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Acknowledgements xi
Introduction xii
How to use this book xvii
Glossary xi x
SECTION AStructures
I The noun group 2
1 Articles 2
2 The definite article 2
3 The indefinite article 9
4 The partitive article 11
5 Demonstrative adjectives 15
6 Demonstrative pronouns 17
7 ossessive adjectives 2!
" ossessive pronouns 22
9 #ouns 23
1! Adjectives 31
11 $ndefinite adjectives% pronouns 4!and adve
12 ersonal pronouns 51
13 &eflexive pronouns 56
14 'mphatic pronouns( position and 56order of
15 &elative pronouns 62
16 $nterro)ative pronouns% adjectives67 and a
17 *ardinal and ordinal num+ers 72
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vi
1" ,ractions 7
19 Approximate -uantities 7
2! Dimensions 7
21 Adver+s of -uantit. "
II The erb group "
22 A)reement of ver+ and su+ject "
23 ,ormation of tenses "
24 The indicative tenses( the present "6 tense
25 The future tense 9
26 The imperfect tense 9
27 The past historic 1!
2" The compound tenses 1!
29 /o0 the perfect is used 1!
3! /o0 the future perfect is used 1!
31 /o0 the pluperfect is used 1!
32 /o0 the past anterior is used 1!
33 The conditional and the conditional 11! perf
34 The su+junctive 11
35 The present su+junctive 11
36 The imperfect su+junctive 11
37 The perfect su+junctive 11
3" The pluperfect su+junctive 11
39 e-uence of tenses( uses of the 117su+junct
4! &eflexive ver+s 12
41 The passive 12
42 The past participle 13
43 The present participle 13
44 The imperative 13
45 The infinitive 14
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vii
46 $mpersonal ver+s 145
47 Adver+s 147
4" repositions 156
SECTION !"unctions
III E#position 159
49 &eferrin) to people% thin)s and 159places
491 h.sical characteristics 159
492 ersonalit. 161
493 &elationships 162
494 A)e 165
495 0nership 167
496 Dimensions 172
497 uantit. and num+er 174
49" ualit. 179
499 *omparison 1"!
491! Directions 1"4
4911 ocation 1"7
4912 anner 191
5! #arratin) 194
5!1 resent time 195
5!2 ast time 197
5!3 ,uture time 2!!
5!4 Dates and time 2!1
5!5 e-uence 2!5
51 &eportin) 2!"
52 Asin) -uestions 215
53 #e)atin) 219
I$ Attitude 222
54 8reetin) and leavetain) 222
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viii
541 8reetin) 22
542 eavetain) 22
55 'xpressin) con)ratulations and appreciat 225
551 *on)ratulations 22
552 Appreciation 22
56 'xpressin) apolo)ies and s.mpath.22"
561 Apolo)ies 22
562 .mpath. 23
57 'xpressin) surprise and dis)ust 232
571 urprise 23
572 Dis)ust 23
5" 'xpressin) contrastin) attitudes% 235emotio
5"1 ies and dislies 23
5"2 reference 23
59 ove and hate 23
6! 'nthusiasm and indifference 24
61 /opes% fears and re)rets 24
62 Approval and disapproval 24
$ Argumentation 24
63 A)reein) and disa)reein) 24
631 A)reein) 24
632 Disa)reein) 24
633 A)reein) to differ 25
64 Assertin) and confirmin) 25
641 Assertin) 25
642 *onfirmin) 25
65 Admittin) and concedin) 25
651 Admittin) 25
652 *oncedin) 25ix
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66 *orrectin) and protestin) 255
67*ontradictin) andcritici:in) 25"
6"u))estin) andpersuadin) 26!
6"1 u))estin) 26!
6"2 ersuadin) someone to thin the 2620a. .ou
6"3 ersuadin) someone to do;not to 264do some
6"4 ther 0a.s of persuadin) and dissuadin)264
69 'xpressin) volition 267
691
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724 *onse-uence@implicit 311
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x
725 Aim 312
73 'xpressin) opposition 315
74 tructurin) 321
741 e)innin) 321
742 *ontinuin) 326
743 'ndin) 32"
$I The sounds o% "rench 333
75
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Acknowledgements
Theauthors0ouldlietothanthefollo0in)fortheirpermissiontoreproduce
extractsfromcop.ri)htmaerialB8rasset%aris%&o)erp77?Le Monde 233and95179>pp!3"3%""?(lon%
aris%for/Tro.at%Grandeur Nature,1936>p"6?(The Guardian 162>p95
1!4?(#oaillesfor8 oustai%CetE-ueF>p134?('ditionsa
Dcouverte%collection&epEres%aris%forGp 245?
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Introduction
This+ooisdesi)nedtoprovidethessentialelementsof,rench)rammar%for
studentsinthefinal.earofschoolandinthefirstandlater.earsofhi)her
educationAdvancedlearners0illfindmuchthatisusefulforextendin)their
no0led)eof,rench%andforevisionThe+ooisor)ani:edint0omajor
sectionsBareferencesectiontainin)thestructuresof)rammarnda sectioncontainifun)ction)r almmar'achsectionincludescrossreferencestothe other
Thereference)rammar%0hichisascomprehensiveaspossi+le%has+een
structuar oundedthenounphrase@dealin)0ithallthelementsrela tedothe nounB articles%pronouns% adjectives and num+ers@a 0ith all the elements related to the ver+B
tenses%
Thefunction)r ammarliscomposedofthreeparts%eachdemonstratin)ho0 todothin)s0ithlan)ua)einordertocommunicateThethreeprincipal
functionsidentifiedarexposition%attitudeandar)umentation'achoftheseis
divided into smaller function areas related to the
The %unctions
E#position
*ommunicationinvolves+oth)ivin)ando+tain informationB)0emae statements and0e as -uestions a+out someone or s
(1) referrin) to people% thin)s and places
(2) narratin) events in some sort of se-uence
(3) reportin) 0hat 0e or other people sa. or thin
$nother0ords%0eare)ivin)oro+tainin)informatia+outn0ho%0hat%0hen%
ho0%0hereand0h.'xpositionincludesthree)roupsoffunctionsidentified% ver.
+roadl.%referrin%,as narratin% andreportin%
&eferrin% topeople%thin)sandplacesinvolves)ivin)ando+tainin)
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informatia+outnph.sicalcharacteristics%personalit.%relationships%a)e%
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xiii
o0nershipdimensions%-uantit.and num+er%-ualit.or distin)uishin) characteristics%
comparison% direction% location a Narratin% involves talin) a+out events or
actions in
future time% dates and &eportin% time% anddescri+esse-uence0hat 0e or people sa.
and 0rite &eportin) is usuall. clearl. introductor. ver+ There are man. ver+s 0hich
can 0hichthecommonestisCsa.FomeoftheothersareCthin%remind%as(hope%
+elieve%0ant%su))est%ans0er%admit%for)etF$nterro)astructuivea res included in thissection +ecause 0e need to no0 h
todothis0eas-uestions%andne)at isionclud+ecause%dofcour se%ometimes
0e need to sa. that somethin) is not the case
Attitude
'xpressin) an attitude to0ards someone or somethin introducin) a personal%
su+jective element into com our reaction to someone or somethin)% 0e are evalua @
in a nondetached 0a. And 0e ma. do so spontaneo
*losel.relatedoattitudar thesmotionsandfeelin)s0hichmostofusexperienceandexpressfromtimetotimeThese%too%arepersonaland
su+jective%and%onoccasion%the.ma.infact+eattitudesThefocusofthis
sectis%onthen%onthecommunicationofattitudes%emotionsandfeelin)sand
ho0 0e express them =e loo first%reet ator ta'ethelea(e0a.s in of people 0hen
0e are speain) or 0ritin) to them 0hich0e
express"on%ratulationsandappre"iation,apolo%iesands)mpath),
andsurpriseanddis%ust ,inall.%0econsider0a.sin0hich0e express
contrastin)attitudes%emotionsandfeelin)sB li'es,disli'esand preferen"e,lo(e
andhate,enthusiasmandindifferen"e,hopes andfears,appro(al andisappro(al
Argumentation
'ffective communication usuall. re-uires a certain involves the need to
(1) structure 0hat 0e 0ant to sa. or 0rite
(2) determine the +est strate)ies to emplo.
(3)select the means of expression most suited to and% a+ove all% to a specificcontext or situati
Thestructureisthe plan in0hat0e aresa.in)or0ritin)%thestrate).isthe
fun"tion0e aremplo.in)%andthemeansofexpressionisthe%rammati"al or lexi"al structure>forxample%ver+construction%nounphrase?0hichismost
appropriate for the plan and the function
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xiv
$tma.+ethatsin)le0ordisenou)htoachieve0hat0e 0ant%+utmore
fre-uentl.0eareinvolvedadiscussionorexplainin)somethin)orar)uin) case and so
on ften% there is simpl. not enou)h
0ant to sa.@ thou)h there is more time 0hen 0e are virtuall. impossi+le to tr. to
learn ever. functio /o0ever%if0e arefamiliar0ithsomeindsofplan%0ithvarioust.pesof
function% and 0ith some of the means for expressin use them ourselves% +ut
reco)ni:e them 0hen 0e are other people are sa.in) or 0ritin)
There are man. inds of plan in 0hat is said and in complexit. 'xamples of plans%
or plannin)% are
(1)creatin)clearoverallstructure0ithanintroduction%middlesctionand
conclusion(2) listin) a series of points
(3) puttin) another point of vie0 and defendin) it
(4) proceedin) from cause to effect% or vice versa
$nsomesituations%partsofplansma.+eenou)handindeedappropriatefor
achievin)0hat0e 0ant%forexample%onl.partof>c?Atothertimes0e ma.
need to put into action a full. developed plan% for
>d?,inall.%0emustremem+erthatthereisnosin)lperfect%plansuita+lefor ever.situation or context
Thefunctionsavaila+letous 0hen0e 0anttoachievesomethin)
ar)umentationreman.=e ma.%forexample%0antoa)ree%indicatedou+t%reject%ritici:e=ema. 0ishtoemphasi:ersuade%influence%express o+li)ation=hatever it ma. +e% 0hether 0e are ini
speech%contri+utin)toaconversation%reactin)tocomment%+roadcastor
report%0ehaveatourdisposal0ideran)eofpossi+lemoves=e cannoft% course% no0
ho0 someone is )oin) to react to 0hat 0e need to have access to a ran)e of
responses in reaction% and respond appropriatel.
