Teoría de la política internacional - Kennet Waltz

7/22/2019 Teoría de la política internacional - Kennet Waltz

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/teoria-de-la-politica-internacional-kennet-waltz 1/114



5

GFXFY X [FD^H Y

Fsirhnd fstf ghnrd idl trfs prdpùshtds2 prhl. frd, fxeohler gestfdrïes kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg TyTgds fljdqufs kfg tfoe quf -

egfcel sfr tfùrhieofltf hopdrteltfs1 sfculkd, fgendrer uletfdrïe kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg quf rfofkhf ges kfjhihflihes

kf ges tfdrïes eituegfs1 y . frifrù, fxeohler egcules e p g h i e ~ g ~lfs kf ge tfdrïå quf sf me fgendrekd. Gds prfghohlerfs lfifserHds pere ge idlirfihùl kf fstds prdpùshtds hopghiel kfjhlhrkf què tfdrïes sf trete y fluliher gds rfqufrhohfltds kf suidoprdneihùl.

5

Gds fstukhdsds kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg uthghzel fg tèrohld

~ d r ï ~ ghnrfofltf, e oflukd pere rfjfrhrsf e iuegquhfr dnrequf sf egfbf T kf ge ofre kfsirhpihùl, y rere vfz pere egukhr egds trenebds quf sethsjeifl -gds stelkerks kf ge jhgdsdjïe. kf ge

ihflihe. Ohsyrdddshtds r f q u h f r ~ ~ qgBfT ª 2Gk.fjhlelT _ g h k e k U ~ B 2 H g f ltf gds t è r ~ ~ ~ Bfdrïe y gfy. l teltd mey ~ d s kfjhlhihdlfs kftfdrïe-susifpthngfs kf eifpteihùl, gul shopgf kfjhlhihùl 'kf gfyfs eopgheofltf eifpt=ke2-Ges gfyfs fstengfièl rfgeihdlfs³fltrf.Tverhengfs, shflkd ges verhengfs idlifptds quf pufkfl ekU. ghrhr

I ÷ j f t f l t f s v e g d r f s ~ Y h e gufcd n kdlkf e rfprfsflte e ule d oås-verhengfs hlkfpflkhfltfs y n rfprfsflte ge verhengf kfpflkhfltf2jdroegofltf, èste ³fs ge fluliheihùl kf ule gfy. Yh ge rfgeihùlfltrf e y n fs hlverhengf, ge gfyfs 'ensdgute. Yh ge rfgeihùl fs

egteofltf idlsteltf, eulquf ld hlverhengf, ge gfy sf gffrïe esï2Yh e gufcd n idl prdnenhghkek x. Vle gfy ld sf nese shopgfofltffl fg kfsiunrhohfltd kf ule rfgeihùl, shld fl ule rfgeihùl qufme shkd kfsiunhfrte rfpfthkeofltf. Ge rfpfthihùl ke gucer e ge

fxpfitethve kf quf sh of fliufltrd fl fg juturd idl e tflcd uleprdnenhghkek fspfiïjhie kf flidltrerof teonhèl idl n. l ges

ihflihes leturegfs, hligusd ges gfyfs prdnenhgïsthies idlthflfl



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

toe jufrtf hoputeihùl kf lfifserhfkek. Fl ges ihflihes sdihegfs,kfihr quf ges pfrstBle6 idl ul hlcrfsd fspfiïjhid vdtel e gds

kfoùiretes idl ihfrte prdnenhghkek fs fluliher ule ejhroeihùlshohger e ule gfy. Ge pegenre shohg r hopghie ul ofldr sflthkdkf lfifserhfkek. Yhl fonercd, ge ejhroeihùl ld sfrå kf lhlcòlodkd shohger e ule gfy e oflds quf ge rfgeihùl meye shkd megge-ke fl fg pesekd idl telte jrfiuflihe y sdghkfz idod pere kergucer e ge fxpfitethve kf quf sf sdstflce fl fg juturd idl egtdslhvfgfs kf prdnenhghkek.5

Yfcòl toe ,kfjhlhihùl, ges tfdrïes sdl idlbultds kf gfyfsquè Pèrt=Bg.fifl e ule idlkuite d jflùoflds perthiugerfs. Ekf-

oåY'kf gds lhvfgfs kf hlcrfsds, sf pufkfl fstengfifr esdiheihd-rhfsèK trf ge fkuieihùl kf gds vdteltfs, su rfghchùl y gds ido-pr2djgÏmBDsp()Mthids kf sus pekrfs, pdr ule pertf, y ge oelfre

7 ~ ~ ~ > ~ g ~ ~ , g ~ i)tre. Yh ges gfyfs prdnenhgïsthies es5 fstengf-~ j 2 P Ï B ) . ~ Nl Tiùmbto,ti), Yf pufkfl gdcrer oeydrfs idrrfge- t ~ f r h t r f Tes iereitfrjsthIg}Y , kf gds vdteltfs ges verhengfs )tKkfPfliggfltfs) y ge ~ g f i i h ù l kf perthkd ge verhengf kfpflkhfl-tf). Ges tfdrjes sdl, fltdlifs, oås idopgfbes quf ges gfyfs, pfrde oflukd gd sdl iuelthtethveofltf. Fltrf ges gfyfs y ges tfdrïesld

'eperfifl khjfrfliheihdlfs kf igesf.Fste prhofre kfjhlhihùl kf tfdrïe rfspegke ge esphreihùlf ouimds ihflthjhids sdihegfs quf prdiurel fkhjhier tfdrïes

rfulhflkd mhpùtfshs iuhkekdseofltf vfrhjhiekes f hltfridlfite-kes. Fg rfgetd shcuhfltf suchfrf fg odkd fl quf ge oeydrhe kfgds ihfltjjhids sdihegfs phflse eifrie kf ge tfdrïe2

Mdofrd kfsirhnf quf gds ourds kf [rdye tflïel dimd phfskf fspfsdr. Yh ,su rfgetd fsvfr;ekfrd, fltdlifs verhds ohgflhdsoås terkf pDkrïeods kfsiunrhr fsds ourds tres ule iuhkekdse

fxieveihùl. Fste hkfe ,sf gf diurrhù e Mfhlrhim Yimghfoell flge ekdgfsiflihe, y iuelkd juf ekugtd hlstruofltù ule idoprd-neihùl fopïrhie kf ge tfdrje. Aerg Kfutsim use ge tfdrïe idod

. .

.7k 5 ~ s l f i f s r h d sfr iuhkekdsd. Ge ejhroeihùl fs sdgeofltf shohgereule gfy sh pufkf sfr vfrhjhieke kf khvfrses oelfres. Ges idlkhihdlfsidltrejåithies, pdr fbfopgd, kfnfrïel sethsjeifrsf kf ge shcuhfltf oelfre2, Ge p f ~ d l g n fstå fl ge ietfcdrïe kf hlcrfsds kf gds prdnengfs rfpu-

Bb gH1Ields1 YH fg ocrfsd kf n sf rfkubfre meste ul ihfrtd lhvfg, fse pfrsdlep r d g 2 e n g f t p f ~ t f sf idlvfrthrïe fl kfoùirete. Oås prfihseofltf, ule ejhr-o ~ g ~ l sHoHger. e ule gfy fstengfif fstes fxpfitethves2 sh n fs ^ idl prd-

nenhnkekx

y YHe

fsK

idl prdnenhghkeky

fltdlifs shn

sf idlvhfrtf fle

sf idlvhfrtf pdr gd teltd f ~ idl prdnenhghkek x.

50



GFXFY X [FD^hEY

fbfopgd kf iùod sf idoprufnel ges tfdrïes kfg lufvd fsthgd(58:: pp. 5:=-:8). Vle tfdrïe leif kf ge idlbfture y fs vhengfsh fse idlbfture sf idljhroe. Kfutsim idlshkfre e ges tfdrïes kfge igesf sh-fltdlifs idod tfdrïes ³fspfihegfs , quf oås terkf

pufkfl sfr hliguhkes fl ule crel tfdrhe . Ke fltdlifs dtrds

fbfopgds y eg meifrgd sf kfspgeze kf ule iufsthùl sh-d-ld edtre eifrie kfg ³iuåltd . Kfnfrïeods treter kf kfsiunrhr iuåltdidltrhnuyfl ges khjfrfltfs verhengfs pere ge dntflihùl kf ulkftfrohlekd rfsugtekd (58::, pp. >58->5).

´Uuè fs gd quf rfsugte òthg fl fse 'jgstruiture kf pflseohfltd, y què fs gd quf ld4 [-dkds Onfods quf ul idfjhigfltf kfidrrfgeihùl, hligusd uld fgfvekd, ld -cerelthze ge fxhstflihe kfggle rfgeihùl ieuseg. Yhl fonercd, fg ³mfimd kf idljdrlter fg

idfjhihfltf lds pfrohtf kfihr tèilhieofltf quf mfods kekdiuflte kf ul ihfrtd pdrifl.tebf kf verheihùl. Fltdlifs, rfsugtejåihg irffr quf mfods hkflthjhiekd y ofkhkd ule vfrkekfre idlfxhùl ieuseg, pflser quf sf me ,fstengfihkd ge rfgeihùl fltrf

ule verhengf kfpflkhfltf y ge hlkfpflkhfltf, y dgvhker quf sùgdsf me khimd egcd eifrie kf egculds pultds fl ul pepfg y kf ge

ghlfe kf rfcrfshùl quf sf me trezekd e perthr kf fggds. ´Fs fspòrfege i d r r ~ g e i h ù l Fsd suchfrf ge prfculte ekfiueke shl menfrgejdrougekd kfg tdkd. Ges idrrfgeihdlfs ld sdl fspòrfes lh cf

luhles1 sdl ofreofltf lòofrds quf uld dnthflf eg kfserrdggerdpfreihdlfs oetfoåthies shopgfs. Vle idrrfgeihùl ld fs fspòrfelh cfluhle, pfrd ge rfgeihùl quf lds hljfrhods kf fgge pufkf sfreones idses. Yupdlceods quf. egcuhfl prdpdlf ule gfy, pdr

fbfopgd, fstengfihflkd iuhkekdseofltf ge rfgeihùl fxhstfltf fltrf fg hopugsd hoperthkd e ul idimf y su odvhohfltd. e rfge...ihùl fstengfihke, sh sf oelthflfl idlsteltfs ges idlkhihdlfs, yge ofkhihùl fs iuhkekdse, fs ul shopgf mfimd kf dnsfrveihùl,ule ~ y quf pfroelfif idlsteltfofltf våghke. e fxpghi ihùl

djrfihke idl rfspfitd e ge rfgeihùl fltrf fg hopugsd y fg odvhohfltd, shl fonercd, fs rekhiegofltf khsthlte sh idlsugteodse Erhstùtfgfs, e Ceghgfd d e Lfwtdl. e eifpteihùl eIrïthie kful lòofrd. idod hlkhiekdr kfg rfsugtekd kf ule idlfxhùl .fsfg prhofr pfghcrd kfg quf menrïe quf segvecuerkersf. Fs sflihggdmeifrgd. Fg shcuhfltf prdngfoe fs kf oeydr hopdrtelihe y kf

oås khjhihg rfsdguihùl.'Hligusd fl fg iesd .kf quf fstfods sethsjfimds kf khvfrses

oelfres eifrie kf quf ule idrrfgeihùl sfõege ule idlfxhùl quf

55



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

sf sdsthflf idljhengfofltf, eòl ld mfods kekd iuflte kf fseidlfxhùl fl fg sflthkd kf menfrge fxpghiekd. Mfods kekd iuflte kf fgge e ge oelfre y sùgd e ge oelfre- fl quf ge jïshie

erhstdtèghie kene iuflte kf ge rfgeihùl fltrf fg hopugsd y fgodvhohfltd. Kfskf ul pultd kf vhste pråithid, fg idldihohfltdkfg fgfvekd crekd kf idrrfgeihùl fxhstfltf fltrf hopugsd y odvhohfltd fs ouy òthg. Fsf idldihohfltd kfsirhpthvd pufkf sucfrhr ihfrtes igevfs eifrie kf gds prhlihphds kfg odvhohfltd.Yhl kuke,. teonhèl pufkf sfr ouy fquïvdid, idod pdr ihfrtdrfsugtù. Gds lòofrds pufkfl kfsirhnhr gd quf suifkf fl fg

~ u l k d Pfrd, hlkfpflkhfltfofltf kf ge sfcurhkek idl³ ge q ~ fmeyeods pfrpftuekd ule kfsirhpihùl fl lòofrds sfcuhods shl

menfr fxpghiekd equfggd quf mfods kfsirhptd. Ges fstekïsthiesld kfgggufstrel iùod julihdle egcd lh iùod ges idses fliebeldGes fstekïsthies sdl shopgfs kfsirhpihdlfs idl jdroe luoèrhie.Ge jdroe fs fidlùohie pdrquf ges fstekïsthies kfsirhnfl ululhvfrsd pdr ofkhd kf oelhpugeihdlfs kf ges oufstres fxtreïkeskf èg. Ges fstekïsthies sdl òthgès .e ieuse kf ge verhfkek kf dpfreihdlfs hlcflhdses quf eutdrhzel, egcules kf ges iuegfs pufkfluthghzersf pere idoprDner ge shclhjhieihùl kf ges dtres. Fgrfsugtekd, ld dnsteltf, shcuf shflkd ule kfsirhpihùl kf egcule

pertf kfg oulkd y ld ule fxpghieihùl kf fgge. Ges dpfreihdlfsfstekïsthies ld pufkfl jrelqufer fg enhsod quf sf enrf fltrf

ge kfsirhpihùl y ge fxpghieihùl. Aerg Kfutsim lds eidlsfbe jdrouger, d rfjdrouger, ule prdpdshihùl fl tèrohlds kf prdnenhghkek, y kfihr uåltd kfg rfsugtekd pufkf sfr busthjhiekd pdr ulfgfofltd y iuåltd kfg rfsugtekd pufkf sfr busthjhiekd pdr dtrds

fgfofltds d sh fs eutùldod y ghnrf (58::, p. >>0). Yh sfcuhodsfsf 'idlsfbd, lds idopdrterfods idod jïshids erhstdtèghids. [reterfods ul prdngfoe idod sh ge òlhie oelfre kf meifrgd jufre

kfihr meste què pultd fg odvhohfltd kfg idimf fs idlsfiuflihekfg hopugsd d kfg kfighvf d meste què pultd su odvhohfltd sfvf dnsteiughzekd pdr ge jrhiihùl. Yfcuhrïeods pflselkd fl tèrohlds sfiuflihegfs y idrrfgeihdlegfs. Eg meifrgd,' pufkfl gdcrersf rfsugtekds quf sdl òthgfs fl ge pråithie, eulquf gds fstukhdsds .kf ge p d g ~ t h i hltfrleihdleg thflfl kfsejdrtulekeofltfpdid quf odstrer idod rfsugtekd kf sus fsjufrzds fl fsf sflthkd, hligusd, fl tèrohlds pråithids. X sh sf r.fvfgere egcule

hljdroeihùl òthg, sfcuhrïe fxhsthflkd ge terfe oås khjïihg kf hoe-

chler su shclhjhiekd tfùrhid.

5>



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

Ge hgushùl hlkuithvhste , idod ge ggeoe fg eltrdpùgdcd fstruitureghste Gèvh-Ytreuss, fs ge idlvhiihùl kf quf sf dnthflfge vfrkek y sf gdcre ge,fxpghieihùl pdr ofkhd kf ge eiuougeihùl

kf oås y oås ketds y kfg fxeofl kf oås y oås iesds. Yhl fonercd, sh rfulhods ieke vfz oås ketds y fstengfifods oås yoås esdiheihdlfs, jhlegofltf ld lds meggerfods senhflkd leke.Yhopgfofltf tflkrïeods oås y oås ketds y idlbultds oeydrfskf idrrfgeihdlfs. Gds ketds lulie mengel pdr sï ohsods. Gednsfrveihùl y ge fxpfrhflihe lulie idlkuifl khrfiteofltf egidldihohfltd kf ges ieuses. Idod khbfre fl ule dpdrtulhkek

fg precoåthid ldrtfeofrhield I Y. Pfhrif, ge fxpfrhflihe khrfite ld fs sfcure lh hlihfrte, pdrquf leke ejhroe -shopgf

ofltf fs Ld hopghie lhlcòl frrdr, pdrquf ld ke tfsthodlhd kfleke quf ld sfe su prdphe eperhflihe. Pdr ge ohsoe rezel, ld

hlkuif e lhlcule ifrtfze (ihtekd pdr Lecfg, 586:, p. 560). Gdsketds, gds mfimds eperfltfs, ges esdiheihdlfs eperfltfs ld hopghiel fg idldihohfltd ihfrtd kf egcd. Pufkfl sfr flhcoes quf

ul kïe pufkfl sfr fxpghiekds, pufkfl sfr trhvheghkekfs quf ld

lfifshtel fl ensdgutd sfr fxpghiekes.Yh sfcuhods fg ieohld hlkuithvhste, s:50 pdkfods diuper

lds kf pertfs kf prdngfoes. Ge idlvhiihùl kf quf fses pertfs

pufkfl sfr suoekes, kf quf pufkfl sfr tretekes idod verhengfsiuyds fjfitds suoekds kerål iuflte kf ule ihfrte pdrihùl kfgodvhohfltd kf ule verhengf kfpflkhfltf, sf nese sdgeofltf flge jf. Ld senfods què suoer, lh senfods teopdid sh ge ekhihùlfs ge dpfreihùl eprdpheke. Fg lòofrd kf pertfs fl ges iuegfs sfperer ul prdngfoe fs hljhlhtd, y teonhèl gd fs fg lòofrd kf oelfres fl ,fg quf fstes pertfs pufkfl idonhlersf. Lh pdr dnsfrveihùl l pdr fxpfrhoflteihùl sf pufkf treneber idl ule hljhlhtukkf Dnbftds y kf idonhleihdlfs. Fl fg shcuhfltf fbfopgd, ^dss

Esmny djrfif ule ekfiueke ofkhke kf ieutfge. Gds estrdjïshidsprdiurel fxpghier fg idopdrteohfltd kf crupds kf fstrfgges idl '>0.000 ohfonrds. Fg prhlihpheltf, dnsfrve Esmny, khrå shopgfofltf quf kfsfe senfr iùod sf idopdrterå fsf crupd, fs kfihr,quhfrf idldifr ges treyfitdrhes kf sus idopdlfltfs. Yhl fonercd, sh pukhfre eiifkfr e fstf idldihohfltd,. tdoerïe ge jdroe kfouimds vdgòoflfs idgoekds kf tenges luoèrhies, y fltdlifsekvfrthrïe quf fl ,rfeghkek ld kfsfe tdkd fsd . Fg prdngfoe,idliguyf Esmny, fs iùod kfsiunrhr 50 quf rfegofltf kfsfeods

senfr shl sdnrfiercersf idl kfteggfs hlòthgfs (586:, p. 559).

59



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

sf sdsthflf idljhengfofltf, eòl ld mfods kekd iuflte kf fseidlfxhùl fl fg sflthkd kf menfrge fxpghiekd. Mfods kekd iuflte kf fgge e ge oelfre y sùgd e ge oelfre- fl quf ge jïshie

erhstdtèghie kene iuflte kf ge rfgeihùl fltrf fg hopugsd y fgodvhohfltd. Kfskf ul pultd kf vhste pråithid, fg idldihohfltdkfg fgfvekd crekd kf idrrfgeih:l fxhstfltf fltrf ~ p u g s d y odvhohfltd fs ouy òthg. Fsf idldihohfltd kfsirhpthvd pufkf sucfrhr ihfrtes igevfs eifrie kf gds prhlihphds kfg odvhohfltd.Yhl kuke, teonhèl pufkf sfr ouy fquïvdid, idod pdr ihfrtdrfsugtù. Gds lòofrds pufkfl kfsirhnhr gd quf suifkf fl fgoulkd. Pfrd, hlkfpflkhfltfofltf kf ge sfcurhkek idl' ge qg1gfmeyeods pfrpftuekd ule kfsirhpihùl fl lòofrds sfcuhod's shl

menfr fxpghiekd equfggd quf mfods kfsirhptd. Ges fstekïsthiesld kfoufstrel iùod julihdle egcd lh iùod ges idses fliebel.Ges fstekïsthies sdl shopgfs kfsirhpihdlfs idl jdroe luoèrhie.Ge jdroe fs fidlùohie pdrquf ges fstekïsthies kfsirhnfl ululhvfrsd pdr ofkhd kf oelhpugeihdlfs kf ges oufstres fxtreïkeskf èg. Ges fstekïsthies sdl òthgfs 'e ieuse kf ge verhfkek kf dpfreihdlfs hlcflhdses quf eutdrhzel, egcules kf ges iuegfs pufkfluthghzersf pere idoprdner ge shclhjhieihùl kf ges dtres. Fgrfsugtekd, ld dnsteltf, shcuf shflkd ule kfsirhpih:l kf egcule

pertf kfg oulkd y ld ule fxpghieihùl kf fgge. es dpfreihdlfsfstekïsthies ld pufkfl jrelqufer fg enhsod quf sf enrf fltrfge kfsirhpihùl y ge fxpghieihùl. Aerg Kfutsim lds eidlsfbe jdrouger, d rfjdrouger, ule prdpdshihùl fl tèrohlds kf prdnenhghkek, y kfihr uåltd kfg rfsugtekd pufkf sfr busthjhiekd pdr ul

fgfofltd y iuåltd kfg rfsugtekd pufkf sfr busthjhiekd pdr dtrdsfgfofltds d sh fs eutùldod y ghnrf (58::, p. >>0). Yh sfcuhodsfsf 'idlsfbd, lds idopdrterfods idod jïshids erhstdtèghids. [reterfods ul prdngfoe idod sh ge òlhie oelfre kf meifrgd jufre

kfihr meste què pultd fg odvhohfltd kfg idimf fs idlsfiuflihekfg hopugsd d kfg kfighvf d meste què pultd su odvhohfltd sfvf dnsteiughzekd pdr ge jrhiihùl. Yfcuhrïeods pflselkd fl tèrohlds sfiuflihegfs y idrrfgeihdlegfs. Eg meifrgd, pufkfl gd-crersf rfsugtekds quf sdl òthgfs fl ge pråithie, eulquf gds fstukhdsds .kf ge pDgh,thie hltfrleihdleg thflfl kfsejdrtulekeofltfpdid quf odstrer idod rfsugtekd' kf sus fsjufrzds fl fsf sfltgkd, hligusd, fl tèrohlds pråithids. X sh sf. r.fvfgere egcule

hljdroeihùl òthg, sfcuhrïe fxhsthflkd ge terfe oås khjïihg kf hoe-

chler su shclhjhiekd tf:rhid.

