti" 4orld#ie4A *a) re"ently taken )o&e #ery *ard kno"k). Prior to Se'te&ber 11A21A national border) 4ere t*ou*t to be ne"e))ary and )uffi"ient to kee' our ene&ie) at bayQ u'on entry to6a*dadA a #irtuou) triu&'*ali)& and a re#olution in &ilitary affair) 4ere touted a) t*e be)t &ean) to brin 'ea"eand de&o"ra"y to t*e iddle Ea)tQ and before Hurri"ane RatrinaA e&eren"y 're'aredne)) and an intri"ate )y)te&of le#ee) 4ere )u''o)ed to kee' Ne4 @rlean) )afe and dry. T*e intra"tability of di)a)terA e)'e"ially it) une?'e"tedA

un'lannedA un're"edented natureA erode) not only t*e #ery di)tin"tion of t*e lo"alA nationalA and lobalA butA a))i)tedand a&'lified by an unblinkin lobal &ediaA re#eal) t*e "ontinent and *i*ly inter"onne"ted "*ara"ter of life ineneral. Yet ! hen it c o mes to "e a ling !ith natur a l a n" u nnatu r a l "i s a s ters& !e c o n t inue to e)ect =andA in t*eab)en"e of a "redible alternati#eA under)tandably )o> if not certaint% an" total safet% at lea)t a *i* le#el of

'robability and "o&'eten"e fro& our national and *o&eland )e"urity e?'ert) =o!ever& bet4een t*e &i?ed&eta'*or) and be*ind t*e &eta'*y)i"al "on"e't) i#en #oi"e by 5S Ho&eland Se"urity <ire"tor i"*ael C*ertoffearly into t*e Ratrina "ri)i)A t*ere lurk) an unea)y re"onition t*at t*i) ad&ini)trationand 'er*a') n o n a tio n al

g o ver n men t8 is u to the ta s3 o f m a na gi n g inci"e n ts t h at so r a i"l% c a s c a"e i n to g lo b al ev e nt s. IndeedA t*ey)ue)t t*at o u r national lans an" re a r at io ns for the big onea for"eFfi#e *urri"aneA terrori)t atta"kA

'ande&i" di)ea)e h ave be c o me a r t of t h e roblem& not the s o lut ion. Hi) u)e of *yberboli" ter&) like DultraF"ata)tro'*e and DfallFout i) tellin: )u"* e#ent) e?"eed not only lo"al and national "a'abilitie)A but t*e "a'a"ity of "on#entional lanuae it)elf. n ea)y defle"tion 4ould be to lay t*e bla&e on t*e neo"on)er#ati#e fait*ful of t*efir)t ter& of 5S Pre)ident Geore -. 6u)*A 4*oA #ie4in t*rou* an in#erted -il)onian 'ri)& t*e 4orld a) t*ey

4ould 4i)* it to beA *a#e no4 been for"ed by natural and unnatural di)a)ter) to fa"e t*e 4orld a) it really i)andnot e#en t*e &o)t )o'*i)ti"ated 'ubli" affair) &a"*ine of di))i&ulation)A di)tortion)A and lie) "an "lo)e t*i) a'.Ho4e#erA the "iscourse of the se c o n" /u s h term has in c reasingl% r e turne" to the "omi n a nt ! o rl" v ie! of

nat ional secu r it%& realism$ An" if language is& as Niet z sche claime"& a r isonhouse& r ealism is its suerma)

enite n tia r %. 6a)ed on linear notion) of "au)alityA a "orre)'onden"e t*eory of trut*A and t*e &ateriality of 'o4erAho! c a n r e ali s m ossibl% a c count8let a lone reare or rovi"e rem e "ies8for c o m le) c a ta s trohes& li3e the

t oling of t h e W o rl" Tra"e (enter and atta"k on t*e Pentaon by a *andful of Oi*adi)t) ar&ed 4it* bo?F"utter)and a fe4 &ont*) of fli*tFtrainin for"eFfi#e *urri"ane t*at &i*t 4ell *a#e beun 4it* t*e fla''in of a

butterfly;) 4in) nort*ea)t ele"tri"al bla"kout t*at )tarted 4it* a fallin tree li&b in @*io A ossible

an"emic triggere" b% the mutat ion of an av ian vi r us Ho4A for in)tan"eA are 4e to &ea)ure t*e i&&aterial 'o4er of t*e CNNFeffe"t on t*e fir)t Gulf -arA t*e lFBa7eeraFeffe"t on t*e IraK -arA or t*e NokiaFeffe"t on t*eLondon terrori)t bo&bin) 3or e#ent) of )u"* "o&'le?A nonFlinear oriin) and 4it* )u"* ti*tlyF"ou'ledA Kuantu&effe"t)A t*e national )e"urity di)"our)e of reali)& i) )i&'ly not u' to t*e ta)k. -or)eA 4*at if t*e Dfailure ofi&aination identified by t*e !/11 Co&&i))ion i) built into our national and *o&eland )e"urity )y)te&) W hat if

the reliance

on la n ning for the c a ta s t r ohe t*at ne#er "a&e re"uce" our c a a bilit% to fle ) ib l% res o n " a n" imro v ise f o r

the ult ra 5c at ast r o he1 t ha t "i " What if !orse5 c a se s c enario sA )i&ulation traininA and di)a)ter e?er"i)e)a)4ell a) border uard)A "on"rete barrier) and eart*en le#ee) n o t on l% r ove in a "e# uat e but mi g ht ! ell act as

forc e 5multil iers 4*at orani7ational t*eori)t) identify a) Dneati#e )ynery and D"a)"adin effe"t) that

ro " uce the automate" bu n gling =t*ink 3ederal E&eren"y anae&ent en"y> t ha t t r ans f orm is o late" ev e nts

an" sin g ular a t t a c3s i nt o gl o bal "i s a s t er s Bu)t a) Dnor&al a""ident) are built into ne4 te"*noloie)fro& t*eTitani" )inkin to t*e C*ernobyl &eltdo4n to t*e C*allener e?'lo)ion !e must a s 3 !hether ult r a 5

cata s trohe s 1 are no lo nger the e ) cetion but no! a r t an" arcel of " e nsel% net ! or3e" s % st e ms that " e f%

nat ional m a nagement in other !or" s & la nn e " "i s a st e rs$1

http://hir.harvard.edu/articles/1430/



7/23/2019 (704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K


Impact: #iolence

The barriers to our i"ealize" image the !orl" are era"icate" in the name of securit% an"

safet%$

Ba&e) Der Derian 200 =-at)on In)titute re)ear"* 'rofe))or of international )tudie)Q dire"tor of t*e -at)onIn)tituteJ) Global Se"urity Prora&Q Har#ard International $e#ie4Q DNational Se"urity: n ""ident 4aitin toHa''enQ 3all 2(Q * tt ' :// * ir. * ar # a rd.ed u /arti"le)/ 1% 9 />

-*atA t*enA i) to be done fir)t )te' i) to &o#e beyond t*e 4*eelF)'innin debate) t*at 'erennially kee' )e"uritydi)"our)e al4ay) one )te' be*ind t*e lobal e#ent. It &i*t 4ell be uniFA biFA or &ultiF'olarA but it i) ti&e tore"oni7e t*at t*e 'o4er "onfiuration of t*e )tate)F)y)te& i) ra'idly bein )ub)u&ed by a *etero'olar &atri?A in4*i"* a 4ide rane of different a"tor) and te"*noloi"al dri#er) are 'rodu"in 'rofound lobal effe"t) t*rou*inter"onne"ti#ity. 0aryin in identityA intere)t)A and )trent*A t*e)e ne4 a"tor) and dri#er) ain ad#antae t*rou*t*e broad band4idt* of infor&ation te"*noloyA for net4orked "o&&uni"ation )y)te&) 'ro#ide t*e &ean) totra#er)e 'oliti"alA e"ono&i"A reliiou)A and "ultural boundarie)A "*anin not only *o4 4e inter'ret e#ent)A but&akin it e#er &ore diffi"ult to &aintain t*e #ery di)tin"tion of intended fro& a""idental e#ent). ""ordin to t*eleal '*ilo)o'*er of Na7i Ger&anyA Carl S"*&ittA !hen the st a te is un a b le to "eli v er on its tr a "ition a l

romisso r% notes of safet%& securit%& an" !ell5being t hro ugh legal& " e moc r atic m e ans& it !ill necessaril%

e)ercise the so vereign e )c e tion1 "ec la r ing a s tate of e mergen c % & "efining frien" f r om fo e & an"A if ne"e))aryAera"icating the thr e at to the stat e $ /ut !hat if the st ate& facing the global e v ent& c a nnot "i s cern the acci"ental

fr o m the intenti o n a l n e?ternal atta"k fro& an internal autoFi&&une re)'on)e T*e natural a) o''o)ed to t*eD'lanned di)a)ter T*e ene&y 4it*in fro& t*e ene&y 4it*out We c a nA a) t*e 5nited State) *a) done )in"eSe'te&ber 11A continue to t r eat catast r ohic thr e ats as is sues of n a ti on al r a ther t h an gl o bal securi t % & a n " go it

alon e . Ho4e#erA once "eclar e "& bureaucrat icall% in s talle "A and re'etiti#ely a&edA national s tates of

e mergen c% gro! re c alcit r ant an" become r one to e v en ! o rse "isaste r s. ) Paul 0irilioA &a)ter t*eori)t of t*e4ar &a"*ine and t*e interal a""ident on"e told &e The full5s c ale acci"ent is n o ! t h e ro lo n g a ti o n o f t o tal

! a r b% o t her mean s $1





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$lt: Complete Niilism

(omlete nihilism is a revaluation of values that leaves the nihilism of it% behin" an"

restores *o% to life

)*ley Woo"!ar"A 'rofe))or at ona)* 5ni#er)ityA 2002DNIHILIS N< THE P@ST@<E$N IN 0TTI@JS NIETZSCHEA Miner%a - /n Internet Journal of

$hilosoph' 0ol. +A * tt ' ://444. u l.ie/ '* il o )/ #o l+ /n i* ili) & . * t&l

"ti#e ni*ili)& lead) to a""o&'li)*ed or "o&'lete ni*ili)&A t*at 4*i"* i) attained 4*en no #alue) 4*ate#erre&ain. ( o mlete nihilism is the c o mlete" "estruct io n o f a ll va lues& but is a r a "o ) ic a ll% a lso the

over c o ming o f nihilism$ r o m the o s ition of c o mlete nihilism& it is o ssible to lea v e nihilism behin" a n"

a c tively create ne! categori e s of valuation that !ill be ! holl% affir m ative an" free f r om nihilism. The

absence of all tra"iti o n a l& tr a nscen" e nt v a lues a ll o !s a new era in !hich ne! values ma% be o sit e "& valu e s

that are immane n t a n " al% onl% to this !orl ". T*e)e ne4 #aluation) re)t on t*e )e"ure foundation of ourdi)illu)ioned "reati#e abilitie)A and a''ly to actual reality. In t*e *i)tori"al )en)eA t his c o n s tit u tes a n e ! era of

v a lua tion a n " human fl o urishing a f ter nihilism h a s been ov erc o me$ ""ordin to Niet7)"*eA &odernity i)"*ara"teri)ed by t*e ad#ent of radi"al ni*ili)&. T*e *i)tory of t*e ne?t t4o *undred year) 4ill be t*e *i)tory of an

in"rea)inly radi"ali)ed a"ti#e ni*ili)&. The crucial o int of 4*at I a& "allin t*e &oderni)t inter'retation of Niet7)"*e is the ossibilit% of over c oming nihilism& t h e convict ion that there shall come a time in histo r %

!hen n ihilism shallbe left behi n ".

fter &odernitya ti&e Niet7)"*e 'redi"t) to ari)e a *undred year) fro& no4ni*ili)& 4ill be

o#er"o&e and *u&an "ulture 4ill be rein#iorated by ne4 "ateorie) of #aluationA a re#aluation of all #alue).

http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html





7/23/2019 (704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K


$lt: $mor %ati

The alternative is a3in to Nietzsche’s amor fati $ We must affirm the !orl" in its entiret%

an" not attemt to subtract the things !e "o not li3e$

lan WhiteA 'rofe))or of '*ilo)o'*y at -illia&) ColleeA in 1!,0 =D-it*in Niet7)"*e;) Labyrint*: 0eil 3ra&e)A * tt ' ://444.4illi a & ).e du /' * il o )o' * y/fa" u lty/a4 * ite /- NL2 4e b /0ei l2 fra & e). * t&>.

T*e 're)entA "onde&ned by So"rate)A i) deified by t*e 'ollinian. T*i) i) 'er'le?inA *o4e#erA in t*at the

"eificat io n of the resent is cha r acteri s ticA a""ordin to t*e later Niet7)"*eA not of t*e 'ollinian but of the

Dio n %s ia nA and t*u) of t*e 'er)'e"ti#e *e *i&)elf atte&'t) to take. Con)ider:

An e )erim e ntal hilo s oh% E?'eri&entalFP*ilo)o'*ie )u"* a) I li#e anti"i'ate)

e?'eri&entally #er)u"*)4ei)e e#en t*e 'o))ibilitie) of funda&ental rund)[t7li"*en ni*ili)&Q

but t*i) is not to s a% that it must h a lt at a n o & a negati o n& a !ill to the n o. It !a n ts ra ther to

continue on to the reverse of this bi) 7u& 5&eke*rten *indur"* FF t o a Dio n %s ia n

a f firm a tion o f the ! o rl" as it is& ! it h out s ubt r a ct io n& e)cetion& or se lection FF it ! a nts the

eternal circulat ion Rrei)laufA FF the s a me things& the same logic and illoi" of entanle&ent)

Rnoten. T he highe s t st ate a hil o s o her can a t t a in t o s t an" in a Dio n%si a n rel a ti o nshi

t o e)istence 55 m % for m ula for this is a m or fa ti .

This re#uires conceiving the rev io us l% " e nie" a s ects of e) istence not on l% as

necessa r % & b u t as "esirable 4\n)"*en)4ert: an" not o n l% as "esi r a ble in relation to the

reviousl% aff irme" ase c ts ='er*a') a) t*eir "o&'le&ent) or 're"ondition)>A b u t for

themse lves u& i*rer )elber 4illenA as the more o!erful& more fru itf u l& truer a s ec t s o f

e)istenc eA 4it*in 4*i"* it) 4ill )'eak) out &ore di)tin"tly. =0III:1+92Q -P:1%1>

M% f o rmula f o r !h a t is g r e a t in humanit% is a m or f a ti : t h at one !ants nothi n g

other!ise& not for!ar"& not bac3 ! a r"& not in all etern it %$ Not merel% to b e ar !hat is

necess a r % & sti ll less to c o nce a l it FF all ideali)& i) &enda"ity in t*e fa"e of 4*at i) ne"e))ary FF

but ra ther to love it$ =EHII:1>

http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL%20web/Veil%20frames.htm





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22Nietzsche

$&: No $lternative

The alternative "oes not con"emn ethical regar" for others8instea" it ma3es ethical

"ecisions all the more imortant$

lan WhiteA 'rofe))or of '*ilo)o'*y at -illia&) ColleeA in 1!,0 =D-it*in Niet7)"*e;)Labyrint*: Co&'letin 3ra&e)A * tt ' ://444.4illi a & ).e du /' * il o )o' *y/fa" u lty/a4 * ite /- NL2 4e b /C o & ' leti n 2 fra&e). * t&>.

<ifferently )tatedA i) it not t*e "a)e t*atA in t*e 4ord) of I#an Rara&a7o#A If God i) deadA t*en all i) 'er&ittedA orA

in Niet7)"*eJ) o4n 4ord)A E#eryt*in i) fal)eW E#eryt*in i) 'er&ittedW =N:0II:2((( / -P:+2Q "f.