The section on ar)umentation provides a comprehen
andthemeansofexpressin)them@0hichareinfairl.commonuseHou0ill
reco)ni:ethem0henpeoplearespeain)d0ritin)$tisrecommendedthat.outr.toputhemintopractincespeechand0ritin)0heneverappropriate The functions
are presenteda%reein% andasdisa%reein%,follo0sassertin% @and"onfirmin%,admittin% and"on"edin%,"orre"tin% and protestin%,"ontradi"tin%
and"riti"i*in%,su%%estin% and persuadin%,expressin)(olition,permissionand o+li%ation,
dou+t and"ertaint), lo%i"al relatiopposition,ns,andstru"turin%
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xv
The e#amples
Theexamplesinthereferencesectionaresimpleillustrationsofthe)rammar
structurein-uestion$nthefunctionalsectionthexamplesareselectedfrom
contemporar.spoenand0ritten,renchtodemonstratethefunctinon
-uestionThe.areactualexamples0hichave+eenusedinouro0n
experience%andthe.are-uoted0ithinasmuchcontextaspossi+letoillustrate the
function and the related )rammar structure
The translations
The examples in +oth the reference and the functio
'n)lish$nthereferensection%translationsareeptascloseaspossi+letothe
,rench%inthefunctionalsection%theotherhand%0herethereisusuall.
su+stantialamountofcontext%the'n)lishe-uivalentisprovided%ratherthan direct and
possi+l.% therefore% stilted version of
"orms and %unctions
The forms in an. livin) lan)ua)e are flexi+le and c
canvar.accordin)totheindividualspeaeror0riter%tothepartofthecountr.
he;shecomesfromorlivesin%andindeedtofashionThereiseld omnl.one0a.ofsa.in)or0ritin)somethiand)%notver.oftenaonetoe-uivalenceoneof
form and function
Thisisclearil.lustratedinthesectiontheimperative>A44?0herethisone)rammarstructureissho0ntohavevariet.offunctionsBtheimperative
formcan+eusedtoexpressanorder%aninstructaninvitation%etc$tisalsoillustraintheedman.functiofnseachofthetensesimilarl.%inthe functional section%man. forms are su))ested for e
directions>49for1!?%example%can+eexpressedthrou)htheimperative%the future
tense% a com+ination of the t0o% etc
Gust as there is a net0or of relations +et0een f a
net0oroffunctionsrelatedoeachsin)lefunctionA)reein)>63for1?%example%isnaturall.associated0ithitsopposite@disa)reein)>63and2?%
then also 0ith a com+ination of the t0o@a)reein) t
&egister
&e)istr efers+.andlar)etothedifferentvoca+ular.and)rammarstructures 0euse0hen0e aretalin)or0ritin)todifferpentople%andthelevelsof formalit. andinformalit. 0e use ,or example% 0e teacher%doctor%apoliceman%atintervie0+utI
fairl.%informal0ith
mem+ersofourfamil.%friendsor0hensimpl.chattin)=eusuall.taeinto
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xvi
accountthestatus%a)e%andtherelations0ehaveip0ithotherpeople%andthe situation 0e
are in% and 0e automaticall. adjust o
Attimes%0es0itchfromformalit.toinformalit.%0henforexample%0e
+e)in to feel more comforta+le 0ith a person% or f
forexample%conversation0ithour+anmana)ers0itchesfromfriendl. conversation to a
re-uest for an increase in a loa
=hat 0e are doin) is -uite normal and accepta+le situation
$nthe)rammaritisnotpossi+letocoverthe0ideran)eoflevelsthatexist +et0een
formalit. and informalit.% +ut 0e have ind
there)isterformalinformalther0ise%examplesshould+etaenas standard re)ister@
the re)ister used +. an avera)e%
DonFt .ou 0ant to tae them round all the museum
Tu eu# pas les balader dans>informal?tousles mus'es( $oule)*ous leur%aire isiter >formal?tous les mus'es(
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How to use this book
This +oo +rin)s to)ether t0o sets of )uidelines o
A@A reference)rammarcoverin)themajorpoints0hichneedto+e
mastered so that .ou )et thin)s ri)ht
@A function)r ammarlcoverin)themajort.pesofcommunication .ou ma.0ant or need to carr. out
At.ourdisposal%then%.ouhavethessentialsof)rammar >section A?and
applicationsofthe)rammarina 0ideselectionoffunctions >section?=hen 0e0erepreparin)this+oo%0e eptinmindthefre-uentchan)es0hichan.
livin)lan)ua)eunder)oes%and0e have%therefore%includedcommentson
exceptionstothe)uidelinesAnd%0hereverappropriate%0ehaveincludedinform0al.sofsa.in)or0ritin)somethin)Themajorit.ofexampleshave crossreferetoincesformationconcernin)oneormore)rammarpointsor concernin)additional details on the function
/o0% then% 0ill .ou use the +ooJ $f% for example
.oulooup54$n1thissecti.oun0illfindanum+erofsu))estions
different0a.sofsa.in)C/iKForC8oodmornin)KF%forexample$tFsnotver. difficult to no0
ho0 to sa. hello% of course% +ut +et0een!on+our,and!onsoir,(ntheotherhand%.oumi)ht0antto persuade someone to do somethin) To find a
suita+l up6"and3.ou0illa)ainfindanum+erofsu))estionsforpersuadin)%and crossreferencestotheappropriate)rammar)uideline=hen.ouarelooin)at
thefunctions%0esu))estthat.oualsoconsiderthemuchlon)ercontextthatis provided to
see 0hat happens to a )rammatical form
Thereareother0a.sofsa.in)and0ritin)thesamethin)s@examplesthe
)ivenhereareonl.su))estions%and.ouare+oundtocomeacrossothermeans
of expression the more .ou come into contact 0ith in.ourprofessionallife=e
recommendthat.ouconsiderthesu))estions provided here% select the form% or forms%
that sui .oumeetalternative0a.sofsa.in)or0ritin)somethin)%addthemto.our
repertoire
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xviii
eforethever+ta+les0ehaveincludedasection0iththesoundsof,rench%
andseveral0ordsfor.outopractisethesoundsHourteacher0ill+ea+leto help .ou
0ith them
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Glossary
an. of the terms used in this )rammar are explai section in 0hich the. are used%
+ut there are some in a specific section +ecause the. occur in severa 0hich ma.
cause difficult. for students The short terms 0hich 0e thin need special attention=e hav usin) this )rammar are familiar 0ith most of the t as noun% ver+% adjective
Aderb A 0ord or phrase 0hich )ives information a+out somethin) occurs There areadver+s of manner% pl and fre-uenc. Adver+s can-%airemodif.avec asoinanver+./adjective -très di%%icile./oranother -beaucoupadver+trop.Adver+s
are al0a invaria+le% unlie some other parts of speech% t spellin) to a)ree 0ithanother part of speech
Antecedent A 0ord or )roup of 0ords 0hich precedes another &elative pronouns% or0ordshave antecedentssuchasce/ to 0hich +ac -L’homme0ui a donn' unpourboire n1a pas beauco
AppositionThe placin) of a 0ord or phrase directl. +eside a to provide moreinformation-Jacques+outChirac,the other Président one de la &'publi0ue.
There is no article +et0een thCohesionThe linin) of 0ords% phrases% sentencohesiveandpara deices/0hich ma. +eclauses% adver+s% pronouns% ne) includeet/ mais/ par contre/ d1abord?
Complement A 0ord or phrase 0hich completes the meanin) of% a+out% somethin) Thecomplement ma. +e a 0ord in direct o+ject-Elale pommea./mang'indirect-Ilo+jectleura endu./the a)ent in apassive-2atartsentencea par 't'l petit ol'egarçon.
ICon+ugationThis refers to all the endin)s of a ver+
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xx
son4.5the demonstrative-ce/adjectivescet/5cettethe4interro)ative.exclamator. adjective0uel>asQuellein maison(6,?(indefinite adjec-certain/ cha0ue/di%%'rents/ diers/ maint/ plusieurs/ aucun/normall. inthe-Ellesin1a)ulaucunr 5thetalent.cardinal num+e used as adjectivesdeu#
+ournau#>as?in
3irect and indirect ob+ectsThe direct o+ject is a noun or pronoun referrin) affected in some 0a. +. an actionThe direct o+ preposition-Ilalelivreu. The o+ject is indirect 0hen it i preposition%7orusuall.de-Nousle donnonsà parents89a d'pendde
nos parents. $ndirect o+jectme/pronounste/lui/arenous/Theseous/ l pronounsare not 7preceded@itis+uilt+. into-Noustheleur pronoundonnons.,ollo0in)de/and other prepositions% the empha used-9ad'pendtoi .de
"inite&efers to the man. parts of ver+s 0hich have endi 0hether the su+ject is sin)ular or plural% the in%initieisthe part of the *ver+er/*0hichir/*andre/ndsin*oir/thisn casthere is no finite endin) )ivin) information a+out or plural% or the tense
Gender and number These are ver. important )rammar concepts in ,re adjectives a)ree 0ith nouns or ver+s 0ith su+ject mistaes% and that can cost .ou marsK 8ender in -le/ilor 4./feminine-la/elle./4and all nouns are masculine or adjectives have to a)ree
0ith their noun #um+er pronoun is sin)ular >just one person% thin) or a people%thin)s or actions? Cit is necessar.F? The ver+ can sometimes+ecome personal +. theiladditio me %autC$ mustF?
