S G.A P. - W A %ar,ks~a S l u l y G ~ o u p - June 1972

i I VEST AUSTUI,QT BPJ?3SI+l STUDY i

2. Po C f i N E Y Study Group Leader

Distribution of Banksia Species - &<idb4#-

Apart from one t r o p i c d species, L dentata, which extends in to Papu-a .% d New Guinea, Bulksiag,3e indigenous t o Australia.. ?:ost Banksia species a re found on sandy s o i l s not f a r from the coast, or on moist zountafa ranges. Ji, IIW;,~ C&i%U.~;L;~~ w dzLL$rjlj f~ 9 [nici;. ctc.rW .shrp, ui.k ti. crefk:L' rri;rlr:k .

Approximately for ty of the s ix ty species occur in the south-west of Western Australia. Tlnis region has a tempera+e c l i i a t e , mith a r~ois-b winter m d dry suminer. The s o i l s a re h d x d wd i n most cases a re we17 drained. tk~i.] r r q i c h ~

Results Under Cultivation

The study grou? has received reports on approximately 700 plants , grown in gardens under a mide range of conditions. These reports have been analysed 5o -kry t o determine optimum growing conditions f c r each specTas.

Ci Fon most species a majority of the plants had comparatively low grovt . rates. Althou& some of these plants are known t o be healthy, it wa: assumed fo r the purpose of t h i s analysis tha t the plaxts with a o d h . r a t e s which were high t o moderate for the species were growing under optbum or near optimm conditions, and tha t a l l plants with, lorn govi' 1 r a t e s were growing under conditions which were l e s s favourable in son; respect.

We have therefore exarnined the dis t r ibut ion and groving conditions cf the plants with high t o rn~derate growth rates . The nethod used for sor t ing the basic information i s described in Appendix A. Tne broad conclusion reached i s t h a t the species are ada?table within cer ta in l imi te , azld tha t a mide range of environinental fac tors influence the r a t e of success.

Jhviromente3C Factcrs

Rainfall: The t o t a l amount of r a i n f a l l has l i t t l e obvious effect.

C Species from low r a i n f a l l areas have succeeded under cul t ivat ion in areas with - a h i& arvlual r a i n f a l l , and vice versa. But it seems t h a t the,- seasonal d is t r ibut ion of r a in fa l l i s bpor tan t . &Tost of the successful plants a re i n areas ~ i t h a comparatively dry summer.

I 1 Sunshine: Ebst species require f u l l t o 4 sun. Growth r a t e s a re usually .greatly reduced where plants a;re shaded fo r much of the day.

1

Soil Depth, Texture and Temperature: Success has been achieved on deep, 3 I sandy s o i l in areas with 1017 elevation or on shd1o~:er and heavier s o i l s

in the h i l l s areas. P l m t s gro~m a t low elevaticns on heavy s0il--?5~ d o d 4 w dm? rnn- . , are very l i k e l y t o f a i l in s m ?,

Th- -.--LA -C ++ - + +. " r - . +- - - -

I . . . n0-a a P

nFp, 6 w:~Ir-&rru

Soil Conposition: The Testern Banksiad %I& big3 s o n t h r a t e s mere generally growing on s o i l s which are highly leached, and sometimes ix - ' - ,?ti le, whilst most of the Eastern species seem t o require r icher soils.

1 C': *

u Soi l Mulch: A surface mulch w i l l help t o moderate s o i l temperatures 2nd r e t a in moisture. From the reports received it was d i f f i c u l t t o assc -, the influence of s o i l mulch. Plants mulched vsith sawdust generally 41ad low g r o d h ra t e s , however a s a ~ ~ d u s t mulch was normally used where the s o i l conditions vere unfavourable.

Drainage: A t l e a s t s e v e n s p e c i e s m i l l g r o ~ s u c c e s s f u l l y i n s w a m p y conditions; the others seem t o require good, or a t l e a s t moderate, d r a i n a s .

Phy-topl~thera: Tho p a r a s i t i c fungus, Phytophtnera cinnarnonli, -i2.,ich ~ A a l b i i s oloist s o i l has bsen rcspoiisi'ole f o r f a i l u r e s b sons areas ,

Provenmce: -----. A ?oink -i7hich deserves r.!uch more at'sntion i s t he di f ference r;llici~. e x i s t s in p l m t s fro12 d i f f e r en t areas. 11 graver cbt Crmbourne ( ~ i c ) has lourzd t he forn of Eo inenziesii fron; near Geral13.-Lo;:! nore vigorous under cul t ivat io i i in t h a t area. -than the I'rrth form. He a l so has b e t t e r zuccess - ;~ith B. i l i c i f o l i a f r o 3 Pcr-Fa than n i t h ::,

forn from r : b a _21bmy. It noul? help {yro~r(;rs t o irtvtistigzte such diff-nces i f . i a f o r a ~ t i o n about t he azea of co l lec t ion (o r orj-gin)

-7 , . . --,. could 5e given 1 5 t h dl seed :rhich i s dis t r ibuted.

@ Areas C i th Lii i t ls Success -- - Reports from Dubil:o, Alice Springs ai~d Damii? s t a t e t h a t no W e d o 3a&sias were hiorn -to have 5cen t r i e d in those areas,

Reports of complete f a i l u r e , ;~Ltiiin a period of s i x years, o r ainos5 complete fa , i lure of a l l species t r i e d .;:ere received f ron ITaxeebo a-qd Brisbane in Queenslznd, -he Sydiiey 3otanic Gadens, Panmia, Forbes u l ~

*- C a r a b o ~ t a ;is;; Sou-th Wales, Caberre, 2r-d f r o ~ ~ :Z&&?a9 *!cxracaLl, Tycrs and Tullanasine in Victoria. C e S re (1

Reports on p1u:ts r:S.th conpzretively lo:-.- g o z t h r ~ t e s came froin Pynble Turramui-ra, ':lest By&, Revssby, L i t t l e Bag, 3ockd~Je , 3&dkhnl E i l l s .d Annangcove in XEJ Socth Vales , and from Vye River, Victor ia , and Sini -.:in, Western hus- l rdia .

@ . . Favourz3le es

.?I? Vestern Za-&sia# have ?one weli O ~ I t he Bornington Peninsula, t h e . Dandenmig 13311g~3, ~,*'el'001xni; ' s !;aysi.de and Eastarn s:iourbs, Central ::-La Western Vfctor'ia, the South-east of South Austra l ia , the Adelaide 2<11s, t h e Adeleide plai i ls , ail6 of course, the Soi.:th-c;es-i; of ?!es t,?m E w s t r : . l i a .

They have a l so keen g ~ o s . ; ~ succcss.i"ully on tlis Dazlinsx DOTTIS,) !&.ee~~i: . +d, (on the :Jestern slopes of t:;e Gre;,t 9iviC;iilg. ~zr . , r?g~) , near Sz; I)ic,;;-~ - L, i-.: Cal i fornia , a t Tai lgaui , Xe-z Zealmd. , and near Ca2s >To~m, Sonth hi@zl,;: ... ' T'ne I o c a l i t i e s from rh ich de-tail.c?d r e p o r k have been received on nc-*?- - - .

t hm one p l a t ;;ith colnparstivelg high t o nodera-te g ~ o ~ i t h r a t c s a s l i s t e d belos, together z i t h d e t a i l s of the s o i l conditions 21x2 -the s p ~ c i e s rmcemed.

'Local i t ies , So i l s sad Spscics

Darling Do.:ns (916) Elevation 875 f t . 1211 g r i t t y 1atc ; r i t ic loan, over deeply :-:ez-Liiered muclstone. So i l s acid t o n s u t r d . 3. audcax, beiitha:'~.!.na, s l d c r a ~ a , laavigata , l ehna~mima , nutans, pst iolmxi.~, prost rz ta , pulchel la , quercifolicl, sceptrurn, t r i c u p i s , v e r t i c i l l a t a , v i c to r i ae , violzcea.

[ ~T\\:~~IRc. c \&y-\c:i m . 3. c;.,(+fl, C. i - i i i ! ~ r ? h \ r s . Saevoasta~ ((Vic) 18-24" sandy loam p11 6 , over red cla;;r. 3. c d ~ y i , n u t m s , s$ ia~rocasps , violacea.

Avenel , n e ~ a Sejmou.r (Vic) Grgmitic sand mors t h m 12" deep. 3. b- .er i , b r o m i i , o c c i d e n t d i s , v ~ r t i c i l l a t a . .

Da,ndc-r*oul_z Rmges - Olind.a, i<;',llista ('JicJ Iflevs'cion 1400-17CO f t . 12-24" red 'orom cla;;. 10~1, p:'; 5.3 , over pcmsable rsEL6ish c lay, c-:er ga . i~o- i . io r se . B. baueri , bro;:nii x d e y i , coccinea, g jod i i , graJf,is k l eba l -q ima , oci:i&ntalis r prsej:;oma, p r i o n o t ~ s , solaicir i , tric;?rr.;;i: . (E gco~.ri_lig a,iong densa undergroi;ta in Vlet Sclerophgll "orest) . Clematis (Vic) Elevation 900 f t , Deep, rod-bi-oxn c lay loa.~:., s l igh t ly e.ciZic. 5. baueri , brownii, o c c i d e n t ~ l i s .