N:0II:2(9%A N:2+2(A N:91(1A N:92=9%>>. y an)4er FF introdu"ed in t*e "*a'ter de#oted to Zarat*u)traA

and de#elo'ed in t*o)e t*at "o&e t*ereafter FF i) t*at e v e r %thing is in"ee" ermitt e "& but that unive r sal

ermissibilit% "oes not m a 3e ethi c a l reflection imossible or triv ia l on the c o ntra r % & it m a 3es such reflection

the m o re re s sing$ +im l% ut to s a% that eve r%thing is ermitt e " is to s a%& at l e a s t& that there is no one FF

betterA no @ne FF a r ou n " t o f o r bi" or r o hibit an% thi n g. It is no t to sa% t h at !e can n ot ma3e "i s ti n ction s & t h atall a c ts are e#uall% a"mirable& or hono r a b le& or "esirabl e. If 4e take our et*i"al bearin) by 4*at i) 'er&itted

and 4*at i) forbiddenA 4e &ay 'ay little attention to 4*at i) noble. Like4i)eA e v en if e v er%thing is ermitte"& that

"oes n o t m ean t h at all ans !e rs t o the # ues t ion& 6W ha t s h oul" I " o &6 a r e e# u a ll% g o o " $ I n st e a "& it m a 3es the

#uest io n m o re ressing& mo r e "ifficu lt& an" more inter e stin g.

) I atte&'t to de"ide 4*at I a& to doA *o4 I a& to li#e &y lifeA it &ake) little differen"e 4*et*er

e#eryt*in i) 'er&itted or not. If some !a%s of living !ere rohibite"& I !oul" still have to "eci"e !hich of

the re m aini n g ! a%s t o a " o t as m% o !n if no !a %s are rohibit e "& the #uest io n becomes the m o re ressing 55

e v en if a ll ! a%s a re someho! oen& I must still "eci"e !hich I a m to f o ll o !.

<ifferently )tated: *u s t as ac c e t ance of a u ni v er s al mo ra l co"e FF denial t*at e#eryt*in i) 'er&itted FF

"oes not e nta il "ecent or a"mirable b e havior& ne it h er "oes the "en ial of su c h c o "es e ntail in"ecent of

"esicable b e havior$ -e *a#e allA I )u)'e"tA en"ountered &oral ab)oluti)t) 4*oA 4*ile ad*erin )tri"tly to t*eir

a""e'ted la4)A allo4 t*e&)el#e) e?traordinary latitude 4it* re)'e"t to a"t) not )'e"ifi"ally "o#ered by t*e "ode).

''ro'riatelyA Nietzsche ins ists e )licitl% th a t * ust as t he i"entifi c a t ion o f r ohibit io ns " o es n o t g u ar a ntee

mo r a l b e havior& the " e nial of r ohibit io ns "oes not reclu"e i t:

I deny &orality a) I deny al"*e&yA t*at i)A I deny t*eir 're&i)e): but I do not deny t*at

t*ere *a#e been al"*e&i)t) 4*o belie#ed in t*e)e 're&i)e) and a"ted in a""ordan"e 4it* t*e&. FF I

al)o deny i&&orality: not t*at "ountle)) 'eo'le feel t*e&)el#e) to be i&&oralA but t*at t*ere i)

any true rea)on )o to feel. It g o es ! it h o u t sa%ing t ha t I "o not "e n % 55 u n less I a m a f oo l 55 t h at

ma n % act ions calle" imm o r a l o u ght t o be a vo i" e " an" r e siste"& or that man% c a lle" mo r a l

o u ght to be "o ne an" e ncou r ag e " 55 but I thin3 the one s houl" be e ncourage" a n " t h e other

avoi"e" for other reasons than hithe r to$ =<:19>

http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL%20web/Completing%20frames.htm







7/23/2019 (704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K


The alternative is an ethical "ecision that shoul" be ma"e in"ivi"uall% rather than

rescribe" oliticall%$

lan WhiteA 'rofe))or of '*ilo)o'*y at -illia&) ColleeA in 1!,0 =D-it*in Niet7)"*e;)Labyrint*: Life -it*out Rit)"*A * tt ' ://444.4illi a & ).e du /' * il o )o' * y/fa" u lty/a4 * ite /- NL2 4e b /life]4it * o u t] k it)"*. * t&>

The Niet z sche I res e nt in this boo3 is le s s e)citin gA 'er*a')A than the more notor ious Niet z sche ! ho

cham ions b lon" b e asts an" master rac e s$ ) I read *i&A Niet z sche cham ions neither& but neither "o e s he

"evel o a o ! erful o litical a lter na t iv e$ .n the c o nt r a r% & &y Niet z sche has little to sa% th a t is o f o litical

imor t anc e $ I h a ve a r gue" t hat he resents us !ith rea s o ns for re s e c ting others an" en c o u r aging "iversit%&

but he " o es no tA in &y Oud&entA illuminate o ur o litic a l a ct io n.The mo s t rovo c ative tea c hings I find in Nietzsche a re n o t o litic a l& b u t r a ther e th ical Niet z sche "oes

n o t attemt to tell us h o ! to s a ve t h e !or l"& but ra ther ho! to save ourselves 55 ho! to save our s elves f r om

li v ing li v es th a t !e !ill c o me to v ie! ! ith re g ret rather than !ith r i"e$ An" he te a ches th a t !e c a n "o that

!ithout be co ming s uerm e n !ho blithe l% crush their suos e " inferiors ben e ath th e ir feet.

http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL%20web/life_without_kitsch.htm





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2%Nietzsche

$&: Perm

The ermutation remains committe" to a strateg% of master% that rivileges the sovereign

in the ursuit of harmon%$

-illia& E. (onnoll%A 'rof. of 'oliti"al )"ien"e at Bo*n) Ho'kin)A in 1!,'Id e n tity/<iffere n "e: <e & o "rati" Ne o tiati on ) o f P o liti"al Para d o ? A ''. 2!F91

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$&: Perm

The ermutation still lin3s because it see3s to a"" to or subtract from e)istence$ We must

accet the !orl" as it is

lan WhiteA 'rofe))or of '*ilo)o'*y at -illia&) ColleeA in 1!,0 =D-it*in Niet7)"*e;)Labyrint*: ree&ent) 4it* 6einA * tt ' ://444.4illi a & ).e du /' * il o )o' * y/fa" u lty/a4 * ite /- NL2 4e b /aree&e n t) ] 4it*] b ei n .* t&>.

J a rathu s t r a a ffirms bein g. I&&ediately before de)"ribin *i) re)toration to di#inity of Lord C*an"eA *eannoun"e):

I h a ve be c o me one ! ho bles s es a n " one !h o a f firms: t*i) i) 4*y I 4re)tled lon and 4a) a 4re)tlerA )ot*at on"e &y *and 4ould be freed for ble))in.nd t*i) i) &y ble))in: to )tand o#er e#ery t*in 4*at)oe#er a) it) o4n )ky or *ea#enA a) it) rounded roofA it) a7ure

bell and eternal )e"urity: and ble))ed i) *e 4*o t*u) ble))e)W3or all t*in) are ba'ti7ed in t*e 4ell of eternity and beyond ood and e#il. =III:%Q 2!.9F1>Niet z sche& too& affirms being. =is 6e ) er iment a l hilos o h % 6 resses o n to 6the re v erse6 of 6a !ill to theN o &6 on t o 6a Dio n %s ia n a f f irmat ion o f t he ! o rl" as it is& ! itho u t s u b t r a ct io n& e)c e t io n& or selecti on =1+92 /-P:1%1>. = is a m or f a ti r e #uires 6 t h a t o ne ! a n t no th ing o t her!ise& not for!a r "& n o t b a c3! a r"& n o t in a ll

eternit%$ Not merel% to bear !hat is nec e ssa r% & still less to c o nc e a l it ... b u t r a t her to l o ve it =EHII:1>.

http://www.williams.edu/philosophy/faculty/awhite/WNL%20web/agreements_with_being.htm





7/23/2019 (704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K


$&: %rame'ork

Much li3e the "esire for a better !orl" !hen ones "oes not e)ist& the Affirmative’s

frame!or3 arguments are fictitious rules that suress "ebate in the name of la%ing the

correct1 !a%

Ian OohnstonA ala)'ina ColleeA ay 1!,,DT*ereJ) Not*in Niet7)"*e CouldnJt Tea"* Ya bout t*e $ai)in of t*e -ri)tA* tt ' ://444. & a la. b "."a/Oo * n ) to i/i n tr o )er/ n iet7). * t&

-*en Niet7)"*e look) at Euro'e *i)tori"ally 4*at *e )ee) i) t*at different g a mes ha ve b een g o in g on l i3e this f o r

centuries$ He furt*er )ee) t*at man% of the a r ticiants in an% one game h ave been a g gress ivel% c o n v ince" t h at

their game is the 6true6 gam eA t*at it "orre)'ond) 4it* t*e e))en"e of a&e) or i) a "lo)e &at"* to t*e 4ider a&et*ey i&aine oin on in t*e natural 4orldA in t*e 4ilderne)) beyond t*e 'layin field). + o th e % ha ve s ent a lo t o f

time r o"ucing their rule boo3s and "oa"*e)J &anual) and &akin "lai&) about *o4 t*e 'rin"i'le) of t*eir a&e"o'y or re#eal or a''ro?i&ate t*e la4) of nature. This h a s r o m o te" a n" still r omotes a g o o" "e a l of b a "feeling an" fi e rce a r gum e nt s. =enc e & in a " "ition t o a n % o ne g a me itself& ! ithin t he g r ou ur s uing it thereh a ve al ! a % s b een all s o r t s of su b 5 g ames " e bating the nature of the a c tivit%& r e fining the rules& a r gu ing over

the c o rrect v e rsion of the rule boo3 or about *o4 to edu"ate t*e referee) and "oa"*e)A and )o on.Niet z sche4s fi r st g o al is to at ta c 3 t his " o g matic c laim ab o u t the truth of the rules of a n% a rticular g a me. Hedoe) t*i)A in 'artA by a''ealin to t*e tradition of *i)tori"al )"*olar)*i' 4*i"* )*o4) t*at t*e)e gam e s a re n o t

eter n all% t r ue& but h ave a h isto r %. Kugb% began !h e n a soccer la%er bro3e the rul e s an" ic3 e " u the ball

an" r a n ! ith it$ &eri"an football de#elo'ed out of ruby and *a) "*aned and i) )till "*anin. 6a)ketball *ad a 're"i)e oriin 4*i"* "an

be *i)tori"ally lo"ated.Kule bo o3s a r e ! ritten in la ng ua ges ! hi c h h ave a his to r% b % e o le ! ith a "ee s%c h o lo gical o int t o r o v e:t*e a&e) are an un"on)"iou) e?'re))ion of t*e 'arti"ular de)ire) of in#enti#e a&e) 'eo'le at a #ery 'arti"ular *i)tori"al &o&entQ t*e)e rule

4riter) are "alled PlatoA uu)tineA So"rate)A RantA S"*o'en*auerA <e)"arte)A GalileoA and )o on. 3or #ariou) rea)on) the% belie v eA or"lai& to belie#eA t h at the rules th e % come u ! ith re#eal )o&et*in about t*e 4orld beyond t*e 'layin field andare t*erefore t r u e 6 in a !a% that other rule boo3s are not the% have& as it !ere& rivil e ge" acc e ss to r e alit%

and t*u) re"ordA to u)e a fa#orite &eta'*or of Niet7)"*eJ)A t*e te?t of t*e 4ilderne)).In atta"kin )u"* "lai&)A Niet7)"*e 'oint) outA the !il"erness b e ars no r elat ionshi at a ll to a n% hum a n

in v enti o n li3e a rule bo o 3 =*e 'oint) out t*at nature i) 4a)teful beyond &ea)ureA 4it*out 'ur'o)e) and "on)iderationA 4it*out &er"y and Ou)ti"eA fertile and de)olate and un"ertain at t*e )a&e ti&eQ i&aine indifferen"e it)elf a) a 'o4erFF*o4 "ould you li#e a""ordin to t*i)

indifferen"e. Li#inFFi) t*at not 're"i)ely 4antin to be ot*er t*an t*i) nature =E'ira& !>. 6e"au)e t*ere i) no "onne"tion 4it* 4*at nature

truly i)A such rule boo3s are mere foreround 'i"ture)A fictions "r e a m e" u& reinfo r ce "A alteredA and di)"ardedfor "ontinent *i)tori"al rea)on). oreo#erA t*e rule book) often bear a )u)'i"iou) re)e&blan"e to t*e rule) of ra&&ar of a "ulture =t*u)Afor e?a&'leA t*e notion of an eo a) a t*inkin )ubOe"tA Niet7)"*e 'oint) outA i) "lo)ely tied to t*e rule) of Euro'ean lanuae) 4*i"* in)i)ton a )ubOe"t and #erb "on)tru"tion a) an e))ential 'art of any )tate&ent>.

So *o4 do 4e kno4 4*at 4e *a#e i) t*e trut* nd 4*y do 4e 4ant t*e trut*A any4ay Be ole seem to nee" to believe that their

games are tru e. /ut !h% Might th e % not be better if the% acce te" that their ga m es !ere false& !ere

fictions& having n o thi n g to "o !ith t*e realit% of nature beyond t*e re"reational "o&'le? If t*ey under)tood t*efa"t t*at e#eryt*in t*ey belie#e in *a) a *i)tory and t*atA a) *e )ay) in t*e Genealoy of oral)A only t*at 4*i"* *a) no *i)tory "an

be definedA t*ey 4ould under)tand t*at all t*i) 'roud *i)tory of )ear"*in for t*e trut* i) )o&et*in Kuite different fro& 4*at '*ilo)o'*er) 4*o*a#e 4ritten rule book) 'ro"lai&.3urt*er&ore t*e)e *i)tori"al "*ane) and de#elo'&ent) o""ur a""identallyA for "ontinent rea)on)A and *a#e not*in to do 4it* t*e a&e)A or anyone a&eA )*a'in it)elf in a""ordan"e 4it* any ulti&ate a&e or any i#en rule book of a&e) i#en by t*e 4ilderne))A 4*i"* i) indifferent to4*at i) oin on. nd t*ere i) no ba)i) for t*e belief t*atA if 4e look at t*e *i)tory of t*e de#elo'&ent of t*e)e a&e)A 4e di)"o#er )o&e

'rore))i#e e#olution of a&e) to4ard) )o&e *i*er ty'e. -e &ay be ableA like <ar4inA to tra"e *i)tori"al enealoie)A to "on)tru"t a narrati#eA but t*at narrati#e doe) not re#eal any "lear dire"tion or any final oal or any 'rore))i#e de#elo'&ent. T*e enealoy of a&e) indi"ate) t*at*i)tory i) a re"ord of "ontinent "*ane. T*e a))ertion t*at t*ere i) )u"* a t*in a) 'rore)) i) )i&'ly one &ore a&eA one &ore rule added byin#enti#e &ind) =4*o need to belie#e in 'rore))>Q it bear) no relation)*i' to nature beyond t*e )'ort) "o&'le?. <itto for )"ien"e.