To modulate
To chan)e or influence the meanin) of a 0ord or are various 0a.s of doin) this%usin) nouns% adje have specific nuances Hou can also% for example% @merel. +.alterin) the intonation .ou use@mae 0 discourteous% friendl. or a))ressive Asli)ht c nuan"e >of meanin)? Hou can achieve a different nu chan)in)% theintonation .ou use
:oodThis refers to the different forms in the conju)a functions for 0hich the ver+ isused o% .ou hav the su+junctive mood >nonfact?( the interro)at conditional mood
>conditions and h.potheses?% the The mood of the ver+ can +e chan)ed accordin)to for example% fact% nonfact% -uestions
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xxi
Transitie and intransitie erbs
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Section A
Structures
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IThe noun group
< Articles
,renchhasthreearticlesBthedefinitearticlth inde%inite%articleandthepartitive articleThe. a)ree 0ith nouns in )ender and num+e a similar 0a. to 'n)lish articles% +ut
there are s
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Elle parleau pr'sident8 heisspeain)tothepresident; chairman
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T/' #L# 8&L 3
Nousaonsdonn'lesbilletsau =e have)iventheticetstothe en%ants8children
ut there is no dechan)eor 7precede0henlaor l1?
2a portedel’ 'cole est %erm'e8The school door is shutElle à al maison8 he is )oin) home
>>8< Contracted %orms=henthe.precede0ords+e)innin)0ithavo0elora muteh/leandlaare
shortenedl1>seeto8> ;lace o% the articleThe article precedes nouns% and adjectives 0hich
la petitable the little ta+legrand garBon the +i) +o.
+ut note thatfollo tout/the. tous/ Call%toute-s.ever.% the
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4 T&L*TL&'
>8D 3i%%erences between "rench and English article$n certain contexts ,rench and 'n)lish articles a
>a? 0here the noun is used in a )eneral senseB
L’ herbe est erte8 8rass is )reenAime*tle*in(il Does he lie 0ineJ
Elle ailamusi0ue8 he loves musicLes ordinateurs deiennent*omputers are +ecomin) less de moins en moinschersand8 less expensive
>+?0ithpartsofthe+od.%ormind%0here'n)lishusesthepossessiveadjctive
>Cm.% .ourIF? ,rench uses the D.?Bdefinite< article >se>
Il secoualatFte8 /e shoo his headOurelesyeu#8 pen .our e.esIl a %roidau pieds8 /e has cold feetElle a à mlatFtel8 he has a headacheElle a perdulam'moire8 he has lost her memor.Il sou%%redu dos8 /e has +ac pro+lems
and 0ith reflexiveD>8vefor +sa)re>sement of D8pa?er ticiple%eferrin) to the o0nerB
Elle s1estlescheeu#la'8 he 0ashed her hair
=hensomethin)sdonetosomeoneelse%thatotherpersonisindicated+.
includin) an indirect o+ject D8?B pronoun >see
Ellelui a saisi la main8 he too his;her hand Ellelui a la' les cheeu#8he
0ashed his;her hair
Thedefinitearticleisalsoused0ithpartsofthe+od.indescriptionfollo0in) aoir >seeD8?B<
2e b'b'alesmains dodues8 The +a+. has chu++. handsEllealescheeu# longs8 he has lon) hair
#otetheuseofthepossessiveadjctivemon/tonICm.%.ourI0ithFver+s other
aoir?than
Ilcaressa salongue barbe noire/e8stroed his lon) +lac +e
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And note the follo0in) descriptive phrases D8?B
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T/' #L# 8&L 5
la %emmeau yeu# erts the 0oman 0ith the )reen e.esla maisonau %enFtres ouertesthe house 0ith the open 0indoIl marchaitlesmains derrire/e 0as 0alin) 0ith his handsledos8 +ehind his +ac
,renchnormall.usesthesin)ularfomofnounsifthe.refertosomethin)of 0hich
0e have onla.vieone%Clif latFteF%)Chead;faceF% lecou CnecFB
Elle leur la viesau'8 he saved their lives
>c? in man. expressions of time% and 0ith8seasons%?BD
7 trois heuresdumatin!de at three in the mornin); l’ aprs*midi afternoon
II arrieralesseptersheures/eFll8 arrive a+out seven oFcl Elle le %erala semainepndat8 he 0ill do it durin) the 0ee
#ote the 'n)lish e-uivalent 0ith the use or omissi la
semainedrnire6prochainelast;next 0ee
au +our le +our from da. to da.
Elle traaillematin8 he 0ors in the mornin)>s?
Ils iennentle +our8 The. come durin) the da.
touslesendredis ever. ,rida.
touteslesemaines ever. 0ee
touslesdeu# +ours ever. second;other da.
>+ut
Elle le rencontrepar troissemainehe%ois8meets him three times a
ome examples 0ith the seasonsB
L’ hier est mereilleu#=inter 8 is 0onderfulOn y l’ a't' prochain8 =e are )oin) there next summer
The article is en?omittedhier/en0ith't'/enautomneCin 0inter% summe autumnF%+utau printempsnotCin sprin)F
ome examples 0ith dates and use of the articleB
Nousommeslemardi
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le >J mai
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6 T&L*TL&'
Le +eudi on a au march'n8Thursda.s0e)oto>the?maret
On se oitle8" >ever. Thursda.?
ee .ou on the 7th
+ut no article
Nous sommes mardi8 $tFs Tuesda.Il me le donnera +eudi/eFll8 )ive it to me on Thursda. lundi dernier last onda.
ome examples 0ith festivals% 0hich are usuall. fe
7la Toussaint at /allo0eFen;on All aintsF Da.
7la ;entecKte at =hitsun
+ut
à NoLl at *hristmasà ;M0ues at 'aster
>d? in certain expressions of price% pa.% -uantit.
Cela se end 7lekiloeuros8That costs 3! euros a ilo Cela se endcin0uante7>euroslesThatcosts2 eurosfift.>for?a
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>
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T/' #L# 8&L 7
Ilreientdu
:ans/deLa &ochelle/d esEche
lles8EllehabiteLeHare8Elleau aHa
re8IlestàLa&ochelle8
/eis just+acfro
me
a
ns%
a
&o
che
lle%
es
'chelle
s
h
e
live
s in
e
/a
vre
h
e
i
s
)
o
i
n
)
t
o
e
/
a
v
r
e
/e
i
s
i
n
a
&
o
c
h
e
l
l
e
=
it
h
co
u
n
t
r
i
es
a
nd
re
)io
nst
hearti
cle
isusuall.
includedi
fthenam
eofthe
countr.is
masculin
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e
si
n
)
ul
a
r%
o
r
m
a
s
c
ul
in
e
o
r
f
e
m
Ilreientd es
;hilippines/
e8
i
s
j
u
s
t
+
a
c
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
ili
p
p
Ell
e au a;o
r tu
gal8h
e is
)oi
n)
to
or
tu)
al
ut
0h
enn
am
esofco
untr
ies
and
re)i
ons
aref
emi
nianedsin
)ul
arm
ost
@
and
ofth
em
are
*enisus
edf
orCt
o;ia
ndFther
eis
noa
rticller6demeBenurer Allemagne/enEcosse/en
CharenteCto)oto;linve8er man.%c
otland%th
e *harent
3eFisusedforCfromF
andthereisnoarticl
eBreenir de&ussie/ d’ Espagnde;roence/Ctoreturn
from&ussia%
pain%
rove
NOTE $f
theto0n
or
countr
. is
-ualifi
ed
+.la an
adject
ChinemoderneCm
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o
d
e
r
n
*
hi
n
aF
T
h
e
a
rti
cl
eis
al
s
o
u
s
e
d
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e
s
o
u
t
h
%
e
a
st
a
n
d
0
e
st
B
eno
rdela "r anceCthe
nor
tho
f,r
an
ceF
%lesudd e
l’ Angleterr eCthe
so
uth
of
'n)la
ndF
T
h
e
r e
i
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n
o
p
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ec
i
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e
p
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r
n
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e
x
p
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e
s
s
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o
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s
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h
e
.
s
i
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p
l
.
h
a
v
e
t
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+
e
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e
a
r
n
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o
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e
e
x
a
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l
e
s
B
les
insde"r ance the0ines of
,rance;,
rench
0ines l1histoid e"rance
thehistor. of
,rance;,
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re
n
c
h
hi
st
o
>
a
n
.
p
hr
a
s
e
s
h
a
v
et
h
e
p
a
t
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r n
deM
n
o
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n
0h
i
c
h
i
s
v
e
r .
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
to
a
n
a
d
j
e
c
ti
v
e
B
une'char ped
eso
ieblan
cheC
a
0
h
i
t
es
i
l
s
c
a
r
f F
%
unemaisond e ca
mpa
gneCa hous
e in
the
count
r.F?+ut
la g'ographiela capitaledela
and
le
pr'sidentla&'publi0uethepresidentof,rance;the ,ren
Ther
eisa
rule
ofth
um+
fora
fe0p
hras
esBfe
mini
neco
untri
esn
oarti
cle%
@
masculin
e
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c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
i
n
"
lude
an@
articl
eB
" T&L*TL&'
la reined’ Angleterrel1ambassaded’ Autriche
>+ut
l1empereur du aponl1ambassadedu S'n'gal
>f? in titles% formsof address% and-ualified pro
leg'n'ral deGaulle 8eneralde 8aulle
As*tuconnule;r'sident
Did .ou no0resident
:itterrand(itterrandJ
$oil7ledocteurPnock8 /ere;thereis Doctor Nnoc
:8le;r'sident4>r?
resident%I:essieurslesd'l'gu's4 Dele)ates%Ileieu# :8Guiat
old r 8uiat
la petite Isabellelittle $sa+elle
ut the article isnormall. omitted+efore a noun
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le g'n'ralde;r'sidentGaulle/8eneraldelade8aulle%>the?resid
entof r'publi0ue ,rance;aris/ capitale dela aris%"rance thecapital of ,rance
Articles are not
usedEli)abetQEli)ab
ethntilesIIsuchastheHnriecondF% I$C/enr. the ,ourthFB
insa) ,renchEli)abeth.ou deu#/0ould Henri 0u
>)?0ithn
amesoflan
)ua)es%us
eofthearticl
eisalsovari
a+utle%itis
normall.
omittedpar ler?after
;arle)*ousitalien(Do .ouspea $talianJ
Il ne parle pas%ranBais/edoesnFt8spea ,rench
Il est di%%icile de$trouer isdifficult tofind an e-ui un'0uialent enanglaisin'n)lish;an8'n)lish e-uivalen
+ut
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Apprene)*l’ ousespagnol7l1'cole( Are .oulearnin) panish at
L’ allemandest une
langue8erman is acomplicated lan) compli0u'e8
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T/' #L# 8&L 9
#otetheuseofcapitallettersin'n)lish%+utnotin,rench%fornamesof
lan)ua)es*apitarelsusedin,renchonl) ifreferrin)toahuman+ein)@0hatever his;her nationalit.B
le "ranBais/ la "ranBaisethe,renchman% the ,rench0oman le %ranBais >the?,rench >lan)ua)e? %ranBais/ %ranBaise-s.,rench >adjective?