Cranlpurrle (Vic) Plants gyo-vm ic uncleared a id uncult ivated sz~xl -h i l l oowltrji, fi!.alence s T ~ ~ ~ ~ p s i n bet,y::.;:o-n. 2-3 Tt. sandy l o a n ov(:c :i:hife sand over yellor- ~ 2 n d - t y p i c a saild p i t area. B. ai%enuata, bar~;ri, b m t e r i , btnyfia~~im;, b ~ e i t t i i cblligi, e l d ~ r a n a , s a n d i s , i l i c i : f u l i s , laevil;r.f z, l ~ d i c i n a , lelmasfii;naa, xedi;, .nenzienii, nr- tms, p t t i o l . -is 9

p i l o s t y l i s , p r i " ~ o t i s , ripens, solm.dr i , cjjeciosa, ~ph;.~rocei.pa, t:. ~ C U S P ~ E ,

ve r - t i c i l l a t s , viol8cea.

The peaty s a d of the l e l a l euca snarnps i s s e t 3n r j inter m d moist ki s u e r , axl. has proved very su i t zb l s f o r 3. Brc)~;.xii-, coccinea, i l i c i ? o l i s , occidentri l is , 2nd quuorciPo1i.a.

Clarinda (Vfc) 1 f t . sandy l o rn , pII 4.5 t o 5.2, over deep s a d , i~;;~.::~r t a b l e belori 7 ft. 3. occiC.ontalis, praemorse.

- Edithvele ( ~ i c ) - ( a ) 2 f t . grey sz,vld'jr l o r n pli 6.5 t o 7, over deep, -rihite sad, ~:?.tcr t ab l e 33 f t . belo~r s ~ r f a c e i n s 'm~ler . 3. ca ley i , ;,iutenrv, occ idcx i ta i s , precrooysa, quercifoiia.. P1aa-L~ 'cend t o ye l loa c~1ien yo:.u;g and a r c trcntec? ~ ; . i t h i r on chela tes* (b) 1-2 f t . b1a.c;; c lzy lozm ~ i t h 50 ..:c-r cslit smcl as-ded, over yel lonish clay. B. ashby5 (?), bcxte r i , drym.droides.

i' m 1

Chel-ts;lhm-Black - ----- -.- Rock (Vic) 14 f t , greyish T-kite sand, ac id ic , over o r m ~ swld. 2, baueri, bxi",.- bx~r l , ' grzndis, speciosa*

B i g h c i t (T ic ) 2 f t . grey sandy-loam, pIi' 7, over ironstone gravel and cl-y. B. gra..t$is, speciosa.

DaslC~noli..: (Vic) 22" black clay 1o.m over brown clay, pT1 7. 3. ca lcy i , prostrn-ta, s o l m d r i .

Melbourne Sss -tern Suburbs (:.lea-, Pt.?oz%-, ~ ~ i & ~ ~ 9 _ _ 9 3 ~ I a ~ 1 ~ b ~ r x 1 -9o_nc as t e r , 7: , . i -'9 ?::itchaln9 --- ::=.?:rood.)

6-18!) gceg ciag Lorn over hezvy ycllo;: c lay, 9IS7. Plants ~TOTVI? on - - - . - . . -

built-up garden beds. 35" rn infa l l . 13. baueri, c a l sy i , liry8miroiuwn, goodii , lek.:~ar;ni~ma, media, p e t i o l u i s , pracmorsa, pros$rata, v c r t i c i l i a t a . Most i f not a l l , of the othcr Ylsstern species ha-fe hem t r i e d i n t1:Y.s :.ma, 17rith very l i i t l e success.

I S & ~ Q ~ . lfnrdens - -- (Viz) Elevation 380 ft. 12" :si-i;i;y clz,;r lo=:?, 0 7 ~ r . . l a t e r i t i c 3v.cl.rsllo-t <ravel and clay. 3. baxtc r i , c ~ ~ l e y i , , ... !23 -, - clls 9

e, ~ 0 1 2 n c t ~ i , spliaerocarpa.

Ponor,il ( ~ T c s . t c n ~ ~ i c . ) 36" ac id ic s-ady l oa i , over ,Tzvel bmd. ov. 1 .-lay. Lime a?.ded. 29" rainf2.11. B. baxt;r i , occidtnto. l ls , p i l o s t g l i s , T-?z.c-dorsa, prionotes.

F d l a ca x:ic) 12-24" poor smdg lozil, pE 3.5 t o 4, over snndsto:.~ -; . . L ~ L w:;%3fl r a i n f a l l . 3. b r o m i i , grandis, o c c i d m t a l i s a

Vectis ( ~ r i c ) - - - -- 2-8 ft. white quartz sand pyi 5. 17$-" r a i n f s l l . 3. b m e r i , bax te r i , coccinea, drysmdroidcs , goodii, rfiedia, neie$iisri, prionotes, querc i fo l ie , s cep t rm , speciosa.

13% G s < ~ i er ( :< * * ) Several inches t o several f e ~ t of s a d y l o r n ov -- smG l inzstorja,~~j- i th occas iond pockats or' clr,jr. B. b a i ~ e r i , b r o m ~ i , gooii, 1~;3t'ig~t::, l z i c i n s , l c h i n m i e ~ ~ , lull? j t z i i , nu ta l s , occidc:-.tz.:' - 2, -pe t i o l a r i z , p i l o s t y l i s , praemorsa, pulc!lzlle, s p ~ c i o s a , sph2srocc;l-pa, vi0&&&+.

1 1 : -- ) 3-6" s m ~ y lo.?;:? ( s l i 9 t l y ac id ) , over 4 f t - 6 f-t. :f ~ a & ~ o;*c~ ~ ~ ! T ~ ~ s ~ o - A c . B. bauer i , goodii, la . r ic ina , o c . ; i ~ ! ~ n t s l i s , pc. ..:aimis , - -

pLlos t , . l i s , qucrc i fo l ia , repens, sphaerocarps, violacea.

m ~ ~ ~ ( 8 c X. ) Grey, iqfsrtfle s a d , pTi 6.5, Q\:~?L. s l i & t l y z lka l ins y ~ l l o n sand, 111 places s ~ l r ' y l i ? . l ~ ~ t c ~ ~ z co:?es to +::i-bhkl ;z foot o r so ol" ti_+-

( surface. -&;i:ial. r>i..;Zh11 23)t. ( s 1971 it ;:as 40" ;!?lc: c a ~ s a C ~ SO..< l osses ) . . - B. asilloyi, at-teruatn, : o.xf:iri, broimi i (has rrgcncreted nct::xal. . . l y ) burde-k,'~ii, c s l ey i , cnr_dollc;;~c, co.:c-j_lrca,, o~c:<:.~r~z~, l n c v j . & ~ t z , Icr?.c3:r~,

, . lohmaixliana, ncila, nr,is+n;:ri, yx?n,nzir;sii, nutxzr, orcid;: l t~lis (hnr re7:?;::-- e ra ted na tu r a l l y ) , p e t i o 1 a ~ i . s ~ p i l o s t y l i s , prior,i,t;c, ~~~~~kr~ta, G _ . X ~ i < ~ l f a , repens, 0 1 , sccntrum, spaciosz, sphaerocwpz, tricuspis, vic'csrire, violzcea.

*Bxkst.: P3rk ( ;-!lo 1 .

24-56" ::!~it8 t o red sLLnd over gi!vel.ly clay, 7 , j I 1 rainf3.110 - - I -

B . 'ozv..iri, c r i L q r i , lci~i-~a.~~lia:>~. , prionotcs .

tlWitttm,Tft Botmic Gardcns, Blnckvood (S.A.) 18-3611 s a d , p~ 6 - 6.5 ovor mdd- t ing clay. E m pilostjrlis. Tilirty-ko other species hzve bcen planted during the pcst three years and are growing nel l , the following having flowered already; B. bauori ( g c y ginger f o w s ) , baxteri , drymdroides, media, nutals, occ identd is , praemorsa, repens, %-id speciosa.

j tllfte .rllraalt, I l m ~ n Vdlcy ( s . A ~ ) Deer, glacial. said. 3. baueri, ( 2 fqr. s ) brmxi i , 'uurCettii, calefl, can?ollcar-c, coccinza, drymdroides, l a r i~ ina , lek!annizis, media, nenziesii , prostrata , repens, sccptrum, qhserocarpa (lax& 2nd sad1 f r u i t forms), t r icuspis r

* E d w Eills (s.A.) Elevation 800 ft. 12-24" poor, sandy, gravelly Loam, pH-6 t o 7;--rocky in par ts , over approxinately 16" red-brom clay, ovei massive .- sandstone* 3. drymdroides, t r icuspis . I

. .

Y Gr.zfers (s.A,) levati ti on 1000 ft , 10-12" podsol, over gravel -.:zfi.d, over gr i t tyclay, pH about 6 but varies. 45" rainfal l . B. grandis, lael::: j;,si;a..

Trarnmcrc 18-36" imported sandy topsoi l over clay-loam, p?- 7 t o 7.5, over 12-13't red pige-clay, then clay-limestone m a r l t o c ~ n s i d c , ~ ~ + b l e depth, pH 9. Be p i los ty l i s , repens. - . -

Adeldde Sotznic Gr?rhll-s Heavy clay-loan over clay. B. l ehmmir na, media, victoriae.

