iem n, wdhq keK jvjk Tiqj fok
f.dúlu rlsuq uõìu yd iuj f.k
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh ^2017 iema;eïn¾&
lDIsl¾u wud;HdxYfhalDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYkhls
f.dúlï iÕrdfõ ;srh msgqmi
fufyhùu yd iïnkaëlrKh
fÊ' fla' ta' fyÜáwdrÉÑ
m%Odk ixialdrl
fÊ' wd¾' î' fyar;a
ixialdrl uvq,a,
ñ,skao iurfldaka
tia' tï' iS' tka' iurfldaka
tka' ví' ã' ta' ã' lkakka.r
mß.Kl msgq ieliSu yd ks¾udKh
wis; niakdhl
;s,sKs uOqIsld
ksIamdok l<ukdlre
Wmd,s rEmiair
uqøKh
lDIsl¾u m%ldYk tallh" .kafkdarej
m%Odk ixialdrlf.ka' ' '
wfma rfÜ lDIsl¾udka;fha wkd.;h
/|S we;af;a rgg .e,fmk lDIs ;dCIKhka
ksrka;rfhka ìysùu u;hs' Y%S ,xldj lDIsld¾ñl
rgla jqjo rfÜ wd¾Ólhg lDIsl¾udka;fhka
isÿjk odhl;ajh jißka jir wvq fjñka
mj;S' tu ;;a;ajh fjkia lr,Sug lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=j úYd, fufyjrl fhoS isà'
tys m%uqL;u lghq;a;la jk rgg Tìk lDIs
;dCIKhka yd fnda. m%fNaohka fidhd.ekSu
ms<sn| m¾fhaIKhka i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq
lr we;' fuu lghq;a; i|yd rch jd¾Islj
úYd, uqo,a m%udKhla fjka lrkq ,nhs' bka
ìysjk ;dCIKhl jákdlu uqo,ska ;lafiare l<
fkdyel' wfma lDIs úoHd{hska jir .Kkdjla
mqrdjg isÿlrk ,o m¾fhaIK j, id¾:l;ajh
rgg lshdmdkakg fõosldjla ks¾udKh jkafka
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ jd¾Isl iïfï,kfha
oSh' 19 jeks j;djg;a mj;ajkq ,nk fujr
iïfï,kfhaoS m¾fhaIK m;%sld /ila t<s
oelaùug kshñ;h' bka foda;la fujr f.dúlï
iÕrdfjka mdGl Tn fj; fufia f.k tkq
,nhs'
hdka;%sl me< isgqùu ù m%fNao" mr;r
iy ;jdka me< kv;a;=j wiajekak
i|yd n,mdk wdldrh 01
f.dúhdf.a ys;ñ;=rd /l.ksuq 04
msmqKq uf,a rej 11
;lald,s j.dfõ hqI Wrd fndk lDóka
md,kh i|yd iydhl fnda. j, n,mEu 12
wkqrdOmqr osia;%slalfha f,dl= Ækq j.dlrk
fCIa;% j, mj;sk mdxY= fmdaIl ;;a;ajh 15
ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;h u.ska msms[a[d
j, m%;sTlaisldrl l%shdldß;ajh" .=Kd;auh
yd l,a;nd.ekSfï yelshdj by< kexùu 18
wdydr i|yd ñßosh u;aiH j.dj 22
LD 253 25
uyje,s tÉ l,dmfha ù w;sf¾l wdydr fnda.
j.d moaO;shl jdß c,fhys .=Kd;aufhys
ld,dkqrEmS yd ia:dkSh úp,H;dj 28
t<j¿ fnda. j.dj i|yd khsg%cka imhk
ffcj fmdfydrla f,i nelaàßhdkq
wduql+,khla 32
;=,ais j.d lruq 36
ridhksl yd ldnksl fmdfydr os.=ld,Skj
Ndú;d lsÍu ù j.dfõ wiajekak yd mfiys
ire nj flfrys lrkq ,nk n,mEu 40
ldnksl jiqka fhoSfuka f,dl= Ækq wiajkq
jeä l< yelso@ 43
w¾;dm,a j.dfõ ksIamdok úhou wvq lruq 47
wfma iy,a j, ner f,day wvx.= o@ 50
Microgreens 56
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 1
lïlre Y%uh ysÕ ùug
ms<shula f,ig;a" ksis l,g
fNda.h ixia:dmkh lsÍug;a"
j,a kdYl Ndú;h wju
lsÍu i|yd;a ù j.dj i|yd
hdka;%sl me< isgqùu y÷kajd
oS we;' taldldÍ mr;rhla
yd me< >k;ajhla mj;ajd
.; yels ùu;a ;reK m%cdj
ù j.dj i|yd wdl¾IKh
lr .ekSug;a hdka;%sl me<
isgqùu Wmldrs fõ' oekg
hdh 2 jevigyk hgf;a
me< isgqjk hka;%h y÷kajd
§ we;s kuq;a thg WÑ;
YIH úoHd;aul ks¾foaYhka
ksis whqßka y÷kajd fkd§u
fya;=fjka j,a me< md,kh
wmyiq ùu" wiajkq wvq ùu
jeks úúO .eg¿ mek ke.S
we;' fï ksid hdka;%sl me<
isgqùu ;ju;a f.dú uy;=ka
w;r m%p,s; ù fkdue;s w;r
Tjqka thska wE;a jk njla o
fmfkkakg ;sfí' fï fya;=
ie,ls,a,g .ksñka hka;%h
Ndú;fhka me< isgqùfï§
by< wiajekakla ,nd
.ekSu i|yd iqÿiq ù m%fNao
y÷kd .ekSug;a" ;jdka
me< isgqùug iqÿiq jhi
y÷kd .ekSug;a" isgqùfï§
me< w;r mr;rh" tla
ia:dkhl isgqúh hq;= me<
ixLHdj iy isgqúh hq;= .eUqr
yÿkd .ekSug;a n;,f.dv
ù m¾fhaaIK yd ixj¾Ok
wdh;kh uÕska m¾fhaaIK
isÿ lrk ,§'
hdka;%sl me< isgqùu yd
w;ska me< isgqùu
w;ska me< isgqùu
iuÕ iei£fïos hdka;%sl me<
isgqùfï§ udi 4 - 4½ yd
udi 3 - 3½ ish¿u ù m%fNao
j, u,a msmSug yd lr,a
meiSug .;jk ld,h Èk
3 - 5 lska muK jeäfõ'
kuq;a tall íï m%udKhl
yg.kakd m÷re yd lr,a
ixLHdj jeä w;r" iuia:
wiajekak o 5] - 17] lska muK
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
à' fla' b,x.fldaka" fca' tï' tka' mS' fidaur;ak" wd¾' tia' fla' lS¾;sfiak
tï' ã' wfíiqkaor" iS' tÉ' mshisß" ù m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" n;f,af.dv
ù' l=ud¾" wka;¾ cd;sl iy,a m¾fhaIK wdh;kh" ms,smSkh
f.dúlï iÕrdj2
jeä úh' ;jo hdka;%sl me<
isgqùfï§ yd w;ska me<
isgqùfïoS udi 4 - 4½ ù m%fNao"
udi 3 - 3½ ù m%fNao j,g jvd
ms<sfj,ska 13] yd 28] jeä
wiajekakla ,nd fok ,os'
ta ta jhia ldKav hdka;%sl
me< isgqùfï§ yd w;ska me<
isgqùfïos jd¾;d l<
wiajekak j.=j 1 ys oelafõ'
j.=j 1 - hdka;%sl me< isgqùfï§ yd w;ska
me< isgqùfï§ úúO jhia ldKav jd¾;d
l< wiajekak ^fylaghdrhg fuá%lafgdka&
jhia
ldKavh
me<
isgqùfï
l%uh
2016
h,
2016$17
uy
udi 4 -
4½hka;%fhka 6'5 4'9
w;ska 6'4 4'5
udi 3 -
3½hka;%fhka 5'5 4'6
w;ska 4'8 3'8
hdka;%sl me< isgqùu
i|yd iqÿiq ù m%fNao
udi 4 - 4½ ù
m%fNao w;=ßka Bg 403 lkak
foflys§u by< wiajekak-
la ,nd ÿka w;r Bg 379-2"
Bg 406" Bg 450 yd Bg
454 we;=¿ w;ayod n,k
,o ish¿u m%fNao uÕskao
id¾:l wiajekakla ,nd
.; yels úh ^j.=j 2&' udi
3 - 3½ ù m%fNao ie,lSfï§
Bg 357 lkak foflys§u
fylaghdrhg fuá%lafgdka
5'5 g jvd jeä wiajkq ,nd
ÿka kuq;a oekg ,xldfõ
jeämqru j.d lrk m%fNaoh
jk Bg 352 ka jd¾;d
jQfha wvq wiajekakls ^j.=j
3&' ;jo Bg 366" Bw 367
yd At 362 hk m%fNao me<
isgqjk hka;%h i|yd iqÿiq
nj m¾fhaaIK m%ÓM, j,ska
ikd: úh'
j.=j 2 - udi 4 - 4½ jhia ldKavfha ù
m%fNao jd¾;d l< wiajekak
^fylaghdrhg fuá%la fgdka&
m%fNaoh 2016 h, 2016$17 uy
Bg 379-2 7'2 4'9
Bg 403 7'0 5'3
Bg 406 7'0 4'7
Bg 450 6'0 4'8
Bg 454 5'1 5'0
j.=j 3' udi 3-3 1$2 jhia ldKavfha ù
m%fNao jd¾;d l< wiajekak
^fylaghdrhg fuá%la fgdka&
m%fNaoh 2016 h, 2016$17 uy
Bg 366 5'8 4'8
Bg 357 5'7 5'6
Bg 367 5'6 4'4
Bg 300 5'5 3'8
Bg 362 5'1 5'3
Bg 352 5'0 4'0
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 3
hdka;%sl me< isgqùu i|yd
iqÿiq mr;r" me< ixLHdj"
.eUqr iy me< isgqúh hq;=
jhi
udi 4 - 4½ ù m%fNao
^Bg 403& i|yd me< w;r
mr;rh fikaáóg¾ 14" 16 yd
21 f,io" udi 3½ ù m%fNao
^Bg 357& i|yd me< w;r
mr;rh fikaáóg¾ 12" 14
yd 18 f,io" isgqjk ,o me<
ixLHdj 4" 6 yd 8 f,io fjkia
lrñka isÿ l< m¾fhaIKfha§
me< w;r jeä mr;rhla yd
isgqùu ioyd wvq me< ixLHdjla
fhdod .ekSu wiajekakg n,mEula
isÿ fkdlrk nj fmkS .sfhah'
tu ksid udi 4 - 4½ ù m%fNao
i|yd fikaáóg¾ 30 x 18 o" udi
3½ ù m%fNao i|yd fikaáóg¾
30 x 18 f,io me< 4 ne.ska
isgqùfuka me< isgqùu i|yd wjYH
jk ì;a;r ù m%udKh wvq lr .;
yel' tfy;a m÷re oeóu wvq udi
3 - 3½ ù m%fNao i|yd wvq mr;rhla
fhdod .ekSu iqÿiqh'
me< isgqùfï .eUqr
fikaáóg¾ 1'5 isg 3'7 olajd
mrdihl fjkia lrñka iy
me< isgqjk jhi Èk 9" 12 yd
15 f,i fjkia lrñka isÿ lrk
,o m¾fhaIKfhka fmkS .sfha
fhdod .kakd ,o .eTqr fyda me<
j, jhi wkqj wiajkq fjkia
fkdjk njhs' hdka;%sl me<
isgqùfïoS isgqjd osk 1 - 2 l§
jqjo lafIa;%hg j;=r ne£u
l< yels kuq;a osk 9 la jhi
me< jeä .eUqrlska isgjQ úg
iuyr me< l=Kq ùug md;%
jQ ksid j;=r ne£u m%udo
l< hq;= úh' ;jo me<" osk
15 la muK ;jdfka ;enQ
úg wêl f,i uq,a j¾Okh
ùfuka hka;%hg oeóug
;jdk lmd fjka lsÍug
wmyiq ùu jeks .eg¿ we;s
jk nj ksÍlaIKh lrk
,oS' tu ksid osk 12 la muK
jhi me< uOHu .eUqrlska
isgqùu jvd;a iqÿiq nj
fmkS hk ,§' tfy;a
foaY.=Ksl l,dmh"
mfia iajNdjh yd
m%fNaofha Wi wkqj me<
isgqùfï .eUqr yd jhi
wjYH mßos fuu mrdih ;=<
fjkia lr .ekSfï yelshdj
we;'
fuu m¾fhaaIK
i|yd cd;sl wdydr ksIamdok
jevigyk ^2016 - 2018& iy
ms,smSkfha wka;¾cd;sl iy,a
m¾fhaIKdh;kh uÕska
l%shd;aul lrk CORIGAP
jHdmD;sfha uQ,Huh
odhl;ajh ,nd fok ,oS'
f.dúlï iÕrdj4
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=
i|yd b;du;au m%fhdackj;a
ñ;=rl= jk g%elagrh ksis
f,i kv;a;= lsÍu uÕska
tu g%elagrfha mj;akd
wdhqI m%udKh jeä lr .;
yel' fj<|fmdf<a tla tla
udos,sfha g%elag¾ we;s w;r" ta
i|yd úúO fjkialï j,ska
hq;a kv;a;= l%shdldrlïo
we;' kuq;a fmdÿfõ iEu
g%elagrhla i|ydu wjYH
kv;a;= l%shdj,shla we;s
neúka" th Tnf.a ñ;=rdf.a
wdhqI jeä lr .ekSug
bjy,a úh yel'
1' g%elagrh iuÕ ,nd oS we;s
w;a fmd; (owner's manual)
fyd|ska lshjd wjfndaO lr
.kak' Tng w;afmd;la
fkdue;s kï th ,nd
.ekSug lghq;= lrkak'
tys" hka;%fha kv;a;=j
ms<sn| uQ,sl Wmfoia ;sfí'
g%elagrh iuÕ ,nd fok w;a
fmdf;ys (owner's manual)
my; i|yka lreKq wvx.=
úh yel'
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 5
kv;a;= l%ufõoh
fuuÕska ks;r l<
hq;= kv;a;= ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yel'
tkï tkacska f;,a udre
lsÍu" .sh¾ fmÜá" ä*rkai,a"
yhsfv%d,sla f;,a udre lsÍu"
peish f;,a$ .%Sia fhoSu"
fmrk$ *s,ag¾ udre lsÍu
wdosh'
msßú;rhka
fuuÕska Tng
.sh¾ fmÜá$ ä*rkai,a"
yhsfv%d,sla moaO;s" fí%la
moaO;s iy f¾äfhag¾ i|yd
fhosh hq;= ødjK j¾.
^f;,a" coolant wdÈh& yd tu
moaO;s j, Odß;djka ms<sn|
j.=jla ;sfí' óg wu;rj
gh¾ i|yd wjYH jdhq
mSvkh (Air Pressure) weK
;o l< hq;= m%udKh (Bolt
torques) iy kv;a;= i|yd
wjYH wfkl=;a úia;r ,nd
.; yel'
- .%Sia fhosh hq;= ia:dk ̂ .%Sia
ksm,a& f;,a uÜgu uksk
WmlrK (Dip stickle)
iy jdhq iy bkaOk
*s,ag¾ msßisÿ lsÍfï
Wmfoia'
- g%elagrfha l%shdoduhka
i|yd wjYH uQ,sl Wm-
foia'
wjYH wdhqO
fjk;a jdyk j,g
jvd m%udKfhka úYd, w`vq
wdhqO iy w¿;ajeähd lsÍfï
WmlrK g%elag¾ kv;a;=
lsÍu i|yd iQodkïj ;nd
.kak'
g%elagrfha wdrlaIdj
fndfyda l=vd
m%udKfha g%elag¾ j, ßhÿre
wdikh wdjrKh ùug
jy,la fkdue;s ksid wdik
iy tkacsu iys; fldgi
wdrlaId jk f,i .rdchl
.d,a lsÍu uÕska g%elagrfha
wdrlaIdj fukau os.= ld,Sk
meje;aug n,mdhs' tfia
.rdchla jeks wdjrKhla
fkdue;s kï ÿï ngh" wdik
yd tkacsu iys; fldgi
wdjrKh lr .ekSu iqÿiqh'
f;,a yd wfkl=;a øjH
mÍlaIdj
wfkl=;a jdyk
fuka Odjkh jk lsf,daóg¾
.Kk fyda ie;mqï .Kk
g%elag¾ j, fkdn,k w;r
jev meh tall uÕska tys
Odjkh$ l%shdldÍ;ajh
ukskq ,nhs' ta wkqj fuys
w;afmd; (owner's manual)
wkqj tkðka f;,a" .sh¾
fmÜá f;,a" f¾äfhag¾
ødjKh (Coolent) yhsfv%dA,sla
moaO;s f;,a wdÈh udre l<
hq;= wjia:d .ek wjfndaOhla
,nd .; hq;=h' tfia
fkdue;sj Bg jvd jeä
ld,hla hka;%h l%shdlsÍu
f.dúlï iÕrdj6
fjkia úh yelsh&
fn,aÜ iy yhsfv%d,sla
k, moaO;sh
Tnf.a g%elagrhg
yhsfv%d,sla moaO;shla
we;akï ta i|yd wêmSvk
k, ;sfí' tu k, moaO;s
j, f;,a ldkaÿ ùu fyda
fn,aÜ j, m¨ÿ ùï olakg
;sfí kï jydu tu fldgia
w¿;ajeähd lr.ekSu iqÿiqh'
tuÕska yhsfv%d,sla fmdïm
iy wfkl=;a WmlrK"
wdrlaId ùu yd by<
ld¾hlaIu;djhla ,nd
.ekSug yelsfõ'
;sßx. moaO;sh
fndfyda g%elag¾ j,
hdka;%sl ;sßx. (Mechanical
Brakes) we;s w;r msgqmi
welai,hg iïnkaOj fjka
fjkaj ,Sjr moaO;s uÕska
l%shd;aul fõ' ;sßx. ,Sjr
moaO;sh mÍlaId lsÍu yd ta
i|yd wjYH ;eka j,g f;,a
oud kv;a;= lsÍu yd ;sßx.
kshudldrj iSre udre lr
mj;ajdf.k hdu jeo.;ah'
udml (Meters)
g%elagrfha WmlrK
mqjrefõ (Meter Board) we;s
ish¿u udml (Meters) .ek
wjOdkfhka isàu jeo.;ah'
úfYaIfhka WIaK;aj udmlh
(Temperature Meter)
f;,a mSvk udmlh (Oil
uÕska fuu hka;% j, we;s
jákd hdka;%sl fldgia
blaukska laIh ù hd yel'
tajd kej; w¿;ajeähd lsÍu
i|yd o úYd, uqo,la jeh
ùugo mq¿jk' tksid tosfkod
Odjkh$ Ndú;d lsÍug fmr
by; lS Wmdx. j, f;,a
uÜgï" f;,a ldkaÿùï yd
negß wdfrdamKh wdosh o
mÍlaId lr ne,Su uÕska tu
fldgia j, meje;au jeä lr
.; yel'
gh¾ j, jdhq mSvkh
g%elagrfha bosß iy
miqmi gh¾ j, mSvkh
kshñ; m%udK j,ska ;sfí
oehs mÍlaIdldÍ úh hq;=h'
frdao y;f¾ gh¾ j, jdhq
mSvkh wvq ùu ks;ru
meyeos,sj fkdfmfka' bosß
mi ghr j, mSvkh
32PSL iy miqmi ghr j,
mSvkh 12 - 20 PSL mSvkh
;nd .ekSu iqÿiqh' ^uu ghr
mSvk tla tla g%elagr j, nr
yd gh¾ j, m%udKh wkqj
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 7
Pressure Meter) geflda ógrh
(Tacho Meter) iy weïmsh¾
ógrh iy wfkl=;a ish¿u
udml (Indicators) ms<sn|
ie,ls,su;a ùu jeo.;ah'
fuu udml (Meters) j,
fodaIhla we;s nj yefÕa
kï úoq,s ld¾ñl Ys,amsfhl=
uÕska w¿;ajeähd lr .ekSu
iqÿiqh'
bkaOk" jdhq" f;,a
fmrK
(Fuel, Air, Oil Filters)
wmøjH j,ska
hka;%hg isÿjk ydksh
uÕyrjd .ekSu i|yd
bkaOk" jdhq" f;,a fmrK
we;s w;r tu fmrK$
fYdaOl (Filters) iïnkaOj
mßCIdldÍ úh hq;=h'
bkaOk fmrKh
(Fuel/ Filter)
bkaOk fmrKh
u.ska bkaOk j, wvx.= c,h"
wmøjHkaf.ka bkaOk msßisÿ
lsÍu isÿlrhs' iuyr g%elagr
j, bkaOk fmrK folla
we;s w;r (Primary and
Secondary Filtes) bkaOk
j, c,h bj;a lsÍug fjku
fldgila tla *s,agrhl
;sfí' tuÕska c,h bj;a
l< yel' g%elagrh iuÕ §
we;s w;afmdf;ys (Owner's
Manual) i|yka wdldrhg
bkaOk fmrK (Fuel Filters)
kshñ; ld, jljdkq j,§
udre lsÍu fhda.Hh'
jdhq fYdaOlh
(Air Filter)
fndfyda úg g%elag¾
Ndú;d lrkqfha ¥ú,s iys;
mdr j, fyda fCIa;% j,
ksid tu jdhq fYdaOlh (Air
Filter) .ek wjOdkfhka
isáh hq;=h' Ndú;d lsÍu
wkqj ksr;=reju msßisÿ lsÍu
wjYHh' msßisÿ l< fkdyels
úg w¿;a fmrkhla iú l<
hq;=h'
tfukau g%elagrh$
hka;%h iuÕ ,nd § we;s
w;afmdf;a i|yka wdldrhg
tu ld, jljdkq j,§ w¿;ska
iú lsÍu o l< hq;=fõ'
f;,a fmrKh
(Oil Filters)
hka;%fha meje;au
i|yd tu hka;%fha w;a
fmdf;a (owner's manual)
i|yka mßos iEu f;,a udre
lsÍul§u f;,a fmrKh (Oil
Filter) udre lsÍu iqÿiqh'
tfukau f;,a
iuÕ wmøjH fyda
c,h ñY% ù we;akï
tu f;,a fmrKh (Oil
Filter) msßisÿ lsÍu fyda
w¿;ska imhd iú lsÍu
l< hq;= w;r f;,a o udre
lr w¿;ska kshu m%udKhg
fhoSu l< hq;=h'
f.dúlï iÕrdj8
f¾äfhagrh
(Radiator)
iEu Èklu g%elagrh
mK .ekAùug fmr
f¾äfhagrfha c, uÜgu
mßCId l< hq;=h' tfukau
Odjkfha§ Ydl fldgia"
lDóka jeks ndysr wmøjH
tl;= ùu u.ska f¾äfhagrfha
wjysr;djhka .ek
mßCIdldÍ úh hq;=h'
g%elagrhg .%Sia yd
f;,a fh§u
fjk;a jdyk j,g
idfmaCIj g%elagrfha p,kh
jk fldgia jeä ksid" wjYH
;eka j,g .%Sia$ ,sysis f;,a
fh§u iEu Ndú;d lsÍulska
miqju l< hq;=h'
g%elagrfha .%Sia
ksm,hka we;s ia:dk ms<sn|
iqmßCIdldÍ ùu yd tu iEu
ia:dkhlgu .%Sia fh§u l<
hq;=h' .%Sia fkdjÈk ksm,a
w¿;ska fh§u$ msßisÿ lr
kej; fh§u l< hq;=h'
úfYaIfhka iqlaldkï
moaO;sh" la,É iy ;sßx.