+o lo n g as one is l a % in g on a tea m & one fo ll o ! s the r ules and t*u) *a) a )en)e of 4*at "on)titute) ri*t and 4ronor ood and e#il "ondu"t in t*e a&eA and t*i) a4arene)) i) )*ared by all t*o)e "arryin out t*e )a&e endea#our. Toic3 u the ball in soccer is evil =unle)) you are t*e oalie>Q an" to u nt the b a ll !hile runni n g in Americanfootball is e r missible but stui" in Austr a li a n f o otb a ll b o th a ct io ns are e ssenti a l a n " ri g h t$ In other !or" s &"ifferent c ultural commun ities have " iffe r ent s tan"ar"s of right an" !ro n g c o n"uct$ These are " e termine" b%the art ificial inve n ti o ns c a lle" rule bo o3 s & one f o r e a ch game$ Th e se r ule boo3s have "eve lo e" the ruleshist o ric a ll %Q t*u)A th e % have no er m anent status a n " no claim to riv ilege" acces s.

http://www.mala.bc.ca/~johnstoi/introser/nietzs.htm





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$&: (til

tilitarianism is slave moralit%8it subor"inates *o% to the constant search for ain an"

suffering to alleviate

Bonny A n o m a l%A Tulane 5ni#er)ityA in 200DNiet7)"*e;) CritiKue of 5tilitariani)&A T*e Bournal of Niet7)"*e Studie) 2! =2(> ''.1F1(In inter'retin Niet7)"*eJ) atta"k) on utilitariani)&A it i) "ru"ial to under)tand t*e =often tenuou)> "onne"tion Niet7)"*e &ake)

bet4een utilitariani)& and C*ri)tianity. 6e"au)e Niet7)"*e "on)ider) utilitariani)& a )e"ular off)'rin of C*ri)tian &oralityA&any of *i) lobal a t t a c3s o n utilit a ri a nism resemble *i) m o re f a mili a r criti#ue o f (hristi a n 6sla v e m o r a lit% 6 t*e &orality of t*e *erd. In 'arti"ularA Niet7)"*e "ontend) t*at utilit a rianism inherite" (hrist ia nit % 4s c o mmitment

to the e#ual ! o rth of e a ch erso n & an" e r etuat e " its e r ron e ous as su mtion that a timeless& universal

criterion for mo r a lit% is t e nable$ Niet7)"*eJ) 'reli&inary a""ount of t*e differen"e bet4een &a)ter &orality and )la#e &orality in 0e'ond "ood and *%il "ul&inate) 4it* t*e "on"lu)ion t*at 6CsEl av e m o r a lit% is essen t ia ll% a m o r a lit% of utilit% =2+>. lt*ou* Niet7)"*e de#elo') t*e notoriou) di)tin"tion bet4een &a)ter and )la#e &orality &o)t fully in t*e "enealog'A *e arti"ulate) t*e )en)e in 4*i"* *e"on)ider) utilitariani)& a for& of )la#e &orality in a re#ealin 'a))ae in 0e'ond "ood and *%il . Here *e )'e"ulate) t*at t*e nobleA ari)to"rati"&an fir)t identifie) *i&)elf and t*o)e like *i& ='o4erfulA 'roudA di)tinui)*ed &en> a) oodA and t*en "ontra)t) *i&)elf 4it* t*o)e *e"onte&'tuou)ly reard) a) t*e "o4ardlyA t*e ti&idA t*e 'etty andA abo#e allA t*o)e 4*o t*ink only of narro4 utility = 0"* 2+>. T*e nobleJ)

'o4er "on)i)t) not only in *i) ability to e?'loi t ot*er) 4it* *i) )u'erior a"u&en or '*y)i"al )trent* but al)o in e?er"i)in 'o4er o#er *i&)elfA

by refrainin fro& a"tin on t*e in"lination of 'ity t*at "*ara"teri7e) t*o)e 4*o& *e de)'i)e). T*e )la#eA "on#er)elyA identifie) *i&)elfneati#elyQ *e i) 'art of t*e rou' t*at re)ent) t*o)e 4*o unaba)*edly e?er"i)e t*eir 'o4er . Niet z sche scorns slave m o r a lit%

be c a useits r oonents mee3l% resign th e mselves to !hat e v er m a ster m o ralit% is n o t& an" % e t c o nsi"er the ir o!n m o r a lrinciles un iver s all% bi n "ing rat*er t*an a"kno4ledin t*e& a) narro4ly u)eful for &e&ber) of t*eir o4nrou'. In t*e C*ri)tian traditionA it%& the 3in" an" heli n g h a n "A t*e 4ar& *eartA 'atien"eA indu)triou)ne))A*u&ilityA friendline)) c o me into honor 8 for these are the most useful #u a lities Cf o r the sla ve = 0"* 2+>.lt*ou* Niet7)"*e t*ink) utilitarian) )*are t*e)e #alue)A *e doe) not "on)ider t*eir #alue) "oe?ten)i#e 4it* C*ri)tian &oralityA)in"e *edoni)ti" utilitariani)& i) "on"erned 4it* &a?i&i7in t*e #ery )en)ation t*at C*ri)tian &orality ai&) to )u''re)): 'lea)ure=#$ 9(>.

5T*e 'artial "oin"iden"e bet4een C*ri)tian and utilitarian #alue) re)ult) in 'artA Niet7)"*e t*ink)A fro& t*e fa"t t*at utilitarian)

"on)true utility in e?"eedinly fa&iliar ter&). T*e 'lea)ure t*ey )eek i) not t*at of t*e #olu'tuary or "onKuerorA but t*at of t*e *erd ani&al

t*e borin and &edio"re enOoy&ent of 'eo'le 4*o *a#e yet to a4aken fro& t*e )o'orifi" )'ell of )la#e &orality = 0"* 22>.6

What "oes it mean to e s ouse the values of a he r " ani m a l We have alrea"% en c o untere" s o me of the values

Niet z sche associates !ith slave m o r a lit% *u&ilityA indu)triou)ne))A it %A but in 4*at )en)e are t*ey *erd #alue)

If t*e funda&ental oal of an ani&al 4it*in a *erd i) it) o4n 're)er#ationA and if it) o4n 're)er#ation de'end) u'on t*e *ealt*of t*e *erd of 4*i"* it i) a &e&berA t*enA Niet7)"*e )u''o)e)A t*e &oral 'rin"i'le) of t*at rou' 4ill tend to refle"t t*e kind of ealitariani)& e&bodied in 6ent*a&J) di"tu&A E#erybody "ount) for oneA and nobody for &ore t*an one.

7 Niet7)"*e "on)ider)

t*i) t*e e))en"e of *erd &entality: It i) t*e in)tin"t of t*e *erd t*at find) it) for&ula in t*i) ruleone i) eKualA one take) one)elf foreKual =#$ !2(>. ""ordin to Niet7)"*eA t*i) ealitarian for&ula oriinate) fro& t*e benefit t*at "o&e) fro& re"i'ro"al "oo'eration a&oneKual) in a rou'A but *a) been e?tended by C*ri)tian &orality to a''ly to all 'eo'lein"ludin uneKual). Niet7)"*e t*u) "on)true) t*e olden

rule a) a 're"e't of 'ruden"e or &utual ad#antaeA ob)er#in t*at Bo*n Stuart ill belie#e) in ita) t*e ba)i) of &oralityA but t*at *e fail) tora)' it) 'rudential oriin =#$ !2(>.

8

Niet7)"*e al)o 'ortray) ealitarian #alue) a) &yo'i"A danerou)A and 'otentially )elfF)ub#ertin. T*i) i) be"au)eANiet z sche thin3s& the oos ite of these values8a in& sufferin g & ine#u a lit% in sh o r t& 6e v il68is e#uall%

in"isen s a ble for the su r v ival an" hai n ess of the ve r% her" that se e 3s to e r a"i c ate i t. ""ordinlyA Niet7)"*e)*ar'ly "riti"i7e) 6ent*a&J) *edoni" "al"ulu) =4*i"* "orrelate) *a''ine)) &a?i&i7ation 4it* 'ain &ini&i7ation> a)in"on)i)tent 4it* utilitarian oal). In it) 'la"eA Ni e t z sche stresses the ne c essit% of h%s ical s u fferi n g an"

intellectual st r uggle for the s elf5im r ove m ent of ea c h a n "& b% e ) tension& the vitalit% an" h aine s s of the

gr o u$ =e ac c o r"i n gl% r e b u 3es t he r oo nent o f a n % m o rali t % t h at m a 3es the re" u ction o f s u f fe r ing its

fun " am e n t a l g o a l: If you e?'erien"e )ufferin and di)'lea)ure a) e#ilA 4ort*y of anni*ilation and a) a defe"t of e?i)ten"eAt*en it i) "lear t*at be)ide) your reliion of 'ity you al)o *arbor anot*er reliion in your *eart t*at i) 'er*a') t*e &ot*er of t*ereliion of 'ity: t*e religion of comforta!leness ="S 99>. T*i) reliionorA &ore )'e"ifi"allyA moralit' of "o&fort t*4art) it)o4n oal) by atte&'tin to eli&inate all )ufferin = 0"* %%>.

9In a 'a))ae t*at anti"i'ate) 4*at 4e no4 "all t*e *edoni"

'arado?A a""ordin to 4*i"* 'lea)ure i) di&ini)*ed 4*en 4e 'ur)ue it dire"tlyA Niet7)"*e ridi"ule) t*o)e 4*oA like 6ent*a&A)eek to &a?i&i7e indi#idual or "olle"ti#e *a''ine)) by &ini&i7in 'ain: Ho4 little you kno4 of *u&an *a''ine))A you"o&fortable and bene#olent 'eo'leA for *a''ine)) and un*a''ine)) are )i)ter) and e#en t4in) t*at eit*er ro4 u' toet*er orA a)in your "a)eA remain small toet*er ="S 99>.

10He oe) on to underline t*e idio)yn"rati" nature of )ufferin and t*e

)i&'le&indedne)) of t*o)e 4*o *eedle))ly )tri#e to relie#e t*e )ufferin of ot*er). It ne#er o""ur) to t*e&A Niet7)"*e add)At*at ... t*e 'at* to oneJ) o4n *ea#en al4ay) lead) t*rou* t*e #olu'tuou)ne)) of oneJ) o4n *ell = "S 99>.

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$&: Suffering )ad

+uffering is an inevitable art of life8Acceting an" overcoming suffering is 3e% to an

affirmation of life$

Gudrun v o n T eve n a rA 6irkbe"k ColleeA LondonA utu&n 200DNiet7)"*e;) @bOe"tion) to Pity and Co&'a))ionA The "emes1Leiter Nietzsche Seminar A*tt'://444.bb k .a".uk/'*il/)taff/a"ade & i")/ e & e) F 4ork/Gurdren#on T e# en ar1@"t(

ain)t Mitleid and aain)t t*e neati#e )inifi"an"e of )ufferin Niet z sche 'ut) for4ard *i) o4n 'ro'o)al). Hear g ues in @n t*e Genealoy of oral) III:1% t h at su f fe r ing an" a rti c ularl% the s u f f ering of o the r sA i.e. t*e)ufferin of t*e )i"kA 4eakA and &i))*a'en &ultitude of t*e *erdA m u st n o t be allo!e" to obstru c t the life of the

strong F t*o)e lu"kyA talentedA *ealt*y fe4 4*o &u)t be 'ro&oted be"au)e needed a) blue'rint for future &en. He4arn) u) t*erefore aain)t 4*at *e "all) t*e "on)'ira"y of t*e )ufferer) aain)t t*e 4ellFfor&ed and #i"toriou); and&ake) *i) fa&ou) "lai& t*at t*e 4eak 'o)e t*e reate)t daner to t*e )tronA and t*at t*e )tron and *ealt*y *a#e to

be )*ielded fro& 'ollutin "onta"t 4it* t*e )i"k 4it* t*eir )e"ret re)ent&ent and #eiled 'lea) for Mitleid . @n a &ore 'o)iti#e noteA Niet z sche u rg es us to a c cet our s u fferi n g as an i n t e gral a r t of a ! o r t h ! hile life& t o act ivel% a n "

urosefull% master it an" n o t *ust assivel% H s uffer’ it$ Act ive a ccetance an" m a stering are not *ust better

! a%s o f c o i n g ! ith su f fer ing& th e% f u nct ion at t he s a me time also as an affir m a t io n of life$ = e nce Niet z sche"esise" the feeble resignat ion an" imot e nt res e ntm e nt !ith !hich m embers of the her" fail to a c cet their

suff e rin g & t h u s f a il t o c o e& t hus fail to a ff ir m.

Nietzsche "oes not ignore suffering8he encourages eole to overcome their suffering

rather than living life in resentment

Gudrun v o n T eve n a rA 6irkbe"k ColleeA LondonA utu&n 200DNiet7)"*e;) @bOe"tion) to Pity and Co&'a))ionA The "emes1Leiter Nietzsche Seminar A*tt'://444.bb k .a".uk/'*il/)taff/a"ade & i")/ e & e) F 4ork/Gurdren#on T e# en ar1@"t(

T*e)e are 'o4erful and t*ou*t 'ro#okin obOe"tion). Ho4e#erA I )ue)t t*at t*ey )o&e4*at &i)) t*eir 'oint be"au)e Niet z sche 4a) not intere)ted in #irtueA did not addre)) *i&)elf to t*e &ultitudeA and did notA t*ereforeAen#i)ae t*e 'o))ibility of &e&ber) of t*e *erd ro4in into )toi" *eroe). oreo#erA t*ere i) a&'le e#iden"et*rou*out *i) 4ritin) a) 4ell a) in *i) letter) t*at *e ! a s n o t insensit iv e to t h e fa c t t h at "eri va tion V &entaland '*y)i"al V stu n ts g r o ! th an" t ha t s e ve r e ain a n" m iser% not onl% hurts b u t also harms e ol e. YetNiet z sche n o ne th ele ssA and *ere lie) t*e *i*ly "ontro#er)ial nature of *i) t*ou*tA refu s e" to g r ant suffering&

even severe suffering& the 3 in" of signifi c ance assi g n e" to it th r o u g h t he influ e nce of (hrist ia nit% andS"*o'en*auerA !hich le a " sA al&o)t ine#itablyA to Mitleid and *en"eA Niet7)"*e fearedA to er o sion o f the !ill to

o!er of t*o)e 're"iou)A 'ri#ileed fe4 by under&inin t*eir "onfiden"e in t*e&)el#e) and in t*eir li#e). The tru l%

ob*ectionable fea t ure of suffering& Niet7)"*e *old)A is not the !ell5 a c 3n o ! le" g e" f act t h at it hu r ts a n" h a rms

eole& but the non5ac3no ! le"ge" an" " e el% " e lo r ab le fact that s o man% s uffere r s siml% fail to re s on"

a r or iate l% to their su f fe r ing an" t h us a ll o ! themse lves to be c o me feeble& imaire"& !ret c he" V in ot*er4ord)A the% a ll o ! themsel v es to H s uffer’ h u rt an" har m. -e "an "on"ludeA t*enA t*at Niet z sche !as not

insensitive to the miser% an" contingen c % of suffering but siml% r e fus e " to accet its allege" !i"er

si g nificance.

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$&: Niet*sce+Na*i

Nietzsche "esise" socialism for multile reasons

Ta%lor ,- =lanA 'rofe))or at 5T in rlintonA E#an) E?'eri&entali)&A Pole&i" on Niet7)"*e;) I&'li"it Indi"t&ent of National So"iali)&A 1!!+A *tt'://e#an)Fe?'e r ie n tiali)&.free 4 eb) ' a"e."o&/ta y lor ] alan]2 n iet7)"*e.*t&>

Niet z sche hat e " +ocialism e rhas m o re t h an a n% t hing e lse. So&e "riti") *a#e e#en )ue)ted t*at &u"* of Niet7)"*e;) 4ork re)'ond) dire"tly to t*e )o"iali)t do"trine) or Rarl ar? 4*o 4a) a "onte&'orary or Niet7)"*e;)and 4*o)e 4ork 4a) &u"* &ore 'o'ularly re"ei#ed. .f the soc ialists Niet z sche s a% s =o! lu"ic r o u s I fi n " the

socialist s & !ith their nonsensical otimism conce r ning t h e goo" m a n 1 & !ho is ! a iti n g to a e ar f r om b ehin"

the sc e nes if onl% one ! o ul" abolish the o l" or"e r 1 an" set all the natu r al "rive s 1 fre e. -P (( l)o: I a&o''o)ed to So"iali)& be"au)e it drea&) Kuite nai#ely of Dt*e oodA trueA and beautiful and of DeKual ri*t). -P(9 Politi"allyA Niet7)"*e "ould be be)t de)"ribed a) an Dari)to"rati" radi"alA one 4*o belie#e) in t*e #alue of ariidly )tratified )o"ial order 4*ere t*e D*i*er ty'e rule).+ocialism is anathe m a to an aristoc r atic s o ciet% be c a use it see3s to m a 3e eve r%one e #ual& !hereas Niet z sche

ar g ues t h at s o cial st r a tifi c a t ion is no t onl% inevi t able& b u t o sit ivel% b e neficial an" n ecessa r % for t he

a"vancement of the secies$ The soc ialists !ant to r e alize a uto ia that Niet z sche s a%s is b o th u n a c hievable an" un"esi r a ble$ A !orl" in

!hich eve r%one is e aceful an" e# u a l& he sa%s& ! o ul" r o"uce n o thi n g of valu e.