Ongerup ( .%.A) 6-1011 grani t ic lo rn over clay, pH 7.5. B. l aev: .~ t t r . , lehmanniana, meisdneri, victoriae.

K511gs P;lrk9 -Wfa., Deep sand, pX 6.5 ti 7.5. Rainfal l 3511; 8. ashbyi, e;t;teauattcr, bzu*?ri, bwdetti i , cdsy5, dryandroides, elderana, hookerana, I a i c h , % , .l :.~,srp, +- mediz, rnsie$nc;ri, menaiesii, nutans, occidentali&, pilostylis , acsptmn, speciosa, solmdri, sphaerocxpa.

Fmm~7i (I!= Z e d m d ) (a) 6-12r1 heavy clay lorn >H 5.6 t o 6, ovcr heavy clay. B o Sancri, b r o i d i , cdef i , dr3-mdroid-s, i l i c i f o l i s , nedi~", nu:-= I

occideatclis, quercifolin, repms, sola-dri , ve r t i c i l l a t a . (3) peat-loam - 9, meadis, (c) ri&t loaAl over deep pwice er1ksoi3 - - 3. grandis. (d) clay su'osos, where s l i p s have occurred, over gravel o r i r o n - s ~ ~ ~ d f d t s - 5. speciosa. -

X- Deep, red g r m i t i c loan pH 6.5. B. ashbyi, Lzxtcri, baueri, . . nedia, speclosa (and various ?astern species).

SPECIES LOCALITIES AITD GZOl!?IBG COBCITIOTTS .:r . . $ v@utvl L.,.\ j~ui3 , 4<riC; ++* &ll 2-b, n x y :;i,j : L L ~ i b.'

<dt,.b .+,, y, b<[.C <<:h pi::*. - I n t h e i r natural ha6i tats the majority of Banksia gpecles grow m pL.s--,.lom

i where the s o i l i s e % b ~ constantly ao i s t some distance below the syL-?f ,ce i Host ere from n e l l drained habi tz t s , r;3t i

I subjecf to prolkged ~raterlogghg, an8 receive f u l l t o 3 sunG: The c y e c i a

I referred to belon mErE p o r . n under such conditions, except ~hnre otl m i ~ c stated,

6-12 x6. --tz,p I

B. .ashb~-j. &om Imim and Ashburton Dis t r ic t s where it grom 3 4 3 S % . ! I

") high on bcep sand. Groging re11 a t icings Park, Edi thvde, Escondido I F'urner, on deep l i g h t soi l . Average height, ffidth m d sge, 7 x 5 <to 1 @ 7 yrs. Drought resis tznt . i ~ r n t0..25 x \z- f< CT &id- ftwn 3 - C X ~ - 1 2 .

@j B. atttnuata. From S t i ~ l ~ g , Bmren, A&, D a r l i n g and Imin Uis t r ic t s where it gro1~s 10-30 x 15 sRtr. on deep smd. Furrier, K i n @ Park azd

d ~ b d , C~fii~jCxmbocme on deep sm&. 7 x 6 f t . @ 9 yrs. Drought res i s taa t . 2-+ x 3 -5 fi

(31) 3. audnx From Coolgadie Di s t r i c t \:here it grows F j S F e on dew sand. On thc D n l i n g Doms it has reached 8 x 8 f t @ 15 yrs on decp lorn. Drought resis tant . More reports ass required.

1 . C

5 * [~-@2) +-i-. $-icy

B . b m e r i --- From Eyre, S-i;irling md Avon D i s t r i c t s ::;here it grows 5--:=--3iL . . - .xi 6 ' .'L x+-f%. on d e ~ p sand,, Vectis , Inmm ~ d l a y ' : " ~ & l i 2 k a , C r m - f . t ~ u ~ ~ e , Pil~~ic~lr ,

Kings Puk, Cheltenhm, Banksin Pmk , Clematis, Escondido , 'ilmgmui, &It. Gambisr, Vermont, l~'~illicc;.ilt, Avsno-1, -4 x 5 It. @ 6 yrs. Deep said or c lay loam. Drou&t r e s i c t a t . Thi: form Troa t h e South S t i r l i n g e r sa , with l a rge grey f loncr spikes, m d the form f r o m East >bunt Barren, ~ 5 t h ginger o r tax flo7;jers ape both grotsing i n many areas.

(@ (Y?) 3. .b~xL>rj -- From Eyre and S t i r l ing- I) istr i .cts nhcre it grows 5 - 10 x 12 2t. o:~ -&m. uecp sm.d. Cranbourno, Furrier, ?laranoa Gmdens, Cheltenhm,. Vectis, Edithv,de, Sscondido. 8 x 6 @ 7 yrs. Deep sand o r clay loam. Y e ~ r l y t i p pruning i s benef ic ia l t o sh3pe m d flosvering.

(y) JL%,,~I ( C ) -12 ;& ,&.- i2, 44 L ; ~ , 4 L 2 ; i ~ ~ .;a*,& c c . ~ , r ~ (&-) - 5- & A i~1---/2 b ' - t : ~ a . ~5 J ' Be benth~.nma From In- in and Avon D i s t r i c t s xhere lt grows t o 12 f t . .lC1'Y -.'iih$i'

on shallow ssndy-lorn. Darling Dorms and Cronbourne on deep loam and '"'P iiuc' deep sand, 4 x 3 f t . @ 5 yrs, Good .to moderate drainage- Nore repor t s are required.

0 ((4) 6,-12 x C- - io 8. bro:::?~~ From S t i r l i n g D i s t r i c t wllerc it g row 3 - 15 x 1 0 ft. on ! ~ C F m h j . q l c i

shallov: smdy l o r n over smdstoce. Imm- Valley, Clcniatis, P h i l l i p .. .- ;\--.-;.* . ., ; . . . - \ : > + A island, Ka l l i s t a , Hal ls Gzp, Oli.nda, Crmbourne, Wmgmui, JIt, Ganbi~r., . . .., '-- - .- i. Avenel, Furner. 13 a 6 @ 7 y r s , deep sand o r clay lou. Good o r poo:. ~J.;-I-:--~~-"

drainage. Susceptable t o high s o i l temperat~wes and k y conditions. -.

(*3J 9.- /z 10 -12 $ B. b u r d c - c t ~ horn I m 5 n and Avon Dis t r i c - t ;~ , lQ=sr;=l-5=30 on deep sanrl. Pumcr, ;:;Ln&= P a ~ k , Crznbourne, Inman Valley. 6 x 6 @ 8 y r s , on decp

r e s i s t a n t , . .

m a Eyre m d S t i r l i y kistrict xhere it grovs on mmy ,Ur*r -,,A, 5 . : - . I & .

types of so i l . Wanganui, ~ u r n c r , i V 5 - r i l d i V a l e y , K h g s P a k , D?ndenon:, ,

Cranbournc , Blackburn, E~r-igvrood, Edithvalc, B;nlisia park, Olinda, i ~ i k i in I rl'Gb Maranoa Garciens, Shegparton, 4 x 5 @ 6 yrs, Deep o r s h d l o n sm-d 2r clay lorn. GO06 t o noderate drzinagc, f u l l t o 2 sun, Drought resis-Ls??t.

(*) Gf& . '~Jc,+,~cLrrk..g:~.p<..~ : & , ~ i ! l i & - b K i P - l 2 3 l B. cmdollema From I m i ~ D i s t r i c t there it go:s - - - - -to-mi+Ya - z e P send. Inman Valley md Furncr, 3 F Y r s e hiore repor t s are required,

m (55) 5-q ;f{ &&& (:,<I ccG;.i&;&,.<d i s

Eo coccinsa From Eyrc and S t i r Z b E i s t r i c t s where it grows +1-5--;i\.+0 4 d i i : 3-icii S high on daap sad* Crcu?bome, 'KUista, Inn= Vdley , Vectis , Fum~r. 'i**iL''A'i"

I1 x 9 fti, Q a yrs. Deep, f ight s o i l . Good or poor drainegs, flu t o .cf-i".':'W- It Li.& L,?

half sun. Very susceptable t o high soi l t e v r p . t u r e s and dry conhition;. L,i,LiGiU;: Le, ilk) *

. . . . . .

B. dsr:t>*& A tropical species, f r o m Kimberley Regioli W.A., North of Cooktoi:mt Queenslmd, Gorthexn Terr i tory , P2pua Ne17 Guinea. Grows 15-20 ft. hi& 5n s m d y sr~mpy zrens md in the h i l l s s Vi r tua l ly unlcnomn under c u l t iva'tion .

,t

03 2 C,G( 3 -4 ti c i c m , / ~ \ A ~ L M j 1-1 7'': , .

B D dry.lrciroidas From - S t i r l i n g D i s t r i c t T ~ P ~ - & - - ~ ? o w s - 3-x 5 I"ta.--~n ~ C L ~ r z i . ~ l '3CL*jc1'

sWJ.os-s~idy-Lom ouer-ggaveb . E d i t h v d e , Ringmod,, BlacYourn, j 3 c i . d . Waulganui, King3 Parlc, Vectis , Iman Vd l ey , Eden B i l l s , Box K i l l 3; x 5 @ 5 yrs. Reasonzbly deep s m d or c lay loan. Good t o modcrate drainage. Fa i r l y drought r e s i s t m t .