>h? 0ith meals% )ames and musical instrumentsB
pendantledRner durin) dinner
+ouer au tennis to pla. tennis
+ouer du iolon to pla. the violin
>i? 0ith other parts of speech to form nounsB
lespaures the poor >people?
lemanger leetboire food and drin
lesbless's the injured
lesdires statements% sa.in)s
lesaoir no0led)e
lerouge red >colour?% red 0ineleprimaire/lesecondairethe primar.% secondar. level of e
>j?notethatifthenounsare-ualified%+.relativeclauseforexampl deMthe% definitearticle are usedB
Il a bu unedu cara%einqu’on a acheté en #ustralie8/e dran a carafe of the 0ine 0e +ou)ht in Aust
n ciel couertdesnuagesqui annoncent une temp$te8 A s. full of storm clouds
The inde%inite article
The indefinite un-e./articlesdes/areCa%de6d1an( some% an.F $ndefi are repeated inlists( their 'n)lish e-uivalents a
1aiun h'rissonu chatet 7 la maison8
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$ have a hed)eho) and a cat at home
Il ydesalires int'ressants dans ce magasin8
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1! T&L*TL&'
There are some interestin) +oos in this shop
%ne %emme m1a t'l'phon' ce soir8 A 0oman telephoned me this evenin)
a*t*desiloitures deant la mairie(
Are there >an.? cars in front of the to0n hallJ
8< 3i%%erences between "rench and English inde%in$n certain contexts ,rench and 'n)lish articles a
>a? the article is used 0ith a+stract nouns -uali
un '0uilibre par%ait perfect +alance;e-uili+riumaecune grande 'motion full of emotion
>+? the article is not used 0hen talin) a+out occ
Il est pro%esseur8 /e is a teacher1ai 't' nomm' ministre$Fve8 +een appointed minister Son %ils estprotestant/is;her 8 son is a rotestantSa %emme est 'cossaise/is8 0ife is cottish
+ut 0hen the noun is -ualified%isusedB the article
Son cousin peintrestc'lbre8/is;her cousin is a famous pa
#ote the alternative possi+ilitiesB
D
Il est d'puC’ estun'8d'put'68 /e isa mem+erof the#ational Assem+l.
Elle est italienneC’ est86une heFs >an? $talianItalienne8
>c? the article is also omitted 0hen t0o nouns are
2e gouernement/repr'sentantdupeuple/n1apasledroitde luire%user un r'%'rendum8
The)overnment%therepresentaof theivepople%doesnothavethe ri)htto refuse them a referendum
>d? the article is used for emphasisB
Elledesa pieds, =hat feet sheFs )otK Il %aitunemps, =hatama:in) 0eatherK
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T/' #L# 8&L 11
>e? the sin)unlandr uneformsare the same as the num+er Cone to another num+erB
Il a unbuerre de in8/e dran a;one )lass of 0ine
>f? there is no article0uel,afterC0hatthe>a;an?KFBexclamator.
Quel imb'cile, =hat an idiotKQuelle coUncidence, =hat a coincidenceK
Quelles drKles d1histoires,=hat stran)e talesKQuels hommes distingu's, =hat distin)uished menK
D
The partitie articleThepartitivearticlesaredu/dela/des/de6d1Csome%an.Feforea0ord +e)innin) 0ith avo0elh/duandor de ala@dmutede l1?honneur ChonourF% del’ ailC)arlicF%del’ herbeC)rassF%del’ eauC0aterF The article ma.in 'n)lish% +ut not in ,rench The article is repe
Il a demand'du sucredu etlait/e8 ased for >some? su)ar andTu eu#dela moutardedu sel(etHou 0ant >some% an.? mustard a
D8< How the inde% inite and partitie articles are>a?ina ne)ativecontextun/une/du/dela/des@de6d10henthenounthe. precede is
made ne)ative% and their meanin) is Cno
pasde monnale/d’ eaupls no chan)e% no more 0ater Il n1ad’ argentpas8 /e hasnFt an. mone.Elle n1ade pluspatience/d’ humour/he hasno patience%humouror de tendresse8 affection left
utifthespeaeror0riterintendsthene)ativetofocusonsometh inthe) sentence otherthan the noun% the articles remain
D
Il ne m1a pasde conseilsdonn'8 /e didnFt )ivead(i"eme an.Il ne m1a pasdes donn' /e didnFt%i(eme an. advice%conseils/ il me les a endus,hesold it to meK
>+? the articles also remain unchan)ed 0hen expres
Elle n1achtedu inpasmaisdelabire8he doesnFt +u. 0ine% she +u.s +eer
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12 T&L*TL&'
Elle n1a pasdes liresdonn' desmaisC3 pour l1anniersaire de neeu8
hedidnFt)ive+oostohernephe0forhis+irthda.%she)avehim *Ds
>c? 0hen theun-e.articleexpresses a num+er% there is no chan
2e gouernement n1aaitund'put'pashonnFte8The )overnment did not have one honest mem+er
Il n1y aaitune%emmepas au gouernement8There 0as not a sin)le 0oman in the )overnment #ote the meanin)s in the
follo0in) examplesB
Elle n1aunepaspaire de chaussures8 Elle en a trente8he doesnFt have one pair of shoes he has thi
Elle n1ade chaussurespas8 Elle n1a 0ue des pantou%leshe hasnFt an. shoes he onl. has slippers
>d? the articles are not chan)ed 0hne4n0uetheConl.FBne)ative
Ellen’ aqu’un mouchoir8 he has onl. one handerchie
Ellen endque deschapeau#8 he onl. sells hatsIlne boitque du in8 /e onl. drins 0ine
>e? after ni4niCneitherIsansnorFC0ithoutFor the partitive artic >seea?B
Elleneprendni sel/ni poire/ni he doesnFttaesalt%pepperor moutarde8 mustardIl boit sansdu laitth'8 /e drinstea0ithoutmil;/e
Il est sanssortichapeau8doesnFt tae mil in his tea/e has )one out 0ithout a hat
ut if the noun is -ualified in some 0a. the artic
Elle estsanssortieunchapeauqui pourrait la protéger 8he has )one out 0ithout a hat 0hich could )ive
Nous n1aonsniletempsni l’ argent pour le &aire8=e have neither the time nor the mone. to do it
$f the veFtre/+theis articles remain unchan)edB
Cen1est pasun d'sastre8 $tFs not a disaster
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T/' #L# 8&L 13
Ce nesont pasdes chaussures8 The.Fre not shoes
#otethat0henthedefinitearticles le/la/lesarepreceded+.de inver+ constructionse suchsouenir asCtoderemem+erF%parler Ctode spea a+out
the.arechan)edtodu/dela/del1/desThe.remaintheseformsina ne)ative contextB
D
Nousne parlionsdespasictimes de la guerre8=e 0ere not speain) a+out the victims of the 0
Ellen’ a paspeur des chiens8he is not afraid of do)s
D8> "orms o% the inde%inite and partitie articles a noun
Theindefiniteandpartitivearticles des@de6d10henanadjectiveprecedesanounB
Ellede agrandsyeu# bleus8 he has +i) +lue e.esIl nous raconte tou+ours/e al0a.s tells us interesti d’intéressanteshistoires8
1ai deeusesnouelles8 $Fve had some ne0s a+out him
#ote that there are some exceptions to this rule 0h a unitB
C1estdu bon ca%', $tFs )ood coffeeK
des petits pains rolls
$f the adjective follo0s the noun%desremainsoris virtuall.unchan)ed
Il nous racontetou+oursdes /e al0a.stellsus un+elieva+le
histoincro'ablesres8 stories
anddesal0a.s@d1+eforeautre-s.?
On d1autresdeoirs 7 %aire=e8have >more? other home0or Il end1autres8 /e hasothers;more of them
D8 "orms o% the partitie articles in e#pressionsThe partitive@de6d1articlesinexpressions of >see>a?0ithadver+ssuchasasse)deCenou)hF%autantdeCasmuch%asman.F%
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beaucoupde Ca lot of%combienman.F%de(Cho0 much% ho0moinsman.JF%de
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14 T&L*TL&'
ClessF%-un. pdeuC>a? littleF%plusdeCmoreF%tant Casde much;man.% so mu man.F%tropdeCtoo much;man.FB
Combien de gens( /o0 man. peopleJ
peu degens fe0 people
#ote thatbienCa lot of% man.F is follo0ed +. the full p
Il biena du mal 7 suire les cours d1allemand8/e is havin) a lot of difficult. follo0in) the
>+?0ithadjectives0hichexpressanamount%orlac%ofsomethin)%suchas
entour'deCsurrounded+.F%couertdeCcoveredin;0ithF%idedeCempt.of%
lacin) inFB
vide desens meanin)less
rempli delires full of +oos
>c?0ithnounssuchasunebouteilledeCa+ottleofF%unman0uedeCalac ofFB
une bouteille de-in. rouge a +ottle of red 0ineun manque de ressources a lac of resources
D8D"ormso%thepartitiearticlesa%terinde%inite/neuterandnegatiepronouns
3e6d1isalsousedafterindefineuterite%andne)ativepronounsB0uel0u1unCsomeoneF%0uel0uechoseCsomethin)F%ceci6celaCthis;thatF%ce0ui6ce0ue C0hatF%-ue0uoi(C0hatF%C0hatJF%personneCno+od.F%rienCnothin)FB
quelqu’un d’ int'ressant someone interestin)quelque chosed’ acceptable somethin) accepta+leriend’ urgent nothin) ur)ent
Quoi deneu%( =hatFs ne0J(out ce qu’ ilaaitde alable't''ver.thin)valua+lehehadhas+een ol'8stolen
#otetheexpressionlaplupartdeCmostofF0hichisfollo0ed+.thefull partitive >the
ver+>>8is?B8see
La plupart des'tudiaontsr'ussi dans les trois matires8
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ost of the students have passed in the three s
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T/' #L# 8&L 15
And note the prepositiond1aprsCaccordin) toFB
)’après la m't'o il a pleuoir8 Accordin) to the 0eather forecast itFs )oin) to
Articlesareomittedfroman.expressinons,rench%of0hichthefollo0in) represent a
ver. small selectionB
rendre sericeto help7tomber par toerrefall do0n%aire signe tode indicateaoir enietode0ant tomettre %in 7to end en auto +. car en 'lo67 bicyclette+ic.clesous pr'te#teon thede pretext of par hasard +. chancesans gFne 0ithout em+arrassment
soit indi%%'rencsoit ressentiment/either indifference or resentm Plus ilcr moinse/elle 'couteThe8 more he shouts% the less s Plus elletraai plusellegagne/8Themoreshe0ors%themoreshe
earns
3emonstratie ad+ecties
Therearethreesin)ularfoms+utonl.onepluralformofthedemonstrative
adjectiveThe.a)reein)enderandnum+er0iththenoun%andthe'n)lish e-uivalent is
Cthis% these% that% thoseF% or simpl
8< "orms
in)ular lural
asculine ce -cet. ces
,eminine cette ces
The formcetis used +efore masculine sin)ular nouns +e a muteh? cet en%antCthiscethildF%hommageCthis tri+uteF%cetteaddiCthision additionF%cettehabitationCthishouseF%cesamisCthesefriendsF%cesactiit's CtheseactivitiesF%ceshommesCthese cesmenF%histoir Cthese storiesF
Il acelulivre8/e has read this +oo
Elle n1aimecet hommepas8he does not lie the man
Cette *eune étudian1ate pas traaill'cetteannée8
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That .oun) student has not done an. 0or this .
