69 chaitra

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lg0f{o g+=*(@% lg0f{o g+=*(@% lg0f{o g+=*(@% lg0f{o g+=*(@% lg0f{o g+=*(@%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfxl/6 g+= M )^%WS))!%cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.$.%

ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s a:g] clwjQmfcRo"tk|;fb v/]n

lj?4ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

;d]t

s;}k|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g gkg]{ vfnsf]pGd'lQmn] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ k|>o lbg]x'Fbf sfg"gL /fHodf :j]R5frfl/tfsf]u'~hfo; /xg gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_ /fxbfgL lng'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo cGo d'n'ssf]

e|d0f ug'{ /x]sfn] To;n] /fi6sf]cGt/f { li6 o 5ljdf ;d]t uDeL/gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfg] ljifodfk|efjsf/L lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{:jfefljs kdf lng ;lsg] / afXod'n's;Fu klg ;DalGwt /xg] lnvthf/L ubf{ ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg]s'/fnfO{ klg cGoyf eGg gldNg] .

/fxbfgL dfu u/L k]z ePsf] b/vf:tsf]d"Nofg u/L /fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{ jfgug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt clwsf/LdflgxLt x'g} k5{ . hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgLsf;DaGwdf ;f] /fxbfgL k|of]ustf{sf]Jojxf/, p;sf] cfr/0f jf cGo s'g}cfwf/df /fxbfgL vf]:g jf /2 ug{ kfpg]clwsf/ klg ;DalGwt lgsfodf /flvg':jfefljs} dfGg' kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=$_ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f lagf s;}sf lj?4

lg0f{o ug{ ldN5 eGg] cy{ ug]{ xf] eg]Tof] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf]ljk/Lt x'G5 / To;f] ug'{ ljlwsf] zf;g/ ;Eo ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg]cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf] ;d]t k|lts"nx'g hfg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ s'g} klg lgsfo jf clwsf/Laf6 x'g]

lg0f{o hlxn] klg Gofof]lrt\ x'g'k5{ /b]lvg' klg k5{ . ;f] lg0f{odf s'g} cfwf/sf/0f vf]lnPg / To;sf] hfgsf/L;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lbOPg eg] To:tf]lg0f{o Gofo;Ddt\ 5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf]d"Nofg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf g/xg] .

lg0f{odf cfwf/ sf/0f v'nfO{ ;DalGwtJolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFbf To;n]/fxbfgL hf/L ug{ OGsf/ ug'{kgf{sf] sf/0fv'nfpg' k|To'Tkfbs x'g;Sg] cj:yfpTkGg ge} To;n] lg0f{osf] cflwsfl/stf:yflkt u/L lg0f{onfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ug]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=^_

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)g]kfn sfg"g klqsf, @)^(, r}t^(, r}t^(, r}t^(, r}t^(, r}t

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lgj]bs tkm{af6Mljfg clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]nljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f

kf}8]ncjnlDat ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_

/fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $-!_ / -@_

cfb]zGof=cg"k/fh zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_-@_ cGtu{tbfo/ eO{ o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

/fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $ sf]Joj:yfdWo] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df /x]sf] Joj:yf:j]R5frf/L / k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtk|lts"nx'g'sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ df}lns xs;FuaflemPsf] x'Fbf tL Joj:yfx aflemPsf] xb;DdcdfGo / ab/ ul/kfpg of] lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:ytePsf] 5' . /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $ df/x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] jfg]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt ePsf]ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; jf cGo lgof]un]dfq /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ ;Sg] / ;f]xL bkmfsf]pkbkmf -!_ n] /fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/Ln] s'g}sf/0f b]vfO{ jf gb]vfO{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgLlbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5eg] pkbkmf -@_ n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} sf/0fb]vfO{ jf gb]vfO{ s'g} ;do klg hf/L e};s]sf]

/fxbfgLnfO{ lvRg jf /2 ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfn]/fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ s'g} sf/0f gb]vfO{s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] /hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgL lvRg jf /4 ug{;Sg]clwsf/;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yf:j]R5frf/L / k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt k|lts"n/x]sf] :ki6 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] Gofo;DaGwL xscGtu{tpkwf/f -*_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5egL k|bfg u/]sf] xsdf /fxbfgL P]gsf] plNnlvtJoj:yfn] aGb]h nufPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;FuaflemPsf] xb;Ddsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ab/u/L s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL glbg] lg0f{o ubf{ /hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgL lvRbf jf /2 ubf{ ;f]s'/fsf] sf/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{lbO{ lghsf] :ki6Ls/0f lnP/ dfq lg0f{o ug'{ /g]kfn /fHo kIf e} g]kfnsf] ;+;baf6 cg'df]lbtgful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwLcGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq -ICCPR_ sf] wf/f !$-%_df /x]sf] k|fjwfgsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ /fxbfgL hf/Lug]{, lvRg] / /2 ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf s'g} klg clwsf/Ln] u/]sf]lg0f{oaf6 dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] cfkm" lj?4 ul/Psf]sf/jfxLpk/ ;Ifd pRr Gofoflws/0f jfcbfnt;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfcljnDj ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddfk/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsflgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < eGg]

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*(@% *(@% *(@% *(@% *(@% cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj=k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{no ;d]t

;DaGwdf ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt, PsGofofwLzsf ] Ohnf;af6 ePsf ] ldlt@)^%(!# sf] cfb]z .

;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cgfjZos kdfk|ToyL{ agfOPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg k|ydb[li6d}vf/]hefuL 5 . /fxbfgL k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug{;Sg]/ hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgL lvRg jf /4 ug{;Sg];DalGwt clwsf/Lsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;hfo jfs;"/sf] kdf lng ;lsg] b]lvFb}g . of] g]kfn;/sf/sf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L jf lgsfosf]lgodg ug]{ clwsf/ dfq xf] . P]gsf] bkmf % dfplNnlvt sfo{ u/]df dfq To;nfO{ s;"/ dfgLb08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf ePsf], To:tf s;"/;DaGwLd'2f g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] / sfg"gsf] plrtk|lqmofadf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g] Joj:yf ePsf]n];+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] Gofo;DaGwLxssf] s'g} klg kIfnfO{ /fxbfgL P]gn] OGsf/u/]sf] k'li6 gx'g] x'Fbf dfu adf]lhdsf] s'g}cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf];+ljwfg;ef ;lrjnfosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;x;lrj6]sk|;fb 9'fgfn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf]xf], To;sf] :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ /sf/0f c;DalGwt ljifodf o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ljkIfL agfO{ lbPsf] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .;lGwsf] ljifonfO{ g} k|ToIf kdf clwsf/ :jkJolQmn] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] x'Fb}g . sfg"gnfO{c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff ug{] ;DaGwdf Benifit of doubtgoes to the parliament eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .h;n] sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu afem]sf] eGg] bfjL

u5{, ;f] s'/f p;}n] k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg' k5{ .ljwflosfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]qleq /xL agfPsf]sfg"gnfO{ ;se/ c;+j}wflgs jf cdfGo 7x/ug'{ x'Fb}g . lgj]bsn] dfly plNnlvt cfwf/xnfO{:ki6;Fu cfTd;ft\ u/L l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]vu/]sf] gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]hul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyfdlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj8f= s'n/Tg e't]{nn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvthjfkm .

lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] lgj]bgJoxf]/fdf plNnlvt sfdsf/jfxL o; dGqfnosf]sfo{If]q eGbf aflx/sf] ljifoj:t' xf] . o;dGqfnosf] s] s'g sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s]s:tf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] xf] ;f]sf] :ki6lhsL/ ;d]t lgj]bgdf sxLFst} pNn]v gu/LcGo lgsfoxaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfdsf/jfxLsf]ljifonfO{ lnP/ o; dGqfno;d]tnfO{ ljkIfLagfO{ lbg' ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5,vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ko{6g tyfgful/s p8\8og dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj/fdrGb|dfg l;+xn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

/fxbfgL pknAw u/fpFbf s] s:tfJolQmnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] / s;nfO{ gu/fpg]eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gn] ;/sf/nfO{k|bfg u/]kl5 ;f] ljifo ;/sf/ jf ;DalGwtclwsf/Lsf] clwsf/leqsf] ljifo xf] . /fxbfgLsf]k|of]u ljb]zL d'n'sdf x'g] ePsfn] /fi6sf] 5ljcGt/f{li6o hutdf /fd|f] /fVgsf] nflu ;/sf/n]o:tf s'/f Jojl:yt ug{;Sg] clwsf/ sfg"gtMk|fKt u/]sf] xf] . o;af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg@)^# sf] wf/f @$-*_ df Joj:yf ePsf]


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Gofo;DaGwL xs dg]{ cj:yf cfpFb}g . sfg"glgdf{qL c ljwflosfn] /fxbfgL k|of]u / To;af6l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] kl/0ffdnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL/fxbfgL hf/L ug]{ clwsf/Ln] sf/0f b]vfO{ jfgb]vfO{ /fxbfgL lbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfu/]sfn] o; ljifodf dfq /fxbfgL glbg jf /2ug{ ;Sg] k"0f{ clwsf/ 5 . of] kl/kSj /;'ema'emsf ;fy ul/Psf] Joj:yf xf], o;nfO{cGoyf dfGg' x'Fb}g . ICCPR sf] Joj:yf lg/k]Ifkdf ;a} 7fpFdf / ;a} cj:yfdf nfu" x'g;Sb}g . t;y{ tYoxLg / cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bgvf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u[xdGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]=sf ;lrj 8f=uf]ljGbk|;fbs';'dn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

/fxbfgL P]gsf] Joj:yf JolQmsf] /fli6oklxrfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ lnvtsf] kdf /x]sf]/fxbfgLsf] b'kof]uaf6 l;h{gf x'g;Sg] uDeL/gsf/fTds kl/0ffdnfO{ /f]syfd ug{ ul/Psf]Joj:yf xf] . d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yf -Publicorder_ sf] a[xQ/ lxt ;+/If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6sltko cj:yfdf /fxbfgL hf/L ug{ OGsf/ug'{kgf{sf] sf/0f v'nfpg' k|To'Tkfbs x'g;Sg]x'Fbf sf/0f gv'nfOsg klg /fxbfgL hf/L gug{jf hf/L ePsf] /fxbfgL lvRg ;Sg] u/L sfg"gdfJoj:yf ePsf] xf] . /fli6o klxrfgsf] dxTjk"0f{lnvtsf] kdf /x]sf] /fxbfgLsf] b'kof]u ePdf/fi6sf] cGt/f{li6o 5ljdf ;d]t uDeL/ gsf/fTdsc;/ kg{ hfg] x'Fbf /fxbfgLsf] lgodg / lgoGq0fug]{ sfo{nfO{ s8fOsf ;fy kl/kfngf ug]{ u/fpg]clek|fon] P]gdf pQm Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] .cGt/f{li6o ;lGwdf ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|of]uu/L ;lGwadf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|rng u/fpg

;f]em} cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg g;lsg] x'Fbf ICCPRsf] ;Gbe{ lbO{ bfo/ ePsf] lgj]bg k|of]hgxLg5 . xfn;Dd sfg"gsf] pQm Joj:yf :j]R5frf/Llsl;dn] k|of]u u/L s;}nfO{ klg /fxbfgL hf/Lug{ OGsf/ u/]sf] jf s;}sf] /fxbfgL lvRg] sfo{gePsf]n] lgj]bsn] o:tf] klg x'g ;S5 egLsfNklgs ljifo / cg'dfgsf cfwf/df lgj]bgbfo/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] k//fi6 dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]=sflgldQ ;lrj k|B'Dg laqmd zfx / sfg"g, Gofotyf ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6P]=sf ;lrj dfwj kf}8]nn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] Ps}ldnfgsf] 5'6[f5'6[} lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t'tlgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn]/fHo;Fu /fxbfgL lbg] glbg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/5, t/ To:tf] lg0f{o ubf{ sf/0f v'nfpg' k5{ .To;/L sf/0f gv'nfO{ lg0f{o ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-*_ sf] k|lts"n x'G5 . ;+ljwfgk|bQ lg/k]If xssf] k|lts"n /x]sf sfg"gL Joj:yfsfod /xg ;Sb}gg\ . To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yfcf}lrToxLg /x]sf] x'Fbf dfu adf]lhd l/6 hf/Lx'g'k5{ / ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf ab/ 3f]liftul/g'kb{5 egL ax; k|:t't ug{'eof] .

To;}u/L k|ToyL { k |wfgdGqL tyfdlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:ytljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]nn] /fxbfgLlbg OGsf/ ug]{ jf /fxbfgL /2 ug]{ s'/fsf/jfxLcGtu{t kb}{g eGg] s'/f P]gsf] bkmf %af6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . To;}n] o;df ;+ljwfgk|bQ Gofo ;DaGwL xs cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] cj:yfg} 5}g . OGsf/ ug]{ jf /2 ug]{ s'/f df}lns

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xs;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5}g, ;f] /fxbfgL P]gsf];f] k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df clxn];Dd s;}nfO{ OGsf/ul/Psf] jf s;}sf] /fxbfgL /2 ul/Psf] cj:yfklg 5}g / olb To:tf] ePdf To;af6 c;/ kg]{kIf :jo+n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{tlgj]bg lbg;Sg] g} x'G5 . l/6 lgj]bs To;/Lc;/ k/]sf] JolQm;d]t gePsfn] l/6 lgj]bgcf}lrToxLg tyf vf/]hefuL 5 eGg];d]tsf] ax;k|:t't ug{'eof] .

;'g'jfOsf qmddf kIf ljkIfsf sfg"gJoj;foLxf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] ax; lhsL/sf;fy} lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm;lxtsf] ldl;ncWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d'VotMb]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lgk0f ug{'kg{] b]lvof] M

!= /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf] bkmf $ sf]:ki6Ls/0f v08sf] v08 -!_ / -@_ n]u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ f/fk|bQ Gofo;DaGwL xs cGtu{tsf]pkwf/f -*_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf]5 jf 5}g o lbO{+b}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgn] sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffsf ;fy}nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4tfJoQm u/]sf] 5 . o:tf k|ltj4tfxnfO{ Jojxf/dfptfg{] xf] eg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] :j]R5frfl/tfn]:yfg kfpg' x'Fb}g .

$= /fxbfgL cToGt ;+j]bgzLn lnvtxf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . /fxbfgL lng]JolQm / lbg] clwsf/L;Fu dfq o;sf] ;DaGw;Lldt x'Fb}g . /fxbfgL lng'sf] p2]Zo eg]sf]cGo d'n'ssf] e|d0f ug]{ g} xf] . To;}n] /fi6sf]cGt/f{li6o 5ljdf ;d]t uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/kg{ hfg] ljifodf k|efjsf/L lgodg / lgoGq0fug]{ sfo{nfO{ :jfefljs kdf lng ;lsG5 /

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afXo d'n's;Fu klg ;DalGwt /xg] lnvt hf/Lubf{ ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg] s'/fnfO{ klg cGoyfeGg ldNb}g . /fxbfgL dfu u/L k]z ePsf]b/vf:tsf] d"Nofg u/L /fxbfgL k|bfg ug]{ jfgug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt clwsf/Ldf lgxLt x'g}k5{ . To;} u/L hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgLsf ;DaGwdfklg ;f] /fxbfgL k|of]ustf{sf] Jojxf/, p;sf]cfr/0f jf cGo s'g} cfwf/df /fxbfgL vf]:g jf/2 ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ klg ;DalGwt lgsfodf/flvg' :jfefljs} dflgG5 . t/ To;/L /fxbfgLk|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ubf{ jf k|bfg ul/;lsPsf]/fxbfgL vf]:bf jf /2 ubf{ ;f] lg0f{oaf6 k|efljtx'g] JolQmn] To;sf] sf/0f s] /x]5 egL hfGg jfa'em\g gkfpg] xf] eg] p;n] cfkm\gf] sdhf]/Lsfaf/]df klg hfgsf/L gkfpg] cj:yf pTkGg e}To:tf] sdhf]/L ;RRofpg] cj;/af6 ;d]t pmal~rt x'G5 . o;af6 JolQmn] cfkm\gf] sdhf]/Lklxrfg ug]{, To;sf cfwf/df cfkm\gf] sdhf]/Lx6fpg] jf ;'wf/ ug]{ h:tf] dxTjk"0f{ k|lqmofdf;d]t k"0f{la/fd nfUg hfG5 .