@I' 6-9 .& in -iz B. eld ,ran2 From A - u s t i n and Coolgzrdie D i s t r i c t s -&ere it grot:s 5:~- -2.0 x ~ . S $ . on deep sand or sandy lorn. Darling Dovms, b r i e r , Cranb~:~ .mc, Kings Park. 5 x 3 Q 8 yrs. Deep sand o r c l sy lorn. Good t o modcrete drainage. Drought r e s i s t an t .

P'$> "1 R ) ' I b Y I d <,- ,CfP~<(: hXL &--IO x 9-12 '.; 6:" ;<

3, el f:?--s Groas on d z ~ p ~ s a n d in, the 1ry in 'Dis t r i c - t , Bo repor t s r-i,:-:?

received on t h i s species. &* (i4)

I

T ' < r o .. (3,; ,:<L

B. modn From Albvly areati7here it e o n s p ros t r e t e on deep smdg loam. Olinda, Mt. Gmbier, Vectis , Kal l i s t a , !vli.llicent, Edithvale , Ringxood. 1 x 1 @ 3 yrs. on d o q sand or clzy loan. All plants

- s t i l l a l i t t l e yomg t o r s sess optinurn coming condit ions, but it a p p c z s adaptable. $ 1x1 (o-,5y \,iAJ +.-\c fi acii\a i x pacXli.it ,,C<L~

. . '. 1

. ;it>, ,b\kli i , ) k l ii k jLG . ' ] ' ~ ' ~ ~ ' ~ * , , & k c F &%da

nH,<Li a b , t; lVi4 d2(1 bLil cib?ac s LLjiuLCY C ~ L

&:t, fl n(u;i? * m.d; . *. fro^ S t i r l i n g , "larren m d Darling D i s t r i c t s where it grf . o

x 15 o r nor2 on d c ~ p o r shnllon said over gravel ly clay. Olinda, Cranbourne , Crcf c r s , I- Lr - 7 > , W m g m ~ ~ i , H s l l l s Gap, Iiighott , Itisntone, K a l l i s t a , Toolangi. 1 9 x 10 8 1 8 ps . Dcep sand o r c lay l o rn , f ill1 t o 6 sun, Requires mater i n dry periods.

,d.,c ,kiru CLCIW iehn S- C A 10-12 &--lo B. hook~r rxs LFrom Irwin D i s t r i c t ..'loye it g~ows 6 - 10 f t &high or; deep

1 p::.c* Q @ s m L Cror;ingirell a t Kin@ P ~ l ~ ~ o r dctp s m d , 6 x $ @ 5 yrs.

L' b @) B. i l i c i f o l i s 7 ros Darling md S t i r l i n g D i s t r i c t s vhcre it grorjs 15 x 15 f t

o r more_, .- . on decs sand. Crmbourne a d i.;lanmui, 11 x 6 @ 7 y r s ~ x A e q + - sand m d clzy lorn. Good o r poor d reb~agc . The form from Perth js morc vigorous at Cm,n-boume khan the form from K d g m River.

Q@., + s v From Stirl ing a14 Q T ~ n i s t r i c t s -&-here it gram 5 - 10 x

ft, on ~ ? ~ d l a v sadg lorn. ~!Wmcr, Crafcrs, Crmbolme, Darling L m s , G Z G Y L ~ ~ C T Ongcrnp. 3 x 5 Q 6 yrs. Dacp s a d or grmi=?icloam* Good modcrate &&age. Includes reports on at least some plmts of

Ssp* ~ U S C O ~ U ~ Z ~

So la~icina From E m l k g D i s t r i c t vhere it grocs 3 - 5 x 5 f t . on de~;, (5) s a d . Crm%ovrne, l3xns.n Velley, W n e r , ? l i l l i con t , Kings P a k , Kt. Gab i s r .

4 x 5 @ 7 yrs on decp sand.

B l i From Eyre C i s t r i c t ~ i h e r e it s o n s 6 - 1 0 x 3 - 10 on sh~lloz-7 g a v e l , sandy loam o r clay, Darling Dorms, B l a c k b ~ m , Onger~:?, Furncr , Crmbocrne , 112x2~ Valley, I;t. Galbier, Rhg700d. Hota-~lic Gc -A: ens Adelaidc, B&,cia Park, I ( d i i s t a . 6 x 5 @ 7 y r s on sand, s a d y lo or^ o r c lay lorn , b o d t o modcrzte drainage, f u l l to ha l f sun., Very ha. rdy,

b-10% &- toy4 From F!-, I r ~ d r ~ , T- - -8 Dis t r i c t$ ~iki<;re

63 n n . it g~oriis I - -A?$% on deop smd. C-roving well 2 t icings Park,

4 x 4 8 4 y-rs. !$ore reports a e required. 1 @-R. G ? + C U ~ ~ L ) 5,u3 ll kPF *akd "OU ; hnPp& ~&$d3 3 -Y 11 t - Y i?) ,P I B* l u l l f i t z i i Only one r q o r t received; $,I%. Gmbier, 13 x 1 @ 2 y:?ss

1 C59 moist posit ion. 1,F~rs rcpor t s a r e required. 2 - 10 X (0.4%

I B mcdia. From Eyre D i s t r i c t vhere it p o v s -8 f t , o;; c?z:?y

I l o r n o r clay. l e n ~ n i Cr.p.kp;yne LFumor, Vectis , Imsn V ~ l l e y , Eir.&z f i<ii+ 3 - !-

Park, Escondido, Ringwooa, 90 mi c d3lrdons Adelaide. 7 x 8 Q 10 yiBs 011

sand,--sc?ndy loam o r c lzy loan. Caou t o moderate drninager 2 3 1 1 -FAT.- ----a - - -

3-Y x 3-4- (2) B. mei~dncr i From s t i r l i n g mil Darling ' 3 i s t r i c t s where it gross 3 x 4 f t

on do+ SR-C~. parkr ~~sct i s , rkner , ~ l~gerup. 3 x 5 @ 6 E e . D e e p - s ~ d or -&tic lom,h.-m Feud I; riw

"*kCb Y .&tLW>?

j w ~ W W L . T- &wn I%.I,~+I L 1 2 - 2 ~ t t (;kuct&L*un b-1C.x 10.-12$#. B. mcnziesii Tram I F , T ~ , Darling end Avon D i s t r i c t s whore ii grovic t o 25 ft. o r more, on di;;;p sand. Crmboume, Kings Park, Imm Valley arid Furner, 10 x 5 @ 8 yrs. The fo rn f ron Dongara i s more vigorous at' Cranbourne than the form from Perth.

1 im%ddy - 3 3 , M AA rL(p~u~h GUT i 4 ~ q) (lt 5 x 9 (b) E. nutzns *om S t i r l b g a id E p e D i s t r i c t s 1-?here it grozs 4 x 5 011

1 deep o r s h s l l o ~ smd. Fmner, Rmgmui, .Kings Pt?rk, Shcpparton, M t . Gmbier, Darling lloms, Crmboume, Edithvale. 3 x 3 @ 7 yrs on

i deep saild, s ~ q d y loam o r c lcy loamo Good to moderate d r a i n a s . Drol?..$il;

i r e s i s t m t , i * \Ci-2qr lo - l

Born S t i r l k ~ g and Z~TE U i s t r i c t s id TT%~% it g o ~ : s to 15 jc. 3 ft. 011 dm?, moist pczt~r s ~ C * C r ~ ~ b ~ ~ m t : , ~ . ~ i ~ i ~ a l U i , H d 1 ~ L-z,?, Clematis, !:sllistn, i l i l l i c m t , Zdith\*ale, Fnrne:r, 1 hab ie r , O l k . - - ,, Cazbost, Clwbfis, PortlmC, S k & s Pnrk; Avcnd. 10 x 7 @ 7 J ~ P S on deep smG, awdy lorn or clay lorn. Good or poor drahc@, iW1 t o half. stm. S~erss t o require constzrltly moist subsoil ,

Be p a t i o l c r i s A p r c s t r a t e shrub Toul~d on dcep- s m d in t h e Eyre D i s t r i c t - , @ d h n c r , Crmbourno, :'~Tiiillicent, I t . Gunbier, Heathuiont, Darling D013;:3 r 1 ! (W) 1 x 5 O '7 yrs on deep o r s h d l o ~ ? s m d o r c lay lom~. Good t o modirr~:~c

drainage, flil.1 t o ha l f sun, Drought r e s i s t t u ~ t . I

13. pi.losty.;lis . i+on Eyre D i s t r i c t ::here it grows 6 - 9 x 9 f t . on . doep or .shalloz G X ~ . .. .3lsck'iood Trxlm-t'q. F w Y ~ c . ~ , ~r~ab~illme,..'!~~~~liceni,. ? ' Kt. Gmbiar, Eilnm Fxk, 4 x 4 @ 1, ~ T S on &ccp sma o r c lay loam.-

. , . . * . . . 5 1 Good to modorcti. d r a i n ~ g e . . . . . . .- . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . -- _.._- __ _. . ,_ ........... _ _ ..... . . . .. @&)-, - . * 1. . , - A . , ..- ...... . . ,

3.. ~ - L C ~ : O ~ B C From noer illbzny, !~h;ire i<- g~&:-:s t o 6 x.6 ft,. oil s h d l c ~ ! -..... ... sandy loan on c o a z t d limestone c l i f fso E>ackb~rn, lti. G3mbier,

- Bdithvzle , Kzlli .s ta Clcririda; '5 x..,4 @ 4 yrs. on. decp .s&?y ,or cl. ~ j r ' ' : l o m i .- Good - t o ~oc i c r a t e d r a i . ~ ~ ~ . , .full- Lo .hc'tl? . SLVL. . , - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Y _ . -. + . ... . . . I

. > . . . , . - ' . . . . . . . . . . Fro= ~ t i r l i n g ; ;IV&, ~ z r i , & ~ &d I ~ i i n E i s t r i c4s Tiiie:cc

it reecncs 20 x 16 f'; ,. cm &cp a-md - ' hmpr,, . Cranbov.rne, Bmksie Pa l< , .. y>.t+ ...... ~ 5 c . . r R * ; n t .