5>



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

Ge hgushùl hlkuithvhste , idod ge ggeoe fg eltrdpùgdcd fstruitureghste Gèvh-Ytreuss, fs ge idlvhiihùl kf' quf sf dnthflfge vfrkek y sf gdcre ge. fxpghieihùl pdr ofkhd kf ge eiuougeihùlkf oås y oås ketds y kfg fxeofl kf oås y oås iesds. Yhl fo

nercd, sh rfulhods ieke vfz oås ketds y fstengfifods oås yoås esdiheihdlfs, jhlegofltf ld lds meggerfods senhflkd leke.Yhopgfofltf tflkrïeods oås y oås ketds y idlbultds oeydrfskf idrrfgeihdlfs. Gds ketds lulie mengel pdr sï ohsods. Gednsfrveihùl y ge fxpfrhflihe lulie idlkuifl khrfiteofltf egidldihohfltd kf ges ieuses. Idod khbfre fl ule dpdrtulhkek

fg precoåthid ldrtfeofrhield I. Y. Pfhrif, ge fxpfrhflihe khrfite ld fs sfcure lh hlihfrte, pdrquf leke ejhroe -shopgfofltf fs Ld hopghie lhlcòl frrdr, pdrquf ld ke tfsthodlhd kf

leke quf ld sfe su prdphe eperhflihe. Pdr ge ohsoe rezùl, ldhlkuif e lhlcule ifrtfze (ihtekd pdr Lecfg, 586: p. 560). Gdsketds, gds mfimds eperfltfs, ges esdiheihdlfs eperfltfs ld o ~pghiel fg idldihohfltd ihfrtd kf egcd. Pufkfl sfr flhcoes quful kïe pufkfl sfr fxpghiekds, pufkfl sfr trhvheghkekfs quf ld

lfifshtel fl ensdgutd sfr fxpghiekes.Yh sfcuhods fg ieohld hlkuithvhste, sùgd pdkfods diuper

lds kf pertfs kf prdngfoes. e idlvhiihùl kf quf fses pertfspufkfl sfr suoekes, kf quf pufkfl sfr tretekes idod verhengfsiuyds fjfitds suoekds kerål iuflte kf ule ihfrte pdrihùl kfgodvhohfltd kf ule verhengf kfpflkhfltf, sf nese sdgeofltf flge jf. Ld senfods què suoer, lh senfods teopdid sh ge ekhihùlfs ge dpfreihùl eprdpheke. Fg lòofrd kf pertfs fl ges iuegfs sfperer ul prdngfoe fs hljhlhtd, y teonhèl gd fs fg lòofrd kf oelfres fl fg quf fstes pertfs pufkfl idonhlersf. Lh pdr dnsfrveihùl lh pdr fxpfrhoflteihùl sf pufkf treneber idl ule hljhlhtukkf Dnbftds y kf idonhleihdlfs. Fl fg shcuhfltf fbfopgd, ^dssEsmny djrfif ule ekfiueke ofkhke kf ieutfge. Gds estrdjïshidsprdiurel fxpghier fg idopdrteohfltd kf crupds kf fstrfgges idl ³>0.000 ohfonrds. Fg prhlihpheltf, dnsfrve Esmny, khrå shopgfofltf quf kfsfe senfr iùod sf idopdrterå fsf crupd, fs kfihr,quhfrf idldifr ges treyfitdrhes kf sus idopdlfltfs. Yhl fonercd, sh pukhfre eiifkfr e fstf idldihohfltd tdoerïe ge jdroe kf

ouimds vdgòoflfs idgoekds kf tenges luoèrhies, y fltdlifsekvfrthrïe quf fl .rfeghkek ld kfsfe tdkd fsd . Fg prdngfoe,idliguyf EYmny, fs iùod kfsiunrhr gd quf rfegofltf kfsfeodssenfr shl sdnrfiercersf idl kfteggfs hlòthgfs (586:, p. 559).

59



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

g vhfbd gfoe kfg idldihohfltd pdr fg idldihohfltd ohsod phfrkf su flieltd, y pdr ihfrtd su sflthkd, iuelkd uld ekvhfrtfquf gds pdshngfs dnbftds kfg idldihohfltd sdl hljhlhtds.

Ld dnsteltf, gds fstukheltfs eituegfs kf pdgïthie hltfrleihd-leg oufstrel ul jufrtf idoprdohsd idl ge hlkuiihùl. Fxeohlelluofrdsds iesds idl ge fspfrelze kf quf eggï fofrcfrål fstrui-tures y idlfxhdlfs, y kf quf fses fstruitures y idlfxhdlfs rf-prfsflterål ge jrfiufltfofltf oflihdleke rfeghkek quf fstå

egM ejufrò'''. Ge fspfrelze eperfltfofltf kfsielse fl ge idlvhi-ihùl kf quf fg idldihohfltd idohflze idl ifrtfzes y kf quf ge

~ ~ W i i ~ ù l pufkf rfvfgerges. Pfrd Beoås pdkfods kfihr idl sf-~ h k k quf ul fstekd kf idses eg quf ggfceods hlkuithveofltf

sf idrrfspdlkf idl egcd dnbfthveofltf rfeg. Equfggd quf pflse-ods idod rfeghkek fs fl sh ohsod ule idlifpihùl fgendreke,idlstruhke y rfidlstruhke e ~ d gercd kf gds thfopds. Ge rfeghkekfofrc.f kf lufstre sfgfiihùl y drcelhzeihùl kf gds oetfrhegfskhspDlhngfs fl ielthkek hljhlhte. ´Iùod pdkfods kfihkhr iuågfsoetfrhegfs sfgfiihdler y iùod khspdlfrgds4 Lhlcòl prdifkh-ohfltd hlkuithvd pufkf rfspdlkfr e fste prfculte, pufs fg prd-ngfoe idlshstf fl hkfer gds irhtfrhds idl gds iuegfs ge hlkuiihùlpufkf ggfversf ekfgeltf kf oelfre òthg.

Equèggds quf irffl, fxtreõeofltf, quf fg idldihohfltd fo-phfze idl ifrtfzes phflserh fl ges tfdrïes idod fkhjhihds kf vfr-kekfs quf pufkfl³idlstruhr hlkuithveofltf. Kfjhlfl ges tfdrïesidod mhpùtfshs quf pufkfl sfr idljhroekes y idlfitekes. Pfrdfg idldihohfltd fopïrhid fs shfoprf prdngfoåthid. Ge fxpf-rhflihe e oflukd lds idlkuif frrùlfeofltf. [eg idod gd fx-prfsere Mfhlrhim Mfrtz, equfggd quf fs kfrhvekd kf ge fxpfrhfl-ihe pufkf vdgvfr e sfr elugekd pdr gå fxpfrhflihe (58=;, p. 963).Leke fs eg ohsod thfopd fopïrhid y ensdguteofltf vfrkekfrd,

prdpdshihùl fstengfihke pdr Hooelufg Aelt y emdre eopghe-ofltf ³eifpteke, eg oflds pdr gds fstukhdsds kf ges ihflihesleturegfs. X kekd quf fg idldihohfltd fopïrhid fs pdtfliheg-ofltf hljhlhtd fl ielthkek, shl ihfrte cuhe ld pdkfods idldifrlh gd quf rfòlf ge hljdroeihùl lh teopdid iùod idonhlergdkf odkd quf sf vufgve idoprflshngf. Yh pukhèreods eprfmflkfrkhrfiteofltf fg oulkd quf lds hltfrfse, ld tflkrïeods lfif-shkek kf tfdrïes. Pfrd ld pdkfods. Yùgd pdkfods. megger ulieohld fltrf gds hljhlhtds oetfrhegfs idl ge cuhe kf ge tfdrïeteg idod sf kfjhlhù fl fg sfculkd sflthkd.

5;



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

Fl vfz kf sfr ofrds idlbultds kf gfyfs,. ges tfdrïes sdl

fluliheihdlfs quf ges fxpghiel (Lecfg, 58:5 pp. =0-=51 Hseea,58:8 pp. 59=-98), Ges tfdrïes sdl iueghtethveofltf khjfrfltfs

kf ges gfyfs. Ges gfyfs hkflthjhiel esdiheihdlfs prdnengfs d hlverhengfs. Ges tfdrïes kfoufstrel pdr què sf prfsfltel fses esdiheihdlfs. Ieke tèrohld kfsirhpthvd kf ule gfy fstå khrfiteofltfvhliugekd e prdifkhohfltds kf dnsfrveihùl d fxpfrhoflteihùl.Ekfoås kf tèrohlds kfsirhpthvds, ges tfdrïes idlthflfl ldihdlfs tfùrhies. Ges tfdrïes ld pufkfl idlstruhrsf pdr ofkhd kfge hlkuiihùl sdgeofltf, pufs ges ldihdlfs tfùrhies sùgd pufkflhlvfltersf, ld kfsiunrhrsf. Erhstùtfgfs sf diupù kfg odvhohfltdvf-rkekfrd, fs kfihr kf ges rfgeihdlfs fltrf fsjufrzd y odvhohfl

td, quf sdl esultds kf ge fxpfrhflihe idoòl. Ceghgfd khd verhdspesds eukeifs egfbålkdsf kfg oulkd rfeg idl fg dnbftd kf fxpghiergd. Erhstùtfgfs irfïe quf gds dnbftds fstål leturegofltf fl

kfsielsd y quf sf rfquhfrf fsjufrzd pere odvfrgds1 Ceghgfdsupusd quf teltd fg kfsielsd idod fg odvhohfltd ihriuger ulhjdrof sdl leturegfs y quf ul dnbftd pfroelfif fl iuegquhfrekf fstes kds shtueihdlfs fl eusflihe kf jufrzes fxtfrles. Lfwtdl idlihnhù ul odvhohfltd rfithgïlfd ulhjdrof. Ge tfdrïe qufhkfù pere fxpghiergd hltrdkuiïe ldihdlfs tfùrhies tegfs idod

pultd oese, eifgfreihùl hlsteltålfe, jufrze y fspeihd y thfopdensdgutds, lhlcule kf ges iuegfs pufkf dnsfrversf d kftfrohlersf fxpfrhofltegofltf. Fl ieke pesd, kfskf Erhstùtfgfs meste

Lfwtdl, peselkd pdr Ceghgfd, gds idlifptds tfùrhids sf mhihfrdloås eukeifs f s kfihr, oås khsteltfs kf lufstre fxpfrhflihe sflsdrheg.

Vle ldihùl tfùrhie pufkf sfr ul idlifptd, idod fg kf jufrze,d ule supdshihùl, teg idod ge kf quf ge oese sf idlifltre fl

ul pultd. Vle ldihùl tfùrhie ld fxpghie lh prfkhie leke. Ye

nfods, eg hcueg quf Lfwtdl, quf ge oese ld sf idlifltre flul pultd. Pfrd ld fre rerd quf Lfwtdl supushfre quf gd meiïe,ye quf ges supdshihdlfs ld sdl esfrihdlfs kf mfimds. Ld sdlvfrkekfres l jegses. Ges ldihdlfs tfùrhies meggel busthjhieihùlfl -fg èxhtd kf ges tfdrïes quf ges fopgfel. Eifrie kf -ges gfyfsprdpufstes, prfculteods2 ´Ydl vfrkekfres4 Eifrie kf gestfdrïes prfculteods2 ´Iuåg fs su pdkfr fxpghiethvd4 Ge tfdrïelfwtdlhele kf ge crevhteihùl ulhvfrseg suohlhstrù ule fxpghieihùl ulhjhieke kf gds jflùoflds ifgfstfs y tfrrfstrfs. Yu pdkfr

fstrhnene fl fg lòofrd kf khjfrfltfs cflfreghzeihdlfs fopïrhies

56



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

prfvhes y kf gfyfs quf pdkïel hliguhrsf fl ul òlhid shstfoe fx-pghiethvd, y fl fg lòofrd y khvfrshkek kf lufves mhpùtfshs sucf-

rhkes d cflfrekes pdr ge tfdrïe, mhpùtfshs quf e su vfz idlkuiïele lufves gfyfs fxpfrhofltegfs.Erhstùtfgfs idliguyù quf, kfltrd kf ihfrtds gïohtfs, ul

iufrpd kftfrohlekd pufkf sfr kfspgezekd fl ihfrtd thfopd ku-reltf ule khstelihe prdpdrihdleg eg fsjufrzd fbfrihkd ([dugohl,58:5, p. ;8). Xe sfe sfcòl ge ofiålhie elthcue d sfcòl ge odkfr-le, ge fgfveke idrrfgeihùl fxhstfltf fltrf fg hopugsd y fg odvh-ohfltd fs ihfrte. ´Pfrd iùod sf ge pufkf fxpghier4 Fsds mfimdsmel pfroelfihkd idlsteltfs1 ges tfdrïes quf sf eifptel idod

ekfiuekes pere fxpghiergds mel ieonhekd rekhiegofltf. Ges gf-yfs sdl mfimds kf dnsfrveih.ùl 1 ges tfdrïes sdl gds prdifsds fs-pfiugethvds hltrdkuihkds pere fxpghiergds . Gds rfsugtekds fxpf³rhofltegfs sdl pfroelfltfs1 ges tfdrïes, pdr fxifgfltf quf sfe

su rfspegkd, pufkfl ld kurer (Elkrekf, 5863, pp. >8, >;>). Gesgfyfs pfrshstfl, ges tfdrïes vel y vhflfl.

Idod ld vfd odthvd p e r ~ kfspfrkhiher ge pegenre tfdrïe

kfjhlhèlkdge idod ul idlbultd kf kds d oås gfyfs, of etflcdeg sfculkd shclhjhiekd kfg tèrohld2 ges tfdrïes fxpghiel ges gfyfs.

Fstf shclhjhiekd ld fstå kf eiufrkd idl fg usd quf sf gf ke flcrel pertf kf ge tfdrïe pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, quf sf prfdiupeouimd oås pdr ge hltfrprfteihùl jhgdsùjhie quf pdr ge fxpghie-ihùl tfùrhie. Idrrfspdlkf e ge kfjhlhihùl quf sf gf ke eg tèrohld

fl ges ihflihes leturegfs y fl egcules ihflihes sdihegfs, fspfiheg-ofltf fl fidldoïe. Ge kfjhlhihùl teonhèl sethsjeif ge lfif-shkek quf fxhstf kf ul tèrohld quf iunre ge eithvhkek fxpghie-thve fl ge quf pfrshstfltfofltf lds fonerieods. Idl fg dnbftd

kf tresiflkfr gds mfimds kf ge dnsfrveihùl , quf fs gd qòf

kfsfeods hrrfofkhengfofltf, kfnfods endierlds eg prdngfoe

kf ge fxpghieihùl. Ge urcflihe pdr fxpghier ld leif sdgeofltfkf ge iurhdshkek dihdse. [eonhèl sf prdkuif pdr fg kfsfd kfidltrdger, d eg oflds kf senfr sh fs pdshngf idltrdger, y ld kf

ge1 ofre prfkhiihùl. Ge prfkhiihùl surcf kfg idldihohfltd kfge .Jfcugerhkek kf ges esdiheihdlfs quf ges gfyfs flierlel. Ges

¡}Bhkes y pufstes kfg sdg pufkfl sfr rezdlengfofltf prfkhimes

~ ge1òlhie nesf kf gds kfsiunrhohfltds fopïrhids, shl fg nf-~ ~ j h è h d ,kf tfdrïes quf fxpghqufl pdr què fsf jflùofld diurrf.

p v f q h i i h ù l pufkf sfr, shl kuke, òthg2 ges jufrzes quf hopfgfl

e, k8s iqfrpds kfsthlekds e idghshdler pufkfl sfr hleiifshngfs,

5:



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

pfrd sh pdkfods prfkfihr ge idghshùl, pdkfods' eg oflds seghr-lds kfg ofkhd. Eul esï, e oflukd lds ecreke pdkfr fbfrifr

egcòl idltrdg. Idod ule gfy ld pufkf kfihr pdr què sf sdsthflfule kftfrohleke esdiheihùl, teopdid pufkf kfihrlds sh pdkf-ods fbfrifr egcòl idltrdg l iùod pdkfods meifrgd. Pere fstfògthod prdpùshtd lfifshteods ule tfdrïe.

Vle tfdrïe, eulquf rfgeihdleke idl fg oulkd eifrie kfgiueg sf kfsfe fxpghieihùl, shfoprf fs khjfrfltf kf fsf oulkd.Ge rfeghkek ld sfrïe idlcrufltf l idl ge tfdrïe lh idl fg

odkfgd quf pufkf rfprfsflterge. IDlhd gds ihfltïjhids pdgïthidse oflukd phflsel quf fg ofbdr odkfgd fs equèg quf rfjgfbe

oås prfihseofltf ge rfeghkek, fs lfifserhe ule khsiushùl oåsprdjulke.dkfgd fs ul tèrohld uthghzekd kf kds oelfres prhlihpegfs.

Fl ul sflthkd, ul odkfgd rfprfsflte e ule tfdrïe. Fl dtrd sfl-thkd, ul odkfgd kfsirhnf ge rfeghkek shopghjhiålkdge, khceods,pdr ofkhd kf ge dohshùl d kf ge rfkuiihùl kf f s i g ~ Yh fsf od-kfgd sf egfbe kfoeshekd kf .ge rfeghkek, sf tdrle hlòthg. Vl efrd-pgeld odkfgd kfnf perfifrsf e ul efrdpgeld rfeg. Fg pdkfr fxpgh-iethvd, shl fonercd, sf ekquhfrf egfbålkdsf kf ge rfeghkek ,

ld pfroålfihflkd ouy prùxhod e fgge. Vle kfsirhpihùl of-thiugdse ld tflkrïe pråithieofltf pdkfr fxpghiethvd1 ule tfdrïefgfceltf, fl ieonhd, tflkrïe oåxhod pdkfr fxpghiethvd. Fste

ògthoe fsterïe fxtrfoekeofltf egfbeke kf ge rfeghkek1 phèlsfsf,pdr fbfopgd, fl ge jïshie. Fg egfbeohfltd kf ge rfeghkek ld fslfifserheofltf nufld,. pfrd sh ld sf gd gdcre kf ule oelfrehltfghcfltf, sùgd sf pufkf kfsirhnhr y ld fxpghier. Esï, BeofsIdlelt kfjhlhù ule vfz ge ihflihe idod ule foprfse khlåohiekhrhchke meihe ge rfkuiihùl kfg crekd kf fophrhsod hlvdguirekd

fl ge rfsdguihùl kf prdngfoes (586>, p. :>). Fg odkfgd kf uletfdrïe fsterå tel egfb ekd kf ge rfeghkek idod ge tfdrïe quf rfprf-sflte. g odkfger ule tfdrïe, kfnfods nusier odkds sucfrfltfskf kfsirhnhrge, y ld ge rfprdkuiihùl kf ge rfeghkek kf ge quf sfdiupe. Fg odkfgd prfsflte ge tfdrïe, fltdlifs, idl sus ldihdlfstfùrhies lfifserheofltf dohthkes, ye sfe pdr ofkhd kf fxprfshd-lfs drcålhies, ofiålhies, oetfoåthies u dtres.

Egculds ihfltïjhids pdgïthids fsirhnfl eifrie kf gds odkfgdstfùrhids idod sh jufrel shohgerfs e gds odkfgds kf gds efrdpge-lds. Pdr .fbfopgd, prhofrd irhthiel fg odkfgd fstetdièltrhid kfge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg pdrquf supufsteofltf sf me egfbekd

53



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

ieke vfz oås kf ge rfeghkek. Gufcd tretel kf idlstruhr odkfgdsquf rfjgfbfl pgfleod,ggtf ge rfeghkek. Yh sus fsjufrzds tuvhfrel

èxhtd, fg odkfgd y fg oulkd rfeg sf idlvfrthrïel fl uld sdgdf hkèlthid. Fg frrdr fs fg dpufstd kfg quf ekvhrthfre tel idmfrfltfofltf Hooelufg Aelt, fs kfihr, pflser quf gd quf fs vfrkekfrd fl ge tfdrïe pufkf ld sfrgd fl ge pråithie. [eg idodAelt idoprChgkhù pfrjfiteofltf, su ekvfrtflihe ld hopghienequf ge tfdrïe y ge pråithie jufrel hkèlthies. Ge tfdrïe fxpghieegcule pertf kf ge rfeghkek y fs, pdr 50 teltd, khjfrfltf kf ge

rfeghkek quf fxpghie. Yh ge khsthlihùl sf prfsfrve, sf tdrle dnvhdquf ge hlkuiihùl e perthr kf 50 dnsfrvekd ld pufkf fl sï ohsoe

prdkuihr ule tfdrïe quf fxpghquf ge dnsfrveihùl. Vle tfdrïepufkf idoprdnersf pdr ofkhd kf ge fxpfrhflihe , idod khbd fl

ule epdrtulhkek Egnfrt Fhlstfhl, pfrd ld mey ul ieohld qufveye kfskf ge fxpfrhflihe meste fg fstengfihohfltd kf ule tfdrïe(ihtekd fl Merrhs, 5830, p. 5>5 .' Egfcer quf fs pdshngf ggfcer eule tfdrïe hlkuithveofltf fs 'egfcer quf pdkfods idoprflkfrgds jflùoflds eltfs kf quf sf prdkuziel gds ofkhds lfifserhdspere'su fxpghieihùl.

Fg pultd ld fs rfimezer ge hlkuiihùl, shld prfculter què

fs 50 quf sf pufkf gdcrer, y què ld, pdr ofkhd kf 'ge hlkuiihùl.Ge hlkuiihùl sf uthghze e lhvfg kf ges mhpùtfshs y ges gfyfs oås

quf e lhvfg kf ges tfdrïes. Ges gfyfs sdl khjfrfltfs kf ges tfdrïes,y ge khjfrflihe sf rfjgfbe fl ge khsthlihùl fltrf ge oelfre flquf pufkfl sfr kfsiunhfrtes ges gfyfs y ge oelfre fl ge qufkfnfl idlstruhrsf ges tfdrïes. Kf ges tfdrïes pufkfl hljfrhrsfmhpùtfshs. Yh sdl idligushveofltf idljhroekes, ³sf ges ggeoegfyfs. [eonhèl sf pufkf errhner e ges mhpùtfshs pdr hlkuiihùl.Vle vfz oås, sh sdl idljhroekes, sf ges ggeoe gfyfs. Ges oerfes

egtes y nebes jufrdl prfkhimes pdr gds elthcuds nenhgdlhds idlule prfihshùl hlsupfreke meste fg jhl kfg shcgd khfihlufvf. Pfrdfg idldihohfltd ifrtfrd eifrie kf ge iesh-gfy kfg odvhohfltd kfges oerfes ld pfrohtf fxpghierges. Ges mhpùtfshs eifrie 'kf ge

esdiheihùl kf ule idse idl dtre, pdr nhfl idljhroekes quf fstèl,ld kel leihohfltd e ges tfdrïes. Ges esdiheihdlfs lulie idlthflfl lh suchfrfl idligushveofltf sus prdphes fxpghieihdlfs.

Eulquf fl sh ohsoe ge hlkuiihùl idlkuif e ul pultd oufrtd tfùrhid, ld dnsteltf lfifshteods ihfrtd sflthkd kf ges hltrh

celtfs idlfxhdlfs fxhstfltfsfltrf

ges idses y gds eidltfihohfltds eltfs kf prfdiupeods pdr ge idlstruiihùl kf ule tfdrïe.