%= /fxbfgL k|bfg ug{ OGsf/ ug]{ jfk|bfg ul/Psf] /fxbfgL lvRg] jf /2 ug]{ lqmofn]To;af6 c;/ kg]{ JolQmnfO{ :jefjtM uDeL/kl/0ffd / k|efj lbG5 . To;}n] To;nfO{ ;fdfGok|zf;lgs lg0f{osf kdf dfq lnO{ To;sf]cfwf/ / sf/0f g} lbg' gkg]{ u/L ;DalGwtclwsf/LnfO{ lg/k]If clwsf/ ;'Dkg] xf] eg]To;n] hf] s;}nfO{ cGofosf] lzsf/ agfpg;S5 . slxF st} hjfkm lbg' gkg]{ / s;}nfO{sf/0f atfpg' gkg]{ vfnsf] :jR5Gb clwsf/k|bfg ubf{ To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ JolQmdflg/+s'ztf c'/fpg ;S5 . To:tf] ;Defjgfsf]

cGTo ug{sf nflu klg s'g} lg0f{o ubf{ To;sf]cfwf/ / sf/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ / ;f] lg0f{oaf6 c;/kg]{ JolQmnfO{ To;sf] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ dfGotfa;flnPsf] xf] . cfwf/ sf/0f lagfsf] lg0f{o:j]R5frf/L x'g hfG5 . s'g} klg lg0f{odf:j]R5frfl/tf g/xf];\ / To:tf] lg0f{oaf6 c;/kg]{ JolQmnfO{ lg0f{odf cjnDjg ul/Psf] cfwf/,sf/0f / cf}lrTo af/] hfgsf/L ldnf];\ eGg]p2]Zon] g} ;+ljwfgdf klg Gofo;DaGwL xsleqk|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfkm" lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf]hfgsf/L kfpg] xs k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . s'g}cfwf/ / sf/0f lagf s;}sf lj?4 lg0f{o ug{ldN5 eGg] cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] Tof] k|fs[lts Gofosf]l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'G5 / To;f] ug'{ ljlwsf]zf;g / ;Eo ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/e"td"No dfGotfsf] ;d]t k|lts"n x'g hfG5 .sf/0f;lxtsf] lg0f{o -Reasoned Decision_ ug'{kg]{eGg] s'/f s'g} klg sfg"g jf ;+ljwfgf/f elg/xg'kg]{ ljifo g} xf]Og, of] t ljlwsf] zf;gleqcGt/\lgxLt x'g] cfwf/e"t k|lqmof g} xf] .

^= /fHo ;+oGqleqsf s'g} klg lgsfojf clwsf/Laf6 x'g] lg0f{o hlxn] klg Gofof]lrt\x'g'k5{ / Gofof]lrt\ b]lvg' klg k5{ . olb ;f]lg0f{odf s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f vf]lnPg / To;sf]hfgsf/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lbOPg eg] To:tf]lg0f{o Gofo;Ddt\ 5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nofgug{ ;lsg] cj:yf g} /xFb}g . k|:t't lgj]bgdfp7fOPsf] ljifo /fHon] uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ ljifoleqklg kb}{g . To;}n] o:tf] ljifodf sf/0f g} v'nfpg'gkg]{ egL To;sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt kIfn]gkfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug'{ hfoh, ts{;+ut,ljj]sk/s / Gofof]lrt\ x'g ;Sb}g . d'n'ssf]


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;fj{hlgs Joj:yf -Public order_ sf] a[xQ/ lxt;+/If0fsf nflu sltko cj:yfdf /fxbfgL hf/Lug{ OGsf/ ug'{kgf{sf] sf/0f v'nfpg' k|To'Tkfbsx'g;Sg] x'Fbf sf/0f gv'nfOsg klg /fxbfgLhf/L gug{ jf hf/L ePsf] /fxbfgL lvRg ;Sg]u/L sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsfn] To:tf] lg0f{odfcfwf/ sf/0f v'nfpg' kb} {g eGg] lnlvthjfkmstf{sf] lhsL/nfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] To;n]lg0f{ostf{nfO{ :j]R5frf/L agfpF5 / lg/+s'zaGg k|]l/t ub{5 . o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotflbFbf /fxbfgL lbg] glbg] jf To;sf] k|of]u ug{lbg] glbg] eGg] s'/f ;Dk"0f{tM ;DalGwt clwsf/Lsf]thljh jf :j]R5fdf lge{/ x'g hfG5 . To:tf]cj:yfdf sfg"g, Gofo / Gofosf ;j{dfGol;4fGtx ;a} lgik|efjL x'g hfG5g\ . lg0f{odfcfwf/ sf/0f v'nfpFbf / To;sf] af/]df ;DalGwtJolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFbf To;n] lnlvthjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPh:tf] /fxbfgL hf/L ug{OGsf/ ug'{kgf{sf] sf/0f v'nfpg' k|To'Tkfbs x'g;Sg]cj:yf pTkGg x'Fb}g, a? To;n] t lg0f{osf]cflwsfl/stf :yflkt u/L lg0f{onfO{ j}wtf k|bfgub{5 .

&= To;}u/L lnlvt hjfkmdf xfn;DdTo;/L /fxbfgL lbg OGsf/ ul/Psf] jf lbO;s]sf]/fxbfgL lvRg] jf /2 ug]{ sfo{ xfn;Dd gul/Psf]x'Fbf l/6 hf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g eGg] klglhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . s'g} klg sfg"gn] u/]sf]Joj:yf k|of]u gx'Fbf;Dd To; sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstfk/LIf0f ug{ gldNg] eGg] x'Fb}g . sfg"g cl:tTjdf/x];Dd Tof] nfu" /x]sf] dfGg' kg]{ eO{ To;sf]Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ n] ;+ljwfgf/f

k|bQ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt jGb]h nufOPsf]n]jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;FuaflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f] sfg"gdf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn];jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f]cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPdf;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lvcdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 egL s'g} klg sfg"gsf]Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{RrcbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] k|fjwfgn]jxfndf /x]sf s'g} sfg"gdf /x]sf] Joj:yf k|of]udfcfP gcfPsf] eGg] x]l/g] ge} ;f] sfg"g;+ljwfgcg's"n 5 5}g eGg] dfq x]l/g] x'Fbf ;f]lhsL/;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . Goflosk'g/fnf]sg ug]{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/sf];|f]tsf kdf pQm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] To:tfljifodf lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of k|To]s g]kfnLgful/sdf lgxLt u/fPsf] x'Fbf ljjflbt sfg"gLJoj:yfn] lgj]bsnfO{ c;/ k/] gk/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf]d"Nofg ug'{kg]{ jf ;f] ;DaGwdf yk ljj]rgfx'g'kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpFb}g .

*= To;}n] ljlwsf] zf;g, hjfkmb]xL,pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ k|zf;g / Gofo;DaGwLcfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] /fxbfgLP]gsf] bkmf $ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf] v08-!_ / -@_ df /x]sf] Joj:yfdWo] sf/0f gb]vfO{s'g} JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL lbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg]/ hf/L e};s]sf] /fxbfgLnfO{ sf/0f gb]vfO{ lvRgjf /2 ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ cg's"nsf]dfGg ldNg] b]lvPg .

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*(@^ *(@^ *(@^ *(@^ *(@^ OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn ;d]t lj=/fi6kltsf] sfof{no ;d]t

(= ca, lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] /fxbfgLP]gsf] bkmf $ sf] :ki6Ls/0f v08sf] v08 -!_ /-@_ sf] Joj:yf ab/ x'g'kg{] xf] jf xf]Og < eGg]k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdful/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 /fxbfgL P]g, @)@$ sf]bkmf $ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf] v08 -!_ /-@_ df /x]sf] Joj:yfdWo] sf/0f gb]vfO{ s'g}JolQmnfO{ /fxbfgL lbg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] / hf/Le};s]sf] /fxbfgLnfO{ lvRg jf /2 ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gLJoj:yf ljlwsf] zf;g / Gofosf dfGol;4fGt;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] / pQm Joj:yfn];DalGwt clwsf/Lsf] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ k|>o lbg]e} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;d]tsf]k|lts"n b]lvPsf] x'Fbf To:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{sfod /fVg' Gofof]lrt\ b]lvPg . t/ plNnlvtbkmf $ sf] v08 -!_ / -@_ df /x]sf] k"/} k|fjwfgnfO{cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ubf{ To;n] l;h{gf ug{;Sg]sfg"gL l/Qmtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL pQmv08 -!_ / -@_ df /x]sf zAbxdWo] jf gb]vfO{eGg] zAbx;Dd cfh}sf ldltb]lv cdfGo /ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfLxsf] hfgsf/Lsf]nflu of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]sfof{nodf k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" .pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=tkaxfb'/ du/Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} $ ut] /f]h % z'ed\Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+=*(@^ lg0f{o g+=*(@^ lg0f{o g+=*(@^ lg0f{o g+=*(@^ lg0f{o g+=*(@^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/

dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf

d'2f g+= @)^^WF)))*cfb]z ldltM @)^&.^.!$.%

ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bsM nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @l:yt OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn ;d]tsftkm{af6 sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs clwjQmf>Ls[i0f ;'j]bL ;d]t

la?ljkIfLM /fi6klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj, /fi6kltsf]

sfof{no ;d]t

s'g} ljjfb ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf]xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof]ljjfb ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] jf s'g}hg;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu;DalGwt 5 jf s'g} vf; JolQm jfJolQmxsf] xs jf ;/f]sf/;Fu dfq};DalGwt 5 eGg] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=#_ /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf s'g} lg0f{o jf

sfdsf/jfxL ubf{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn]lglZrt\ ul/lbPsf ] ;Ldf/ ]vfnfO{cltqmd0f ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=&_&&&&&


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/fi6 k|d'vnfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdfljjfbdf Nofpg gx 'g ] , p;sfsfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zgp7fpg gx'g] eGg] ;fdfGo dfGotf xf] .t/ of] ;bf lg/k]If dfGotf xf] egLlgisif{df k'Ug g;lsg] .

;+ljwfgn] pGd'lQm k|bfg gu/]sf]ljifonfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]kl/lweGbf aflx/ /fVg] u/L cbftn:jo+n] afx]s ubf{ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf/ ;Lldt sfo{sfl/0fL;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdfcfFr cfpg'sf] ;fy} Goflos :jtGqtf /;Ifdtfdf ;d]t k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=(_ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ eg]sf]

Gofokflnsfsf] cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/ xf] .Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ lagf;+ljwfgjfb, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;Lldt;/sf/, zlQmk[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f Pj+;Gt'ngsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx hLjGtaGg g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/

ul/Psf lg0f{o jf sfdsf/jfxLxsf];+j}wflgs / sfg"gL cfwf/ vf]Hg gkg]{jf To:tf] lg0f{o jf sfo{sf] Goflos k/LIf0fx'g gkg]{ eGg] cfefif lbg] u/L ul/Psf]ts{nfO{ hfoh dfGg g;lsg] .

lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'n'sdf ;+ljwfgd"n sfg"g dflgG5 . s'g} klg dfGol;4fGtnfO{ d"n sfg"gsf kdf /x]sf]

;+ljwfgeGbf dflyNnf] :yfg lbP/ To;sf]cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{ g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!@_ hl6n, c;xh Pj+ c;fwf/0f cj:yf /

;+ljwfgsf] ;fdfGo Joj:yf lqmofzLnx'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq cfjZostfsf]l;4fGtcGtu{t sbd rfNg ;lsg] x'G5 .To;/L sbd rflnPsf] cj:yfdf klgcbfntn] To;sf] j}wflgstf k/LIf0fub {5, To:tf ] sfo {nfO { Gof losk'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /flvggx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!#_ cGtl/d k|s[ltsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ lg0ff{os

x}l;otsf] lg0f{o jf lqmofsf] ;+1f lbggldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=@^_ ;fljssf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] sf/0faf6

;d:of pTkGg ePsf]df ;f] sfg"gdf;d]t ;+zf]wg e} :ki6, jf]wuDo /lljwf/xLt sfg"gL Joj:yf e};s]sf]x'Fbf tL l;4fGtx k'gM cfslif{t x'gg;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=@(_ ;dofg's"n x'g ;Sg] kl/jt{gsf]

;fk]Iftfdf ljjfbsf] 6'f] nufpg' kg]{ljifonfO{ klxn] g} cg'dfgsf] e/df 6'f]nufpg gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=#)_

lgj]bsxsf tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfx >Ls[i0f;'j]bL, /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/L, lbgdl0f

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kf]v/]n, /fds[i0f sfn], t'n;L e,w|'jk|;fb rf}nfufO{, /ljGb| e/fO{, /ljg;'j]bL, af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{, o'j/fh ;+u|f}nf,/d0fs'df/ >]i7, ;ltzs[i0f v/]n

k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmfk ' ik/fh sf ]O/fnf , ljfg;xGofoflwjQmfx ls/0f kf}8]n, o'j/fh;'j]bL, ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfx o1d"lt{a~hf8], dxfb]j ofbj, xl/x/ bfxfn,ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{, ljZjsfGt d}gfnL,>Lxl/ cof{n, ljfg clwjQmfx k"0f{dfgzfSo, /fds[i0f lg/fnf, 8f=ledfh'{gcfrfo{, pk]Gb|s]z/L g]pkfg], z]/axfb'/s]=;L=, 6Lsf/fd e/fO{,?b| zdf{, ;'/]Gb|dxtf], k/z'/fd sf]O/fnf, rGb|sfGt1jfnL, dfwjs'df/ a:g]t, jfns[i0fg]pkfg], ;'zLn kGt

cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^@, lg=g+=&$(@, c @, k[= !$) g]sfk @)%), lg=g+=$^(*, c !, k[= %( g]sfk @)%%, lg=g+=^^@$, c !!, k[i7 ^@#

g]sfk @)%!, lg=g+=$()%, c %, k[i7 #!$

;Da4 sfg"gM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf]

lgod #-!_-s_-3_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

wf/f #^s, -@_, #&-!_, -@_, %!, %@,^!s, *&, **, !)#, !!(, !@@,!@%, !@*, !#!, !$#, !$$, !%),!%!, !%@ / !%*

;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-#_, *-#_

cfb]zGof=tkaxfb'/ du/M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -@_ adf]lhdo; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'Fbf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sfdfggLo GofofwLzaLr dt}So x'g g;sL ;jf]{Rrcbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf]pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKttYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

b]z zflGt k|lqmofsf] dfu{df /x]sf]cfhsf ] g ]k fnsf ] ;Gbe {df ;xdltsf ]/fhgLltdfkm{t\ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF g]kfnsf];+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L bLuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug'{cfhsf] d"n cfjZostf xf] . o; aLrdf ldlt@)^^.!.& df k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 csf{k|ToyL{ tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ hglgjf{lrt;/sf/sf ] cfb ]z gdfg ]sf ] / gful/s;jf]{RrtfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] egL :ki6Ls/0f;f]lwPsf]df ;f]pk/ lghaf6 k]z u/]sf]:ki6Ls/0f lrQ a'bf] gePsf] egL @)^^.!.@)df lghnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-#_adf]lhd k|wfg ;]gfkltaf6 x6fO{ ;f]xL P]gsf]bk m f *-#_ adf ] lhd sfod d 'sfodk|wfg;]gfkltdf bf];|f] kbqmdsf] jl/i7 clws[t/yL anflws[t s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfodd'sfod k|wfg;]gfklt lgo'Qm u/]sf]df k|ToyL{/fi6kltn]] ;f] sfg"gL / ;+j}wflgs lgo'QmLnfO{r'gf}tL lbFb} ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] ;Lldt e"ldsfaf6cfkm"nfO{ dfly /fvL ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf, dd{ /cfzoljk/Lt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#