Nietzsche con"emne" nationalism$ =e !oul" not have suorte" Nazism$

Ta%lor ,- =lanA 'rofe))or at 5T in rlintonA E#an) E?'eri&entali)&A Pole&i" on Niet7)"*e;) I&'li"it Indi"t&ent of National So"iali)&A 1!!+A *tt'://e#an)Fe?'e r ie n tiali)&.free 4 eb) ' a"e."o&/ta y lor ] alan]2 n iet7)"*e.*t&>

In ^6eyond Good and E#il^ he "escribes n a t io n alism as a l o an" r e lease in t o ol" lov e s an" na rr o ! ness2%1. S'eakin for Dt*e ood Euro'ean) in ^T*e Gay S"ien"e^ Ni e t z sche "escribes the lin3 b e t!een natio n alism

an" Ger m an% !hile he al s o <)resses his "esire to rise above such e tt% interest s. lt*ou* *e 4a) born inGer&anyA Niet7)"*e "lai&ed to be de)"ended fro& Poli)* ari)to"ra"y. =is lo athing f o r the Ger m an% of his age is

unarallele"$ Nationalism& he sa% s & is " e solating the German sirit b% m a 3ing it vain an" that is& mor e ove r &

ett% olitic s1 $ Na z i German% e mbo"ie" the nat ionalism an" r a ce hatre" that Niet z sche !arne" again s t timean" ag a in$ Na tio n alism& for Niet z sche& is a sic3ness that must be over c ome$

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91Nietzsche

$&: Niet*sce )ad

There are multile rea"ings of Nietzsche an" not all rea"ings en" u *ustif%ing violence$

Pabeling Nietzsche violent is a tactic of ressentiment an" is onl% "one to "isguise the

failings of the lan

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$%%: Perm

se of the state is critical to Nietzsche’s e)ercise of the !ill to o!er8+elf5cultivation is an

agonistic rocess that "emocrac% can enhance

=atab 202 ='rofe))or at @ld <o&inion 5ni#er)ityA T*e Bournal of Niet7)"*e Studie) 2% =22> 192F1%APro)'e"t) 3or <e&o"rati" on: -*y -e Can Still 6e Niet7)"*ean)A ProOe"t u)e>

=o! c a n ! e b egin to al% t he n o t ion of a g o nistics to olitics in g ener a l an" "emoc r ac% in a r tic u lar irst of

all& conte s tat ion an" c o m e tition can be s een as fun"amental to se lf5"eve loment a n" a s an intrinsic a ll% s o ci a l

hen o men o n$ Ag o nistics he ls us a r ticulate the s o c ia l a n " o litic a l ramific a t io ns of Nietzsche4s concet of !ill

to o!e r $ As Niet z sche ut it in an 1 noteA !ill to o!er c a n manifest i t se lf o nl% a g a inst resistancesQ it

see3s that !h ich resists it =RS 12A '.%2%>. B o ! er& the r efor e & is no t s iml% an in"i v i"ual o sse s si o n or a g oal

of a c tio n it is more a gl o bal& inte r a cti v e co ncet ion$ or Niet z sche& e v e r% a " v a nce in life is an o v er c omi n g of

some ob st acle or c o unterfo r ce& s o that c o nflict is a mutual co5 c on s titu t ion of conten"ing force s. End Pae 19%.osition g e nerates " e velomen t. T*e *u&an )elf i) not for&ed in )o&e internal )'*ere and t*en )e"ondarilye?'o)ed to e?ternal relation) and "onfli"t). T*e )elf i) "on)tituted in and t*rou* 4*at it o''o)e) and 4*at o''o)e)itQ in ot*er 4ord)A the self is forme" th r o ugh agonistic re lat io n s. T*erefore& a n% annu lment of one4s .ther

!oul" be an annulme n t of one4s self in th is sense$ (o m etition can be un"er s too" as a s ha r e" act ivit% for the

sa3e of fo s ter ing high a c hievement an" s e lf5" e v eloment& an" therefore as an intrinsicall% s o cial activit%$ 1

In t*e li*t of Niet7)"*eJ) a''ro'riation of t*e t4o for&) of Eri)A it i) ne"e))ary to di)tinui)* bet4een aoni)ti""onfli"t and )*eer #iolen"e. A ra"i c a l agon istics rules out violence& be ca use v iolence is a c t u all% an imulse t o

elimin a te c o nflict b% annihil a ting o r inc a a cit a ti n g an oonent& bri n ging t h e a g on to an en ". 11 In a later4ork Nietzsche "iscusses the 6s i ritu a liz a t io n o f h o stilit% =3eind)"*aft;&6 !herein one must affirm both the

resence an" the o!er of one4s oonen t s as imlicat e " in one4s o ! n o s ture =TI orality a) ntinatureA 9>.nd in t*i) 'a))ae Niet z sche secifical l% alies such a not ion to t h e o litic a l re a lm$ What this imlies is that

the c a t e gor% of the s o cial n e e" not be c o nfine" to s o m e thing li3e ea c e or ha r mon%$ Agonistic re lat io ns& therefore& "o not c o nnote a "eterio r at io n of a soc ial "i s osit io n an" c a n thus be e)ten"e" to olitical relation s.

Ho4 "an de&o"ra"y in eneral ter&) be under)tood a) an aoni)ti" a"ti#ity llo4 &e to Kuote fro& &y 're#iou)4ork. B o litical *u"gm e nts a r e not reo r "a ine" or "i c tat e " outco m es "een" uon a contest of s e eches

!here one vie! ! ins an" o ther vi e! s l o se in a ta bulat io n o f v o tes since the r esults are bi n "ing a n " b a c 3 e" b%t he coercive o! e r of the gove r nment& " e mo c ratic ele c t ions an" r oce"u r es establish t e mo r a r % c o ntrol an"

subo r "ination8!hich& ho ! ever& c a n al!a%s be a ltere" or revers e " be c a use of the su ccession of e rio"ic

olitical c o n t e sts$ $ $ $ De m o c ratic ele c tions all o ! fo r & a n " "e e n" u o n& e ac e ful e) cha n ges a n " t ransit ions o f

o!er. . . . P E a n g u age is t he ! ea on in " e moc r atic c o nt ests$ T he bi n" ing re s ults& ho! ever& r o " u c e t a n g ible

effe c ts of g a in an" l o ss t ha t ma3e o li t ic al e)c h a n ges m o re t h an *u s t t a l3 or a g a me$ $ $ $ T h e u r g e nc% o f su c h

olitical c o nt e sts is that los e rs mu s t %iel" to& an" li v e un"er& the olicies of the !inner !e notice& therefore&

secific conf ig urations of o !er& of " o min a t io n a n" s ubmi ssi o n in " em o cr a t ic o litic s. 12

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99Nietzsche

$%%: Institutions ,ood

Nietzsche re*ecte" the reu"iation of institutions$ =e sa! the state as a lace to realize his

alternative$=atab 202 ='rofe))or at @ld <o&inion 5ni#er)ityA T*e Bournal of Niet7)"*e Studie) 2% =22> 192F1%APro)'e"t) 3or <e&o"rati" on: -*y -e Can Still 6e Niet7)"*ean)A ProOe"t u)e>

T*o)e 4*o take Niet7)"*e to be diano)in )o"ial in)titution) a) de)"endant) of )la#e &orality )*ould take note ofG IIA11A 4*ere Niet z sche offers some interesting refle c tions on *usti c e an" la!$ =e in"icates that the global

econo m % of nature is s urel% not a fun c ti on of *u s t ice %et ! o r3 a b le c o ncetions of *ustice an" in*ustice are

establishe" b% the historical force of h u ma n la!$ Niet7)"*e doe) not indi"t )u"* for"e) a) )la#i)* infir&itie).Pegal ar r a ng e ments are 6 e )cetional c o n"iti o n s 6 that mo"u late nat u ral forces of o!er in End Pae 19+social "irections& an" that are not an eliminat io n of conflict but an in s t rument in channeli n g the c o ntinuing

conflict of "ifferent o!er c o ml e )es. Sur'ri)inlyA Niet z sche attributes the histori c al eme r gence of la! not to

react iv e res en tment but to active& !orl"l% forces that chec3 an" r e "irect the 6sens e less raging of r evenge&6

an" t ha t are a ble t o re c onf ig ure o ff e nses a s more 6im e rso n a l6 vio lat io ns o f le g a l r ovis ions ra th e r t h an

sheer er s onal in*uries. Here Niet z sche a n al% z es the la ! in a ! a % a na lo g o us to his ac c o u n t of the G r ee3 ag o n

an" its hea lt h % s u blim a ti o n of natu r a l i m ulses for "estructio n. A leg a l s % stem is a life5r o m o ting cultur a l

force that refashions natu r a l energies in l e ss savage an" more ro"uct ive "ire c tion s $

3inallyA those !ho r e a" Niet z sche as an anti5inst itut ional t r an s g res s o r an" creator s houl" hee" TI

:6+3irmishes of an ntime l% Man&6 ,;& !here Niet z sche clearl% " iagnoses a r eu"iat io n of institutions as a

form of "eca"ence. /e c a use of o u r m o "e r n faith in a foun " ational in"ivi"ual fre e "om& !e no longer have

the instincts f o r f o rmi n g an" s us t aining the t ra"it io ns a n " mo"es of a u t h orit% that hea lth% inst itut io n s

re#uir e.

The !hole of the We s t no lo nger o s sesses the instin c ts out o f !hich instituti o ns g ro! & o u t of ! hich a f u tureg r o ! s erhas n o thing ant a g o ni z es its 6mo"e r n sirit6 s o mu ch. .ne lives for the "a%& one liv e s ve r% fast& one liv e s ver% irresonsib l% recisel% this is calle" 6free"om$6 That ! hich m a 3es an institution an institutionis "esise"& hate"& reu"iat e " one f e ars the "anger of a ne! slaver% the m o ment the !or" 6authorit%6 iseven so3en out lo u ". T h at is ho! far "e ca "ence h a s a " vance" in the v a lue5instincts o f o u r o litici a ns& of o ur

o litic a l a rt ies instinct ivel% th e % r e fer !hat "isint e g r a te s & ! h at ha s tens the en"$ In t*e li*t of t*e)e re&ark)& a Niet z schean emhasis on o!er an" agonistics offers s ignificant a"vantages for

olitical hilosoh%$ In so m e resects !e are free" from the m o "ern ro*ect of 6*ustif%ing6 the force of soc ial

instit u tions b e cause of a s ti ulat e " fre e "om f r om c o n s t r aint in t he 6s t a te o f na ture $6 Wi t h a ri m al

concetion of o!er: s ;& !e c a n r e trieve an Aristotelian t a 3e on s o cial instit u ti o ns as fitti n g a n " r o"u c tive ofhuman e ) ist e nce$ o rces of la! nee" not be seen as alien to t*e )elfA but a) mo"ulations of a u b i#ui to us a r r a% offorces !ithin !hich hu m an beings can lo c a te relat iv e s heres of free"o m. nd an aoni)ti" "on"e'tion of

'oliti"al a"ti#ity need not be taken a) a "orru'tion or deradation of an ideali7ed order of 'oliti"al 'rin"i'le) or)o"ial #irtue). .ur o ! n tr a" iti o n of t he s ea r a t ion of o! ers an" a n a "ver s ari a l l eg a l s% stem c a n be t a 3en as ab a se li ne c o nc e ti o n of the n a t u reA fun c ti o n& an" r oer oe r at io n of g ove r nme n t o ff ices a n " * u"icial r actice.T*e founder) of t*e Con)titution in*erited fro& onte)Kuieu t*e idea t*at a di#i)ion of 'o4er) i) t*e be)t "*e"k ontyranny. In ot*er 4ord)A t% ra nn% is avoi"e" not b % some ro*ect of h a rm o n% & but b% multil % ing the number o f

o!er sit e s in a government an" affirming their c o m e t ition th r o ugh mutual self5a s sertion End Pae 19an" mistrus t. 1+ .ur com m on la ! t r a"it io n is agonistic in b o th c o nc e tion an" ractic e. Mo s t r oce"u r al

rules a re built a r o un" the i"ea o f c o e#u a l c o metition in o en c o urt bef o re a *ur% !ho !ill "eci"e the

outcom e & !h e re the *u"ge in most r ese c ts la%s the ro le of an ima r tial ref e ree$ An" the r esumtion ofinnocence is fun"amentall% meant to contest the gove rn ment4s o !er to r osec u te an" unish . 1 I thi n 3 that

bo t h no tions o f se a r a t ion o f o ! ers an" legal a " ver s ar ia lism are c omatible ! ith N iet z sche4s a n al%sis of the

la ! note" re v io us l% 8th a t a leg a l o r"er is not a me a n s o f r e v enting struggle& but 6a means in the st r uggle

bet!een o! e r5co m le)e s 6 :GM I I &'';$

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Agonistic ractices !oul" limit out the ossibilit% of authoritarian violence$ The overall

ractice teaches in"ivi"uals to ri" themselves of the tra"itional notion of "emocrac% an"

instea"& recognize "ifferent i"eas an" notions as e#uall% imortant$

=atab 202 ='rofe))or at @ld <o&inion 5ni#er)ityA T*e Bournal of Niet7)"*e Studie) 2% =22> 192F1%APro)'e"t) 3or <e&o"rati" on: -*y -e Can Still 6e Niet7)"*ean)A ProOe"t u)e>

Assumi n g t h at o litics s h o u l" not b e re s t r icte" an" res e rve" for an el ite& but oen to the articiati o n o f a ll

citi z ens& can ! e retain a sen s e of rese c t an" olitical ri g hts in a r o riati n g Niet z sche for "emo c rac% I

thin3 s o. In fa"tA Niet7)"*ean conc e t ions o f a g onistics an " n o n f o u n " at io n a l o enne s s can g o a lo n g ! a%

to !a r" articu la ti n g an" " e f e n"ing "e m o c r atic ra c tices !ithout the r o blems att a ching to tr a "it io n a l

rinciles of e #ualit%. If 'oliti"al re)'e"t i&'lie) in"lu)i#ene)) and an o'en reard for t*e ri*tful 'arti"i'ation ofot*er)A an agonistic m o "el of olitics c a n un"er!rite r e sect !ithout the nee" for substantive concet ions of

e#ualit% or ev en someth ing li3e 6e# u al r e ga r "$6 I *a#e already &entioned t*at aoni)ti") "an be )een a) afunda&entally )o"ial '*eno&enon. +ince the self is f o rme" in a n" through te n s io n a l rel a t io ns !i th o t her s& th en

a n% an n ulme n t of m% .ther !oul" be an annulme n t of m % self$ Ka"ical agonistic s & then& "isco u nts the i"ea ofsheer autonom% an" self5 c on s t itution$ +uch a tensional socialit% c a n much m o re r e a"il% affirm the lace of the.ther in s o cial relations t h an can m o " e r n mo"els of sub*ect5base" fr e e"o m $ oreo#erA the stru c ture of an

agon conceiv e " as a conte s t can r e a"il% un"er!rite o litic a l rinciles o f f a irness$ Not o nl% "o I nee" an.ther to r omt m % o!n achievement& but the s ignifi c ance of an% 6victo r % 6 I might achieve "e m a n"s an ableo o n e n t. As in athletics& "efeating an inc a a ble o r i nca acitat e " c o m etitor !in"s u bei n g m eaningles s. SoI )*ould not only 4ill t*e 're)en"e of others in a n ag o nA I )*ould al)o 4ant t*at t*ey be able ad#er)arie)A t*at t*eyh a v e o o r t u n it ies a n" c a a ci ti es to s u c c ee" in the c o ntest$ An" I shoul" be able to honor the !inner of a fair

contest$ +uch is the logic of c o m et ition t h at contains a ho s t of no r ma t ive feature s & !hich might e v en inclu"e

a ct iv e ro v isi o ns f o r heling e o le in oli t ical conte s ts become m o re able a r ticiant s. 2( In additionAaoni)ti" re)'e"t need not be a))o"iated 4it* )o&et*in like 'o)iti#e reard or eKual 4ort*A a di))o"iation t*at "ano furt*er in fa"in u' to a"tual 'oliti"al "ondition) and 'roble&ati" "onnotation) t*at "an atta"* to liberaldi)'o)ition). ain allo4 &e to Kuote &y 're#iou) 4ork. Democ r atic re s ect fo r bi"s e ) clusion& it " e man"s

inclusion but resect for the .ther as o t her c a n av o i" a v ai" sense of 6t o le r anc e &6 a s lo% 6relativism&6 or

a mis la ce" sirit of 6neut r alit%$6 A g onistic resect a ll o !s us to simult a n eousl% affirm our beli e fs an" affirm

our o onents as ! orth% cometitors End Pae 1%2 in ublic "isc o urse. =ere !e can s e a 3 of re s ect