^



GFXFY X [FD^ïEY

Eg ohsod thfopd lfifshteods ule tfdrïe, d egcules tfdrïes,idl fg dnbftd kf senfr què igesfs kf ketds y idlfxhdlfs kfnfods

nusier. g idldihohfltd, sfcòl perfif, kfnf prfifkfr e ge tfdrïe,y shl fonercd sùgd pufkf prdvflhr kf ge tfdrïe. std sf perfifouimd eg khgfoe pgeltfekd pdr ge prdpdshihùl pgetùlhie kf qufleke pdkfods senfr ohfltres ld gd sfpeods tdkd. Yh sf tdoe.fstf pflseohfltd ghtfregofltf, sf ief fl ge kfsfspfreihùl. Pfrdsh sf tdoe, fl ieonhd, idod ule fluliheihùl kfg prdngfoe fs³tretèchid kf ekquhrhr idldihohfltd, sf vfrå quf gd òlhid qufsf pgeltfe fs ge khjhiugtek, fl i ~ g q u h f r ieopd, kf idlifltrersffl ule sflke hltfgfitueg quf prdofte idlkuihrlds eg prdcrfsdkf egcule igesf.

Yh ge hlkuiihùl ld fs fg vfmïiugd iepez kf idlkuihods pdr

ule sflke òthg, íuåg sfrå fsf vfmïiugd4 g segtd kf ge gfy e ge

tfdrïe, kf ge fgendreihùl kf mhpùtfshs eg kfserrdggd kf sus fxpgh³ieihdlfs, ld pufkf idlirftersf tdoelkd ge hljdroeihùl idodfvhkflihe y prdiurelkd ule oeydr ielthkek. g segtd ld pufkffoprflkfrsf prfcultålkdsf què idse fstå esdiheke idl dtre,shld oås nhfl hltfltelkd rfspdlkfr e prfcultes idod èstes2´Pdr què diurrf fstd4 Íùod julihdle fstd4 Úuè idse ieusedtre idse4 Íùod sf rfgeihdle tdkd fstd4

Yh ule tfdrïe ld fs ul fkhjhihd kf vfrkekfs lh ule rfprdkui-ihùl kf ge rfeghkek, ´què fs, fltdlifs4 Vle tfdrïe fs ul iuekrdoflteg kf ul rfhld d kdohlhd kf eithvhkek ghohtekd. Vle tfdrïefs ul iuekrd kf ge drcelhzeihùl kf ul kdohlhd y kf ges idlfxhd-lfs fxhstfltfs fltrf sus pertfs (Ndgtzoel, 5806). Gds hljhlhtdsoetfrhegfs kf ieke rfhld pufkfl sfr drcelhzekds kf oelfreshljhlhteofltf khjfrfltfs. Vle tfdrïe hlkhie quf egculds jeitdrfssdl oås hopdrteltfs quf dtrds y fspfihjhie ges rfgeihdlfs quf

fxhstfl fltrf fggds. l ge rfeghkek, ieke idse fstå rfgeihdlekeidl tdkes ges kfoås, y ul kdohlhd ld pufkf sfperersf kf gdsdtrds. e tfdrïe ehsge ul rfhld kf tdkds gds kfoås idl fg Dnbftdkf diupersf hltfgfituegofltf kf èg. Ehsger ul rfhld fs ge prf2idlkhihùl pere kfserrdgger ule tfdrïe quf fxpghierå gd quf diurrfkfltrd kf èg. Yh fste prfidlkhihùl ld pufkf sfr sethsjfime, fl³2³tdlifs ge idlstruiihùl kf ge tfdrïe, idl gds oetfrhegfs khspdlh-ngfs, fs hopdshngf. e iufsthùl, idod shfoprf fl fg iesd kf gestfdrïes, ld fs sh ,fg ³ehsgeohfltd kf ul rfhld fs rfeghste, shld sh

fs òthg. y ge uthghkek sf buzce pdr gds pdkfrfs fxpghiethvds y

prfkhithvds kf ge tfdrïe quf pufke sfr f g n d r k ~58



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

Ges tfdrïes, eulquf ld fstål khvdrihekes kfg oulkd kf ge

fxpfrhoflteihùl y ge dnsfrveihùl, fstål sùgd hlkhrfiteofltf

idlfitekes idl èg. Esï, ges ejhroeihdlfs kf ouimes tfdrïes lulie pufkfl prdnersf idod vfrkekfres. Yh ge iufsthùl fs ge vfrkek , fltdlifs lds meggeods fl fg kdohlhd kf ge gfy, ld kf ge

tfdrïe. Kf eggï ge ejhroeihùl kf Beofs N. Idlelt, ul quïohid,kf quf ule tfdrïe sùgd fs kfspgezeke pdr dtre. ofbdr (58;3,p. ;=). Kf eggï 'ge ejhroeihùl kf Bdml êkfr Pgett, ul jïshid, kfquf ge prfshùl kfg kftfrohlhsod ihfltïjhid sf meif kènhg yezerdse e ofkhke quf lds eprdxhoeods e ges crelkfs sïltfshsulhterhes. Pufs èstes ld sdl sùgd kfsiunrhohfltds. Ydl teonhèl

irfeihdlfs ertïsthies, odgkfekes pdr fg custd y fg fsthgd kf uleoeld òlhie (586:, p .. 36). X fstes ejhroeihdlfs pufkfl gffrsfidod cgdses kf ge jeodse prufne kfg oetfoåthid Mflrh Pdhlierè kf quf sh fs pdshngf ker ule fxpghieihùl ofiålhie kf ul

jflùofld, teonhèl³ pufkfl kersf fltdlifs hljhlhtuk kf dtres

fxpghieihdlfs.> Ges tfdrïes sï ddlstruyfl ul rfeghkek, pfrd lekhfpggfkf kfihr quf sf trete kf g rfeghkek. Pdr 50 teltd, lds fljrflteods idl hljhlhtuk kf ketds y idl hljhlhtes fxpghieihdlfs pdshngfs kf fsds ketds. Fg prdngfoe fs kdngf. Gds mfimds ld kftfr

ohlel tfdrïes1 oås kf ule tfdrïe pufkf ekeptersf e ul idlbultdkf .mfimds. Ges tfdrïes ld fxpghiel idligushveofltf gds mfimds1lulie pdkfods fster sfcVrds kf quf ule nufle tfdrïe ld sfrå

rffopgezeke pdr dtre ofbdr.

Mf khimd què sdl y què ld dl ges tfdrïes, pfrd ld mf khimdiùod sf idlstruyfl. Íùod sf idlstruyfl4 Ge ofbdr -pfrdpdid igere- rfspufste idrte fs èste2 irfethveofltf . ³Ge pegenre pgeltfe fg prdngfoe shl kfihr iùod sf rfsufgvf. Íùod me-

.ifods pere odvfrlds fltrf dnsfrveihdlfs y fxpfrhofltds y ges

tfdrïes quf gds fxpghiel4 Fg oås prdgdlcekd y fsjdrzekd prdifsd kf flseyd y frrdr ld idlkuihrå e ge idlstruiihùl kf ule

tfdrïe e oflds quf fl egcòl pultd surbe ule hltuhihùl nrhggeltfd ule hkfe irfethve. Ld pdkfods kfihr iùod sf drhchle ge hltuhihùl d iùod leif ule hkfe. Gd quf sï pdkfods kfihr fs e quèsf rfjfrhrål. Yf rfjfrhrål e ge drcelhzeihùl kfg tfoe. Yf rfjfrhrål

eg sflthkd kf ges rfgeihdlfs hldnsfrvengfs fltrf ges idses. Yf rfjfrhrål e ges ieuses y idlfxhdlfs quf kel sflthkd e ges idses dnsfr-

> Ge prufne fs shopgfofltf prfsflteke pdr Lecfg (58:5, p. 55:). ³Kfnfrïeods ecrfcer quf ges fxpghieihdlfs ld sdl hcuegofltf shopgfs lh òthgfs.

>0



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

vekes. Vle tfdrïe ld idlshstf fl .gds eidltfihohfltds vhstds yges esdiheihdlfs rfchstrekes, shld quf fs ge fxpghieihùl kf fggds.

Ge jùrouge kf ge eifgfreih:l kf ul iufrpd fl ieïke ghnrf ldfxpghie i:od ief fsf iufrpd. Pere ge fxpghieihùl uld nusie fl

ge jïshie igåshie kf tdkd fg shstfoe lfwtdlheld ul idlbultdkf idlifptds hltfridlfitekds, ule drcelhzeihùl kfg oulkd jï-shid fl ge quf gds eidltfihohfltds pfrthlfltfs sf tdrlel leturegfs

d lfifserhds. Vle vfz quf sf me idoprflkhkd ³fg shstfoe, ule

vfz quf sf me eprfmflkhkd su prhlihphd drcelhzethvd, gds jflù-oflds sdl fxpghiekds. [dkd fstd fstå pfrjfiteofltf rfsuohkdfl ges pegenres quf Sfrlfr Mfhsflnfrc etrhnuyf e Sdgjcelc

Peugh2 'Idoprflkfr' prdnengfofltf ld shclhjhquf leke oåsquf pdsffr ges hkfes y idlifptds lfifserhds pere rfidldifr qufcrel ielthkek kf jflùoflds khjfrfltfs sdl pertf kf ul tdkdidmfrfltf (5835, p. 99).

Pdr ofkhd kf ule tfdrïe sf meif oelhjhfstd fg shclhjhiekdkf gd dnsfrvekd. Vle tfdrïe drkfle gds jfl:oflds kf oelfrequf sfel outueofltf kfpflkhfltfs1 idlfite mfimds quf kf dtrd

odkd sfrïel khsperfs1 oufstre iùod gds ieonhds kf ihfrtdsjflùoflds hopghiel lfifserheofltf ieonhds fl dtrds jflùof-

lds. Pere èdlstruhr ule tfdrïe sf rfquhfrf ge jhcureihùl kf ulefstruiture kdlkf ld mey lhlcule vhshngf egdbd Ge fstruiture

ld fs ge suoe kf ge sustelihe kf lufstrd oulkd idthkheld. Gdsmfimds ihfltïjhids sdl egteofltf fspfihegfs y rfgethveofltf fs-iesds sh sf gds idopere idl tdkes ges idses quf pdkrïel fltrerrezdlengfofltf kfltrd kf ul shstfoe fxpghiethvd. Vle tfdrïe,pdr gd teltd, kfnf idlstruhrsf pdr ofkhd kf ge shopghjhieihùl.Fstd sf tdrle dnvhd sh pflseods fl iuegquhfr tfdrïe, ye sfe gekf Hseei Lfwtdl d ge kf Ekeo Yohtm, d pflselkd fl ge egtfrle-thve2 ld nusier fxpghieihùl pdr ofkhd kf ge shopghjhieihùl shldule rfprdkuiihùl ebusteke pdr ofkhd kf ule kfsirhpihùl fxmeus-thve. es shopghjhieihdlfs kfbel eg kfslukd gds fgfofltds fsflihe-gfs fl bufcd f hlkhiel ges rfgeihdlfs lfifserhes kf ieuse f hltfr-kfpflkflihe d eg oflds suchfrfl kùlkf nusierges.

Hligusd pere sus eutdrfs, ge fofrcflihe kf ges tfdrïes ld

pufkf kfsirhnhrsf oås quf kf oelfres hlihfrtes f hoprfshd-lhstes. Yhl fonercd, gds fgfofltds kf ges tfdrïes pufkfl sfr

hkflthjhiekds. Ge khjhiugtek quf fltreõe kfspgezersf kfskf fs-pfiugeihdlfs ieusegfs nesekes fl fstukhds jåithids meste gesjdrougeihdlfs tfùrhies quf idlkuifl e idlshkfrer gds mfimds

>



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

kf oelfre perthiuger, fs fxpfrhoflteke fl iuegquhfr ieopd.Pere fljrflter fste khjhiugtek sf rfquhfrf ge shopghjhieihùl. Yfgdcre, prhlihpegofltf, kf ges shcuhfltfs oelfres2 5) pdr ehsgeohfltd, gd quf rfquhfrf idlshkfrer ges eiihdlfs f hltfreiihdlfskf ul pfqufõd lòofrd kf jeitdrfs y kf jufrzes idod sh fl fghltfrvegd dtres idses pfroelfihfrel hlverhengfs1 >) pdr enstreiihùl, 5 quf rfquhfrf kfber ihfrtes idses kf gekd idl fg dnbftdkf idlifltrersf fl dtres1 9) pdr eshohgeihùl, gd quf rfquhfrfge rfulhùl kf fgfofltds khsperfs sfcòl gds irhtfrhds kfrhvekdskf Vl prdpùshtd tfùrhid1 ;) pdr hkfeghzeihùl, gd quf rfquhfrfidopdr.tersf idod sh sf munhfre gdcråkd ge pfrjfiihùl d sfmunhfre ggfcekd e ul ghohtf, eulquf lhlcule kf eones idsessfe pdshngf. Yfel iuegfs jufrfl gds ofkhds kf shopghjhier, fg prdpùshtd fs fg kf kfsiunrhr ge tflkflihe prhlihpeg fltrf ule ougthtuk kf fgges, fg kf fgfchr fg prhlihphd cflfrekdr, hligusd, iuelkddpfrel dtrds prhlihphds, hkflt÷hier gds jeitdrfs fsflihegfs kdlkf dtrds hlluofrengfs jeitdrfs sf meggel prfsfltfs.

Ekfoås kf shopghjhieihdlfs, 0 kf sus jdroes, ges tfdrïesflierlel supdshihdlfs tfùrhies. Hoechler quf ge oese sf idlifltre fl³ul pultd, hlvflter cflfs, ofsdlfs y lfutrhlds1 pgeltfer ul hltfr.ès leihdleg y kfjhlhr e ges leihdlfs idod eitdrfs

ulhterhds y vdgulterhdsds1 tdkds èstds sdl fbfopgds kf supdshihdlfs idoulfs. Ges tfdrïeY sdl idonhleihdlfs kf fluliheihdlfskfsirhpthves y tfùrhies. Ges fluliheihdlfs tfùrhies sdl fgfofltdsld-jeituegfs kf ges tfdrïes. Ld sf gds hltrdkuif kf oelfre ghnrfd ieprhimdseofltf. Ld sf gds hltrdkuif e ge oelfre ofkhfvegd elthcue, idod jhiihdlfs hlvfltekes pere segver ule tfdrïe. Yfgds hltrdkuif sdgeofltf iuelkd pdshnhghtel ule fxpghieihùl. Fgvegdr kf ule ldihùl ~ ù r h i sf buzce pdr ge uthghkek kf ge tfdrïekf ge quf fs pertf. es ldihdlfs tfùrhies lds pfrohtfl fxtrefr

sflthkd kf gds ketds1 gds ketds ghohtel ge ghnfrtek kf hlvflihùlkf ~ ldihdlfs tfùrhies. Gds tfùrhids irfel sus supdshihdlfs. Yhsdl d ld eifptengfs, kfpflkf kfg oèrhtd kf ge fstruiture ihflthjhie kf ge quf jdroel pertf.

Ge i d ~ s t r u i i h ù l kf tfdrïes hlvdguire egcd oås quf fg kfserrdggd kf ges dpfreihdlfs gùchieofltf pfrohshngfs kf gds ketdsdnsfrvekds. Leke pufkf sfr fxpghiekd pdr kfkuiihùl, pufs gdsrfsugtekds kf ge kfkuiihùl sf kfsprflkfl gùchieofltf kf ges prfohses hlhihegfs. Ge kfkuiihùl pufkf djrfifr ihfrtes rfspufstes,

pfrd leke lufvd1 gd quf sf kfkuif ye fstå prfsfltf, d nhfl fl ges

>>



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

prfohses oeydrfs tfùrhies d fl ges prfohses ofldrfs fopïrhiesquf sf diupel kf ges iufsthdlfs dnsfrvekes prfvheofltf. Ge hl

kuiihùl pufkf djrfifr lufves rfspufstes, pfrd leke sfcurd1 geougthpghieihùl kf dnsfrveihdlfs perthiugerfs ld pufkf rfspegkerlulie ule ejhroeihùl ulhvfrseg. Ge tfdrïe fs jruitïjfre pdrquftresihflkf fg fljdquf mhpdtèthid-kfkuithvd, quf fs lfifserheofltffstèrhg. [eltd ge kfkuiihùl idod ge hlkuiihùl sdl hlkhspflsengfsfl ge idlstruiihùl kf ge tfdrïe, pfrd su uthghzeihùl idonhlekesùgd ke leihohfltd e ule tfdrïe sh fofrcf ule hkfe irfethve. Ge

terfe kf idlstruhr tfdrïes sf tdrle oås idlsfiufliheg y oås

idopgfbe, eg hcueg quf ge terfe kf vfrhjhierges. Ge rfgeihùl fltrf

tfdrïe

y dnsfrveihùl, dfltrf tfdrïe

y mfimd, sftdrle

flhcoåthie.Idod fbfopgd kf fste rfgeihùl flhcoåthie, idlshkfrfods fgprdngfoe kf kfjhlhr gds tèrohlds uthghzekds fl ge tfdrïe. Pflseods fl gds khjfrfltfs shclhjhiekds kf ges khjfrfltfs tfdrïes jïshies kfg fspeihd, ge flfrcïe, fg hopugsd yfg thfopd. Dnvheofltf,fses ldihdlfs ld thflfl shclhjhiekd jufre kf ge tfdrïe fl ge qufeperfifl (Lecfg, 58:5 pp. 53 5>3 X shcs.). Yf idoprflkf råphkeofltf fg mfimd kf quf ges ldihdlfs tfùrhies sfel kfjhlhkes pdrge tfdrïe fl ge quf eperfifl. Fl fg ieopd kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, pfrhsfods fl gds khjfrfltfs shclhjhiekds quf idoòlofltfsf etrhnuyfl e ges pegenres kf fste ghste2 pdkfr, jufrze, pdgd,rfgeihùl, eitdr, fstenhghkek, fstruiture y shstfoe. Gds shclhjhiekdskf fsds tèrohlds verïel sfcòl fg fljdquf quf quhfl gds use tflceeifrie kfg tfoe. Fstd fs lfifserheofltf esï fl iuegquhfr ieopdfl fg quf ges tfdrïes sdl idltrekhitdrhes. Ge idltrekhiihùl fltrf

tfdrïes irfe khjfrflihes fl gds shclhjhiekds quf sf ke e gds tèrohlds fl khsthltes tfdrïes. Fl pdghthie hltfrleihdleg, eg hcuegquf fl ges ihflihes sdihegfs fl cflfreg, ges tfdrïes rfsugtel kè-

nhgfs. Ge kfnhghkek kf ges tfdrïes prdkuif ge hlifrthkuonrf kf

gds shclhjhiekds, hligusd, kfltrd kf ule sdge tfdrïe. Fl pdghthiehltfrleihdleg, ye sfe ieuse kf ge kfnhghkek d kfg ieråitfr idltrekhitdrhd kf ges tfdrïes, ges khsiushdlfs y ercuoflteihdlfseifrie kf ouimes iufsthdlfs hopdrteltfs ---fg ihfrrf kf ge hl-

tfrkfpflkflihe hltfrleihdleg, ge fstenhghkek kf perthiugerfs idljhcureihdlfs kf pdkfr, ge uthghkek kf ge jufrze sf tdoel khjïihgfs d hlòthgfs pdrquf gds perthihpeltfs mengel kf idses khjfrfltfs uthghzelkd pere fggd gds ohsods tèrohlds. Ge tflkflihee rfofkher fstf prdngfoe sf vf dnsteiughzeke pdr fg fsiesd kf

sfd kf treter ge iufsthùl kfg shclhjhiekd idod ul prdngfoe quf

>9



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

sùgd pufkf rfsdgvfrsf pdr ofkhd kf ge erthiugeihùl y rfjhleohfltd kf ges tfdrïes. Fl ieonhd, ge tflkflihe fs idlvfrthr fgprdngfoe kfg shclhjhiekd fl ule iufsthùl tèilhie kfsthleke emeifr dpfrethvds gds tèrohlds. Fsd ld eyuke. Iuegquhfre. kf gdstèrohlds eltfrhdrfs pufkf vdgvfrsf dpfrethvd fl ge oeydrïe kfgds shclhjhiekds quf lufstrd khsiursd gfs eshcle. Pdgds , pdrfbfopgd, thflf igerds rfjfrfltfs fopïrhids, ye sf tretf idod ngdqufs kfjhlhkds d idod crelkfs pdkfrfs. Fl iuegquhfr kfjhlhihùl,pdgds sf pufkf trelsjdroer fl tèrohld kfsirhpthvd kfltrd

kf ge fluliheihùl kf gfyfs. Ge uthghzeihùl tèilhie kf tèrohldsfs kfsejdrtulekeofltf ul irhtfrhd kènhg.

Eulquf fs jåihg ekvfrthr quf ges ldihdlfs tfùrhies sdl kfjhlhkes pdr ge tfdrïe fl ge quf eperfifl, teonhèl fs jåihg peser

pdr egtd fg mfimd kf quf hligusd gds tèrohlds kfsirhpthvds ek-

quhfrfl shclhjhiekds khjfrfltfs e ofkhke quf ges tfdrïes ieonhel. Ytfpmfl I Pfppfr sf rfjhfrf e ge fstrfime hltfrkfpflkflihe kfg mfimd y ge tfdr ïe . (58;>, p. 9>;). [mdoes Y. Auml

fspfihjhie gd quf pese prfihseofltf fl tèrohlds kfg ieonhd kfges rfgeihdlfs kf shohgerhkek fl ge trelshihùl fltrf ule tfdrïey ge prùxhoe. Gds dnbftds kfg ohsod d khjfrfltfs idlbultds kfule tfdrïe pufkfl sfr ecrupekds fl fg ohsod d fl khjfrfltfsidlbultds fl dtre tfdrïe. Idod sfõege Auml, sh kds mdonrfs

fstål idoprdofthkds idl tfdrïes khjfrfltfs, ld pdkfods kfihridl lhlcule ifrtfze quf gds kds mdonrfs vfl ge ohsoe idse,quf pdsffl gds ohsods ketds pfrd quf gds hkflthjhiel f hltfrprftel kf oelfres khjfrfltfs (5830, pp. >::-3:). ´Yùgd idldifods gd quf vfods, pdkrïeods prfculteods, d sùgd vfods gdquf idldifods4 Lufstres ofltfs ld pufkfl rfchstrer y meifr

egcd kf tdkes ges idses quf, fl egcòl sflthkd, vfods. Pdr gd teltd, tflkfods e vfr equfggd quf fsteods nusielkd, e flidltrer

gd quf lufstrd sflthkd kf ges ieuses kf ges idses lds ggfve eirffr shclhjhiethvd.

Gds ieonhds kf ges tfdrïes prdkuifl7 ieonhds fl gds shclhjhiekds kf gds tèrohlds, teltd tfùrhids idod jåithids. Ges tfdrïes ld sùgd kfjhlfl tèrohlds, teonhèl fspfihjhiel ges dpfreihdlfs quf pufkfl sfr kfserrdggekes eprdphekeofltf. Fl fgsflthkd quf eieneods kf user, ge iufsthùl dpfreihdleg fs kf

hopdrtelihe julkeoflteg. Ges tfdrïes hlkhiel què fstå idlfitekd idl què y iùod sf prdkuif fse idlfxhùl. Fxprfsel fg sfl

thkd kfg julihdleohfltd kf ges idses, d kf su esdiheihùl, d kf ge '

>;



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

leturegfze kf ge fstruiture kf fsf kdohlhd kf hlvfsthceihùl. Yhge drcelhzeihùl kf ul kdohlhd ejfite ges hltfreiihdlfs kf gesverhengfs quf idlthflf, ld thflf sflthkd oelhpuger gds ketds fl

teltd ld sf rfspdlke e ge prfculte eifrie kf iùod fstål idlfitekes fses verhengfs. Ld dnsteltf, gds fsjufrzds idrrfgeihdlegfsprdshcufl idod sh fl fg kdohlhd hltfrleihdleg ges verhengfs fstuvhfrel idlfitekes khrfiteofltf shl quf sdnrf fgges .eituerel

ghohteihdlfs fstruituregfs, idod sh gds jflùoflds kf gds quf ldsdiupeods fstuvhfrel tdkds fl ul ohsod lhvfg. Yf eiuougelidfjhihfltfs kf idrrfgeihÙl shl prfculter què tfdrïes lds ggfvele fspfrer ule ihfrt ig sf kf idlfxhùl fltrf ihfrt s verhengfs.