moaO;sfha ,Sjr ;=ka mqrela
weuqKqu (Three point hitch
pivot points) i|yd wod,
;eka j,g .%Sia fh§u l<
hq;=h'
tfukau g%elagrfha
.sh¾ fmÜáfha f;,a"
ä*rkaI,a f;,a" yhsfv%d,sla
moaO;sfha f;,a wdÈh
mßCId lsÍu yd tu
g%elagrfha w;afmdf;a i|yka
ld, jljdkq j, mrK f;,a
bj;a fldg w¿;a f;,a fh§u
l< hq;=h' ^iuyr g%elag¾
i|yd úfYaIs; f;,a Ndú;d
lsÍug Wmfoia ,nd§ ;sfí'
tu wod< f;,a Ndú;d lsÍug
o ie<ls,su;a úh hq;=h&
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 9
g%elagrhg wêl nr
fkdfh§u
f.dú;eka lghq;=
i|yd fuj,ï iúlsÍu
fyda m%jdyk lghq;= i|yd
fhdod.ekSfï§ tu hka;%hg
ks¾foaYs; nr yd m%udKfhka
fyda hq;a WmlrK Ndú;d
l< hq;=h' wêl nr we§u
fyda megùu fkdl< hq;=h'
g%elagrfha msßisÿlu
g%elagrh Odjkfhka
miq ks;ru msßisÿ l< hq;=h'
túg bkaOk iy f;,a
ldkaÿ ùula fyda hka;%hg
ydks ùula isÿù we;akï th
meyeÈ<sj oel.; yelsh'
úfYaI lreKq
² ãi,a g%elagrhla
mK.ekajQ jydu fõ.h
jeä lsÍu fyda Odjkh
lsÍu fkdl< hq;=h'
tkacsu r;a ùug bv
fokak' yhsfv%d,sla
fmdïm f;,a fmdïm iy
Tijkhka ys (Lifters)
g%elagrh mdúÉÑ fkdlr
;sfnk úg f;,a
^yhsfv%d,sla f;,a&
ldkaÿùug yel' thska
hka;% fldgia j,g ydks
isÿfõ' ta .ek wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;=h'
² g%elagrfha kshñ;
ld,iSudfõ§ fiajd l<
hq;=h' ta i|yd fiajd
igyka ;nd .kak'
w;a fmdf;ys fï .ek
i|yka jqj;a wjYH meh
.Kk l%shd fkdlrk
g%elagrhla kï hï ld,
iSudjloS f;,a udrelsÍu
iy fiajd lsÍu l< hq;=h'
² .%Sia fh§fï§ nr mgjd
we;s úg;a nr rys;j;a
.%Sia fh§fuka fyd|ska tu
ia:dk j,g .%Sia msrùu
l< yel'
² g%elagrfha negßh .ek
mÍlaIdldÍ jkak' ks;r
Ndú;d fkdlrk
g%elagrhl negßfha n,h
wvq ùu isÿfõ' jßkajr
g%elagrh mK .kajd
negßh wdfrdamKh
^pd¾Ê& ùug i,iajkak'
tfia mK .ekaùfuka
ks;r Odjkh fkdlrk
tkacsu r;aùug
i,iajkak'
f.dúlï iÕrdj10
² r¿ fCIa;% lghq;= i|yd
g%elagrh Ndú;d lrk
úg g%elagrfha miqmi
ghr j, lÜgd tlúg
miqmig Odjkh jk
wdldrhg udre l< hq;=h'
^ju ol=K ghr udre
lsÍu u.ska& tfukau
tla tla fCIa;% lghq;=
i|yd fhdod .ekSfï§
Wmßu ld¾hCIu;djla
,nd.ekSug frdao
mr;rhka ^fjk;a
fuj,ï iú lsÍu&
msßú;rhkag wkqj isÿ
isÿl< hq;=h'
² yhsfv%da,sla moaO;s
j, f;,a m%udK .ek
úuis,su;aùu jeo.;ah'
² msgqmi frdao iúlr we;s
weK (Log Nuts / Wheel
Nuts) ks;ru nqre,aj
;sfíoehs mÍlaIdldÍ
jkak'
wjjdohhs
² g%elagrfha we;s wdjrK"
wdrlaId ljr iy
wdrlaIl WmlrK bj;a
fkdlrkak'
² wu;r fldgia iy
WmlrK ñ,oS .ekSfïoS
tajdfha we;s msßú;rhka
yd Wmfoia ms,smoskak'
² fí%la ,hsk¾ msßisÿ
lsÍfï§ tajd
weianeiafgdaia j,ska
;kd we;s neúka
thska msgjk ¥ú,s iys;
jdhqfjka ms,sld jeks
frda. yg.kakd ksid
wdrCIdldÍ jkak'
² úYd, nrla fyda .iaj,
l|ka weoSug welai,a fyda
yria nd¾ tlg oïje,a
fyda lUhla oud weoSfïoS
Odjkh k;rù frdao lr-
leù g%elagrh fmr,Sug
bv we;'
² g%elagrfha tkacsu
fldgia fjk;a jdykj,
fuka wdjrKh fkdlr
we;s ksid r;a jQ miq isis,a
jk f;la kej; mK
.ekaùfuka j<lskak'
f.dúlï iÕrdjg
f;dr;=re tla lf<a"
ñ,skao iurfldaka
lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl"
lDIs m%ldYk tallh"
.kakfkdarej
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 11
idudkH f;dr;=re (
úh<s ld<.=Ksl ;;a;ajhg Tfrd;a;=
fok" b;d iS>%fhka j¾Okh jk" w,xldrh
msKsi j.d lrk Ydlhls' ysre t<sh m%sh lrhs'
fyd¢ka c,h nei hk uOHu m%udKfha ,jK
.;shla iys; mig reÑ njla olajhs' fuu
Ydlh w;= len,s fyda îc uÕska jHdma; lr.;
yelsh' fuu Ydlh úis;=re m;%sl Ydlhla f,i
j.d lrk w;r WoHdk w,xlrKfha§ nyq,j
Ndú;d fõ' fuys mqIamh Ü%ksgEâ yd fgdnEf.da
rcfha cd;sl mqIamhhs' fuu Ydlhg ó
ueiaika" iuk<hka iy wfkl=;a mlaISka nyq,j
wdl¾IKh fõ' r;= meye;s uks m;% ksid mqIamh
r;a meye nj fmkS hk uq;a ly meye;s mqIamsld
rdYshlska mqIam uxcßh iukaú; fõ' iqj|la
fkdue;s fuu u,a yg .ekSu WKqiqï ld<.=Ksl
;;a;aj hgf;a isÿ fjhs' È.eá M,h mef<k iq¿
iafMdaáldjls' fuys mshdm;a iys; îc rdYshlska
hqla;h' fuys oejh leìfkÜgq iy wfkl=;a
ieye,aÆ ,S nvq iE§u msKsi Ndú;d lrhs'
we;eï wjia:d j,§ oejh bkaOk iy .,a
wÕ=re ksIamdokfha§ fhdod .kshs' fuu Ydlfha
we;eï fldgia T!Iëh .=Kfhka iukaú;hs'
Ydlfha fmdÿ kduh ( jhs,aâ fmdhskafiáhd"
pdfldakshd
Ydl l=<h ( reìfhaisfha ^Rubiaceae&
WoaNso úoHd;aul kduh ( Warszewiczia coccinea nyq,j jHdma; ù we;s rgj,a ( uOHu yd ol=Kq
weußldj
iqÿiq foaY.=Kh ( ksj¾;k foaY.=Kh
Ydlfha iajNdjh ( óg¾ 8 la olajd Wilg jefvk
idudkH .ils'
msmqKq uf,a rej f.k wdfõ"
wdpd¾h wp,d w;a;kdhl - ksfhdacH wOHCI
iqNdIsKs fikúr;ak - jevigyka iyldr
rdclSh WoaNso WoHdkh" fmardfoKsh
f.dúlï iÕrdj12
;lald,s" frda. yd m<sfndaO
i|yd wêl md;%S;djhla
olajk fnda.hls' Y%S ,xldfõ
j.d lrk ;lald,s fnda.hg
ydks lrk njg y÷kdf.k
we;s lDóka w;ßka iqÿ
ueiaid" l=ä;a;d iy me<
uelald jeo.;a m<sfndaOlhska
f,i ie,fla' fuu lDóka hqI
Wrdîfuka fl,skau isÿlrk
ydkshg wu;rj j.djg
ffjria frda. fnda lrkq ,efí'
tneúka" jdKsc jYfhka j.d
lrkq ,nk ;lald,s j,g
wêl f,i lDñkdYl fhdokq
,efí' úfYaIfhkau ldnksl
fyda f.j;= j.djka f,i
;lald,s j.d lsÍfï§ fuu
lDóka md,kh lsÍu m%n,
.eg¿jlaj mj;S' tu ksid
fuu lDóka i|yd ridhksl
fkdjk md,k l%u jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍu w;HdjYH fõ'
ñY% fnda. j.d" wka;¾
fnda. j.d fyda iyhl fnda."
tkï m%Odk j.dj iuÕ
fjk;a fnda. fyda fjk;a Ydl
j¾. j.d lsÍu uÕska lDó
m<sfndaO md,kh lsÍu fjk;a
rgj, id¾:lj isÿlrkq
,efí' fuu ;dlaIKfha we;s
tla jdishla kï m%Odk j.dfõ
m<sfndaO lDó .ykhka
flfrys we;s lrkq ,nk
n,mEu uÕska tu fnda.hg
isÿjk m<sfndaO ydks wju
lsÍu nj úoHd;aulj Tmamq lr
we;' fndfyda Ydl úfYaI j,
zzwe,Sf,dflñl,aZZ jYfhka
y÷kajk iajdNdúl ridhksl
ixfhda. wvx.= jk w;r tu
ixfhda. j,g lDóka m,jd
yeÍfï fyda wdl¾IKh
lr.ekSfï yelshdj
we;' tfiau iuyr Ydl j¾.
tayd wdikakj j.d lrk
fjk;a Ydl j¾. j, j¾Okh
jeälsÍug iy tu Ydl j,
wiajekafka m%udKh
jeälsÍug fyda rih ^flavour&
jeälsÍu uÕska .=Kd;auh
by< oeóug WmldÍjk nj
jd¾;d ù we;' ñY% j.djla
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 13
f,i ;lald,s j.dlsÍfï§
lDñ m<sfndaO ydks wvq
jk nj fjk;a rgj,
m¾fhaIKd;aulj fmkajd
§ we;' fï i|yd iyhl
fnda. f,i fhdod.; yels
Ydl .Kkdjla úoHd;aul
,sms j, yd wka;¾cd,fhys
i|ykaj we;' tfiau
;lald,s fnda.fhka bj;g
lDóka wdl¾IKh lr.ekSu
i|yd W.=,a fnda. fhdod
.ekSu o l< yelsfõ' tneú-
ka" ;lald,s j.dfõ hqI Wrd-
fndk lDóka md,kh i|yd
f;dard.;a iydhl fnda.
lsysmhl ld¾hlaIu;dj
mÍlaId lsÍfï wruqKska
fuu wOHhkh 2014 isg 2016
olajd ld,h ;=< fmardfoKsh"
.kafkdrej WoHdk fnda.
m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
wdh;kfha§ isÿ lrk ,§'
fuu m¾fhaIK
lghq;= i|yd iyhl fnda. myla
^nKavlald" ,Slaia" odiafm;shd
lrá yd ñkaÑ& f;dard .kakd
,§' m%Odk fnda.h jk
;lald,s ^;s,sK m%fNaoh&
j.d lrk ,o óg¾ 4 x 3'6
m%udKfha tla tla m¾fhaIK
fldgq jgd fikaáóg¾ 50 la
ÿßka fma<s folla jYfhka
isák mßÈ tla tla j¾.fha
iyhl fnda.h ne.ska isgqjk
,§' fnda.h m<sfndaOkdYl
fh§fuka f;drj md,kh
lrñka iajdNdúl f,i frda.
yd m<sfndaO wdidokh ùug
bv yßk ,§' mQ¾K wyUqlrK
lÜá ie,iqu ^Randomized
Complete Block Design& wkqj
m%;sj,s; ;=klska hq;=j lafIa;%
m¾fhaIK lghq;= isÿ lrk ,§'
tla tla m¾fhaIK fldgqfjka
wyUq f,i f;dard.;a m;% 10
l ^tla Ydlhlska o¿ m;% 2
ne.ska jk mßÈ fldgqfõ
ueo fma<s j,ska wyUq f,i
f;dard.;a Ydl 5 lska
,nd.;a m;% o& isák iqÿ
ueiaika iy l+ä;a;ka
ixLHd ms<sn| o;a; i;sm;d
igyka lr.kakd ,§' ;jo"
tu wdldrfhkau ,nd.;a
wu;r m;% 10 l ksheÈh ne.ska
iEu fldgqjlskau ,ndf.k
fmd,s;Ska u¿j, nyd /f.k
f.dia m¾fhaIKd.drfha§
wkaùlaI ;a;aj hgf;a mÍlaId
lr me< uelalka ixLHdj
.Kka lrk ,§' ffjria
frda. widÈ; me< ixLHdj iy
m¾fhaIK fldgqfõ uq¿ me<
ixLHdjo igyka lr.kakd
,§' wiajkq ,nd .kakd iEu
wjia:dfõ§u wiajekak ms<sn|
o;a; igyka lr.kakd ,§'
lkakh ;=< lDó .yKhkaf.a
idudkH w.hka ms<sn| o;a;
f,d.a w.hkag mßj¾;kh
lr tu w.hka ixLHd;aulj
úYaf,aIKh ^Co-varience
analysis& lrk ,§' ffjria
frda. widÈ; me< ixLHdfõ
m%;sY;h ms<sn| o;a; iy
wiajekak ms<sn| o;a;hka o
ixLHd;aulj úYaf,aIKh
^Analysis of Varience& lrk
,§'
iyhl fnda. jYfhka
nKavlald" ,Slaia yd ñkaÑ
m%Odk fnda.h jk ;lald,s
fnda.fha iqÿ ueiaikaf.a
wdidokh wvq lrkq ,nk
nj fuu wOHhkfhka fmkS
hk ,§ ^j.=j 1&' lerÜ
u.ska iqÿ ueiaikaf.a .ykh
wvqùula olakg fkd,enqk
o tu.ska ;lald,s fnda.h
ffjria frda. wdidokfhka
wdrlaId jk nj olakg ,enqKs'
ñkaÑ iyhl fnda.hla
jYfhka j.dlsÍu ;lald,s
fnda.fha ffjria frda.
wdidokh uOHia: jYfhka
wvq lsÍug n,mdk w;r ,Slaia
yd odiafm;shd j,ska ta i|yd
lsisÿ n,mEula fkdue;s nj
olakg ,enqKs'
f.dúlï iÕrdj14
j.=j 1 - 2014$15 uy iy 2015 h, lkak j,§ .kafkdarefõ§ j.d l< ;lald,s fnda.fha
ffjria frda. wdidokh flfrys iydhl fnda. j,ska we;sjQ n,mEu
m%;sl¾uhuOHhkah ffjria frda. wdidok m%;sY;h
2014$15 uy 2015 h,
nKavlald iuÕ ;lald,s 28.11 c 5.18
lerÜ iuÕ ;lald,s 30.39 bc 6.67
ñkaÑ iuÕ ;lald,s 41.61 abc 3.33
,Slaia iuÕ ;lald,s 50.74 abc 16.67
odiafm;shd iuÕ ;lald,s 53.59 ab 8.51
;lald,s muKla 55.51 a 6.78
C.V. % 7.03 N.S.
óg wu;rj ;lald,s iuÕ ,Slaia" ñkaÑ" lerÜ yd nKav-
lald iyhl fnda. jYfhka j.d lsÍfuka ;lald,s muKla j.d
l<= úg ,efnk wiajekakg jvd by, wiajekakla ;lald,s j,ska
,nd §ug tu iyhl fnda. n,mdk nj meyeÈ,s úh ^j.=j 2&'
j.=j 2 - 2014$15 uy iy 2015 h, lkak j,§ .kafkdarefõ§ iyhl fnda. iuÕ ;lald,s j.d
lsÍfuka ,enqKq wiajekak
m%;sl¾uh
2014$15 uy lkakh 2015 h, lkakh
uq¿ wiajekak
^fgdka$fyla&
wiajekak jeä
lsÍfï m%;sY;h
uq¿ wiajekak
^fgdka$fyla&
wiajekak
jeä
lsÍfï
m%;sY;h
,Slaia iuÕ ;lald,s 4.437 a 71.45 21.88 ab 19.73
nKavlald iuÕ ;lald,s 3.904ab 50.85 17.73 bc -
lerÜ iuÕ ;lald,s 3.872ab 49.61 16.96 bc -
;lald,s muKla 2.588b - 18.27 bc -
ñkaÑ iuÕ ;lal,s 2.540 b - 25.30 a 38.48
odiafm;shd iuÕ ;lal,s 1.531 bc - 11.28 c -
C.V. % 42.82 - 21.23 -
fuu wOHhkfha§ wju wiajekak ,ndfok ,oafoa iyhl fnda.hla f,i odiafm;shd iuÕ
j.dlrk ,o ;lald,s j.dj fõ' odiafm;shd uÕska ;lald,s j.djg fh¥ fmdfydr ,nd.ekSu ksid
yd odiafm;shd Ydl b;d ire f,i jeã ;sîu ksid we;sjQ fijK ksid iuyrúg ta iuÕ j.d l< ;lald,s
j, wiajekak wvqùug th fya;=jQjd úh yelsh' ;lald,s fndafha hqI Wrd fndk lDóka .ykh yd
ffjria frda. wdidokh wvqlr.ekSug ;lald,s iuÕ iyhl fnda. f,i ,Slaia" ñkaÑ" lerÜ yd
nKavlald j.d lsÍu iqÿiq nj fuu mÍlaIKfha iuia: m%;sM, wkqj fmkS hhs'
odiafm;shd iuÕ ;lald,s j.d lsÍu
lerÜ iuÕ ;lald,s j.d lsÍu
ñkaÑ iuÕ ;lald,s j.d lsÍu
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 15
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
ye|skaùu
yß; úma,jh;a iuÕ
fnda. j.djka i|yd ridhksl
fmdfydr Ndú;h nyq, úh'
Y%S ,xldfõ ù" m,;=re" t<j¿"
lafIa;% fnda. yd jeú,s fnda.