!ithout ignor ing the fact that o litics invo lves er etual "isagreemen tA and 4e *a#e an adeKuate an)4er to t*eKue)tion -*y )*ould I re)'e"t a #ie4 t*at I do not aree 4it* In t*i) 4ay belief) ab o ut !hat is best : a ris t o s ;

can be c oo r "inate" !ith an oenn e ss to other beliefs an" a !illingness to accet the out c ome of an oen

com e tition among the full citi z enr% :"e m os;. Democratic resect& th e refor e & is a " ialogical mi)tu r e of

a f firm a tion a n" n eg a t ion& a oliti c al b e a r ing th a t e n t a ils g iving all be liefs a h e arin g & refusi n g a n% belief a n

ultimate !ar r ant& an" erc e iving one4s o ! n vie!oint as agonisticall% imlicate" !ith oosing vi e! oint s $

In su m & !e ca n combine '; the historical ten"en c % of " e moc r atic m ovements to r omote free e)ression&

luralism& a n " liberation f r om tra"itional con s t r ain t s & an" 2; a Niet zs chean er s e c tivism an" agonistic

resect& t o ar r ive a t a o s t m o "ern m o "el o f "e m o c r ac% t hat r ov i"es b o th a n o n f o u n "at io n a l oe n ness an" a nat m o shere of civil oliti c al "iscours e $ 2+

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9(Nietzsche

$%%: Niet*sce ,#iolence

Nietzschean vie!s allo! genoci"e to haen$

Relly Koss 200. =D3riedri"* Niet7)"*eA Buly (A 2A * tt'://444 .frie ) ian."o & /NIE T ZSCH .HT>

@ne "ould *ardly )ay t*at eit*er Niet7)"*e or Hitler lo#e t*e Be4) t*e 4ay t*at an eale lo#e) a )&all&a&&alian &eal. So&e *a#e 4onderedA *o4e#erA *o4 &u"* of HitlerJ) *atred 4a) *eartfelt and *o4 &u"*&erely "yni"al. lbert S'eer )aid t*at Hitler ne#er talked about t*e Be4) in 'ri#ate "on#er)ation. -a) *ereally ob)e))ed 4it* t*e&A or 4ere t*ey &erely a de#i"e in *i) larer )"*e&e) of 'redationA in 4*i"* 4*olenation) "ould be t*ou*tle))ly "on)u&ed and e?'ended in t*e intere)t of Ger&any and *i&)elf So &u"* t*e

better 4ould t*i) beA for Niet7)"*e. @ne t*in &u)t al4ay) be ke't in #ie4 *ere: Niet z sche r ovi" e s a feel5

goo" hilo s oh% for r e "ators$ There is going to be no fault to fin" ! ith =itler if he merel% "e s t ro%s&

uses& to r tur e s& 3ills& etc$ Ni etz sche himself seems m o re at fault if the onl% real sin is imotent

resentm e nt a n " ina c tive r an cor$ Niet7)"*e did not li#e to )ee t*e Na7i)A but *e kne4 of anot*er 'o4er t*at*ad to deal 4it* t*e Be4) a) an alienA *o)tileA and di)ru'ti#e for"e: $o&e #ie4ed I)rael a) a monstrosit%Q t*e$o&an) rearded t*e Be4) a) con%icted of *atred aain)t t*e 4*ole of &ankind FF and ri*tly )o if one i)

Ou)tified in a))o"iatin t*e 4elfare of t*e *u&an )'e"ie) 4it* ab)olute )u're&a"y of ari)to"rati" #alue)....T*e $o&an) 4ere t*e )trone)t and &o)t noble 'eo'le 4*o e#er li#ed. '.1(F1+A boldfa"e added

T*e $o&an)A of "our)eA killed &any Be4)A and e?'elled t*e& fro& Beru)ale& and t*eir Te&'leA but t*ey didnot a"tually try to e?ter&inate t*e&. Berhas genoci"e !oul" have been too m uch for Niet z sche$ /ut

e)a c tl% h o ! !oul" he ob*ect to it =e cou l" n o t sa% t h at mass mur"er !as intrinsi ca ll% unjust & sin c e

that is a b sur " $ The m o st he coul" "o !ou l" be to s a% & 6 Q o u4re letti n g them g e t to % o u t o o muc h. /ut AHitler &i*t obOe"tA a ft e r 2 0 00 =or 9A 4*o kno4)> % e ars of " a m age " o ne b% these e o le& !h % n o t

*ust g e t ri" o f the m ( o ul" n 4t Niet z sche *ust s a %& 6Wh% not6 Is it r ea ll% som e thi n g to ! o r r % a b o u t s o

much No$ An"& as Niet z sche sa%s& the 6 ! e l fare of the human secie s 6 m a% be at sta3 e.

Nietzsche’s i"eas of goo" an" evil *ustif% all atrocities& an" the eole !ho commit mur"er

an" genoci"e& in Nietzsche’s vie!s& can’t be blame" for their actions$


t t*e end of t*e 'a))ae abo#eA before t*e one) about $o&e and Na'oleonA !hat more !e g e t is the i"ea

th a t str e ngth c a n n ot but m a n ifest itself as strength & i$e$ th e re !as no choice about the noble terror

inflicte" b % =itler& or a n% o t her re "a to r $ A # u a n tum o f s t re n gth is e #ui v a lent t o a #u a nt u m of u rge&

!ill& a cti v it % & a n" it is o n l% the sn a re o f lan g ua g e =of t*e ar"*Ffalla"ie) of rea)on 'etrified in lanuae>Aresenti n g all act ivit% a s c o n "ition e " b % an a g e n t 5 5 the 6 sub*e c t6 5 5 th at blin"s us to this f a c t. ....)o doe)

'o'ular &orality di#or"e )trent* fro& it) &anife)tationA a) t*ou* t*ere 4ere be*ind t*e )tron a neutralaentA free to &anife)t it) )trent* or "ontain it. 6ut no )u"* aent e?i)t)Q t*ere i) no bein be*ind t*edoinA a"tinA be"o&inQ t*e doer *a) )i&'ly been added to t*e deed by t*e i&aination FF t*e doin i)e#eryt*in. ''.1F1!+o there is no self& no 6ne u t r al agent&6 of the re"ato r & that is free to choo s e

g o o" or evil$ The 6 " oi n g 6 is all t h a t there is$ + o no t on l% c a n n ot =itl e r be b lame" for bei n g 6 e vil&6

since t h at te r m is onl% use" b% the mise ra ble& im o te n t& an" mean& b u t he c a n n ot e v e n be s a i" to h ave

ha" a choice in the m a tter& since the i"ea of cho i ce itself is a n 6 a rch5f a llac%6 er e t r a t e " b% the

miserable& i m otent& an" m ean *u s t s o that the% can blame the s trong for a c ting in their instin c tivel%

strong !a%.

http://www.friesian.com/NIETZSCH.HTM




7/23/2019 (704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K


Nietzsche’s vie! of life an" the human race is violent& *ustif%ing an" raising oression

an" violence$


6utA one m ig h t t hin3& v iole n ce a n " or es sion are unju st > = o ! coul" a n% r ogress ive e r son n o t

s ee t hat e ) o it a t io n a n" a b u se a re wron g > We h av e Ni etz sche4s a ns !e rNo a c t of v iolence& r ae& e ) loit a tio n & " e s t ructi o n& is intrinsic a ll% 6un*u s t&6 since life itself isviole n t& r a a c ious& e ) loi ta tive& a n " "e s tructive an" c a nnot be conceive" other!is e. E#en &oredi)turbinlyA 4e *a#e to ad&it t*at fro& t*e biological i.e. <ar4inian 'oint of #ie4 leal "ondition)are ne"e))arily e?"e'tional "ondition)A )in"e t*ey li&it t*e radi"al lifeF4ill bent on 'o4er and &u)tfinally )ub)er#eA a) &ean)A lifeJ) "olle"ti#e 'ur'o)eA 4*i"* i) to "reate reater 'o4er "on)tellation). Toa""e't any leal )y)te& a) )o#erein and uni#er)al FF to a""e't itA not &erely a) an in)tru&ent in t*e)trule of 'o4er "o&'le?e)A but a) a weapon against struggle =in t*e )en)e of <\*rinJ) "o&&uni)t"li"*M t*at e#ery 4ill &u)t reard e#ery ot*er 4ill a) it) eKual> FF i) an anti5vital 'rin"i'le 4*i"* "anonly brin about &anJ) utter de&orali7ation andA indire"tlyA a rein of not*inne)). '.2A boldfa"eaddedNiet z sche is c e rtain l% life a ffirming & but then v iolence& rae& e ) lo it a ti o n& an" "e s tru c ti o n are

intrinsic to his vie! of life$ Atte mts to r otect the ! ea 3 & see t ha t * usti c e is " o ne& a n" mitig a te

suff e ring are 6a n ti 5 vi t a l6 ro*e c ts t h a t & b eing a " verse t o life it self& a c tual l% t e n" to! a r"s 6a rei g n

of n o thi n gne ss $6 T h us& if ! e ac t uall% care a b out others an" are not *u s t intereste" in a sserting

o!er over them an" using them for our o!n l e a sur e & then !e can loo3 for!ar" to e)tin c tion$

T*e deli"a"y FF e#en &oreA t*e tartufferie FF of do&e)ti" ani&al) like our)el#e) )*rink) fro& i&ainin"learly to 4*at e?tent cruelt% "on)tituted t*e "olle"ti#e deli*t of older &ankindA *o4 &u"* it 4a) aninredient of all t*eir Ooy)A or *o4 na#ely t*ey &anife)ted t*eir "rueltyA *o4 t*ey "on)idereddi)intere)ted &ale#olen"e =S'ino7aJ) s'mpathia male%olens> a nor&al traitA )o&et*in to 4*i"* oneJ)"on)"ien"e "ould a))ent *eartily$$$$ T o b e ho l" s u fferi n g g ives l e a sur e & but t o c a use ano t her to s u f f er

a f f o r "s a n e v en g r ea ter l ea sure$ ''.1!F1!A boldfa"e addedA great a r t of the l e a sure that !e g e t& a c cor"ing to Ni e t z sche& f r om in*u s tice to others is siml%

the l e a sure of inflicting s uffering$ In t*i) it i) 4ort* re"olle"tin t*e fe & ini)t )*ibbolet* t*at ra'e i)

not about )e?A it i) about 'o4er. Niet7)"*e 4ould *eartily "on"ur. So &u"* t*e betterW nd 4*at i)&oreA t*e #alue of ra'e i) not Ou)t 'o4erA it i) t*e "*an"e to "ruelly infli"t )ufferin. The r a ist !ho

beats a n" mutil a tes& erh a s e v en 3ills& h is v ictim& h a s " o ne no e v il& he is in ste a " o n e of the her o es

o f true hist o r ic nobilit % $ nd 'eo'le t*ink t*at t*e droit de seigneur re're)ent) )o&e abu)e of 'o4erW NoW It i) t*e truly noble &an a) *eroi" ra'i)tW Niet7)"*e 4ould turn around Su)an 6ro4n&illerA4*o )aid t*at all &en are ra'i)t). NoA it i) Ou)t t*e 'roble& t*at t*ey are not . Niet z sche !oul" r e ga r "

most men as virtual c a s trati =do&e)ti" o?enA eldin)> f o r not bei n g r a ists$



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7

Nietzsche

$%%: Niet*sce ,#iolence

Nietzsche encourages rae& "omination& mur"er& olitical oression an" violence& sa%ing

the% are all noble traits$

Relly Koss 200. =3riedri"* Niet7)"*eA Buly (A 2A *tt ' ://444 .frie)i a n. " o & /NIET Z SCH .HT>

T*e la"k of ri*t) for t*e dark under"la))e) brin) u) to t*e 'rin"i'al t*e&e of The "enealog' of Morals: The

mo r a lit% o f 6g o o " an" evil6 has been i n v e nte" o u t of ha tre" an" res e ntme n t b % the "ef e at e " an"

sub*ugat e " ra ces& e)'e"ially t*e Be4)$ Beole !ho love N iet z sche for his celebration of creativit% and *i)di)&i))al of t*e & o rali ) & of traditional reliionA &ainly &eanin C*ri)tianity& usuall% se e m to thin3 of goi n g

6be%on" goo" an" e v il6 as merel% leg itimizing ho m o se)ualit%& "rugs& abort ion& r o s tit u tion& or n og r ah%&

an" the other "esi"erata of rogressive t h in3ing$ Th e % "on4t seem to un"er s tan" that Niet z sche ! a sn4t

a r ticularl% intere s te" in things li 3 e that& but& more to the oint& l e gitimizing rae& mur"er& torture&

illage& "omi n a t ion& an" o litical ore s sion b% the s trong$ T*e only *one)t Niet7)"*ean raduate )tudent Ie#er &et frankly )tatedA To be "reati#eA you &u)t be e#il. -e et )o&et*in )i&ilar in t*e re"ent Sandra6ullo"k &o#ieA Murder !' Num!ers 22A 4*ere t*e youn Niet7)"*ean )tudent )i&'ly )ay)A 3reedo& i)"ri&e. T*e )tory of t*e &o#ie i) &ore or le)) t*at of Leo'old and LoebA t*e C*i"ao teenaer) 4*o in 1!2%

&urdered a youn boy =6obby 3rank)> to 'ro#e t*at t*ey 4ere beyond ood and e#il. Leo'old and Loebunder)tood t*eir Niet7)"*e far better t*an &o)t of *i) a"ade&i" a'oloi)t).An" !e a re the first to a "m it that a n% o ne !ho 3 n e! these 6 g o o "6 o nes Cn o bilit% E o n l% as enemies

!oul" fin" them evil enem ies in"ee"$ 3or t*e)e )a&e &en 4*oA a&on)t t*e&)el#e)A are )o )tri"tly"on)trained by "u)to&A 4or)*i'A ritualA ratitudeA and by &utual )ur#eillan"e and Oealou)yA 4*o are )ore)our"eful in "on)iderationA tenderne))A loyalityA 'ride and friend)*i'A 4*en on"e t*ey )te' out)ide t*eir"ir"le be"o&e little better t*an un"aed bea)t) of 'rey$ .n c e ab ro a" in the !il"erness& the% r e vel in the

free"om from soc ial const r aint an" co m e nsate for their long c o nfin e ment in the #uietu"e of the ir o!n

communit%$ T he% r e ve r t to the innocence of !il" ani m als !e c an imagine them r e turning f r om an

o r g% of mu r " e r& a r s o n& r a e & a n " t o r ture& *ubilant an" at eace !ith t h emselves a) t*ou* t*ey *ad"o&&itted a fraternity 'rank FF "on#in"edA &oreo#erA t*at t*e 'oet) for a lon ti&e to "o&e 4ill *a#e)o&et*in to )in about and to 'rai)e. De e !ithin all the noble r a ces there lur3s the bea s t of r e% & bent

on s oil an" c o n # uest$ This hi""en urge h a s to be s a tisf ie" f r om time t o time& the b e ast let loose in the