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16 T&L*TL&'
On a u tropces&ilmsdedont ous ae) parl'8=eFve seen too man. of those films .ou spoe a+
8> Adding+ci and+l to nouns
. addin)*citothenounitispossi+letoemphasi:e proximit) inspaceortime%and+.addin)*l7tothenounitispossi+letoemphasi:edistan"einspaceortimeAdditionof *cior *l7alsohelpstodistin)uish+et0eent0oormore people orthin)s
Il est entr'cette &en$trepar8+ci /e entered +. this 0indo0
Elle est ceenuematin+là8
he came that mornin)2a0uelle pr'%r Cettesrobe*tu(+ oucicette robe+ (là=hich do .ou preferJ This dress or that oneJ
52The1demonstradjective%orthedemonstradjectiveMnounM *l7 often carr. apejorative% o+se-uious or contemptuo
Ce ean est un peun1estinsol*cent/Thatpas( Gohn is a +it rude% iCes dames sont series( Hou are +ein) served% ladi
Elle ne pouaitcet hommetol'rer +là8 he couldnFt stand that ma
52*2ciand*l7arepresentinoici/oil7/ici/l7Chere%thereFdenotin)proximit.ordistanceutincreasin)l.todatheformsoil7andl7areusedinpreferenceoiciandtoici?
oilàton lire8/ere;there is .our +oo
J
e ne sais pas 0uand illà maintenantarrier8 Il est$ donFt no0 0hen heFll arrive /eFs here no0
8 &epetition o% the demonstratie ad+ectie in liethedefinitearticle>s>e8?thedemonstradjectiveisusuall. repeated in lists
Cette maisonetce beau *ardinme plaisent beaucoup8$ lie this house and the lovel. )arden ver. mu
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T/' #L# 8&L 17
J3emonstratie pronouns
Demonstrativepronounsaresimpleor compoundLnliedemonstrative
adjectivthearesseparateformsforthemasculindfeminineplurals>see
8?see
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NOTE Celui*l76ma.*cimean Cthe former% thelatterF $n sen Cthe latterFce
isdernier usometimesd% r celuiplaces*ci
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1" T&L*TL&'
J8 The neuter ce!c’-pronounsceci,cela-ça
>a?ce6c1
Ce6c1isnormall.com+ined0ithFtretoformc1estor cesont/0hichareoften follo0ed+.a relativepronoun-ce0ui/ce0ue/cedont.or+.anemphatic pronounsee8c?>
C’est une belle maison, $tFs a lovel. houseKC’était ce quetu oulais8 $t 0as 0hat .ou 0antedC’est moi. C’est nous. $tFs me $tFs us
=ithathirdpersonpluralpronounce6c1isnormall.follo0ed+.athirdperson plural
ver+B
Ce sont eu. C’étaient elles. $tFs them $t 0as them
and noteB
C’est 7 moiC’était 87 elles8 $tFs mine $t 0as theirs
Ce6c1also occurs in a fe0 set phrasesB
Ce me semble4 $t seems to meISur ce4 And at that pointICe disant4 And sa.in) this;thatICe %aisant4 And as he;she did this;thatI
>+?c1estandil>impersonal?estCit is% that isF
C1estusuall.+a"' referstoa previousl. mentioned idea or ma
Il parle bien %ranBais8/e speas ,rench 0ell
Oui/c’est rai8Hes% thatFs true
#otethatthereareman.expressionsofthet.pec1estMadjectivereferrin)@all+ac to somethin)B
C’est possible8 $tFs possi+leC’est di%%icile8 ThatFs difficult
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T/' #L# 8&L 19
$f FtreMadjectivearefollo0ed+.aninfini theive%preposition7listhe adjectiveand the infinitive
C’était %acile 7 %aire8 $t 0as eas. to do
Ilestusuall.refersforard toa ne0ideaTheprepositlinin)onFtre Madjectiveto andeinfinitive is
V
/lseraint'ressantdele %aire8 $t 0ill +e interestin) to d /ln’est pas%aciledeparlergrec8$tFs not eas. to spea 8ree
NOTE Theseareonl.)uidelin=hesnthe.arespeain)%,renchpeopledonot al0a.s o+serve the differences +et0een the t0o t.p
>c?ceci/ cela
Ceci/lie*ci/refers to somethin) near cela/inliet*mel7/refersorspace% to somethin)more distant in time or space
&egarde)ceci , oo at thisKCela ne m1appartient pasThat8 does not +elon) to me
#otethespellin)of cela?thereisno accentAndnotealsothatcecirefersfor0ardtosomethin)a+outto+esaid%0hereascelarefers+actosomethin) 0hichhas +een saidB
Ecoute)ceci 4 isten to thisI
Ae)*ous entenducela( Did .ou hear thatJ
>d?aO
9a -Xcela.isusedinformall.%mainl.0henspeain)$tma.havepejorative meanin)
0a ne se dit pas8 Hou donFt sa. that ind of thin 0a a( Commentçaa( Hou NJ/o0Fre thin)sJ
0a c1est impossible,ThatFs impossi+leK ;our0uoiça( =h.Fs
thatJ0a sent mauais, That smells a0fulK
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and in ver. informal useB
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2! T&L*TL&'
0a se croit capable de Andle he;sh%aire, thins he;she can d
V
;ossessie ad+ectiesTheseadjectivesdenoteo0nershiporrelationshipThe.areal0a.splaced
+eforethenounthe.-ualif.%andthe.al0a.sa)ree0iththatnounThe.also
indicatethenum+er>sin)ularorplural?oftheo0nerThe'n)lishe-uivalents are Cm.%
.our% his% her% its% our% .our% theirF
V8< "orms and %unctions>a? =hen thereone iso0neronl.the forms areB
mon/ ton/ son+efore a masculine sin)ular noun ma/ ta/ sa +efore a
feminine sin)ular noun
mes/ tes/ ses+efore a plural noun >masculine or feminine
V
mon lirem. +oo ma oiturem. car mes gantsm. )loveston billet.our ticettamain .our handtes %rres.our
+rothersson dos his;her;itssa his;her;itsses%leurshis;her;its+ac nourriturefood flo0ers
=henthepossessiveadjctiveisfollo0ed+.a femininenounoradjective% +e)innin)
0ith a vo0elh/ma/ta/or saremuterplacedmon/ ton/+. son
mon 1ton, son2amie m. >.our% his% her% its? frimon 1ton, son2horloge m. >.our% his% her? cloc
mon 1ton, son2ancienneinstitutricem.>.our% his% her? old teacmon 1ton, son2horrible maisonm. >.our% his% her? horri+le
Ton/ta/tesarethefamiliarfomsoftheadjectiveandcorrespondtothe personalpronountu
>+? =hen theremorethanisoneo0ner the forms areB
notre/ otre/ l+eur fore a sin)ular noun >masculine or femin nos/ os/ leurs+efore a plural
noun >masculine or feminin
notre our cousinvotre pre.our father leur oncletheir unclecousin-e.
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nos our carsvos lires.our +oosleurs amiestheir oitures friends
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T/' #L# 8&L 21
$otre/osarethepoliteandpluralformsandcorrespondtothepersonal pronounousThe.canthereforerefertoone o0ner>politel.?ortose(eral o0ners
>c? ie the articles>8?%pose>ssiveee adjectives are usual nouns in lists% unless
the nouns refer to almost i
son onclesa ettante his;her uncle and auntmon auto maetbicyclette m. car and m. +ic.cleleur tableleursetchaises their ta+le and chairs
$n a fe0 expressions the possessive adjective cove
leursall'es et enuestheir comin)s and )oin)svos nom et pr'noms.our surname and first names;.our fu
>d? ome points to remem+erB
$n,rench%possessiveadjctivesa)ree0iththenoun-ualified%0hereasin
'n)lish the. a)ree 0ith the o0nerB
Il a trou'samontre8 /e has found his 0atch Elles ont leur perduclé 8 The.have lost their e.