Vectis , Ba i l , I l d l i s t a . fc 15 x 9 @.J2 yrs on deep s m d o r ,clay ip,mb . . Wable t o ~ ~ i t h s t a n d - h i @ s o i l tenpcratures,. :: ,!: .. ;.... ., % . . . . . . . . . - .- "::

. .- . . ' @ (%%)- -. -. .- -- - - - - - ,- - - - - -- - .. , - - - .. - , - -. - - ,. - B. pf i s t r~ . t a Fron Eyre and S t i r l i n g Dis- t r ic ts vlherc it ,grovs prc?-trate and 3 - 6 f t . wide, on ,smdy loan o r clay. EL~rner, Imm iTalley, ::ox J I i l l Doncaster, Dmdenorig, Ring!ood, Carling 1)oms 1 x 3 @ 6 yrs. ,>,lost p lan t s 1;erc growiiig on docp clzy loam, Good t o moderate drainage, Zull -to quar ter sun. Drought resistcant*

(1). 3. pulchcl la From E y r e Dis-1;ric-b ij-horc' it grows 3 x--3 f t . on dcep smd. M t . Ganbier md Darling Do~ims. 3 x 3 @ 6 yrs. . !4oist posi t ion, good t o . moderate d r ~ i n a g e , . . . . .

, , - I - @I>

B e a u ~ r c i f o l i a >%-om S t i r l i n g 2nd !rJaren D i s t r i c t s nnere it grows Y -Ic' ;h * - 5'4 F.4L-qr- wm, on dcep sznd tr i th poor t o mod e r a t a d r ~ i n e g e . Crzu~bour:~e,

$ 1 . n _ l ~ , ~ ~ > cs ,\I u-&.\ Edithvslr; , ~r;sr15ag 806f!is, li/zcgarifii EJlill.icent, Vectis , Furnor. 9 x 4 @ 8 yrs on clcq scmd o r c l ~ y loam. Good or poor draii?a.ge, Pull t o

- "'&

* + y - --&f - &". ,x~&d:lc& q ~ a t ~ r saqo Not &ou&t rssiste;r;+,, . L'~<L, LiC!Cc I~J-,{, ' . T - L ' -

@@) ,

m.r~L , Sj 4r-s&.;% -, .yip. _ . .

B. r ~ p m s Fron Eyre and S t i r l i n g U i s t r i c t s where -it-,-cows' prostraSe - - - - x 8 f t . =ids on scad o r clay. i!aaraxloo Gardens,. Furrier, Cru;bourne, > I

. . I h m V ~ l l e y , I.iiillicent, Tramere; !il~~rlg:mui. 1 x 7 @ 8 -ps. .Deep .s:nd, sandy loam o r c loy loasi, good t o nloacrate cl.rnirl~.gc, fill1 t o ..quarter swim . . Drought r o s i s t m t . . , .

'._ . - (O-IFx !?-:I% c+ B. sccp nm From I h n D i s t r i c t ;~hera 5.t groTzs h-w+o on det-;? j;;~:i.-~

Furrier, Iiman Valley, Darling D~a-rls-~ .Kiy=, Park, Vectis. .~. 6. x 4 Q 6 :rs. Requires decp, vacll droined soi l . . . . , . - . . . . . : . . . _ ., dj id* *% $8 @b) . . . . . . e4j(?x $- / ~ f i dl.: xKy>&~&

Be S O ~ Z I ~ ~ I . FLY- -:n&sm&&4eTE. g o v s 6 - 12 ft GA L,'rL& .',I .?

s h d l o n smdy i o m . , Kings Psrli, Cranbourae, : rkrmon Gardens, ~!mgmui, _ r ' , i"-+i i ) , - hul lo r , Dzndcnon;, Olindn. 9 x 7 @ 7 yrs. Deep sand or c1t-q lome - fLs%

.. ...... UnabIe t o 5?i€hS-tand high - so i l temperztures and.-.excessiue .&ydess. Full t o h d f sun.

&s) 2-15 r rc--.>:l ff Be spc-ciosa. From Eyre D i s t r i c t -shere it g;;l-oirs .t;o--fG--x-.ZO-f--. on deep

c , s a d . Black Rock, Furner, i-, Kings Park, ' Crxtbomne, Wanwui, Vectis, I t . Gzt ibi~r , Escondido. 14 x 9 8 9 yrs. F'Iost on deep sand, . ,

I+.> 3. snhcero c x p n ( ~p,.,~der r~lJL~$~.o~ - Fror~ Coolgudie , X p c , S t i r l i n ~ , B a l i n g md I n ~ i n D i s t r i c t s , xhore it g o n s 3 - 6 n 3 - 6 f t . In;:-..:l Valley, Crp.n3ourneY L ~ m e r , E.Xllicont, Xt. G~qb ie r , I<izigs P z k , Shcpp;~cr?tonp 1 f a r ~ ~ 1 0 ~ Gardeiis. 4 x 5 @ 7 y r s on deep sand o r c lcy loan. Drou&t r e s i s t x : t ~

q ( ( 0 ) B. r i cusp i s From 1r;:in D i s t r i c t it ,~r0i7s LO a height of 8 ft. on l a t e r i t i c gravel. Inmm- Vdley , Crmbourne, L b n : x , D u l i n g D o i j n s , Olinda, Zden Hills, 5 x 4 @ 8 yr s , on deep s m d o r clay lorn . . Good t o moderate draincge. Drought r e s i s t an t , - .

@ (12) - . . . - - - . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . -. ... , . . . - . ! L. . B. v ~ r t k i l I & z = = ~ l i t to rz l i s ) From S t i r l i n g , Wzrrcn ma ~ a r l f n g D i s t r i c t s

where it go1.-7s t o 40 f-t. on zell dre incd o r poorly drzined s a d , Emn~;ading, Crmbovrnc, Avenel, T i l~agmui , Darling Dov.ns. 1 0 x 4 @ 9 yrs. Smd o r c l sy loan, good t o moderzte d r z i n a g , full t o h d f sun. Rcqaires nolsf s ~ : ' b ~ o i l .

.: . &3 5j<{L&-3 7.i)hiCi' . . - g, /I,K-LI(cL~CC&~ ~ $ i k ) i 4 c i d x , ) & i ~ , i ~ , ~ L ~ 3 t v ~ i C A I ~ ( FLJ#li O X ~ > >

BoL~ic&or i s e From Irwin D i s t r i c t where it grows 6 - 10 x - e , on deep sand. Furner, Dzrling Dovms, Botanic Gcrdens ,Idelaide, Ongerup. 4 x 3 @ 6 yrs on deep sand o r c lay lorn. Good t o moderate drainage, full t o h d f sun. Requires wotering i n dry periods. - -

(3) . .

2-FA 2-bf4 B. violacsa. From EyPe and S t i r l i n g D i s t r i c t s here it grows ma

, on shallow smd. F'urner, Crmbowne, :-, Shcpparton, Darling - Doms, ; - i l l i c e n t . 2 x 3 @ 6 yrs on deep s a d c r sandy loan. Good t o

moderate drainage. Requires wate r i ig in dry periods.

The following have ass i s tod i n t h i s study: Blackbum & D i s t r i c t Tree Preservation Society, S.G.2. - B.S.W., Qld. md SOL. Regions, J.K.i'Lspcr, R.N.iIuchter10-vlie, B.L.Baglin, A.V.Bdhorn, TJiss J.h.Bal1, D r * JoSo B e z d , - L.Bates, ?T.Belfrage, T.Bla,ke, S.G.Blec?kley, M,B.Bov~ney, R0NoB~rbu~g9 Norm Bymes, L.Carmm, S.G.Chinner, I!ks J.Chismon, D r , D.i.I.Churchil1, Nrs K.Deery, G.Echberg, ; ' r s g. G.Eddy, W.R.Elliot, lirs A. Fyfe, J. Gadd, Miss Jean Galbraith, D.Gordon, A. Gray, D.A.Gray, H.I;:I.Hewett, Charles Z i l l , T.'s J.Hockley, I.i~.'r:ollida,y, ':bs I.O.I<..eeley, WoLeech, 1.h-s D.Lewis, ll.E.Lii~Cincr, ~ I ~ E ~ L o ~ L u ~ , T.R.N.Lothian, D r . Ross 3 :acdonald, D,I<,??cIntyre, - . , 1,bss. B , I \ 4 m , JoLi.l~1:!.rt~n, W .?,!Tartin, T~ks R.iliddelnann, W, I'iliddleton, . M,Murray, K.Mewbey, D.J.Kelson, A'lrs P.Nich01, T.P.OvRourke, P,A.Phelm, . . 1f1.s B,bI.Rowley, C .H.Pratten, FoZoRudolph, i!ks B.Salter, Z.Solalo, I~ks I,St~anton, I'.irs T.Y,Steacl, Stevens Bros. (:g.~.), G.C.Sii:nnons, Ken Stuckey, Xrs J:.I.Tliornton, R. J.Turner, C.Wheller, Bruce Wilkie, L.C.Willims, W s J.Yopg.