Yf meif crel ielthkek kf trenebd hlòthg pdr hcldrer ges

trfs prfcultes quf kfnfrïel jdrougersf fl ul prhlihphd.. Fstesprfcultes sdl2

• ´Fg dnbftd kf hlvfsthceihùl pfrohtf fg usd kfg oètdkdelegïthid kf ge jïshie igåshie f g fxeofl kf gds etrhnutds y kfge hltfreiihùl kf ges verhengfs ohfltres tdkes ges dtres sf oel-

thflfl idlsteltfs4• ´Pfrohtf ge epghieihùl kf fstekïsthies kf ges oelfres id

oòlofltf uthghzekes iuelkd fg lòofrd kf verhengfs sf meifkfoeshekù crelkf4

• ´L d pfrohtf fg Dnbftd kf fstukhd lhlculd kf fstds kdsfljdqufs y rfquhfrf, fl ieonhd, ul fljdquf shstèohid4Ge rfspufste e fste ògthoe prfculte sfrå sï sh fg dnbftd

kf fstukhd fs eg ohsod thfopd idopgfbd y drcelhzekd. Ge idopgfbhkek drcelhzeke, pere uthghzer ge fxprfshùl kf Serrfl Sfevfr, hophkf fg usd kf gds odkds kf ³ lvfsthceihùl trekhihdlegfs(58;3, pp. :-3). Yf kfnf fgfchr ul fljdquf quf sfe eprdphekd egtfoe. Ges rfcges pdr ges quf sf kfserrdgge ge hlvfsthceihùl verïel kf ul fljdquf e dtrd. Vl ekfiuekd prdifsd kf hlvfsthce

ihùl , idod me khimd Oerthl Gelkeu, rfquhfrf quf uld shce gegùchie y gds prdifkhohfltds kfsirhptds pdr ge prdphe oftdkdgdcïe (5833, pp. >.58->5 . Ge oeydrïe kf gds fstukhdsds kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg ld mel dnsfrvekd gds prdifsds kf hlvfsthceihùl ekfiuekds . Gd quf fs pfdr eòl, ld mel shkd iepeifs kfhoechler iuågfs sfrål gds ekfiuekds prdifsds kf sus hrhvfsthceihdlfs. Yf mel prfdiupekd crelkfofltf pdr sus oètdkds y ouy

pdid pdr ge gùchie kf su uthghzeihùl. Fstd hlvhfrtf ge idrrfite

prhdrhkek kf ges prfdiupeihdlfs, pufs, ule vfz quf sf me ekdp

tekd ule oftDkDgdcïe, ge fgfiihùl kf oètdkds sf idlvhfrtf fl

³ 6



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

ule iufsthùl ofreofltf tåithie. L d thflf sflthkd idoflzer fgvhebf quf lds ggfverå e ge idoprflshùl kf gds jflùoflds shl

prfcultersf iuågfs sdl ges pdshngfs rutes oftdkdgùchies quf ldsggfverål meste eggï. Eltfs kf perthr lfifshteods prfculterldsiuågfs sdl gds khjfrfltfs oepes tfùrhids kfg tfoe. Yh ld qufrfods kfspfrkhiher thfopd fsjdrzålkdlds shl tflfr hkfe kf sh fgfsjufrzd fs ofreofltf fbfrihihd ousiuger, ges prfcultes tfùrhies kfnfl sfr jdrougekes eg prhlihphd kf ge hlvfsthceihùl.

55

Eg fxeohler ges tfdrïes kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fl gds prùxhodskds iepïtugds, lds neserfods fl ge khsiushùl ye fxprfseke eifrie kfg shclhjhiekd kf ge tfdrïe. Yh flidltråreods egcules idlstruiihdlfs quf epErfifl idod tfdrïes, pdr supufstd kfsferfodssenfr iuåg pdkrïe sfr fg crekd kf fxifgflihe kf ges fxpghieihdlfsquf djrfifl. Idliguyd fstf ³iepïtugd, pdr gd teltd, fxeohlelkdfg prdngfoe kf ge idoprdneihùl kf ges tfdrïes.

Idl fg dnbftd kf pdlfr e prufne ule tfdrïe, kfnfl sfcuhrsfgds shcuhfltfs pesds2

5Fluliher ge tfdrïe quf sf pdlf e prufne.> Hljfrhr mhpùtfshs kf fgge.

9 Ydoftfr ges mhpùtfshs e prufnes fxpfrhofltegfs d kfdnsfrveihùl.

; Fl gds pesds kds y trfs, uthghzer ges kfjhlhihdlfs kf tèrohlds meggekds fl ge tfdrïe quf sf fstå pdlhflkd e prufne.

6 Fghohler d idltrdger ges verhengfs pfrtVrnekdreY ld hliguhkes kfltrd kf ge tfdrïe quf sf fstå pdlhflkd e prufne.

: Hkfer ul ihfrtd lòofrd kf prufnes khjfrfltfs y fxh2cfltfs.

3 Yh ld sf pese ule prufne, prfcultersf sh ge tfdrïe jreiese pdr idopgftd, lfifshte sfr rfpereke y rf-fluliheke, drfquhfrf ul fstrfimeohfltd kfg peldreoe kf sus prftflshdlfsfxpghiethves.

Fg eperfltf jreiesd kf ule tfdrïe pufkf rfsugter kf ge idlirfihùl hleprdpheke kf egculd kf fstds pesds. Zerhds kf fggdsrfquhfrfl ul èljeshs fspfiheg. Idod gd quf sf prufne fs ule

mhpùtfshs kfrhveke kf ule tfdrïe ld mey oelfre kf idoprdner

khrfiteofltf ule tfdrhe , ule mhpùtfsh,21 quf kfoufstre sfr frrùlfe kfnf ggfverlds e rffxeohler ge sfculke y ge sèpthoe dpfre-

>:



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

ihdlfs. Ge mhpùtfshs, ´juf idrrfiteofltf hljfrhke' kf ge tfdrïe4Íùod, y meste què pultd, ge hlveghkeihùl kf ule mhpùtfshs ,id-

rrfiteofltf hljfrhke pufkf iufsthdler e ge tfdrïe4 Gds rfsugtekds kfsjevdrengfs kF ges prufnes ld kfnfl idlkuihr e uleprfsurekd rfimezd kf ges tfdrïes. [eopdid gds rfsugtekds je-vdrengfs kfnfl idlkuihr e ule eprfsureke eifpteihùl. Hligusd,sh tdkes ges prufnes sdl pesekes, sf kfnf rfidrker quf ule tfdrïe fs irfïngf sùgd fl rfgeihùl idl ge verhfkek y ge khjhiugtekkf ges prufnes, y quf ld fxhstf ge tfdrïe quf, pdr ofkhd kf prufnes, kfoufstre sfr vfrkekfre .9

Gds fsjufrzds kf gds ihfltïjhids pdgïthids kfsthlekds e hl

jfrhr mhpùtfshs kf ges tfdrïes y idoprdnerges sf mel idlvfrthkdfl ul gucer idoòl. Crel pertf kf ges idoprdneihdlfs sf meifnåshieofltf kf ge ohsoe oelfre. Vl fsjufrzd kfsthlekd e idoprdner ges prdpdshihdlfs, ul fsjufrzd oås ofthiugdsd quf geoeydrïe, pufkf, pdr gd teltd, sfrvhr idod fbfopgd kf meste quèpultd sf hcldrel gds rfqufrhohfltds quf eieneods kf fluliher.Yhlcfr, Nrfofr y Ytuiafy sf khspushfrdl (583>) e fveguer ullòofrd kf jdrougeihdlfs tfùrhies hcuegofltf pgeushngfs pfrd

gùchieoflt.f hlidopethngfs eifrie kf ihfrtes idlkhihdlfs quf

sf khifl esdihekes idl ge pez y ge fstenhghkek d, egtfrlethveofltf,idl ge cufrre y ge hlfstenhghkek. [res menfr idlsdghkekd gds pultds kf vhste kf ges fsiufges fl pucle, djrfifl odkfgds prfkhithvds fl gds quf ge idlifltreihùl kf ge iepeihkek kfltrd

kfg idlbultd kf gds pdkfrfs prhlihpegfs, gds ieonhds kf fse idlifltreihùl y gds ieonhds kf iepeihkek fltrf ~ s pdkfrfs sdl gestrfs verhengfs hlkfpflkhfltfs. Ggfcel fltdlifs e idligushdlfseifrie kf iuålkd fg odkfgd kf ge perhkek-jguhkfz y iuålkd fgodkfgd kf ge prfpdlkfrelihe-fstenhghkek gdcrerå meifr ofbd

rfs prfkhiihdlfs. Ges prfcultes jdrougekes sdl ges shcuhfltfs2Ýfrå ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg oås d oflds peihjhie y fstengf sh

fg pdkfr fstå oås b oflds idlifltrekd y sh fg relahlc kf gdscrelkfs pdkfrfs ieonhe oås d oflds råphkeofltf4 Úuè pdkfods meifr idl ges rfspufstes kekes4 Ouy pdid. Ges kfjhihflihesquf busthjhiel fste kfifpihdleltf rfspufste sf rfvfgel sh gesidljrdlteods idl lufstre ghste kf rfcges kfsthlekes e ge idoprdneihùl kf ule tfdrïe.

9 Pere ge idlshkfreihùl kf gds prdifkhohfltds kf prufne pere ge

fxpghieihùl kf ge hopdrtelihe quf èstds rfvhstfl, vfr Ythlimidonf 58:=,iepïtugd >).

>3



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

Ouimds idoprdnekdrfs kf tfdrïes perfifl irffr quf gesoeydrfs khjhiugtekfs fstrhnel fl ge hlvflihùl kf ges prufnes.Fl ieonhd, kfnfods hlshsthr fl quf ge prhofre khjhiugtek crel

kf fstrhne fl kfsiunrhr d fluliher tfdrïes idl sujhihfltf prfihshùl y pgeushnhghkek idod pere quf vegce ge pfle ge idoprdneihùl. Pdies tfdrïes kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg kfjhlfl gds tèrohlds y fspfihjhiel geY 'idlfxhdlfs fltrf gesT.yTerjª²gfsT idl Hå'igerhkee y ge gùchie quf merïelqufveghfre ge pfle 5e U . ² V g P ~ U . ² ª -igdld g Ït s ef -eHfcer ledfr .idoprdnekd- g d ~ uld kfnf tflfr

egcd pere idoprdner. Eg pdlfr e prufne sus odkfgds, Yhlcfr,,Nrfofr y Ytuiafy ld gdcrel fxeohler ges tfdrïes quf hltfltel

pdlfr idod odkfgds. Ges tfdrïes quf gds eutdrfs thflfl eperfl

tfofltf fl ofltf sdl idltrekhitdrhes y idljuses eifrie kf shgds rfsugtekds egtfrlethvds quf sf fspfrel sdl ge cufrre y ge pez,fg idljghitd y ge erodlïe d ³ e fstenhghkek y ge hlfstenhghkek. Yfpufkf pflser, pdr fbfopgd, quf ul shstfoe fstengf fs equèg qufsdnrfvhvf ,e ges cufrres. L d dnsteltf, Yhlcfr y sus esdihekdsjhlhquhtel ge iufsthùl kfg rfsugtekd quf sf kfnf fspfrer hkfl.thjhielkd ge cufrre idl ge hlfstenhghkek y kfbelkd ges idses fl fsfpultd. Ld 588rel fxpghier kf què odkd sus fxpfitethves eiufrkel idl ges fxpfitethves kfrhvekes kf egcule tfdrïe fl perthiuger.

Gds eutdrfs egfcel fveguer shstfoåthie y .iuelthtethveofltfjdrougeihdlfs tfùrhies idltrekhitdrhes. Eg rfulhr sus ketds,jhbel lfifserheofltf ihfrtes kfjhlhihdlfs kf ges verhengfs hlvdguirekes. Idod verhengf hlkfpflkhfltf igevf fghcfl ge ,idlifltreihùl kf pdkfr d kf iepeihkekfs. L d oflihdlel lhlcule tfdrïe quf fl rfeghkek fopgff fse verhengf, y yd ld idldzid lhlculequf gd mece. Ges tfdrïes idldihkes quf sf diupel kf fses iufsthdlfs sf rfjhfrfl eg lòofrd kf crelkfs pdkfrfs d kf pdgerhkekfs. Pdgerhkek , oås eòl, fs khvfrseofltf kfjhlhke fl tèrohlds

kf peïsfs d kf ngdqufs. Pdgds sf rfjhfrf e vfifs e ges iepeihkekfs jïshies kf leihdlfs d kf eghelzes, dtres vfifs kfpflkfkf ge fstruiture kf ges hltfrrfgeihdlfs leihdlegfs, y dtres sf

vhliuge e ge idlifshùl d ge lfcethve kf ul stetus egtd e equèggdsquf gdcrel sus prdpùshtds d quf jreiesel fl fggd. Yh ld sf rfofkhel ges idljuses, veces y jguitueltfs kfjhlhihdlfs kf ges verhengfs, ld pufkf ggfversf e iend lhlcòl thpd kf prufnes kf leke.Gds eutdrfs, ld dnsteltf, mel hltrdkuihkd ernhtrerheofltf sus

lufves verhengfs shl shquhfre idlshkfrer iùod pufkfl egtfrer ges'fxpfitethves idl rfspfitd e gds rfsugtekds. Eulquf fstf prdngf-

=



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

oe iruiheg lh shquhfre sf oflihdle, Yhlcfr y sus esdihekdselulihel quf ge idrrfgeihùl fltrf ges verhengfs kf ge idlifl-treihùl kf pdkfr y ge cufrre idljhroel d kfs idljhroel ges fx-pfitethves kf ges kds fsiufges e ges quf veceofltf sf rfjhfrfl.

Esï ges rfcges uld, kds y iuetrd sdl ensdguteofltf hcld-

rekes. Ges tfdrïes quf sf fstål idoprdnelkd ld sdl flulihekes.Ld sf fxpghie kf què odkd sf hljhrhfrdl mhpùtfshs kf fses tfdrïes.Yf meifl dnsfrveihdlfs y sf cflfrel ketds shl quf sf prdkuzielhlcòl fsjufrzd kfsthlekd e kfjhlhr ges verhengfs idod frel

kfjhlhkes fl ges tfdrïes idl ges quf prfsuohngfofltf sf fstå

trenebelkd. Gds eutdrfs pufkfl gdcrer egcd, pfrd fsf egcd ld

pufkf sfr ge idljhroeihùl lh ge kfsidljhroeihùl kf ges fxpfi-tethves kf fses fsiufges.

Eltf teg jreiesd, rfsugte khjïihg irffr quf fl fstf iesd, idod

tel e oflukd diurrf fl ges terfes idrrfgeihdlegfs foprflkhkespdr gds fstukhdsds kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, ld sf me prfs-tekd ge ofldr etflihùl e ge pdshngf prfsflihe kf ule verhengfpfrturnekdre. Vle fxifpihùl ld prufne ule rfcge d ule tfdrïe,pfrd, sh sf pufkf kfodstrer quf egcd fs fxifpihdleg, fsd .ldsuohlhstre teopdid lhlcule prufne fl idltre. Yf fspfrerïe quf

ge verhengfs. kf gds rfsugtekds dntflhkds 'hlkubfre e ge nòsqufke'kf pdshngfs jufltfs kf pfrturneihùl dohthkes fl gds odkfgds.Fl ge hlstelihe idl ge quf lds fljrflteods, gds kfsiunrhohfl-

tds kfg shcgd khfihlufvf khjhfrfl kf gds kfg shcgd vfhltf. Ge khs-irfpelihe sùgd ggfve e gds eutdrfs e ge oås kfsluke fspfiugeihùleifrie kf gd quf pufkf m ~ f r s f dohthkd y e lhlcule fspfiuge-ihùl eifrie kf gd quf pufkf menfr fstekd fquhvdiekd fl ge oe-lfre drhchleg kf kfjhlhr f . ltfridlfiter ges verhengfs. L d sf me

prfstekd e ge rfcge ihlid oeydr etflihùl quf e ges eltfrhdrfs.Ge rfcge sfhs rfquhfrf prufnes khjfrfltfs y kfoelkeltfs. Yf

pdkrïe pflser quf fste hlstruiihùl thflf oås hopdrtelihe kf ge

usueg, ye quf fg odkfgd idlshstf sdgeofltf fl ule fgfiihùl kf

trfs verhengfs egteofltf shohgerfs y ernhtrerheofltf sfgfiihdle-kes y, ekfoås, gds rfsugtekds kf ges prufnes ld sdl idliguyfl-tfs. Ge kukdse ieghkek kf gds rfsugtekds, shl fonercd, d ggfvee gds. eutdrfs e hkfer d sucfrhr lufves prufnes quf pufkel hltf-rrdcer e sus odkfgds idl egcule hltflshkek.

Ge sèpthoe rfcge fxhcf iuhkekd' fl ge fxtreiihùl kf idligu-shdlfs e perthr kf gds rfsugtekds lfcethvds kf ge idoprdneihùl.Fstds rfsugtekds, ´hlveghkel ge tfdrïe, rfquhfrfl su rfpereihùl

>8



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

d kfoelkel ul oås fstrfimd relcd fxpghiethvd4 Yhlcfr y susesdihekds ld tdoel fgg , iuflte fses prfcultes. Fl ieonhd, sùgdrfpdrtel ges khjfrfltfs idrrfgeihdlfs fxhstfltfs fltrf idlifltreihùl kf pdkfr y cufrre fl gds shcgds khfihlufvf y vfhltf. Yus

idligushdlfs YUl sujhihfltfofltf odkfstes, pfrd, ´què dtre idsepdkrïel kfihr4

Kfnfrïeods ecrfcer dtre ekvfrtflihe e ges ouimes ye flulihekes. Fsterïeods oås sethsjfimds sh sf pukhfrel meifr prufnesrhcurdses y fxpfrhofltegfs. Yhl fonercd, sh ule tfdrïe fs fluliheke fl tèrohlds cflfregfs, y sh ke gucer e f]pfitethves quf ieflkfltrd kf ul relcd hkflthjhiengf pfrd kfsejdrtulekeofltf eo-

, pghd, fxtrefr hljfrflihes prfihses y treter kf idoprdnergesfxpfrhofltegofltf fs iercer e ge tfdrïe idl ul pfsd oeydr kfg

quf pufkf sdpdrter. Ge idoprdneihùl rhcurdse kf ule tfdrïevece fs ul fbfrihihd kf ge uthghzeihùl kf gds oètdkds oås quful fsjufrzd òthg kfsthlekd e idoprdner ge tfdrïe. Ge epghieihùltfoprele kf prufnes x h c l ~ s pufkf, oås eòl, meifr quftfdrïes pdnrfofltf kfserrdggekes sfel kfsiertekes eltfs kf qufmeyel tflhkd thfopd kf Ufspgfcer su pdtfliheg (^epdpdrt, 58:=).,

´Uuè sf pufkf meifr4 Yhopgfofltf lfcdiher gds shftf pesdsfxprfsekds equï ohsod kf ule xlelfre eprdpheke pere ge tfdrïeidl ge quf,sf fstå t ~ e t e l k d Prfcultersf què fs gd quf ge tfdrhelds ggfve e fspfrer fl vfz kf jhber ernhtrerheofltf ges fxpfitethves quf lufstrds .ketds y oètdkds pufkfl oelfber. Idopererges fxpfitethves idl ges prdphes dnsfrveihdlfs (idl jrfiuflihemhstùrhies) eltfs kf kfkhiersf e rfjhleohfltds prfihsds ye ge uth-

, ghzeihùl kf oètdkds fgendrekds. E oflds quf ule tfdrïe kfoufstrf sfr gùchie, idmfrfltf y pgeushngf, rfsugte lfihd sdoftfrgee prufnes fgendrekes. Yh sf kfoufstre quf ule tfdrïe fs gùchie,idmfrfltf y pgeushngf, fg rhcdr y ge idopgfbhkek kf ges prufneskfnf ekfiuersf e ge prfihshùl d e ge cflfreghkåk kf ges fxpfiteth-

ves hljfrhkes e perthr kf ge tfdrïe

o

Meste emdre of mf diupekd kfg shclhjhiekd kf ge tfdrïe y kfV idlstruiihùl y vfrhjhieihùl. Ges tfdrïes ld surcfl kf gds fs-

; ,Zfr iepïtugd : Pertf 555 pere oeydrfs fspfihjhieihdlfs eifrie kfge vfrhjhieihùl. .

90



GFXFY X [FD^ÏEY

jufrzds pdr fstengfifr gfyfs, lh shquhfre fl fg iesd fl quf fsdsfsjufrzds thflfl èxhtd. Ge idlstruiihùl kf ul tfdrïe fs uleterfe prhoerhe. Fs lfifserhd kfihkhr fl què idses idlièltrersf

idl fg dnbftd kf tflfr ule nufle pdshnhghkek kf hkfer fxpghieihdlfs kf ges fstruitures y eidltfihohfltds hltfrleihdlegfs quflds hltfrfsel. Irffr quf pdkfods prdifkfr kf dtrd odkd fsepdyer fg fljdquf prdjulkeofltf elthihfltjjhid quf ejhroe quftdkd 5 quf verïe fs ule verhengf. Yhl tflfr eg oflds fg ndiftdkf ule tfdrïe ld pdkfods kfihr què fs 5 quf lfifshte sfr fx-pghiekd, iùod pufkf sfr fxpghiekd y iuågfs ketds, idl què jdrougeihùl, pufkfl sfr eifptekds idod fvhkflihe e jevdr d flidltre kf ges mhpùtfshs (Yimfjjhfr, 58:3, pp. :;-::1 Geaetds, 5830,

pp. 56;-63). Yfcuhr nusielkd esdiheihdlfs shl tflfr shquhfre ulehkfe kf ge tfdrïe fs idod khsperer ul eroe fl ge khrfièhùl cf-lfreg kf ul ngelid hlvhshngf. Ld sùgd kfspfrkhiherfods crel iel- ³thkek kf oulhihdlfs eltfs kf kergf, shld quf, sh lh quhshfre gfkhèreods . . ¡l khf sf fltfrerïe kf fggd

e trfte idlshstf, dnvheofltf, fl rfgeihdler gds idlifptdstfùrhids idl ul s pdies verhengfs idl fg dnbftd kf idlstruhrfxpghieihdlfs e perthr kf ges iuegfs sf pdkrål hljfrhr y vfrhjhierges mhpùtfshs. Lufstrd prDngfoe kureltf gds kds iepïtugds sh

cuhfltfs idlshsthrå fl vfr fl què crekd y meste què pultd fstfprdifkhohfltd me shkd sfcuhkd pdr gds fstukhdsds kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg.