'achofthethirdpersonssin)ular -son/sa/ses.hasthree'n)lishe-uivalentsB sonChis%her%saChis%tsF(her%sesChis%itsF(her% itsF
son bol his;her;its +o0lsa mre his;her;its mother ses +ouets his;her;its to.s
$fitisfeltnecessar.toidentif.exactl.0hoor0hatheo0neris%a,rench speaer
0ill7andaddthe appropriate emphatic?B pronoun >se
son bolà elle her-its+o0l
ses +ouetsàlui his-itsto.s
#ote the use of possessive adjectives in forms of
madame/ :adam rs% s
mesdames adies
mademoiselle iss% s
mesdemoiselles adies
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monsieur ir% r
messieurs 8entlemen
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22 T&L*TL&'
mesdames/ mesdemoissieurselles/ adies and 8entlemen
&emem+erthe,renche-uivalentofphrasessuchasC0ithhishands+ehindhis
+acFlesmainsderrireledos>see>8bD?%andcertainotherphrasesin0hich
,rench and 'n)lish do not correspondB
Yue sait*monellesu+et(7 =hat does she no0 a+out meJIl a reBulersnouellesde8 /e has had ne0s of themNon/mon ieu#8 #o% mate;old chap;eut*Ftre/moncolonel8 erhaps% *olonel
$nthelastt0oexamples%thefirstpersonpossessivesexpressaffectionand;or respect and
are used 0hen talin) directl. to some
,inall.% note the t0o possi+le 'n)lish translatio
un dems amis a friend of mine;one of m. friendsun delursamis a friend of theirs;one of their friun m'decinleursdeamisa doctorfriendoftheirs;oneoftheirdoctor friends
;ossessie pronounsiethepossessiveadjctivthpossessies%pronounsindicate0hotheo0ner
is%+uthe.musta)ree0iththe)enderandnum+eroftheo+jecto0ned >seeV?The 'n)lish e-uivalents are Cmine% .ours% his% her
8< "orms>a? =hen thereone iso0neronl.the forms areB
le mien/ la mienne/ les miens/ les miennes le tien/ la tienne/ les
tiens/ les tiennes.our le sien/ la sienne/ les siens/ les sienneshis;hers;its
2e tienIcorresponds to the personaltu pronoun>+? =hen theremorethanisoneo0ner the forms areB
le nKtre/ la nKtre/ les nKtres ours
le Ktre/ la Ktre/ les Ktres .ours
le leur/ la leur/ les leurs theirs
2eKtreIcorrespondstothepersonalpronounous#ote
theaccentsonthe pronounsnKtre-s./Ktre-s./+utnotonthenotre/adjectivesotre
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T/' #L# 8&L 23
$oil7 ma oiturela8tienneOZ( est/ere is m. car =here is .ours >.our one?J
Il adore son petit %rrelemien88 e d'teste/e loves his little +rother $ hate mine
Elle a r'ussi son e#amen/ maisles leursnos8 amis ont rathe has passed her exam% +ut our friends have f
NOTE There is no need to translate the 'n)lish ConeF
>c?Thepossessivepronounsma.follo07or de/in0hichcasethecontractedformsau6au#/ du6desmust +e used
Nous pensons souent 7 nosau amisleurs8( ;ensent*ils=e often thin of our friends Do the. thin of
Elle ne craint pas son chidesn/v3tresmais8 elle a peur he is not fri)htened of his;her do)% +ut she i
8>4tre= e#pressing ownership
Lsuall.%follo0in)Ftre/o0nershiporpossessionisexpressed+.7Memphaticpronoun7MaorticleMnoun ,or other 0a.s of Dexpressin)
C1estàelle8 $tFs hers2es +ournau#sontà eu 8 The papers are theirs2e lireestau pro&esseur 8 $tFs the teacherFs +oo
Nouns
,renchnounsaremasculineorfemin in)enderThereare)uidelines0hichhelptoidentif.the)enderofthemajorit.ofnouns%+utthereareman.
exceptionsandtherefore%unless.ouarea+solutel.sure%itisal0a.s+etterto
chec )enders and to learn a noun8and [+? male animalsB
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le chienCdo)l1Mne%Cdone.F%leeauCcalfF
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24 T&L*TL&'
>c? da.s% months% seasons% points of the compass%
+eudiThursda.F%octobreCcto+erF%automneCautumnF%lesudCsouthF% l1orientCthe 'ast>ern 0orld?F
>d?metalan)ua)es%treesandshru+s%0ei)hts%measures%currencies%letters%
num+ersB
l1or C)oldF%le%ranBaisC,renchF%lecerisier Ccherr.letreeF%kiloCiloF%lemillimtreCmillimetreF%l1euro/CeuroF%leQb1/le Q
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T/' #L# 8&L 25
la mreCmotherF%la%illeC)irl;dau)hterF%lagrand*mC)randmother1
>+? female animalsB
la chreC)oatF%lalionneClionessF%laacheCco0F%la +umentCmareF
>c? names of festivalsB
la;entecKteC=hitsunF%laToussaintCAllaintsFDa.F%la NoLlC*hristmasF%;M0ues>f pl? C'asterF
+ut NoLlismasculinGo.euxNoLlKCerr.*hristmasisF%;M0uesin;M0ues tomb'est au mois deC'aster mars 0as in arch this .ear
>d? academic su+jects at school or universit.B
l1histoireChistor.F%lesciencesnaturellesC+iolo).F%lesmath'mati0uesCmathsF%lalectureCreadin)F
+ut le calculCarithmleticF%dessinCdra0in)F%ledroitI Qlaw1
9.4 How to identi%y %eminine nouns according to e
(1) most nouns *eondin)are masculineB
le camionClorr.F%lecrayonCpencilF
+ut nouns end*aison/n)in*ssion/ *sion/are normall.*tion/*#ionfeminine
lacombinaisonCcom+inationF%lacommissionCcommissionF%lad'cision
CdecisionF%lanationCnationF%lar'%le#ionCthou)htFI
>+? man. nouns endin)e? in a silent
laparoleCthe>spoen?0ordF%lam'moireCmemor.;dissertationF% lariireCtheriver;neclaceF%tasseCthecupF%laisiteCthevisitF%larentr'eCreturntoschool;univers laminet.F%Cexpression;mineF% lad'%enseCdefenceF%lamonnaieCchan)eF
+ut leman0ueClac1incend%Cf ire1/lelyc'eCsecondar.school;l.ceF% le mus'eCmuseumF%lel'gumeCve)eta+leF%silenceCsilenceF%%leueC>+i)? riverF%leterritoireCthecountr.;,ranceF% legenreCindF%legroupeC)roupF%le sericeCserviceF%lecontrKleCcontrolFI
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26 T&L*TL&'
This)roupisperhapsthemostdifficulttoclassif.sincethereareman.
exceptions0hicharemasculindthe.are0ords0hichareusedfre-uentl. 'xtra caremust% therefore% +e taen e0ith all noun
>c? )eo)raphical names e?ndin) in a silent
la"ranceC,ranceF%l1AngleterreC'n)landF%!retagneCrittan.F%la 2oireCtheoireF%laTamiseCthe ThamesF
+ut le:e#i0ueCexicoF%leCambodgeC*am+odiaF%le&hKneCthe&honeF%le 3anubeCthe Danu+eFI
Those 0hich do enotareendusuall.in masculineB
leCanadaC*anadaF%le3anemarkCDenmarF%leaponCGapanF%leHainautC/ainautF%le$ar C
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T/' #L# 8&L 27
95ome3nounsadd*ssetothemasculinenountoformthefemininecounterpartB
un hKte6unehKtesseChost;hostessF%lemaRtre6lamaRtresseCmaster; mistressF
954 ome nouns have a different form for the opp
le %ils/ la %ille son% dau)hter l1homme/ la %emme man% 0omanle monsieur/ la dame )entleman% lad.l1oncle/ la tante uncle% auntle speaker/ la speakerineannouncer;+roadcaster le compagnon/ lacompagnecompanion
955 ome nouns ma. have either )ender% 0hichever
un6une en%antCchildF%un6une propri'taiun6uneCo0ner F% 'leCpupilF
956 There are a fe0 nouns 0hich ma. +e masculine are usuall. )iven masculine
)enderB
un6une aprsCan*midiafternoonF
8J Change o% gender and a change o% meaningomenounsma.+eeithermasculineorfeminine%+uthemeanin)chan)es
accordin) to the )enderB
le lire the +oo la lire the poundle mode the method la mode fashionle tour the turn la tour the to0er le criti0ue the critic la criti0ue criticismle poste the radio;jo+laposte the post officele physi0ue ph.si-ue la physi0ue ph.sics
8V Genspecial care should +e taengens0ithCpeopltheF%plural0hichnounma.
accompanied +. or masculinefeminine adjectivesB
>a? 0hen adjectivesfollo genthe. are masculineB
lesgens bons et courageu# )ood% coura)eous people
>+? 0hen adjectiv pre"edegensthe. are feminineB
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2" T&L*TL&'
toutes ces gensbonnes all these )ood people
>c? if adje prec edetivesandfollo gensthe. are feminine and mascu
les ieillesgenspeu int'ressants old% +orin) people
8 Gender o% compound nouns>a?$foneelementise-uivalenttoanadjective%thecompou ndountaesthe
)enderofthemainnounBleche& *d1WureC0orofartF%lamain *d1Wure C0orforceF%letimbre*posteCposta)e stampF
>+?$foneelementisanadjectiveoranadver+%thecompou ndountaesthe)enderofthenounBlabelle&ille*Cdau)hter>+utinnotela0F le rouge+gorge Cro+inF?%lenon paiement * Cnonpa.mentF%lanonagression* Cnona))ressionF
>c? $f one element is a preposition% the compound l1en*tFteCheadin)F
>d?$fthefirstelementisver+al%thecompoundnounismasculineB le para pluie Cum+rellaF%letire*bouchonCcorscre0F
8 ;lural %orms o% nouns and ad+ectiesThe plural forms in most cases simpl. add s to th Thefinalsisrarel.heard@
unlessiaisonre-uired%+utitmust +eusedin0ritin)BdestrousCholesF%deshommesCmenF%lesennemisCenemiesF%bons6 bonnesC)oodF%%ous6%ollesCmadFpecialattentionshould+e)iventothe follo0in) )roupsB
>a? small)roupofnounsendin)*ouadd#?bi+ou#Cje0elsF%caillou#Cpe++lesF%chou#Cca++a)esF%genou#CneesF%hibou#Co0lsF% +ou+ou#Cto.sF%pou#CliceF
>+?nounsandadjectivesendin)*au/*eu/*eauadd#?destuyau#Cpipes;tipsF%descheeu#ChairF%noueau#Cne0F >utpneusnoCt.resF%bleusC+lue;+ruisesF?