i|yd 2016 jif¾§ fmdfydr
fgdka 879"900 Ndú;d lr
we;' fmdfydr Ndú;d lrkq
mfia we;s fmdaIl
;;a;ajh ridhksl fmdfydr
Ndú;h ksid úYd, f,i
fjkia l< yelsh' mfia
fmdaIl iu;=,s;;dj
fkdìf|k f,i fmd-
fydr Ndú;d lsÍu isÿl<
hq;+h' tfia fkdjqk fyd;a
mfia fkdfhl=;a .eg¿ldÍ
;;a;ajhka we;sùug
fya;= fõ' úfYaIfhka
flaa' ta' f¾kqld" ví' tï' whs' fikúr;Ak
fCIa;% fnda. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh"
uyb¨mam,a,u
,nk m%udKh" fnda.h
wkqj fjkia fõ' ish¨
fnda. i|yd fmdfydr
ks¾foaY we;s kuq;a iuyr
wjia:dj,§ fuu ks¾foaYs;
fmdfydr m%udKhg
jvd jeämqr fhdok
wjia:d we;' úfYaIfhka
uqo,a fnda. i|yd fuh oelsh
yel'
f.dúlï iÕrdj16
mfia kSfrda.S njg th
.eg¨jla fõ'
î Ækq Y%S ,xldfõ
j.dlrkq ,nk uqo,a fnda.
hla jk w;r wkqrdOmqr"
ud;f,a yd yïnkaf;dg hk
osia;s%lal j, jeä jYfhka
j.dlrkq ,nhs' î Ækq
uqo,a fnda.hla jk
neúka f.dùka tys jeä
wiajkq n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka
fkdfhl=;a ridhksl
fmdfydr j¾. fkdfhl=;a
m%udK j,ska fh§u isÿfõ'
kuq;a Tjqkag î Ækq j,
úNj wiajekak ,nd .ekSug
fkdyels ù we;s w;r mfia
fkdfhl=;a .eg¨ldÍ
;;a;aj we;sù ;sfí' mdxY=
úYaf,aIKh uÕska tu fmdaIl
;;a;ajhkaf.a fjkia ùu
y÷kd.; yelsh'
wkqrdOmqr Èia;s%lalfha
bmf,da.u m%dfoaYSh f,alï
fldÜGdYfha î Ækq j.d
lrk fCIa;% 45 l mia idïm,a
mÍCId lsÍu i|yd fikaáóg¾
0 - 15 .eUqßka idïm,a
,nd.kakd ,oS' fuu
idïm, j, pH" úoHq;a
ikakdhl;djh" fnda.hg
,nd.; yels fmdiamria
m%udKh" yqjudre l< yels
fmdgEishu m%udKh" ldnksl
øjH m%udKh" ,nd.; yels
iskala yd fldm¾ m%udK
úYaf,aIKh lrk ,§'
pH w.h yd úoHq;a
ikakdhl;dj
úYaf,aIKh l<
idïm,a j, pH w.h 4'5
isg 7'9 olajd fjkia úh'
idïm,a j,ska 64] muK
î Ækq j.djg iqÿiq pH
w.hla mej;=Ks' ^6'75& úoHq;a
ikakdhl;djh 0'03 isg 0'72
olajd fjkia ù ;snqK w;r
38] muK idïm,a j, úoHq;a
ikakdhl;d w.h 0'15 jeä
w.hl mej;=Ks' fuu miaj,
,jK ;;a;ajh we;sfjñka
mj;S' tneúka î Ækq j.d
lrk iuyr fCIa;% j, pH
yd úoHq;a ikakdhl;d w.h
j.djg iq¥iqq m%Yia: uÜgul
fkdue;'
ldnksl øjH m%;sY;h
úYaf,aIKh lrkq
,enQ idïm,a j, ldnksl øjH
m%;sY;h 0'5] - 3'1] olajd
fjkia ù we;' úYaf,aIKh
lrkq ,enQ idïm,a j,ska 97]
muK m%udKhl ldnksl
øjH m%;sY;h 3] lg jvd wvq
w.hl we;' idrj;a mil
ldnksl m%;sY;h 3] - 6]
w;r m%udKhl ;sìh hq;=h'
kuq;a fuu úYaf,aIKh
l< mia j, ldnksl øjH
m%;sY;h fuu uÜgfï
fkdue;' tneúka fuu
mdxY= úYaf,aIKh lrkq ,enQ
lafIa;% j,g ldnksl
fmdfydr tl;= lr .ekSu
l< hq;= fõ'
yqjudre l< yels
fmdgEishï
fuu úYaf,aIKh
lrkq ,enq mia idïm,a
j, yqjudre l< yels
fmdgEishï m%udKh 43 mg/kg
isg 365 mg/kg olajd fjkia
ù ;snq w;r úYaf,aIKh l<
idïm,a m%udKfhka 50]
jeä m%udKhl fmdgEishï
m%udKh 117 mg/kg
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 17
jeä w.hl mej;=ks'
fuu mia fmdgEishï
b;d wêl ldKavhlg jefÜ'
mfia fmdgEishï wêl jk úg
th Ydl uÕska ,nd .efkk
khsg%cka" le,aishï"
ue.akSishï m%udKh wvq
lsÍug fya;= fõ' tkï mfia
fmdaIl wiu;=,s;;djhla
we;s fõ'
,nd.; yels fmdiamria
fuu úYaf,aIKh
lrkq ,enQ mia idïm,a j,
,nd.; yels fmdiamria
m%udKh 4'3 mg/kg isg
100 mg/kg olajd fjkia ù
we;' mfia wvx.= fmdiamria
m%udKh 30ppm jvd
jeäfõ kï tu mig fm-
diamria wvx.= fmdfydr
fh§u wjYH fkdfj' fuu
úYaf,aIKh l< idïm,a j,ska
46] m%udKhl ,nd.; yels
fmdiamria m%udKh 30ppm
jvd jeäh' tneúka fuu
lafIa;% i|yd B<Õ lkak-
fha j.djka i|yd fmdiamria
fh§u wjYH fkdfõ'
,nd.; yels fldm¾
yd iskala
fnda. i|yd mfia
;sìh hq;+ fldm¾ yd iskala j,
wju uÜgu ms<sfj,ska 1 - 2
mg/kg yd 0'7 - 1 mg/kg fõ'
úYaf,aIKh l< mia idïm,a
j, ,nd .; yels fldm¾
m%udKh 0'96 mg/kg isg 5'3
mg/kg olajd fjkia jk
w;r ,nd.; yels iskala
m%udKh 1 mg/kg isg 3'6
mg/kg olajd fjkia fõ'
,nd.; yels fldm¾ 2 mg/kg
lg jvd jeä idïm,a m%;sY;h
78] jQ w;r ,nd.; yels
iskala 1 mg/kg lg jvd jeä
idïm,a m%;sY;h 92] úh'
fuu mia idïm,a
úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka ,enqKq
f;dr;=re wkqj fmkS hkafka
fuu î Ækqq j.dlrkq
,nk lafIa;%j,ska 95]
jeä m%udKhlg ldnksl
fmdfydr mig fhÈh
hq;= nj;a fmdiamria
yd fmdgEishï wvx.= ridhksl
fmdfydr B<Õ lkakfha§
iuyr" lafIa;% i|yd fhoSu
wjYH fkdjk nj;a Zn yd
Cu hk laIqø fmdaIl o iuyr
lafIa;% j, wjYH m%udKhg
wvx.= ù we;s nj;ah'
fuu m¾fhaIK
m%;sM, uÕska ks.ukh l<
yelafla fuu î Ækq j.d
flafIa;% j, fmdaIl uÜgu
fCIa;%fhka fCIa;%hg fjkia
jk neúka ish¨ fCIa;%
i|yd fmdÿ jQ fmdfydr
ks¾foaYhka wkq.ukh
lsÍu iqÿiq fkdjk njhs'
tneúka j.dj wdrïNhg
fmr wod< lafIa;%fha mdxY=
fmdaIl ;;a;ajh mÍCId lr
ta wkqj wjYH fmdfydr
m%udKh ks¾Kh lsÍu
b;du;a jeo.;a fõ'
fuuÕska mfia fmdaIl
wiu;=,s;;dj j<ld .;
yels neúka fnda.fha
wiajekak jeä úug fya;=
jk w;r wd¾Ólj o
jdisodhl fõ' ;jo" wêl
fmdfydr Ndú;fhka
mßirhg jk ydksh o j<ld
.; yelsh'
f.dúlï iÕrdj18
l=l¾ìfÜisfha ^Cucarbitaceae&
Ydl l=,hg wh;ajk
msms[a[d f,dalfha iEu
rglu mdfya ld w;r;a b;d
ckm%sh" wd¾Ól jYfhka uy;a
m%fhdackhla we;s fnda.hls'
msms[a[d j, we;s by< c,
m%;sY;h iy fjk;a ridhksl
ixfhda." ñksia YÍrfha ñh.sh
merKs ffi, fldgia yd
isrerg we;=¿ jk ridhksl
úI ixfhda.hka bj;a lsÍug
yelshdjla fmkajhs'
kejqï msms[a[d
M,fhka c,h bj;aùfï
wêl fõ.h iy by< Yajik
fõ.h ksid b;d blauKska
M,h /,s jeàu" fõ,Sfï
iajNdjhlg md;%ùu" meyeh
iy kejqï rih fjkia ùu
wd§ lreKq u; .=Kd;aulj
msßySulg ,lafõ' fï ksid
msms[a[d l,a;nd .ekSfï
§ f.dùka úYd, .eg¿jlg
uqyqKmdk w;r flá Ôú;
ld,h ksid úYd, f,i miq
wiajkq ydks j,g ,lafjhs'
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 19
fndfyda m,;=re
iy t<j¿ j, miq wiajkq
.=Kd;aul nj iy tajdfha
Ôú; ld,h flfrys wiajkq
fk,Sug m%:uj lafIa;%fha§
isÿlrkq ,nk l%shdldrlï
^fmdfydr Ndú;h$
ridhk øjH Ndú;h$
fnda. m%fNaoh$ lafIa;%
l%shdldrlï& n,mdkq ,nk
njg úoHd{hska úiska fidhd
f.k we;' tfukau ldnksl
fmdfydr Ndú;h
uÕska m,;=re iy t<j¿
j, .=Kd;aul nj by<
kexùug iy tajdfha
ridhksl ixhq;sh flfrys
hï n,mEula we;s l< yels
njgo idlaIs yuqfõ' ldnksl
fmdfydr Ndú;h uÕska
mfiys jHqyh yd .=Kd;aul
nj j¾Okh lrk w;r mfiys
laIqø Ôù .ykh yd Tjqkaf.a
l%shdldÍ;ajh hym;a lsÍugo
l%shdlrhs' tuÕska mfiys
c,h iy jd;h r|jd .ekSfï
yelshdj jeä ÈhqKq
lrk w;ru fnda.
j, ksIamdo;djh yd
wiajkq m%udKho by<
kxjhs' ldnksl fmdfy-
dr uÕska mfiys yd fnda.
j, we;s lrkq ,nk fuu
fjkia ùï fl,skau fnda.
j, .=Kd;aul njg" rid-
hksl ixhq;shg yd tajd
l,a;nd .ekSfï ld,h jeä
lsÍug o n,mdk w;r tuÕs-
ka fnda. j, we;s wys;lr
;;a;ajhkg uqyqK§fï we;s
yelshdjo by< ouhs'
fuu lreKq mokï lr
.ksñka ldnksl fmdfydr
Ndú;h msms[a[d j,
.=Kd;aulNdjh" l,a;nd.
ekSfï yelshdj yd ridhksl
ixhq;sh ^úfYaIfhka
m%;sTlaisldrl .=Kh&
flfrys flfia n,mdkafkao
hkak ms<sn|j lkak
lsysmhla uq¿,af,a
.srd÷refldaÜfÜ lDIsl¾u
m¾fhaIK ia:dkfha§
m¾fhaIK ud,djla isÿ lrk
,§'
fuys§ msms[a[d
m%fNaoh f,i l,amsáh iqÿ
^KaW& fhdod .kakd ,o w;r
lafIa;%fha j.d l< msms[a[d
fnda.h i|yd my; i|yka
fmdfydr m%;sldrhka isÿ
lrk ,È'
- 100] ridhksl fmdfydr
^fomd¾;fïka;= ks¾foaYh&
- 100] ldnksl fmdfydr
^fomd¾;fïka;= ks¾foaYh&
- 50] ridhksl fmdfydr
iy 50] ldnksl fmdfydr
- fmdfydr Ndú;d fkdlsÍu'
fmdfydr Ndú;h
yer wfkl=;a ish¿u
idOl iudk f,i fnda.
j,g ,ndÿka w;r" tla
tla fmdfydr m%;sldrl
uÕska ,ndÿka msms[a[d
fjk fjku wiajkq fk,d
.ksñka úoHd.dr m¾fhaIK
j,g Ndckh lrk ,È' tys§
my; i|yka m%;sM, ,nd
.ekSug yelsúh'
ldnksl fmdfydr
m%;sTlaisldrl n,h
flfrys n,mEu
ldnksl fmdfydr
Ndú;h msms[a[d fmd;af;ys
yd uofhys wvx.= jk
f.dúlï iÕrdj20
m%;sTlaisldrl n,h ie,lsh
hq;= f,i by< oeóug iu;a
úh' ldnksl fmdfydr fhdok
m%udKh jeäùu;a iuÕ
iudka;rj m%;sTlaisldrl
Yla;sh by< hdu olakg
,enqKs' fï wkqj 100]
ldnksl fmdfydr fh¥
msms[a[d kso¾Yl j,
fmd;af;ys yd uofha by<u
m%;sTlaisldrl yelshdjka
jd¾;d úh'
bkamiqj 50]la
ldnksl fmdfydr fh¥
msms[a[d kso¾Yl j,
fojkqjgo" ridhksl
fmdfydr muKla fh¥
msms[a[d kso¾Yl j,
;=kajkqjgo" m%;sTlaisldrl
.=Kh jd¾;d úh' 100]
ldnksl fmdfydr fh¥
kso¾Yl j, m%;sTlaisldrl
.=Kfha jeä ùu wfkla tajdg
idfmalaIj lemSfmfkk
uÜgul mej;sK'
ldnksl fmdfydr
.=Kd;aul
mrdñ;slhka
flfrys n,mEu
miq wiajkq ld,iSudj
;=<È msms[a[d M,j,ska c,h
bj;aùu uekSulg ,lal,
w;r" wvqu c, ydksùfï
m%;sY; w.h 100] ldnksl
fmdfydr fh¥ kso¾Yl
j,skao jeäu c, m%;sY;hla
ydks ùu 100] ridhksl
fmdfydr fh¥ kso¾Yl
j,skao jd¾;d úh' M, j,
oDV;djh ^Firmnes& .nvd
lr ;enQ ld,h ;=<§ ish¿u
kso¾Yl j, wvq ùulg
,laúh' tfy;a .nvd ld,h
wjidkfha§ by<u
oDV;djhla ;nd .ekSug 100]
ldnksl fmdfydr fh¥
msms[a[d kso¾Yl iu;a
jQ w;r 100] ridhksl
fmdfydr fh¥ kso¾Yl j,
oDV;djh b;d blauKska
msßySulg ,laúh' c,ødjH
>k øjH j, w.h ^Total
Soluble Solids) 100] ridhksl
fmdfydr fh¥ kso¾Yl j,
iy fmdfydr Ndú;d fkdl<
kso¾Yl j, b;d blauKska
by< .sh w;r 100] ldnksl
fmdfydr fh¥ kso¾Yl j,
th my< uÜgul r|jd
.ekqKs' c,ødjH >k øjH
m%udKh by< hdu t<j¿ iy
m,;=re j, mßydksh ^b§u&
ixfla;j;a lrk idOlhla
jk w;r fuh wju uÜgul
mej;Su by< Ôú; ld,h
fmkajk ukd o¾Ylhls'
tfukau f,v frda.
j,g md;%S nj ^Disease
incidence& iy fmd;af;a we;s
jQ fN!;sl ixl+,;d ^Peel
disorders) ñkqï l< w;r"
fuu mrdñ;sl j, wju
w.hka jd¾;d lsÍug 100]
ldnksl fmfydr fh¥
kso¾Yl iu;a úh' fuu
mrdñ;sl j, by<u
w.hka 100] ridhksl
fmdfydr fh¥ kso¾Yl
w;alr .kakd ,È'
by; ish¿u
mrdñ;slhka mokï lr
.ksñka mdßfNda.sl leue;a;
^Marketability) .nvd ld,h
;=<§ mdßfNda.slhska oi
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 21
fofkl= fhdod .ksñka
jßka jr fidhd .kakd ,È'
fï wkqj Èk 26 .;jk
;=re 100] ldnksl fmdfydr
fh¥ msms[a[d mßfNdackhg
mdßfNda.slhska leue;a; m,
l< w;r 100] ridhksl
fmdfydr fhÿ msms[a[d
mßfNdackhg leue;a; m,
lf<a Èk 16 .; jk ;=re
muKs' tfiau Èk 22 olajd 50]
ldnksl fmdfydr fh¥
kso¾Yl ñ,g .ekSug
mdßfNda.slhka leue;a;
oelajQ w;r" fmdfydr fkd-
fh¥ msms[a[d mßfNdckhg
Tjqka leue;a; m, lf<a Èk
15 la .;jk ;=re muKs'
ldnksl fmdfydr
msms[a[d j, miq
wiajkq Ôú; ld,h
flfrys n,mEu
by; i|yka l<
mrdñ;slhka fndfyduhla
fhdod .ksñka tla tla
msms[a[d kso¾Ylfha miq
wiajkq Ôú; ld,h idudkH
ldur WIaK;ajfha§ ñkqï
lrk ,È' tys§ 100] ldnksl
fmdfydr fh¥ kso¾Yl Èk
26 l by<u Ôú; ld,hla
jd¾;d l< w;r Èk 15 yd 16
l wju Ôú; ld, ms<sj,ska
fmdfydr fkdfhÿ iy 100]
ridhksl fmdfydr fh¥
kso¾Yl j,ska jd¾;d úh'
ks.ukh
² msms[a[d j,
m%;sTlaisldrl n,h
ldnksl fmdfydr fh§u
jeä ùu;a iuÕ jeä úh'
² msms[a[d j, .=Kd;auh
flfrys ldnksl fmdfydr
lemSfmfkk f,i
n,mdk w;r ldnksl
fmdfydr fh¥ msms[a[d
by< .=Kd;auhlska hqla;
úh'
² ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;h
msms[a[d j, miq wiajkq
.nvd ^Ôú;& ld,h
jeälrhs'
² ldnksl fmdfydr
Ndú;h uÕska msms[a[d
j, miq wiajkq ydks wvq
lr.ekSug yelshdjla
mj;S'
igyk (
fuu m¾fhaIKh
msms[a[d fnda.fha l,amsáh
iqÿ m%fNaoh muKla
fhdodf.k isÿ lr we;s
neúka wfkl=;a msms[a[d
m%fNao i|yd jk n,mEu
iy wfkl=;a t<j¿ yd
m,;=re i|yd jk n,mEu
oek.ekSu i|yd bÈßhg
m¾fhaIK lghq;= isÿl<
hq;=fõ'
tÉ' wd¾' mS' m%kdkaÿ
wdydr m¾fhaIK wdh;kh"
.kafkdarej
ví' Ô' î' wd¾' wdßhr;ak
lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
uOHia:dkh"
.srdÿrefldaÜfÜ
fla' tï' tia'fldäldr
m%dfoaYSh lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIK yd
ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" nKavdrfj,
mS' ùrisxy
WoHdk fnda. m¾fhaIK yd
ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" .kafkdarej
tÉ' tï' t,a' ksrdka
lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
uOHia:dkh"
.srdÿrefldaÜfÜ
tia' tï' ta' iS' hQ' fiakdr;ak
wdydr m¾fhaIK wdh;kh"
.kafkdarej
f.dúlï iÕrdj22
fmdl=Kq
;=< u;aiH
j.dj ,xldfõ
fndfyda m%foaYj,
myiqfjka isÿl<
yelsh' úh<s l,dmSh
m%foaYhka j, j.djka
ioyd c,h .nvd lr
.ekSug ilialrk úYd,
m%udKfha fmdl=Kq ;=<
o fuh id¾:lj isÿ l<
yelsh' wd¾Ól ,dNhla
Wfoid fuu ñßÈh u;aiH
j.dj isÿ lrkafka kï ta
ioyd wju jYfhka j¾.