. . . . .. . , .. . , , ., REF'ER~jiC7S : . . . . . ... . . . . .

, . B.PePoI.ToI1. Vol. 25 Nob 4. J2n. 1972.

I ~ 2 ~ s - t r a l i m B d L s i a s - D. Baglin and 3. IJullins, Ror;Jitz. West i l u s t r a l i ~ l P l m t s - J.S.Eezrd, S,G,L.P, C.SeIoR.0, B w d Resemch Journal - Vol. 74 Dec. 1971.

t West : l u s t r d i m Nrztive p lan t s in C~iLtivation - i.R.Fsirhal1, P;;.r,@aon Press . t West' l i~s t r?~l im P l m t s f o r I ior t icul ture - Ken Uewbey, S.G.B.P. !,

I . . - . ,

. ,

AJ!JATJYSIS OF RTPORTS . , AFP2?TI)IX ii . To enzble a comparison t o bs made of go~i - th r z t e s of p lan t s of d i f f ~ r e n t .

! ages a Itgro~.Ah quotient" mzs calculated f o r each p lan t us ing Kie f o r n u l ~ . , ! GeQo = H x ~2 / Age, his i s a rough nessuri;, but t h e only r e d l y accr;ra%e .

' method would involve cu t t i ng dolm and aeighing each p l m t ) .

The repor t s were tzbulated, f o r each s p ~ c i e s , rwiking each p lan t according t o i t s gro~.rbh quot ient , and separat ing the repor t s i n t o t h r ee groups;

. . .

! (1) compara.tively high t o moderate growth r a t e s (above t h e 33rh ccn t i l e ) ; . - . . 6

i (2) comparatively low g r o d h r a t e s (below t h e 33rd cerl t i le) . . - 1 . (3) f a i l e d within 6 years, ... . .,. . . . -

. .

1 The t a b l e prepared f o r B e b u r d e t t i i i s i l l u s t r a t e d below,

Bo BURDZTTII

G.Q. LOCALITY H x 'd AGE y!o J D I S T m S. D L Sm

34 F'urner 7 x 7 1 0 fi1 D G3od f d l

29 Kings Pazk 4 x 6 5 he D GOO^ fli1-1

1 9 C ranbourne 6 x 5 8 21 D Goad f u l l

18 Inman Valley + 5 x 6 ' 10 '19 ' . D Good P l l _ _ , _ _ _ ^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - - - - - -

7 ITt. Gmbicr 3 x 3 4 14 ' M Good ful l

4 D. Doms 4 x 3 1 0 var iab le Good f i l l 3. Clar inds 2 x 1 4 Id 'D - Good 4

2 x 1 3 PA i iod. Edithvale llI -

0.6 4

004 n-~-~g~rup I x 1% 3 D Good rull " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C - _ _ _ _ _ I _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

T!E7TJZRN BANKS I L 1 S AND PIIY TOPIITRO?X;L C Il?f\TI'21:91 TI 3~ D I< ~ T c I!?TY31< , C?~lborra Sot afiic Gnrdens

Hundreds of Restirn B~nks ia p l ~ a t s h3ve been g o n ~ o.t . the Canberra Botanic G=dens. In almost every case they have died fo r 20 appaent

;. reason, v i t h i n a f e w y e a r s ,

R'eports from Syhey and other nearby areas are very corsistent. The species gro~i rrcll fo r a year or even scveral, then die zlnost overnight! - . . . - - - u s u d l y in s m e r , or a f t e r flonering. Drymdrac, L-~lburtias, Petropl l les and other Proteaceze can also be included i n t h i s group.

. - In n > s t c z * I & d ~ t h vrouldhve 7 3 c d u e t o th+&mgw----------

*-

Phy-kophthora clrxxnoni, o r t o s o n ~ icter-cction n i t h it. Yestern Bm!rsiq@ a*. as a group s w n extreciely susceptible t o the disesse* There was rccent1;y. m outbrcdi of _ P _ , ~ ~ - i r n o ~ in the propagation area a t tile Canberra Ed r t m i c Gardens, the T i r s t cesual t ies m r e 1,lestorn ~anksis;: folloned a fcii days l a t c r by other species. It wcs so draiiatic it i s vjorth ner t t ioniag in r e l a t i o n t o -the o v e r d l problem.

P. cinnmomi has been ident i f ied fron many spscies of Bcstern B~zks ie r which have died, by using the current i so la t ion techniqzes. It f ~ p p e ~ x s

from t h i s md T r o a spptoins associated v i t h the disease, t h a t most previous deaths of lVestern Bc?~dssias wore from. t h i s disease.

P. cinnanomi occurs i n many fo res t areas i n Eastern Lus t ra l ic md has probably cone so foz hundreds, possibly thcusands of yezrs. The fungus at tacks the roots of p l m t s , mhich do not n e c c s s ~ v i l y die. It appezs t h a t i f a pl,w-t cpn produce nex roots f a s t e r th'm thc fungus can destroy them, it ail1 survive. An infccted pl-mt nay therefore l i v e fo r y e a s , and then succunb t o the disease.

Conditions ~;hich lo-ser tlrle physiological vigour of tihe p l m t sning the balance in favour of the fungus axil nay cause deeth, 9a te r s t r e s s 7,-1 cause f a i lu re during s m e r , hen the rcclucc;.d root system can no longcr cope, and the plant ~ i l t s and dies, (toxins nay also be invo1.-vcd). The great physiological s t r e s s associate6 n i t h floverixg m d f r u i t production may also cause a p l a t t o succumb to m infection.

, . . , ... .. -._ .". a .I>.* I -, .

The f'-ungus favours xaterlogged conditions, ns it sprezds by no t i l e zoospores ~ ih ich require vzter in which t o ST&,. Heme 2 wet period follovred by very hot weather, i s the i d e d formula f o r death. The l 2 ~ , ~ 3

-spreads rap&* -ewer- . t he -roots, 'md - then the - period of - s m m w : % t = r E LV-

causes decth.

The problen appears to be a.n ecologiczl one m d should be vielzed as one. It may be unrea l i s t ic t o expect gardens t o remain f ree from P. c b n ~ a ~ d . , par t icu lcr ly i n ou-r c i t i e s m d meas of recent ly cleered forests.

The balmce should therefore be kept in favour of the p l m t as f a r as possible, by making sure the s o i l i s well drained i d t h z t ' it does not receive too nuch water. . . ,

Whilst the r e l a t ive importmce of P. cinnmomi should not be played 2o7.n, other factors c m be just as effect ive 2s a cause of d ~ z t h e.g. lsck of water, %he use of roo%bound stock, poor plant ing technique, pests, planting et the mrong t jne or in the 7:nong s i te . It should not be asstmcd, therefore, that dl decths of Uestcrn Banksiae a e 6uc to P. cinnmomi.

The flmglcida D E X ~ has been used sucocssfurly at the Gcrdens to hold n P. ci?nw.mi irfcctlon in a. Iars ~m'bcr of p h n t s in cuntc5ncrs (h~ludi l?g Western. Bmksiss), wh i l e they rjexo prupz@ml by cuttings, but it is very expensive. !$are roscarch is n~rdcd bcforc it could be rocomended for us0 in the p d e n .

From our exporicnce it seems that Flastern Bwksie) c m o f bc @om i3 t3cir present forrr in moas *ere r s i n f n l l ma %e3poratures m e both high in s m e r . I belicve that success m y be achievedin these c s c ~ s by

, ,

graf t ing onto r e s i s t a t root stock. Prolimbcry ~ o r k dong this line has d r e a d y bccn s t z r t ed a t the Cmberrs Botanic Garclcn.

I have grom n ~ a r l y &Ll Bwksia species here on .the.Dml5ng Dorms, Most nere raised f ro4 geed beitreen 1955 a d 1.965; they w e r e noti nntered after they became e&%Lished, and flourished exceedingly,

Botjever, after the weat seven y e a &uu@+ comenced in 1965 I begcia t o .lose plants that hzd berm established for up t o ten years. Surprisingly 3. mbw, Tjhich is found in Queeaslmd coastal m w s , proved very resist=+. I found %ha% the Pestern swmp species 3- occidentdis, suercifolia and ver-kicillzta, ni2J. also to l e ra t e drought conditions, up t o a point* Of the plmts that died, a m j o r i t y endured the @ought f o r aeverd years, I

I

My soils are ecid t o neutral, and c o q r i s e r e d l a t e r i t i c @ i t t y loan 12. bey , over deeyly wczthered muds-bne, o r shallow g r i t t y lorn over l a t e r i t i c c l ~ y or over clay mixed d t h stone, not deeply weathered. There were . fmr losses Curing the drought the s o i l was deep and rrell drained, and the fm@r shrubs stood up better on the deeper soi l . On the shallov soil.losses were about 75 per cent, but only 25 per c m t on the deeper so i l . Uthou& t h i s was a great loss 3: vouLd not have l e m s d horn hwdy Baksias m e if I hzd been able t o water them a t the t k e a Tho Queenslmd drcught mould have been norc severethm my in the south-neat of !7cstcm i~*s-t;Sd2&

Plenty of mater m s available, but the labour involved in m t ~ i n g d*? hoses w e s too -eat to cope mi-t;h dl plants. I non hzve a sprinkler ays tm jnst~CLle d in the area the Barhias are -wing, ia case of ~"UC-lre d r o u e t onerwncbes*- W y one o r -tr?o good materings would be necessary for n a k e pl=+s during z dry year.

