Post on 12-Feb-2017
The Many Forms of Openness
How can we benefit?
Robert Schuwer
Agenda
• A little history • Open education: what?• Trends in open education
CC-BY Hester Jelgerhuis
A little history
https://magic.piktochart.com/output/2385023-history-of-the-open-source-movemhttp://opencontent.org/blog/archives/329
1998: Open Content license1999: Open Publication license
2001: MIT Open Courseware project2002: UNESCO: adoption of OER
2003: Creative Commons 1.0
2006: 1st OER project in HE the Netherlands(Open Universiteit)
2009: Wikiwijs, 1st national program on OER worldwide
2008: 1st (c)MOOC (CCK08)
2011: 1st (x)MOOC (AI) Stanford
2012: Paris OER Declaration
CC-BY Hester Jelgerhuis
Open Education: what?
Open Educational Resources (OER)
UNESCO:
Teaching, learning and research materials in any medium, digital or otherwise, that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions.
http://ru.iite.unesco.org/files/news/639202/Paris%20OER%20Declaration_01.pdf
Open Educational Resources (OER)
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation:
OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.
http://www.hewlett.org/programs/education/open-educational-resources
What permissions? 5R
• Retain• Reuse• Revise• Remix• Redistribute
http://www.opencontent.org/definition/Woert, N. van der; Schuwer, R. & Ouwehand, M. (2015). Connecting various forms of openness: seeking a stronger value proposition. In: Baars, M. et al (eds). Trend report open and online education 2015. SURF, Utrecht. 54-62
Other opinions on open
• No registration needed (not even for free)• Only OSS necessary to access the resource• Always in a format accessible for people with physical
disabilitieshandicapped• Technical format of the resource makes adaptation
possible
Hylèn, J. (2007). Giving knowledge for free: The emergence of open educational resources. Paris: OECD
MOOC
• Massive• Open• Online• Course
© Dave Blazek
Open Education: 5COE Model
OpenEducation
Educational resources
Teaching effortsServices
Learner needs
Employability &Capabilities Development
Supply
Demand
Mulder, F., & Janssen, B. (2014). Naar OER-onderwijs voor iedereen, Thema, No. 1, pp. 6 - 13. Retrieved from https://www.surfspace.nl/media/bijlagen/artikel-1577-fb40e5fc2692d2522a3fdc9d992f958a.pdf
Two forms of openness in education
OER
•Freely available•Open for adaptation:
• Retain• Reuse• Revise• Remix• Redistribute
•Open in place•Open in time•Open in pace•Open in program•Open admission
Learning resources
Teaching effortServices
“classical”
“digital”
Not for free per se!
Why Open Education?
• Moral• Cost effective for learners• Marketing and profiling• Internal communication• Efficiency• Higher performance (better prepared students)• Research (experimenting)• Innovation
What is Open Science?
https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/
https://opendatanederland.org/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/opendata/
CC-BY Ria Jacobi
Trends in Open Education
Two ambitions on openness
• All Dutch higher education institutions have made their teaching materials available in open format by 2025 (Open Access to Higher Education)
• The various Dutch higher education institutions recognise each other’s MOOCs and Open Educational Resources
Open: means, not an aim!
Schuwer, R. & Wild, U. (2015). Beyond the pioneering phase: moving towards the adoption of open education. In: Baars, M. et al (eds). Trend report open and online education 2015. SURF, Utrecht. 54-62
Trends
• More data based learning (learning analytics)• Adoption of open education (incl. open policy)• Reaching new target groups• Contribution to effectiveness of education• Connecting various forms of openness
Advantages in overlap
Woert, N. van der; Schuwer, R. & Ouwehand, M. (2015). Connecting various forms of openness: seeking a stronger value proposition. In: Baars, M. et al (eds). Trend report open and online education 2015. SURF, Utrecht. 54-62
Enablers of open education
OSS?Woert, N. van der; Schuwer, R. & Ouwehand, M. (2015). Connecting various forms of openness: seeking a stronger value proposition. In: Baars, M. et al (eds). Trend report open and online education 2015. SURF, Utrecht. 54-62
Will Being Open Take over the World?
• Worldwide distribution of software, learning materials, and research products can be instantaneous and without cost.
• Business models and different license models hinder• Some reasons to not open everything
– guarantee that safety-critical software will work according to specification– guarantee a consistent curriculum and offer a strong community of
teachers and alumni• Quality improves
– Review– More users report errors
Schuwer, R., van Genuchten, M., & Hatton, L. (2015). On the Impact of Being Open. IEEE Software, 32(5), 81–83. http://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2015.111
Any questions?
24
@fagottissimo
bassoonvenlo
http://nl.linkedin.com/in/robertschuwer
robertschuwer.nl
+31 - 6 1446 9300
r.schuwer@fontys.nl
Thank you!