ógr 500 l m%udKfha
fmdl=Kla ilialr .;
hq;= fõ' u;aiH j.dj i|yd
fmdl=Kq ilia lsÍfï§
jeo.;a jkafka fmdl=fKys
.eUqr fkdj" fmdl=fKys
jmißhhs' fmdl=fKys
.eUqr fldf;la jeä l<
o tys ;ekam;a l< yels
u;aiH we.s,a,ka m%udKh
jeä l< fkdyelsh' kuq;a
fmdl=fKys jmißh jeä
jk úg ;ekam;a l< yels
u;aiH we.s,a,ka m%udKh
jeä l< yelsh' thg fya;=j
kï u;aiHhska iEu úgu
.ejfikafka c,fha u;=msg
uÜgfï isg ógr folla
muK .eUqrla olajd
mrdihl muKla ùuhs'
ñßÈh u;aiH l¾udka;h
ie,lSfï§" Y%%S ,xldfõ óg
oYl y;rlg muK § tyd
mej;s ;;a;ajhg jvd fï jk
úg hï ÈhqKqjla olakg ,efí'
ksoiqkla f,i .DydY%s;
fmdl=Kq ;=< j.djla
ñßÈh u;aiH l¾udka;h
jHdma; ùu oelaúh yelsh' fï
wdldrfha ñßÈh u;aiH
j.djla ;=<ska mjqf,a
fmdaIKh i|yd muKla fkdj
mjqf,a fukau rfgys wd¾Ólh
flfrys o ukd odhl;ajhla
,efí'
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 23
ñßÈh u;aiH j.dj ioyd
fmdl=Kla ilid .ekSu
01' iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu
² iqÿiq mi
fuys§ fyd¢ka c,h rod
mj;sk mila f;dard .ekSu
jvd jeo.;ah' je,s wêl
mfiys c,h r|d mej;Su
wvqh' tuksid ueá f,dau
mi fyda frdkauv iys;
ueá f,dau mi iqÿiq fõ'
² c, iemhqu
fmdl=fKys c, uÜgu wvq
jk úg th kej; msrùu
ioyd j¾Idfjka fyda .,d
hk Èh myrlska ia:sr
c, iemhqula ;sìh hq;=h'
k, c,h Ndú;d lrkafka
kï fjk;a gexlshl
Èk lsysmhla .nvd lr
;nd laf,daÍka bj;a jQ
miq fmdl=Kg oeóug
iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;alr
.; hq;=fõ' .,d hk Èh
myrlska c,h ,nd .;
yels kï th jvd ia:sr
fukau ,dNodhS fõ'
² c, .e,Sï we;s fkdjk
ia:dkhla ùu'
² ¥Is; ia:dkhla fkdùu'
² myiqfjka ,Õd úh yels
ia:dkhla ùu'
² wdrlaIdj iys; ia:dkhla'
06' fmdl=K m;=,g w¿ yqKq
fylaghdrhg lsf,da.%Eï 1250
- 1500 fyda í,SÑka mjqv¾
^úrxck l=vq& fylaghdrhg
lsf,da.%Eï 300 jk f,i
fyd¢ka me;sÍ hk f,i biSu'
07' Èk y;rlg fyda mylg
miqj ilia l< fmdl=fKys
m;=, wÕ,a 08 - 10 .eUqrg mi
nqre,a lr thg" uq,ska fjka
lr .;a u;=msg mia iy j¾.
ógrhlg lsf,da .%Eï tlla
jk f,i f.du ñY% lsÍu l<
hq;=h'
08' tfia ñY% lsÍfuka miq ilid
.;a fmdl=fKka wvla c,h
msrùu isÿl< hq;=h'
09' i;s follg miqj
iïmQ¾Kfhka c,h msrùu
isÿlr .kak'
² jeä c,h wmjykh lsÍug
yels ia:dkhla ùu'
02' fmdl=K ilia lsÍug
kshñ; N+ñh fyd¢ka msßisÿ
lsÍu'
03' ógr 20 la m<, yd ógr
25 la È. fldgqjla ^fmdl=fKa
m%udKh& i<l=Kq lsÍu'
04' ,l=Kq l, iSudj ;=< wÕ,a
06 l muK jk u;=msg mia
;Ügqj iQrd bj;a lr fjkuu
f.dvlg tla lr .ekSu'
05' t;eka isg fmd<j uÜgfï
isg ógr 2 la .eUqrg mia bj;a
lsÍu l< hq;=h' tys§ fmdl=fKa
udhsfï isg fmdl=K ;=<g
wdk; jk f,i mia bj;a
lsÍug ie<ls,su;a úh hq;=h'
bj;a lrk mia fmdl=K jgd
jeáhla f,i tla lsÍfuka
fmdl=fKys jfÜ odrh ì§
leã hdu j,lajd .; yelsh'
f.dúlï iÕrdj24
fmdl=Kg by<ska uiqka
we,a,Sug fhdod.kakd
oe,lska wdjrKh lr Èh
ldjqka" fldl=ka" ms<syqvqjka
jeks mlaISkaf.ka jk ydks o
j<lajd.; yelsh'
fmdl=fKa c, uÜgu
ógr 1'5 - 2 w;r wiajkq
fk,k f;la fkdlvjd
mj;ajd .ekSug ie<ls<su;a
úh hq;=h' we.s,a,ka ;ekam;a
lsÍfuka udi 08 - 10 ld,
iSudjl§ u;aiH wiajekak
,nd .; yelsh' wiajkq fk,k
wjia:dj jk úg m%Yia: ;;a;aj
hgf;a jevqKq u;aiHhl=f.a
idudkH nr .%Eï 750 - 1000 la
muK jk w;r wfmalaIs; uq¿
u;aiH wiajekak lsf,da 800 la
muK fõ'
10' fufia ilid .;a
fmdl=Kg i;shlg muK
miqj u;aiH weÕs,a,ka
;ekam;a l< yelsh'
fï jk úg
fmdl=fKys c,h fld,
ÿUqre ñY% j¾Khla .kS'
fld< meyehg jvd;a
wdikak meyehla .kS kï
tys Ydl ma,jdx. jeämqr
we;' ÿUqre meyehg jvd;a
wdikak meyehla .kS
kï tys i;a;aj ma,jdx.
jeämqr we;' tfukau
tu wjia:dfõ § iqÿ meye
mSßishla c,fha wähla muK
.s,ajk úg fkdfmkS hhs kï
uiqka yg m%udKj;a wdydr
we;s njg ie,lsh yelsh' óg
wu;rj uiqka i|yd wdydr
m%udKj;a fkdjk úg wdydr
ilia lr ,nd §uo isÿ l<
hq;= fõ'
fujeks j¾.
ógr 500la jk fmdl=Kg
u;aiH we.s,a,ka 1500 lg
muK jeãug wjldYh
we;' ;s,dmshd" leÜ,d"
frdayq" ñß.d,a" flduka
ldma" is,aj¾ ldma" ì.a fyâ
ldma jeks u;aiH j¾. fufia
j.d l< yelsh' wNsckk
uOHia:dk j,ska /f.k tk
u;aiH we.s,a,ka fmdl=K
;=<g uqod yeÍu tljr
isÿ fkdl< hq;=h' m<uqj
we.s,a,ka iys; fmd,s;ska u¿
fmdl=Kq c,fha ñks;a;= 10 -
15 l muK ld,hla mdfjñka
;sfnkakg yer miqj u¿
újr lr flfuka fmdl=Kq
c,h u¿ ;=<g we;=¿ ùug
i,iajd l%ufhka uiqka yg
u¿ ;=,ska msg ù hdug bv
yeßh hq;= fõ' tfia lsÍ-
fuka mßir ;;a;aj fjkia
ùu ksid we;sjk úvdj ksid
uiqka ñh hdu wju lr .;
yelsh'
fmdl=K jgd ógrhla
muK Wig l=vd isÿre iys;
oe,lska wdjrKh lsÍfuka
lnreka" Èhn,a,ka jeks
úf,damsl i;=kaf.ka
u;aiHhskag úh yels ydks
md,kh l< hq;= fõ' ;jo
ñßÈh u;aiH j.dj ms<sn| Tnj
oekqj;a lrkafka"
iS' wd¾' ;srdK.uf.a
;dlaIK iyhl ^lDIs jHdma;s&
lDIs ;dlaIK WoHdk tallh
.kafkdarej
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 25
Y%S ,dxlSh wmyg ù
f.dú;efkys È.= ld,Sk
b;sydihla mj;S' ta ta
foaY.=Ksl yd ld<.=Ksl
;;a;ajhkg wkql+, jQ ù
m%fNaohkays wjYH;djh
bgq lsÍu i|yd n;,f.dv
ù m¾fhaIK yd
ixj¾Ok wdh;kh yd
wkqnoaO wdh;k úiska
ksrka;rj ù m%fNao y÷kajd§u
isÿ lrk ,È' fuys§ jeä
wjOdkh udi 3 1$2 ù m%fNao
i|yd jQ w;r udi 03 ù
m%fNao o ie,lsh hq;=
m%udKhla y÷kajd §u isÿ
lr we;' h, uy lkak
foflysu jeä jYfhka
j.d flfrk jhia ldKavh
udi 3 1$2 jk w;r udi 03
ldKavh fojk ;ekg m;aj
we;'
kuq;a uE; ld,Sk
ld<.=Ksl úm¾hdi yuqfõ
lkakhg isÿ lrk ù j.dj
ksrka;rj wys;lr n,mEï
j,g ,lafõ' kshx ;;a;ajhka
fya;= fldg f.k uyd jdß
m%foaY j, ù j.djg m%udKj;a
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
c,h iemhSfï wmyiq;d mek
kef.k w;r iq¿ jdßud¾.
iy wyia Èfhka j.d
flfrk l=Uqre ysñ f.dùka
o fuu ;;a;aj hgf;a
fnfyúka msvdjg m;aùu
fkdje<elaúh yels
lreKls' jßka jr we;sjk
c, ysÕ;dj u; udi 3 1$2
jhia ldKavfha ù j.dj
fndfyda ÿrg fuu m%foaY
j, wid¾:l ùu isÿfõ'
tksid wvq c, m%udKhlska
j.d l< yels flá ld,Sk ù
m%fNaohkays wjYH;dj kshx
f.dúlï iÕrdj26
;;a;aj hgf;a jvd;a oeäj
mj;S' ;jo f;;a l,dmSh ù
j.dj ie,lSfïÈ wêl jeis
fya;= fldgf.k lkakh
wdrïN lsÍu m%udo ùu yd
.xj;=r ksid j.d ydks isÿjQ
l=Uqre i|yd kej; j.djg o
flá ld,Sk ù m%fNaohkays
wjYH;djh b;d by<
uÜgul mj;S'
oekg lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska Bg 750" Bg 250" Bg 251 ^GSR&
yd Bg 252 hk udi 2 1$2
ldKavfha ù m%fNao y÷kajd
§ we;' bka Bg 750 m%fNaoh
f.dùka w;r t;rï m%p,s;
fkdjq w;r Bg 250 m%fNaoh
my;rg f;;a l,dmh
;=< t;rï ckm%sh;djhla
fkdolajhs' tneúka flá
ld,Sk ^Èk 90g wvq&
ù m%fNao y÷kajd§fï
wjYH;djhla §¾> ld,hl
isg mj;S' tf,iu kj ù
m%fNaohka f.dúuy;=ka
yd mdßfNda.slhka w;r
jvd;a m%p,s; lsrSu i|yd
wNsckkh flfrk kj ù
m%fNaohkays îc wjmeye ùug
Tfrd;a;= §u" frda. m<sfndaO
ydks wju ùu iy by<
wiajekafkka yd
.=Kd;aufhka hq;= ùu
jeks lreKq ms<snoj jvd;a
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ'
tneúka fuu
lreKq ish,a, wruqKq fldg
f.k ,nqÿj ù m¾fhaIK
ia:dkfha udi 2 1$2 ù
m%fNao wNsckkh lsÍfï
m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh isÿ fl-
reKs' fuysÈ wïn,kaf;dg
f.dú lafIa;%fhka fidhd
.ekqKq At 04 fláld,Sk
ù cdk ma,diauh Wmfhda.S
fldg f.k Ld 8-15-
30 f,i jrKhla f;dard
.ekSu isÿ flßKs' fuu
m%fNaoh ,nqÿj ù m¾fhaIK
ia:dkfhaÈ wiajkq mÍlaIK
j,go" m%fNao wkqj¾;s;
mÍlaIK hgf;a ,xldj mqrd
we;s m¾fhaIK lafIa;%j,
yd f.dú lafIa;% j,o
mÍlaIdjg Ndckh flreKs'
tu mÍlaIKhkaysÈ
by< iqÿiqlï fmkajQ fuu ù
m%fNaofha mj;sk .=Kd;auh"
wkqj¾;s;djh yd f.dùka
w;r mj;sk b,a,qu i,ld
n,d Ld 253 f,i 2016
j¾Ifha§ Y%S ,xldj mqrd
j.djg ks¾foaY lsÍu isÿ
lrk ,È'
Ld 253 ù m%fNaoh
uqrekalka m%foaYfhaÈ
fylagdrhg fgdka 10'1 l
by< wiajekakla j¾;d l<
w;r f;;a l,dmfhys by<
wiajekak fylagdrhg fgdka
4'73 la jq w;r th Wl=fj,
m%foaYfhka jd¾;d úh'
;jo fuu ù m%fNaoh úh<s
l,dmfha § idudkH wiajekak
fylaghdrhg fgdka 4'78
la jd¾;d l< w;r f;;a
l,dmfha È th fylaghdrhg
fgdka 3'53 la fõ'
b;d by<
.=Kd;aufhka hq;= iqÿ meye;s
uOHia: È.á iy,a iys; ù
m%fNaohla jk fuys
uOHia: weuhsf,dia
m%udKhla wvx.= jk
w;r msiq n; uDÿ
iajNdjfhka hqla; fõ' tu
ksid wdydrhg .ekSug we;s
jk reÑh jeäh' iy,a wegh
isyska È.á iajNdjhlska
hqla; jk w;r mdßfNda.sl
wdl¾IKh by<uÜgul
mj;S' iy,a msiSfï§ È. w;g
n;a weg j, Èla ùu isÿjk
ksid msiq n; ndiau;s n;a jeks
iajNdjhla .kS' ;jo
n; ms¿kq fkdù meh
12lg jeä ld,hla
;nd .ekSfï yelshdjla
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 27
mj;s' fuu m%fNaofha iy,a
msiQ miq n;a j, meyeh" iqj|
yd rih wdÈh i|yd jk
.=Kd;auh ms<sn| mÍlaIKf-
haÈ 90] jeä by< m%sh;djhla
jd¾;d lsÍug iu;a úh'
Ld 253 ù m%fNaofha
iskala" hlv yd fm%daàk hk
fmdaIH mod¾: wka;¾.;h
i|yd úYaf,aIKh isÿ flreKq
w;r tajdfha m%udKh ^iskala
26'1 ppm" hlv 38'75
ppm yd fm%daàk 6'02]&
,nq¥j ù m¾fhaIK
ia:dkfhka ks¾foaYs;
wfkl=;a udi 03 1$2 ù
m%fNaohka yd
ikaikaokd;aul uÜgul
mej;sKs'
frda. yd m<sfndaO
ydks ie,lSfïÈ fuu
m%fNaoh îc wjmeyeùu
i|yd by< m%;sfrdaë;djhla
olajhs' f.dla ueiaidf.a"
ÿUqreme< lSvEjdf.a ydksh
yd fld< md¿j i|yd
uOHia: m%;sfrdaë njla
Wiq,hs' fÊHIaG wNsckk
m¾fhaIK ks,OdÍ Ô'ta'
ðkodi uy;df.a yd ld¾h
uKav,fha odhl;ajfhka
,nq¥j ù m¾fhaIK ia:dkh
uÕska y÷kajd ÿka fuu
ù m%fNaoh f;;a l,dmSh
m¾fhaIK ia:dkhla úiska
jeä ÈhqKq fldg ks¾foaY
lrk ,o m<uq Èk 90 g
wvq flá ld,Sk ù m%fNaoh
fõ' fuu m%fNaoh úh<s
l,dmfha we;sjk wvq c,
;;a;aj hgf;a o f;;a
l,dmfha .xj;=r iy wêl
jeis fya;=fjka lkakh
mudjQ úg o flá ld,Sk ù
m%fNaohla f,i Ndú;d l<
yels wk.s y÷kajd §uls'
tï' iS' ñ,a,ú;dkÉÑ
Ô' ta' ðkodi
fÊ' fmdkakïfmreu wdrÉÑ
tï' ta' whs' ridka;s
hQ' ta' fÊ' r;akdhl
hq' tÉ' fla' ffjoHkd:
tia' tï' iS' tka o is,ajd
jhs' fÊ' moaud
jhs' tï' iS' yfrdaIdka
fla' fla' fÊ' jkaÈld
ù m¾fhaIK ia:dkh
,nqÿj
f.dúlï iÕrdj28
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
² ye|skaùu
c,fha .=Kd;aufhka
fnda.hkaf.a ksIamdos;;djhg
jk wys;lr n,mEu wju lr
.ekSu Wfoid .; hq;= kshñ;
mdxY= l<ukdlrK ms<sfj;a
iïmdokh lr .ekSu i|yd
fnda.hka fj; iemfhk jdß
c,fha iy tu fnda. ia:dmkh
lr we;s N+ñfha fkd.eUqre N+.;
c,fha .=Kd;aufhys ld,dkqrEmS
iy ia:dkSh úp,H;djhka
ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsÍu b;d
jeo.;ah' fï i|yd uyje,s
zztÉZZ l,dmfha ù yd w;sf¾l
wdydr fnda. j.d moaO;shl
jdß c,fha" c,jyk c,fha iy
j.d N+ñfha fkd.eUqre N+.;
c,fha .=Kd;aufha ld,dkqrEmS
iy ia:dkSh úp,H;djhka
wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd
m¾fhaIKhla Èh;a lrk ,§'
² l%ufõoh
wOHhk lafIa;%hkaf.a msysàu
iy wOHk ld,iSudj
l,djej c, uQ,dY%fha
jdß c,h iemfhk uyje,s
zztÉZZ l,dmhg wh;a ;,dj
yd .,akEj m%foaYj, msysá
ù - w;sf¾l wdydr fnda. j.d
rgdjla l%shd;aul lrk l=Uqre
bvï folla fuu wOHhkh
i|yd f;dard .kakd ,§' uy
lkakh ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd
2014 j¾Ifha ckjdß isg ud¾;=
udihkays§;a" h, lkakh
ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd tu
jif¾u cQks ui isg iema;eïn¾
udihkays§;a c, idïm,"
úYaf,aIK lghq;= i|yd
tla/ia lrk ,oS'
rEmigyk 1 - isÿre iys; mS'ù'iS' k,
ia:dms; lrk ,o ia:dk i,l=Kq lr
mj;sk ^w& ;,dj iy ^wd& .,akEj
wOHhk mrsY%hkaf.a pkaøsld PdhdrEm
^w&
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 29
tu f;dard.;a l=Uqre bvï j,g
wod, fl;a we<j,ska" c,jyk
we< ud¾. j,ska iy ia:dms;
lrk ,o isÿre iys; mS'ù'iS'
k, j,ska iEu c, uqrhlg
jrla ne.ska c, idïm, tla/ia
lr .kakd ,oS'
c, idïm, úYaf,aIKh lsÍu
iïu; úoHd.dr
úYaf,aIK l%u Wmfhda.S lr
.ksñka c, idïm, j, úoHq;a
ikakdhl;djh" mS'tÉ' w.h"
fidaähï" le,aishï" ue.akSishï
iy fmdgEishï whk
idkaøKhka kS¾Kh lrk ,o
w;r zzfidaähï weífidamaIka
j.=j 1 - ;,dj (n = 8 - 14) iy .,akEj (n = 8 - 12) mrsY%hkaf.a 2013$14 uy iy 2014 h, lkak j,oS fl;a we< ud¾.j, iy
fCIa;%fha c,jyk we< ud¾.j, c,fha uOHkH úoHq;a ikakdhl;djhka" mS' tÉ' w.hka" fidaähï whk idkaøKhka" le,aishï
whk idkaøKhka" ue.akSishï whk idkaøKhka" fmdgEishï whk idkaøKhka iy "SAR" w.hka
mrdñ;slh m%Njh;,dj .,akEj
2013$14 uy 2014 h, 2013$14 uy 2014 h,
úoHq;a ikakdhl;djh
^ógrhg fvis iSukaia&
fl;a we< ud¾.h 0.31 b 0.26 b 0.33 b 0.28 b
c,jyk we< ud¾.h 0.53 a 0.57 a 0.60 a 0.66 a
mS' tÉ'fl;a we< ud¾.h 8.1 a 7.9 a 8.1 a 7.9 a
c,jyk we< ud¾.h 7.6 b 7.8 a 7.7 b 7.5 b
fidaähï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&
fl;a we< ud¾.h 12.6 b 19.1 b 19.8 a 16.0 b
c,jyk we< ud¾.h 30.7 a 45.1 a 28.2 a 41.3 a
le,aishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&
fl;a we, ud¾.h 8.0 a 7.9 a 8.2 a 7.9 a
c, wmjyk we, ud¾.h 7.6 b 7.8 a 7.6 b 7.5 b
ue.akSishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&
fl;a we< ud¾.h 61.4 b 103.7 b 90.1 b 64.4 b
c,jyk we< ud¾.h 139.7 a 130.8 a 105.0 a 156.2 a
"SAR"fl;a we< ud¾.h 0.3 b 0.4 b 0.4 a 0.5 b
c,jyk we< ud¾.h 0.5 a 0.8 a 0.6 a 0.8 a
fmdgEishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&
fl;a we< ud¾.h 6.6 a 4.2 a 5.7 a 5.1 a
c,jyk we< ud¾.h 6.4 a 2.9 b 4.7 a 3.9 aiudk bx.S%is wËrhka iu.ska olajd we;s uOHkakh w;r p = 0.05 uÜgfï§ meyeos,s fjkila ke;'
f¾Isfhda˜ (Sodium Absorption
Ratio - SAR) w.hka .Kkh
lrk ,§'
² m%;sM,
;,dj iy .,akEj
m%foaY foflys wod, wOHhk
fCIa;%j, fl;a we< j,ska
imhk ,o jdß c,fhys iy
wod, c,jyk we< ud¾. j,
c,jyk c,fhys úYaf,aIKh
lrk ,o c,fha .=Kd;auh
ms<sn|j jQ c, mrdñ;slhkaf.a
w.hka j.= wxl 1 uÕskao
fkd.eUqre N+.; c,fha
úYaf,aIs; mrdñ;slhkaf.a
w.hka j.= wxl 2 uÕska o olajd
we;'
^wd&
úYaf,aIKh i|yd c, idïm,
tla/ia lsÍu
f;dard .;a l=Uqre
bvï j, fkd.eUqre N+.; c,
idïm, tla/ia lr .ekSug
N+ñfha wdk;sh wkqj by< isg
my<g jk mßos isÿre iys;
mS'ù'iS' k, ia:dk.; lrk ,§'
f.dúlï iÕrdj30
j.=j 2 - ;,dj (n = 12-21) iy .,akEj (n = 12 - 18) mrsY%hkaf.a 2013$14 uy iy 2014 h, lkak j,oS fkd.eUqre
N+.; c,fhys uOHkH úoHq;a ikakdhl;djhka" mS' tÉ' w.hka" fidaähï whk idkaøKhka" le,aishï whk idkaøKhka"
ue.akSishï whk idkaøKhka" fmdgEishï whk idkaøKhka iy "SAR" w.hka
mrdñ;slh mS'ù'iS' k,h;,dj .,akEj
2013$14 uy 2014 h, 2013$14 uy 2014 h,
úoHq;a ikakdhl;djh
^ógrhg fvis isukaia&
by< 0.38 b 0.31 b 0.51 a 0.30 c
uOHu 0.40 b 0.34 b 0.62 a 0.72 b
my< 0.75 a 0.68 a 0.64 a 0.95 a
mS' tÉ'
by< 6.9 b 7.2 b 7.1 b 7.3 b
uOHu 7.0 b 7.3 b 7.2 ab 7.5 a
my< 7.4 a 7.6 a 7.4 a 7.6 a
fidaähï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&
by< 14.7 b 19.3 b 23.1 b 22.4 b
uOHu 16.7 b 23.4 b 49.4 a 29.7 b
my< 43.9 a 62.5 a 30.1 b 40.0 a
le,aishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&
by< 6.9 c 7.2 b 7.2 a 7.3 b
uOHu 7.0 b 7.3 b 7.4 a 7.5 a
my< 7.7 a 7.5 a 7.4 a 7.4 ab
ue.akSishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&
by< 69.6 b 91.7 b 121.3 b 143.5 a
uOHu 80.5 b 103.0 ab 150.6 ab 95.7 a
my< 100.1 a 111.9 a 177.9 a 101.9 a
"SAR"
by< 0.4 b 0.5 b 0.5 b 0.4 c
uOHu 0.4 b 0.5 b 0.9 a 0.8 b
my< 0.9 a 1.3 a 0.5 b 1.2 a
fmdgEishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&
by< 5.4 a 2.9 a 6.8 a 4.0 a
uOHu 5.4 a 2.8 a 4.9 a 3.7 a
my< 5.0 a 1.6 b 4.3 a 2.4 a
iudk bx.S%is wËrhka iu.ska olajd we;s uOHkakh w;r p = 0.05 uÜgfï§ meyeos,s fjkila ke;'
rEmigyk 3 - c, idïm, tla/ia lsrSurEmigyk 2 - isÿre iys; mS'ù'iS' k, fCIa;%fha ia:dms; lsrSu
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 31
wOHhkh l%shd;aul
lrk ,o uyje,s uydjdß
jHdmdrhg wh;a ;,dj
iy .,akEj hk m%foaY
foflys f;dard .;a ù" w;sf¾l
wdydr fnda. j.d rgd
moaO;sfhys jdßc,fha"
c,jyk c,fha iy fnda.
