The Many Forms of Openness

How can we benefit?

Robert Schuwer

Agenda

• A little history • Open education: what?• Trends in open education

CC-BY Hester Jelgerhuis

A little history

https://magic.piktochart.com/output/2385023-history-of-the-open-source-movemhttp://opencontent.org/blog/archives/329

1998: Open Content license1999: Open Publication license

2001: MIT Open Courseware project2002: UNESCO: adoption of OER

2003: Creative Commons 1.0

2006: 1st OER project in HE the Netherlands(Open Universiteit)

2009: Wikiwijs, 1st national program on OER worldwide

2008: 1st (c)MOOC (CCK08)

2011: 1st (x)MOOC (AI) Stanford

2012: Paris OER Declaration

CC-BY Hester Jelgerhuis

Open Education: what?

Open Educational Resources (OER)

UNESCO:

Teaching, learning and research materials in any medium, digital or otherwise, that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits no-cost access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions.

http://ru.iite.unesco.org/files/news/639202/Paris%20OER%20Declaration_01.pdf

Open Educational Resources (OER)

William and Flora Hewlett Foundation:

OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits their free use and re-purposing by others. Open educational resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques used to support access to knowledge.

http://www.hewlett.org/programs/education/open-educational-resources

What permissions? 5R

• Retain• Reuse• Revise• Remix• Redistribute

http://www.opencontent.org/definition/Woert, N. van der; Schuwer, R. & Ouwehand, M. (2015). Connecting various forms of openness: seeking a stronger value proposition. In: Baars, M. et al (eds). Trend report open and online education 2015. SURF, Utrecht. 54-62

Other opinions on open

• No registration needed (not even for free)• Only OSS necessary to access the resource• Always in a format accessible for people with physical

disabilitieshandicapped• Technical format of the resource makes adaptation

possible

Hylèn, J. (2007). Giving knowledge for free: The emergence of open educational resources. Paris: OECD

MOOC

• Massive• Open• Online• Course

© Dave Blazek

Open Education: 5COE Model

OpenEducation

Educational resources

Teaching effortsServices

Learner needs

Employability &Capabilities Development

Supply

Demand

Mulder, F., & Janssen, B. (2014). Naar OER-onderwijs voor iedereen, Thema, No. 1, pp. 6 - 13. Retrieved from https://www.surfspace.nl/media/bijlagen/artikel-1577-fb40e5fc2692d2522a3fdc9d992f958a.pdf

Two forms of openness in education

OER

•Freely available•Open for adaptation:

• Retain• Reuse• Revise• Remix• Redistribute

•Open in place•Open in time•Open in pace•Open in program•Open admission

Learning resources

Teaching effortServices

“classical”

“digital”

Not for free per se!

Why Open Education?

• Moral• Cost effective for learners• Marketing and profiling• Internal communication• Efficiency• Higher performance (better prepared students)• Research (experimenting)• Innovation

What is Open Science?

https://www.fosteropenscience.eu/

https://opendatanederland.org/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/opendata/

CC-BY Ria Jacobi

Trends in Open Education

Two ambitions on openness

• All Dutch higher education institutions have made their teaching materials available in open format by 2025 (Open Access to Higher Education)

• The various Dutch higher education institutions recognise each other’s MOOCs and Open Educational Resources

Open: means, not an aim!

Schuwer, R. & Wild, U. (2015). Beyond the pioneering phase: moving towards the adoption of open education. In: Baars, M. et al (eds). Trend report open and online education 2015. SURF, Utrecht. 54-62

Trends

• More data based learning (learning analytics)• Adoption of open education (incl. open policy)• Reaching new target groups• Contribution to effectiveness of education• Connecting various forms of openness

Advantages in overlap

Woert, N. van der; Schuwer, R. & Ouwehand, M. (2015). Connecting various forms of openness: seeking a stronger value proposition. In: Baars, M. et al (eds). Trend report open and online education 2015. SURF, Utrecht. 54-62

Enablers of open education

OSS?Woert, N. van der; Schuwer, R. & Ouwehand, M. (2015). Connecting various forms of openness: seeking a stronger value proposition. In: Baars, M. et al (eds). Trend report open and online education 2015. SURF, Utrecht. 54-62

Will Being Open Take over the World?

• Worldwide distribution of software, learning materials, and research products can be instantaneous and without cost.

• Business models and different license models hinder• Some reasons to not open everything

– guarantee that safety-critical software will work according to specification– guarantee a consistent curriculum and offer a strong community of

teachers and alumni• Quality improves

– Review– More users report errors

Schuwer, R., van Genuchten, M., & Hatton, L. (2015). On the Impact of Being Open. IEEE Software, 32(5), 81–83. http://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2015.111

Any questions?

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@fagottissimo

bassoonvenlo

http://nl.linkedin.com/in/robertschuwer

robertschuwer.nl

+31 - 6 1446 9300

r.schuwer@fontys.nl

Thank you!