95



>

[FD^H Y ^FKVIIHDLHY[ Y

ltrf gds rescds kfsidrezdlekdrfs kf gds fstukhds kf pdgïthiehltfrleihdleg, sf megge fg pfqufõd euofltd kf pdkfr fxpghiethvdquf me surchkd e perthr kf ge fldrof ielthkek kf trenebd prd-kuihkd kureltf ges ògthoes kèiekes. Leke perfif eiuougersf,lh shquhfre ges irhthies. l ieonhd, sf meifl ule y dtre 'Zfz gesohsoes igesfs kf irïthies suoerhes y supfrjhihegfs, y sf rfphtflfrrdrfs kfg ohsod thpd. l vfz kf euoflter fg lòofrd kf rf-sòoflfs khspdlhngfs, idlifltrerè oh etflihùl fl ge pertf irhthiekf fstf ghnrd sdnrf ules pdies tfdrïes quf hgustrfl gds khjfrfl-tfs fljdqufs. Eg meifrgd, lufstrd pflseohfltd tflkfrå oås meiheges pdshnhghkekfs y ghohteihdlfs kf gds khjfrfltfs thpds kf tfdrïe,

oflds meihe ges ndlkekfs kfnhghkekfs kf ihfrtds tfùrhidsfl perthiuger.

5

Ges tfdrïes kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg pufkfl igeshjhiersf kf khjf-rfltfs oelfres. l dtrd trenebd mf khjfrflihekd ges fxpghieihd-lfs kf ³ ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, y fspfihegofltf gds fsjufrzdspdr. gdieghzer ges ieuses kf cufrre y kfjhlhr ges idlkhihdlfskf pez, sfcòl fg lhvfg fl fg quf ges ieuses sf shtòel y e sfe flfg mdonrf, fl fg Fstekd, d fl fg shstfoe kfg stekd (586;, 5868).Pufkf meifrsf ule khvhshùl eòl oås shopgf, quf sfpere ges tfd-rïes sfcòl sfel rfkuiihdlhstes d shstèohies. Ges tfdrïes kf pdgïthiehltfrleihdleg quf idlifltrel ges ieuses e lhvfg hlkhvhkueg d le-ihdleg sdl rfkuiihdlhstes1 ges tfdrïes quf idlihnfl ges ieusese lhvfg hltfrleihdleg sdl shstèohies. l fg iepïtugd >, of idl-ifltrerè fl ges tfdrïes rfkuiihdlhstes.

Idl ul fljdquf rfkuiihdlhste, fg tdkd fs idoprflkhkd idldihflkd gds etrhnutds ges hltfreiihdlfs kf sus pertfs. g fs-jufrzd. pdr fxpghier ge idlkuite kfbVGclgpd pdr ofkhd kfg fstu-

~ ~ 8 . - B 1 ) b c U g ù c h 8 0 . gf-..sus ohfonrds fs ul fljdquf rfkuiihdlhste,

99



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

idod gd fs fg fsjufrzd kfsthlekd e idoprflkfr ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg pdr ofkhd kfg fstukhd kf ges nurdireihes y gds nurùiretes leihdlegfs. [eg vfz, fg igåshid rfkuiihdlhste jufre fgule vfz jeodsd hltfltd kf idoprflkfr gds drcelhsods kfseroålkdgds y epghielkd idldihohfltds jïshids y quïohids eg fxeofl

kfsus

pertfs. Fltdlifs, fs fsflihegpere

fg fljdquf rfkuiihdlhste quf fg tdkd sfe idldihkd pdr ofkhd kfg fstukhd kf Ïespertfs. [eonhèl suifkf idl jrfiuflihe quf gds rfkuiihdlhstes sffliufltrfl uthghzelkd gds oètdkds kf dtres khsihpghles idl fgdngftd kf eprfmflkfr su prdphd dnbftd kf fstukhd. E prhdrh, ldsf pufkf kfihr sh ge rfkuiihùl sfrå sujhihfltf. Ge iufsthùl kf gdekfiuekd d eprdphekd kfnf rfspdlkfrsf pdr ofkhd kfg fxeoflkfg oetfrheg e fxpghier y pdr ofkhd kf ge dnsfrveihùl kf gdsrfsugtekds dntflhkds.

Ge èpdie kfg jurdr kf ge rfkuiihùl fltrf gds nhùgdcds pufkfmenfr shkd kfsejdrtuleke. Ld dnsteltf, fs pdshngf idoprflkfrquf fg èxhtd y fg prfsthchd kf. ge jïshie y ge quïohie meyel tdrlekd etreithvd fg ieohld kfg rfkuiihdlhsod. Fl lufstrd ieopd,fg jurdr rfkuiihdlhste kfrhve oås kf gds jreiesds kf gds trenebds

rfeghzekds e lhvfg pdgïthid hltfrleihdleg quf kfg èxhtd kf dtres

khsihpghles pdshngfofltf pfrthlfltfs. Ouimds mel tretekd kf fx-pghier gds eidltfihohfltds pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs fl tèrohldskf jeitdrfs pshidgùchids d kf jflùoflds pshidsdihegfs d kf ges

iereitfrïsthies pdgïthiesy

fidlùohies leihdlegfs.Eg

oflds flegculds kf fstds iesds, gds pdshngfs jeitdrfs pfrthlfltfs mel shkdfxpghiekds pdr tfdrïes kf egcòl odkd oås pdkfrdses kf 50 qufges tfdrhes kf pdghthie hltfrleihdleg mel shkd iepeifs kf cflfrer.Fl lhlcòl iesd, shl fonercd, fses tfdrïes ld-pdgïthies rfsugtel .sujhihfltfofltf pdkfrdses idod pere suohlhstrer fxpghieihdlfsd prfkhiihdlfs idljhengfs.

e tflteihùl vfrkekfre kf rfkuihr fs kènhg, ld dnsteltf gdiueg, fl pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, ge tflkflihe e rfkuihr me shkd ho

pdrteltf. Fste tflkflihe pufkf fxpghiersf ofbdr ecrfcelkd e gerezùl tfùrhie, quf eieneods kf ker, ule rezùl pråithie. E oflukd perfif quf ges kfihshdlfs y eiihdlfs leihdlegfs kel iuflte kfge oeydr pertf kf gd quf diurrf fl fg oulkd. Iùod pdkrïel gesfxpghieihdlfs e lhvfg pdgïthid hltfrleihdleg rhveghzer fl hopdrtelihe idl ge rfspufste kf gds pdkfrfs prhlihpegfs e prfcultes

5 Egjrfk Ldrtm Smhtfmfek eg oflds esï gd pflsene 58>6, p. :0 .

9;



[FD^ïEY ^FKVIIHDLHY[EY

idod èstes2 ´menrïe quf cester oås fl kfjflse4 ´Fs lfifserhdd ld idlstruhr eroes luigferfs4 ´Menrïe qVf oeltflfrsf fl ule

pdshihùl sùghke f hljgfxhngf d rfthrersf y.nusier ge pez4 Ges kfihihdlfs y eithvhkekfs leihdlegfs perfifl kf fldrof hopdrtelihe.Fste idlkhihùl pråithie, bultd idl fg jreiesd kf ges tfdrïes pdgïthies hltfrleihdlegfs fl fg espfitd kf suohlhstrer fxpghieihdlfsidlvhlifltfs d ule cuïe gïthg pere ge hlvfsthceihùl, mel hlirfofltekd ge tflteihùl kf kfkhiersf e gds fljdqufs .rfkuiihdlhstes.

Ge tfdrïe fidlùohie kfg hopfrheghsod kfserrdggeke pdr Md} .sdl y Gflhl fs fg ofbdr kf fsds fljdqufs.> Pdr ; ofbdr ld quhfrdkfihr lfifserheofltf idrrfitd, shld o;s nhfl ge tfdrïe oås ho

prfshdleltf. Ge tfdrïe fs fgfceltf y pdkfrdse. Fluliheke kf oelfre shopgf y idl ge hlidrpdreihùl kf ulds pdids fgfofltds,prftflkf fxpghier gds oås hopdrteltfs eidltfihohfltds pdgïthidshltfrleihdlegfs ld sdgeofltf fg hopfrheghsod shld ge oeydrïe,eulquf ld t d k s ~ ges cufrres odkfrles- f, hligusd, sfõegerges idlkhihdlfs quf pfrohthrïel fg prfkdohlhd kf ge pez. Ge

tfdrïe djrfif fxpghieihdlfs y, e khjfrflihe kf ge oeydrïe. kf gestfdrïes kf ges ihflihes sdihegfs, teonhèl prfkhiihdlfs. Oås eòl,me kfsfopfõekd fxhtdseofltf ges dtres terfes quf kfnf.kfserrdgger ule nufle

tfdrïe2 fs kfihr, fsthouger y cuher ge hlvfsthceihùl, esï idod prdvdier idltre-tfdrïes quf prftflkel ker iufltekf gds ohsods jflùoflds. Fl cflfreg, ge ghtfreture quf pufkfsfr etrhnuhke e ge tfdrïe kfg hopfrheghsod Mdnsdl-Gflhl, teltd

e jevdr kf ge tfdrïe idod fl idltre kf fgge, fs tel fxtflse y sdjhsthieke idod ge ghtfreture esdiheke idl iuegquhfr dtre fsiufgekfltrd kfg ieopd kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg. Pdr fstes rezdlfs,ge tfdrïe pufkf sfr pfrjfiteofltf useke pere hgustrer gds fljdqufs rfkuiihdlhstes.

Pdr fg iepïtugd 5 senfods quf ges tfdrïes idlthflfl supdshihdlfs tfùrhies (ld-jåithies) y quf kfnfl sfr buzcekes fl tèrohldskf gd quf prftflkfl fxpghier d prfkfihr. Pdr gd quf mf khimdeifrie kf gds fljdqufs rfkuiihdlhstes, sf kfsprflkf quf ges supdshihdlfs kf ge tfdrïe Mdnsdl-Gflhl sfrål fidlùohies, ld pdgï-

•. >

Ges tfdr2ïes kf Gflhl y kf Mdnsdl ld sdl hkèlthies, pfrd sdl ouyYHoHgerfs y ieYH ensdguteofltf idopethngfs.

96



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

thies. Yu bfrerquïe idod fxpghie.ihùl kfg hopfrheghsod y kf gecufrre kfpflkf kf2 5) sh ge tfdrïe fidlùohie fs våghke1 >) sh gesidlkhihdlfs idlshkfrekes pdr ge tfdrïe fxhstfl fl ge oeydrïe kfgds peïsfs hopfrheghstes, y 9 sh ge oeydrïe kf gds peïsfs fl gds qufprhoenel fses idlkhihdlfs frel fl vfrkek hopfrheghstes. Mf

mfimd ge fspfihjhieihùl kf ge oeydrïe kf gds peïsfs, y ld tdkds,ld pere kfnhghter ges prufnes quf kfnfl peser ges tfdrïes fidlùohies kfg hopfrheghsod, shld pdrquf ges fxifpihdlfs ld pufkflhlveghker ule tfdrïe iuelkd su diurrflihe me shkd fxpghieke kfoelfre sethsjeitdrhe. Vl vhfltd quf fgfvf ule mdbe ieïke ld pdlffl iufsthùl ge tfD'rïe lfwtdlhele kf ge crevhteihùl ulhvfrseg. Gdohsod diurrf idl ges tfdrïes kf Mdnsdl y kf Gflhl2 ges ieuses

eshclekes pufkfl dpfrer1 shl fonercd, dtres ieuses pufkfl kfsvherges d eveseggerges. Ges tfdrïes kf Mdnsdl y Gflhl pufkflfxpghier ffg hopfrheghsod iuelkd sf prdkuif, y ld sfr rfjutekes,shl fonercD', lh shquhfre fl fg iesd kf quf ld tdkds gds peïsfskfserrdggekds iephteghstes preithierel fl tdkd odofltd fg ho-pfrheghsod. .

Hopfrheghso kf Mdnsdl, punghiekd pdr ,prhofre vfz fl 580>

shcuf ofrfihflkd ul fstukhd kfteggekd. Yhl kuke, gds fstukheltfs emdrrerål ouimd thfopD' y prdngfoes sh kdohlel fg iepïtugd

sfxtd kf ge pertf 5 kdlkf flidltrerål gds fgfofltds kf ges ugtfrhdrfs fxpghieihdlfs fidlùohies kfg hopfrheghsod, kfskf Gf-

lhl e Nerel y Ywffzy. Ydnrfprdkuiihùl , supfråvht kf iephteg ,oege khstrhnuihùl kfg pdkfr kf idlsuod , ecguthleihdlfs rfiu

rrfltfs , kfprfshdlfs idlsfiufltfs 2 Mdnsdl pufnge kflseofltf sus påcHles idl fstds idlifptds, gds quf kfserrdgge y idonhleshstfoåthieofltf. Eg meifrgd, oås eòl, ke idl ldihdlfs quf dtrdseutdrfs pdstfrhdrfs mel rftdoekD' ---fg rdg kf ge pVnghihkek y ge

hopdrtelihe kf gds trusts, pdr fbfopgd, f hligusd ge pdshnhghkek kf

5 quf emdre sf idldif idod fg hopfrheghsod ~ g ghnrf idofrihd.Fg rezdleohfltd fidlùohid kf Mdnsdl fs hoprfshdleltf.

Eg hcueg quf Oegtmus, elthihpe e Afylfs iufsthdlelkd ge idlvhiihùl kf gds fidldohstes igåshids eifrie kf quf sh fg cdnhfrldsf kfsprfdiupere kf ge fidldoïe, ge kfoelke fjfithve tflkfrïehltflseofltf meihe ge sujhihflihe, quf ge kfoelke kf nhflfs pdr

khlfrd ghopherïe fg ofriekd kf tdkd gd prdkuihkd y suohlhstrerïe esï e gds prdvffkdrfs fg hliflthvd lfifserhd pere fopgferpgfleofltf gds jeitdrfs kf ge prdkuiihùl pdr ofkhd kf ge hlvfr

shùl idlthlue. Ydnrfpeselkd e Oegtmus, Mdnsdl juf iepez kf

9:



[FD^ÏEY ^FKVIIHDLHY[EY

fxpghier pdr què ge kfoelke fjfithve pdkïe sfr kfjhihfltf, kelkdesï rezdlfs pere ge prdpdshihùl quf oås terkf fstengfifrïe Afy

lfs, fs kfihr, quf ule fidldoïe kf ghnrf foprfse pdkrïe kfsielser sdnrf ul pultd quf rfprfsfltere oflds quf fg fopgfd pgfldkf tdkds gds jeitdrfs kf ge prdkuiihùl.

E ieuse kf ge idlifltreihùl kf ge rhqufze fl oelds kf uldspdids, ercuoflte Mdnsdl, fg idlsuod ld pufkf oeltflfr fgohsod pesd quf fg hlirfofltd kfg pdkfr prdkuithvd1 pufs 50srhids ld sfrål lulie gd sVjhihfltfofltf hlcflhdsds idod perecester gd sujhihfltf pete hopfkhr ge sdnrfprdkuiihùl . E ullhvfg kf prfihds quf kfbf nflfjhihds, ge kfoelke sfrå hlsujhihfltf pere veiher fg ofriekd. Mey fltdlifs, sfcòl pegenres kf Mdnsdl, nhflfs quf ld pufkfl sfr idlsuohkds, d quf lh 'shquhfrepufkfl sfr prdkuihkds pdrquf fs fvhkfltf quf ld pufkfl sfridlsuohkds . Fl iueltd e Afylfs, fg oeg julihdleohfltd kf gefidldoïe fstå ieusekd pdr ule oege khstrhnuihùl kf ge rhqufze.Fl gd quf e èg rfspfite, ge sdguihùl sflsete idrrfspdlkf eg cdnhfrld, quf idl sus iepeihk.ekfs hopdshthves y kf hlvfrshùl kfnfkfkhiersf e gdcrer ule khstrhnuihùl oås fquhtethve kf gds hlcrfsds idl fg dnbftd kf prdkuihr ule kfoelke ecrfceke quf sdstflkrå e ge fidldoïe ³fl ule idlkhihùl kf fopgfd pgfld. Fliueltd e Afylfs, fg fljdquf fs oeirdfidl:ohid, fxeohlelkd gesrfgeihdlfs fxhstfltfs fltrf gds ecrfcekds shstèohids idl fg dnbftd kf fxpghier ges idlkhihdlfs kf ge fidldoïe idod ul tdkd.9

Emdre khspdlfods ³kf gds fgfofltds fidlùohids kf ge tfdrïekfg hopfrheghsod kf Mdnsdl. Fljrfltekds idl ule kfiekfltftese kf celelihes kdoèsthie.y idl fsiesds rfiursds, gds hlvfrsdrfs pdtflihegfs khrhchfr.dl ge ohreke eg fxtfrhdr fl nusie kfofbdrfs dpdrtulhkekfs. Fstes dpdrtulhkekfs sf meggel fl gdsgucerfs kdlkf mel shkd oflds pgfleofltf fxpgdtekes f s kf

ihr, fl peïsfs fidlùohieofltf rftresekds. Fxprfsekd kf dtrd

9 Gds trfs ògthods pårrejds sdl ul rfsuofl kf ge pertf B, .iepïtugd :kf' Mdnsdl (580>). Afylfs ke e Mdnsdl tdkd fg irèkhtd kf elthihper gdsfgfofltds prhlihpegfs kf su tfdrïe cflfreg, eulquf idr ghohteihdlfs pdr geierflihe fl Mdnsdl kf ule tfdrïe kfg pdrifltebf kfg Hltfrès y su idlsfiufltf èljeshs fxifshvd kfg fxifkfltf kf iephteg fl vfz kf eifltuer geierflihe kf kfoelke. Zfr Afylfs (pp. 9:;-930 X ges rfjfrflihes eggï kekes. Fl ul ertïiugd pdr tdkd dtrd irhtfrhd fxifgfltf, Ndugkhlc y Ouafrbff(5835) sfõegel quf fs pdshngf fxtrefr egcòl sflthkd kf ge tfdrïe kfg fxif-

.kfltf kfg iephteg kf Mdnsdl hltfrprftålkdge e ge guz kf Afylfs. Yùgd puf

kfl irffr quf fs lfifserhe ule hltfrprfteihùl fspfiheg pdrquf mel dohthkd ge fstrfime shohghtuk fltrf Mdnsdl y Afylfs.

93



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

odkd, kfihr q t g ~ ul peïs fs fidlùohieofltf sunkfserrdggekdshclhjhie quf fstå 'fsiesd kf iephteg. Iuelkd fg iephteg fs fsiesd,s rfquhfrf ul prfrlhd ouy egtd. Idl shohgerfs hopugsds kf hl

vfrthr fl fg fxtrelbfrd pdr pertf kf gds ihukekelds kf khjfrfltfspehsfs iephteghstes,.sus cdnhfrlds sf shfltfl hopugsekds e rfspegker g ( ) ³ p i ~ B v kf treteohfltd bustd pdr pertf kf fsds ihukekelds, d kf prhvhgfchds ~ s p f i h e g f s pdr pertf kf gds cDnfrleltfsf equfggds peïsF22s fl gd quf fstål dpfrelkd. Yh ul cdnhfrld

rfspegke e sus i d l g f r i h e l t ~ s fl fg fxtfrhdr, ´eiesd pufkfl dtrds

cdnhfrlds meifr oF2. lds4 Yh ul cdnhfrld' idlstruyf ourds ter÷e-

rgds egrfkfkdr kf sus IDg05ues, ´eiesd pufkfl dtrds cdnhfrldsq u f k e r s f trelquhgds ~ l h r e l k ) iùod sdl khsirhohlekds sus ihukekelds fl ge oeydrïe. kf 50.5 ofriekds oulkhegfs4 Gds cdnhfrlds kf gds Fstekds iephteghstes shlthfrdl ge jufrze2 kfg rezdleohfltd hopghihtd fl fses, prfcultes rftùrhies. X kf fsf odkd fghopugsd e hlvfrthr fl fg fxtfrhùr, y ge idopftflihe fltrf gds ihukekelds kf khsthltds pehs.fsquf rfsP8lkhel e fsf hopugsd, idlkubfrdl leturegofltf, sf pflsene, e dgfekes kf eithvhkek hopfrheghste. Esh,Mdnsdl ggfcene e fste idligushùl2 fg hopfrheghsod hopghie fg usd kf ge .oequhlerhe kfg cdnhfrld pdr pertf

kf hltfrfsfs prhvekds, prhlihpegofltf ie.phteghstes, pere esfcurersf celelihes .fidlùohies jufre kf su peïs . dtres jufrzes teo-

nhèl dpfrel2 ' fg petrhdthsod, fg ifgd ohshdlfrd, fg fspïrhtu kfevflture, pdr fbfopgd. Pfrd fg jeitdr fidlùohid fs ge reïzoekrf , ge òlhie ieuse iuye ierflihe oerimhte e ge foprfsehopfrheghste. Ges jufrzes ' fidlùohies sdl gds vfrkekfrds kftfrohleltfs fl ge hltfrprfteihùl kf ge pdgïthie vfrkekfre . Oåseòl, khrfite f 'hlkhrfiteofltf, sf irfïe quf fg hopfrheghsod kene

iuflte kf ³ieYh tdkes, 2sh 'ld kf tdkes, ges cufrres odkfrles.(5'8=>, p2p. '8;,. '8:, 5>:1 ij. 50:,96: y shcs.). Idod oås terkf gdfxprfsere Merdgk B. Gesah2 Ge prhlihpeg ³ieuse -kf ge cufrre

rekhie2fl 2fg i e ~ p d f i d l ù o h i d Yu dnbftd prhlihpeg fs ge prdsfiuihùl f ule rhqufze dnt2flhngf pdr fstf ofkhd, quf fs idlshkfrekeoås crelkf .pdr equèggds quf hlihtel eg Fstekd e foprflkfr ge

eiihùl nèghieq,uf ge quf sf munhfre 'dntflhkd kf menfrsf prfsfrvekd ge pez (5899,p. 605).

