Post on 03-Oct-2020
2020‐02‐26
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Cranberry fruit texture and quality measures
Juan Zalapa
British Columbia
02/18/2020
Outline
• VaccCap research
• Firmness Methods
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VacCAP team: Team: >50 scientists, 25
institutions (US, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, Scotland)
$12.4 M $6.2 M sponsor$6.2 M match
Vaccinium Team
J. Zalapa A. Atucha
D. Chagne, R. Espley
C. Li
L. DeVetterK. GallardoD. Main
L. Giongo
M. IorizzoM.A. LilaP. Perkins
P. MunozC. Sims
C. Finn, N. Bassil, K. Hummer J. Polashock
N. Vorsa C. Soana
P. Edger
Michael Coe
E. Canales
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Vaccinium speciesBlueberry and cranberry
Breeding and DNA tools:- > 15 breeding programs in US - Breeding is a top priority for industry - Limited DNA-based resources- Limited standardized phenotyping methods- No coordination (duplications and lack of
coordination limits funding opportunities)
lingonberrycranberry bilberry blueberry
Survey questions:
1-7. Traits - Fruit quality (10) Disease resistance (18) Pest resistance (16) Stress tolerance (5)Other traits (4)Plant architecture for machine harvestability (8)Most important traits (6)
8-13. Demographics – ProfessionFarm sizeYears of experienceCultivars in productionCultivars re-plantedFarm-business location
Target stakeholders: - Growers- Nurseries- Processers/packing houses- Breeders- Scientists
13 grower assoc. meetingsCranberry: 3 statesBlueberry: 10 states
Breeding traits survey (distributed in 2016-2017)
Award #: 2016-51181-25401
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Meetings:
1) Massachusetts Blueberry Growers Association Meeting (MA)2) Cranberry School (WI)3) American Cranberry Growers Association Winter Meeting (NJ)4) Blueberry Open House (NJ)5) Alma Blueberry Update (GA)6) Florida Blueberry Growers Association Spring Meeting and Trade Show (FL)7) Oregon Blueberry Conference (OR)8) Lynden Small Fruit Conference (WA)9) Lower Mainland Horticultural Improvement Association Short Course (BC, Canada)10) Blueberry Open House and Trade Show (NC)11) Great Lakes Expo (MI)12) Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Association Meeting (MA)13) Gulf South Blueberry Growers Association Meeting (MS)
Breeding traits survey distribution
Breeding traits survey – Cranberry
West
Midwest
Northeast
Fruit quality top breeding priorities
>500 respondents- Growers (>80%)- Nurseries- Processers/packing
houses- Breeders/scientists
1- Firmness2- Fruit size3- Anthocyanin content
# of
re
spon
ses #
of
resp
onse
s
1 2 3
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Fruit quality is a top breeding priority
Survey results published
Fruit characteristics (FC) - Texture- Appearance- Chemical composition
Fruit quality (FQ)- Consumer preferences- Shelf life- Mechanical harvestability
2. Discover- Link DNA to FC- Link FC to FQ
(consumers, shelf life, mech. harvest)
3. Deliver- DNA markers - F1 progenies to
pyramid FQ traits
4. Assess- Link FQ and FC to
economic value
1. Establish- DNA tools 5. Engage
- Transfer deliverables
- Foster collaborations- Evaluate project
Breeders Allied scientists Mentees/Trainees
Industry stakeholders
Fruit quality
breeding
Stakeholders
Link
VacCAP
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Website
https://www.vaccinium.org/vaccap
Supporters
Oregon Cranberry Grower Association
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Methodology development
• Not much current literature
• Cranberries have an anatomy unlike most fruit
• Define good test conditions for measuring different texture traits
Cultivar Analysis
Traits measured • Firmness• Internal structure• External Appearance
• Size• Color• Color variation
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Firmness of Cultivars
M34
Granite Red
DP14
Dp17
Stevens
Sundance
GH1
V95
BG
Yellow Bell
Compression Test: Double (Strains: 5, 10, 22, 35, 40% and Speed: 1-15mm per sec)
and Single (50%)
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Force at Compression /Hardness(double compression test)
For
ce (
N)
Time (sec)
Work Performed Compression(double compression test)
Forc
e (N
)
Time (sec)
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Percent Deformed Compression(double compression test)
Forc
e (N
)
Time (sec)
Distance 1 Distance 2
–
X 100 = percent deformed by first
compression
Cohesiveness(double compression test)
Forc
e (N
)
Time (sec)
Cohesiveness =
Area 1 Area 2
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F = Force