According to Dr. Be~rrd's Vies t i~ustralian PLmtsft, four B d s i a species e&end i n to the Eremean Province (iwfin and Coolgwdie Districts), vhere the aver- m u e l rrjslfcll i s less than -t;= bches, a d only f ive inchos 5n a &f year. h n t y species occur b the Ixvin, :&on md Eyre Distric-bs where %he avornge rz infdl is in >places as low as hive inches, and half this in a dry yea , ~ 6 t h no r& nhatever during the warnest months. ln addi%ionr d u r k g hugh-b y e a s t c q e r a t u r e s u s u d l y reach t h e i r PC&..

Fron what the inland Bzksias endure in t h e i r natural habi tats , and from what many species have withstood here, we know .they can to l e ra t e cxtrcne aridity for long periods* f iU lou& sone plants a e , tho mjori-by s m i v e and even floner as umdb The species B. ashbyi, audm., bcusri, calcyi, dry&oides, elderma, l e h u m i m , laevjrnta, mef i~ , neissneri, nutans, occidontalis, petiolczis, prostrata, pulchella, querclfolic, repens,

I

sceptrua, sphacrcrcqa (sever& varieties), tricuspis md violacea d l reached flowering axid fruiting stage without watering except at planting,

1 have been gr&g Bmksias for so long I havo had t h e to -ky many epeoies on various soils. Plants have been rdsed f m m seed, flonered, set seed and have been lost. Nm plm%s b v e been sown f r o m the garden- -

grm seed and hied on deqer soils, us-y with better restittsr My cmclusion is tha-t; the genus gaerdLly favours a deep, w e l l drained so& and plants require only a few good water in@ in a dry yeax,

Banksias here are very p r o l i f i c i n flowering and in s e t t i n g viable seed, I have suf f ic ien t seed t o enable m e t o replace plants vhich die, and 2;cvc never detected hybridisstion in p l m t s raised from my garden-grown scad.

I do not knov whether Phykmph%herz c i m m ~ occurs here, but most losses have occurred during s e v s ~ drou&t, not during vet periods.

I think it i s probable tha t many growers mvrittingly kill t h e i r Bdcsiare by overmatering. I establ ish young p l m t s w i t h a t r i c k l e system of watoringe Small holes ,?re dr i l l ed into long lcn@s of p l a s t i c hose a t 12 foo t h t e r v d s ; the nster zpplied slowly under low pressure soaks down t o the depths, encouragbg the development of a deep root system. The xceas

betmeen thc young plants remain dry, and t h i s would inh ib i t the spread o f P. cimmozi if it is present.

Vestern Bmksiss i n a L m Xcinfall - Cont. . . .

We knon t h a t t h i s fmgus i s present in the moist jarrah foraste of W.;i,, but it may possibly be confined t o relc..tively high ;rntor-ta%lo a i t u ~ t i o n s u Kost of the Westcrn R,anksia corn-l;rg, aid fbr t h c t nnt te r? most of the best v i i l d f l o ~ e r a r m s ( thc s a d p la ins) , hcve n lot; nctcr-table 2 ~ d thc topsoi l i s generally dry. This m2.y be vhy p l ~ m t s a re not prone t o the disease in those areas.

h he following conrents are b ~ ~ s ~ d on na tc r i a i p ~ b l i s h e d by the bureau of ,-I~Ieteorology. S u e r temperatures on t i e Darling Downs are high, the

. averagc dai ly temperzture being 82O F i n January. The r a i n f a l l in s m e r , the ne t season, avsrcges 3 inchcs per month, and the rel.ative; . .

humidity i s low, averaging 3% during Jmuary. iiverzge J~EUIUUY t c n p ~ r n t u r e m d hurilidity figures f o r the Darling Doms md four other meas are gLve11

-- ....- below. ) . ., -- --- -- . .. -- .--a. .-- Tempera-&y+. - -..F+K~M*~ --.-- ---. (F) (%I - C . .

Darling Doms Perth Adelaide Espermce Al.bmy

BL'LNKSI~Q :&ID DROUGHT IN THE STLKLI$T\IG DISTRICT By fILF wlY

Drought and flood are ce laa i t ies , the consequences of xhich there c m be l i t t l e doubt. They are what r:e night c d l pr inmy causes, ' m d theyaf:'fec% 1 i f The native f l o r a becones inured ( t o drought) t o a cer ta in

1

degree, but there .are. limits. I

We are" i n the' middle of the worst drought on record i n % . A u , and al?50ugh I have had plenty of d m water plus an excellent reticldlation there 29es not seen t o b;e my subst i tute for naturnl precipitation. dl spe,cinens i n my asboretun, ~ihatevcr the genus are affected, the ones dgi.rLg f i r s t vrere from higher r a i n f a l l areas.

Eucalypts are l e s s affected, I assume because they are decp rooted, whereas Baks iaa a re "mat rooted", t h a t is t o sey they are adaptril t o drawing moisture from near the surface rather thm decply, es t h ~ q '

. ,

usually grow in loose sandy s o i l s , o r clmost flpuregl s?s~ds, B. bec,::i5 being an excellent example, It also grows on rocks, as i n the E>>rri-u Range a d on T z r i i l Hock. & mat root systcn msures survival jn 2crr;k positions-where only mide rrnii ' ication in depressions m d rock fr-.zt? ...;. r3s could, because deep rooting i s inpossible. (What -is neant by--'~zs~-;;.:;i,.- - :," ... -. -. -- system" i s the tendency t o develop masses of short l a t e r a l feed fai;';i?tS. It is more evident in saad plain s-pccies and rock denizens 'Ma2 o-l;lil.rs, but sccms t o be a pecul iar i ty of the genus.)

River Bmksia$, and those fron tho l i t t o r a l as around King George's Somd and elsewhere along the coast, f a i l here qui te natural ly as our nverzge r a i n f a l l i s below 15", md st present secms,to be l e s s thm- half that .

B. occidentf is which g r o ~ s r i g h t along the south coast as f ~ x os I Israelite BEY or Cape Arid, d m y s in wet places generally riezr o r f ? . c i n ~

the sea (i.e, on soutnerly slopes, t i d d f l a t s etc.) , has mabc13:od hcrc a d i died out recently, nevGr seeding. i

' B. prcenorsa i s hardier but is obviously a coastal forn of B. nedia, perhaps the hardiest of our bmksizs here. It fa,vours , , foreshore l inestone

._ and 60es not occur n a t u r d l y inland.

I have a c o u ~ l e of nature specimens of 7. v e r t i c i l l ~ ~ t z (River ~ m k s i a ) the seed of rrhich w 3 s collected from Bdd H s ~ c l , t h e outernost point of King G e o r e f s Sound; a broader leaved f o m , but quite hardy and healthy at 9 y e a s *

Fanksiag a d Drou&t in the S t i r l i n g Dis t r ic t - Cont.

B. attcnzlata occur na.turdly aromd lakes m d i n s t retches of nht te sand nor@ or the Stirlings, vlhich is lake country l i k e \IJestarn Victoria. T h i s species has -dde distribution in t7.i;. wd is ex-!irenely hady-

B e ~ m d i s may occur i n isolated s i tuzt ions on p & t o tors, or dvarfed. *

on c l i f f s near the ocean. It is seen zt its bcsf in the dense jar& fo res t s of the f a r 3outh r e s t , but d s o ranges beyond Gerddtcn in the North. It is not h a d t o grow but my be reluctwt l o flavor md fruit

. i n cultivation. It took 17 y e a s t o fi~mer a% H i g h e L t , Victoria.

Generally speaking - there i s always the exception - those wide ranglng + , - . Basksia$ -- of -. t r e e f o m are the hardiest , md soen t o correspond t o

B e ns,rginata and 3,' fil-t;egifolia of the Ezst i n many respects. - - - .-.-.---- -*..A+-

B* prlonotes, I consider a northern spectes of the sme d d e raging hzbit. The other "acorn bmlksiaqll (i.e. x i t h £'loners simila to B. prionotes) are mre confined, B. burc?elfif very nu& so. They tlo not occur South of Eloorn,, over 100 nilcs Nort'i of Per-hh. These m e vhat 1 call Northern Bmksies, perhaps *e h m d ~ o ~ e s t of the genus, but not happy here, 350 miles south of t h e b nztural hzbitat .