!il"erness$ T*i) oe) a) 4ell for t*e $o&anA rabianA Ger&anA Ba'ane)e nobility a) for t*e Ho&eri" *eroe)and t*e Sandina#ian #ikin). The noble r a c es have eve r %!here l e ft in their !a3e the cat c h!or"

6ba r bar ia n $6 $$$$$t h eir utter in"ifference to s a f e t% an" c o mfo r t& their terrible leas u re in "e s tru c tion&

their ta s te for cruelt% 55 all these t r aits are embo"ie" b% their victims in the image of the 6barbar ian&6

an" 6 e vil en e m% &6 t*e Got* or t*e 0andal. T*e 'rofound and i"y )u)'i"ion 4*i"* t*e Ger&an arou)e) a))oon a) *e a))u&e) 'o4er =4e )ee it *a''enin aain today i.e. 1 > *ark) ba"k to t*e 'er)i)tent *orror4it* 4*i"* Euro'e for &any "enturie) 4itne))ed t*e rain of t*e blond Teutoni" bea)t =alt*ou* all ra"ial"onne"tion bet4een t*e old Teutoni" tribe) and our)el#e) *a) been lo)t>. ''.1%F1(A boldfa"e addedE The

6noble r a ces6 are thus ennoble" b% no r es traint or consi d er a ti o n s ho ! n for the er s ons or osses s ions&

let a lone feelings& of those helless st r a ngers !ho come !ithin their o!er$ 6+oil an" c o n#uest&6 rae

an" torture& are fun$ Rai)er -il*el& ot in t*e )'irit of t*in) by tellin Ger&an trou') to a"t like t*eHun) of ttila on t*eir &i))ion to Pekin in 1!. No Niet7)"*ean *a) any bu)ine))A for e?a&'leA da&ninC*ri)to'*er Colu&bu) for en)la#in t*e Carib). -*ile Niet7)"*e a"tually )ee&) to t*ink t*at t*e blondTeutoni" bea)t 4a) one fro& Ger&anyA and HitlerA a) notedA *ardly fill) t*e billA t*ere i) a"tually no la"k of

blond) in t*e Nordi" nation)A and Niet7)"*e *i&)elf *ere )ee&) to *a#e a relati#ely e?'an)i#e notion ofra"ial )u'eriority. -*ile *e a''arently t*ou*t of t*e $o&an nobility a) t*e&)el#e) of ryan e?tra"tionA *e"an *ardly *a#e t*ou*t t*e )a&e of t*e rabian) or Ba'ane)e. T*i) a"kno4led&ent 4ould *a#e been of &aterial ad#antae in -orld -ar IIA 4*en &any rab) 'referred t*e Ger&an) to t*e 6riti)* =or to t*e Zioni)tBe4) of Pale)tine> FF 4*ile t*e Ba'ane)eA e#en todayA often t*ink of t*e&)el#e) a) a 'ure and )u'erior ra"e.) a"tual Ger&an llie) in -orld -ar IIA t*e Ba'ane)e 4*ere in "lo)e "o&'etition 4it* Ger&any foratro"itie) aain)t "i#ilian) and 'ri)oner)FofF4ar =t*ou* t*e Ger&an) 4ere relati#ely "on)iderate of&eri"an and 6riti)* 'ri)oner)A 4*ile brutal to $u))ian) and ot*er)A a) t*e Ba'ane)e 4ere to all>.




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9Nietzsche

Niet*sce ,#iolence

Nietzsche rationalize" genoci"e as noble55the strong1 siml% overcoming the !ea31

C*ri)to'*er +imsonA aut*or and 'rofe))or of Oournali)&A 1!,DT*e S'lendid 6lond 6ea)tA * tt ' ://444.t * ird4orl d tra # eler." o & /Ge no "ide/S ' len d id 6lo nd e6ea)t. * t& l

3riedri"* Niet z sche c a lle" the aristoc r atic re"ators !ho !rite s o ciet%4s la!s 6the s len"i" blon" bea s t6

recisel% be ca use the% so often behave as though th e % a r e be%on" the r each of elem e ntar% mo r a lit %. As he s a !

things& these e lites have c ut a ath to ! a r" a ce r tain s ort of e ) cellence consist ing ma inl% of the e)e r cise of

o!er at the e )ense of oth e rs. -*en dealin 4it* ordinary 'eo'leA *e )aidA t*ey re#ert to t*e inno"en"e of 4ildani&al).... -e "an i&aine t*e& returnin fro& an ory of &urderA ar)onA ra'e and tortureA Oubilant and at 'ea"e4it* t*e&)el#e) a) t*ou* t*ey *ad "o&&itted a fraternity 'rankF"on#in"edA &oreo#erA t*at t*e 'oet) for a lon ti&eto "o&e 4ill *a#e )o&et*in to )in about and to 'rai)e.JJ Their brutalit% !as t r ue cou rag e & Niet z sche t h o u g h t&

an" the f o u n " a t ion of s o cial or"er$

To"a% g e noc i"e5the "elibe r ate "e s truct io n of a r a cial& c ultu r al& or o litical g r o u5is the a ra m o u nt e) amle

of the inst itut io n a li z e" an" s a n c tion e " vio lence o f !hich Niet z sche so3e$ G e noci"e has been a ba s ic

mechanism of emire an" the nat ional state since their incet ion an" remains !i"el% r actice" in

6 a "v a nce"6 an" 6c iv ilize"6 a re a s$ o)t eno"ide) in t*i) "entury *a#e been 'er'etrated by nationF)tate) u'onet*ni" &inoritie) li#in 4it*in t*e )tateJ) o4n border)Q &o)t of t*e #i"ti&) *a#e been "*ildren. T*e 'eo'lere)'on)ible for &a)) &urder *a#e by and lare otten a4ay 4it* 4*at t*ey *a#e done. o)t *a#e )u""eeded inkee'in 4ealt* t*at t*ey looted fro& t*eir #i"ti&)Q &o)t *a#e ne#er fa"ed trial. Gen o ci"e is still "ifficult to

er a "icate because it is usu a ll% t o ler a te"& a t le a st b% th o se !ho benef it fr o m it$

Nietzsche’s olitics cause" the =olocaust

<arrell B. aschingA 'rofe))or of reliiou) )tudie) at Sout* 3loridaA in 1!,T * e Et * i"al C * alle n e of u)" * 4it7 and Hir o ) * i& a : ' o"aly ' )e or 5to ' ia A '. 2(F+

+carcel% m o re than ha lf a c e ntu r% after N iet z sche4s ma"man ha" unleashe" his rohec% the Na z is came

a lo n g to embr a ce his v ision o f a normless !ill to o !er. Niet z sche ha" offere" a vis ion of a ne! t%e ofin"ivi" u al !h o !o ul" ha ve to t a 3e c ha r ge of h u man hi st or% after the " eath of Go"Q na&elyA t*e _ber&en)"* or )elfFtran)"endin 'er)on. + u c h in"ivi " uals !oul" ha ve t h e cou r age to 6transvalue all valu e s1 an" r ema3e the

!orl" in their o!n imag e. Niet7)"*eA of "our)eA *ad a )o&e4*at ari)to"rati" #i)ion of t*e)e ne4 indi#idual). 6uthis vision !as easil% usur e " b% the Na z is !ho imagin e " them s elves& the ure A r %an rac e & as the natural

embo"im e nt of this suerior hu m an being !ho !oul" r e create the !o r l" th r o ugh a !ill to o!er$ The Na z i

rogram of attemte" genoci"e of t h e O e! s is a logi c a l ou t come o f th is ne! n o rmle s s sit u at io n e ) resse" in

Niet z sche J) 'arable of t*e <eat* of God. I n a !orl" !h e re o!er is the f in a l a r biter of v a lues a n " might

m a 3es ri g h t& "eici"e is ine)or a bl% f o ll o !e" b% g e n o ci" e.

http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Genocide/SplendidBlondeBeast.html



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$%%: Pity vs- Compassion

No Pin3 an" turn55Nietzsche’s hilosoh% onl% re*ects it%& not comassion$ The lan is a

comassionate resonse to suffering in Africa that brea3s "o!n hierarchical o!er

relations$

Gudrun v o n T eve n a rA 6irkbe"k ColleeA LondonA utu&n 2(DNiet7)"*e;) @bOe"tion) to Pity and Co&'a))ionA The "emes1Leiter Nietzsche Seminar A*tt'://444.bb k .a".uk/'*il/)taff/a"ade & i")/ e & e) F 4ork/Gurdren#on T e# en ar1@"t(

-*en 4e e?a&ine t*e)e obOe"tion) 4it* t*e 'ity/"o&'a))ion di)tin"tion a) briefly outlined at t*e beinnin in &indAt*en 4e find t*at Niet z sche’s ob*ections are al m o st e)clu s ivel% c o nce r n e " !ith Mitlei" un"er s too" as it% an"

not a s c o m a s sion. Noti"e t*at itleid i) eit*er "onta&inated fro& t*e beinnin 4it* "onte&'t and )*a&e a) int*e e?a&'le) of t*e )a#ae) and Zarat*u)traA or itleid )ee&) 'reo""u'ied &ainly 4it* t*e &ental )tate of t*e aentand not 4it* t*e )ufferer. n"erstan"ing Mitlei" merel% as it% see m s to me the m a in rea s o n !h% Niet z sche’s

ob * ecti o ns& t h o u gh ve r% s o histic a te" a n " em inent l% lausible& s o meho! miss their ta r g et a) far a)S"*o'en*auer i) "on"erned. 6e"au)e S"*o'en*auerA 4*en ele#atin itleid a) t*e *i*e)t #irtueA )'eak) t*rou*outof itleid a) "o&'a))ion. T*u) S"*o'en*auer "lai&) t*at com assi o n a te ag e nts c a n act selflessl% a n " solel% for

the ! e al of s ufferers recise l% be c a u s e th e% see in suffe r ers someone li3e themselve s. In ot*er 4ord)A in thee%es of comassio n ate agents there isA a""ordin to S"*o'en*auerA no ga of "i s tance an" othe r ness bet!een

ag e nts an" s ufferers an" h e nce no as s o ciate" n e gat ive feelings of ali e nat ion an" sh am e. IndeedA S"*o'en*auertake) reat 'ain) to di)tinui)* *i) kind of itleidA i.e. "o&'a))ionA fro& #ariou) de#iation) and aberration) )u"* a)t*o)e t*at Niet7)"*e "on"entrate) on and rant) t*e& no &oral #alue 4*at)oe#er. -e "an "on"lude t*erefore t*atS"*o'en*auer "ouldA in a 4ayA 4illinly aree 4it* &o)t of Niet7)"*e;) obOe"tion) and yet kee' *i) o4n t*eoryinta"tA )in"e *e ele#ate) "o&'a))ion 4*ile Niet7)"*e denirate) 'ity.




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%Nietzsche

$%%: Compassion ,ood

(omassion is critical to stoing atrocities li3e the =olocaust8their "enial of humanist

intervention authorizes genoci"e$

0iolet 6. 9etelsA a))o"iate 'rofe))or of Enli)* at Te&'le 5ni#er)ityA in 1!,-DT*e Holo"au)t: $e&e&berin for t*e 3uture: Ha#el to t*e Ca)tleW; T*e Po4er of t*e -ordA The /nnals of The

/merican /cadem' of $olitical and Social ScienceA No#e&berA 1!!+

In the German% of the ',0s& a "emon ic i"ea ! a s born in a "emente" bra in the ! o r" !ent forth or"ers

!ere given& r e eate"& !i"el% broa" c a s t an" men& !om e n& an" chil"r e n !ere her" e " into " e ath ca ms.Their offshore s ignals& cries for h e l& "i" not su mmon us to r e scue$ We ha" become inur e " to the r e alit% of

hu m an suff e ring$ We coul" no longer hear !hat the !or"s m e ant or " i" not c re"it them or not e n o u gh o f us

* o ine" the c ho r us$ +hrie3ing victi m s erishe" in the col" blan3ness of inhu m ane silenc e $

-e 4ere deaf to t*e a'o"aly'ti" uren"y in Sol7*enit)ynJ) de"laration fro& t*e Gula t*at 4e &u)t "*e"k t*edi)a)trou) "our)e of *i)tory. -e 4ere *eedle)) of t*e le))on of *i) e?'erien"e t*at on l% the u nbe n "i n g s tre n gth of

the h u m a n s irit& f ull% t a 3i n g its s t a n " on the s hifti n g f r ontier o f enc r oa c hing v iole n ce a n " "ec laring 6 n ot o ne

ste fu r ther&6 though " e ath ma% be t h e e n " o f it 5 5 on l% t h is un !a v eri n g f irmness off e rs an% g e nuine "ef e nse of

eace for the in"ivi"ual& of g e nuine e ace for m a n3 in" at larg e. 2

In 'a)t *u&an "ri)e)A 4riter) and t*inker) )trained lanuae to t*e breakin 'oint to kee' ali#e t*e &e&ory of t*euni&ainableA to kee' t*e *u&an "on)"ien"e fro& forettin. In t*e "urrent "onte?tA *o4e#erA intelle c tuals seem

more "e v o t e " to a b st r a ct a s s a ults o n valu e s t h an t o t h o u gh t ful r o bi n g of the m o ral "imensi o ns of hu m an

e)erience$

Heir) of t*e an"ient 'o))e))ion) of *i*er kno4lede and litera"y )kill)A 9 4e )ee& to *a#e lo)t our ner#eA and notonly be"au)e of Holo"au)t *i)tory and it) trai" after&at*. We feel inse cu re before the e mirical abso lutes of

har" science$ -e are inti&idated by t*e *i* &oderni)t rae aain)t &i&e)i) and "ontentA % m o n s t r ous roge n %

of the un ion b et!een Niet z sche an" hilo s ohi c a l for m ali s m& the grim r o o s al ! e h a ve b o u g h t into t h a t

there is no t r uth& no ob*e c tivi t%& an" no "i s interest e " 3no!le"g e. (

Le)) "ertain about t*e 'o4er of lanuaeA t*at olde)t fla&e of t*e ^% *u&ani)t )oul A + to fra&e a "redo to li#e by or "riteria to Oude byA 4eare #ulnerable e#en to t*e di)"redited Paul de anJ) inde"ent *int t*at 4ar) and re#olution) are not e&'iri"al e#ent) . . . but Jte?t)J &a)Kueradina) fa"t). Trut* and reality )ee& &ore elu)i#e t*an t*ey e#er 4ere in t*e 'a)tQ #alue) are 'ronoun"ed to be &ere fi"tion) of rulin elite) to retain

'o4er. -e are e&barra))ed by #irtue.

-ord) "ollide and "ra"k under t*e)e ne4 )ke'ti"al )train)A di))ol#in into banalitie) t*e "olo))al enor&ity of 4*at &u)t be e?'re))ed le)t 4eforet. $e&e&berin for t*e future *a) be"o&e doubly di)'iritin by our *a#in to re&e&ber for t*e 're)entA tooA our *a#in to rei)ter and"onfront 4*at i) 4ron *ere and no4.

T*e reality to be fi?ed in &e&ory )*ift) a) 4e )eek 4ord) for itQ t*e &e&ory 4e )et do4n i) fla4ed by our )ubOe"ti#itie). It i) )ele"ti#eAde"e'ti#eA 'artialA unreliableA and a&oral. It 'lay) tri"k) and "an be in#ented. It )to') u' it) ear) to )*ut out 4*at it doe) not dare to fa"e.