hka ia:dms; N+ñfha fkd.eUqre
N+.; c,fhys úoHq;a
ikakdhl;djhka" mS'tÉ' w.hka"
fidaähï whk idkaøKhka"
le,aishï whk idkaøKhka iy
'SAR' w.hka f,dal wdydr
yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh úiska
jdrS c,h i|yd ks¾foaYs; tu
mrdñ;slhkaf.a iïu; m%udK
mrdihka ^j.=j 3& ;=< msysgd
we; ^j.=j 1 yd 2&'
j.=j 3 - f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u
ixúOdkh u.ska m%ldYs; jdß c,fha
.=Kd;auh ms<sn|j jeo.;ajk
mrdñ;slhkaf.a mj;sk idudkH w.hka
(FAO, 1985)
mrdñ;slh
jdß c,fhys
mj;sk
idudkH
w.hka
úoHq;a
ikakdhl;djh
^ógrhg fvis
isukaia&
< 0.7
mS' tÉ' 6.0 - 8.4
fidaähï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&0 - 900
le,aishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&0 - 400
ue.akSishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&0 - 60
"SAR" 0 - 3
fmdgEishï
^,Sgrhg ñ,s.%Eï&0 - 2
wOHhk lghq;= isÿ
lrk ,o 2013$14 uy iy 2014
h, lkak fol mqrdjgu jd¾;d
jQ wod, c, m%Njhkaf.ka
,nd.;a c,fha ue.akSishï iy
fmdgEishï whk idkaøKhka
f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u
ixúOdkh uÕska m%ldYhg m;a
lr mj;sk jdß c,fha yuqjk
idudkH m%udKhkag ^j.=j 3&
idfmalaIj by< w.hla
fmkakqï lrkq ,nhs ^j.=j 1 yd
2&'
;jo c,jyk we<
ud¾. j,ska ,nd.;a c,jyk
c,fha iy N+ñfha my< nEjqï
fldgisska ,nd.;a fkd.eUqre
N+.; c,fha fidaähï iy
ue.akSishï whk idkaøKhka
idfmalIj by< w.hla
fmkakqï lrk ,o w;r ^j.=j
1 yd 2& tu ;;a;ajhka mi
;=< isÿjk tu whkhkaf.a
;sria yd isria ixprkhkag
ke;fyd;a mdxY= moaO;sfha isg
N+ c, moaO;shg iy c,jyk
c, moaO;shg isÿjk
ixprKhkag idlaIs imhkq
,nhs' lkak fol ;=<oSu fl;a
we< ud¾. j,ska imhk ,o
jdß c,fhys mS'tÉ' w.hka"
le,aishï iy fmdgEishï whk
idkaøKhka idfmalIj by<
w.hla .kakd ,oS ^j.=j 1&'
mßYS,kh (
FAO. 1985. Water quality
for agriculture, irrigation and
drainage. R. S. Ayers and D.
W. Westcot. Irrigation and
Drainage Paper 29. FAO,
Rome.
wd¾' ta' iS' fþ' fmf¾rd"fCIa;% fnda. m¾fhaIK
yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh"
uyb¨mam,a,u
hQ' ví' tA' ú;drK"lDIsl¾u mSGh"
fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h"
tka' wd¾' ta' kjr;ak"fCIa;% fnda. m¾fhaIK
yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh"
uyb¨mam,a,u
f.dúlï iÕrdj32
t<j¨ ksIamdokh i|yd
rgg wjYH lrk fndfydauhla
fmdfydr j¾." wêl
úhoula ord rch úiska
furgg f.kajd iykodhS f,i
f.dùka w;g m;a lrkq ,nhs'
iuyr f.dùka úiska fuu
fmdfydr wl%uj;a yd wêl f,i
mig fhdoñka wiajkq jeälr
.ekSfï W;aidyhl fhfoa'
fujka l%shdldrlï fi!LHuh
yd mdßißl .eg¨ rdYshlg ;=vq
oS we;' wêl f,i f.dú ìï j,g
fhdok fmdfydr wmOdjh yd
CISrKh uÕska c,ud¾. Tiafia
f.dia c, m%Nj wmú;% lrkq
,nhs' fuysoS mdßißl ;=,kh
ì| jefÜ' tfukau m%udKh
blaujd îug .kakd c,fha
oshù we;s khsfÜ%Ü jeks whk
j¾. uÕska oreKq frdA.dndO
;;a;aj we;s úh yel' ;jo
fmdfydr j, wmøjH f,i ;sìh
yels ner f,day øjH uÕska mi
yd c,h ¥IKh ùug;a tuÕska
wmf.a fi!LHhg ;¾ckhla
we;sùug;a yel' fujka fndfyda
ldrK fya;=fjka mdßfNda.slhska
jiúfika f;dr wdydr
rgdjla i|yd fhduqfjñka mj;S'
óg úi÷ula f,i j¾;udkfha
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a ffcj
fmdfydr Ndú;hg fhduq
fjñka mj;S' ffcj fmdfydr
hkq mfiys iajNdúlj Ôj;a
jk ys;lr CIqø Ôùka fhdod
.ksñka mfiys idrj;a nj
jeälr fnda. j,g wjYH
fmdaIKh ,nd oSu i|yd fhdod
.kakd CIqø Ôùka wvx.= øjHhls'
f,dj wka rgj,a
úúO ffcj fmdfydr
tkï khsg%cka ;sr lrk
fmdiamria iy fmdgEishï
t<j¨ fnda. j.dj i|yd khsg%cka imhk
ffcj fmdfydrla f,i nelaàßhdkq wduql+,khla
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
l=uqÿ kjr;ak" WoHdk fnda. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" .kafkdarej
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 33
oshlrk yd Ydl j¾Ok
fyda¾fudak ksl=;a lrk CIqø
Ôùka fhdod .ksñka úúO
ffcj fmdfydr ksIamdokh
lrkq ,nhs' tfukau fuu
fmdfydr úYd, wkaoñka
f,dal fj<|fmdf<ys yqjudre
fjñka Ndú;hg .efka'
wm rfgys fj,|fmdf<yso
furg ksIamdos; ffcj
fmdfydr ;rula ÿrg we;' kuq;a
ridhksl fmdfydr fuka
ffcj fmdfydr wdkhkh
lsÍu kS;sh uÕska wjysr lr
we;' Bg fya;=j" CIqø Ôùka hkq
mshú weiska oelsh fkdyels
Ôùka fldgila jk w;r
Tjqkaf.a ls%hdldrlï ir,
;dlaIKh WmfhdA.s lr.ksñka
wOHhkh l< fkdyels ùuhs'
Tjqkaf.a mej;au yd Ôjk
rgdj mj;sk mdßißl idOl yd
;;a;aj i|yd iqúfYaIs jk w;r
wd.ka;=l mßir ;;a;aj j,oS
Tjqkaf.a l%shdldrlï fjkia
úh yel' iuyr wjia:d j,
osS tla mßirhlg ys;lr jk
Ôùka ;j;a mßir ;;ajhloS tys
jik ys;lr Ôùkag ;¾ckhla
jk wjia:d o we;' fujeks oE
wm i;= ir, ;dlAIKh uÕska
ksrdjrKh lr .; fkdyel'
fï ksid hï mßirhlg wjYH
ys;lr Ôùka tu mßirfhkau
fjka lr .=Kkh lr kej; tu
mßirhgu fhdod .ekSu ffcj
fmdfydr Ndú;fha oS jeoy;a
yd ie,lsh hq;= isoaOdka;hls'
tneúka wdkhksl ffcj
fmdfydr Ndú;h m%;sM, rys;
yd ydks odhl úh yel' tu ksid
wmg wjYH ffcj fmdfydr
wm mßirfhkau ksiaidrkh
lr .;a CIqø Ôùka uÕska
ksIamdokh lr .; hqq;=h' fï
wkqj tla tla mßir ;;a;ajhka
i|yd khsg%cka ;sr lrk
fmdiamria iy fmdgEishï
oshlrk yd Ydl j¾Ok
fydafudak ksl=;a lrk CIqø
Ôùka wod, mrsirfhkau
ksiaidrkh lr .=Kkh lr
ffcj fmdfydr f,i ilia
lr fnda. i|yd fhdod .;
hq;=fõ' tfiau tu ffcj
fmdfydr úúO fnda. iy úúO
m%foaY i|yd WÑ; wkqÑ; nj
m¾fhaIK uÕska ;yjqre lr
.; hq;= fõ'
fujka .eg¨ yd
lreKq uq,a lr.ksñka t<j¨
fnda. j.dj i|yd khsg%cka
imhk ffcj fmdfydrla f,i
nelaàßhdkq wduql+,khla ilia
lsÍug wruqK lr .kakd ,oS'
^fujka lreKq i,ld n,d
.kafkdArej WoHdk fnda.
m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
wdh;kfha mdxY= ridhk úoHd
wxYfha CIqø Ôù tallh uÕska
khsg%cka ;sr lrk CIqø Ôùka
wduql+,khla úYaf,aKh lr
we;'&
l%ufõoh
m%:ufhkau fuu
m%foaYfha tkï .kafkdrej
^WM2b lDIs foaY.=K
l,dmfhys& mfiys jefjk úúO
Ydl j¾. /il tkï ;lald,s"
ñßia" f.dajd" flfi,a" ynr,"
;ïm,d" f.dgqfld, wdosfhys
uq,a wdY%s; mia kshos tla lr
.kakd ,o’' wk;=rej mdxY= CIqø
Ôùka ksiaidrKh lsÍu i|yd
wvq WIaK;aj hgf;a .nvd lrk
,oS' khsg%cka ;sr lrk mdxY=
CIqø Ôùka ksiaidrKh lsÍu
i|yd úfYaIs; jQ >k fmdaIl
udOHhla wdOdrfhka tla tla
ksheosfha jQ khsg%cka ;sr lrk
mdxY= nelaàßhd ksiaidrkh lr
jeãug wjYH mßir idOl
imhk ,os' fuf,i j¾Okh
jk nelaàßhdkq ckmo j,
.yk >k;ajh yd ¾Ok fõ.h
wkqj iqÿiq j¾. jrKhlg
,la lr kej; kej;;a >k
fmdaIl udOHh wdOdrfhka msßisÿ
taldldr .ykh;a ,efnk f;la
lSm j;djla ksiaidrKh lrk
,os’ wjidkfha b;d msßisÿ yd
taldldr .yk y;rla ynr,
flfi,a mqjla yd fldia hk
Ydl uq,a wdY%fhka ,nd .kakd
,os' tajd alo, ban, are, jack f,i
ir,j kdulrKh lrK ,oS'
wk;=rej fudjqkaf.a khsg%cka
;sr lsÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj uek
f.dúlï iÕrdj34
ne,Su wjYH úh' fï i|yd
wka rgj,a b;d by, ;dlaIK
l%ufõo Ndú;d l<o fuysoS ta
i|yd ir, l%u fõohla Ndú;d
lrk ,oS' tkï ksiaidrKh
lrk ,o tu nelaàßhd .yk
fjka jYfhka øj fmdaIl udOH
;=< j.d lr øj fmdfydrla
f,i ilia lr fnda. j,g
fhdod tys úúO j¾Ol mrdñ;Ska
úYaf,aIKh lrk ,oS' fï
i|yd .yk >k;ajh jeä lr
.ekSu;a" kej; kej; udOH
udre lrñka tu .yk j,
mú;%;djh wdrlaId lr ;yjqre
lr .ekSu;a b;d jeo.;a úh'
ke;fyd;a jd;fha yd wjg
mßirfha Ôj;a jk fjk;a
CIqø Ôùka uÕska tu fmdfydr
wdidokh ù úkdY úh yel'
fï wdldrhg øj
udOHfha ilia lr j¾Okh lr
.;a tla tla nelaàßhd .yk
f;dard .;a t<j¨ fnda. lsysmhla
j.dlsÍu i|yd Ndú;d flßk'
tkï ud¨ñßia" ;lald,s" ngq
yd nKavlald j.d i|yd
fhdod .eKsk' fuysoS khsg%cka
fmdaIlfha Ok md,lh i|yd
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=
ks¾foaYs; hQßhd fmdfydr
o RK md,lh f,i lsis÷
khsg%cka fmdfydrla Ndú;d
fkdlsÍuo isÿ l< w;r
fmdiamria yd fmdgEishï
fmdfydr lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;= ks¾foaYs;
wdldrhg ish,qu m%;sldrl
i|yd iemhsks' iEu
m%;sldrlhla i|ydu m%;sj,s;
6la Ndú;d l< w;r mQ¾K wyUq
l%uh ^Completely Randomized Design) fhdod .ksñka me<
.Dyh ;=< fmdaÉÑ Ndú;d
lrñka m¾fhaIKh isÿ lrk
,oS'
m%;sldrl
- T1 md,lh
^khsg%cka fmdfydr
fkdue;&
- T2 hQßhd muKls
- T3 Alo wduql+,kh
(Alocasia spp.)
- T4 Are wduql+,kh
(Arecanut (Areca cateshu))
- T5 Ban wduql+,kh
(Banana (Musa acumi-
nata))
- T6 Jack wduql+,kh
(Jackfruit (Artocarpushet-
erophyllus))
wjidkfha u,a msfmk
wjêfhaoS Ydl W÷rd
kejqï nr" úh,s nr" lf|ys
Wi m;% m%udKh yd wjfYdaIs;
khsg%cka m%udKh wdos mrdñ;Ska
ixLHdñ;slj úYaf,aYKh
lrk ,oS' tys m%;sM, wkqj iEu
nelaàßhdkq .ykhlau ie,lsh
hq;= m%udKhlska tu fnda.
j,g khsg%cka imhd we;s njg
ksÍlaIKh lrk ,oS'
by; m¾fhaIK
m%;sM, wkqj tla nelaàßhdkq
.ykhla muKla Ndú;d lr
tkï l| Ndú;d lr kej;;a
fuu m¾fhaIKh úúO hQßhd
uÜgï j,g wdfoaY lrñka
isÿlrk ,oS'
ta wkqj my; m%;sldrl
Ndú;d lrñka tla tla
m%;sldrlh i|yd m%;sj,s; 6
ne.ska fhdod .ksñka ud¨ñßia
CA 8 m%fNaoh me< .Dy ;=<
fmdaÉÑ Ndú;fhka j.d flreKq
w;r u,amsfmk wjêfhaoS Ydl
Wÿrd kejqï nr" úh<s nr" lf|ys
Wi m;% m%udKh wdos mrdñ;Ska
ixLHdñ;slj úYaf,aYKh
lrk ,oS' fuysoS o mQ¾K wyUq
l%ufõoh wkq.ukh lrk ,§'
m%;sldrl
- md,lh ^khsg%cka fmdfydr
fkdue;&
- 25] hQßhd iy wduql+,kh
- 50] hQßhd iy wduql+,kh
- 75] hQßhd iy wduql+,kh
- 100] hQßhd iy wduql+,kh
- wduql+,kh muKla
- hQßhd muKla
tys m%;sM, j.=j wxl 1
mßos fõ'
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 35
j.=j 1 - ixnHdñ;slj
úYaf,aYKh lrk ,o mrdñ;sl
j, idudkH w.h me<hlg
jYfhka olajd we;'
m%;sM, úYaf,aIKh
by; m%;sM,
úYaf,aIKfhaoS mQ¾K úh,s nr
i|yd hQßhd 50% + wduql+,kh
iqúfYaIs f,i by< w.hla
fmkakqï lrk w;r khsg%cka
wjfYdaIKfha uOHkH w.h
o by< w.hla jd¾;d lr
we;' fï wkqj by< j¾Ok
w.hka fmkakqï lrk fuu
m%;sldrlh uÕska hqßhd uÕska
fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska imhk
fnda. khsg%cka wjYH;djfhka
50] l m%udKhla ,ndosh yels
njg ksÍlaIKh úh' tfukau
wduql+,kh yd hQßhd imhk
iEu wjia:djlu hQßhd
uÕska muKla fmkakqï l<
w.hkag jvd jeä w.hka
úYaf,aYs; mrdñ;Ska i|yd
jd¾;d lr we;' fï wkqj fuu
nelaàßhdkq wduql+,khg
tu fnda.fha khsg%cka
wjYH;djfhka 50% iemhSug
yels nj wkdjrKh úh'
ms,siaiQ oyhshd wÕ=re m%jdylhla f,i
øj udOHfha frdams;
nelaàßhd mßyrKh ;jÿrg;a
myiq lsÍu i|yd >k udOHhla
m%jdylhla f,i fhdod .ekSug
wjYH;djla mek ke.sk' fï
i|yd úúO øjH /ila Ndú;fha
mj;sk w;r ta w;ßka jvd;a
,dnodhS ms,siaiQ oyhshd w.=re
m%jdylhla f,i iqÿiqoehs
mÍlaId lrk ,oS' ta wkqj
ms<siaiQ oyhshd wÕ=re nelaàßhd
.ykh uÕska wduql=,kh lr
ld,h;a iuÕ Tjqkaf.a mej;au
ksÍlaIKh lrk ,oS' tuÕska
my; m%;sM, jd¾;d úh'
j.=j - 1
m%;sldrlhlf|ys Wi
^fikaáóg¾&
uqf,ys os.