Eulquf .fg hopfrheghsod prdoufvf fg fopgfd pdr ofkhd kfge ³fxpdrteihùl kf -trenebd y iephteg fxifkfltfs, ges pèrkhkes sujrhkes pdr ule leiHùl hopfrheghste supfrel pdr gfbds e ges celelihes. Ges celelihes sdl hlshclhjhieltfs, fl pertf, pdrquf ge

9=




oeydrïe kf fgges ve e gds idofriheltfs f hlvfrsdrfs, quf idlsthtuyfl kfltrd kf ge leihùl ule ïljhoe ohldrïe. Fggds idsfimel

gds nflfjhihds kfg hopfrheghsod1 ge leihùl, fl cflfreg, ierce idlges idlshkfrengfs fxpflses. Fl ges pegenres kf Mdnsdl, tdoekes kf Beofs OhgH, fg hopfrheghsod fs ul vestd shstfoe kf eghvhd fxtfrld pere ges igesfs egtes . Ge rfkhstrhnuihùl kf gds hlcrfsds kerïe e gds jeitdrfs kf prdkuiihùl ule uthghkek ouimd oås

. vfltebdse. Oås eòl, sh ge eithvhkek hopfrheghste drhchle tdkes gescufrres y ld sdgeofltf equègges khrfiteofltf hopfrheghstes, gdsidstds kf tdkd fg shstfoe kf cufrre , gds idstds kf prfperersfpere ges cufrres y kf foprflkfrges, kfnfl sfr etrhnuhkds e ge

foprfse hopfrheghste. Yfcòl fsf rezdleohfltd, gds idstds kfnflfxifkfr pdr ouimd e ges celelihes.; Ekfoås kf gds idstds fsthoekds fl ghnres, ge prdsfiuihùl kf pdgïthies hopfrheghstes prdkuif kfsejdrtulekds fjfitds pdgïthids y sdihegfs e lhvfg kdoèsthid. Idlkuif d nhfl g ohghterhsod fl Hlcgetfrre d e su kfpflkflihe kf ges trdpes lethves1 pdlf fl odvhohfltd jufrzes qufsdl eltecùlhies e. ges rfjdroes sdihegfs y fidlùohies y quf sdievel eg cdnhfrld rfprfsfltethvd1 sdsthflf y euoflte ule erhstdireihe fstèrhg quf kfpflkf kf gds. trhnutds kf Eshe y Åjrhie, y

quf fl ògthoe hlstelihe pufkf idlvfrthr e ge oeydrïe kf gdsfurdpfds. diihkfltegfs fl ul pufngd peråshtd (580>, pp. 65,509-6>, 95;-56).

Fsd, sfcòl Mdnsdl, fs gd quf kfjhlf ge oeydr pertf kf ge

pèrkhke kf ge leihùl hopfrheghste. Ge dtre pertf³ kf ge pèrkhkeprdifkf kf gds fjfitds quf fg hopfrheghsod fbfrif fl fg fxtfrhdr.Ge leihùl hopfrheghste, eg fxpdrter sus. nhflfs kf iephteg y susenfr tèilhid, pfrohtf quf gds peïsfs rftresekds kfserrdggfl sus

rfiursds. ule vfz quf fstd sf me prdkuihkd, ld mey leke quf

hophke, khceods, e Imhle quf uthghif. iephteg fxtrelbfrd y iekevfz oås su prdphd.iephteg, idonhlekd2 idl su trenebd, pere prdkuihr nhflfs quf pufkfl supgelter fg prdkuihkd nrhtålhid flgds ofriekds lfutregfs kfg oulkd . Pufkf pdr ògthod hlulker , hligusd, gds ofriekds diihkfltegfs idl prdkuitds imhlds

; Yfcòl ule vfrshùl .oås rfstrhithve, ges celelihes y pèrkhkes rfgethves shcufl shflkd prdngfoåthies, hligusd pere Crel Nrfteõe. fl fg epdcfdkf su hopfrheghsod odkfrld. Zfr gds irhtfrhdsds iågiugds kf Ytreimfy58:0, pp. 5;:-8;) X Nrdwl (5830, p. ]). Fspfihegofltf, Nrdwl fsirhnf

eifrie kfg hopfrheghsod kfskf ul pultd kf vhste oerxhste. ^fidoflkeods teonhèl vfr Ndugkhlc Ouafrbff (5835).

98



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

neretds, rfvfrthr fg jgubd kf ges hlvfrshdlfs y ekquhrhr "idltrdgjhlelihfrd sdnrf sus petrdlfs y ihvhghzekdrfs" (580>, pp. 90= X

shcs). Ges prdphes eiihdlfs kfg peïs hopfrheghste sdievel su pdshihùl kf supfrhdrhkek.Gflhl sf nesù crelkfofltf fl MDnsdl, y sùgd fstuvd fl

kfseiufrkd idl èg fl kds pultds hopdrteltfs. Mdnsdl irfïe qufge tflkflihe eg hopfrheghsod pdkrïe sfr fghohleke pdr ofkhdkf pdgïthies cunfrleofltegfs kfsthlekes e rfkhstrhnuhr ge rhqufze (580>, pp. ==-80). Gflïl irfïe quf gds iephteghstes quf idltrdgenel fg cdnhfrld beoås pfrohthrïel ge erthiugeihùl kf fsespdgïthies. Fg hopfrheghsod fre fltdlifs hlfvhtengfofltf ule pd

gïthie kf gds Fstekds iephteghstes fl su ftepe odldpùghie (585:,pp. == =8 . Mdnsdl irfïe quf ge ercuoflteihùl hopfrheghste fre

ge 8U.use kf iesh tdkds gds 'idljghitds quf sf prdkuiïel fltrf gdspeïsfs2-hopfrheghstes y ge rezùl prhlihpeg kf ,sus fldrofs cestdsfl e.roeofltds. Yhl fonercd, Mdnsdl prfvfïe ge mdrrhngf pdshnhghkek kf quf gds Fstekds iephteghstes iddpfrerel fl ge fxpgdteihùl kf gds pufngds oflds kfserrdggekds 5 8 0 > ~ pp. 955 X =5cs.19:; y shcs.). Gflhl irfïe quf gds peitds iddpfrethvds ld pdkrïelkurer, kekes ges ieonheltfs jdrtules kf gds Fstekds iephteghstes

y ge hlfstengf pdshnhghkek kf dpdrtulhkekfs kf hlvfrshdlfs fxtfrles. Fg .iephteghsod prdkuif hlfvhtengfofltf fg hopfrheghsod. Esu vfz, fsd ggfve hlfvhtengfofltf e ge cufrre fltrf gds Fstekds iephteghstes, pflseohfltd quf oås terkf rfspegkù ge idlvhiihÙl kfquf fg sdiheghs'od pdkrïe sdnrfvhvhr fl ul sdgd peïs (585:, .ps. jV³

8:, 553->0).Vthghzelkd fg elåghshs kf Mdnsdl, Gflhl tretù kf kfodstrer

quf gds fjfitds quf fsf eutdr irfïe prdnengfs frel lfifserhds prdkuitds kfg iephteghsod. Oås e ò l ~ e 'Gflhl gf ecrekene equfggdquf Mdnsdl prfkfiïe y kfpgdrene2 fg hopfrheghsod jdroe pertfkf ge khegèithie quf prdkuif ge kfiekflihe kfg oulkd iephteghsteohlelkd ges flfrcïes kf gds Fstekds kfserrdggekds y ecukhzelkdgds eltecdlhsods fltrf fggds, pdr ule pertf, y prdodvhflkd fg

kfserrdggd fidlùohid kf ges årfes rftresekes, pdr dtre pertf.Fl fstf pultd, Gflhl sf ekfiuene iùodkeofltf kfltrd kfg odg-

6 Gflhl fxpdlf fg prhofr pultd ihtelkd, fltrf dtrds, e Mdnsdl, y fgsfculkd fspfihegofltf pdr ofkhd kf ge ihte kf ^ukdgj Mhgjfrkhlc (Gflhl,585: pp. 50>-50; 5>5).

;0



[FD^ÏEY ^FKVIIHDLHY[ Y

ef oerxhste. l fg elhjhfstd Idoulhste Oerx,y Flcfgs menïel

ieltekd eg iephteghsod ule gde quf munhfre shkd hliùodke y

prftflihdse kf menfr prdifkhkd kf ul epdgdchste nurcuès.Ges k÷frflihes leihdlegfs, y gds eltecdlhsods fltrf gdspufngds (fsirhnïel) sf kfsvelfifl oås oås ieke kïekfnhkd eg kfserrdggd kf ge nurcufsïe, e ge ghnfrtek kf id-ofrihd, eg ofriekd o t h l k h ~ g e ge ulhjdrohkek kf gds odkdskf prdkuiihùl y e ges idlkhihdlfs kf vhke quf idrrfspdlkfle fstes ògthoes iereitfrïsthies (5=;=, p 98).

Ekeptelkd ge fxpghieihùl kfg hopfrheghsod kf Mdnsdl, Gf-lhl pukd sdstflfr ge vhshùl kf Oerx kf ul juturd nflhcld y suidlvhiihùl kf quf ges sdihfkekfs iephteghstes frel ges quf idltflïel ge sfohgge kf fsf oulkd.

Emdre pdkfods vfrhjhier ge tfdrïe fidlùohie kfg hopfrheghsod pdr ofkhd kf ges trfs prfcultes jdrougekes eg prhlihphdkf ge pertf 55 Prhofrd, ´meste què pultd fs nufle fse tfdrïe4 .Fl fstf espfitd kfnfods khsthlcuhr fltrf gds oèrhtds kfg fsthgdafylfsheld kf ge tfdrïe kf Mdnsdl y su iepeihkek kf fxpghierge tflkflihe e fxpdrter iephteg quf supufsteofltf prdkuif fghopfrheghsod. [eltd Mdnsdl idod Gflhl etrhnuyfl fg hopfrheghsod eg hopugsd quf sf drhchle fl sunidlsuod kdoèsthid ido- .nhlekd idl ge etreiihùl quf fbfrifl gds nflfjhihds oås egtds qufpufkfl dntflfrsf creihes e ges hlvfrshdlfs fl fg fxtfrhdr. Gdquf sf kfsfe sdl gds nflfjhihds oås egtds, kf iuegquhfr oelfre

quf sf celfl, teg idod Mdnsdl y Gflhl ejhroerïel idl rephkfz.Ge tfdrïe fidlùohie kf Mdnsdl ld ggfve fl sï ohsoe e ge idligushùl kf quf fs lfifserhd fkhjhier hopfrhds. Fg .iephteg pufkf

seghr kf ul peïs fl prdiure kf nflfjhihds oås egtds, pfrd fg mfimd

kf quf sf rfquhfre ule idlquhste hopfrheg, d quf sf phflsf idodlfifserhe, idl fg dnbftd kf esfcurer fsds nflfjhihds, fs ul mfimd.quf kfpflkf kf ges idlkhihdlfs pdgïthies y fidlùohies hltfrlesy fxtfrles. Ge kfodstreihùl kf quf gds Fstekds iephteghstespufkfl cflfrer fxifkfltfs ld kftfrohle ge oelfre fl quf sfråluthghzekds. Fg rezdleohfltd fidlùohid sùgd pufkf fxpghier geeperhihùl kf fxifkfltfs fspfiïjhids fl ihfrtes idlkhihdlfs. Geprfculte sf kfspgeze, fltdlifs, trelsjdroålkdsf kfskf ge hltfrrdceihùl eifrie kf sh ge tfdrïe fidlùohie fxpghie gds fxifkfltfs kf

iephteg e ge iufsthùl kf sh ge idlkhihùl fidlùohie hltfrle kftfr-

;5



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

ohle d ld ge idlkuite pdgïthie fxtfrle. Fse prfculte ld pufkfsfr rfspdlkhke pdr ofkhd kf ule tfdrïe kfg julihdleohfltd kfges fidldoïes leihdlegfs. E pfser kf fse k÷hiugtek jeteg, sfpufkf irffr, idod yd gd mecd, quf ge pfrsueshvhkek kfg rezdle-ohflkd fidlùohid me eyukekd me idlstruhr ge tfdrïe idod ultdkd, e pfser kf su hliepeihkek kf peser ge sf'culke prufne ysu khjhiugtek idl ge tfrifre.

Ge sfculke y ge tfrifre prufnes pufkfl idlshkfrersf flidlbultd. ^fiuèrkfsf quf pere quf ge tfdrïe fidlùohie kfg ho-

pfrheghsod sfe våghke, ge oeydrïe kf gds peïsfs hopfrheghsteskfnfl sfr iephteghstes y prdkuitdrfs kf fxifkfltfs, y quf ge

.oeydrïe kf gds peïsfs quf rfspdlkfl e fse kfsirhpih:l kfnflsfr hopfrheghstes. E perthr kf 5=30 fl ekfgeltf, quf fs fg pfrïdkdeg quf sf epghie fse tfdrïe, tdkds d iesh tdkds gds Fstekds qufpdkrïel sfr rezdlengfofltf ggeoekds iephteghstes sf foner-ierdl fl egcule eithvhkek hopfrheghste. Zerhds Fstekds hopf-rheghstes, shl fonercd, fxpdrterdl pdid iephteg e sus prdphesidgdlhes1 y dtrds ld prdkubftdl lhlcòl thpd kf fxifkfltf kfiephteg. Oås eòl, ihfrtd lòofrd kf Fstekds hopfrheghstes ld freliephteghstes. e khvfrshkek kf ges idlkhihdlfs hltfrleY kf gdsFstekds y kf sus pdgïthies fxtfrhdrfs fre hoprfshdleltf. Gd

quf ld rfsugtene hoprfshdleltf fre su idljdrohkek idl gesfsthpugeihdlfs kf ge tfdrïe. Hlcgetfrre, fg prhofr Fstekd hopf-

rheghste, menïe hlvfrthkd ge ohtek kf su iephteg jufre kf sus

idgdlhes pere jhlfs kfg shcgd khfihlufvf. Fg mfimd kf quf geoeydr ielthkek fstuvhfre hlvfrthke fl gds Fstekds Vlhkds rf-sugte pdr gd oflds kfsidlifrteltf pere gds fsirupugdsds perth-kerhds kf fste tfdrïe. f oelfre idlsteltf, Jrelihe sf meggenefl fg sfculkd d tfrifr pufstd kf hlvfrshùl y kf idofrihd idl gdstfrrhtdrhds quf pdsfïe (Jfhs, 5890, p. >9 . Bepùl fl Eshe, y ^ushe

fl Eshe y Furdpe Drhflteg, frel ihfrteofltf hopfrheghstes, pfrd'ld frel iephteghstes lh prdkuitdrfs kf fxifkfltfs. Fsds pdidsiesds hgustrel ge khvfrshkek kf idlkhihdlfs esdihekes idl fg ho-

pfrheghsod, ule verhfkek sujhihfltf pere rfjuter ge tfdrïe.Fstes eldoegjes, kfskf fg pultd kf vhste kf ge tfdrïe, kfs-

phfrtel oeydrfs kukes. Fg hopfrheghsod fs tel elthcud, eg of-lds, idod ge mhstdrhe rfchstreke. Pdr ihfrtd rfsugte fxtreõd se-nfr quf ge ieuse (fg iephteghsod) fs ouimd oås bdvfl quf fg

fjfitd quf prdkuif (fg hopfrheghsod). Fs vfrkek quf Mdnsdl

y Gflhl s:5 ' prftflkfl fxpghier fg hopfrheghsod fl ge èpdie

;>



[FD^ïEY ^FKVIIHDLHY[EY

kfg iephteghsod evelzekd. Pfrd kfnfods p r f c ~ l t r l d s què fsgd quf drhchlù eg hopfrheghsod fl èpdies pesekes y pdr què ldeituel oås fses elthcues ieuses kfg hopfrheghsod, pdr quèmel shkd .rffopgezekes pdr fg iephteghsod. Yh menïe idses lufves

fl fg oulkd e jhlfs kfg chcgd khfihlufvf, fg hopfrheghsod ldfre ule kf fgges. Ld fg jflùofld, shld tel sùgd su ieuse, fre,sfcòl sf khbd, lufve. Fs idod sh Lfwtdl munhfre egfcekd menfrkfsiunhfrtd ge fxpghieihùl kf ge ieïke ghnrf kf gds iufrpds fx-

igushveofltf kfskf ::: fl ekfgeltf, idod sh munhfre kfbekepere dtrds ge fxPghieihùl kf iùod ieïel fsds dnbftds eltfs kffse jfime, y idod sh su kfsiunrhohfltd kf ge gfy kf crevfkekjufre egcd quf ld fxhsthfre l eituere eltfs.

Ges tfdrhes kf Mdnsdl y Gflhl ld pufkfl diupersf kf èstds

prdngfoes y ld hltfltel meifrgd idl ouime sfrhfkek.: t eifp-teihùl kf ge tfdrïe quf sf k÷ulkhù y pfrshsthù, kfsielsene fl

ieonhd sdnrf ge etreiihùl fbfrihke pdr su rezdleohfltd fidlù-ohid y sdnrf ge jgecreltf vfrkek kf quf gds Fstekds iephteghsteskfserrdggekds kf ge èpdie sf meggenel, ihfrteofltf, fltrf gdsoås hoprfshdleltfs idlstruitdrfs kf hopfrhds kf ge mhstdrhe.Gds Fstekds iephteghstes kfserrdggekds frel jfrdifs hopfrheghs-tes. Fltdlifs, ´pdr què ld hkflthjhier hopfrheghsod y iephteghs-od4 Ge hkflt÷hieihùl fre dnvheofltf sflihgge, ye quf idl telte

jrfiuflihe sf gfje eifrie kf Fstekds iephteghstes quf hopdlflfg fxifkfltf kf ³ sus prdkuitds y iephteg e iålkhkds lethvds, yeifrie kf ge gdie guime fltengeke fltrf gds pehsfs iephteghstespdr ge ekquhshIhùl kf idgdlhes.

Yh ges esfrihdlfs kf ieuse rfsugtel idlvhlifltfs, gd sdl sdge-ofltf meste quf ekvfrthods quf fl ge èpdie kf Mdnsdl, eg hcuegquf fl ge lufstre, ge oeydrje kf gds Fstekds hopdrteltfs f.reliephteghstes. Fltdlifs sf pgeltfe fste prfculte2 ´Gds peïsfskfserrdggekds sdl hopfrheghstes pdr sfr iephteghstes d pdr sfr.

kfserrdggekds Fg irfihohfltd kf ges fidldoïes hlkustrhegfs flfg shcgd khfihlufvf fsthougù fg hopfrheghsod oulkheg. ´Ge mf-cfodlhe kf ulds pdids sdnrf ouimds juf prdkuihke pdr gesidltrekhiihdlfs kfg iephteghsod d pdr ge rfvfgeihùl kf gds sfirf-tds kf ge leturegfze, pdr ge trelsouteihùl kf ge ihflihe fl tfd.

: Vle oelfre idlshstf fl ercuoflter quf fg lufvd hopfrheghsodfre khjfrfltf kfg elthcud e ieuse kfg iephteghsod. Pdr ihfrtd quf fxhstïelkhjfrflihes, pfrd frel trhvhegfs tfùrhieofltf. Pere ul fbfopgd kf fste er-cuoflteihùl, vfr U'Idlldr (5830).

;9



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

ldgdcïe y pdr ge drcelhzeihùl kf gds pdkfrfs kf ge tfildgdcïe efsiege leihdleg4 Ges rfspufstes e fstes prfcultes sdl irïthiespere iuegquhfr tfdrïe quf prftflke ker iuflte kfg hopfrheghsod.3

Egculds rfspdlkfrål quf fg jurdr kf ge eithvhkek hopfrheghs-te e jhlfs kfg shcgd khfihlufvf sùgd pufkf sfr fxpghiekd pdr gdsieonhds fidlùohids prdkuihkds kfltrd kf gds peïsfs hopfrhe-ghstes, y quf fstd suohlhstre fvhkflihes e jevdr kf ³ge tfdrïe kfMdnsdl y kf Gflhl. Fste ercuoflteihùl ld fs ekfiueke. Eg rf-imezer ge tfdrïe, ld fstdy khihflkd quf fg iephteghsod ld tuvhfreleke quf vfr idl fg hopfrheghsod jreliès d nrhtålhid. Meifrgdsfrïe tel tdltd idod kfihr quf fg eutdrhterhsod leke tflïe qufvfr idl fg hopfrheghsod bepdlès d rusd. Gds eitds perthiugerfs

thflfl ieuses perthiugerfs, quf kel iuflte kf pertf kf gds rfsug-tekds quf lds hltfrfsel. Eg diuperlds kf ieuses perthiugerfs,shl fonercd, fsteods tretelkd idl iufsthdlfs quf rfsugtel oås

hltfrfseltfs mhstùrhieofltf quf tfùrhieofltf. Ejhroer quf ule

tfdrïe quf idltfopgf tel sùgd ge idlkhihùl hltfrle kf gds Fste-kds ld fxpghie sujhihfltfofltf sus idlkuites fxtfrles ld hopghieejhroer quf ge idlkuite fxtfrle pufkf sfr fxpghieke shl meifrrfjfrflihe e ges idlkhihdlfs hltfrles. es fidldoïes iephteghstes,pdr gd teltd, tflïel ule eopghe ielthkek kf fgfiihdlfs y kf of-

khds fjfithvds pere eituer hltfrleihdlegofltf. Kf què odkd fgf-chrïel eituer, ld dnsteltf, ld pufkf sfr fxpghiekd pdr ofkhd kfges idlkhihdlfs hltfrles sdgeofltf. Ges idlkhdhdlfs fxtfrleskfnfl jdroer pertf kf ge fxpghieihùl, ye quf ge verhfkek kf idl-khihdlfs hltfrles kf gds Fstekds ld fstå hcuegeke pdr ge verhfkekkf sus idlkuites fxtfrles.

E 'trevès kf ge mhstdrhe, gds trfs jeodsds fxDD.kfltfs ;f³pfrsdle2$21 k,f prdkuitds y kf iephteg- fstål esdihekds idl ³odvh

lg ltùs ³hhggpfrheghstes. Fl khvfrses vfrshdlfs, sdl hkfrhthjhddkds

.rfspfithveofltf idod fg hopfrheghsod kf ge ougthtthhb¡ ³è 2ulpè-rhe5hsod kfg ghnrf idofrihd y fg hopfrheghsod kègiephteghYod

fidlùohid. ~ lfifserhd fstengfifr kds pultds. Prmlfre ul peïYquf sdsthflf ul odvhohfltd hopfrheghste kfnf prdkuiht 2Vrtù³kf ³fsds fxifkfltfs d ule idonhleihùl kf fggds fl fg sflthkd ³³fs-pfiïjhid fl fg quf fg fbèrihtd hopfrheg rfquhfrf ul oercfl kfsupfrhdrhkek sdnrf fg pufngd quf idltrdge. ´Kf què dtrd odkd

Sfmgfr (5830) ke ul ldtengf fbfopgd kf iùod fg elåghshs kf ges ieu-

ses qufke fltdrpfihkd iuelkd sf hcuegel hlkustrheghzeihùl y iephteghsod.