Loded in our brain)A )u"* a?io&)A "ertified by )"ien"e and )tati)ti")A te&'t u) to "on"ede t*e final irrele#an"e of 4ord) and &e&ory. -e *a#e toet on 4it* our li#e). 6e)ide)A &e&orie) re"on)tru"ted in 4ord)A e#en 4*en t*ey are do"u&ented by e#iden"eA *a#e not often "*aned t*e 4orldor fended off t*e 'o4erful )edu"tion) to )ilen"eA forettinA or denyin.

E)'e"ially denyinA 4*i"*A in t*e "a)e of t*e Holo"au)tA *a) be"o&e an ob)"ene indu)try "o&'etin in t*e o'en &arket of idea) for "ontrol of our

)en)e of t*e 'a)t. It i) )aid t*at t*e Holo"au)t ne#er *a''ened. $e#i)ioni)t *i)tory 4it* a #enean"e i) 'ur#eyed in 4ord)Q )o&et*in in 4ord)&u)t be )et aain)t it. Yet 4*at Ho4 do 4e ner#e to t*e ta)k 4*en 4e are in"rea)inly di)'o)ed to "a)t bot* 4ord) and &e&ory in a "onditionof "ryoeni" dubiety

N o t onl% b e f o re b u t also si n ce ' , R A the c r iminalit% of gove r nments& ara"e" as ol itics and fattenin onlinui)ti" &ani'ulation and deliberately rei&'lanted &e&ory of 'a)t real or i&ained rie#an"eA h a s s re a "

calamit% ac ro ss the lanet. T*e "an"er t*at *a) eaten at t*e entrail) of Yuo)la#ia )in"e TitoJ) deat* *a) Ro)o#o for it) lo"u)A but not&erely a) a 'ie"e of land. T*e "ountryJ) roue ad#enturer) u)e t*e 4ord Ro)o#o to rein#oke a) )a"red t*e land 4*ere Serb) 4ere defeated byTurk) in 19!W ! e&ory of bloody &a))a"re) in 19!A )loani7ed and di)torted in 1!!A de&and) t*e bloody re#ene of ne4 &a))a"re) andreturn) "i#ili7ation not to it) 'a)t lory but to it) ory tribal 4ar). ) atiOa 6e"ko#i"A t*e bard of Serb nationali)&A 4rite)A It i) a) if t*e Serbian

'eo'le 4aed only one battleFFby 4idenin t*e Ro)o#o "*arnelF*ou)eA by addin 4ailin u'on 4ailinA by "ountin ne4 &artyr).to t*e &artyr) of Ro)o#o. . . . Ro)o#o i) t*e Serbiani7ed ^% *i)tory of t*e 3loodFFt*e Serbian Ne4 Te)ta&ent. 1

Ccontinu e "S $E

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.etels &/&0

"o#er of Suddeut)"*e Zeitun in 1!!% 4a) 'rinted 4it* blood donated by refuee 4o&en fro& 6o)nia in an eerily 'er#er)e afterbirt* of #iolen"e re#i)ited. 11

We sta n " b en umbe" before multil% ing h o rr o rs. ) 0a"la# Ha#el 4arned &ore t*an a de"ade aoA r egimes t h at

gene r a te th e m 6 a re t he a v a n t ga r "e of a g lo b al crisis in c ivil i z a tio n $6 T he "ee r s o na liz ati o n of o ! er in

6s% s tem& i" e o lo g% a n " aa ra t &6 a t h ol og ical susici o ns a b o u t h u m a n m o tives a n" meani n g s& t h e loos e ning o f

in"i v i"u a l res o nsibilit % & the s!iftness b% !hich "is a str o us e v ents f o ll o ! one uon an o t her 6h av e "eri v e" us

of our c o nsci e nce& of our co mmon sense an" natur a l seech an" the r eb%& of our a c tual humanit% $ 12 Not*inle)) t*an t*e tran)for&ation of *u&an "on)"iou)ne)) i) likely to re)"ue u).

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%2Nietzsche

$%%: $& Not our Niet*sce2

<ven if their evi"ence "oesn’t e)licitl% en"orse violence& Nietzsche’s con"emnation of

moralit% licenses all atrocities

Si&on Ma%A Collee $e)ear"* 3ello4 in P*ilo)o'*yA 6irkbe"k ColleeA 1!,,Niet7)"*e;) Et*i" 0er)u) orality: T*e Ne4 IdealA ''. 192F199

An aologist for Niet z sche might sug g est that his ethic is not alone in effe c tivel% leg itimi z ing inhumanit%. He&i*t arueA for e?a&'leA t*at )o&e for&) of utilitariani)& "ould not 're#ent &illion) bein )a"rifi"ed if reaternu&ber) "ould t*ereby be )a#edQ or t*at *einou) &a?i&) "ould be "on)i)tently uni#er)ali7ed by RantJ) Cateori"alI&'erati#eF&a?i&) aain)t 4*i"* RantJ) inOun"tion to treat all *u&an bein) a) end) in t*e&)el#e) 4ould afford noreliable 'rote"tionA bot* be"au)e it) "on"e'tion of J*u&anityJ i) #aue and be"au)e it 4ould be o#erridden by ourdutyA a) rational aent)A to re)'e"t Ou)t )u"* uni#er)ali7ed &a?i&). To t h is a ologist o n e !oul" r e l% that !ith

Niet z sche the r e is not e v en an att e mt to r o"uce a s % st e matic s a fe t % n et a g ain s t cr u elt%A e)'e"ially if one Oude) one)elf to be a J*i*erJ ty'e of 'er)on 4it* lifeFen*an"in 'ur)uit)FandA to t*i) e?tentA his hilo so h%

licenses the atrocities of a =itler& ev e n t h o ug h & b % his e rso n al t a ble o f v alues& he e ) e rciates anti5+ e mitism an"

v irulent n a tion a lism. Indeed to t*e e?tent it i) irrele#ant 4*et*er or not Niet7)"*e *i&)elf ad#o"ate) #iolen"e and blood)*ed or 4*et*er *e i) t*e entle 'er)on de)"ribed by *i) "onte&'orarie). The realit% is that the s ureme

value he lac e s on in"ivi " ual life enhanc e ment an" self5legislation l e aves ro om fo r & an" in s o me c a usese ) licitl% *ustifies& u nf e tter e " br u tali t %. In )u&: t*e 'oint *ere i) not to rebut Niet7)"*e;) "lai& t*at De#eryt*in i)e#ilA terribleA and tyranni"al in &an;) )er#e) *i) en*an"e&ent Da) &u"* a) it) o''o)ite doe) V for )u"* a rebuttal4ould be a &aOor et*i"al undertakin in it) o4n ri*t. It i) rat*er to )ue)t t*at t*e ne"e))ary balan"e bet4eendaner and )afety 4*i"* Niet7)"*e *i&)elf reard) a) a "ondition for flouri)*in i) not #ou"*)afed by *i) e?tre&eindi#iduali)&. IndeedA )u"* indi#iduali)& )ee&) not only )elfFdefeatinA but al)o Kuite unne"e))ary: for )afeuard)aain)t t*o)e 4*o *a#e 'reten)ion) to )o#ereinty but la"k nobility "ould be a""e'ted on Niet7)"*eJ) t*eory of #aluea) lu)t anot*er J"ondition for t*e 're)er#ationJ of J*i*erJ ty'e). +ince the overri"ing aim of his atta c 3 on moralit%

is to liberate eole from the reressiv e n e ss of the 4he r "4 instinct& this unrelie v e" otenti a l "an g er to the4higher4 in"iv i"ual m ust co u nt " e cisivel% a gain s t the su c cessFand t*e 'o))ibility of t*e )u""e))Fof h is ro*e c t .

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$%%: Niet*sce ,Racism

Nietzsche’s hilosoh% is racist an" oressive$

Relly Koss 200. =3riedri"* Niet7)"*eA Buly (A 2A *tt ' ://444 .frie)i a n. " o & /NIET Z SCH .HT>

3ir)t of allA Ni e t z sche4s raci s m is unmi s ta3able$ T he be s t !a% to a r oach this is to let Niet z sche s ea3

for himself. In t*e Kuote) t*at follo4A I 4ill )i&'ly offer e?a&'le) fro& T*e Genealoy of oral) aloneA a)tran)lated by 3ran"i) Golffin =in t*e footnote) I *a#e been addin )o&e 'a))ae) fro& 6eyond Good andE#il for "o&'ari)on>. The P a tin m a lus C6ba"6E :besi"e !hich I lace melas CGree3 for 6b la c36E; might

"esignate the com m on man as " a r 3 & e s e c iall% bla c 35ha ire" =*i" nier e)t>A as the re5A r %an s e tt ler of

the I tal ia n s o il& n o tab l% "ist inguish e " from the ne! b lon" c o n # ueror race b % his c o lo r. t any rateA t*eGaeli" 're)ented &e 4it* an e?a"tly analoou) "a)e: finA a) in t*e na&e 3inalA t*e "*ara"teri)ti" ter& fornobilityA e#entually t*e oodA nobleA 'ureA oriinally t*e fairF*aired a) o''o)ed to t*e darkA bla"kF*airednati#e 'o'ulation. T*e Celt)A by t*e 4ayA 4ere definitely a fairF*aired ra"eQ and it i) a &i)take to try to relatet*e area of darkF*aired 'eo'le found on et*nora'*i" &a') of Ger&any to Celti" bloodline)A a) 0ir"*o4doe). T*e)e are t*e la)t #e)tie) of t*e 'reFryan 'o'ulation of Ger&any. =The sub*e c t races are se e n to

revail once more& th r o ughout alm o s t a ll of <uroe in co lo r& sho r tness of s3ull& erhas also inintellectu a l a n " s o c ia l instincts$ -*o kno4) 4*et*er &odern de&o"ra"yA t*e e#en &ore fa)*ionableanar"*i)&A and e)'e"ially t*at 'referen"e for t*e "o&&uneA t*e &o)t 'ri&iti#e of all )o"ial for&)A 4*i"* i)no4 )*ared by all Euro'ean )o"iali)t) FF 4*et*er all t*e)e do not re're)ent a t*ro4ba"kA and 4*et*erA e#en

'*y)ioloi"allyA t*e ryan ra"e of "onKueror) i) not doo&ed> T*e 6irt* of Traedy and T*e Genealoy oforal)A <oubleday n"*or 6ook)A 1!(+A '.1+%A boldfa"e addedA note =e r e !e have an unmista 3 a ble

racism the goo"& noble& a n " blon" A r %ans& c o n tr as te" !ith the " a r3 a n " rimit iv e in"igen e s of

<ur o e. -*ile Niet7)"*eJ) t*ou*t i) often defended a) unrelated to t*e ra"i)& of t*e Na7i)A t*ere doe) not)ee& to be &u"* differen"e fro& t*e e#iden"e of t*i) 'a))ae. @ne differen"e &i*t be Niet7)"*eJ)"*ara"teri7ation of t*e "o&&une a) t*e &o)t 'ri&iti#e of all )o"ial for&). Na7i ideoloy 4a) totalitarianand )o"ialA deniratin indi#iduali)&. Niet7)"*e 4ould not *a#e one for t*i) FF and t*e )&allA dark Hitler i) "ertainly no ryan FF but t*en &any defender) of Niet7)"*e t*e)e day) al)o tend to 'refer a "o&&unitariande&o"ra"yA 4*i"* &ean) t*ey &i*t *a#e &ore in "o&&on 4it* t*e Na7i)A de)'ite t*eir u)ual antiFra"i)&A

t*an Niet7)"*e *i&)elf. T*i) i) "*ara"teri)ti" of t*e "onfu)ion of "onte&'orary 'oliti")A let alone Niet7)"*ea'oloeti"). T*e 'a))ae abo#eA at lea)tA 'ro#ide) a) &u"* aid and "o&fort for t*e Na7i) a) for any ot*erinter'retation or a''ro'riation of Niet7)"*e$ Niet z sche4s racism might be e ) c u se" as t%ical of its ag e & an"

criticism of it a n ach r onistic$ =o ! e ver& the racism of Tho m as Oeffer s o n & a centu r % e a rlier& invo lv e " an

e)licit " e nial t h at h%sical or i n tellectual "iffer e nces bet!een the ra ces =about 4*i"* Beffer)one?'re))ed no "ertainty> c o mromise" the rights of the inferior races$ T o Niet z sche& ho!ever& the

6sub*ect rac es 6 have no 6rights 6 a n " "o minat ion& n o t to me n tion all the fo r ms of 6 o re s sio n 6

e)cor iat e " b% the tren"% P e ft& a re os itive an" "esi r a ble g o o" s $ T*i) an?iety or di)te&'er &ay be due toa #ariety of "au)e). It &ay re)ult fro& a "ro))in of ra"e) too di))i&ilar =or of "la))e) too di))i&ilar. (lass

"istinct io ns a r e al!a%s in"icat ive of gen e t ic an" r a cial " ifferenc e s: t*e Euro'ean -elt)"*&er7 and t*e 'e))i&i)& of t*e nineteent* "entury 4ere bot* e))entially t*e re)ult) of an abru't and )en)ele)) &i?in of "la))e)>... '.2+A boldfa"e addedA note In t*e litany of 'oliti"al )in) identified by t*e LeftA ra"i)&A "la))i)&Aand *o&o'*obia are t*e *oly trinity FF 4it* "la))i)&A of "our)eA a) a "ode4ord for t*e *ated "a'itali)&.

=ere !e see that for Niet z sche racism an" 6c la ss ism6 are i"entica l the 6sub*ect r a ces6 form thesub*e c t c lasse s $ This is g oo" an" n o ble$ We al s o get another a s ect of the matt er & the 6mi)ing6 of r a ces

an" classes is 6senseles s 6 a n " r o"u c tive of the essim ism an" s o cial roblems of mo"e r n s o ciet%. Int*e)e ter&)A Niet7)"*e "an only *a#e a''ro#ed of t*e Na7i) la4) aain)t &arriae or e#en )e? bet4eenryan) and 5nter&en)"*en.




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$%%: Niet*sce ,3ualisms .$&: !ite0

+iml% affirming life recreates the goo"@evil binar% b% con"emning an% attemt to better

life$

@felia +chutteA '*ilo)o'*y 'rofe))orA 1!R6ey o n d Ni * ili)&: Niet7)" * e - it* o u t a) k ) A '. 1!F!