^fikaáóg¾&
lf|ys nr
^.%Eï&
uq¨ úh<s nr
^.%Eï&
iïmQ¾K wjfYdaIs; khsg%cka j,
uOHhkak w.h ^me<hlg ñ,s.%Eï&
md,lh 69.32 b 24.72 d 3.6 b 4.56 b 5.57c
hQßhd 25] + wduql+,kh 88.4 a 28.85 dc 6.57 a 7.95 a 16.72 a
hQßhd 50] + wduql+,kh 90.82a 36.12 ab 6.68 a 8.41 a 16.95 a
hQßhd 75] + wduql+,kh 92.95a 38.2 a 5.55 a 7.15 a 15.4ab
hQßhd 100] + wduql+,kh 90.3 a 36.38a b 6.3 a 7.78 a 14.79ab
100] wduql+,kh 58.98 c 32.43 bc 2.78 b 3.86 b 4.97c
hQßhd 100] 71.43b 38.2 a 4.03 b 5.19 b 10.29b
j.=j 2 - ms,siaiQ oyhshd wÕ=rej,
wduql=,kh l< nelaàßhdkq
.yk >k;ajh ld,h iuÕ
fjkia jQ whqre
ld, mrdih
.yk >k;ajh
Colony forming units/ gram of BRH
udi 1 g miq 2.47 - 108
udi 2 g miq 2.35 - 108
udi 3 g miq 1.33 - 108
by; m%;sM, wkqj
udi 3 l ld, mrdihl
nelaàßhdkq .ykh ie,lsh hq;=
uÜgulska fkdfjkiaj
mj;ajd f.k hdug ms,siaiQ
oyhshd wÕ=rej,g yelshdj we;'
tneúka th iqÿiq nelaàßhdkq
m%jdylhka f,i Ndú;d l<
yel'
f.dúlï iÕrdj36
yskaÿ Nla;slhka úiska fuu Ydlh
fyda,s Ydlh (Holy plant) f,i o y÷kajkq
,nkqfha úIaKq foúhka i|yd fuu me<Eáh
Ndú;d lrñka wd.ñl j;dj;a lrñka
jkaokdudk lrk fyhsks' ;=,ais
me<Eáhla fkdue;s ñÿ,la iys; f.hla
wiïmQ¾K ksjila f,i i,lk ;rugu
th Tjqka w;r m%p,s; nj i|yka fjhs'
úIaKq yd l%sYaKd foúhka fj; msfok mQckSh
Ydlhla f,i i,lk jdikdj f.kfok me<Eáhla
f,i bkaoshdkq ck iudch ;=< .Dyia:j j.d lrkq
,nk—;=,ais˜ kñka y÷kajkq ,nk ;,d úfYaIhla
m,;=re ueiaid md,kh i|yd fhdod .; yels nj
wÕ=Kfld<me,eiai Y%S ,xld lDIsl¾u úoHd,hSh
uQ,sl fËa;% wOHhkhloS wkdjrKh lr.; yelsúh'
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 37
bkaoshdfõ ;=,aishk
kdufhkao Y%S ,xldfõ
;,d hkqfjka o fmdÿ
jHjydrfha fhfok fuu
mE<Eáh ,eñfhaisfha
^Lamiaceae) l=,hg yd Tisuï
^Ocimum) >Khg wh;ajk
w;r WoaNso úoHd;aulj
Tisuï fgkqhsmaf,drï
^Ocimum tenuiflorum&
fyda Tisuï iekalagï
^Ocimum sanctum& f,i
y÷kajkq ,nhs'
;=,ais Ydl j,
b;d w;HdjYH iq.kaOj;a
f;,a wvx.= jk w;r tajd
Euginol, Methyl euginol,
Caryophyllene f,i
kï lr we;' ;jo fuu
Ydlidrhkays m%;sTlaisldrl
.=K" m%;scSjl .=K" os,SrkdYl
yd nelaàßhdkdYl
.=K fukau úIîc
kdYl .=K we;s neúka
WK frda.h" oshjeähdj"
yDofrda." udkisl wd;;sh"
jl=.vq .,a" ms<sld jeks frda.
.Kkdjla iqj lsÍu ioyd
wdhq¾fõo T!IO ksIamdok
j,oS fhdod .kq ,nk nj
i|yka fjhs' fndfyda ;,d
úfYaIhka lDñ i;=ka
m,jdyrsk .=Kdx. oelajqjo
m,;=re ueiaikaa wdl¾Ykh
lr.ekSsfï úfYAI .=Kdx.
hla tla ;=,ais úfYAIhla i;=j
we;s nj;a tfia wdl¾Ykh
jkqfha m,;=re ueiaidf.a
msrsñ i;=ka muKla nj;a tu
wOHhkfhaoS ukdj meyeos,s
úh'
YS% ,xldfõ oelsh yels úúO ;,d úfYAI
ySka;,d ^m;% iy kgq ,d fld< meye;s&
uÿre ;,d
uy ;,d
m;% ,d fld, meye /,s iys;
ySka ;,d ^m;% ;o fld, meye;s kgq ,d oï&
uy;,d ^m;% ,d fld, meye;s&
m;% fld, meye /,s iys;
uy ;,d ^m;% ;o fld, meye;s&
f.dúlï iÕrdj38
fï wdldrhg
m,;=re ueiaidf.a úúO udos,s
(Bactocera spp.) fuu Ydlh
jgd tla /iajkq y÷kd.;
yels úh' Ydlfha mqIAm
msmSu iuÕ iajNdúlj ta
fj; fudjqka tla/ia jqjo
Ydl fldgia l=vd len,s
f,i fmdälr ;eîfïoS
fudjqka úYd, jYfhka talrdYS
jknj uQ,sl jYfhka fuu
wOHhkfha oS ksrSËKh úh'
mqIam mrd.kfhka
miq yg.kakd îc fïrSug
m%:u wjia:dfõoS Ydl fj;
tl;= jk ueiaika ixLHdj
wfkla wjia:djkag id-
fmaËj jeä nj;a Ydl
fldgia l=vd fldgia
j,g levQ úg blauKska
wdl¾Ykh jk nj;a
wOHhkfha§ fy<súh'
ta wkqj m,;=re ueis
W.=, i|yd ó;hs,a bhqcsfkda,a
(Methyl euginol) fjkqjg
wdfoaYlhla f,i ;=,ais me<Eá
fldgia ;eîu uÕska rxpq
jYfhka m,;=re ueiaidf.a
msrsñ i;=ka muK-
la tla /ialr .; yels
nj fuu wOHhkfhaoS
meyeos,s úh' ;=,ais me<Eá
fldgia l=vd len,s j,g lvd
fmdälr fyda ;,d fyda wUrd
.;a m,amhla f,i fyda ueis
W.=, i|yd Ndú;d lsÍfï§
ó;hs,a bhqcsfkda,a j,g
iudk jQ m%;sM, ,ndfoa'
ó;hs,a bhqcsfkda,a
fjkqjg wdfoaYlhla f,i
Ndú;d l< yelsùfuka úhoï
rys; l%uhla f,i;a mßir
ys;ldó l%uhla fukau
f.j;af;a j.d lsÍfuka
myiqfjka imhd .;
yelsùu;a jeks fya;= ksid
j¾;udkfha Woa.;ù
we;s m,;=re ueiaidf.ka
m,;=re krlaùfuka isÿjk
ydks wju lr .; yelsjkq
we;'
bkaoshdfõ ;=,ais hk
kdufhkao ,xldfõ ;,d
hkqfjkao fmdÿ jHjydrfha
fhfok ;,d úfYAI .Kkdjla
;=,ais nSc
;=,ais Ydl j.d fCIa;%h
mqIam uxcß iys; lsks;s j,
m,;=re ueiaika tla?ia ù isák whqre
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 39
Y%S ,xldfõ oelsh yels
w;r fuys jefvk
uÿre ;,d úfYaIh
fhdod .ksñka ÿï .eiaiùu
uÕska uÿrejka m,jdyeÍug
w;S;fha isg .%dóh ck;dj
mqreÿj isà' ;jo ySka
;,d iy uy ;,d f,i
jHjydrfha fhfok ;,d
úfYAI o we;s w;r ySka
;,d úg ioyd nq,;a
fjkqjg wdfoaYlhla
f,i Ndú;d lrhs' kuq;a Y%S
,xldfõ tu úfYaI i;=j
m,;=re ueiaika wdl¾Ikh
lr .eksfï .=Kdx.h
fkdue;s nj wkdjrKh úh'
nyq jd¾Ysl cSjk
rgdjla we;s fuu ;=,ais
Ydlfha îc b;d myiqfjka
m%frdayKh isÿfjhs' îc
m%frdayKh i|yd osk
07 - 10 muK .; fjhs'
;=,ais Ydlh w;= fn§
fikaáóg¾ 75 - 90 muK
Wig jefvk w;r ish¿u
YdLd w.sia j, mqIAm
uxcß we;s ù îc ksmojhs'
îc b;d l=vdjk w;r me;,sh'
fïrE wjia:dfõ ly meye;s
jqjo úh,Su;a iuÕ ÿUqre
meyehg yefrhs' ;rula
´jd,dldr m;% fikaáóg¾ 5
muK È.h' lf|ys isyska nQj
iys;h' Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda
m%foaYhkays ´kEu ld,hloS
myiqfjka jefvk w;r
fyd¢ka ysre t<sh ,efnk
ia:dk jvd fhda.H fjhs'
Y%S ,xldfõ mdrïmßlj
oelsh yels jkqfha m;%
l| iy mqIam ,d fld<
meye;s ;,d úfYaIhka jqjo
bkaoshdfjka f.kajd jjkq
,nk fuu ;=,ais úfYAIh
oï meye l|" m;% iy
mqIAm uxcß j,ska hqla; fjhs'
yska¥ka úiska fld< meye;s
m;% iys; úfYAIh Y%S ;=,ais
f,i;a r;= oï meye m;%
iys; úfYAIh l%sIaKd ;=,ais
f,i;a y÷kajk nj i|yka
fjhs'
mQckSh fyda,s Ydlhla
f,i j.d lrk my; ioyka
fuu úfYAIh rEmdldrfhka
wOHhkh i|yd Ndú;d
lrk ,o úfYAIh yd tl
iudk jqjo m,;=re ueiaika
wdl¾IKh ùfï .=Kdx.h
fkdue;¡
f.dúlï iÕrdjg
tla lf<a"
cS' iS' ta' .=Kj¾OK ksfhdacH lDIsl¾u wOHË
YS% ,xld lDIsl¾u úoHd,hwÕ=Kfld,me,eiai
;=,ais (Holly Plant)
;=,ais (Holly Plant)
m,;=re ueiaika
f.dúlï iÕrdj40
j.djkays wiajekak yd mfia
irenj wdrlaId lsrSu i|yd
ldnksl yd ridhksl fmdfydr
Ndú;d l, hq;= nj wm okakd
lrekls' flfia fj;;a úúO
miaj, ridhksl fmdfydr yd
ldnksl fmdfydr È.= ld,skj
Ndú;d lsÍu yd È.= ld,Skj ù
j.d lsÍu" ù j.dfõ wiajekak
yd mfia ire nj flfrys flfia
n,mdhso hkak ms<sn|
úia;rdlul wOHhkhl
m%ÓM, wm i;=j ke;' fï ksid
l=reKE., Èia;%slafha jeämqru
ù j.d lrkq ,nk c, jykh
ÿ¾j, r;= ly fmdâfid,sla
mfia ridhksl fmdfydr
yd ldnksl fmdfydr È.=
ld,Skj Ndú;d lsÍu ù j.dfõ
wiajekak yd tu mfia irenj
flfrys n,mEu wOHhkh
lsÍfï m¾fhaIKhla ù
m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
wdh;kfha we;s l=Uqre bvï
ã' tka' isßfiak" ví' tï' tka jkakskdhl yd tA' cS' tia' ã' is,ajd ù m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh" n;,f.dv" bínd.uqj
2016 jif¾ lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ jd¾Isl iïfï,kfha§ bÈßm;a lrk ,o fyd|u m¾fhaIK m;%sldj
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 41
Ndú;hg f.k msysgqjd we;s
w;r tA u.ska fuu m%YAKhg
ms,s;=re fiùug wm W;aidy
lf,uq' fï ioyd m%;sldrl
f,i lsisu fmdfydrla fkdfh¥"
ldnksl fmdfydr muKla fh¥"
ridhksl fmdfydr muKla
fh¥ yd ldnksl yd ridhksl
fmdfydr folu fh¥ úYd,
m%udKfha ^j¾. óg¾ 100&
fldgq y;rla iA:dmkh lrk
,§' ldnksl fmdfydr f,i
fylaghd¾ tllg msÿre fgdka
5 la" fld< fmdfydr fgdka 1
la yd f.du fmdfydr fgdka 4
la Ndú;d lrk w;r ridhksl
fmdfydr f,i hQßhd" idkaø
iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ yd ñhqf¾Ü T*a
fmdgEIA Ndú;d lrkq ,eîh'
fhdod .kq ,enQ ridhksl
fmdfydr m%udKhka jkqfha
fylaghd¾ tllg hQßhd lsf,da
225" iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ lsf,da 80
la yd ñhqf¾Ü T*a fmdgEIA
lsf,da 50 ls' fuu m¾fhaIK
fldgq 2004 jif¾ wdrïN l<
we;s w;r jir 11 la fkdlvjd
jirlg lkak 2 la h, yd uy
jYfhka lkak 22 la mj;ajd
f.k hkq ,eîh' iEu lkakhla
i|ydu îÔ 358 ù j¾.h Ndú;d
lrk ,§' ù j.dj wdrïN lsÍug
fmr yd lkak 22 la wjidkfha
mia idïm,a ,nd .kakd ,o w;r
iEu mia idïm,hlau mS'tÉ'
w.h" ikakdhl;dj, ldnksl
øjH m%udKh" khsg%cka m%udKh"
fmdiamria iq<N;dj yd yqjudre
l< yels fmdgEishï m%udKh
ioyd úYaf,aIKh lrk ,§'
iEu lkakhla wjidkfha§u
ù wiajkq fk,d.;a w;r
ishhg 14 l f;;uK m%udKhla
hgf;a OdkH nr ,nd .kakd
,§'
by; m¾fhAIK
lghq;= j,g wkqj iEu
lkakhla wjidkfha§u jeäu
OdkH wiajekakla ,nd .;
yels jQfha ldnksl fmdfydr
iuÕ ridhksl fmdfydr
fh¥ fldgq j, jk w;r wvqu
wiajekak lsisu fmdfydrla
fkdfh¥ fldgq j,ska jd¾;d
úh' fuu wiajekafkys fjki
h, yd uy lkakh foflaoSu
talldrj olakg fkd,enqKs
^rEmh 1 yd 2&'
by; ,nd .;a È.=
ld,Sk wiajekak úYaf,aIKhg
Ndckh l< w;r fuys§
oel .kakg ,enqfka iEu
m%;sldrhlu wiajekak ld,hla
iuÕ wvq ù we;s wdldrhhs'
wfkl=;a m%;sldrl j, wiajekak
ld,h;a iuÕ ie,lsh hq;=
uÜgulska wvq fkdjQj;a ld,h;a
iuÕ ie,lsh hq;= uÜgfï
wiajekafka wvqjla lsisu
fmdfydrla fkdfh¥ fldgqfjka
jd¾;d úh' uy lkakhg
idfmaCIj h, lkakfha§ fuu
wvq ùu by< w.hla .kakd ,§'
ridhksl fmdfydr iy ldnksl
fmdfydr tlaj fhdok úg
h, lkakfha§ ,enQ idudkH
wiajekak fylaghd¾ tllg
rEmh 1 - h, lkakfha úúO m%;sldrl u.ska ù wiajekak ,nd.;a wldrh
rEmh 2 - uy lkakfha úúO m%;sldrl uÕska ù wiajekak ,nd.;a wldrh
f.dúlï iÕrdj42
fgdka 5'54 la jQ w;r uy
lkakfha§ th 5'46 la úh'
wju wiajekak f,i fylaghd¾
tllg fgdka 2'7 l wiajekak
lsisu fmdfydrla fkdfh¥
fldgq j, h, lkakfha§ jd¾;d
úh ^j.=j 1&' lsisu fmdfydr
j¾.hla fkdfh¥ fldgq j,g
idfmaCIj ldnksl fmdfydr
muKla fh¥ fldgqfõ idudkH
wiajekak ishhg 32 lska by<
f.dia we;s w;r ridhksl
fmdfydr muKla yd ldnksl
fmdfydr iuÕ ridhksl
fmdfydr Ndú;d lrk úg fuu
wiajekak by< hdu 77] yd 92]
uÜgul mej;=Ks'
fyda ridhksl øjH fkdfh¥
fldgqfjka jd¾;d úh' ld,h;a
iuÕ Wmßu jYfhka ldnksl
øjH iy khsg%cka wvqùu
ridhksl fyda ldnksl fmdfydr
fkdfh¥ fldgq j,ska jd¾;d
úh'
j.= wxl 2 ys o;a; j,g
wkqj ldnksl yd ridhksl
fmdfydr fhdod lkak 22 la
j.d l< kuq;a mfia fmdiamria
yd fmdgEishï m%udK j,
jeäùula olakg fkd,enqKq
w;r fï ksidu tu fmdaIl
,nd§u ioyd iEu lkakhlu
tu ridhksl fyda ldnksl
fmdfydr j¾. Ndú;d lsÍug
isÿù we;'
j.=j 1 - h, yd uy lkakfha jir 11 l
idudkH wiajekak
m%;sldrlh
h, lkakfha
wiajekak
^fylaghdr
tllg
fgdka&
uy lkakfha
wiajekak
^fylaghdr
tllg
fgdka&
fmdfydr
fkdfh¥ 3'01 ± 0'56 2'71 ± 0'56
ldnksl
øjH
muKla
4'04 ± 0'73 3'50 ± 0'53
ridhksl
fmdfydr 5'12 ± 0'71 5'00 ± 0'28
ridhksl
yd ldnksl
fmdfydr
5'54 ± 0'86 5'46 ± 0'37
j.=j 2 - úúO j¾.fha fmdfydr os.= ld,Skj Ndú;d lrñka j.d lrk úg mfia fmdaIl j,
fjkia ùu
ix>glh
m%;sldrlh
uQ,sl
fmdaIl
;;ajhkafmdfydr
fkdfh¥
ldnksl
fmdfydr
muKla fh¥
ridhksl
fmdfydr
muKla fh¥
ridhksl
fmdfydr iu
ldnksl
fmdfydrfh¥
mS' tÉ' w.h ^1'2'5& 6'15 6'18 6'17 6'27 6'01
ikaakdhl;dj
^1 ( 5& ^fvis iS$ó&0'033 0'057 0'035 0'035 0'07
ldnksl øjH ] 0'32 0'71 0'42 0'55 0'6
Uq¨ khsg%cka ] 0'02 0'07 0'04 0'07 0'06
fmdiamria
iq,N;dj ^ñ,s .%Eï$
lsf,da .%Eï&
2'3 5'2 2'7 5'6 7'0
yqjudre l, yels
fmdgEishï ^us,s
.%Eu$lsf,da .%Eï&
12'32 18'7 11'17 12'77 39
by; m%;sM, wkqj
fmkShk lreKla jkqfha
ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;d
fyda ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú;d
fkdlsÍu È.= ld,Skj wiajekak
wvq lsÍug fya;=fõ' l=reKE.,
Èia;s%lalfha ù j.d lrk
c, jykh ÿ¾j, r;= ly
fmdâfid,sla mi ù j.dj i|yd
Ndú;d lrk úg mfia fmdaIl
;;ajh wdrlaId lr .ksñka È.=
ld,Skj by, wiajekakla ,nd
.ekSu ioyd ldnksl fmdfydr
muKla fyda ridhksl fmdfydr
muKla fhoSu m%udKj;a
fkdjk w;r ldnksl fmdfydr
yd ridhksl fmdfydr tlaj
fh§u w;HdjYh fõ'
mdxY= úYaf,aIK
o;a; ú.%y lrk úg jir 11
lg miqj jeäu ldnksl øjH
m%udKhla jQ 0'71] m%udKhla
ldnksl øjH muKla fh¥
fldgqfjka jd¾;d jQ w;r 0'3
l wju m%udKh ldnksl øjH
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 43
Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s l,dmfha
muKla j.d lrk Ækq wfma
rfÜ ck Ôú;hg ke;sju
neß l=¿nvqjls' tfia jqj;a
rfÜ wjYH;djfhka 60] -70]
w;r m%udKhla jd¾Islj wd-
khkh lsÍug isÿj ;sîu ;=<
jd¾Islj remsh,a oi ,laI
12"800 la muK rgg wysñ fõ'
fylaghdrhlg fgdka