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sf] wf/f #& tyf wf/f !$$-@_, !$$-%_ sf]dd{ / efjgfljk/Lt sfo{sf/L clwsf/ ;DkGgg]kfn ;/sf/n] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf!!-#_ tyf bkmf *-#_ adf]lhd k|wfg;]gfkltx6fpg] / sfod d'sfod lgo'QmL ug]{ u/Lu/]sf] ;+j}wflgs sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tL lbFb} ;/sf/n]jvf{:t u/]sf ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ @)^^.)!.@)ut] ;+ljwfgsf] /Ifs / kfns ePsf] axfgfdfk|ToyL{ k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfdfoyfjt\kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdflg/Gt/tf lbg'x'g egL lgb]{zg ug'{ ePsf] s'/f;f]xL @! ut]sf] sflGtk'/ b}lgs, uf]/vfkqb}lgs nufotsf klqsfdf ;dfrf/ k|sflzte} ;fj{hlgs kdf yfxf x'g cfof] . dxfdlxd/fi6kltaf6 eP u/]sf] pQm sfo{ g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhdab/of]Uo ePsf] s'/f b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ub{5f}+M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfndf Pshgf/fi6klt /xg], ;f]xL pkwf/f -@_ df /fi6klt/fi6fWoIf x'g] / ;f]xL x}l;otdf o; ;+ljwfg /k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd lghn] cfgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgug]{ tyf pkwf/f -#_ df /fi6kltn] ;+ljwfgsf];+/If0f / kfngf ug'{kg]{] k|d'v st{Jo lgwf{/0ful/lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L wf/f #& sf] pkwf/f-!_ / -@_ n] g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] / zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;~rfng/ lgoGq0f ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg]:ki6 u/]sf] 5 . wf/f $$ n] ;d]t ;f] s'/fnfO{yk :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf]pkwf/f -@_ df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf]lgo'QmL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf /fi6kltn]

ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ dfg]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkgsfg"gadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf/fi6kltn] ug]{5 elgPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL pkwf/f-%_ df g]kfnL ;]gf;DaGwL cGo s'/fx sfg"gdfJoj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g] pNn]v 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& n] g]kfnsf]sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] /g]kfnsf] zf;gJoj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg,lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\df/xg] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . /fi6kltaf6 ldlt@)^^.!.@) df k|]lift kq / sfo{ pk/f]Qm;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgljk/Lt 5g\ . ;}lgs P]g,@)^# sf] bkmf *-!_ df k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmLg]kfn ;/sf/af6 x'g] / bHof{gL lrGx ;d]tk|wfgdGqLaf6 k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . bkmf*-#_ df ljbfdf a;]sf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn]k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kb l/Qm x'g cfPsf] cj:yfdfg]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jl/i7clws[tn] sfod d'sfod eO{ k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] 5 eGg] :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf5 . ;f]xL P]gadf]lhd ;/sf/n] ljkIfLnfO{k|wfg;]gfkltaf6 x6fO{ bkmf *-#_ adf]lhds 'naxfb '/ v8 \sfnfO { sfod d 'sfodk|wfg;]gfkltdf lgo'Qm u/]sf]df ;/sf/sf];+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhdsf] ;f] sfo{nfO{ r'gf}tLlbFb} sfg"gadf]lhd ;/sf/n] k|wfg;]gfkltaf6x6fO{ ;s]sf ljkIfLnfO{ oyfjt\\ k|wfg;]gfkltkbdf ydf}tL ug]{ /fi6kltsf] ;f] sfo{n];+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfb]lv ljleGg wf/fdf /x]sf];+j}wflgs Joj:yf / ltgsf] efjgfsf] pNn+3gePsf] :ki6 5 . ;+ljwfgdf :jljj]sdf ug{

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kfpg] u/L /fi6kltsf s'g} clwsf/ /flvPsf5}gg\ . t/ /fi6kltn] ljkIfL k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{k7fpg'ePsf] kqdf ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/df :yflkt/ lg/f]lkt u/]sf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lghL kdfk|of]u ePsf] c;+j}wflgs x'Fbf pQm sfo{ ;+ljwfg/ sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] ljk/Lt 5 .

/fi6kltn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] k|fjwfg ljk/Ltsfd ug'{ ePsf] / cGo ljkIfLn] ;+ljwfg /sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfo{ gu/]sf] ug{ g;s]sf]/ ug{ grfx]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k|:t't lgj]bg u/]sf5f} + . ljkIfLxaf6 eP u/]sf plNnlvtu}/;+j}wflgs sfo{af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgljk/Lt x'g] u/L g]kfndf k|wfg;]gfkltsf]Ps kbdf @ hgf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] axfnL ePsf]/ o:tf] c;+j}wflgs sfo{af6 /fi6 / g]kfnLhgtfnfO{ kg]{ c;/nfO{ dWogh/ u/L o;;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] uDeL/ ljifonfO{ cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] kdf o;;DdfgLt cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of ;d]txfdL lgj]bsxdf /x] ePsf]n] of] lgj]bg u/]sf5f}+ . ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#,;}lgs P]g, @)^# ;d]t ljk/Lt /fi6kltaf6;/sf/n ] kbaf6 x6fPsf JolQmnfO {k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbdf ydf}tL ug]{ c;+j}wflgssfo{nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0f k/dfb]znufothf] rflxg] cf1f, cfb]z, k"hL{ hf/L u/L ab/ul/kfpFm .

/fi6kltaf6 ePsf] pQm sfo{ tTsfng/f]Sg] xf] eg] o;n] ;/sf/ / /fi6fWoIfsf] sfd,

st{Jo / clwsf/df lljwf pTkGg x'g], tf]lsPsf];dodf ;+ljwfg gaGg] / rfn' zflGt k|lqmofnfO{cj?4 kf/L uDeL/ b'3{6gf x'g ;Sg] k|jn;Defjgf ePsf] / To;f] x'Fbf d'n's csf]{ o'4sf]df/df km:g] ePsf]n] /fi6kltaf6 u}/;+j}wflgs/ u}/sfg"gL kdf ldlt @)^^.)!.@) dftTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{;Daf]wg u/L k7fOPsf] kqsf] sfof{Gjog gug'{gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]zhf/L ul/kfpFm .

;fy} k|:t't ljifo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]uDeL/ ljifo e} ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofsf] ;d]tcj:yf ePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,@)$( sf] lgod #* adf]lhd cu|flwsf/ k|bfgu/L 6'f] nufO{ kfpFm .

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf/fi6klt ;d]t ljkIfL e} btf{ ePsf] pTk]|if0fsf]lgj]bgsf] lj?4 v08df plNnlvt ljkIfLxsf]qmd k|s/0f ! df tf]lsPsf]df k|s/0f g+= $ sf]klxnf] x/km, !# x/km, k|s/0f %-u_ sf] afx|f}+x/kmdf ljkIfL g+= $ nfO{ ljkIfL g+= # egL;Daf]wg x'g uPsf]n] pQm :yfgdf plNnlvtljkIfL g+= # nfO{ $ dfgL ;RofO{ kfpg ;jf]{Rrcbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod @( adf]lhdlgj]bg u/]sf] 5' . ;f] adf]lhd ;+zf]wg ul/kfpmFeGg] lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf],of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !) lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egLof] cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvLljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg' . ;fy} cGtl/d


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cfb]z dfu u/]sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ d'2fsf]ljifoj:t' x]bf{ sfo{sfl/0fL tyf /fi6kltsf]sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/;DaGwL cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] ljleGg wf/fxsf] JofVof ug'{kg]{ljifo b]lvPsf] x'Fbf k"0f{ ;'g'jfOsf] a]nfdf g}af]Ng'kg]{ b]lvPsfn] xfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/Lug'{ k/]g . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] ljifoj:t' rfF8f]6'f] nfUg'kg{] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ljkIfL agfOPsf;a} lgsfoaf6 lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug'{eGg] ldlt @)^^.!.@@ sf] cfb]z .

g ] k fn ;/sf/nfO { pk ] I f f u/ Lk|wfg;]gfkltaf6 / k|wfg;]gfkltsf] k|ToIflgb]{zgdf hL cfaf6 ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf bkmf !) sf]pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|lts"n x'g] sfd ePsf]n]tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfklt dxf/yL >L ?Sdfbs6'jfnnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt@)^^.!.^ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;}lgs P]g, @)^#sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ sf] k|of]hgsf]nflu ljleGg tLgj6f ljifodf ;kmfOsf] df}sflbO{ tf]lsPsf] ;doleq g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf;kmfO k]z ug{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]sfof{nosf] k=;+=d+=k=j}= @)^^, r=g+=!%, ldlt@)^^.!.^ sf] kqaf6 >L ?Sdfb s6'jfn,k |w fg; ]gfk lt, g ]k fnL ; ]gfnfO { n ]vLk7fOPsf]df k|wfg ;]gfklt dxf/yL >L ?Sdfbs6'jfnn] g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf ldlt @)^^.!.*df k]z ug'{ ePsf] ;kmfOsf] ;DaGwdf ldlt@)^^.!.@) df a;]sf ] g ]kfn ;/sf/,dlGqkl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] lgDg ljifodf lg0f{ou/]sf] xf]M

g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.^sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k|wfg;]gfklt dxf/yL >L?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ ljleGg tLgj6f ljifodf;kmfO k]z ug{ lgb]{zg lbOPsf]df lghn]ldlt @)^^.!.* df k]z u/]sf] ;kmfO;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf]n] lghnfO{ ;}lgs P]g,@)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdg]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbaf6 cfhs}ldltaf6 nfu" x'g] u/L cjsfz lbg] .

g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfklt >L ?Sdfbs6'jfnnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|wfg;]gfklt kbaf6cfh}sf ldltdf cjsfz lbOPsfn] l/Qm x'gcfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfklt kbdfcsf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu ;}lgs P]g,@)^# sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdg]kfnL ;]gfsf jl/i7 clws[t, /yL >Ls'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod d'sfodk|wfg;]gfkltsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] u/L tf]Sg]] .

k|s/0f ! / @ df plNnlvt ljifodf;DdfggLo /fi6kltnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf]plNnlvt lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] nflu k|wfgdGqLtyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] qmdzM r=g+=&@, ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] kqaf6 k|wfg;]gfklt>L ?Sdfb s6'jfn tyf /yL >L s'naxfb'/v8\sfnfO{ n]vL uPsf] . ;fy} ;f] lg0f{o adf]lhdsf]hfgsf/L ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"nfO{ u/fpg r=g+=&$ ldlt @)^^.!.@) df kqfrf/ ul/Psf] .

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o;}aLr ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 g]kfn;/sf/n] cjsfz lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf g]kfnL;]gfsf dxf/yL >L ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ jt{dfgcj:yfdf oyfjt\ kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf]x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'g egL ;f]xL /ftlgb]{zg lbPsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf]ldlt @)^^.!.@! df a;]sf] a}7sn] b]xfoadf]lhdlg0f{o u/]sf]M

;DdfggLo /fi6klt 8f=/fdj/0fofbjaf6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] dWo/ftdf g]kfnL;]gfsf cjsfz k|fKt k"j{ k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfbs6'jfnsf] gfddf lbOPsf] cfb]z g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^#ljk/Lt ePsf] / To:tf] cfb]z hf/L ug{;DdfggLo /fi6kltnfO{ s'g} klg ;+j}wflgs tyfsfg"gL clwsf/ gePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/ pQmcfb]znfO{ u}/;+j}wflgs / nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfljk/Lt ePsf] 7x/ ub{5 . ;fy}, pQmcfb]znfO{ cljnDa lkmtf{ lng ;DdfggLo/fi6klt ;dIf cg'/f]w;fy kqfrf/ ug{] lg0f{oub{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@! sf]plNnlvt lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g ;DdfggLo/fi6kltHo" ;dIf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]sfof{nosf] r=g+= && ldlt @)^^.!.@! sf] kqaf6kqfrf/ ;d]t e};s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf k|:t't dfdnfdfg]kfn ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f :ki6 g} 5 . g]kfn;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^^.!.@) /@)^^.!.@! df ePsf lg0f{oxsf] k|lts"n x'g]u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\af6 yk s'g}lg0f {o ePsf] 5}g . ctM g]kfn ;/sf/,dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] plNnlvt

lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgsP]g, @)^# cg's"n g} ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/,dlGqkl/ifb\sf] gfddf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cfb]zhf/L x'g' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g eGg] ;d]t g]kfn;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 sf/0f b]vfp cfb]zhf/L x'Fbf lgj]bsn] ls6fgL;fy ljkIfL agfOg'ePsf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"sf gfddf ;DejtM;+j}wflgs k/Dk/f, k|rng Pj+ cGt/f{li6o ;lGw-Conventions_ ;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf sf/0f b]vfpcfb]z hf/L ug'{ pko'Qm g;DemL lghaf6 ;f]em}lnlvt hjfkm dfu gul/Psf] cg'dfg ug'{kg]{x'G5 . cGo ljkIfLxaf6 dfq lnlvt hjfkmdufpg] cfb]z eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't l/6lgj]bgsf] cf}lrTo :jtM ;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 .

o; sfof{noaf6 s] s:tf] c;+j}wflgsPj+ u}/sfg"gL sfdsf/jfxL x'g uPsf] xf] eGg]s'/f lgj]bgdf st} pNn]v;Dd klg ug{ ;Sg'ePsf]b]lvFb}g . o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfLsf] kdf k|:t'tu/L sf/0f, cfwf/ b]vfO{ lgj]bs :jo+n] ljkIfLg} agfpg g;s]sf] jf agfpg cfjZos gb]v]sf]cj:yfdf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] s'g} ;Gbe{ Pj+;/f]sf/ x'g g;Sg] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub}{ :jo+lgj]bsn] kIf sfod gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 g} o;sfof{nosf] xsdf ;d]t s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g]cj:yf 5}g .

l/6 lgj ]bsxn] d "ntM OGx '/ ]8OG6/g]zgn ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 lgj]bg bfo/ug'{ePsf] tYo :jLsf/ ub}{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] kdfk|:t't lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of /x]sf] eGg] bfaL


17401740174017401740

lhsL/ lng'ePsf] k|Zg k|f/DetM g} cg'lrt Pj+cfwf/xLg b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] wf/f !$$ Pj+ wf/f !^$, ;}lgs P]gPj+ ;}lgs lgodfjnL, @)@) ;d]t cGtu{taxfn /x]sf k|wfg;]gfklt ;d]tsf] kbflwsf/;DaGwL ljifodf /fi6fWoIf -/fi6klt_ sf] txaf6eP u/]sf lg0f{olgb]{zgsf ;DaGwdf pTk|]if0fk/dfb]z nufotsf cfb]zaf6 dfq k|:t'tljjfbsf] ;+j}wflgstf Pj+ sfg"gL j}wtfsf] Goflosk/LIf0fk'g/fjnf]sg ;j{dfGo ;+j}wflgsljlwzf:qaf6 ;d]t ;Dej gx'g] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w5 . t;y{ ;+j}wflgs, ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf, k|rngPj+ l;4fGtn] ;d]t pTk|]if0fk/dfb]zsf] kl/lwaflx/sf] dfubfaL x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg u|x0fof]Uo5}g .

ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] ofS;k|ltlnlk Pj+ ;fj{hlgs kq klqsfdf 5flkPsf];dfrf/sf s'/fxnfO{ g} Ps dfq cfwf/ agfO{k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] xsb}of cGtu{to; ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfpg] lgj]bsn] cfkm"n]p7fPsf jf cbfntdf k|j]z u/fPsf] ljjfbsf];DaGwdf k'li6 Pj+ k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ sf/0f, cfwf/Pj+ tYo tyf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljifoj:t'l;t cy{k"0f{ ;DaGwgePsf] / tT;DaGwL k"j{ zt{x lghxn] k"/fu/]sf] Pj+ To:tf] cfwf/sf] ljBdfgtf /x]sf] eGg]b]lvFb}g .

/fHosf] s'g} cGo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ljf JolQmsf] lgo'QmL jf cjsfzsf ;DaGwdf/fHosf] pRrtd\ kbflwsf/Lsf] txaf6 ePsf]

sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ pTk|]if0fk/dfb]zsf]cfb]zsf] dfWodaf6 r'gf}tL lbg jf ljjfbdfNofpg ldNb}g . k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ JolQmnfO{;/f]sf/ geO{ cGo a];/f]sf/jfnf JolQmn] cfgf]xs clwsf/sf] ;d]t k|ToIf jf k/f]If c;/k/]sf] sf/0f g} gb]vfO{ lbPsf] lgj]bgkq cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] k|fjwfgcfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f #^s cGtu{t ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6d'n'ssf] /fi6fWoIfsf] x}l;otn] ;+ljwfg / k|rlntsfg"gadf]lhd cfgf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf;f]xL cg'k cfgf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L Pj+st{Josf] lgjf{x eO{ cfPsf] Joxf]/f ljgd| cg'/f]wub}{ ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^6 adf]lhd o;sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6;Dkfbg x'g] sfdsf/jfxLdf ;xhstf{ Pj+;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf;Dd lgjf{x ug]{ afx]s o;sfof{nosf] cGo s'g} lg0ff{os e"ldsf g/xg] /k|:t't ljjfbsf] ;Gbe{df klg g/x]sf] x'Fbf o;sfof{nosf] gfddf lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd s'g}cfb]z hf/L x'g] k|of]hg ;d]t b]lvFb}g .

nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf /fi6kltPj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqLsf aLrdfdlGqkl/ifb\ Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;Dkfbgx'g] /fHo ;~rfng;DaGwL Jofks ljifosfsfdsf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf y'k| }cf}krfl/scgf}krfl/s k|lqmofsf] dfWodaf6sfo{;Dkfbg x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{dfqmdzM ;+j}wflgs k/Dk/fx :yflkt x'Fb} a:b}uPsf] cj:yfdf ljjflbt ljifosf] lg0f{o x'g'cl3lgoldt Pj+ k6s k6s lghxsf aLrdf

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e]63f6, 5nkmn eO{ ;f]sf] ljj/0f ;d]t o;sfof{nodfkm{t\ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIfk7fOPsf] Joxf]/f ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5' . l/6lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.!.@) sf]kq k7fpg'eGbf klxn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6k|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnnfO{ cjsfz lbg]tyf /yL s'naxfb'/ v8\sfnfO{ sfod d'sfodk|wfg;]gfkltsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] u/L tf]Sg] egLePsf] lg0f{o cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] rf}yf] /kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgcg';f/ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfO{;+zf]wg gu/L ul/g] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ou}/;+j}wflgs tyf /fi6sf] lxtljk/Lt x'g] s'/fg]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf] {Rr k/dflwklt ;d]t/xg'ePsf] ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 ldlt@)^^.!.&, @)^^.!.(, @)^^.!.!# ;d]tsf]5nkmnaf6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"nfO{ cjutu/fO;s]sf] Pj+ ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo";Fu k/fdz{u/]/ dfq o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg /fli6olxtcg's"n x'g] u/L ;/sf/n] lg0f{o lng] egLljZjf; lbnfpg' ePsf] s'/fxsf] ;+:d/0f u/fpFb}lnlvtkqdfkm{t\ ;d]t Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg' ePsf]pNn]vgLo x'g cfpF5 .

;jf ] { Rr k/df lwklt / k |wfg;]gfkltaLrsf] ;DaGw / kqfrf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgn]lj:t[t kdf kl/eflift Pj+ lgoldt gu/]sf]l:yltdf tyf ;f] ;DaGw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;}lgsP]g, @)^# nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]rf}yf] / kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgcg'k ;+zf]wg gu/]sf]cj:yfdf clwsf/ afF8kmfF8, ;fd~h:otf /;Gt'ngsf] ;}4flGts l/QmtfnfO{ k"/f u/L a'g;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf] ljZjJofkL dfGotf, k|rng,l;4fGt Pj+ k/Dk/fsf] d2t lnFb} dgg ug'{ /

a'g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"n] ;+ljwfgsf];f/ / ljifoj:t'dfly s'g} lg0f{o gu/LdlGqkl/ifb\af6 ePsf k|lqmofTds q'l6nfO{;Rofpg, ;'wf/ ug{, ldnfpg lbPsf] ;Nnfxljrf/flwg /x]sf] cj:yfdf oyfl:ylt sfod/fVg] p2]Zon] lgb]{zg hf/L eO{ uPsf] Joxf]/fcg'/f]w ub{5' .

g ]kfn ;/sf/sf ] tkm {af6 ldlt@)^^.!.@) df ljjflbt cjsfz;DaGwL lg0f{ox'g'cl3 g} ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\df;lDdlnt cGo bnxn] cfgf] ;dy{g lkmtf{lnO;s]sf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf], dlGqkl/ifb\sf]a}7sdf tL bnsf dfggLo dGqLHo"xn] efu g}glnPsf] cj:yfdf zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] PskIf/x]sf] /fhgLlts bnsf] lg0f{olgb]{zgcg'kcNkdtdf k/]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] tkm{af6 pQmlg0f{o ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg;}lgs P]g;d]tsf] Joj:yfsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;d]t ljrf/0fLob]lvg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy},;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ clwsf+z bn;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ljifodf pko'Qm lg0f{olng k|d08n;lxt ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"nfO{e]6L lnlvt cg'/f]w ul/Psf] ;d]t ;du|/fhgLlts kl/l:ylt ;d]tsf] cWoog / d"NofgeO{ ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 lg0f{o lng'ePsf]xf] .

t;y{, k|:t't lg0f{o ljz'4 sfg"gL Pj+;+j}wflgs ljifo dfq ;dfj]z ePsf] geO{ b]zsf]/fli6o ;'/Iff, sfg"gL Pj+ zflGt;'Joj:yf, ;}lgs;+u7gsf] ;+j]bgzLntf, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfcflb ;d]t k|ToIfck|ToIf kdf ;dfj]z ePsf]ljifodf tTsfn ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6


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ckl/xfo{ lg0f{o lng'ePsf] pNn]vgLo x'g cfpF5 .o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#sf] wf/f #^s, !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ / !^% sf]pkwf/f -@_ sf k|fjwfgxsf] kl/k|]Iodf/fi6fWoIf ePsf] Pj+ ljz]if lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf]kl/k|]Iodf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"n] cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -!_,-@_ / -#_ tyf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf $ sf]pkbkmf -!_ sf] dd{ / efjgfcg'k /fi6sf]lxtdf cfgf] st{Jo k"/f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf / kl/l:yltcfOk/]sf] pNn]vgLo Pj+ ljrf/0fLo x'g] Joxf]/f;d]t cg'/f]w ub{5' . t;y{ plNnlvt sf/jfxLPj+ lg0f{o;DaGwL ljjfbsf] ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t ljz'4 Goflosk/LIf0fd"Nofg x'g' kg]{ cj:Yff 5}g .

nfdf] ;z:q GkZrft\ ;+qmd0fsfndfzflGt :yfkgf / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|d'v p2]Zo;d]t tf]sL hf/L eO{ nfu" /x]sf] g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cGtu{t ul7t cGtl/ddlGqkl/ifb\n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #* / $# adf]lhd;d]t /fhgLlts ;dy{g Pj+ ;xdlt h'6fpgg;sL cNkdtdf kl/;s]sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] ;DaGwdf ePsf]lg0f{osf] ;+j}wflgstf Pj+ sfg"gL kIf q'l6k"0f{Pj+ sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvPsf]n] ;DdfggLo/fi6kltHo"af6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIfcfjZos lgsf;sf] lg0f{o lng n]vL uP nuQ}kl5 k|wfg;]gfkltsf gfddf plNnlvt kqn]vL uPsf]n] sfof{Gjog e};s]sf] b]lvG5 .To;kl5sf] /fhgLlts 36gf ljsf;qmddf;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"n] ldlt @)^^.!.@!df cfgf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO{ gofF ;/sf/

u7gsf] k|lqmof k|f/De e};s]sf] / lgj]bssf]dfu adf]lhd cfb]z ;d]t hf/L geO{ ;f] kqsfof{Gjog e};s]sf] ;d]t cj:yf 5 . pko'{QmplNnlvt kl/l:yltdf lgj]bsxn] ljifoj:t'sf]uDeL/tf, hl6ntf Pj+ ;+j]bgzLntfsf] uxgcWoogd "Nofg gu/L Pj + ljjf lbt;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfnfO{ cgb]vf u/L/fhgLlts ljifosf] ljjfbnfO{ k|:t't u/L l/6lgj]bg lbg'ePsf] k|:t't ljifo Goflosk'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lw aflx/sf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

pko'{Qm sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs sf/0ftyf cfwf/ afx]s gjf]lbt u0ftGqfTds /fi6sf]/fi6klt -/fi6fWoIf_ Pj+ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL;d]t aLrsf] ;+j}wflgs, sfg"gL Pj+ /fhgLlts,cGt/lqmof Pj+ cGt;{DaGw, k|lqmofx Pj+clwsf/If ]q ljz '4 sfg "gL , ; +j }wf lgscf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] ljifo geO{/fhgLlts kIf ;d]t ;dflji6 x'g] x'G5 . o:tfsltko lg0f {o / ljifoxsf ;DaGwdfcgf}krfl/s kdf ;d]t 5nkmnk/fdz{ eO{dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o ug'{ cl3, lg0f{osf] bf}/fgdftyf lg0f{o eO;s]kZrft\ klg k'glj{rf/k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu /fi6fWoIfsf] txaf6 n]vLk7fpg], cg'/f]w ul/g], /fi6fWoIfsf] To:tf];'emfjk/fdz{ :jLsf/ ub}{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]nf]stflGqs ;+j}wflgs k/Dk/fsf] kdf cGod'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgs zf;g Joj:yfdf nfdf];dob]lv cEof; ePu/]sf] / ul/g] ljifo/lxcfPsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/0fLo x'g cfpF5 .u0ftGqfTds d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg Pj+ ;+j}wflgsk/Dk/fsf] ;fdfGo cWoog Pj+ cjnf]sgaf6klg plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs cEof;k/Dk/f,

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k|rng ;DaGwL nfdf] k/Dk/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 . oLljifoxdf ljz'4 sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs ts{sfcfwf/df dfq ljjfbsf] lgk0f x'g;Sg] ljifogePsf] Joxf]/f ;d]t ljgd| cg'/f]w ub}{ sfg"gL,;+j}wflgs sf/0f, cfwf/ Pj+ ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsfdfGo l;4fGt ;d]t ljk/Lt bfo/ ePsf] k|:t'tl/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 eGg] /fi6klt sfof{nosf]lnlvt hjfkm .

l/6 lgj]bgdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] g]kfnL;]gf, hL cf kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQm geO{ g]kfnL;]gfsf] d'Vofno xf] . lgj]bgdf plNnlvt k|s/0fk|s/0fxdf lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]adf]lhd g]kfnL;]gf, hL cfn] s'g} kb wf/0f ug]{, hLcfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} kbaf6 x6fpg],;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 hL cfnfO{ s'g}kbdf /xL /xg egL lgb]{zg x'g] tyf s'g} kbwf/0f ug]{ eGg] k|;+u g} /x+b}g . plNnlvt ;Gbe{dfg]kfnL ;]gf, hL cf, eb|sfnLnfO{ ;Daf]wgu/L hL cfsf ] gfddf ;DdfggLo/fi6kltHo"af6 s'g} kqfrf/ gul/Psf] cj:yfdfkq klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ / ;f] Joxf]/fsf]kqsf] k|ltlnlksf] xjfnf lbO{ ljifoj:t'sf];DaGwdf s'g} hfgsf/L g} geO{ ;f];Fu cy{k"0f{;DaGw g/x]sf l/6 lgj]bsxn] ;fj{hlgs;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;DdfgLt cbfntsf]c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t pkrf/ dfu ug{cfpFbf cfkm"n] p7fPsf ljjfbsf] ljifosf;DaGwdf k"/f ug'{kg]{ k"j{zt{x ;d]t k"/f gu/Lbfo/ u/]sf] k|:t't cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bgvf/]hefuL 5 .

g]kfnL ;]gf hL cf ;+ljwfg tyfsfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo geO{ kfngf ug]{

lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf] / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] kl/lwleq/xL ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] cIf/;M kfngf ub}{cfPsf ]df o; hL cfsf ] s ] s:tf ]sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] s] s'g k|fjwfg s]s;/L pNn+3g x'g uPsf] xf] / s] slt sf/0fn]o; hL cfnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' k/]sf] xf] eGg]v'nfpg g;sL ljkIfL g} agfpg' gkg]{ lgsfonfO{ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] cfwf/xLg l/6 lgj]bgvf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfnL ;]gfhL c8\8fsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f ! sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;FuaflemPsf] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]eO{ P]=sf] wf/f !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ePsf]Joj:yfn] of] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fbfsf avt sfod/x]sf sfg"gx vf/]h of ;+zf]wg geP;Ddsfod /xg] eP tfklg of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g] ePsf]n]g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# -ldlt@)^%.)@.!^ df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ ;FuaflemPsf] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf k|fjwfgxldlt @)^%.%.!^ af6 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtMcdfGo ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]bkmf *-!_, bkmf *-#_ / bkmf !!-#_ sf] Joj:yf;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -!_ sf] -!s_,-@_ / -#_ ;Fu aflemPsf] x'gfn] pQm bkmfxplNnlvt ldltaf6 :jtM vf/]h e};s]sf] dfGg'kg]{cj:yf o;} ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflktghL/ ;d]taf6 k'li6 x'g] Joxf]/f ljgd| cg'/f]wub{5' .