;;




pdkrïe fbfrifrsf idltrdg4 Yfculkd, fg mfimd kf iùod sf prdkuif

fsf fxifkfltf , y ge leturegfze kfg Fstekd quf gd prdkuif, perfif ld sfr hopdrteltf. ^fpònghies (Etfles y ^doe), odlerquïes eshsthkes pdr fg kfrfimd khvhld (ge Jrelihe ndrnùlhie y fg

Bepùl kf ge khlestïe Ofhbh), kfodireihes odkfrles (Hlcgetfrre yFstekds Vlhkds) mel shkd hopfrheghstes fl khsthltes èpdies. Kfoelfre shohger, crel verhfkek kf fidldoïes -pestdreg, jfukeg,ofrielthghste, iephteghste, sdiheghste- mel sdstflhkd foprfses

hopfrheghstes. Fxpghier fg hopfrheghsod pdr ofkhd kfg iephteghsod fs perrdquheg fl fg ofbdr kf gds iesds. Oås quf rfjfrhrlds eghopfrheghsod iephteghste, kfnfrïeods fsirhnhr, oås eifrtekeofltf, eifrie kfg hopfrh ghsod kf cr l pdkfr Kdlkf fxhstfl crelkfs kfsfquhghnrhds kf pdkfr y kdlkf gds ofkhds kf treU.Ypdrtf

pfrohtfl ge fxpdrteihùl kf prdkuitds y kf hlstruofltds kf cdnhfrld, fg pufngd oås iepez menhtuegofltf fbfrif ule idlshkfrengf hljguflihe sdnrf gds oflds iepeifs kf prdkuihr fxifkfltfs. Flul ertïiugd quf supufsteofltf eiuse pfsekeofltf e Bdsfpm

Yimuopftfr, Ourrey Crfflf gd eiuse kf eõekhr fse hkfe e su

tfdrïe sdihdgùchie kfg hopfrheghsod2 50 quf pufkf perfifr hopfrheghsod iephteghste shopgfofltf diurrf fl ge èpdie iephteghste (586> p. :;). Crfflf eihfrte prfihseofltf fl ul pultd hopdrteltf, eulquf gd oegflthflkf pdr idopgftd. Mhstùrhieofltf, fg hopfrhegbsod fs ul jflùofld idoòl. Kdlkf meggeods hopfrhds, ekvfrthods quf mel shkd idlstruhkds pdr equèggds quf sfdrcelhzerdl y ' fxpgdterdl sus rfiursds idl oeydr fjfithvhkek.Kf fstf odkd, fl su epdcfd, fg ofrielthghsod juf ge ieuse kfghopfrheghsod fl fg ohsod sflthkd fspòrfd fl 'quf 50 juf oås

terkf fg iephteghsod.Yh gds Fstekds iephteghstes, gds oås evelzek.ds kf ge èpdie,

ld. munhfrel 'ejfitåkd-e22gds 'dtrds oås kf 50 quf ,gds ' dtrds gdsejfiterdl efggùs1'fonetielkdsf 'tel sùgd dieshdlegofltf fl eith- '

vhkekfs 'mlpfrheghstes, èstf mfimd munhfre shkd pdr kfoås fxtreõd. Fl fstf sflthkd, ge eusflihe kfg hopfrheghsod fl prfsflihekf oh kfsfquhghnrhd kf pdkfr 'rfqufrhrïe uleholhlfltf fxpghieihùl. Ge kfnhghkek hlvhte eg idltrdg1 ge jufrze thflte 'e fbèrifrgd,eulquf oås ld s ~ pdr fg nhfl kf ge cfltf.= Fg jflùofld fs

oås cflfreg y teonhèl oås elthcud quf ge f]pghieihùl quf djrfif

= Idod ge ekvfrtflihe kf Laruoem e gds ejrhields eifrie kf quf gekfnhghkek kf ge kfsulhùl hlvhte eg idltrdg hopfrheghste (Crulky, 58:9p. ;60).

6



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

fxpfrhofltekd pdr Merry Oeckdjj, uld kf gds prhlihpegfs fsirh-tdrfs lfdidgdlhegfs. Fl su ghnrd kf 58:= eifltòe ge kfpflkflihefidlùohie kf ge leihùl1 fltdlifs, rfquhfrf kf ge eiihùl cunfr-leoflteg pere fstengfifr ule pdshihùl kf prfkdohlhd quf merå

quf fg oulkd sfe sfcurd pere ges dpfreihdlfs kfg iephteg ldrtf-

eofrhield. l ul ertïiugd åf 5830 sf ulf e gd quf fs emdre geidrrhfltf prhlihpeg lfdidgdlheghste. Ges rfjfrflihes e ge kfpfl-kflihe ldrtfeofrhiele kfseperfifl, y ges foprfses prhvekessupgeltel eg cdnhfrld idod odtdr idlkuitdr kf ge rlequhlerhehopfrheg. Ge tfshs lfdidgdlheg idlthflf ge fxpghieih:l fidlùohieògthoe kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, ejhroelkd, idod ejhroe, quffl gds Fstekds iephteghstes gds hlstruofltds ³fidlùohids prhvekdssf mel kfserrdggekd teltd quf su usd hljdroeg fs sujhihfltf pere

idltrdger y fxpgdter fjfithveofltf gds rfiursds kf dtrds peïsfs

(58:8, iepïtugds 5, 61 5830, p. >3 )}D Ges idrpdreihdlfs ougthleihd-legfs dpfrel emdre fl tel crelkfs fsieges y sdnrf årfes tel

eopghes quf pufkfl kfserrdgger su prdphd pdkfr fl idltre kfpeïsfs fidlùohieofltf oflds pdkfrdsds, y teonhèl prdsfcuhrsus fstretfches kf fxpelshùl khstrhnuyflkd ges dpfreihdlfs fl

verhds peïsfs, egculds idl cdnhfrlds prfkfihngfofltf gG ås sf-curds y f s t e n g f ~ Fg hopugsd idofriheg meihe fg fxtfrhdr ~ tel

jufrtf, y su iepeihkek kf prfsfrveihùl tel crelkf, quf ges fo-prfses kfserrdggel sus hopfrhds hlvhshngfs menhtuegofltf shl

fg rfspegkd kf ges pdgïthies cunfrleofltegfs d kf ges jufrzesleihdlegfs.

Ge sfculke khjfrflihe hopdrteltf quf fxhstf fltrf ge elthcuey ge lufve tfshs oerxhste kfg hopfrheghsod sf megge fl ge fsthoe-ihùl kf gds fjfitds fbfrihkds pdr fg hopfrheghsod fl gds peïsfsoflds kfserrdggekds. Gds elthcuds oerxhstes irfïel quf gds ie-phteghstes sf ievenel sus prdphes tuones kf khvfrses oelfres,ule kf ges iuegfs idlshstïe fl idgendrer idl fg kfserrdggd fid-lùohid kf sus hopfrhds pdr ofkhd kf hlvfrshdlfs iephteghstes

fl fg fxtfrhdr. Vle kfsfspfreihùl leke oerxhste me susthtuhkd eg

50 Idl oås shohghtukfs quf khjfrflihes, gds pultds quf eieneods kffluliher y gds quf sfcuhrål sdl idoulfs e ge fsiufge lfdidgdlheg. Vsè fg

, tèrohld fsiufge fl sflthkd eopghd pere sucfrhr ule shohghtuk kf gesidligushdlfs kf tdkds gds eutdrfs quf ggfcel e fgges kf oelfres khjfrfl-tfs, ye sfe pdr ofkhd kf fljdqufs mhstùrhids, pdgïthids d fidlùohids, yiuyd idoprdohsd idl fg oerxhsod fs verhengf. Egcules kf ges jufltfsoås hltfrfseltfs, ekfoås kf Oeckdjj, sdl Nerel y Ywffzy (58::), Nrdwl(5830), Cegtulc (5835), Myrlfr (5830), Shggheos (58:>) y Sdgjj (5830).

;=




dpthohsod kf Oerx y kf Gflhl. Emdre sf khif quf gds iephteghstes quf dpfrel fl fg fxtfrhdr fbfrifl fg fjfitd kf idlcfger fgkfserrdggd fidlùohid e lhvfgfs rfgethveofltf nebds, kf khstdrshdler kfsvfltebdseofltf fsf kfserrdggd. Gds peïsfs rftresekds shcufl shflkd 'enestfifkdrfs kf oetfrhes prhoes pere gds peïsfsoås kfserrdggekds, d sf gds oelthflf e ul lhvfg kf oelujeitureidoperethveofltf prhohthvd.u Fl fstf sflthkd, fstål hliguhkdsgds peïsfs iephteghstes oås evelzekds, gds Fstekds Vlhkds y gdspeïsfs idoperethveofltf oflds kfserrdggekds kf Furdpe diihkflteg.

Gds tfùrhids lfdidgdlheghstes, ld dnsteltf, egfcel menfr

hkflthjhiekd fxpghiekd dtrd lufvd hopfrheghsod. Vl fxeoflkfg pflseohfltd lfd idgdlheg lds ggfverå e fstengfifr verhds pultds hopdrteltfs eifrie kf ge tfdrïe hltfrleihdleg. Fsds pultds

qufkel hlshluekds nebd gds shcuhfltfs flienfzeohfltds2 5) tfdrïes eutd-vfrhjhieltfs1 >) fstruiture shl idlkuite d ge kfseperhihùl kf ge julihùl, 9) sdnrfxpghieihùl y fg prdngfoe kfg ieonhd.

5 [fdrïes eutd vfrhjhieltfs

Horf Geaetds uthghze ge fxprfshùl tfdrïes euxhgherfs pere kfsirhnhr fses tfdrïes quf sdl hkfekes tres gds mfimds y quf ierfifl kf pdkfr pere elthihper dtrds mfimds (5830, pp. 536-3:). Yu

pdlceods, pdr fbfopgd, quf fophfzd pdr ge idlvhiihùl kf qufihfrtds thpds kf Fstekds sdl hopfrheghstes. Yupdlceods quf otfdrïe fxpghie pdr què. Yupdlceods tdkevïe quf kfsfd oeltflfr

oh tfdrïe hlteite, eul iuelkd ge eithvhkek f]pghieke y equfggdsquf sf endiel e fgge ieonhel ouimd e gd gercd kfg thfopd. Pere

egielzer fse ofte, lfifshtd meifr kds idses2 prhofrd, rfkfjhlhrge elthcue pegenre pere iunrhr ge lufve eithvhkek, y sfculkd, rfvhser ge vhfbe tfdrïe idl fg dnbftd kf iunrhr lufvds fgfofltds. Ge

fvdguihùl kè ges tfdrïes eifrie kfg hopfrheghsod hgustre pfrjfite

ofltf eonds prdifkhohfltds.Yfcòl Mdnsdl y Gflhl, sh ul peïs fkhjhie ul hopfrhd idl fgdnbftd kf idltrdger ge fsifle fxtfrhdr kf sus dpfreihdlfs fidlùohies, fsd fs hopfrheghsod. Yfcòl ule ldihùl oås terkïe, sh ulpeïs fs iepez kf dpfrer fidlùohieofltf fl fg fxtfrhdr s l fkhjh-

Fstds pultds sf fxprfsel fl ul hopdrteltf ertïiugd eltfrhdr, iuydeutdr ld pfrtflfif e ge fsiufge quf fsteods fxeohlelkd. Zfr M. Yhlcfr(5860).

8



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

ier ul hopfrhd, ~ s d teonhèl fs bopfrheghsod. Fste ògthoe kfjhlhihùl fstå hopgïihte fl ge hkfe kfg Mhopfrheghsod kfg ghnrf id-ofrihd , esdihekd e oflukd idl ge dnre ld-oerxhste f mhstùrh

ieofltf hoprfshdleltf ~ Ceggecmfr y ^dnhlsDK. Fstds eutdrfseifltòel ge uthghzeihùl kfg ghnrf idofrihd idod tèilhie jevdrhtekf ge fxpelshùl nrhtålhie, fspfihegofltf ofkhekds kfg shcgdkhfihlufvf, y ercuofltel quf ,iuegquhfre jufre fg oètdkd uthghzekd, gds hltfrfsfs nrhtålhids Yhcuhfrdl esfcurålkdsf y fxtflkhèlkdsf kureltf tdkd fg shcgd (5869, pp. 55, 59). KE tdkds odkds,nhfl pufkf sfr quf fg hltfrès nrhtålhid pdr tflfr ul hopfrhd jdroeg kfieyfre e ofkhekds kfg shcgd khfihlufvf, prfihseofltf pdrquf su kdohlhd kf gds ofriekds oulkhegfs gf cerelthzene quf

ule ielthkek sujhihfltf kf sus prdkuitds sfrïel ekquhrhkds flfg fxtfrhdr, cdnfrlere d ld fsds peïsfs. Kf oelfre shohger, pdkf-

. ods kfihr quf ges dpfreihdlfs fidlùohies fxtfrles kf FstekdsVlhkds ld mel rfqufrhkd ge oequhlerhe trekhihdleg kfg hopfrhd,y pdr ihfrtd teopdid ge rfquhfrfl emdre}>

Fg rfidldihohfltd kf ge fsiufge lfdidgdlheg kf quf ges dpfreihdlfs fidlùohies ldrtfeofrhieles rfquhfrfl pdid d lhlcòlepdyd kf ges jufrzes ohghterfs sf idrrfspdlkf ifrtfreofltf idlge rfeghkek. Ges pdgïthies hopfrheghstes kfg vhfbd fsthgd mel gel

cuhkfihkd, gds hopfrhds iesh mel kfseperfihkd. Emdre, idodshfoprf, ge iepeihkek fidlùohie supfrhdr kf gds pufngds rhidsfbfrif ld dnsteltf su hopeitd sdnrf gds oås pdnrfs. Ggeoer e ge

hljguflihe fbfrihke pdr gds rhids sdnrf gds pdnrfs hopfrheghsodfs fg prhofr pesd pere rfsieter ge tfdrïe kf Gflhl. Ejhroer qufgd quf gds iephteghstes meifl fl fg fxtfrhdr fs hopfrheghsod gd

mecel d ld pdr ofkhd kf ul hopfrhd y kf ge jufrze-- eyuke eidlvfrthr ge tfdrïe fl eutd-vfrhjhieltf. Ge tfdrïe ld elthihpù fstdsmfimds. L d mhzd quf lekhf fspfrere ge kfiekflihe kf gds hopfrhds

vhshngfs. Fl ieonhd, ge kfjhlhihùl kf equfggd quf prfsulteofltfge tfdrïe fxpghiene juf ieonhekd 'pere ekfiuersf e gd quf rfegofltf diurrïe. Gds lfdidgdlheghstes, eg rfkfjhlhr ge idlkuite qufsf fspfre kf gds Fstekds iephteghstes, kfoufstrel ldtengfofltfge vhcflihe kfg pultd ye fxprfsekd2 fs kfihr, iùod ges fidldoïes

2t e ldihùl kf Shggheos kf gd quf pdkrïeods ggeoer hopfrheghsodkf pufrtes e n h f r t e s ~ (58:>). Zfr teonhèl fg hltfltd kf Ohimefg NerretNrdwl kf idopgfter ge gùchie lfdidgdlheghste egfcelkd quf fg idltrdg hopfrheg kfpflkïe oås kf ge kdohleihùl fidlùohie quf kf ge pdgïthie 5830,

pp. ]]]HZ-]]]Z).

60




leihdlegfs prdkuifl fxifkfltfs, y iùod fstds 'fxifkfltfs sdl

uthghzekds fl khjfrfltfs iufsthdlfs, y 50 sfculkd ld pufkf sfr

rfspdlkhkd pdr ofkhd kf ule tfdrïe eifrie kf ges fidldoïesleihdlegfs.

> struiture shl idlkuite d ge kfseperhihùl kf ge julihùl

Ge lufve kfjhlhihùl kf hopfrheghsod ejfite crelkfofltf fg odkdfl quf ge tfdrïe fidlùohie trekhihdleg kfg hopfrheghsod me shkdidrrfchke idl fg dnbftd kf quf iunre pråithies rfihfltfs, idodpufkf dnsfrversf sh sf tdoe fl iuflte ge tfdrïe fstruitureg kfghopfrheghsod kf Bdmel Cegtulc. Ggfvelkd e ge tfdrïå lfdidgdlhegmeste su fxtrfod letureg, Cegtulc, idl pdid hlcflhd, fxpdlf tdke

su ensurkhkek. Fg hopfrheghsod, fl dphlhùl kf Cegtulc, fs gerfgeihùl fltrf gds Fstekds oås rhids y erodlhdsds, pdr ule pertf, ygds 'Fstekds oflds erodlhdsds y oås pdnrfs, pdr ge dtre. Idlvhfrtfeg hopfrheghsod fl ule iufsthùl fstruitureg, pfrd ggfce e su tfd-rïe fstruitureg, fl pertf, pdr rfkuiihùl. Fl su kfjhlhihùl kf fs-truiture hltfrleihdleg idonhle ul etrhnutd leihdleg, fg crekdkf erodlïe, idl ule fstruiture hltfrleihdleg iereitfrïsthie, ge

khstrhnuihùl kf ge iepeihkek. Fg prhofrd fs ul fgfofltd kf ge

fstruiture leihdleg, sh fs quf fs fl egcòl sflthkd ul. fgfofl-

td fstruitureg. Idod Cegtulc hliguyf ul etrhnutd leihdleg fl sufstruiture hltfrleihdleg, su fljdquf sf tdrle rfkuiihdlhste. Ge fs-truiture fs ul idlifptd òthg sh sf ge idlshkfre idod idlkhihd-leltf kf ge idlkuite quf ejfite ges oelfres fl quf sf kfsfopf³õel ges julihdlfs. g9 Kfjhlhr ge fstruiture hltfrleihdleg fl pertf

fl tèrohlds kf ul etrhnutd leihdleg hkflthjhie e fsds etrhnutds

idl gds rfsugtekds quf sf hltfltel fxpghier. Idod Cegtulc kfjh-lf fstruiture kf fse oelfre, idlkuite y julihùl kfseperfifl1ul peïs fs ggeoekd hopfrheghste fl julihùl kf sus etrhnutds f

hlkfpflkhfltfofltf kf ges eiihdlfs quf kfsfopfõf. Ge dnsfrve-ihùl kf ge idlkuite, su idlfxhùl idl gds eidltfihohfltds y fgprdngfoe kf gds rfsugtekds egtfrlethvds - tdkes fses idopgfbesy khjïihgfs iufsthdlfs- pufkfl kfbersf kf gekd. Esï, Cegtulcpufkf. kfihr kf Bepùl fl fg sukfstf kf Eshe quf ld mey ku-kes eifrie kfg hopfrheghsod fidlùohid, pfrd ld mey kdohlhdpdgïthid, ohghter, idoulhieihdleg d iugtureg . Fg hopfrheghsod,

59 Pere ule khsiushùl kf fstes iufsthdlfs, vfr fg iepïtugd ; pertf 555.

65



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

pfrjfiihdlekd, ld fopgfe lhlcòl thpd kf jufrze ohghter, lh jufrzes khrfites lh eoflezes kf vhdgflihe (5835, pp. =>-=;, 505).

Flvfz

kf sfr ul idlbultd kf eithvhkekfs khjïihg kf rfvfger,fg hopfrheghsod sf idlvhfrtf fl ule shtueihùl jåihgofltf vhshngf2 fg irfihohfltd kf ge nrfime fltrf gds peïsfs rhids erodlhdsds equèggds hleroùlhids pdnrfs.

Ge idlstruiihùl kf Cegtulc, djrfihke idod tfdrïe, shopgfofltf ejhroe quf ge ieuse kf fse irfihfltf khjfrflihe fltrf idlkhihdlfs kf vhke fs ge fxpgdteihùl quf gds rhids meifl kf gdspdnrfs. Ge hltfreiihùl vfrthieg ', ejhroe, fs ge oeydr jufltfkf kfshcuegkek kf fstf oulkd (5835, p. =8). Pdr què sf prdkuiffsf jflùofld ld fs fxpghiekd, shld quf fl ieonhd sf gd rfejhroekf khvfrses oelfres. Ge eshoftrïe kfg idofrihd hltfrleihdleg,ge khjfrflihe kf shtueihùl fltrf gds quf meifl gds prdkuitds y gdsquf ofreofltf khspdlfl kf gds prdkuitds kf ge leturegfze, gdskhjfrfltfs crekds kf prdifseohfltd quf rfihnfl ges fxpdrteihdlfs kf ieke leihùl2 kf oelf.re hlfspfiïjhie, fsds jeitdrfs ieuselprfsulteofltf quf ge hltfreiihùl kf ges leihdlfs flrhqufzie egds Fstekds kfserrUggekDs ohfltres fopdnrfif e gds rftresekds.

Ge kfodstreihùl kf iùod, fl què ihriulstelihe y fl quècrekd gds rhids sf mel flrhqufihkd fopdnrfihflkd e gds pdnrfsrfqufrhrïe ul iuhkekdsd elåghshs, hliguyflkd ge hlvfsthceihùl kfgds ieonhds fl tèrohlds kf idofrihd y kf ge idopdshihùl kf gesfxpdrteihdlfs y ges hopdrteihdlfs fl tdkds gds peïsfs y e gd gercdkfg thfopd}; Fse hlvfsthceihùl rfvfge fl ihfrtds odofltds qufegculds prdkuitdrfs prhoerhds idrrfl ouy nufle jdrtule. X,

´eiesd fstål fxpgdtelkd e dtrds kf oelfre hopfrheghste4 Fl583;, gds fxpdrtekdrfs kf pftrùgfd y kf eghofltds prdspfrerdl.Ges sVnkfserrdggekes l e f h ( ) l ~ s 1 r e n f ~ g e . s e g t ~ r l f ~ t è kfserrdggekes k f E o è r h f e k f g L d r t f p ~ t ) $ p f r F o g g h g F } p 1 I d l t r e s t f i d l ge oe-

.ydrïe kf Bds ³peïsfs. Ges 'prïofres '1ldtlnreces sdl1prfohlfltfsfbfop.gds2kf gds peïsfs f]pgdtekds kf ³Cegtulc. Fltrel oås nhflfl ge ietfcdrïe kf sfr y ld ³fl ge kf ' ~ i d l v f r t h r s f , kf peïsfs qufvflkfl gds prdkuitds kf ge le,turegfze fl vfz kf oelujeiturer

sus prdphds ³prdkuitds. Eg ³ ohsod thfopd, Fsteqds Vlhkds fs fg

; Fl vfz kf ³meifr fstd, Cegtulc djrfiffbfopgd.s quf e su vfz rfsugtel nesteltf fxtreõds. ghIuelkd ule leihùl hltfrieonhe treitdrfs pdr pftrùgfd , khif, kfserrdgge ge iepeihkek kf prdkuihr treitdrfs (5835, p. 8=).Kfbe kf gekd fg mfimd kf quf ul peïs fxpdrte treitdrfs sdgeofltf sh me

kfserrdggekd ye su hlkustrhe eutdodtrhz. Eperfltfofltf, kfsfe meifr perfifr quf gds pdnrfs pfrohtfl quf gds rhids kfserrdggfl sus hlkustrhes.