32 la jk wiajkq úNjhla
iys; f,dl= Ækq m%fNaohla
jk oUq,a, jrKh
nyq,j j.d l<;a wmf.a
cd;sl f,dl= Ækq wiajkq
m%udKh fylaghdrhlg
fgdka 15-17 w;r b;d wvq
w.hl mj;S' fuhg fya;=
f,i .=Kd;aufhka b;d
my<" wvq ñ," wdkhksl
îc j.djkag Ndú;d lsÍu;a"
fya;= rys;j lDIs ridhk
wêlj Ndú;h;a ^úfYaIfhka
j,a kdYl yd khsg%cka wvx.=
ridhksl fmdfydr&" wúêu;a
YIH úoHd;aul lghq;=;a b;d
ÿ¾j, miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh;a
mfia Ôj fN!;sl yd ridhksl
.=K wys;lr ;;a;ajhg
m;aùu;a oelaúh yel'
tneúka tall ìulska
,efnk wiajkq m%udKh
jeä lsÍu i|yd jeä oshqKq
l< m%fNao y÷kajdoSu;a"
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
f.dúlï iÕrdj44
mßir ys;ldó ir, ;dlaIK
l%u Ndú;h;a" fmdfydr
ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsÍu;a"
mfia cSj fN!;sl yd ridhKsl
.=K ys;lr f,i jeä oshqKq
lsÍu;a" lDIs ridhk wúêu;aj
wêlj Ndú;h md,kh
lsÍu;a l< hq;=j we;'
fï i|yd ir," wvq
úhoï myiqfjka Ndú;d l<
yels" mßir ys;ldó ;dlaIK
y÷kajdoSï l< hq;=j ;sfí'
oyhshd wÕ=re j¾. ógrhlg
lsf,da.%Eï 3 la Ækq md;a;sfha
u;=msg isg fikaáóg¾
20 olajd úisÍ hk mßos
fhoSfuka Ækq n,an wiajkq
m%udKh uy lkakfha
19] lskao h, lkakfha
72] lao jeä l< yels nj
fï jk úg fidhdf.k
;sfnk w;r ldnksl jiqka
fhoSu ;=<ska wiajekak
jeäl< yelso hkak fidhd
ne,Su i|yd fuu m¾fhaIKh
osh;a flßKs'
uyb¨mam,a,u lafIa;%
fnda. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK
lafIa;%fhaoS 2015$16 uy yd
2016 h, lkak j," wjg
mßirfhka myiqfjka
,nd.; yels msÿre"
oyhshd" wuq .a,sßiSähd fld,
yd ir, r;a l< ner,a l%uh
Ndú;fhka ksmojQ oyhshd
wÕ=re jiqka f,i;a jiqka
lsisjla fkdfhdod md;a;s
md,lh f,i;a Ndú;d lr
fuu m¾fhaIK isÿlrk ,oS'
fyd|ska isÿl< uQ,sl
ìï ieliSï j,ska miqj
óg¾ 3 la os. óg¾ 1 la m<,
fikaáóg¾ 15 la Wi md;a;s
m¾fhaIK i|yd Ndú;d l<
w;r fyd|ska osrE f.du tla
md;a;shlg lsf,da.%Eï 5 la
jkfia isgqùug osk 2 lg fmr
fhoSu isÿlr me< isgqùug
osklg fmr hQßhd" ;%s;aj
iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ yd ñhqßfhaÜ
T*a fmdgEIa fylaghdrhlg
lsf,da .%Eï 65" 100 yd 50
wkqmd;hg fhoSu isÿlrk
,oS'
i;s 05 la jhie;s
zzoUq,a, jrKhZZ m%fNaofha
ksfrda.S f,dl= Ækq me<
os,Sr kdYl j,ska m%;sldr
lsÍfuka miq fyd|ska f;;a
l< md;a;s j, fikaá
óg¾ 10 x 10 mr;rhg is-
gqùu isÿlrk ,oS' me<
isgqùfuka i;s 02 lg miq
w;ska .,jd j,a u¾Okh
l< md;a;s i|yd jiqka
f,i msÿre" oyhshd" oyhshd
wÕ=re yd wuq .a,sßiSähd
úúO ldnksl jiqka fhdodf.k f,dl= Ækq j.d lsÍu m¾fhaIKhg ,la lsÍu'''
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 45
fld," md;a;sfha ìu fyd|ska
jeiS hk mßos me< w;ßka
fhoSu isÿ flßks'
me< isgqùfuka miq
m<uq udih ;=< osk 4 lg
jrlao bkamiq bka osk 45 la
hk;=re osk 06 lg jrlao
f,i c, iïmdokh lrk
,oS' uq¿ j.d ld,h ;=<u iEu
i;s 02lg jrlau j,a u¾Okh
lsÍu w;ska .,jd bj;a lsÍu
uÕska isÿ flßks'
m¾fhaIK ld,
iSudj ;=<oS ffokslj
j¾Idm;kh" jdhqf.da,Sh
wd¾ø;dj" Wmßu yd wju
WIaK;ajh" osjd wdf,dal ld,
iSudj hk ld,.=Ksl o;a;
jd¾;d .; l< w;r me<hl
;sfnk iïmQ¾K m;% ixL-
Hdj me<hl Wi me< isgqù-
fuka osk 80 lg miq n,an
mßk; wjia:djloS uek
n,k ,oS' md;a;sfha iïmQ¾K
n,an wiajekak" n,anhl
idudkH nr" n,an j, Wi"
m<," n,anhl wvx.= c,fha
ødjH >k øjH m%udKh (Total Soluble Solid), ier nj wiajkq fk,Sfuka osklg miq
uek n,k ,oS'
lkak fol
ie,lSfïoS uy lkakfha
^2015$16& ish¨ md;a;s j,
wiajkq wvqùula 2016 h,g
idfmalaIj olakg ,efí'
fuh uy lkakfha mj;sk
wvq iQ¾hdf,dal ;;a;ajh
u; YdLfha m%Ndixiaf,aIK
l%shdj,sh ÿ¾j, ùu ;=<
isÿjk nj lsj yel'
lkak foflaoSu wvqu
wiajekak jiqka fkdfhdod
md,lh fmkajqj;a md,lfha
Ækq n,an ier núka jeä nj
TSS w.fhka fmkfka' tkï
jiqka fhoSu ;=,ska ier núka
wvq jqj;a wiajkq m%udKfhka
jeä n,an ,nd .; yels nj
fmfka'
tfiau lkak foflaoSu
jeäu wiajekak msÿre
jiqka fhdod md;a;s j,ska
,enqkq w;r th h, lka
fha§ fylaghdrhlg fuá%la
fgdka 38'5 o uy lkakfha
fylaghdrhlg fuá%lafgdka
26'7 lao úh' n,anhl
idudkH nr ms<sfj,ska .%Eï
66'4 la yd 46'0 la úh'
.ia j, Wi
ie,lSfïoS h, lkakfhaoS
msÿre fhdok ,o md;a;s j,
Wi jeäu .ia olakg ,enqkq
w;r wuq .a,sßiSähd fld,
fhdok ,o md;a;s B<Õg Wila
f.dúlï iÕrdj46
fmkajqj;a uy lkakfhaoS
jeäu Wi .a,sßiSähd fld,
fhdok ,o yd B,Õg Wi
msÿre fhdok ,o md;a;sj,
fmkaùh' me<hl fCIa;% .Kk
ie,lSfïoS h, lkakfha
8 - 9 la jQ w;r uy lkakfha
th 4 - 6 w;r úh'
Ækq n,anhla
^f.ähla& hkq cSù m;%hkaf.a
mdoia: fldgia ;=< wdydr
ixÑ; ù úYd, ù ta jgd
wÔù m;%hkaf.a úh<s mdoia:
fldgia tlaùfuka iE-
fok jHqyhla jk w;r
Ydl m;% ixLHdj yd m;%j,
lafIa;%M,h u; n,anfha
m%udKh;a tuÕska ,efnk
wiajekak;a ;SrKh fõ'
m¾fhaIKfhka fmkajQ
wiajkq fjki md,lhg
idfmalaIj uy lkakfha
14'9] lao h, lkakfha
31'6] lao úh' tkï fuu
m¾fhaIKh wkqj Ndú;d l<
jiqka ish,a,u jiqka fkdfh-
dok ,o md;a;shg ^md,lhg&
jvd jeä wiajekakla
fmkajd ;sfí' fuhg fya;=
f,i jiqk uÕska j,a me<
md,kh lsÍu ;=<ska fnda.
hg c,h yd fmdaIKh
fjkqfjka j,ame< iuÕ
isÿlrk ;rÕh wju ùu;a"
mfia c, ixrlaIKh
ùu;a fmkajd osh yel'
fuu m¾fhaIKh
isÿlsÍfïoS uqyqK ÿka ÿIalr;d
f,i i;s 2 la jQ me< i|yd
msÿre yd wuq .a,sßiSähd fld,
fhoSu jeä Y%uhla yd ld,hla
.;jk l%uhla f,i fmkqk;a
jqjukd ld,hgu tla jrla
muKla fhoSu isÿlsÍu ksid
th t;rï wd¾Ól n,mEula
we;s fkdlrhs'
i;s foflka folg
j,a u¾Okh lsÍu isÿl<;a
uq¿ j.d ld,h ;=<u j,a
u¾Okh md,lh ;=< muKla
isÿlsÍug isÿùu ;=< jiqka
fhoSu ;=,ska j,a u¾Okhg
jehjk Y%uh b;sß lr.;
yels nj fmfka'
tfukau úh<s
l,dmfha fndfydaÿrg
.sks;nd úkdY lrk msÿre
rfÜ wjYH;djhla fjkqfjkaa
m%fhdackj;aj Ndú;d lsÍug
yels nj fmkaùug fuu
m¾fhaIKfhka wmg yelsùu
wm ieu ,enQ ch.%yKhla
f,i;a is;uq'
fuu m¾fhaIK
isÿl, ld,iSudjka ;=<
fuh id¾:l lr .ekSu ;u
Y%uh yd ld,h leml, Ækq
wNsckk yd m¾fhaIK wxYfha
frdydka" jika;" pdkl"
ohdj;S" pïmsld" bkaødKs
hk uy;au uy;aóka o tu
ld,iSudj ;=< wm wxYhg
wkqhqla;j mqyqKqj ,enQ j.d
kv;a;= lghq;= yd o;a; ,nd
.ekSfï§ b;d úYd, iyfhda.
hla ,ndÿka ;s,dks" pdkl
yd l<Ks hk isiq ore oeßh-
kao b;d f.!rjfhka yd
lD;{;djfhka hq;=j isysm;a
lruq' tfiau m¾fhaIKh
i|yd uQ,H odhl;ajh ,ndÿka
KOPIA, Sri Lanka wdh;kho
f.!rjfhka isysm;a lruq'
î' whs' fyÜáwdrÉÑ
t,a' iS' is,ajd
tï' whs' úl%uisxy
fCIA;% fnda. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kh
uyb¨mam,a,u
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 47
Y%S ,xldj ;=< ckm%sh
wdydr fnda.hla jk w¾;dm,a
kqjrt<sh iy nÿ,a, Èia;%slal
;=< m%Odk jYfhka j.d
flfrk w;r hdmkh iy
l,amsáh jeks m%foaY j, uy
lkakfha§ muKla j.dlsÍu
isÿ lrhs' j¾;udkfha
w¾;dm,a ksIamdok úhou
i,ld ne,Sfï§" uq¿ úhofuka
60]la - 70]la muK
w¾;dm,a ksIamdokh by<
kexùfï§ îc w¾;dm,a j,
by< ñ," w¾;dm,a j.dfõ
iSudldÍ idOlhla njg
m;a ù we;' îc w¾;dm,a
ksIamdokfha§ îc j,
m%ñ;Skag wkql+, fkdjk
kuq;a .=Kd;aufhka
by<" úYd, m%udKfha w,
^wiajekafkka 30] muK&
mdßfNda.sl w¾;dm,a
f,i wvq uqo,lg
fj<|fmd<g ksl=;a lsÍu
isÿ lrhs' fuf,i wvq ñ,g
mdßfNda.sl w¾;dm,a f,i
fj<|fmd<g ksl=;a lsÍu
j<lajd" lemQ w¾;dm,a
f,i îc i|yd Ndú;d l<
yels l%ufõohla iS;dt<sh
lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIK yd
ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh uÕska
y÷kdf.k we;'
fj<|fmdf<ys idudkH
m%udKfha foaYSh îc
w¾;dm,a fydkavrhl ñ,
re' 9"000'00 la muK jqj;a
m%udKfhka úYd, îc w,
fydkavrhla re' 4"000'00 la
- 5"000'00 la w;r uqo,lg
mdßfNda.sl w¾;dm,a f,i
,nd .; yels fõ' úYd, îc
w¾;dm,a fydkavrhla lemSu
uÕska idudkH m%udKfha îc
w¾;dm,a fydkavrhl we;s
îc ixLHdjg iudk lemQ w,
ixLHdjla ,nd.; yelsh'
tfukau" úYd, îc w,
fydkavrhla lemSu i|yd
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
f.dúlï iÕrdj48
jeh jkafka re' 250'00 jeks iq¿ uqo,la neúka lemQ w¾;dm,a
j.dj uÕska idudkH îc w¾;dm,a i|yd jeh jk úhofuka
50] lg wdikak m%udKhlska wvq lr .; yel'
lemSug iqÿiq îc w¾;dm,a f;dard .ekSu
² nßka .%Eï 120la muK blau jQ w¾;dm,a w, fï i|yd
fhdod .; yelsh'
² îc f;dard .ekSfï§" frda. yd m<sfndaO j,ska f;dr
ksfrda.S îc muKla f;dard .ekSu isÿ l< hq;=h'
îc w¾;dm,a lemSu
² f;dard.;a îc w¾;dm,a m%frdayKh jQ miqj lemSu jvd;a
fhda.H fjhs'
² fï i|yd fyd|ska lefmk ^;shqKq& lemqï ;,hla Ndú;d
l< hq;=h'
² lemqï ;,h ÔjdkqyrKh lsÍu (
îc w¾;dm,a lemSug Ndú;d lrk lemqï ;,h 10]
úrxck ldrlhl ̂ fidaähï$ le,aishï yhsfmdalaf,darhsâ&
úkdä 10 la muK o" fojkqj msßisÿ c,fha ñks;a;= 1
muK o .s,ajd ;nd Ndú;d lsÍfuka lemqï ;,h uÕka
úI îc wdidokh ùu j<lajd .; yelsh'
² îc w,h lemSfï§ wju jYfhka tla fldgilg fudá
follaj;a ;sìh hq;= w;r fldgia folgu iudk fudá
ixLHdjla fn§ hk fia tla fldgila .%Eï 60 la muK
jk f,i Èla w;g lemqu fhÈh hq;=h'
² iEu lemqï jdr oyhlg jrla lemqï ;,h ÔjdkqyrKh
lsÍu wjYH jk w;r îc w, j, ksfrda.s nj wdrlaId
lr .ekSug tuÕska yels fjhs'
² lemqï uqyqK; fyd|ska ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka miq frda.
ldrl j,ska f;dr kï fjka lrk ,o len,s fol" lemqï
uqyqK;a tlsfkl u; isákfia ;nd ^lemqï uqyqK;a
fjka fkdfldg& fyd¢ka jd;dY%h ,efnk ia:dkhl ;=kS
lr Èk y;rla muK ;eìh hq;=h' túg lemqï uqyqK;
u; úh<s wdrlaIs; mg,hla we;s ù mfiys we;s frda.
lemSug iqÿiq m%udKfha îc w¾;dm,a
îc w¾;dm, lemSu
lemqï u;=msg
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 49
ldrl lemqï uqyqK; ;=<ska îch ;=<g we;=,a ùu
je<elaùu isÿ fjhs'
² îc w, lmk wjia:dfõ§" lemqï uqyqK;
fyd|ska ksÍlaIKh l< úg wjmeye.ekaù fyda
frda. widÈ; îchla f,i olakg ,efí kï th
jyd bj;a lr" lemqï ;,h ÔjdkqyrKh l<
hq;=h'
lemq w¾;dm,a isgqùu yd kv;a;=j
² w¾;dm,a j.dj i|yd lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j
ks¾foaY lrk ,o l%ufõoh wkq.ukh lrñka"
lemQ w¾;dm,a isgqùu yd kv;a;=j isÿ l< yelsh'
² îc lemSfuka Èk y;rlg miq" isgqjk wjia:dfõ
lemqï uqyqK; mi u;g isák fia ;nd isgqùu
l< hq;= w;r wjYH muKg jvd mig c,h fh§u
fkdl< hq;=h'
² lemq w¾;dm,a j.dj j¾Idj wvq ld, i|yd ks¾foaY
flf¾'
idudkH îc w¾;dm,a ^nr .%Eï 50 - 60 muK
jk& isgqùfuka ,efnk wiajekakg iudk wiajekakla
úYd, îc w, lmd len,s f,i isgqùu uÕska ,nd
.ekSug yels nj ta ms<snoj isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIK
uÕska ;yjQre ù we;' idudkH îc w¾;dm,a j.dfjka
fylaghdrhg fgdka 27'64 l wiajekakla jd¾;d jQ
w;r lemq îc w¾;dm,a j.dfjka fylaghdrhg fgdka
27'1 la jd¾;d úh' lemQ w¾;dm,a j.dfõ id¾:l;ajh
i|yd m%fNaoh jeo.;a jk w;r Y%S ,xldj ;=, oekg
jvd;au ckm%sh w¾;dm,a m%fNaoh jk .%Efkda,d fï
ioyd jvd;a fhda.H nj y÷kdf.k we;'
wfudaod udhdlvqj
iyldr lDIsl¾u wOHCI ^m¾fhaIK&"
lDIsl¾u m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh"iS;dt<sh" kqjrt<sh"
fCIa;% ieliSu
lmk ,o nSc w¾;dm,a isgqùu
lmk ,o îc w¾;dm,a j,ka me< yg.ekSu
f.dúlï iÕrdj50
wdishdkq rgj,a fndfyduhla
fukau Y%S ,xldfõ
o m%Odk wdydrh n;a fõ'
wfma mi iy me<Eá úúO
iajNdúl fyda lD;Su wmøjH
u`.ska ¥IKh úh yelsh'
wm Ndú;d lrk fmdfydr
yd m<sfndaOkdYlj, ner
f,day wvx.=ùu fya;=fjka
tajd mßirhg tla úh yelsh'
;jo fuu ner f,day" lD;Su
fmdfydr fukau Ydl
fmdfydr j, wmøjH
jYfhka mej;sh yels njg o
jd¾;d ù we;'
;jo fuu ner
f,day ie,lSfï§ wdiksla
(As), u¾lß (Hg) leâñhï
(Cd), Bhï (Pb) wdÈhg úúO
úI ;;a;ajhka we;s l< yels
nj fmkajd § we;s w;r"
leâñhï (Cd), fl%dañhï
(Cr) yd wdiksla (As) ms<sld
ldrl f,io y÷kajd Èh
yelsh'
fujka miqìula ;=<"
m<sfndaOkdYl frðiag%d¾
ld¾hd,Sh ridhkd.drh
u`.ska uykqjr Èia;%slalfhka
,nd .kakd ,o iy,a idïm,
ner f,day i|yd úYaf,aIKh
lr iy,a mßfNdackh u`.ska
ms<s.;a fi!LH wdrCIl
iïu; lv jkafka oehs
fidhd ne,Sug mÍCIKhla
Èh;a lrk ,§'
idïm, ,nd .ekSu
fuysÈ idïm, ,nd
.ekSfï § úfYaIfhka jeä
ck.%yKhla Ôj;a jk
.`.jg fldar,h" l=Kavid,h"
hákqjr" Wvqkqjr" Wvm<d;
yd md;ÿïnr i|yd jeä
2017 ASDAm¾fhaIK m;%sld
weiqßKs
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 51
wjOdkhla fhduq lrk
,§' iqmsß wf,úie,a we;=¨
fjf<| ie,a iuQyhlska fuu
idïm, ,nd .kakd ,§' fuu
idïm, ldKav 04 la hgf;A
j¾. lrk ,§' tkï fjf<|
kduh wkqj j¾. lrk ,o
iy,a" wdkhkh lrk ,o
iy,a j¾." idïm%odhsl iy,a
j¾. iy uykqjr m%foaYfha
j.d lrk ,o iy,a j¾.