(3) if nouns and adjecs/#/tiveshere) endis noin chan)esourisinthe p
Cmouse;miceF%pri#Cprice>s?F%ne)Cnose>s?F%grisC)re.F%heureu#Chapp.F(4) the majorit. of nouns and*alchan)eadjectives*au#?to endin) i
cheal6cheau Chorse>s?F%moral6mor au Cmoral'gal6l'gF%au Cle)alF% international6inter au Cinternational1
+ut there are a fe0 exceptions to this important r
bal6balsC+all>s?F%%estial6%estialsCfestival>s?F%naal6naalsCnavalF% %atal6%atCf a%inal6%inalstalF%or %inau#CfinalFI
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Theonl) 0a. to +e sure is to chec in a dictionar.
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T/' #L# 8&L 29
>e? nouns end*ailaddn)s?in
chandail-s.Cs0eater>s?F
+ut a fe0 ch*au#?n)e to
traail6traau#C0or% road0oitrail6itr sF%Cstainedu#)lass 0indo sFI
and adjectives*eilenads?in)d in
pareil-s.Calie% similarF
>f? notel1Wil6lesCe.e>s?F%yeu#le ciel6lesandC.%cieskies1/lcieu#Csies@firmament% climate% paradiseF
>)? some nouns are used onl. in the sin)ularB
l1'lectricit'Celectricit:oyenF% CtheAge iddle A)esF
and some nouns are used onl. in the pluralB
lesmWursCcustoms%+ehaviourF%lesenironsCoutsirts%vicinit.F%les
%raisCexpenslesF%iresCfoodstuffsF%lesalentoCsursroundin) areasF>h? famil. names do not normall. chan)eB
2es 3upont n1aiment pasThlesDuponts donFt lie the
&'gnier8 &)nier famil.
#ames important in histor. or art can +e used in t
1ai plusieurs :onets$have8 several paintin)s +. onet
>i? and some special casesB
monsieur6messieurs ir% r;8entlemen madame6mesdames adam% rs;adies mademoiselle6mesdemoisellesiss% s;isses% Houn) adies bonhomme6bonshommes fello0;fello0s
9.10 The plural o% compound nouns(1) $f the noun is 0ritten as a sin)le 0ord% the rules a+oveB
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lesporte%euillesC0alletsF%lesportemanteau#Ccoatpe)s;coatstandsF%lespasseportsCpassportsF
>+? ome )uidelines for compound nouns formed 0ith
nounMnoun s>+othM?Blesche%sCadministrative*lieu# centresFnounMadjectives?Bles>+othMco%%resCsafesF*%orts adjectiveMnouns?Bles>+othMrouges*Cro+insFgorges adjectiveMadjectives?Bles sourds>+othM*Cdeaf muetsmutesFnounMprepositionM>mainnounMs?Blesche%s*d1WureC0orsof
artF
ver+Mnoun s>nounM?Blesbouche*Cstandtrous+ut insFsee8?ver+Mver+ >noleschan)e?Blaisse)CpassesF*passer ver+Madver+
>noleschan)e?Bpasse*partoutCmaster e.sF adver+Mnoun s?B>nounMleshaut*parQloudspeakers1
NOTE < nl.nounsandadjectivusetodsformcompoundounscan+e madeplural
NOTE >=here +oth nouns are of e-ual value% +oth +ecom +ut if the second noun ise-uivalentfirst to nouna prepositiononl)
is made pluralBlestimbresCstampsF*postede poste.>P
>c?somecompoundounsarevaria+leB)les%aprs*midi6lesaprs*midisCafternoonsF%lesgrand*mres6les grandsC)randmoth*mrers1
>d?somehaveans eveninthesin)ularBele%porte*cl's/lesporte*cl'sCe.rin)>s?F%lepare*chocs/ lesC+umppare*r>s?Fchocs
>e? for some there is no chan)elesabatin*theCli)htsh +our plur adesF%lB lespare*
briseC0indscreensF%lespour et lesCthecontrepros and consF8a?)enerall.imported0ordsformtheirplural+.addin) s?lesr'%'rendums/
lesmeetings/ les bi%tecks/ les panoramas/ les m'dias>+? some do not leschan)eBeto/eles) post*scriptum>c?someeepthepluralformoftheirlan)ua)eofori)inBe lesportsmen/
lesgra%%iti>d?some0ordsofatinori)inhave+oth,renchandatinpluralsBe) les
ma#imums6ma#ima/ les minimums6minima
>e?andthe'n)lish0ord+a+.+ecomesbabiesor babys/whisky+ecomeswhiskiesor whiskys/ sandwich+ecomesandwichesor sandwichsI
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*ertainnounsma.havechan)eofmeanin)thepluralformB leslettres Cletters% artssu+jects%lesa%%airesC+usiness%literatureF%affairsFI
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8c? participles used as adjectivesB
un ourier %atigu' a tired 0orer une histoire connue a 0ellno0n stor.l1eau courante runnin) 0ater
>d? adjectives -ualified +.*meant?adver+ endin) in
un homme e#trFmement laidan extremel. u)l. manun en%ant incroyablemstupidentan un+elieva+l. stupid chi
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ad+ecties are usuallybe&orethe nounplaced>a?beauChandsomeF%bonC)oodF%bre% CshortF%dernier ClastF%gentilCniceF%
grandC)reatF%grosC+i)F%hautChi)hF% +euneC.oun)F% +oliCprett.F%longClon)F%mauaisC+adF%meilleur C+etterF%moindreClesserF%nombreu#Cman.F%noueau
Cne0F%petitClittlpremier F%CfirstF%asteChu)eF%ieu#ColdF%raiCrealF%ilain Cu)l.FI
une belle %emme a lovel. 0omande gros pieds +i) feetun long oyage a lon) journe.la premire page the first pa)e
>+? some of these% in certain contexts% follo0 the
la mar'e haute hi)h tided1un ton bre% curtl.
and 0ith da.s of the 0ee% seasons% parts of the .
l1't' prochain next summer la semaine dernire last 0ee
other0ise% the. precede the nounB
le prochain arrFt the next stopla premire6derniresemainedesthe first;last 0ee of the acances
ver.? old house;a former house
cher? un lirecher 6meschersamis
an expensive +oo;m. dear friends
dernier? lund ernier6ladernièrepage
last onda.;the last >of a series? pa)e
noueau? un motnouveau 6unenouvelleoiture
a ne0 >ori)inal? 0ord;a ne0 >could +esecondhand? car
paure? une %ille pauvr 6une pauvre %ille
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a poor >not rich? )irl;a poor )irl >pit. her?
propre? lesmains propres 6tes propresparoles
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clean hands;.our o0n 0ords
seul? une %emmeseule 6lesul candidat a lonel. 0oman;the onl. candidate
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nominé 6nominée Cnominated%shortlistedF%'ner6'neréeCexcited% irritatedF
>+?ifthemasculineadjectiveendsin *as/*el**eil/*en/*et/*ondou+lethelast
consonant ande? add
bas6basseClo0F%traditionnel6traditionnelleCtraditionalF%pareil6pareilleClieF%italien6italienneC$talicadet6cadetnF%teC.oun)er>+rother;sister?F bon6bonne C)oodF
NOTE E#ceptions*et@*te?complet;complèteCfull%completeF%in0uiet6in0uiète C0orriedF%concret6conQconcrete1èteI
>c? some feminine adjectives re-uire specific chan
*er@*re premier6pèreemi first
*%@*e attenti%6attentive attentive
*eu#@*euse heureu#6heureuse happ.
*teur@*trice consolateur6consolatrice comfortin)*eur@*euse menteur6menteuse deceitful
e?adjectivesendin)*in/*ain/*ein/*unadde >the.donot dou+lethelastconsonant?Boisin6oiseCneighbouring1/hautain6hauteChainu)ht.F%plein6 pleinCfullF%commun6communeCcommonFI(6) adjectives*gu@endin)*guL? inaigu6aigu6CsharpF V>see8?J also
(7) some special formsB
blanc6blancheC0hiteF%dou#6douceCsoft%)entleF%%aori6%aorite
CfavouriteF%%rais6%ra7cheCfresh%coolF%% ranc6%rancheCfran%openF%long6 longue
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Clon)F%public6publiqueCpu+lisec6sècheF% Cdr.FI
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T/' #L# 8&L 35
1!5There2arefiveadjectives0hichhavet0omasculinesin)ularforms@the
secondisused+eforeamasculinesin)ularnoun+e)innin)0ithavo0elora
muteh$tisfromthesecondformthatthefeminineadjectiveisformed+. dou+lin) thelast consonante? and addin)
unbeau garBon unbel arbre unebelledamea handsome +o. a fine tree a +eautiful lad.
