2020‐02‐26

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Cranberry fruit texture and quality measures

Juan Zalapa

British Columbia

02/18/2020

Outline

• VaccCap research

• Firmness Methods

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VacCAP team: Team: >50 scientists, 25

institutions (US, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, Scotland)

$12.4 M $6.2 M sponsor$6.2 M match

Vaccinium Team

J. Zalapa A. Atucha

D. Chagne, R. Espley

C. Li

L. DeVetterK. GallardoD. Main

L. Giongo

M. IorizzoM.A. LilaP. Perkins

P. MunozC. Sims

C. Finn, N. Bassil, K. Hummer J. Polashock

N. Vorsa C. Soana

P. Edger

Michael Coe

E. Canales

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Vaccinium speciesBlueberry and cranberry

Breeding and DNA tools:- > 15 breeding programs in US - Breeding is a top priority for industry - Limited DNA-based resources- Limited standardized phenotyping methods- No coordination (duplications and lack of

coordination limits funding opportunities)

lingonberrycranberry bilberry blueberry

Survey questions:

1-7. Traits - Fruit quality (10) Disease resistance (18) Pest resistance (16) Stress tolerance (5)Other traits (4)Plant architecture for machine harvestability (8)Most important traits (6)

8-13. Demographics – ProfessionFarm sizeYears of experienceCultivars in productionCultivars re-plantedFarm-business location

Target stakeholders: - Growers- Nurseries- Processers/packing houses- Breeders- Scientists

13 grower assoc. meetingsCranberry: 3 statesBlueberry: 10 states

Breeding traits survey (distributed in 2016-2017)

Award #: 2016-51181-25401

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Meetings:

1) Massachusetts Blueberry Growers Association Meeting (MA)2) Cranberry School (WI)3) American Cranberry Growers Association Winter Meeting (NJ)4) Blueberry Open House (NJ)5) Alma Blueberry Update (GA)6) Florida Blueberry Growers Association Spring Meeting and Trade Show (FL)7) Oregon Blueberry Conference (OR)8) Lynden Small Fruit Conference (WA)9) Lower Mainland Horticultural Improvement Association Short Course (BC, Canada)10) Blueberry Open House and Trade Show (NC)11) Great Lakes Expo (MI)12) Cape Cod Cranberry Growers Association Meeting (MA)13) Gulf South Blueberry Growers Association Meeting (MS)

Breeding traits survey distribution

Breeding traits survey – Cranberry

West

Midwest

Northeast

Fruit quality top breeding priorities

>500 respondents- Growers (>80%)- Nurseries- Processers/packing

houses- Breeders/scientists

1- Firmness2- Fruit size3- Anthocyanin content

# of

re

spon

ses #

of

resp

onse

s

1 2 3

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Fruit quality is a top breeding priority

Survey results published

Fruit characteristics (FC) - Texture- Appearance- Chemical composition

Fruit quality (FQ)- Consumer preferences- Shelf life- Mechanical harvestability

2. Discover- Link DNA to FC- Link FC to FQ

(consumers, shelf life, mech. harvest)

3. Deliver- DNA markers - F1 progenies to

pyramid FQ traits

4. Assess- Link FQ and FC to

economic value

1. Establish- DNA tools 5. Engage

- Transfer deliverables

- Foster collaborations- Evaluate project

Breeders Allied scientists Mentees/Trainees

Industry stakeholders

Fruit quality

breeding

Stakeholders

Link

VacCAP

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Website

https://www.vaccinium.org/vaccap

Supporters

Oregon Cranberry Grower Association

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Methodology development

• Not much current literature

• Cranberries have an anatomy unlike most fruit

• Define good test conditions for measuring different texture traits

Cultivar Analysis

Traits measured • Firmness• Internal structure• External Appearance

• Size• Color• Color variation

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Firmness of Cultivars

M34

Granite Red

DP14

Dp17

Stevens

Sundance

GH1

V95

BG

Yellow Bell

Compression Test: Double (Strains: 5, 10, 22, 35, 40% and Speed: 1-15mm per sec)

and Single (50%)

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Force at Compression /Hardness(double compression test)

For

ce (

N)

Time (sec)

Work Performed Compression(double compression test)