jYfhks' fuys§ uykqjr
m%foaYfha foaYSh j.d lrk
iy,a idïm, úfYaIfhka
ù j.d lrkq ,nk
ñksfma" Wvqÿïnr" ueo
ÿïnr" md;ÿïnr" Wvqkqjr
yd md;fyajdyeg hk m%foaY
j,ska ,nd .kakd ,§' Bg
403 hk ù j¾.h jeä
jYfhka j.d lrk nj
fmKsks'
úYaf,aIKh lrk ,o
ner f,day
» wdiksla (As)
» leâñhï (Cd)
» Bhï (Pb)
» u¾lß (Hg)
» fif,kshï (Se)
ner f,day iïnkaO
Wmßu iSud
» fuys§ ukqIHhdg n,mdk
úI Ndjh wkqj (WHO/
FAO) f,dal wdydr
ixúOdkh$f,dal wdydr
yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh
uÕska iy,a j, ;sìh
yels Wmßu ner f,day
iSud jd¾;d lr we;'
fuu w.hka my; i|yka
j.= wxl 1 ka oelafõ'
j.=j 1
ner f,dayh
wvx.= úh yels
Wmßu ner f,day
m%udKh (Max. permissible
level/ MPL)
^lsf,da.%Euhg
ñ,s.%Eï&
As 0.2
Cd 0.2
Pb 0.2
Hg 0.1
Se 0.3
idïm, úYaf,aIKh yd
m%ÓM, idlÉPd lsÍu
iy,a idïm,
m<sfndaOkdYl frðiag%d¾
ld¾hd,Sh ridhkd.dr u`.ska
nerf,day i|yd úYaf,aIKh
lrk ,§' fuu ridhkd.drh
ner f,day úYaf,aIKh i|yd
ISO/IEC 17025 m%ñ;slrKh
,ndf.k we;'
iy,a idïm, whk
bj;a lrk ,o j;=frka
(de-ionized water) fidaod
úh<d l=vq lrk ,§' thska
.%Eï 0'2 l m%udKhla khsá%la
wï,h" yhsfvdlaf,dßla
wï,h yd yhsv%cka
fmfrdlaihsâ fhdod Micro
Wave digestive wdOdrfhka
ÔrKh (digest) lrk
,§' fufia ms<sfh, lr
.kakd ,o idïm, ICP-MS
(Inductive coupled plasma
Mass spectrometer) u`.ska
úYaf,aIKh lrk ,§'
fuys§ ,enqKq m%ÓM, my;
j.= wxl 2 ka f.dkq l<
yelsh'
f.dúlï iÕrdj52
j.=j - 2
ner f,day
ridhkd.dr
úYaf,aIKh
l< yels
iSud LOQ (mg kg-1)
wkqu; Wmßu
nerf,day
m%udKh (Max. permissible
level) (MPL) (mg/kg)
iy,a j¾.h idïm, .Kk
(No. of samples tested)
ner f,day wvx.=
idïm, .Kk (No. of positive samples ) (%)
(>LOQ)
ner f,day
idukH w.h (Mean
concentration) mg/kg
As 0.010 0.2
fjf<| kdu iys; 43 67% 0.0238±0.025
wdkhkh lrk ,o 09 56% 0.1303±0.227
idïm%odhsl iy,a 09 33% 0.0106±0.018
uykqjr m%foaYfha j.d lrk ,o 07 100% 0.0392±0.020
Pb 0.150 0.2
fjf<| kdu iys; 43 35% 0.139±0.283
wdkhkh lrk ,o 09 44% 0.1289±0.177
idïm%odhsl iy,a 09 44% 0.2111±0.317
uykqjr m%foaYfha j.d lrk ,o 07 0% <0.15
Cd 0.020 0.2
fjf<| kdu iys; 43 67% 0.0480±0.043
wdkhkh lrk ,o 09 56% 0.0417±0.054
idïm%odhsl iy,a 09 11% 0.0033±0.01
uykqjr m%foaYfha j.d lrk ,o 07 43% 0.0208±0.031
Hg 0.020 0.1
fjf<| kdu iys; 43 14% 0.0056±0.014
wdkhkh lrk ,o 09 11% 0.0223±0.067
idïm%odhsl iy,a 09 33% 0.0116±0.017
uykqjr m%foaYfha j.d lrk ,o 07 86% 0.0355±0.019
Se 0.200 0.3
fjf<| kdu iys; 43 2% 0.0046±0.03
wdkhkh lrk ,o 09 33% 0.4706±0.912
idïm%odhsl iy,a 09 0% <0.2uykqjr m%foaYfha j.d lrk ,o 07 0% <0.2
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 53
Èklg YÍrhg oeßh
yels Wmßu ner f,day
m%udKh
(Tolerable Daily Intake – TDI)
JEFCA (Joint FAO/
WHO Expert Committee
on Food Additives) uÕskA
Èklg YÍr .;úh yels
Wmßu ner f,day m%udKh
ks¾Kh lr we;s w;r" th
my; j.= wxl 3 mßÈ oelaúh
yelsh'
j.=j 3
Wmßu ner f,day m%udKh ^ñ,s.%Eï&
^YÍrnr lsf,da.%eï 1g" osklg&
(TDI)(mg/kg bw/day x 10-3)
As 3.0(a)
Cd 3.5(b)
Pb 3.0(a)
Hg 0.57c
Se 5
(a) - The provisional tolerable
weekly intake (PTWI) of 21
µg/kg bw (equivalent to 3
µg/kg bw/day) according to
JEFCA (Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food
Additives) (2010) (TRS 959)
(b) - PTMI 0.025 mg/kg bw
on a monthly basis according
to JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food
Additives) (2010) (TRS 960)
(c)- 4 µg/kg bw per week,
according to JECFA (Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Committee
on Food Additives) (2010)
(TRS 959)
(d)-Based on cardio-vascular
effects according to EFSA
(European Food Safety
Authority) (2010)
FAO/WHO CODEX Alimen-
tarius Commission and Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency
(EPA).
ridhkd.drfha
úYaf,aIKh lrk ,o
iy,a wdY%fhka Èklg
YÍr .;jk ner f,day
m%udKh ;SrKh lsÍu
(Estimated Daily Intake – EDI)
fuu .Kkh lsÍu
i|yd my; iólrKh
fhdod .kakd ,§'
EDI = ( Metal x Dir)/Bw
EDI - Èklg YÍr .;jk
ner f,day m%udKh"
Metal - úYaf,aIKh lrk
,o idïm,fha wvx.= ner
f,day idkaøkh ^úYaf,aIs;
w.h& (mg/kg)
Dir - Èklg mßfNdackh
lrkq ,nk iy,a m%udKh
(kg /day-1)
Bw – idudkH YÍr nr
ls'.%E (kg)
my; i|yka
Wml,amk Ndú;d lrk ,§'
- mqoa.,fhl= Èkl§
mßfNdackh lrk iy,a
m%udKh } .%eï 300
- mqoa.,fhl=f.a idudkH
we;s nr } ls%f,da .%eï 60
úYaf,aIKh lrk
,o iy,a idïm, i|yd
ks¾Kh lrk ,o EDI
w.hhka my; j.= wxl 4
mßÈ i|yka l< yelsh'
f.dúlï iÕrdj54
j.=j - 4
ner
f,day
Èklg wkqu; lrk
,o ner f,day
m%udKh Safer values of
TDI x 10-3(mg day-1 kg-1bw)
iy,a j¾.h
EDI
idukHh
(Mean) x 10-3
(mg day-1
kg-1bw)
EDI wju
(Min. ) x 10-3
(mg day1kg1bw)
EDI Wmr‘u
(Max.) x 10-3
(mgday-1kg 1bw)
TDI m%udKh
blaujk ,o
idïm, .Kk
^m%;sY;hla f,i&
No. of samples exceeded the
TDI
As 0.3
fjf<| kdu iys; 0.119 0.05 0.4765
01(1.47%)wdkhkh lrk ,o 0.6515 0.05 3.58
idïm%odhsl iy,a 0.053 0.05 0.256
uykqjr m%foaYfha
j.d lrk ,o0.196 0.076 0.409
Pb 1.5
fjf<| kdu iys; 0.695 0.75 6.505
01 11.76%
02
wdkhkh lrk ,o 0.6445 0.75 2.84
idïm%odhsl iy,a 1.0555 0.75 4
uykqjr m%foaYfha
j.d lrk ,o0.75 0.75 0.75
Cd 0.8
fjf<| kdu iys; 0.24 0.1 1
01 (1.47%)wdkhkh lrk ,o 0.2085 0.1 0.765
idïm%odhsl iy,a 0.0165 0.1 0.15
uykqjr m%foaYfha
j.d lrk ,o0.104 0.1 0.4115
Hg 0.57
fjf<| kdu iys; 0.028 0.1 0.3465
01 (1.47%)wdkhkh lrk ,o 0.115 0.1 1.005
idïm%odhsl iy,a 0.058 0.1 0.181
uykqjr m%foaYfha
j.d lrk ,o0.1775 0.1 0.3255
Se 5
fjf<| kdu iys; 0.02325 1 1
01 (1.47%)wdkhkh lrk ,o 2.353 1 13.43
idïm%odhsl iy,a 1 1 1
uykqjr m%foaYfha
j.d lrk ,o1 1 1
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 55
fuys§ iy,a j,
mej;sh yels ner f,day
m%udKh ie,lSfï §"
wdkhksl iy,a idïm,a j,
ks¾Kh lrk ,o fif,akshï
m%udKh ^idudkH w.h& yd
idïm%odhsl iy,a j, wvx.=
Bhï m%udKhka ^idudkH
w.h& muKla wod, iy,a
j, mej;sh yels wod,
wkqu; Wmßu iSudjka
^MPL& blaujd we;'
;jo" YÍrhg oeßh
yels nerf,day m%udKhka
ie,lSfï §" iy,a idïm,a
j, wvx.= úYaf,aIKh lrk
,o ish`Mu ner f,dayhkays
idudkH w.h ie<lSfï §
ks¾Kh lrk ,o Èklg YÍr
.;jk ner f,day m%udKhka
^EDI& wod, YÍrhg oeßh
yels WmÍu iSudjka ^TDI&
fkdblau fõ'
kuq;a iy,a idïm,
j, ks¾Kh lrk ,o ner
f,dayhka ys WmÍu úYaf,aIs;
w.hka ie<lSfï § tu
w.hkag wod, Èklg YÍr
.;jk ner f,day m%udKhka
^EDI& YÍrhg oeßh yels
WmÍu ner f,day iSudjka
blaujk nj fmkShhs'
^tkï Bhï i|yd uq`M
idïm, m%udKfhka 12] lao"
wfkl=;a o ner f,day jk
wdiksla" leâñhï" riÈh
iy fif,akshï i|yd uq`M
idïm, m%udKfhka 2] lao"
f,i wod, WmÍu iSudjka
blaujd we;'& tkï Bhï
i|yd uq`M idïm, m%udKfhka
88] lao" wfkl=;a ner f,day
jk wdiksla" leâñhï"
riÈh iy fif,akshï i|yd
uq`M idïm, m%udKfhka 98]
lao" YÍrhg wys;lr fkdjk
;;a;ajhl mj;sk nj i|yka
l< yel'
ks.ukh
tneúka uykqjr
Èia;%slalfhka ,nd .kakd ,o
iy,a idïm, j, iuia:hla
f,i ner f,day wdrCIs;
iSudjka ;=< mj;sk nj lsj
yelsh'
iS' ud.uf.a
ví' tÉ' tï' iShQ' ffjoHr;ak
ví' mS' ta' mS' Okmd,
m<sfndaOkdYl frðiag%d¾
ld¾hd,h
ã' tï' mkïmsáh
Y%S ,xld úYaj úoHd,h" jhU
f,dalh úkdY jkafka
ÿIaG ñksiqkaf.a kmqre
l%shd ksid fkdj"
tajdg tfrysj
l%shdud¾. fkdf.k"
Tfya n,df.k isák
ñksiqka ksidfjks'
- we,an¾Ü whskaiaghska -
f.dúlï iÕrdj56
f,dalfha fndfyda
rgj, wE; w;S;fha mgka
m%frdayKh lrk ,o îc
(Sprout) wdydrhg .ekSu
iq<N ldrKdjla úh' tfy;a
80 oYlfha w. Nd.fha§
;rula j¾Okh jQ OdkH iy
t<j¿ j, <má me< wdydrh
i|yd tl;= jQ w;r tajd
Young Greens yd Baby
Greens kñka y÷kajkq
,enQy' tfy;a b;d flá
ld,hla ;=< úYd,
fmdaIH mod¾: m%udKhla
^le,ß" úgñka" LKsc ,jK"
;ka;= yd m%;sTlaisldrl$
Antioxidant) ,nd§ug
m%frdayKh ù i;shla folla
muK .;jQ îc me<
(Seedling) j,g by<
yelshdjla we;s nj
w¨;skau úoHd;aulj
;yjqre lr we;' fïjd
Microgreens hk kdufhka
y÷kajkq ,nk w;r fï
jk úg;a f,dalfha fndfyda
rgj, uyd mßudKfhka
ksIamdokh lr wdydr fïihg
f.k tau isÿlrhs'
fufia Microgreens
f,i rdnq" f.dajd j¾." i,do"
neis,a" îÜ" iQßhldka;"
lerÜ" uqx" lõms" rglcq"
fndaxÑ j¾." wn" lelsß"
jÜglald" msms[a[d wd§
fnda.hka Ndú;d l< yel'
fuu fnda.hkays îc b;d jeä
>K;ajhla hgf;a ilia l<
md;a;s fyda ;eá j, j.dlr
i;s 1 - 3 ;a ^Èk 10 - 21&
jeks b;d flá ld,hl§ mi
uÜgñka lmd wiajkq
fk,d .ekSu fuys ir,
l%ufõohhs' wiajkq fk,d
.kakd wjia:dj jk úg
fikaáóg¾ 2 - 6 muK
m%udKhlg fnda.h wkqj
j¾Okh ù ;sìh yels w;r
fndfyda úg <má l|" îc m;%
iy w¾O jYfhka j¾Okh
jQ i;H m;% hq.,hla ;sìh
yelsh' hqfrdamd rgj, iy
cmdkh" Ökh" ;dhs,ka;h
jeks wdishd;sl rgj, i,do"
iqma iy uia ud¿" OdkHuh
wdydr j¾. iuÕ ñY%j
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 57
wdydrhg .ekSu isÿlrk
w;r óg wu;rj ;dhs,ka;h"
úhÜkduh jeks rgj, i,do
fyda jHxck ^Curry&" ue,a¨ï
f,i wdydrhg .ekSu o
isÿlrhs'
MicroGreens j.d lsÍu
Microgreens YS; rg
j, yß;d.dr fyda wdrlaIs;
.Dy ;=< md,s; ;;a;aj
hgf;a j.d lrk w;r" Y%S
,xldfõ mj;sk foaY.=Ksl
idOl u; fijK Ndú;d
lrñka újD; mßirfha jqjo
j.dl< yel' 60] - 80]
m%udKfha fijKla Ndú;d
lrñka wvq iQ¾hdf,dalh
hgf;a ndysr mßirfha
^Outdoor& j.d lsÍu iqÿiq jk
w;r .Dy ;=< ^Indoor& fyda
yß;d.dr ;=< jqjo furg j.d
lsÍfï yelshdj we;' j.d
udOHhka f,i Ôjdkqyß;
fldyqn;a" Ôjdkqyß;
fldïfmdaiaÜ Ndú;d l<
yels w;r l=vd îc i|yd
f.daks jeks c,h Wrd .kakd
u;=msgla iys; Wmia:ro
Ndú;d l< yel' j.d
udOHh f,i fndfyda rgj,
fl,skau mi Wmfhda.S
lr fkd.kakd w;r
tuÕsska frda. me;sÍfï hï
wjOdkula we;s fyhska mi
Ndú;d lrkafka kï b;d
fyd¢ka ÔjdkqyrKh lr
fhdod .; hq;=fõ' óg wu;rj
ks¾mdxY= ^Hydrophonic& j.d
udOH ;=<o Microgreens
b;d id¾:lj j.d lsÍug
yelshdj we;' j.d udOHhka
;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd ;eá"
ndialÜ wd§ WmlrK
fyda fldkal%SÜ" isfuka;s"
fmd,s;Ska fyda fjk;a
Wiia:rhla u; idod.;a
rduq ;=< ;ekam;a l< yelsh'
c,h iemhSu yd wfkl=;a
l%shdldrlï idudkH ;jdka
md,kfha§ fuka isÿl<
ye;s w;r fi!LHdrlaIs; yd
msßisÿNdjfhka b;d fyd¢ka
wdrlaId lr.; hq;=fõ' ;eá
u; fyda Wmia:rh u; îc
b;d jeä >K;ajhlska
<Õ <Õ fh§u isÿl<
hq;= fõ' by< >K;ajhla
hgf;a j¾Okh jQ îc me<
^Seedling& Èk 10 - 21 w;r
ld,hl§ Wmia:rh uÜgñka
lmd wiajkq fk,d .ekSu
isÿlrhs' ldnksl fmdfydr
jeks hula Ndú;d lrhs
kï lsisÿ fmdfydr
fh§ula isÿl< hq;=
f.dúlï iÕrdj58
fkdue;s w;r wjYH kï
ldnksl fmdfydrla ^øùh
udOHfhka& tl;= l< yelsh'
Microgreens j,ska ,efnk
jdis
² b;d flá ld,hla .;ùu
^i;s 1 - 3& ksid tall
ld,hla ;=< ksIamdokh
l< yels" wdydr m%udKh
by< ùu'
² foaY.=Ksl idOl uÕyßñka
jir mqrd ^Year round&
ksIamdokhka l< yels ùu'
² b;d by< fmdaIH .=Khlska
hqla; ùu'
- úgñka C - Ascorbic acid
- úgñka K1 - Phylloqinone
- úgñka E - Tocopherol
- fm%da úgñka A1 - Carotonoids
- ìgd lefrdàka
- ,shqóka" ishdidka;ska"
vh, idka;ska
² Ydlhl uq¿ nrg idfmalaIj
jeäu j¾Kl m%udKhla
idkaø jk wjia:dfõ§
wdydrhg .kakd neúka
j¾Kl uÕska YÍrhg
,efnk m%;sTlaisldrl
^Antioxidant& m%udKh
by< ùu'
² ji úfika f;dr wdydrhla
f,i ridhksl øjH Ndú;d
fkdlrñka ldnksl
wdydrhla f,i
ksIamdokh l< yels ùu'
² wvq iïm;a ^c,h"
fmdfydr& m%udKhla
fhdojd .ksñka by<
ksIamdokhla isÿl< yels
ùu'
² Y%S ,xldj we;=¿
fndfyduhla rgj,
isÿfjñka mj;sk ld<.=K
úm¾hdi yuqfõ we;sjk
kshÕh" .xj;=r wd§ .eg¿
uÕyßñka fmdaIHhodhS
wdydr fõ,la ksIamdokh
i|yd msgqjy,la ùu'
² wvq .=Kd;aufhka hq;a
îc Ndú;hg yelsùu iy
´kEu m%fNaohla Ndú;d
l<yels ùu'
² b;d wvq bvlvlska ̂ ndysr
fyda wNHka;r& j.dl<
yelsùu'
fujeks úYd,
jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka /ilg
ysñlï lshk Microgreens Y%S
,xldfõ ck;djf.a wdydr
rgdjg yqrelrùu b;du;a
jeo.;a jk w;r" tuÕska
oekg Y%S ,xldj ;=< mj;sk
m%Odk fi!Lh .eg¿ jk
Èhjeähdj" yDo frda."
ia:Q,Ndjh jeks ;;a;ajhka
wju lsÍu i|yd uy;a
msgqjy,la jkq we;'
Y%S ,dxlSh ck;djf.a
m%Odk wdydr fõ,a j,§ Ndú;d
jk le,ß ^ldfndayhsfâ%g&
m%udKh b;d by< jk w;r
t<j¿" m,;=re m%udKh b;du;a
wvqh'
fuksid iunr
fmdaIKhla fkd,eîu uÕsska
fi!LH .eg¿ /ila we;s lrhs'
fuys§ n;a" mdka fyda msIaGh
wka;¾.; wdydr m%udKh
wvqlr t<j¿ fyda m<;=re j,
odhl;ajh by< oeñh hq;=h'
fï i|yd úi÷ula f,i fjk;a
rgj, Microgreens Ndú;d lrk
w;r Y%S ,xldfõ o fuh m%p,s;
l< hq;=j we;' ,xldfõ wdydr
iqrlaIs;;djh .ek l:d
lsÍfï§ Microgreens j,g
úYd, jeo.;alula ysñfõ'
ukaoh;a" wvq úhoulska" flá
ld,hla ;=< ld,.=K úm¾hdi
mrojñka fmdaIK .=Kfhka
b;d by< wdydr ksmojd.;
yels ksidh'
Microgreens ms<sn| f;dr;=re
f.dúlï iÕrdjg tla lrkafka
tÉ' wd¾' mS' m%kdkaÿ
ksfhdacH wOHCI
wdydr m¾fhaIK tallh.kafkdarej" fmardfoKsh
48 ldKavh - 03 l,dmh 59
lgq wfkdaod iuÕ tlajje,s wd;d iSks wd;d
wkakfkaishd l=f,a bmsof;;a ueorg ye§ fid¢ka
kejqï m<;=rla f,ig;a.=Kj;a îula f,ig;ajukh iukh lrñka
mK /l fohs b;d fid¢ka
;=kafodia lsmS oÕ,kñksi;a orejka
.;af;d;a ì|la iqjfjhsfífrhs uref.ka
c,h Yla;s fïohmsIaGh úgñka
wvx.= fjhs fï ieu.kakd fldgiska
ykaÈ wudrej ksr;=rewe;sfjhs wlaud weneoaÈúI jqfkd;ska wdydrhj<ld,hs u< noaoh
kkaokS Ydka;s,;d
rdcH l,ukdlrK iyldr
lDIs m%ldYk tallh" .kafkdarej
tod jeõ neos rcráka tk iy,a l=i.sks ksjdÆ
uyd merl=ï rcqf.a iufha fuisß,l ire WkdÆ
jyd wgqfldgq mqrd wiajkq ;nd flfy,sh k.dÆ
iod iurej wef;a jeõ ne|s rch isyslr iodÆ
wyi isoÆ jeis fmdoska uy ihqre tla/ia l,dÆ
oyi neoÆ msh,s ke;sjg rgg wgq fldgq mqrdÆ
fjfyi lrÆ oE; lr.eg u;ska oyosh fy,dÆ
jyi f;mÆ nila fkdj f.dú rcqka rg ire lrdÆ
Woe,a,g yqre oE; ieuúg riska wiajkq ,ndù
olskakg ke; mqrka l=Uqrla tod rcrg fkdodù
oskkakg kï jeúh hq;=uh tod mäjre lshdù
is;kakg hï fohla wo we; Tfí yoj; ojdù
jeõ isfoaù fl;a mqrka ù rfÜ ire mi úkdihs
isõ fofia wgqfldgq isoShhs rg n;g w; jkd,hs
mõ lf<a lïm< wef;a wo oefha n;a m; wvd,hs
uõ ìfï f.dú rcqks Tn ,Õ wfma oyosh mrdohs
ta' Ô' Wfoaks O¾udodi
f.dúck fiajd uOHia:dkh"
.srd.u - ms<su;,dj
Top Related