un homme&ou un&ol espoir une&olleamiea cra:. man a sill. hope a foolish friend
un coussinmou unmol abandon unemolle r'sistancea soft cushion listlessness fee+le resistance
unnouveau directeurunnouvel habit unenouvellerobea ne0 mana)er a ne0 coat a ne0
unvieu soulier unvieil homme unevieille%emmean old shoe an old man an old 0oman
The t0o masculine sin)ular one pluralforms beau#/haveformBonl.%ous/ mous/ noueau#/ ieu#
a?grandoesnotaddane infemininecompounounsBdgrand*mre C)randmotherF%*
routeCmain road;hi)h0a.F%grand*rueCmain streetF%+?Theadjectivesgrand/large/%rais/premier/dernier follo0ed+.a pastparticiple a)ree 0ith their nounB
une %enFtregrand ouerte a 0ide open 0indo0les %leurs&ra7chescueillies freshl. cut flo0ers
#otethatinthecaseof mortCdeadF%noueauCne0F%courtCshortF%hautChi)hFfollo0ed+.a pastparticiplethereisno a)reement%0hateverthe)enderand
num+er of the nounB
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36 T&L*TL&'
une en%antmort *n'e a still+orn child
leurs nouveau %ils*n's their ne0+orn sons
>c?demiChalf% precedin) and lined to a noun +. a hitsnoun%+ut0henitfollo0sanounandislinedtoit+. et/ita)reesin)ender onl.B
unedemi *heure a half hour troisdemi *kilos three half ilosune heuredmiet an hour and a half;13!di# litresdemi et ten and a half litres
>d?nuC+areF%precediand)linedtoa noun+.a h.phen%doesnota)ree0ithits noun% +ut 0hen it follo0s a noun it a)rees 0it
nu *tFte +areheaded nu *pieds +arefoot
Elles sonue,t piedstFtenus8 The. are +areheaded% +arefoot
10.7 Agreement o% ad+ecties o% colour
(1) adjectives of colour normall. a)ree in )ender
une %leur blanche a 0hite flo0er
des %leursblanches 0hite flo0ers
>+? compound adjectives do not a)ree 0ith their no
une +upebleu &oncé a dar +lue sirtdes +upesbleu&oncé dar +lue sirts
>c? if the adjective of colour is also a noun% the
une robecitron a lemon dressdes robescitron lemon dresses
#otethexceptionsBdesnuagesroses CpincloudsFandalsomaue/%aue/'carlate?
d? if t0o or more colours are involved% the adject nounB
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T/' #L# 8&L 37
une chemiseblanc1he2etvert1e2 a 0hite and )reen shirtdes chemisesblanc1hes2etvert1es2 0hite and )reen shirts
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3" T&L*TL&'
NOTE $n comparisonsnema. +e added0ue0henisfollo0ed +. a ver+
Il estmoins
stupidequ’
onne
-le. pensait8/e is less stupid than >not as stupid as? 0e th
>+? the adver+splus/moinsma. +e -ualifiedbeaucoup/+. un peu?
Elle unest peu plusintelligentequeson %rre8he is a little more intelli)ent than her +roth
Ce lire*beaucoupciestmoins cher que celui*l78This +oo is much cheaper than that one
>c?thexpressionsdeplusenplus6demoinsenmoinsCincreasin)l.;lessand lessF ma.modif. an adjective%deenir? often 0ith
2es n'gociations sontdeplusdeenues pluscompli0u'es8The ne)otiations have +ecome more and more comp
>d?comme ClieF is used in similesB
blanc-he.comme neige lissecomme de lasoie %ortcomme un bWu%
as 0hite as
sno0 assmooth as
sil as
stron) as an
ox
NOTEmallchan)es
ineachphrase
@
ustheofanartic
leinsomeThe.
have to +elearned
individuall.
Mnoun?de >M
or
le -la/MnounMles. -la/ les.Madjectiveplus6moinsde?
>MSa maisonla est plusbelle deillela8
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/is house is the most+eautiful >one? in theto
Elle a mis sonle
chap
eau p
luschic 8he put on hersmartest hat
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T/' #L# 8&L 39
C1est desun plus intéressantsbMtimentsdelaille m'di'ale8$tFs one of the most interestin) +uildin)s in t
NOTE Thepossessiveadjctive-mon/ma/mes4.canreplacethedefinite article%de and-deu/ la/ de isl1/usdeds.0here 'n)lish uses Cin% o
or mon/ ma/I?mesmeilleur-e.-s.C+estF
Ses r'sultatsmeilleurssontqueles miens8
/er;/is results are +etter than mineElles nossontmeilleuresamies8The. are our +est friends
C1estla meilleure0ualit'qu’ onpuisse acheter8$tFs the +est .ou can +u.
>+?mauaishast0odifferentcomparativeandsuperlativeforms@0ith differentmeanin)sB
1● plus mauais-e.-s.C0orseFle/andla/>or mon/les ma/I?mesplusmauais -e.-s.C0orstF >in terms of -ualit.?
2● pire-s.C0orseFle/andla/>or mon/les ma/I?mespire-s.C0orstF >in a mor sense?
2e in'tait plus mauvais quele repas8The 0ine 0as 0orse than the meal
C1estle plus mauvaisrestaurantdu 0uartier8
$tFs the 0orst restaurant in the arean escrocdela pireespce,The 0orst ind of cheatK
9a seraton pireennemi8/eFll +e .our 0orst enem.
>c?petithast0odifferentcomparativeandsuperlativeforms@0ithdifferentmeanin)sB
1● plus petit-e.-s.CsmallerFle/ andla/>or mon/les ma/I?mesplus petit-e.-sCsmallestF >in terms of si:e?2● moindre-s.ClesmallerFs%andle/la/les>or mon/ma/mesI? moindre-s.
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Cleast% smallestF >in a moral sense?
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Elles plussont petites0ue les autres8The. are smaller than the others
Il estleplus petit en%antsdes8/e is the smallest of the children
e le considreun moindrecommemal8$ consider it to +e a lesser evil
Elle n1ale pasmoindredoute8he hasnFt the least dou+t a+out it
and noteB
3ernier point 7 souligner desmoindres8et nonast +ut not least
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(oute %emme est belle 7 mon ais8'ver. 0oman is +eautiful in m. opinion
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$n some expressions the article is omittedB
7tout pri# at an. price
7touteheure at an. time
detouscKt's on >from? all sides
>+? prontous/nB toutes/ tout le monde/ tout ce 0ui60uCall >of .ou?% ever.one% ever.thin)% +oth >of .ou?
(ous sont arri's 7 temps8The. all arrived on;in time
$ous poue) lestoutesmanger8Hou can eat all of them
(out le mondeconnaRt ses d'%auts8'ver.one is a0are of his;her faults
e t1ai racont'toutceque +e sais8$Fve told .ou all $ no0
The prontoutn>ms onl.? often precedes past participle
Nous ous tout aonsracont'8=e have told .ou ever.thin)
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>d?Theadver+toutCcompletel.%-uiteFadopthesfeminine)enderandnum+er0henitprecedesafeminineadjective+e)innin)0ithaconsonantoraspirate h>see8?
C1est une oituretout e#traordinaire8$tFs -uite an extraordinar. car
Elle est toutearri'seule8he arrived +. herself
2eurs chaussurestoutes'taientmouill'es8Their shoes 0ere soain) 0et
Elles tout sontheureuses d1entendre os nouelles8The. are -uite deli)hted to hear .our ne0s
Elle touteesthonteuse8
heFs completel. ashamed
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1en uai plusieurs8
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$ sa0 several >of them?
invaria+le? Ceach% ever.F
Chaque en%ant portait un chapeau8'ach child 0as 0earin) a hat
A chaque %enFtre il y aait des rideau#8 At ever. 0indo0 there 0ere curtains
>+? pronounBchacun-e.Ceach >one?% ever. >one?F
Il a r'ponduchacne7des %emmes8/e ans0ered each of the 0omen
Chacun te l1e#pli0uera8'ach one 0ill explain it to .ou
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Elle a donn' le cadeauautretante78sonhe )ave the present to her other aunt
Nous aonsd1autresu%ilms8=e have seen >some? other films
Elle a troautre'amiun8he has found a ne0;another friend
Son opinion autreest8 tout/is;her opinion is -uite different
>+? pronoun
Thepronounautre-Csomeone.else%othersFma. +e preceded+.theindefinite or definiteun-e./ d1/articlesl1/les
%ne autreaurait accept'8omeone else 0ould have accepted
Elle n1end’autrespas8he hasnFt an. others;more
OZ sontles autres(=here are the othersJ
>c?autre choseCsomethin) elseF
Il n1aime pas ce cadeauautrechose88Il eut/e doesnFt lie this present /e 0ants somethin
>d?d1autruiCof others% other people% someone elseF@use ,rench
Sans l1aided’autrui on n1aurait pas su le %aire8=ithout someone elseFs help 0e could not have d
Neprene) +amais d’autrui les8biens
#ever tae other peopleFs propert.
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Ils se tenaientlesunsserr'scontreles autres8
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T/' #L# 8&L 45
The. 0ere standin) close to)ether
Les unsbuaient/lesautres%umaient8ome 0ere drinin)% others 0ere smoin)
of them? spea ,rench +etter than >the? o
117l’un1e21l’autre-l’un1e2et!oul’autre-ni l’un1e2ni l’autreCeachother(+oth;one or the other( neitherF
21unl1autreexpressesciprocit.@fre-uentl.emphasi:in)reflexive pronoun
Ilss’ aimentl’un l’autre8
The. love each otherElle a init' ;atrickL’un etl’autre2auriendront88he has invited atric and a0rence The.Fll +
e les ai init'es L’unetoutesl’autrelesa deu#enir88$ have invited +oth of them ne or the other 0
On a pos' la 0uestion 9i au#l’undeu#nil’autre%rresn1ar'pondu88=e ased +oth +rothers #either replied
'ach set of pronouns has plural formsB
9i les un1e2s ni les autresn1ont oulu commencer8#either )roup 0anted to +e)in
e l1ai commau ni0u'unset au autres8$Fve informed +oth )roups
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$f on clearl. refers to a feminine and;or plural noun referrin) to the noun must a)ree0ith the noun Th
Alors/onestcontentes,les petites(
=ell% are 0e happ. no0% )irlsJ:n estdevenus bon copains8=e +ecame )ood friends
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=e found the house ourselves
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T/' #L# 8&L 47
>+? pronoun
le/ la/ les=mFme-s.CthesameF
1aime ton chapeau5lem$meoi/8 +1ai$ lie .our hat( $Fve )ot one the same
;our lui un ca%'5le m$mepour8 elle A coffee for him( the same for her
Ce sont tou+ourslesm$me0ui sont les derniers8$tFs al0a.s the same >ones? 0ho are last
>c? adver+
:Fme >invaria+lCevenF?usuall.follosthever+%+ut pre"edes thepast participle:Fmema. +e follo0ed +. an emphatic pronoun
On pourrait m$mere%userd1y aller8=e could even refuse to )o
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%ne si belle +ourn'e,3es cadeau#tellement co+? adver+B0uel0ue>invaria+le? Csome% approximatel.F
Il yquelquea trente ans 0u1elle a 0uitt' la "rance8he left ,rance some thirt. .ears a)o
Quelque stupides 0u1ils so