Forc

e (N

)

Time (sec)

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Percent Deformed Compression(double compression test)

Forc

e (N

)

Time (sec)

Distance 1 Distance 2

–

X 100 = percent deformed by first

compression

Cohesiveness(double compression test)

Forc

e (N

)

Time (sec)

Cohesiveness =

Area 1 Area 2

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F = Force

d = Fruit Diameter (SIZE)

D = Deformation of the Fruit

= Maximum Contact Pressure

Maximum contact PressureA firmness measurement that takes size into account

Maximum contact Pressure(double compression test)

Meg

apas

cal (

MP

a)

Cultivars

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

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Force of Rupture(50% compression test)

For

ce (

N)

Time (sec)

Force of Rupture(50% compression test)

For

ce (

N)

Cultivars

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

M34 GR DP17 GH1 ST BG DP14 SUN V95 YB

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Puncture Test

For

ce (

N)

Time (sec)

Force at Rupture(2mm Puncture Test)

Forc

e (N

)

Time (sec)

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Force at Rupture(2mm Puncture Test)

Cultivars

New

tons

(N)

0.0001.0002.0003.0004.0005.0006.0007.0008.0009.000

10.000

Cutting Test

For

ce (

N)

Time (sec)

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Work Performed During Cutting(Cutting Test)

Forc

e (N

)

Time (sec)

Area Under the Curve

Work Performed During Cutting(Cutting Test)

Cultivars

Wor

k (m

J)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

GR GH1 M34 SUN DP17 ST BG DP14 V95 YB

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Kramer Shear Cell

For

ce (

N)

Distance (mm)

Work Performed to Shear Fruit(Kramer Shear Cell)

Forc

e (N

)

Time (sec)

Area Under the Curve

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Work Performed to Shear Fruit(Kramer Shear Cell)

Cultivars

Wor

k (m

J)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Conclusion: what is the best method to measure firmness?

• The double compression test was the best test in terms of ranking cultivars while all the of the other tests were unable to differentiate cultivars by firmness.

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Conclusion: what is the best method to measure firmness?

• Speed and strain still do be determined, 5% and 40% and fast speeds not good, the 10% and 2mm per second are good.

• Maximum Contact Pressure (fruit size adjust)

Sample sizes effect on MCP

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Sample size (number of fruit)

100

Confidence level of being within a 95% confidence

interval of the mean

80

60

40

20

0

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Sample sizes effect on MCP

Sample size (number of fruit)

Confidence level of being within a 95% confidence

interval of the mean

Sample sizes effect on MCP

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How does firmness change over development

Cranberry stamping

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Parameters estimated stamps

• Fruit diameter• Stamp area• Fruit flesh• Air pocket size• Flesh/air ratio• Wall size• Internal Flesh• External/Internal flesh ratio• Fruit symmetry• Fruit Weight• Fruit density

Firmness + and - over development time

Jul Nov

???

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July 27 September 5

11 parameters (size and shape)LengthWidth ShapeAreaPerimeter VolumeSurface Eccentricity Solidity Color Color variation

What is the relationship of fruit color and fruit size with firmness?

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What is the relationship of fruit color and fruit size with

firmness?

• Early in the season fruit firmness and color and fruit size are correlated

• Firmness, size, and color increase together

• Late in the season fruit firmness and color and fruit size are not correlated

• Firmness starts decreasing while size and color remain constant

Color and size and firmness

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July 27 to September 5

How position affects MCP

MCP: 1.505MCP: 1.079

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Temperatures affect on MCP

46 F 71 FMCP: 1.141 MCP: 1.083

Storage at 45 effect on MCP(measured at RT)

10/12/18

MCP: 1.777

12/6/18

MCP: 1.021

2/22/19

MCP: 0.909

6/26/19

MCP: 0.580

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Frozen and then thawed MCP

10 times less than fresh fruit, same as rot

MCP: 0.111

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Future WorkDetermining how firmness traits relate to SDC quality

Future Work

• Implementing Methodology

• Associate Maps with Phenotypes

• Enable Molecular breeding for Firmness

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Acknowledgements

Cranberry Creek CranberriesValley CorporationSaddle Mound CranberryRutgers University

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