If I mere free t o se l ec t a s i - k f o ~ establishing Vestern Rhnksiap in Victoria I would prefer the smdy mc.2 north or" p%. Oberon on BilsonTs Pronontory, (B. serr~ta country). Alas, my knowledge of Eastern Victoria, homvor, i s l h i t e d , there my be be t te r s i tuat ions I have never had the good fgrtme to see.

By W .R. ELLIOT.

Banksias czn be propagated quite readi ly by sced or cuttings.

For pmpa&t5on by seed the bcs-k r e su l t s m e obtzined &ilk scad 'vhich i s fu l ly develop~d, nature, a d frce fron dzmage by insects. A c o m m pest which dwages sced is t he rce~v5l vhich leaves n small hole typical of borers. This dmege i s oftm not easy to see.

Well natured seed cones should be collected from plants rather thzn fron .. . . -- . the mound* It i s d i f f i c u l t t o obtain undmaged seed of prostrate

Bankci&3., wliich often ere scni-covered by sand and debris, making thcm an easy t a rge t for earth-borne insects. Bmksiaa nornally release-%66+ l'-' - seed from t h e i r cones only a f t e r bushfires. The various methods norn,dly used t o extract sced fron the cones therefore involve heat. One method i s to place cones i n a f i r e or on top of a grate above a f i r e , e.g. a barbecue, u n t i l they are s l igh t ly burned, and the valves jus t begin open, They are then renoved, placed i n a bucket of na ter t o soak for 15-30 minutes, md put i n a posit ion t o dry f o r E. d2y or so. I n nost cases a vigorous shaking m i l l then cause the ~r~ingcd seeds t o . f a l l out, together with the t r i m g u l a r woody packing, &ich should no?; be nistzken f o r the scedi Any seeds which remain c m be extracted fron p a t l y open valves by using tweezers.

h s5dl .a~ . ncthod of opening cones is t o use a. blorrtorch. Uterna t ivc ly , they nay be put in-Eo i?. hot oven o r frypa, but they should not be l e f t for nore than 20 ntnutes othemise %he seed nay bc dmaged*

Seed should be stored in a dry contziner with an insect ic ide t o prevent damage by weevils etc.

S o i l Mix f o r Sccd Gemination In our experience, a very well drained mcdim y~lnich holds only a sad1 znaun.l; of meter i s needed. We use a.

nix of 4 pasts of coarse grani t ic sand, 4 p r r t s of mountain l o r n (fron N.E. of :,blbourne), and 1 p m t of pent moss.

Propagation of Ycstern I3an.ksics UncZcr Nursery Condlfions - Ccnt.

This i s placed i n seedling +,rays, a t 1c:~st 2" deep, or i n p l m t pots of any s i ze , md the surface i s firmed v i t h a picce of f lat wood. Seeds a r e plcced not too densely oil tne su-fecc, ,and a re jus t covered with a ,mixture of 8% coarse sand and 2@i peat noss. This is f i m e d down and rrctter~d, lig.;htly but well, m~d the containers sxe placed in position f o r g e e n a t i o n . fungicide such cs Captm o r Zincb' used as an adclitivo t o thc f i r s t gatering, and a t for tnighi ly in te rva ls c m help conbat "dmlpillg off" . D m ~ i n g Off This t e r n r e fe r s t o the suddm death of seedlings caused by va;rious s o i l ~ b o r n e f m ~ . In some instances the leavcs riay look sound but on ex%-ination the roots are found i;o be bla&--md ro t t en i - :-z-.-,,- - - = . . +

We have not hc2 fungal problem of s igr i i f icmt proportion a t the seedling stage, alt'nough me generally do not use fungicide. However, rimy people do have seedlings die out hen 2" t o 611 high. This c m be due t o excess water during waru t o hot S'LWAY periods, and insuf f i c i c n t e i r riove~ent.

Ye have used various plantiiig tiines pad locations f o r gerr~inction d e n vmied r e su l t s* The follomkig provide quick r e su l t s and a good $ germination:

Spring Sowing (liugust - Scpter~bcr)

(a) Scni-shc2e Usually nore evcn germination than i n f u l l sun.

(b) Full Sur; 1ndivid.uiL seeds ma7 geminate six nonths l a t e r , in the cool of aut,w.m.

( c ) ree en hoke Seczusc of high hunidity i n the greenhouse, it is best to nove the t rays or pots t o a nore sunny md open posi t ion vhen the seed gerifinatc.

I n each of these locations there i s plcgty of a i r novencnt, which i s essent ia l t o avoid ~~~ probleiis. Howivcr, in the opcn posit ions, (a) m d ( b ) , gcrr-linztion is assis ted by providing protection fron cold o r strong winds.

I n Warner axoas people achieve success by sowing a t t h i s tine, e.g. Kings Perk, Pcrth, nany specics e re sovm during a u t m . But ne hcve

. . not found t h i s period very sat isfactory, as many species t m d to r o t during Blelbome s cold nonths . . . . . - _ ._ ,_ . ,- .. _ . . _ _ _ .. .

potting On Proccltures Be have successfully "potted onu Baksiag at various stages, fron when the cotyledons m e just appearing, t o utnen seedlings a re 6n high. Generally they are t rmsplmted into pots rhen 1" 2" h i g h . .

Direct Soxing Method We have found d i rec t sowing very succesafi~l f o r some species. Sced i s sown i n the u m d pot t ing of coarse smi;, mountain s o i l , peat noss, plus f e r t i l i s e r . F e r t i l i s c r s found sui table are blood and bone, blood md bone m5th t race elencnts (Rortico No. l), Osnocote, i ~ g r i f o r n tab le ts , and Nzxicrop (seaweed sclut ion) r

OrIe or two seeds are planted in to each pot, using the procedure as fo r cornunity scedling trays. The pots ~vrc placed in thc opcn, ~ 3 - t h no protection, next t o plants which havc bccn potted on. '.fatcring i s done by hmd, using a f i n c rose sprinklcr, keeping seed and contents nois t ; $his nay involve watering thrcc o r four t k e s on a sunny dzy. The gernincting nediun nust be kept a o i s t , but not net, as m y spocics such as B o coccinca, B. hookerma, B. ncnziesi i 2nd B o prionotes are very prone to rott ing. l if ter gcminction p l n t s have becn watered i n rW1 Sun on hot days without de t r incntd effects.

Where h o seeds germinate in a pot, onc i s t r m s p l m t e d and watered in. After two nonths plants c m do with nore f e r t i l i s c r as it i s leachcd out by the watering. Gerninztion genernlly takes tiio to six weeks.

P r ~ p a ~ t i o n of 'Jestern Banlzsize Undcr Nursery ~orid5tiolzs - Con*. - - Propagztion by C u t t i n s To date we hzvc used t h i s nethod pr-ily

f o r Eastern Bmksiag, but ve w i l l be growing nore Irestern species fron cuttings in future, because of the inc reashg unavai labi l i ty of seed.

The cut t ing na tc r i a l used i s generally scni-hard. Cuttings 3" t o 6" long are processed as usu'd, and a rc placed f i rzdy in cut t ing nediw in ind iv idud p la s t i c pots 2" dieneter x 3" deep. The nedivu;? used i s 3 par ts of coarse grani t ic scarid, 1 p a t of nountain s o i l , and 1 par t peat noss.

Cuttings axe notered-%n thorou&ly a d are placed in cold f r m e s or the greenhouse, &ere the tenyereture nay vary fron 30 t o 100 degrees F a

They are wztored egain as required t o keep the foliagv mi! rooting --- medim no i s t (Eat wet). To produce roots there nust be ul adequate supply of noisJ6ure and air . Too much moisture m i l l dro~m the cuttings.

~ r a f t i n a and Root Cuttings These are both areas in which fur ther research md exyeriaentation a 6 needed. Linited success has been .

achieved by s o w people i n graf t ing Banksiag, but the spongy nature of t he wood c m cause problem. The Eastern species, B o narginata apd Bo spinulose, have been gcomn froo root cuttings.

(1) Cornunity So~~ing . (2) Direct Sowing* (3 ) Cuttings.

A = 100db t o elk, B = 8% (1) (2)

ashbyi . B . ; A attenuata h A

" dwarf A A audax B B baueri A A baxteri R A benthmiana B C b r o m i i B B . bu rde t t i i h A caleyi A A candolle,ma A h coccinea h t o B C drymdroides B A elderma B - goodii B - .

grandis A B hookerana A B -

i l i c i f o l i a . A - laevigata . .

ssp. fuscolutee. B C laevigata .

~ s p ~ l a e v i g a t a B C e l a i c i n a B t o C C

t o 61$, C = 6% t o 31$, D = 3% t o n i l . (3) (1) , (2) (31. ,

. . l e h d m a A . A C B l ind leyma B t o C : - - . - media A d - - mcisdneri B - B C nenziesi i B D -

. . D , n u t m s B t o C - 8- - occidentd i e R t o B B B D p e t i o l a i s C - - - p i los ty l i s B B - - praenorsa B B - - prionotes A B t o C -

. prostrata h I - ,

B , pulchella B t o C B t o C B CI qucrcifol ia B t o C B t o C - - l1 var.intef g i f o l i a -----. v B t o C B t o C - C rep ens B B -. - sceptruu ' B C -

,, s o l m d r i B t o d - - - speciosa A ' A - D . sphaerccarps A B C - v e r t l c i l l a t a B - liI

6 . v ic t s r i ae B t o C C D violacea A - D. -