The main r oblem that aears to "elimit Niet z sche’s hil o s ohic a l affirm a tion o f life is his f a ilure to va lue

human life as much as life in its tot a lit%. =is a"v a nces ov er nihilism a re r o ote" in the n o t io n th a t there is no

nee" to inv e nt a more erfe c t form of life =a) in t*e notion of an afterlife> )in"e life already *a) )uffi"ient &eaninand #alue. T*e <iony)ian )trule aain)t t*e So"rati" a''roa"* to e?i)ten"e i) ba)ed on t*e #ie4 t*at rea)on *a)e?"eeded it) role 4*en it 'ur'ort) to define t*e &eanin of life in ter&) of rea)on it)elf. nd yetA t*e )a&eo''ortunity t*at Niet7)"*e 4ould like to )ee i#en to life i) denied to *u&an life. There is an irresistib le ten"en c%

on Niet z sche4s a r t to "en% the value of hum a n life as such an" to accet it a s v a lu a b le o nl% if it is erfect&

noble& or st ro ng$ The " uali s m bet!een goo" a n " e v il is maintaine" as a mea s ure of human !o r t h. The f a ct

that the "ualism remain sA *o4e#erA means that the b r oa"er ro*ect of the affirm a t io n of life in its tot a lit% is

bloc3e ". Zarat*u)traJ) 'o)ition )er#e) a) an illu)tration of t*i) dile&&a. Hi) lo#e of life i) )tifled by t*e torture *ee?'erien"e) at t*e t*ou*t t*at )&all *u&an bein) 4ill re"ur eternally. Hu&an 4eakne)) and failure eli"it in

Zarat*u)tra a )en)e of nau)ea for t*e 4*ole of e?i)ten"e. Hi) 'er"e'tion and a''rai)al of reality a''ear to be out of balan"e. E#en t*ou* Zarat*u)tra finally a""e't) t*e idea of t*e re"urren"eA *e &ake) *i) "*oi"e at t*e "o)t of *i))e'aration fro& *u&anity. He dro') all *u&an "onta"t and )tay) in t*e &ountain)A de)irin inter"our)e 4it* eternityatone. T*ere i) an i&'ortant )'lit bet4een *i) de)ire to affir& life and *i) inability to affir& *u&an life. =um a n life

still ae a rs to be too sm a ll& t o o insi g n ific a nt an" !retche" to Nietzsche$ Thus he const a nt l% see3s g r a n"eur. Niet7)"*e noted t*at *u&an life *a) d4indled be"au)e *u&an bein) la"k o''ortunitie) for interated and "reati#ea"ti#itie). It i) a &i)takeA *o4e#erA to link "reati#ity and international 4it* t*e Kuality of reatne)). The "eman" forgre a tne s s in v o lv es a value * u "gme n t a gai n st a n %thi n g t h at is n o t e)c e ti o n a ll% o ! e r ful or "i s tin gu ishe". This

invo lves a "e v a lu a ti o n of t h e or"i n a r % a s ects o f h u man life$ I f these ase c ts "o not count to!ar" ma3ing

human life me a nin g fu l& h o !e v er& then o ne is still e)hibiting a nihilistic attitu"e t o ! a r" hum a n e ) istenc e. Niet7)"*e i) ri*t in "lai&in t*at ni*ili)& &u)t be o#er"o&e in order for *u&an bein) to lead "reati#e andre)our"eful li#e). @n t*e ot*er *andA 4*en *e a))o"iate) t*e latter #alue) 4it* t*e "reation of a )tron and &aOe)ti""ulture. *e deli&it) t*e &eanin of "reati#ity. T*e e?'e"tation) *e 'la"e) u'on it are ni*ili)ti" a) lon a) "reati#ity i)

&ade to it under a 'aradi& of do&ination.

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$%%: No $lternative

Nietzsche’s alternative is comletel% out"ate" an" coul" never be achieve" in mo"ern

societ%$ We must al% Nietzsche oliticall% for his hilosoh% to be effective

-illia& (onnoll%A Profe))or of Politi"al S"ien"e at Bo*n Ho'kin) 5ni#er)ityA 1!,'Id e n tity/ <iffere n "e: d e & o "rati" n e o tiati on ) of 'o liti"al ' ara d o?

J6ut t*e "olla')e of t4o ty'e) "alled &an and o#er&an al)o re)ult) fro& di)a''earan"e of t*e )o"ial )'a"e in4*i"* t*i) fiure of )olitude 4a) )u''o)ed to re)ide. T*e o#er&anA re&e&berA ri)e)Q abo#e t*e rea"ti#e 'oliti") of)o"ietyA bot* by "ulti#atin "ertain di)'o)ition) 4*ile re)idin 4it*in )o"iety and by "learin a )'a"e on t*e ede of )o"ial life. In t*i) &arinal )'a"e 'roOe"ted by Niet7)"*eA one "ould not )tifle t*e definition) ot*er) a#e oneA butone "ould a#oid e?ten)i#e i&'li"ation in a den)e 4eb of relation) t*at 4ould render it ne"e))ary eit*er to a""e'tt*o)e identifi"ation) or to )trule aain)t t*e& 'oliti"ally. The Niet z sch e a n over m anA in it) do&inant

're)entation in T*u) S'oke Zarat*u)traA lives a life of re lat iv e s o litu" e o ne t hat es c a esA for in)tan"eA the h o l"

of the s t a teA t*at )u'erfluou) ne4 idolA t*at "olde)t of "old &on)ter t*at tell) lie) in all t*e tonue) of ood ande#il: @nly 4*ere t*e )tate end)A t*ere bein) t*e *u&an bein 4*o i) not )u'erfluou): t*ere bein) t*e )on ofne"e))ityA t*e uniKue and ini&itable tune. . . . -*ere t*e )tate end)look t*ere &y brot*erW <o you not )ee itA t*erainbo4 and t*e bride) of t*e o#er&an/ut this i c ture of a m a rginal sace the ef fective r e ach of the t e ntacles of the s tate no longer refe r s to an%

"iscernable lace in la t e 5 m o"ern tim e. The avoi"anc e s it c o unsels are no longer ava ilable& if th e % e v er

!ere$ The clean air it see3s is ollute" at lo! alt itu"es a n" too thin to brea the at the hi g h es t.<)a c tl% !hat la te mo"ern life ren"ers ine s caable is the intensive entanglement of e v er%one !ith ever%one

else. No one i) left alone any&oreA t*ou* too &any are "o&'elled to fend for t*e&)el#e) a) t*ey re)'ond to t*e #iolent i&'o)ition) of )tate and)o"iety. T*e )o"ial fabri" of interde'enden"ie) and "onfli"t) i) no4 too ti*tly 4o#enQ t*e a') bet4een t*e line) of reulation and )ur#eillan"e*a#e ti*tened u'. T*i) ti*tenin of t*e )o"ial fabri" "annot be &ea)uredFby a)"ertainin 4*et*er &ore or fe4er 'eo'le no4 li#e on t*e 4ron)ide of offi"ially defined nor&)a &i)take "riti") of t*e t*e&e of di)"i'linary )o"iety re'eatedly &ake 4*en t*ey )u''ort t*e t*e)i) t*ey )eek to refute by 'ointin to t*o)e 4*o re)i)tA e#adeA eludeA and di)ru't )o"ial 'ra"ti"e) of di)"i'line and nor&ali7ation. It "an be &ea)ured by 'ointinto t*e enlared net4ork of intru)ion) and reulation) t*e ar&yA of &i)fit) fa"e a) t*e )tandard) of nor&ality are e?tended and inten)ifiedQ it "an bedi)"erned in t*e re)i)tan"e) t*ey reKuire in order to )u)tain t*e&)el#e) a&id t*e)e de&and)A and in t*e e?ten)ion of di)"i'linary te"*niKue) to

o#er"o&e t*o)e re)i)tan"e). Those !ho ! a nt aggregate m e a s u r es can c o u n t the nu m ber of eole to " a% !hose

rima r % *ob is to c o nt r o l& observe& confine& reform& "isciline& tr e a t& or corre c t oth e r eole =t*ink of t*e 'oli"eA&ilitary 'er)onnelA 4elfare aent)A t*era'i)t)A )tate )e"urity aent)A 'ri#ate )e"urity aent)A ad#erti)in fir&)A 'ri)on offi"ial)A 'arole board)A

nur)in *o&e attendant)A li"en)in aent)A ta? offi"ial)A and )o on> an" the v a rious client sA 'atient)A delinKuent)A &i)fit)Atroubled )oul)A lo)er)A )ub#er)i#e)A and e#ader) !h o ro v i" e the rima r % ob * ects of the s e ra c tices$ An" the%

c a n c o m a re t h is in" e ) after )ortin out t*e "o&'le? di&en)ion) t*at &ake e#ery areate "o&'ari)one?tre&ely "oar)e !ith its c o u n ter art a hun"r e " =or e#en fifty> % e a r s a g o.Per*a') 4e "an today li)ten to enun"iation) by Niet7)"*e *undred year) ao 4it* ear) attuned to a "entury of )o"ial inten)ifi"ation: <o you *a#e"ouraeA @ &y brot*er) re you bra#e Not "ourae before 4itne))e)A but t*e "ourae of *er&it) and eale)A 4*i"* i) no loner 4at"*ed e#en

by a od.#oid all )u"* un"onditional 'eo'leW T*ey are a 'oor )i"k )ortA a )ort A of &ob: t*ey lookA )ourly at t*i) lifeA t*ey *a#e t*e e#il eye for t*i) eart*.#oid all )u"* un"onditional 'eo'leW T*ey *a#e *ea#y feet and )ultry *eart): t*ey do not kno4 *o4 to dan"e. Ho4 )*ould t*e eart* be li*t for t*e&1!@ne di&en)ion in Zarat*u)traJ) &e))ae "an )till be *eard by t*o)e 4it* ear)A but t*e &eta'*or) of 4ildne))A *er&it)A eale)A )nake)A "a#e)A)ilen"eA dee' 4ell)A *i* &ountain)A )olitudeA &obA fli*tA and eart* t*at 'o'ulate Niet7)"*eJ) in#o"ation) of t*e o#er&an no loner do doubleduty today. T*e *er&it *a) be"o&e an anony&ou) &e&ber of a reulated &ultitude 4*o are *o&ele))Q t*e eale *a) be"o&e a 'rote"ted)'e"ie)Q t*e &ob *a) be"o&e a "ri&inal net4ork entanled 4it* offi"ial intellien"e aen"ie)Q t*e dee' 4ell a""u&ulate) 'ollutant) fro&road &aintenan"eA to?i" 4a)te)A and fertili7er runoff)Q urban "a#e) *a#e be"o&e ni*tly re)iden"e) for *o&ele)) out"a)t) 4*o re)tle))ly *auntt*e

)treet) by dayQ t*e eart* *a) be"o&e a de'o)it of finite re)our"e) for lateF&odern 'rodu"tion. The Ni e t z schean metahors no!r efer to a siritual "isosit io n "i s *oin e " f r om toograhical sac e the% are "rain e " of reference toi" en tifiablesites b e t!een the lines of so cial o r gani z a tion.. E#en t*e &eta'*or) *a#e be"o&e infiltrated by t*e )inifi"ationt*ey 4ould ri)e abo#e.These changes in the signif%ing o!er of Niet z sche4s nineteenth5c e ntu r % m e tahors oint to the c o llase of

social sace fo r the o v er m an as an in"e en "ent& s o lita r% t% e. T*e di)tin"tion bet4een ty'e) no4 i#e) 4ay to)trule 4it*in and bet4een )el#e). The elevat io n to a fict iv e sace above the muc3 of react iv e olit ics mu s t be

translate" into o litic a l eng ag e me n t !ith instituti o n a lize" r a ctice s. Put anot*er 4ay: the overman must e ither

become a b e autiful s o ul or be "is m antl e " as an aoliti c al t% e either Niet z sche a n c riti#ue of r e s s entiment

becomes an anach r onism or it is r e fi g ure" into a o litic a l hilosoh%$

7/23/2019 (704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K



%+Nietzsche

$%%: "4tinction 5/!

Nietzsche’s hilosoh% ignores the character of mo"ern olitics55The ossibilit% of

e)tinction reclu"es his alternative

-illia& (onnoll%A Profe))or of Politi"al S"ien"e at Bo*n Ho'kin) 5ni#er)ityA 1!,'Id e n tity/ <iffere n "e: d e & o "rati" n e o tiati on ) of 'o liti"al ' ara d o?A '. 1+

Zarat*u)tra )ay): T*e &o)t "on"erned a)k todayA JHo4 i) &an to be 're)er#edJ 6ut Zarat*u)tra i) t*e fir)t and only one to a)k: `Ho 4 i) &an

to b e o# er"o &e N1 + The i"ea is to sto ! o rr%ing about the res e rv a tion of man& to str ive to create a fe!

overmen$ Peave t o their o ! n "evices t hose !h o in sist u on bei n g c o ns u me" b% r esentm e nt& s o th a t a fe! c a n

culti v ate a n oth e r t%e of hu m ani t %. T*e ne4 ty'e to be "ulti#ated "on)i)t) of a fe4 free )'ir it) 4*o fend off t*e re)ent&ent aain)tt*e *u&an "ondition t*at 4ell) u' in e#eryoneA a fe4 4*o ri)e abo#e t*e in)i)ten"e t*at t*ere be )y&&etry bet4een e#il and re)'on)ibilityA 4*oli#e abo#e t*e de&and t*at )o&e uilty aent 4ort*y of 'uni)*&ent be lo"ated e#ery ti&e t*ey t*e&)el#e) )ufferA 4*o re"oni7e t*at existential

)ufferin i) a 're"ondition of 4i)do&.

/ut this t%o logi c a l "ifferentiat io n bet!e e n man an" overman no longer m a 3es much sens e & if it e v er "i ". 3ort*e o#er&an "on)tituted a) an inde'endentA deta"*ed ty'ePrefer) )i&ultaneou)ly to a )'iritual di)'o)ition and to t*e re)iden"e of free )'irit) in a

)o"ial )'a"e relati#ely in)ulated fro& rea"ti#e 'oliti"). T*e 'roble& i) t*at t*e di)a''earan"e of t*e rele#ant )o"ial 're"ondition)"onfound) any di#i)ion of *u&anity into t4o )'iritual ty'e). If there is an%thing in the t%e to be a"m ire"& the

i"eal mu s t be "ismantle" as a "i s tinct ca st e of s o lita r % in "ivi" u als an" fol" e " into t h e o litic a l f a bric o f l a te5

mo"e r n s o ciet%. T*e o#er&an no4 fall) a'art a) a )et of di)tin"ti#e di)'o)ition) "on"entrated in a 'arti"ular "a)teor ty'eA and it) )'iritual Kualitie) &irate to a )et of di)'o)ition) t*at &ay "o&'ete for 're)en"e in any )elf. T*e ty'e

no4 be"o&e) =a) it already 4a) to a )inifi"ant deree> a #oi"e in t*e )elf "ontendin 4it* ot*er #oi"e)A in"ludint*o)e of re))enti&ent.T*i) &odel i) i&'li"itly )ue)ted by 3ou"ault 4*en *e e)"*e4) t*e ter& o#er&an =a) 4ell a) 4ill to 'o4er>and )*ift) t*e "enter of ra#ity of Niet7)"*ean di)"our)e fro& *eroe) and "la))i"al trai" fiure) to e#eryday &i)fit))u"* a) le?ile?ina and Pierre $i#iere. T*e)e te?tual &o#e) areA I t*inkA 'art of a )tratey to fold Niet7)"*eanaoni)& into t*e fabri" of ordinary life by attendin toJ t*e e?traordinary "*ara"ter of t*e latter. I )eek to 'ur)ue t*i))a&e trail.The Ni e t z schean c o nc e t ion of a fe! !ho over c ome r e sentment above olitics !h ile the re s t re m ain s tuc3 in

the muc3 of resentment in o litics is not t o "a% v iable on its o ! n ter m s$ To"a% circumsta n ces r e #uire that

man% give the sign of the overman a res e nce in themse lves an" in the ethicooliti c al o r ientations the%

ro*ect onto the life of the !hol e. 6ut t*i) break 4it* t*e )'irit of Niet7)"*e reKuire) furt*er elu"idation.

The shift results a rt l% from the l a te5mo"ern o ssibilit% o f self5e)tincti o n$ In this ne! ! o rl" the f a ilure to6rese r ve ma n6 c o ul" al s o e)ti n g uish t h e hu m an basis for the st r ugg le Niet z sche name" 6over m an$6

Breservat io n an" over c om ing are no! " r a!n clo s er together s o that e a ch becomes a term in the other the

latter cannot s uccee" unless it touch e s the forme r $ / u t the entanglem e nt of ea c h !ith the other in

socioolitical relations m e ans& !hen the logic of this entanglement is !or3e" out& that the 6ove r man64 as a

t %e c a nn o t elimin a te fr o m its life s o me of the m o " a lities "efinit ive of t he 6 h u m an $6 If t*e o#er&an 4a) e#er 'roOe"teda) a di)tin"t ty'eand t*i) i) not "ertainit no4 be"o&e) refiured into a )trule 4it*in t*e )elf bet4een t*e in"lination to e?i)tentialre)ent&ent and an affir&ation of life t*at ri)e) abo#e t*i) tenden"y.

(704825754) 196811735-GDI-Nietzsche-K

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