d = Fruit Diameter (SIZE)
D = Deformation of the Fruit
= Maximum Contact Pressure
Maximum contact PressureA firmness measurement that takes size into account
Maximum contact Pressure(double compression test)
Meg
apas
cal (
MP
a)
Cultivars
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
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Force of Rupture(50% compression test)
For
ce (
N)
Time (sec)
Force of Rupture(50% compression test)
For
ce (
N)
Cultivars
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
M34 GR DP17 GH1 ST BG DP14 SUN V95 YB
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Puncture Test
For
ce (
N)
Time (sec)
Force at Rupture(2mm Puncture Test)
Forc
e (N
)
Time (sec)
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Force at Rupture(2mm Puncture Test)
Cultivars
New
tons
(N)
0.0001.0002.0003.0004.0005.0006.0007.0008.0009.000
10.000
Cutting Test
For
ce (
N)
Time (sec)
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Work Performed During Cutting(Cutting Test)
Forc
e (N
)
Time (sec)
Area Under the Curve
Work Performed During Cutting(Cutting Test)
Cultivars
Wor
k (m
J)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
GR GH1 M34 SUN DP17 ST BG DP14 V95 YB
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Kramer Shear Cell
For
ce (
N)
Distance (mm)
Work Performed to Shear Fruit(Kramer Shear Cell)
Forc
e (N
)
Time (sec)
Area Under the Curve
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Work Performed to Shear Fruit(Kramer Shear Cell)
Cultivars
Wor
k (m
J)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Conclusion: what is the best method to measure firmness?
• The double compression test was the best test in terms of ranking cultivars while all the of the other tests were unable to differentiate cultivars by firmness.
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Conclusion: what is the best method to measure firmness?
• Speed and strain still do be determined, 5% and 40% and fast speeds not good, the 10% and 2mm per second are good.
• Maximum Contact Pressure (fruit size adjust)
Sample sizes effect on MCP
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Sample size (number of fruit)
100
Confidence level of being within a 95% confidence
interval of the mean
80
60
40
20
0
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Sample sizes effect on MCP
Sample size (number of fruit)
Confidence level of being within a 95% confidence
interval of the mean
Sample sizes effect on MCP
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How does firmness change over development
Cranberry stamping
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Parameters estimated stamps
• Fruit diameter• Stamp area• Fruit flesh• Air pocket size• Flesh/air ratio• Wall size• Internal Flesh• External/Internal flesh ratio• Fruit symmetry• Fruit Weight• Fruit density
Firmness + and - over development time
Jul Nov
???
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July 27 September 5
11 parameters (size and shape)LengthWidth ShapeAreaPerimeter VolumeSurface Eccentricity Solidity Color Color variation
What is the relationship of fruit color and fruit size with firmness?
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What is the relationship of fruit color and fruit size with
firmness?
• Early in the season fruit firmness and color and fruit size are correlated
• Firmness, size, and color increase together
• Late in the season fruit firmness and color and fruit size are not correlated
• Firmness starts decreasing while size and color remain constant
Color and size and firmness
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July 27 to September 5
How position affects MCP
MCP: 1.505MCP: 1.079
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Temperatures affect on MCP
46 F 71 FMCP: 1.141 MCP: 1.083
Storage at 45 effect on MCP(measured at RT)
10/12/18
MCP: 1.777
12/6/18
MCP: 1.021
2/22/19
MCP: 0.909
6/26/19
MCP: 0.580
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Frozen and then thawed MCP
10 times less than fresh fruit, same as rot
MCP: 0.111
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Future WorkDetermining how firmness traits relate to SDC quality
Future Work
• Implementing Methodology
• Associate Maps with Phenotypes
• Enable Molecular breeding for Firmness
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Acknowledgements
Cranberry Creek CranberriesValley CorporationSaddle Mound CranberryRutgers University
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