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g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]wf/f !^% sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ljifo jf k|;+un]csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; ;+ljwfgdf JoQm ePsfs'/fxsf] clwgdf /xL sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwLk|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"gsf] JofVofdfnfu" eP ;/x o; ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofdf klgnfu" x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf], ;+ljwfgdfk|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmLsf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yfeO{ cjsfz jf avf{;Lsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} Joj:yfgePsf] / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf]pkwf/f -#_ sf] Joj:yf plNnlvt cfwf/af6:jtM vf/]h eO{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf tT;DaGwdf sfg"gJofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] k|fjwfg cfslif{tx'g] eO{ sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf]bkmf !^ df /x]sf] s'g} g]kfn P]gn] s;}nfO{lgo'Qm ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf]df cs}{ clek|fogb]lvPdf ;f] avt lgo'QmL ug]{ clVtof/ kfPsfclwsf/Ln] cfkm"n] jf To:tf] clVtof/ kfPsf]c?n] lgo'QmL u/]sf] dflg;nfO{ ;:k]08 jf avf{:tug{ kfpF5 eGg] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df lgo'QmL ug]{clwsf/Lsf] kdf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo" /xg'ePsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbdf sfo{/t\ lnlvthjfkm k|:t'tstf{nfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg] clwsf/klg ;DdfggLo /fi6kltdf dfq /x]sf] :ki65 .

pko'{Qm ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfljk/Lt tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\ -g]kfn ;/sf/_af6 dnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfzlbg] clek|fo /fvL o; ;DdfgLt cbfntdfd'2f k/L ljrf/fwLg /x]sf ljifoxnfO{ cfwf/sf/0f b]vfO{ ldlt @)^^.)!.)^ ut] :ki6Ls/0f;f]lwPsf]df d}n] tf]lsPsf] ;doleq} ePsf]

;Dk"0f{ ;To ;fFrf] Joxf]/f;lxtsf] ;kmfO k]zul/;s]kl5 ;f]sf] Gofof]lrt\ kn] cWoogPj+ d"Nofg geO{ ldlt @)^^.)!.@) ut]sf]dlGqkl/ifb\sf ] a}7saf6 u}/;+j}wflgs /u}/sfg"gL kn] dnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6cjsfz lbg] lg0f {o u/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf ]sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^^.)!.@) sf] kqaf6 dnfO{cjsfz kq lbOPsf ]df g ]kfnL ;]gfsfk/dflwklt ;DdfggLo /fi6kltHo"af6 jt{dfgcj:yfdf oyfjt\\ kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf]x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' x'g egL lgb]{zgePcg';f/ oyfjt\\ kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf]sfo{ef/ ;DxfNb} g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLgcj:yfdf slQ klg ljrlnt geO{ /fi6sf];]jfdf ;dlk{t /lxcfPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub}{dnfO{ k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz lbg]u/L tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] ;+ljwfgtyf sfg"gk|lts"n lg0f{o cf/DetM cdfGo-ab-initio void_ /x]sf] x' Fbf ;+ljwfg tyfsfg"gk|lts"nsf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;f] lg0f{onfO{sfod /fVg] clek|fon] bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .

lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{ / d]/f] g]t[Tjdf/x]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf, hL cf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgtyf sfg"gf/f :yflkt ;f]xLadf]lhdsf] st{Jokfng ug]{ lgsfosf] kdf /x]sf] / d}n] g]kfnL;]gfsf] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otn] g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]kl/lwleq /xL ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gsf] cIf/;Mkfngf ub}{ u/fpFb} cfPsf]df d]/f] s] s:tf]sfdsf/jfxLaf6 ;+ljwfgsf] s] s'g k|fjwfgsf]s] s;/L pNn3+g x'g uPsf] xf] / s] slt

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sf/0fn] dnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' k/]sf] xf] eGg]v'nfpg g;sL, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg Pj+;}lgs P]g ;d]tn] Jojl:yt u/]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf]k|wfg;]gfkltsf] kb Pj+ xs ;DaGwL ;+j]bgzLnljifodf l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of k|fKt x'gg;Sg] sfg"gL JolQmsf] kdf btf{ ePsf] Ps;+ul7t ;+:yfaf6, ljkIfL g} agfpg' gkg]{ lnlvthjfkm k|:t'tstf{nfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf]k|:t't cfwf/xLg / xsb}ofljxLg l/6 lgj]bgvf/]hefuL ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] tTsfnLgk|wfg;]gfklt ?Sdfb s6'jfnsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgj]bs >Ls[i0f ;'j]bL ;d]t ljkIfL g]kfnL;]gf hL cf ;d]t ePsf] l/6 g+= )^%wo&)( sf] pTk|]if0f ljifodf /fi6kltsf] sfof{nosf]r=g+=@** ldlt @)^^.&.!% sf] kq;fy o;sfof{nodf k7fOPsf] ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf]dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk o;} ;fyk7fOPsf] 5 egL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf]r=g+=##%# ldlt @)^^.&.!^ sf] kq;fy lg0f{osf]k|ltlnlk o; cbfntdf k|fKt ePsf] .

;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+=&)( ;d]tsf]l/6 lgj]bg ;DaGwdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^^.&.!( sf] kqdfkm{t dfueO{ cfPsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt@)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk o;} ;fy ;+nUg/fvL k7fO{Psf] egL af]wfy{ tyf sfof{y{dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]ldlt @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ax; k}/jLtyf k|lt/Iff ug{ egL lbO{ o; cbfntdfk|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{noaf6 r=g+=(% ldlt @)^^.&.@) sf] kq;fy lg0f{osf]k|ltlnlk klg k|fKt ePsf] .

lgj]bsx /fds[i0f sfn] / ljb'/clwsf/Ln] o; cbfntaf6 tf ] lskfPsf ]@)^^.!).!# ut]sf] tfl/v u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvof] .

k|:t't ljjfbdf ;DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6;fljs kbdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' egL lgb]{zkq lbOPsftTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfkltn] g} cjsfz k|fKtul/;s]sf] nufotsf s]xL ljifoxsf] jt{dfgcj:yfdf ;fGble{stf /x]sf] gb]lvPklg lgj]bgbfjLsf] d"n ljifo cyf{t\ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s=adf]lhd /fi6kltnfO{ k|fKt ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f /kfng ug'{kg]{ st{Josf] k|of]u, sfo{If]q / To;sf];Ldf ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs JofVofsf]k|Zgsf] ;fGb{lestf ;dfKt e};s]sf] eGg ldNg]cj:yf 5}g . ;+qmd0fsfndf d'n'sdf ev{/};+:yfut x'g nfu]sf] u0ftGqsf] w/f]x/ jf k|ltssfkdf /xsf] /fi6ktLo ;+:yfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] kfng/ ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ k|d'v st{Jo ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgskdf p7fOPsf ljjfbxsf] ;+j}wflgs / Goflos;Daf]wgaf6 ;f] ;+:yfk|ltsf] hgljZjf; /cf:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpgdf d2t g} k'Ug hfg]eO{ k|f/lDes cj:yfdf /x]sf] u0ftGqfTds;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdn] :yfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ck]Ifflng' c:jfefljs x'Fb}g . ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdfs'g} ;+j}wflgs hl6ntf cfO{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf]zf;g Joj:yf sfod u/fO{ b]znfO{ ;+j}wflgsdfu{df cu|;/ u/fO/xg tyf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn]k|Tofe"t u/]sf k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqszf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lnsclwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/,cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]if :jtGqtf, :jtGqGofokf lnsf tyf sfg "gL /fHosf ]cjwf/0ffnufotsf nf]stflGqs d"No /


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dfGotfxnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu klg /fi6ktLo;+:yfsf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf cem :ki6 x'g cfjZosb]lvG5 . t;y{ k|:tt' lgj]bgdf ;lGgxLt /x]sf];+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf]/fi6kltsf] ;ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug]{k|d'v st{Josf] sfo{If]q / ;Ldfsf ;DaGwdfo; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lgk0f x'gcfjZos / jf~5gLo b]lvPsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntlgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd k|:t't lgj]bgsf] bfo/Lnut sf u/L k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLoGofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo .

k|wfg;]gfkltsf] cjsfz ;DaGwdf/fi6kltsf] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfsf] :ki6tfsf] lgldQ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -#_df ;+zf]wg e};s]sf] cj:yfdf To;} ljifodf/fi6kltaf6 lbOPsf] lgb]{zkq ;d]t lg:k|of]lhte};s]sf] / eljiodf k|of]u x'g] ;+j}wflgs e"ldsfsf]vf]hL ul//xg' plrt klg x'Fb}g . ctM g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f-@_ cg';f/ s;}sf] xs lxtsf] k|rng u/fpg'kg]{ cyjf To:tf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hx'g] 7x5{ . dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fbzdf{af6 o; ljifodf k"0f{ Onf;af6 JofVof x'g'kg]{ egL ePsf] cfb]z;Fu d]/f] c;xdlt x'Fbf;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|:t'tlgj]bgnfO{ k"0f{ Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLoGofofwLz >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] /fo;lxtsf]

o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.!@.#!sf] cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k]zL ;"rLdf r9Lk]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf @)^&;fn ;fpg @),@!,@#,@$,@%,@*,#),#! / efb|! ut] ;'g'jfO{ x'Fbf lgj]bs tyf k|ToyL{xsftkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax;sf] ;f/;+If]k b]xfoadf]lhd/x]sf] 5 M

lgj]bsxsf tkm{af6 lgj]bs ljfgclwjQmf >L >Ls[i0f ;'j]bLn] hg cfGbf]ngsf]kl/0ffd :jk ljb|f]xL zlQm;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfgsf] kl/sNkgfhgtfn] u/] . ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL aLr lj:t[tzflGt ;Eemf}tfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] l:ylt xf] . ;+ljwfgsf]k|:tfjgf / lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf a'Fbfx;d]t Ps} k|s[ltsf 5g\ . hgk|ltlglwf/f zf;gJoj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s df /fi6kltsf] Joj:yfhgk|ltlglwn] g} hGdfPsf] xf] . sfo{sf/Ln] cfkm\gf]clwsf/ k|of]u u/L tTsfnLg k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{lbPsf] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] ljk/Lt /fi6kltaf6g]kfnL ;]gf hL cfnfO{ n]v]sf] lgb]{zkq ;+ljwfgPj+ zflGt ;Demf}tfljk/Lt 5 . ;]gfkltnfO{x6fpg] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"gL q'l6 jfk|lqmofut q'l6 u/]sf] eP o; cbfnt ;dIfcfpg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ /fi6kltn] cfkm}+ k|of]uu/]sf] l:ylt 5 . c7f/j6f /fhgLlts bnsf];xdlt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL cNkdtdf k/]sf] eGg]egfO{sf cfwf/df /fi6kltn] sfo{sf/Lsf]clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . lgo'QmL

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ug]{n] jvf{:t ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ;+ljwfgn] af]n]sf]5}g, of] ;j} cj:yfdf nfu" x'g] cj:yf klg/xFb}g . ;+j}wflgs Pj+ /fhgLlts 36gfqmd tyflgj]bg lb+bfsf] cj:yf kl/jt{g eP klg@)^^.!.@) sf] /fi6kltn] lbPsf] kqsf] ;+j}wflgsk/LIf0f x'g' cfjZos 5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L /fdgf/fo0f lj8f/Ln];DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 @)^^.!.@) df k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt\ sfd ug'{ egL n]v]sf] kqaf6;+j}wflgs ljjfb z'? ePsf] l:ylt xf] . pQmkqdf /fi6kltn] cfk"mnfO{ /fi6fWoIf / ;]gfsf]k/dflwkltsf] kdf b]vfP klg cfn+sfl/s kbdfa;]sf] JolQmn] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u ug{kfpg] ;+ljwfg tyf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] lbPsf]5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] /fi6kltsf]Joj:yf ug'{ cufj} ag]sf] ;}lgs P]gn] /fi6kltn]of] of] sfd ug]{ 5g\ egL ljwflosfsf] dg;folyof] egL sNkgf ug'{ x'Fb}g . k|wfg ;]gfkltlgo'QmL ug]{ k|lqmofdf;Dd /fi6kltsf] sfo{ b]lvG5eg] cjsfzsf] s'/f sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{s''/fdf lljwf /xg] cj:yf 5}g . ;+ljwfg tyfP]gn] /fi6kltnfO{ pGd'lQm lbPsf] l:ylt ;d]t5}g . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfsf] sfo{Gjog/fi6kltn] ge} sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ xf] .;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg jf sfg"gL Joj:Yff s]xL pNn]vgu/L c7f/ j6f /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdltn]kq n]v]sf] eGg ldNb}g . pQm kq ;+ljwfgsf]s;Ldf k/LIf0f x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 egL ax;ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L lbgdl0f kf]v/]nn];DdfggLo /fi6kltaf6 @)^^.!.@) df g]kfnL;]gf hL cfdf k|]lift kqn] ;+ljwfgjfbsf]

dfGotfnfO{ pN6f] lbzftkm{ nu]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]k|:tfjgf Pj+ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ljk/Ltsf]sfo{n] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf kfpg ;Sb}g . sfo{sf/Lclwsf/sf] af/]df ljjfb pTkGg u/fO{ ;+ljwfglgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ nDAofpg] / zflGt k|lqmofnfO{cj?4 ug]{ k|s[ltsf] /fi6kltf/f k|]lift kqab/ ug'{kg]{ l:ylt 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf]Disciplinary Action /f]Sg] clwsf/ /fi6kltnfO{5}g . sfo{sf/L dlGqkl/ifb\sf] Authority exerciseu/L Chief of Army nfO{ oyfjt\ /fVg] /fi6kltsf]sfo{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt;d]t ljk/Lt5 . ;/sf/ cNkdtdf k/]sf] 5 ls 5}g egLTest ug]{ clwsf/ ljwflosfnfO{ dfq /x]sf]dfc? csf] clwsf/;d]t k|of]u u/L cfn+sfl/sk/dflwkltsf] x}l;on] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ oyfjt/xg lgb]{z u/]sf] sfo{ ab/ x'g'kg]{ l:ylt 5 ./fi6kltn] kfpg] pGd'lQm;Fu k|:t't ljifonfO{hf]8\g ldNb}g . Doctrine of Necessity sf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ul/Psf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]vu/]klg To;sf] Objective Ground b]vfpg ;s]sf]cj:Yff 5}g . Legal ground df ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf]ljifon] b]z b'3{6gfdf 5 egL sfNklgs cfwf/dfcfjZostfsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g .ljgf]b sfsL{ / /fhLj k/fh'nLsf] d'2fdf k|:t'tl;4fGtsf] af/]df lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf] 5 ./fi6kltsf] u}/;+j}wflgs sbdn] eljiodf ;d]tlg/Gt/tf kfpg] l:ylt /xg' x'Fb}g . lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/ x'g' kb{5 egLax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L /fds[i0f sfn]n]dlGqkl/ifb\n] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ kbaf6 x6fpgu/]sf] lg0f{o u}/;+j}wflgs g} ePklg To;nfO{


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;Rofpg] clwsf/ /fi6kltnfO{ 5}g . ljw]osk|dfl0ft ug]{ wf/f *& sf] sfo{ afx]s cGo sfd/fi6kltn] ug{ kfpg] l:ylt 5}g . h;n] lgo'QmLu5{, p;}n] jvf{:t ug{ ;S5 eGg] lgtfGt oflGqsts{ ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6kltn] ;+ljwfgsf];+/If0f / kfngf ug'{kg]{ eg]sf] sfg"gadf]lhdlbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] xf] . /fi6kltsfof{noaf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkmdf sfNklgscfwf/df cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . cl3Nnf] ;/sf/n] @)^^.!.@) df u/]sf]lg0f{opk/ cbfntdf ljjfb ljrf/flwg /x]sf]cj:yf kl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] cl3Nnf] lg0f{oab/ u/]sf] @)^^.#.$ sf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/sf]dfu u/L l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] cj:Yff 5 .k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cjlw ;lsPsf] egL lgj]bglhsL/ lgik|of]lht eGg ldNb}g . /fi6klt /dlGqkl/ifb\sf] clwsf/aLrdf :ki6 ;Ldf /]vfsf]JofVof x'g' kg]{ l:ylt 5 . /fi6kltn] cfk"mn]gu/]sf] sfdsf] xsdf dfq pGd'lQm kfpg] xf],cfkm}+n] u/]sf ljjfbdf cfPsf sfdsf] af/]dfpGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf 5}g egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L t'n;L en] k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'QmL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zdf/fi6kltn] ug]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ -%_ n] cGo s'/fxsfg"gf/f Jojl:yt x'g] eGg] k|fjwfg adf]lhd;}lgs P]g, @)^# jfx]s cGo sfg"gL Joj:Yffsf]k|of]u x'g] cj:yf 5}g . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# df@)^^.!).& df ePsf] ;+zf]wgnfO{ x]// k|:t'tljjfbsf] lgK6f/f ug{ ldNb}g . zflGt ;Demf}tflgisif{df k'ofpg] / ;dod} :yfoL ;+ljwfghf/L ug]{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] nIo xf] .

dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# adf]lhd tf]lsPsf]k|lqmof k"/f u/L k|wfg ;]gfklt x6fO{ csf]{;]gfkltnfO{ sf=d'=sf] kbef/ lbg] u/]sf] lg0f{ocbfnt afx]s cGoq r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg] cj:yf5}g . /fi6kltnfO{ ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, Joj:yfkg/ kl/rfng ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf]5}g . of] ljjfbn] ;]gfsf] nf]stflGqs/0fdf;xhLs/0f ug{ xfn;Dd c;/ kl//x]sf] l:ylt5 . ;/sf/n] ug]{ sfd afx]s /fi6kltn] cGo:jtGq lx;fjn] sfd ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . /fi6kltsf]sbd s'g} klg lx;fjdf ;+ljwfgcg's"n 5 eGgldNb}g egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L w|'jk|;fb rf}nfufO{n]hg cfGbf]ngsf] kmn:jk ;xdltsf] b:tfj]hsf]kdf cfPsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf/fi6kltaf6 pNn3+g ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ;+:sf/n]k|>o kfpg] lsl;daf6 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{cGoyf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& adf]lhdsfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|fKt dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/zsf]kfngf ug'{kg]{ /fi6kltn] bnut jxfgfsf] cfwf/dfdlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o 5Ng] sfd ePsf] 5 . lg/s+'z/fi6kltsf] kl/sNkgf gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfo{sf/Lclwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L /fi6kltaf6 k|]lift@)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/ x'g' kb{5 egL ax;ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L /ljGb| e/fO{n] ;]gfsfo{kflnsfsf] dftxtdf g/xg] ;+ljwfgsf];+/rgf xf] ls eGg] cy{ ug'{kg]{ 7fpF 5}g . ;}lgszlQm eg]s} sfo{sf/L zlQm xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfbx'g ;Sb}g . /fi6kltf/f hf/L @)^^.!.@) sf]kqdf ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL w/ftn s]xL pNn]v5}g . /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\ aLr s'/f gldn]sf]

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cfwf/df dgf]ut 9+un] cGo bnsf] ;xdtLelgPsf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/z g} gu/]sf]ljifodf ljlzi6 clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ u/L ePsf]/fi6kltsf] sbd sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . lj:t[t zflGt;Demf}tf tyf nf]stGqsf] dfGotf Pj+ ;+ljwfgsf]k|:tfjgf ljk/Lt ePsf] /fi6kltsf] sfo{sf] af/]dfGoflos JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L /ljg ;'j]bLn];+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f / kfngf ug'{kg]{ st{Jo ePsf/fi6kltn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]q gf3]/ k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ kq n]Vg' ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljifodf/fhgLlts dfq ge} ;+j}wflgs ljjfb ;d]t;dfj]z ePsf] l:ylt 5 . Doctrine of Necessitysf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf / kl/l:yltb]lvPsf] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f ljsNk 5p~h]ncfjZostfsf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug{ kfO{b}g ./fi6kltn] k|]lift u/]sf] kq Separation of Powerand check and Balance sf] l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 .k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cjsfz lbg] ljifosf] Notice/fi6kltn] klxn] g} lbPsf] lyof] . dlGqkl/ifb\sf]lg0f{o c;+j}wflgs eP k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ cbfntcfpg] ljsNk v'nf g} /x]sf] cj:yf Goflosclwsf/ ;d]t /fi6kltn] k|of]u u/]sf] l:yltx'Fbf pQm @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ab/ x'g' kb{5 egLax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{n]ljut nfdf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmdsf] tLtf]cg'ejn] ubf{ xfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ljw]osk|dfl0ft ug]{ s'/fdf ;d]t /fi6kltn] k'glj{rf/ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5}g . /fi6kltn]cfkm\gf] :jljj]sn] sfd ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgtyf ;}lgs P]gn] lbPsf] 5}g . /fi6klt /

k|wfgdGqLaLr cgf}krfl/s k/fdz{ ePs} l:ylteP klg lg0f{osf] k|Zgdf /fi6kltsf] ;NnfxdfGg'kg]{ afWofTds ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5}g .;Dk"0f{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lgxLt/x]sf] l:yltdf sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs w/ftnlagf k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] cjsfz, ydf}tLsf] clwsf//fi6kltnfO{ x'g] s'/f klg ePg egL ax;ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf 8f=o'j/fh ;+u|f}nfn]g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fi6 k|d'vsfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] kdf g/xg] Joj:Yff u/]sf]5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg Transitional Phase dfhf/L ePsf]n] o;sf] JofVof k|hftflGqs dfGotfsf]cfwf/df x'g' h?/L 5 . ljjfbsf] ljifo xf/hLtsf]ljifo gx'Fbf /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] :yfg s]x'g] eGg] ljifodf ljifb JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 ./fi6kltn] z+sf u/L lkmtf{ ug]{ jf k'g{ljrf/ ug]{;+j}wflgs cfwf/ 5}g . @)^^.!.@) sf] kqdf/fi6kltn] cfk"mdf /x]sf] cjlzi6 clwsf/sf]k|of]u u/]sf] eGg] egfO{ g/xL bnsf] bjfjsf]cfwf/df u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf]lg0f{opk/ /fi6kltn] ;Demfpg] k|ofz ;d]tug'{ ePg . c7f/j6f /fhgLlts bnsf] ReactionnfO{ Act ug'{eof] . /fi6kltn] /fhgLlts JofVofug{ vf]h]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . :ki6Ls/0f dfu u/Lk|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] / csf]{ l;lgo/JolQmnfO{ sfod d'sfod lbg] lg0f{o olbc;+j}wflgs lyof] eg] Test ug{ ;lsg] lyof] .dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgsfNg] / /fi6kltn] oyfjt\ /fVg]egL Ps} k6s b'O{ lgsfon] sfo{sf/L clwsf/k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] l:yltsf] af/]df JofVof x'g'h?/L 5 . sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lju|]sf] cj:yfdf


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/fi6kltn] w]/} e"ldsf v]Ng ;Snf t/ ;fdfGocj:Yffdf of] ;+ljwfgcg's"n b]lvFb}g . /fi6klt/fhgLlts bnaf6 clek|]l/t x'g' ePsf] eGg]@)^^.!.@) sf] kq Joxf]/fn] jf]n]sf] 5 . o:tf]sfo{sf] af/]df ljwflosfnfO{ hfgsf/L;Dd lbg]sfd ul/Pg . ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{n]csf]{n] nfP l;sfPsf] sfd ug]{ xf]Og . cfkm\gf]ljj]s k|of]u ug'{ kYof]{, ul/Pg . External s'/fsf]cfwf/ lnPs} sf/0fn] /fi6klt ljjfbdf tflgPsf]cj:yf 5 . /fi6kltsf] kbnfO{ ljjfbdf Nofpg]sfd :jo+ /fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{n] u/]sf]5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o unt lyof] eg] c7f/j6f /fhgLlts bn ;bgdf guO{ /fi6klt sxfFhfg' klg uNtL b]lvG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#nfO{ Exile u/fpg] sfd /fi6klt, dlGqkl/ifb\ //fhgLlts bnxaf6 ePsf] 5 . oL lgsfoxn]cfcfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t5}g . /fi6kltsf] x}l;ot / k/d ;]gflwkltsf]x}l;ot a]Un} xf] eGg] s'/fdf klg /fi6kltcndlng' ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ;+ljwfgsf] JofVofx'Fbf Harmonious Theory cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ cj:Yff5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L /d0fs'df/ >]i7 k|:t'tljjfbdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !, ## / #^ ljz]ifkdf x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6kltf/f k|]lift@)^^.!.@) sf] kqn] l;lh{t ;d:ofn] xfnsf]dlGqd08n u7g ;d]t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .;xdltsf] s'/f oxL /fi6kltsf] sbdn] k5fl8ws]nL lbPsf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgx'Fbf ;}lgs P]g ;+zf]wg gePsf] sf/0fn] klgs]xL ;d:of l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . /fi6kltaf6k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/fdf ;d]t ;+j}wflgs

cfwf/ pNn]v gu/L /fhgLlts s'/f pNn]vul/Psf] 5 . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ Stay orderh:tf] u/L oyfjt /fVg] u/L ePsf] /fi6kltsf]lg0f{odf ;}lgs P]gsf] Joj:Yff ;d]t pNn]vePsf] 5}g . h;n] lgo'QmL u5{ p;}n] x6fpgkfpF5 eGg] s'/f ljkIfLxaf6 p7]sf] ePklg of]ts{ lg/k]If kdf nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . ;]gfsf]af/]df cGo s]xL d'n'ssf] Joj:Yff x]bf{ klg:ki6Ls/0f lbg] Joj:yf 5}g . xfd|f] ;}lgs P]g,@)!^ df klg ;]gfsf] kbflwsf/LnfO{ x6fpg:ki6Ls/0f lng' kg]{ k|fjwfg lyPg . P]gdf Joj:yfgePsf] cj:yfdf dfq lgo'QmL ug]{n] x6fpgkfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL P]g,@)!) sf] bkmf !^ sf] lj:t[t JofVof e} 6Lsfkf]v/]nsf] d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 af]lnPsf]cj:yf 5 . @)^#.@.$ sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffn]/fhfsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ g/xg] / ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sfl/0fLclwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf h:tf] /fi6 k|d'vnfO{pGd'lQmsf] Joj:Yff jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf]5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs / kfngf ug]{ st{Jo tf]s]sf]k|fjwfgnfO{ 6]sL c? cfsf] clwsf/ ;d]tcfkm}+n] k|of]u u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . /fi6kltsf] sbdn]}w zf;gsf] vt/f pTkGg x'g] l:ylt ePs}sf/0f tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbg' ePsf]xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$$ sf] k|fjwfg;Fu;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * aflemPsf] 5 egLljkIfL tkm{af6 p7fPsf] ts{df s'g} jf]wuDocfwf/ 5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ n]/fi6kltnfO{ bfloTj tf]s]sf] l:ylt xf] . of] bfloTjk"/f eof] ePg egL cbfntn] Test ug]{ ljifo

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klg xf]Og . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] cfb]zdf plNnlvtcRo"tk|;fb v/]nsf] ghL/df plNnlvt l;4fGtcg';f/ klg lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'g' kg]{ s'/fdfhf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . k|wfgdGqLnfO{ @)^^.!.@) df/fi6kltn] n]v]sf] kq Joxf]/faf6} /fi6klt cfk"m/fhgLlts bnaf6 k|]l/t ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .wf/f #^s sf] unt JofVof u/L kq n]vL lgb]{zug'{ ePsf] 5 . :jtGq x}l;ot /fVg' kg]{ /fi6kltn]bnsf] e"ldsf lgefPsf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 .@)^).!.@) sf] lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\n] lkmtf{ lnPsf]cj:yf ;d]t 5}g egL ax; ug'eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L ;ltzs[i0f v/]nn]k|:t't ljjfbdf Doctrine of Necessity sf] s'/fljkIfL ljfgxn] egL ;s]kl5 cj /fi6kltsf]yk clwsf/sf] JofVof x'g' k5{ eGg] egfO{ :jod\vl08t ePsf] 5 . of] ljjfbaf6 ;]gf e8\sfpg]sfd /fi6kltaf6 ePsf] 5, k|wfgdGqLaf6 ePsf]xf]Og . olb tTsfnsf] k|wfgdGqLn] cfk"mn]/fhLgfdf glbPsf] eP l:ylt tgfjk"0f{ x'g] lyof] .;+ljwfg eg]sf] sfg"gsf] efiff dfq xf]Og . Pp6fgD;{ klg xf] . /fhLj k/fh'nLsf] d'2fdf ;+j}wflgsPj+ sfg"gL cfwf/ ljgf s;}n] klg sfd ug{gkfpg] egL l;4fGt :yflkt e};s]sf] 5 . Cabinetn] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cNkdt / jx'dtsf] cfwf/dfePsf] eGg] cy{ ug'{ klg x'+b}g . k|wfg ;]gfkltn]cfk"mnfO{ cGofo ePsf] s'/f t cbfntdf cfO{eGg ;Sg' kYof]{ . Tof] gu/L unt af6f]af6lgsf; vf]Hg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfg /sfg"gsf] bfo/fsf] cfwf/df k|:t't lgj]bg hf/Lx'g] cj:yf 5 eGg] ax; ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ Pj+ /fi6kltsfof{nosf tkm{af6 ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf

>L k'ik/fh sf]O/fnfn] lgj]bg dfu bfjLdf g]kfnLh+L cfn] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o dfg]g\ eGg' ePsf]5 . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ n] /fi6kltnfO{;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ uxg e"ldsf lbPsf] 5 ./fi6kltsf] sfd ;+ljwfgn] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 ./fi6klt ;jf]{Rr k/d ;]gfklt x'g] Joj:yfu/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, Joj:Yffkg /kl/rfng;DaGwL s'/f /fi6kltdf /fvL lbof] .lgj]bsn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] @)^^.!.@) sf] lg0f{onfO{r'gf}tL lbg' ePsf] 5}g . ;kmf xftaf6 lgj]bscbfnt k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . dfcf]jfbL ;]gf;Fun8]/ cfPsf] ;]gfsf] k|d'vnfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o g}b'/f;oo'Qm lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . /Iff dGqL / ;f]lg0f{o ug]{ dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ klg ljkIfL agfOPsf]5}g . sfg"g JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) sf] bkmf!^ sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ lgo'QmL ug]{n] jvf{:t ug{;Sg] Joj:Yffcg';f/ /fi6kltn] ;+ljwfg ldr]sf]eP lgh pk/ dxfcleof]u nufpg ;Sg] j}slNksJoj:Yff ;d]t 5 . /fi6kltnfO{ pGd'lQmsf] Joj:yfcGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf geP klg o;nfO{ cGob]zdf ePsf] cEof;nfO{ klg x]g'{ k5{ . cEof;af6ljsf; x'g] s'/f xf] . pGd'lQmsf] ljz]ifflwsf//fi6kltn] lgo'Qm u/]sf /fhb"txn] kfpg ;Sg]cj:yf 5 eg] /fi6kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsfd ug{ pGd'lQm 5}g eGg ;lsFb}g . @)^^.!.@)sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n]@)^^.#.$ df k|f/Deb]lv g} ab/ u/]sf] cj:yf5 . cRo"tk|;fb v/]nsf ] d'2fdf Pp6fdlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{o csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n]ab/ ug{ ;Sg] eGg] l;4fGt :yflkt ePsf] 5 .lgj]bg lgik|of]lht x'g] cj:yf ;d]t 5 ./fi6kltsf] sbd u}/;+j}wflgs eP lghnfO{


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k|wfgdGqLn] dxfcleof]u nufO{ ;+;bdf n}hfg;Sg' kYof] { . of] lgj]bg btf{ ug{ OGx'/]8OG6/g]zgnfO{ xsb}of 5}g . l/6 hf/L x'Fbfsf]cj:yfdf ;d]t cfb]z lgik|of]lht x'G5 ./fi6kltn] n]v]sf] lrLdf Apparent error 5}g .clwsf/k[R5f cGtu{t dsf{ kg]{ kIf s'naxfb'/v8\sf lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg' kYof]{ . k|wfgdGqLnfO{/fi6kltn] lbPsf] ;'emfjsf] ljifo x'Fbf k|:t'tlgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf5}g eGg] ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]nn]/fi6kltn] n]Vg' ePsf] kq ab/sf] dfu p7fpg'ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ljifo Gofo lg/f]k0fsf] ljifoleqkb}{g . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg cfpg' eGbf cufl8;}lgs P]g cfO;s]sf] lyof] . /fi6kltsf] Joj:Yffrf}yf] ;+zf]wg kl5 dfq eof] . ;+ljwfgn]/fi6kltnfO{ k|ToIf clwsf/ glbP klg/fi6kltnfO{ ;/sf/sf] tLg} csf sfdsf/jfxLdfhf]8]sf] l:ylt 5 . wf/f !$$ sf] pkwf/f -!s_n] ;]gf;DaGwL s]xL clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . pkwf/f-@_ df lgo'QmLsf] Joj:yf u/L pkwf/f -#_ df;]gfsf] kl/rfngsf] clwsf/ klg /fi6kltnfO{lbPsf] 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf * df/fi6kltnfO{ hf]8]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fi6kltn] k|of]uug]{ clwsf/ sfo{kflnsLo clwsf/ cGtu{t g}kg]{ x'gfn] /fi6kltaf6 n]lvPsf lnlvt kqxo; cbfntaf6 k/LIf0f x'g] cj:yf 5}g ./fi6kltn] k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ n]v]sf] kq tdlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/ xf] .

/fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbtl;4fGt ;d]tn] jt{dfg /fi6kltsf] sfdsf/jfxLGofo lg/f]k0fsf] ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . /fi6klt

d'n'ssf] /fi6fWoIf xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .lg/+s'z /fi6kltsf] sNkgf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] xf]Og .ef/tsf] /fi6kltsf] ;+j}wflgs Status / xfd|f];+ljwfgdf /x]sf] /fi6kltsf] Status km/s 5 ./fi6kltnfO{ sfo{sf/L Joj:yfksLo s'g} c;Fuhf]l8Psf] 5}g . tyflk ;+ljwfgn] ljleGg 7fpFdfsfd st{Jo tf]lslbPsf] 5 . ;]gf k|d'vsf] ljifodf/fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLaLr w]/} 5nkmn ePsf]eGg] /fi6kltsf] kqaf6 b]lvG5 . ;]gf k|d'vn]/fi6klt ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf 5}g .s'naxfb'/ v8\sfsf] sfod d'sfod ab/ u/]sf]cj:yf klg xf]Og .

of] ljjfb PIL sf] kdf btf{ ePsf]eGg] b]lvG5 tfklg xfn ;'g'jfOsf] cj:yf;Ddljjfb 6'L ;s]sf] x'Fbf /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf]d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]tn] Gofo lg/f]k0fug{' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . cRo"ts[i0f v/]nsf]ljjfbdf l/6 vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/sf;DaGwdf s]xL af]lnPsf] 5 . pQm l/6 lgj]bgcRo"ts[i0f v/]n cfkm} lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg' ePsf]lyof], ;f] d'2fdf p7fPsf] ljifo ;/sf/sf]k|zf;lgs lg0f{o xf] . clxn]sf] ljifo sfo{sf/Llg0f{osf] s'/f xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs eg]sf]st{Jo klg xf] egL ax; ug'{eof] .

lj4fg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bLn]jf:tjdf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf sfof{Gjogklg x'g' kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bsn] @)^^.!.@) dflbPsf] kqnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . pQmkq jt{dfg cj:Yfdf oyfjt\ kdf k|wfg;]gfkltsf] x}l;otdf lg/Gt/tf lbg egLplNnlvt Joxf]/fn] tTsfnsf] /fhgLltskl/l:yltnfO{ klg x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . xfdL ;+qmd0f

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sfndf /x]sf] l:ylt 5 . lxhf]sf] lbgdfk/dflwklt /fhfnfO{ agfPsf] / /fhf xl6;s]sf]cj:yfdf /fi6kltnfO{ k/dflwkltsf] clwsf/x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . ;]gfkltn] cfk"mnfO{k/]sf] cGofosf] ljifo k/dflwklt ;dIf lgj]bglbg ;Sb}g eGg ldNb}g . ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iffsf] lhDdflnPsf] ;]gfkltn] sfd ug{ gkfpg] / b]zsf]zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf uDeL/ x'g'kg]{ cj:yfdflbPsf] kqfb]zdf q'l6 /x]sf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g .;f] kqdf jt{dfg cj:yfdf eg]s} 5 . o;nfO{unt lx;fjn] JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . /fi6sf] ;'/IffJoj:yf sfod /fVg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdfu/]sf] /fi6kltsf] k|:t't sfo{n] ljjfb l;h{gfu/]sf] / ;f] sfo{ jb\lgotk"j{s 5 eGg ;lsg]cj:yf 5}g . oyfjt\ sfd ug'{ eGg] kqdfMalafied Intention b ] lvb }g . tTsfnsf ]dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] k|:t't ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] ab/ u/L ;s]sf] cj:yf5 . ;+/If0f / kfngf ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf/fi6kltn] ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t r'k nfuLa:g' ;+ljwfgcg's"nsf] sfd eGg ldNb}g . lgj]bgdfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf clxn]5}g eGg] s'/f @)^^.!.@) kl5sf 36gfqmdn]k'li6 ePsf] cj:yf 5 . lgjf{lrt /fi6kltpk/z+sf pkz+sf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . d'n'sn] Crisisaf6 d'lQm kfcf];\ eGg] ;bfzon] /fi6kltn]sbd rfn]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f tTsfnsf] 36gfqmdn];d]t k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts ;xdltsf]cfwf/df b]znfO{ Crisis af6 d'Qm ug]{ kl/sNkgf;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . /fi6kltaf6 n]lvPsf] kqt tTsfnsf] nflu cyf{t\ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] hjfkmcfpg] cj:yf;Ddsf] nflu xf] eGg] s'/f kqsf]

k]6jf]nLaf6 b]lvG5 . tTsfnsf] dfcf]jfbLsf];/sf/n] ;xdltsf] /fhgLlt 5f]l8 lbPsf] eGg]s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . of] ljjfb Political QuestionsePsf] x'+bf Justiciable ;d]t 5}g . /fi6kltsf]@)^^.!.@) sf] kq Doctrine of Necessity sf]l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5 egLax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L k"0f{dfg zfSon]cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L g} x]g'{kg]{x'G5 . Head of the State / Cabinet sf] ;DaGwsf];]/f]km]/f]leq /x]/ of] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg x'g'k5{ .Head of the State n] kfpg] Immunity sf] af/]dfklg x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . @)^^.!.@) df Cabinet af6lg0f{o x'g' cufl8 k|:t't ljifodf /fi6klt /k|wfgdGqLaLr ljrf/ ljdz{ ePsf] eGg] s'/fdfljjfb b]lvFb}g . of] ljjfbnfO{ lnP/ dlGqkl/ifb\df;lDdlnt s]xL bnxn] ;/sf/ 5f]8\g] 3f]if0ff;d]t u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . k|wfgdGqL cNkdtdfk/]sf] cj:yfdf /fhLgfdf lbPsf] / ;f]kZrft\dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqd08nsf]u7g eO{ cl3 dlGqkl/ifb\n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{@)^^.#.$ df ab/ u/]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] /fi6klt/a/ :6fDk dfq klg xf]Og, sfo{sf/L klg xf]Og .King x'Fbfsf] cj:yf / kl5sf] cj:Yff eg]sf] j+zk/Dk/feGbf hgtfsf] 5f]/f r'gfjaf6 cfPsf]eGg] dfq km/s xf] . System of Government sf]context df x]bf{ /fi6kltsf] Role ;+j}wflgscfwf/df x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . President nfO{ lglh{jkdf JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . o;n] Cabinet nfO{klg ;r]t u/fpg ;S5 . sfo{sf/L clwsf/dlGqkl/ifb\df dfq /xg] eGg] s'/f xf]Og . s]xL;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] dlGqkl/ifb\ afx]s cGonfO{


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klg sfo{sf/L zlQm / clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . /fi6klt;++ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs / kfnssf] gftfn] klg /fi6sf]Interest nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cGo Role Play ug{;S5 . /fi6kltn] Cabinet nfO{ lbg ;Sg] ;Nnfx,;'emfj jf ;r]t u/fpg] af/]df k|ToIf gn]lvPklg ;+/Ifs / kfnssf] gftfn] /fi6kltn] ug{kfpFb}g eGg ldNb}g .

/fi6klt ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/Ifs xf] eGg]s'/fdf ljjfb gePkl5 State nfO{ PoliticalCrisis k/]sf] j]nf Rescue ug] { clwsf//fi6kltnfO{ 5}g egL JofVof ug{ ldNb}g .cbfntsf] clwsf/ /fi6kltn] k|of]u u/]sf]cj:yfdf dfq l:ylt Separation of Power sf]ljk/Lt x'g hfg] x'G5 . t/ /fhgLlts lx;fjdfb]zdf tTsfn s]xL ug'{ kof] eg] Tof] a]nfPresident n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ x]/L /fhgLlts sbdrfNg ;S5 . /fi6kltn] cGo lgsfosf] xsdfCheck and Balance sf] kdf sfd ug{ gkfpg]egL zflJbs cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . Cabinet sf]Decision Tof] j]nf;Dd /fi6kltnfO{ Binding x'G5h'gj]nf;Dd Tof] Decision ;+j}wflgs x'G5 . To:tf]lg0f{osf] af/]df /fi6kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/lwleq/x]/ Cabinet nfO{ cgf}krfl/s kdf Warn ug{;S5 . k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] ljifodfCoalition Partner n] c;xdlt hgfO{ ;s]sf]eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . cfkm\gf] kf6L{sf] lgb]{zgcg';f/sfd ug{ kfpg' k5{ eGg] x7n] nf]stGqsf]ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . cNkdtsf] ;/sf/n] o:tf]lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f csf]{ lbg k|wfdGqLn]/fhLgfdf lbPaf6} :ki6 x'G5 . cfk"m cNkdtdfgk/]sf] eP /fhLgfdf lbg] l:ylt klg gcfpg] /jx'dtdf eP t csf]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;SYof] .

/fi6kltsf] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqsf] PoliticalAccountability lng g;s]sf] sf/0f tTsfnk|wfgdGqLn] /fhLgfdf lbPsf] cj:yf xf] .

Head of the State sf] Immunity eg]sf]Personal Immunity xf], t/ p;n] u/]sf sfdChallenge ug{ gldNg] xf]Og . oBkL /fi6kltsf]sfof{non] u/]sf] of] ljifodf /fi6kltsf]sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL gagfO{ Cabinet nfO{ ljkIfLjgfpg' kYof]{ . k|:t't ljjfbdf Cabinet g}Responsibility xf] egL dfGg' k5{ . /fHo;~rfngsf ] k | lqmofdf cfpg ;Sg ]cK7\of/fxnfO{ g} ljrf/ u/L ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn]/fi6kltnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] kfns / ;+/Ifssf]lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ s;}n] la;{g'x'Fb}g . cbfntL Process jf Remedy l9nf] x'ghfg] s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ u/L s]xL ;+j}wflgs ljjfb/fhgLlts cj:Yffd} ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] x'G5 .k|:t't ljjfb ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] kdf ge}clwsf/k[R5fsf] l/6 lgj]bg lnP/ cfpg ;lsg]cj:yf lyof] . unt af6f] k|j]z u/]sf] cj:yfdfcbfntn] pkrf/ lbg ;Sg] cj:yf xF'b}g . ljjfbg} ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf cRo"ts[i0f v/]nsf]d'2fdf af]lnP h:tf] cj:yf 5}g . /fi6kltsf]sfd Legitimate / Valid 5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L o1d"lt{a~hf8]n] k|wfg ;]gfkltn] @)^^.%.@$ dfcjsfz kfpg' ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{ JolQm ;f]kbdf jxfn /lx;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;]gf;DaGwLclwsf/ k|wfgdGqL / dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] ;+zf]lwt;+j}wflgs Joj:Yffn] /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf u/L;]gfsf] k/d;]gfkltsf] kdf /fi6kltnfO{ /fVof] .;]gf ;DaGwL Policy dlGqkl/ifb\n] lgdf{0f ug]{ xf]

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/ ;]gf ;~rfng;DaGwL Joj:yfdf /fi6kltnfO{clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ;}lgs P]gsf] Joj:yf /;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf km/s km/s ePsf] x'Fbf ;f];dodf /fi6kltn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ ldnfpg k6sk6s ljrf/ ljdz{ ePsf] 5 . xfn ;+ljwfg g}cGtl/d ePsf] cj:yfdf of] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;+j}wflgs x}l;otsf]JofVof x'g' h?/L 5 . dsf{ kg]{ s'naxfb'/ v8\sfn]lrQ a'emfO{ a;]sf] / lg0f{o ug]{ k"j{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]lg0f{o ab/ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf s;}nfO{ lg?T;flxtug]{ lsl;daf6 cbfntn] JofVof ug]{ l:ylt 5}geGg] ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L /fds[i0f lg/fnfn]tTsfnsf] dlGqkl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf] jx'dtsf] cfwf/u'dfO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf @)^^.!.@) df lg0f{ou/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;f] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o kl5u7g ePsf] csf]{ dlGqkl/ifb\n] cl3Nnf] lg0f{ok|f/Deb]lv g} ab/ u/L /fi6kltsf] sbdnfO{:jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;f] ljifodf k'gMJofVof ug{'kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g egLax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L pk]Gb|s]z/L g]pkfg]n]h'g ljjfbdf k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg]dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 Tof] lg0f{o k"jf{u|xL5 . ;}lgs egf{ hg]{nxsf] k'g:yfkgf nufotsfljifodf k|wfg;]gfkltk|lt tTsfnsf] dlGqkl/ifb\Bias ePsf] s'/fnfO{ cbfntn] JofVof ug'{ h?/L5 . cbfntsf] cfb]z ;]gfn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf]ljifonfO{ k|d'v ljjfbsf] kdf lnOPsf] 5 .dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf v]nf8LxnfO{v]ns'bdf k|j]z u/]sf] ljifo klg k|wfg ;]gfkltsf]

ljjfb p7fOPsf] 5 . oL ljjfbxdf ;/sf/df/x]sf] kf6L{ ;d]tn] ;fy glbFbf glbFb} ;xdltsf]ljifonfO{ nTofO{ o:tf] c;+j}wflgs lg0f{o ul/Psf]cj:yf xf] . Tolt j]nfsf] ;/sf/ klg ;xdltaf6ag]sf] eGg gldNg] cj:yf Psflt/ x'Fbfx'Fb};/sf/df ;xefuL kf6L{ ;d]tn] oxL ljjfbsf]ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/af6 jflx/Psf] cj:yf5 . @)^^.!.@) sf] kq ;]gfdf u};s]kl5 ;]gfn]/fi6kltnfO{ k7fPsf] kqsf] hjfkmdf /fi6kltsfof{noaf6 dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ hfgsf/L lbPsf] ;Ddxf] . Cabinet sf] lg0f{o /fi6kltn] dflGbg eg]sf]eGg] sxL+ st}af6 b]lvFb}g . dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;Gbe{dfuPsf] kq xf]Og . Cabinet sf] lg0f{o t ;]gfn]gdfg]sf] xf], /fi6kltn] xf]Og . k|:t't ljifodf/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\aLr clwsf/sf] JofVofug{' h?/L 5}g . ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] k/dflwkltnfO{;f]w]sf] hjfkmsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ clwsf/sf] ljifodfgL JofVof x'g' h?/L 5}g . kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\n]u/]sf] lg0f{odf s] s'g sfg"gL jf ;+j}wflgs q'l6/x]sf] lyof] ;f] af/]df s'g} sfg"gL q'l6 b]vfO{bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . kl5Nnf] lg0f{oha;Dd ab/ x'Fb}g cl3Nnf] @)^^.!.@) sf]kqsf] ;DaGwdf af]Ng' lg/y{s x'G5 egL ax;ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L z]/axfb'/ s]=;L=n]@)^%.@.!^ df /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdfePkl5 sl/j gf} dlxgfkl5 cyf{t @)^^.!.@)df/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\aLr ljjfb cfPsf] cj:yfxf] . k|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ lgo'Qm ubf{ ;}lgs P]gsf]Joj:Yff k|of]u ul/Pg . ;fdfGo l;kfxLsf]sf/jfxLsf] ljifo ge} of] ljifo ;+qmd0fsfnsf];]gfsf] k|d'vsf] xf] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf


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* ;+ljwfg;Fu d]n vfg] l:yltsf] 5}g .dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fi6kltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' dfqkof{Kt x' Fb }g . @)^^.!.@) d} /fi6kltn]dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ n]v]sf] kqn] ;'emfj lbOPsf]ljifonfO{ Response ul/Pg . dfwj g]kfnsf]g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 @)^^.#.$ sf]lg0f{on] ;a} ljjfbsf] lgK6f/f ul/;s]sf] 5 .;}lgs P]g, @)^#.$.@# df nfu" e};s]kl5@)^%.@.!^ df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^ df /fi6kltsf]Joj:yf ul/of] . ;}lgs P]gsf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo-#_ sf] Joj:Yff wf/f !^$ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf]k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] :jtM ab/ ePsf] cj:yf5 . xfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6kltnfO{ Ceremonialdfq eg]sf] cj:yf 5}g . India sf] ;+ljwfgdf/fi6kltnfO{ sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] kdf dfg]sf]5 . ;+;bLo Joj:Yff ckgfpg] cGo d'n'ssf];+j}wflgs Joj:yf ;d]tdf /fi6kltnfO{ sfo{sf/Lclwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b[i6fGtx 5g\ . xfd|f]xfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 gn]lvPsf] cj:yf ePklg/fi6kltsf] xsdf cGo b]zsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf]cfwf/df ;d]t JofVof ul/g' kb{5 egL ax;ug'{eof] .

jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfnn] ;+o'QmOhnf;sf] km};nfdf Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn];jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod # sf]pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ k|of]u u/]sf] / csf]{dfggLo GofofwLzn] lgod # sf] pklgod -!_sf] v08 -s_ pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] s'/fnfO{ klg x]g'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn]cfkm\gf] /fodf k|:t't ljifosf] ;fGble{stf g/x]sf]egL pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] / pQm tYodf csf{dfggLo GofofwLzsf] dt}Sotf g/x]sf] egL pQm

km};nfaf6 ljifoj:t'sf] k|of]hg ;dfKt e} ;s]sf]s'/f @)^^.#.$ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] ljifosf] cf}lrTog} ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntn] ykJofVof ljj]rgf ug'{ ;fGble{s 5}g . ;+o'QmOhnf;sf Ps hgf dfggLo GofofwLzn] JofVofug'{kg]{ ljifo eg]s} cfwf/df k"0f{ Ohnf;n] ykJofVof ug{ jfWo x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . tTsfnLgk|wfg ;]gfkltnfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o ubf{ dlGqkl/ifb\k"jf{u|xL ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . tTsfnsf] HjnGtcfjZostfn] ubf{ klg /fi6kltn] k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ lgb]{z ug'{kg]{ eGg] kl/l:yltn]b]vfPsf] cj:Yff 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf tTsfnsf]36gfqmdnfO{ klg x]g'{ h?/L 5 . ;xdtL /;xsfo{ u/ egL /fi6kltsf] s'/fnfO{ k|wfgdGqLn]Response ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f-#_ df ePsf] /fi6kltsf] sfd, st{Jo /clwsf/sf] ;+s'lrt JofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g . lgj]bs;d]tn] /fi6kltsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ jb\lgotk"j{su/]sf] eGg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . @)^^.!.@) sf];]gfkltnfO{ lbPsf] kq t tTsfn sfd g5f]8,/fi6klt / dlGqkl/ifb\aLr yk ljdz{ x'Fb}5 eGg]cy{df xf] . ljrf/ ljdz{ x'g gkfpFb} k|wfgdGqLn]/fhLgfdf lbPsf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ cbfntn]ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6kltsf] sbdnfO{ pgsf]lgotsf] cfwf/df dfq x]l/of];\ . lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g egLax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L 6Lsf/fd e/fO{n]lgj]bsn] Judicial Review u/fpg rfx]sf] ljifoeg]s} /fi6kltn] ;]gfkltnfO{ k|]lift @)^^.!.@)sf] kq xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . Judicial Review ug]{

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:yflkt cfwf/ eGbf jflx/ uP/ x]g{ ldNb}g .pQm kq Judicial Review x'g] k|s[ltsf] xf]Og .kqdf plNnlvt ljifoj:t'x By product dfqx'g\ . o;sf] d"n product t cabinet sf] lg0f{oxf] . of] kq s'g} lg0f{o xf]Og . of] t Head of theState n] u/]sf] kqfrf/ dfq xf] . Tof] klg s]xL;dosf] nflu lbPsf] c:yfoL k|s[ltsf] xf] . of]kq Jojxf/n] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} k|fjwfg jf sfg"gLJoj:yfsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] 5}g . ax'dt u'dfO{;s]sf] k|wfgdGqLn] u/]sf] sfd Jojxf/nfO{/fi6kltn] s]xL ;dosf nflu /f]Sg' ePsf];Ddxf] . of] kqdf plNnlvt ljifoj:t' ;j} /fhgLltsk|s[ltsf x'Fbf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sb}g .;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ context df x]g'{ kb{5 .x6fOPsf] ;]gfklt k/d;]gflwkltsf]df uPsf]cj:yfdf k/d;]gflwkltsf] x}l;otdf b'O{j6fx}l;ot pNn]v u/L /fi6kltn] kqfrf/ u/]sf]cj:yf 5 . /fi6kltdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ gePsf]s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . sfo{sf/L clwsf/dlGqkl/ifb\df /x]sf] eP klg of] clwsf/sf]k|of]u ubf{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s u/Labsolute xf] egL k|of]u ug{ kfOb}g . Head ofthe State nfO{ s'g} clwsf/ g} 5}g eGg ldNb}g .cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/sf] af/]df klg x]l/g' k5{ .Right to warn, Right to co-ordinate and Right toprotect sf s'/fx sfo{ Jojxf/ cg';f/ k|of]uul/g] xf] . @)^^.!.@) sf] kqn] s;}nfO{ lgo'QmLlbPsf] xf]Og . Head of the state / Head of theGovernment sf] aLrdf ePsf ljrf/ ljdz{ s]s:tf] k|s[ltsf lyP jf ;+ljwfgcg's"n lyP,lyPgg\ eGg] s'/f k'g/fnf]sg x'g] l:ylt 5}g ./fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGtn]

;d]t k|:t't ljjfbdf /fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLaLrsf]5nkmnsf] ljifo k/LIf0fof]Uo x'g ;Sb}g . kl5Nnf]dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] g} ;Dk"0f{ ljjfb 6'f]nufO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . lgtfGt /fhgLltssfo{sf] ;DaGwdf cbfntn] lg0f{o lbg' klgzlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtljk/Lt x'G5 . cGod'n'ssf] b[i6fGt x]bf{ klg Cabinet n] u/]sf]lg0f{o Head of the State n] OGsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .Cabinet sf s}of}+ lg0f{ox j]nfotsL dxf/fgLn]c:jLsf/ u/]sf] pbfx/0fx ;d]t 5g\ . k|:t'tlgj]bg kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf] cfwf/df Prematuresf] cj:yfdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] 5 egL ax;ug'{eof] .

jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ljZjsfGt d}gfnLn]/fi6klt / k|wfgdGqLaLr ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5}g .u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]ljifo dfGb} ;fy{s ;DaGw gePsf] ljifodf l/6lgj]bg btf{ ePsf] l:ylt xf] . x/]s ljifoj:t'nfO{PIL sf] ;+1f lbO{ lgj]bg btf{ u/fO{ cbfntsf]dxTjk"0f{ ;do jjf{b ug'{ x'Fb}g . Judicial Activismsf] af/]df gofF Develop ePsf] Trend nfO{ klgcbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfb@)^^.!.@) sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oaf6 pTkGgePsf] b]lvG5 . Cabinet n] /fi6kltnfO{ hfgsf/Llbg] xf]Og l;kmfl/z ug'{k5{ . of] hfgsf/L kq g}sfg"g;Ddt / ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5}g . /fi6klt /k|wfgdGqLaLr ePsf] 5nkmnsf] ljifonfO{ PILsf] cy{ lbg ldNb}g egL ax; ug'{eof] .

jl/i7 clwjQmf >L >Lxl/ cof{nn] ;/sf/cfkm}+n] d'n'sleq czflGt l;h{gf u/]sf] cj:yfdfof] ljjfb cfPsf] xf] . /fi6kltaf6 @)^^.!.@)sf] kqf/f lnPsf] sbd b]zsf] nflu cToGt


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;fGble{s ePsf] s'/f Tolta]nf 3l6t 36gfqmdn]b]vfPsf] 5 . 3/sf] cleefjsn] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgn]u/]sf] lg0f{o Ps k6s ljrf/ u/ eGg gldNg]eGg ldNb}g . /fi6kltn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ lbPsf]kqn] s'g} ;+j}wflgs ;Ldf pNn+3g ePsf] 5}g ./fi6kltn] @)^^.!.@) df n]v]sf] kqsf] ljjfb@)^^.#.$ sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] ;dfKtul/;s]sf] 5 . ljjfb g} ;dfKt e};s]sf] cj:yfdf;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] kdf cbfntsf];do aaf{b ug{ ldNb}g egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L ?b| zdf{n] Out goingPrime Minister n] u/]sf] s'/f km/s 9+un] x]g'{kg]{x'G5 . ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf k|wfgdGqL / /fi6kltb'j}n] sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:Yff/xG5 . Executive power /xg] :yfg g} Presidentdf /xg] xf] eGg] s'/f ljleGg b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf/x]sf] kfOG5 . /fi6kltn] k|of]u ubf{v]/Lsf]cj:yfdf dfq dlGqkl/ifb\n] l;kmfl/z ug'{kg]{x'G5 . /fi6klt /fi6fWoIf x'g]5 eGg] ;+j}wflgsJoj:Yffn] ubf{ ljjfbdf NofOPsf] @)^^.!.@)sf] kq /fi6fWoIfsf] x}l;otn] n]v]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 ./fi6kltsf] d'Vo sfd eg]s} Political Communitysf] Power sf] Administration ug]{ xf] . l/6 lgj]bgvf/]h x'g' k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf 8f= >L ledfh'{g cfrfo{n]Out going Prime Minister n] cfkm\gf] kf6L{;lrjfnosf] lg0f{ocg';f/ @)^^.!.@) dfdlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o u/fpg' ePsf] 5 . ;f] cj:yf;+o'Qm ;/sf/df ;xefuL bnn] cfkm\gf] c;xdtLk|s6 u/L ;/sf/af6 cnu e};s]sf] 5 . o:tf]cj:yfdf zflGt ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ;]gfsf]k|d'vnfO{ x6fpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ /fi6kltn]

;'emfj lbg g;Sg] eGg ldNb}g . wf/f #& n]lbPsf] Power sf] Exercise ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+j}wflgsJoj:Yff x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6n] dfu u/]sf] sfo{/fi6kltn] ug{ ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/f wf/f #^s n]:ki6 u/]sf] 5 . Prerogative theory of Presidentsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ Without prescription of law orprohibited by law ePs} cj:yfdf klg /fi6kltn]b]zsf] cfjZostfsf] nflu h'g;'s} sfd ug{;S5 . President sf] ckmL;nfO{ Unique officeklg eGg] ul/G5 . o;}df /fi6kltsf] pGd'lQmsf]ljifo cfpF5 . /fi6kltn] unt uof] eg] o;sf]JofVof ;+;bn] ug]{ xf], h'g xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f #^ n] Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfgaGg] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] x'gfn] /fi6klt /k|wfgdGqLaLrsf] clwsf/sf] ljifodf yk JofVofx'g' h?/L 5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L ;'/]Gb| dxtf]n] ;+o'QmOhnf;af6 xsb}ofsf] k|Zgdf lg/f]k0f ul/Psf]5}g . /fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] d'2fdf plNnlvt;fy{s ;DaGw -Meaningful Relation_ h:tf] of]ljjfbdf To:tf] ;DaGw lgj]bsn] b]vfpg ;Sg'ePsf] 5}g . /fi6kltn] @)^^.!.@) sf] kqf/fk|wfgdGqLsf] hfgsf/LnfO{ OGsf/ gu/L k'glj{rf/u/ eGg gkfpg] l:ylt 5}g . k|:t't ljjfbdfsf]xL s;}nfO{ JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs kdfdsf{ k/]sf] l:ylt 5}g . of] ljjfb t dlGqkl/ifb\n]g} 6'f] nufO;s]sf] x'Fbf clxn] cfP/ o; cbfntn]tYoleq k|j]z u/L yk ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf5}g egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L dxfb]j ofbjn]@)^^.!.@) sf] /fi6kltsf] lgb]{zkqsf] af/]dfk|Zg p7]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g k|;+udf ljjfb pTkGg

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ePsf] lyof] Tof] k|;+u g} ;dfKt e};s]sf] cj:yf5 . e}/x]sf] / tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfodd'sfod d's// u/ ]sf ] ;]gfsf ] JolQmn]sfg"gadf]lhd cjsfz kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf k'gMljjfb l;h{gf u/L k|of]hgxLg cj:yfdf s'g}JofVof x'g' h?/L 5}g . JofVofsf] kl/0ffd s] x'g]xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf cbfntn] ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .;+ljwfg agfpg] ;Gbe{df cfPsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgdf /x]sf] /fi6klt /k|wfgdGqLsf] clwsf/sf] ljifodf yk JofVofug'{ cjfZos 5}g . /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf uniquexf] . o;sf cGt{lgxLt clwsf/x s'g} Pp6fwf/f pkwf/fdf dfq ;Lldt /xL JofVof ubf{ck"/f] x'g ;S5 . kfngf / ;+/If0fsf] cy{ ;Lldtug'{ ;+ljwfgljk/Lt x'G5 . @)^^.!.@) sf]lg0f{onfO{ kl5Nnf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{on] /2ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg dfusf] cf}lrTo5}g . wf/f #^s sf] pkwf/f -#_ df /fi6kltsf]k|d'v st{Josf] af/]df ljz]if kdf x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 .:jtGq kdf /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ klg;f]xL kdf dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . of] ;+ljwfgn] umpirevf]h]sf] 5 . /fi6kltnfO{ x6fpg] Joj:Yff klgUnique /x]sf] tkm{ klg x]g'{ k5{ . wf/f $# n]u/]sf] /fhgLlts ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/n]sfd u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g egL x]g{] clwsf//fi6kltnfO{ lbPsf] eGg] dfGg'k5{ . ?Sdfbs6'jfnnfO{ ;f]w]sf] :ki6Ls/0f kqdf n]lvPsf]efiff k"jf{u|xL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . b'O{j6f ;]gf /xg]u/L ;]gfklt x'Fbfx'b} csf]{ JolQmnfO{ sfod d'sfodug]{ sfd unt 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf* sf] pkbkmf -#_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ :jtMsfod d'sfod x'g] Joj:Yff 5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

ug]{ p2]Zon] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg ug{ jg]sf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof b]zsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLgcj:Yffcg';f/ ug'{ h?/L 5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .

ljfg clwjQmf >L k/z'/fd sf]O/fnfn]wf/f #^s df cfPsf] /fi6kltsf] Joj:YffcGtu{tsf] pkwf/f -#_ n] /fi6kltnfO{ ljz]if;+j}wflgs st{Jo tf]s]sf] b]lvG5 . xfd|f] cGtl/d;+ljwfg j]:6ldlgi6/ df]8]nsf] kdf /x]sf]b]lvG

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