6>




oeydr fxpdrtekdr oulkheg kf eghofltds fg odkfgd quf Cegtulcprdpdlf kf peïs hopfrheghste. Ge tfdrïe kf Cegtulc ld s:50 djrfif

kfsirhpihdlfs fl vfz kf fxpghieihdlfs, shld quf ekfoås sus kfsirhpihdlfs ld sf idrrfspdlkfl idl ge rfeghkek.Eperfltfofltf, Cegtulc me seiekd idligushdlfs eprfsure

kes e perthr kf ge tflkflihe, fl tèrohlds idofrihegfs, e kfspgezersf kfskf proihphds kf ge kèieke kf 5860 meste prhlihphds kf

ge kf 5830 fl idltre kf gds prdkuitds prhoerhds y e jevdr kf gdsoelujeiturekds. Pfrd fses tflkflihes ld sdl hcuegfs pere tdkdsgds prdkuitds lh kurel hlkfjhlhkeofltf. E ofkhke quf sf prdkuifl verheihdlfs fl gds tèrohlds idofrihegfs, egculds peïsfs

celel oås idl fg idofrihd hltfrleihdleg, y dtrds celel oflds.Gds tèrohlds kfg idofrihd vel fl idltre kf gds peïsfs qòf djrfifl prdkuitds quf ye sdl suohlhstrekds sujhihfltfofltf pdr

dtrds. Hltfrleihdleg y kdoèsthieofltf, gds pdnrfs sf shfltfl eghflekds y sdl jrustrekds pdr sfr tel pdid lfifserhds. Íùod fspdshngf kfihr quf gds kfsfopgfekds fstål fxpgdtekds4 Íùodfs pdshngf quf gds Bh<eïsfs ihuf djrfifl oetfrhegfs kf crel fxhstflihe fstål sunshkhelkd e ges leihdlfs rhies idl sus prfihds nebds4

Yh ges leiïdlfs rhies kfberel kf idoprergfs sus prdkuitds, gdspeïsfs pdnrfs sfrïel pdr ihfrtd oås pdnrfs.Ld dnsteltf, Cegtul.c irff quf gds rhids fxpgdtel y fopd

nrfifl e gds pdnrfs, dnsteiughzel su kfserrdggd fidlùohid y ekfoås gds oelthflfl hltfrle y fxtfrleofltf kfsulhkds (5835, pp.=8-80). Yu idligushùl, prhofrd fxprfseke fl su tfdrïe y ,gufcdfxtreïke kf fgge fs quf ge rfgeihùl hopfrheghste fltrf rhids ypdnrfs ~ g 1 1 W t P ~ b d r ~ x p 5 h i e i h ù l kfg nhflfster kf pdids y fg sujrh,1

o . h f H g t d i 5 f t l u ~ d s ~ <Fltdlifs kfnfrheo0s2shl kttk'erprf'culterlds ,'s h ge p e 1 r t f r g d t t è diihkflteg kfgtrhulkd m fhlpdntf'ihkd1 e "ges 'drHfltegfs y ges kfg sur, y sh ge 'fxpgdteihùl kf èstes ògthoes, esu vfz, ,flrhqttfih e ges prhofres. ´Fg hopfrheghsod ggfvù e ge

fxpgdteihùl fidlùohie, ge pdnrfze y ge guime e pufngds quf ld

menïel sujrhkd prfvheofltf fses ejghiihdlfs4 Ýhrvf fg hopfrhe

ghsod emdre pere ge pfrpftueihùl kf fsds oegfs4 Ge fxpgdteihùly ge guime ld sdl hljdrtulhds rfihfltfs, idod teopdid gdfs ge

pdnrfze. Gds quf etrhnuyfl ge kfsulhùl eg hopfrheghsod pufkfl

rfidrker ge .idlkhihùl prfvhe kf ge oeydrïe kf gds pufngds idgd

lhegfs. Meste ofkhekds kI4 shcgd khfi lufvf, gd quf fs oås, iesh

69



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

tdkd fg oulkd vhvïe e lhvfg kf ge shopgf sunshstflihe, d ouyprùxhod e fgge. 6

Oerx y gds prhofrds oerxhstes perfiïel meggersf oås ifriekf ge vfrkek eg irffr quf shl ge hltfrvflihùl kf khlåohids peïsfsiephteghstes fg oulkd ldrdiihkflteg munhfre pfroelfihkd pereshfoprf fl su shtueihùl kf rftresd. :

Ges ieuses kf ge pdnrfze sdl ouimes y elthcues, eg hcueg qufges ieuses kf ge rhqufze. Gds ,quf irffl quf fg hopfrheghsod fs

tel prdvfimDYD quf ke iuflte kf crel pertf kf ge rhqufze kf gdsrhids idljulkfl ges celelihes prhvekes idl ges leihdlegfs, ld

idlshkfrel gds idstds kfg peïs hopfrheg hliguyflkd fg idstd kf ge

fxpdrteihùl kf iephteg, y dgvhkel quf pere ge oeydrïe kf gds peïsfs hopfrheghstes iuegquhfr celelihe hopfrheg fs pfqufõe fl fgofbdr kf gds iesds iuelkd sf ge idopere idl su prdphe fidldoïe. Oås eòl idod ofriekd pere prdkuitds y idod gucerfs kfhlvfrshùl, dtres .leihdlfs rhies mel shkd oås hopdrteltfs peregds peïsfs kfserrdggekds, jufrel d ld hopfrheghstes, quf gds peïsfsrftresekds. Kfihr quf fg hopfrheghsod ld me kekd celelihes sfrhefrrùlfd. Fg pultd fsfliheg, shl fonercd, tel urcfltf quf pufkfflulihersf fl ule sdge jresf, fs èstf2 sfcureofltf ges rezdlfs

oås hopdrteltfs kfg nhflfster oetfrheg kf gds Fstekds rhids sfmeggel kfltrd kf sus prdphes jrdltfres fl su usd kf ge tfildgdcïe y fl su iepeihkek kf drcelhzer fidldoïes e fsiege leihdleg.

Ld dnsteltf, pere ouimds kf equèggds quf fxpghiel fidlùohieofltf fg hopfrheghsod, ge ldihùl kf quf gds pdnrfs sdl gdsquf meifl rhids e gds rhids sf me trelsjdroekd fl ule idlvhiihùlerrehceke. [eg vfz sfe hcuegofltf errehceke ge hkfe kf quf gdsrhids meifl pdnrfs e gds pdnrfs y ekfoås gfs hljghcfl dtrds luofrdsds hljdrtulhds. Fstes hkfes kfsfspfrelzekes, odofltålfes

pere gds prhofrds oerxhstes pdrquf ges ieuses nesegfs kfg shstfoe prdkuihrïel su prdphe kfstruiihùl, .sf tdoel pfroelfltfs

6 Fooelufg (583>, pp. ;=-6>). Fg ghnrd prdpdlf ge fxtreõe tfshs kfquf fg euofltd kf gds segerhds fs ge ieuse kfg kfserrdggd fidlùohid leihdleg.

: Ge eonhvegflihe kf Oed [sè-tulc fl fstds pultds rfsugte hltfrfseltf. Imhle ld fre ule idgdlhe shld ule sfohidgdlhe idoperthke pdr verhds eods hopfrhegfs. Lhlcòl peïs hopfrheg tuvd hliflthvds pere prdodvfr fg kfserrdggd kf Imhle yfsd, sfõege Oed, eyuke e fxpghier fg kfsperfbdkfserrdggd fidlùohid, pdgïthid y iugtureg (5898, p. =5). Fg idljghitd fl

trf gds eods hopfrhegfs, shl fonercd, prdodvhù ges guimes leihdlegfs yrfvdguihdlerhes fl Imhle (589:, pp. 589-8=).

6




pere gds lfdidgdlheghstes eituegfs pdr ges rezdlfs quf fluliherèfl ge sfiihùl shcuhfltf.

9 Ydnrfxpghieih l fg prdngfoe kfg ieonhd

Fg fsjufrzd kfsthlekd e segver ge tfshs kf Gflhl me ggfvekd e tegeopgheihòl kf ge kfjhlhihùl kfg hopfrheghsod quf iesh iuegquhfrrfgeihùl fltrf kfshcuegfs pufkf sfr kfldohleke kf fsf odkd.Ge eopgheihùl juf lfifserhe pere iunrhr ges suifshves rfjuteihdlfs quf gds eidltfihohfltds pgeltferdl e gds pultds igevfs kfge tfdrïe kf Gflhl. Gds oerxhstes sdgïel idlshkfrer ges hlvfrshd

lfs fxtfrles idod ofkhdskf enrhrsf

pesd e trevès kfg fstelieohfltd hlfvhtengf kf ge fidldoïe kf gehssfz-jehrf. Pfrd ule vfzquf ges hlvfrshdlfs fxtfrles prdkuifl e gds peïsfs iephteghstesule kfvdguihùl oeydr quf ge ielthkek kf sus lufves hlvfrshdlfsfxtfrles, ye ld sf pufkf kfihr quf dpfrf fg prhlihphd kf hopugsd . Egculds lfdidgdlheghstes sfõegel emdre quf fg jgubd lftdkf jdlkds fs meihe Fstekds Vlhkds, y eõekfl quf crel pertf kfges lufves hlvfrshdlfs kf ges idrpdreihdlfs quf dpfrel fl fgfxtfrhdr prdifkfl kf iephtegfs prfstekds gdiegofltf.l

´Iùod meifl fltdlifs gds peïsfs iephteghstes pere fvhterfg fstelieohfltd4 E oflukd sf k ule rfspufste shopgf2 cestelkd ouimd fl kfjflse. Gds prfsupufstds kf kfjflse sdl ensdrnfkdrfs hkfegfs kf iephteg fxifkfltf pdrquf gds cestds fl kfjflse sdlfstèrhgfs . Fste fxpghieihùl, shl fonercd, sf epghie e Bepùl d eEgfoelhe diihkflteg, sfculkd y tfrifr peïs iephteghste rfspfithveofltf. Hligusd epghieke e Fstekds Vlhkds, ge fxpghieihùl ekohtf quf iuegquhfr dnbftd ekhihdleg kf cestd prhvekd d pònghidfl crel fsiege iuopghrïe ge ohsoe julihùl, idod Nerel y Ywffzyteonhèl sfõegel (58::, pp. 5;:-69 >>9). Pere lufstrds prdpùsh

tds, tdkd gd quf lfifshteods ekvfrthr fs quf ges hlvfrshdlfs fxtfrles kf gds Fstekds fstål fjfithveofltf sfperekes kfg elåghshsoerxhste kf ges fidldoïes iephteghstes ule vfz quf ges hlvfrshdlfs fxtfrles kfbel kf idlshkfrersf ule oelfre kf idopflserfg kèjhiht kf idlsuod hltfrld.

53 Zfr, pdr fbfopgd, Nerel y Ywffzy (58::, pp. 506-508)1 Oeckdjj(58:8, p. 58=). Gds oerxhstes gd pgeltferdl kf eones oelfres2 prhofrdge kfpflkflihe kf gds peïsfs rhids idl rfspfitd e gds pdnrfs pere qufèstds ensdrnhfrel fg iephteg fxifkfltf1 oås terkf ge fxpgdteihùl kf gds

peïsfs oås pdnrfs pdr pertf kf gds oås rhids pdr ofkhd kf ge rfpetrheihùlkf gds nflfjhihds kf ges hlvfrshdlfs.

66



AFLLF[M1 L. SEG[R

Esï, uld kf gds kds fgfofltds prhlihpegfs kfg kfserrdggdkhegèithid fs fghohlekd. Fg sfculkd fgfofltd teonhèl me kfbekd

kf dpfrer pufs, idod ye sf me fxpghiekd, ld sf irff quf gds peïsfssunkfserrdggekds sfrål fgfvekds fidlùohieofltf pdr ofkhd kfgjgubd kf iephteg fxtfrld quf ggfcuf meste fggds. Pdr gd teltd, ld

ekquhfrfl ge iepeihkek kf rfshsthrsf e ges hltrdohshdlfs kf gdsFstekds iephteghstes fl fg juturd. Fg iephteghsod ld s rfprdkuiffl fg fxtfrhdr pdr ofkhd kf sus pDgïthies hopfrheghstes, y pdr gdteltd ld sf irfel ges idlkhihdlfs fl ges quf igåshieofltf sf mesupufstd quf fofrcf fg sdiheghsod.

Idod fxpghieihùl fidlùohie ògthoe, fg lfd idgdlheghsod kh-

vdrihe eg hopfrheghsod kf ge pdgïthie cunfrleoflteg. Emdre fg ho-pfrheghsod, nesekd fl fg kfsfquhghnrhd fidlùohid jevdr kf gdsFstekds iephteghstes, fs ule idlkhihùl quf sf sdsthflf fl teltdpfrshste fsf kfsfquhghnrhD. Fg mfimd kf fxprfsergd esï rfvfge ge

hopdrteltf iueghkek idoòl fxhstfltf fltrf fg hopfrheghsod kfgghnrf idofrihd hlcgès kf ofkhekds kfg shcgd khfihlufvf, y fgrfihfltf hopfrheghsod kf ge fxpelshùl idofriheg fl fg fxtfrhdrkf gds ldrtfeofrhields. Ieke iesd fs ule hlstelihe kfg hopfrhe-ghsod kfg crel pdkfr. . Iuelkd ul peïs prdkuif ul tfrihd d ul

iuertdkf gds

prdkuitdskfg oulkd,

fståkfsthlekd e ejfiter egds dtrds oås kf gd quf gds dtrds gd ejfitel e èg. Gds vfmïiugds

kf ge hljguflihe -sfel idofrihegfs, jhlelihfrds, d idrpdreihdlfsougthleihdlegfs- prdkuifl fjfitds kf crel egielif e ieuse kfges vestes pdshnhghkekfs leihdlegfs quf gds rfspegkel.

Ge òlhie prfsirhpihùl pere eiener fstf esï ggeoekd hopf-rheghsod fs ge quf drkfle quf gds pdnrfs sf flrhqufziem y/d gdsrhids sf fopdlrfziel.5= X shl fonercd, sf idlshkfre quf fg shs-tfoe eitueg prdkuif, pfrpftòe y euoflte ge nrfime fxhstfl-tf fltrf ges leihdlfs rhies y ges pdnrfs. Gds quf eifptel fgelåghshs lfdidgdlheghste kfnfl eiener fl ge kfsfspfreihùl d iefr

fl ge jeltesïe. Ge jeltesïe kf sus prfsirhpihdlfs pere tfrohler

idl fg hopfrheghsod fs fvhkfltf. [res menfr kfjhlhkd fg hopfrhe-ghsod idod ge fxpgdteihùl kf gds kènhgfs pdr pertf kf gds jufrtfs,d kf 5d.s pdnrfs pdr pertf kf gds rhids, Cegtulc, pdr fbfopgd, sùgdpufkf vfr ul jhleg kfg hopfrheghsod pdr ofkhd kf ge iddpfreihùl

5= Idod sfõegere ^dnfrt Bfrvhs eg idoflter fstf iepïtugd ule kfprf-shùl kf gds peïsfs rhids quf eimhiere ge nrfime fxhstfltf tfrohlerïe idl

fg hopfrheghsod teg idod Cegtulc gd kfjhlf, sùgd kureltf fg thfopd qufkurere fse kfprfshùl.

6:




y ge ulhùl kf gds kènhgfs y gds pdnrfs, idl fg dnbftd kf idlvfrthrsf

fl rhids y jufrtfs, eulquf ge idopghieihùl kf sus ejhroeihdlfs

dsiurfif kf egcòl odkd fste prfsirhpihùl (5835, pp.5 3

Xshcs.).¡Yfk jufrtfs ¡Zdgvèds rhids Fs khjïihg sfcuhr ul idlsfbd kf fste

igesf. Fl ihfrtes dieshdlfs, gds kènhgfs gds pdnrfs pufkfl celer egcd ulhèlkdsf, pfrd fses dieshdlfs sdl fsieses, y gds nflfjhihds sdl khjïihgfs kf dntflfr. Fg kreoåthid hlirfofltd kf gdsprfihds pftrdgfrds prdvdiekd pdr ge ulhùl kf peïsfs fxpdrtekdrfs kf pftrùgfd e ofkhekds kf ge kèieke kf 583 suchfrf quf sflfifshtel idlkhihdlfs oBgX fspfihegfs pere gdcrer èxhtd. Fg fbfopgd kfoufstre fl fspfiheg quf equfggds nhflfs kdtekds kfg rfiur

sd kf ge kfoelke prdspfrel e fxpflses kf ouimds dtrds1 oåseòl, fs pdshngf fbfrifr egcòl thpd kf rfcugeihùl kfg suohlhstrd.Fg fbfopgd idljhroe fg khimd pdpuger quf ejhroe quf ugds quf

thflfl, pufkfl", fl vfz kf rfspegker ge fspfrelze kf ,quf gdspeïsfs pdnrfs pufkel ofbdrer sus kfsthlds idlifrtelkd 'sus fsjufrzds. E ge ohsfrhe pufkf custergf tflfr idopeõhe, pftd iuelkd gds pdnrfs y gds kènhgfs ulfl sus oelds, pdid celel s h fs

quf celel egcd- fl prdspfrhkek y fl jufrze.

HZ

Emdre pdkfods rfjgfxhdler eifrie kf ges tfdrïes kfg hopfrheghsod quf eieneods 'kf fxeohler. M d n ~ d l Gflhl y gds lfdidgdlheghstes djrfifl ~ x p g h f e i h U l f s fidlùohies kf ge idlkuite fxtfrle

kf gds Fstekds, idl oeydrfs khjfrflihes fltrf ge fsiufge lfdidgdlheg y Gflhl quf fltrf Gflhl y Mdnsdl. Mdnsdl y Gflhlidlshkfrenel quf ge fxpelshùl y ge idlsdghkeihùl kf gds hopfrhds sf kfserrdggenel eg ohsod thfopd quf fg iephteghsod. Egfcenel quf fg iephteghsod fre ge ieuse kfg hopfrheghsod, y idliguïelquf ge rfcugeihùl d endghihùl kfg iephteghsod f g h o h l r ï f g ho

pfrheghsod. Idofthfrdl fg idoprflshngf frrdr kf pflser. quf ge

sdguihùl kfg pJdngfoe fspfiïjhid kfg hopfrheghsod e jhlfs kfgshcgd khfihlufvf y prhlihphds kfg shcgd vfhltf sfrïe sdguih:l pere

gds elthcuds prdngfoes kfg hopfrheghsod y teonhèl kfg prdngfoe

kf ge cufrre. Gds oerxhstes oås terkïds dtrds lfdidgdlheghstesidoftfl frrdrfs khjfrfltfs oflds fxiusengfs. ^fhltfrprftel ge

pegenre pere quf sf ekfiuf e sus frrùlfes hltfrprfteihdlfs kf ule

elthcue tfdrïe. Ges tfdrïes kf thpd lfdidgdlheg pufkfl rfimezer-

63




Fl-geh ld gd mhzd esï.58 Hlvfrseofltf, ge hopghielihe lfifserhekf ges tfdrïes fidlùo.hies fs quf gds jufrtfs y gds kènhgfs pufkfl

idfxhsthr shl quf sf kfserrdggf lhlcule idlfxhùl hopfrheg shgds jufrtfs fstål idlsthtuhkds ekfiuekeofltf. Yh gd fstål, ge

eutdldoïe kf gds kènhgfs qufkerå esfcureke creihes e ge senhkurïe eutd-hltfrfseke kf gds jufrtfs.

Ges tfdrïes quf meifl fse ejhroeihùl idlthflfl ekfoås, eg

oflds kf oelfre hopgïihte, ge ejhroeihùl oås eopghe kf qufld mey nufles rezdlfs pdgïthies hltfrleihdlegfs pere fg idljghitdy ges cufrres fltrf gds Fstekds. Ges rezdlfs kf ge cufrre, esïidod ges kfg hopfrheghsod, sf gdieghzel kfltrd kf egculds, d kf

tdkds, gds Fstekds. Pfrd sh sf purcerel ges ieuses, ´kfseperfifrïel gds sïltdoes4 Ld pdkfods -irffrgd jåihgofltf. EÒggqufges tfdrïes fidlùohies etrhnuyfl e ges cufrres ihfrtes ieusesfspfiïjhies, senfods quf tdke igesf kf Fstekds idl tdkes gesverheltfs hoechlengfs kf hlsthtuihdlfs sdihegfs y fidlùohies ykf hkfdgdcïes pdgïthies sf mel foneriekd fl cufrres. Hltfrleihdlegofltf, k÷frfltfs Fstekds mel prdkuihkD rfsugtekds shohgerfs y khjfrfltfs, y Fstekds shohgerfs mel prdkuihkd rfsugtekdsshohgerfs y k÷frfltfs. Ges ohsoes ieuses e vfifs drhchlel khjfrfltfs fjfètds, y fjfitds shohgerfs pufkfl kfsprflkfrsf kfieuses khjfrfltfs. Kfnfods.sdspfimer quf ges fxpghieihdlfs rfkuiihdlhstes kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg rfsugtel hlsujhihfltfs, y qufgds fljdqufs elegïthids kfnfl ker gucer e gds shstèohids.

Yhl fonercd, gds jreiesds kf egculds fljdqufs rfkuiihdlhstes ld prufnel quf dtrds fljdqufs rfkuiihdlhstes ld pufkel

tflfr èxhtd. Gds kfjfitds kf ges tfdrïes fidlùohies kfg hopfrheghsod y kf ge cufrre, eulquf suchfrel prdngfoes cflfregfs prdkuitd kf ge idlifltreihùl kf ges fxpghieihdlfs kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fl lhvfgfs leihdlegfs d oås nebds, ld pufkfl tdoersf idod hlkhiekdrfs kf quf tdkes ges tfdrïes rfkuiihdlhsteskf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg sfrål kfjfitudses. Ges kukes eifriekf ge idrrfiihùl kf gds fljdqufs rfkuiihdlhstes sf eifltuerål

sh, uld tres dtrd, sf vfr÷hierel tdkds fggds y sf gds flidltrere

kfjhihfltfs. Eul esï, ld tflkrïeods rezùl kf pfsd pere kfberkf fspfrer quf fg prùxhod hltfltd ggfvere e ge idlstruiihùl kf

8 Fl su hljdrof pere fg Kèihod Idlcrfsd kfg Perthkd IdoulhsteImhld, Imdu hkflthjhiù e gds Fstekds Vlhkds y e ge Vlhùl Ydvhèthie idod

gds kds peïsfs hopfrheghstes quf rhveghzel pdr ge mfcfodlïe y sf rfjhrhùeg sfculkd ggeoålkdgd peïs sdihd-hopfrheghste Imdu, 5 sfpt. 5839 p. :).

68



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

ule tfdrïe rfkuiihdlhste vhengf. Fsterïeods oås pfrsuekhkdskf ge kfjhihflihe kf ge rfkuiihùl pdr gd shcuhfltf2 pdr ofkhd kf

ge idlstruiihùl kf ule tfdrïe e lhvfg shstèohid, ld-rfkuiihdlhste,òthg, terfe quf sf hlhihe fl fg iepïtugd 1 pdr ofkhd kf ule

fxpghieihùl kf pdr què jreiesel ges tfdrïes r f k u ~ i h d l h s t e s terfe

quf sfrå ofbdr pdspdlfr meste fxeohler, fl fg prùxhod iepïtugd, .egcules rfidldihkes tfdrïes shstèohies.

:0



9

FLJDUVFY [FD^ EYYHY[ÈOHIDY

Fg fsifpthihsod i f r ~ kf ge bustfze kf ges tfdrïes rfkuiihdlhstesld lds khif què igesfs kf tfdrïes shstèohies sfrïel ofbdrfs.Fg mfimd kf fxpghier ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fl tèrohlds ld

pdgïthids ld rfquhfrf ge rfkuiihùl kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdlege ge leihdleg. Kfnfods khsthlcuhr iuhkekdseofltf fltrf ge rfkuiihùl kfskf fg lhvfg kfg shstfoe eg kf ge ulhkek y ge fxpghieihùl kf gds rfsugtekds pdgïthids, ye sfel leihdlegfs d hltfrleihdlegfs, pdr rfjfrflihe e egcòl dtrd shstfoe. Aerg Oerx hltfltù fxpghier ges pdgïthies kf ges eiihdlfs pdr ofkhd kf sus fidldoïes.Hooelufg Seggfrstfhl hltflte fxpghier ge pdgïthie leihdleg y ge

hltfrleihdleg pdr ofkhd kf gds fjfitds ³quf -sdnrf fgges fbfrifge fidldoïe iephteghste oulkheg (sfpthfonrf 583;). Yf su

chfrf eggï ul pultd òthg, eulquf fs ul pultd quf Seggfrstfhl rfimeze hltflseofltf2 fs kfihr, quf k h j f r f l t f ~ shstfoes leihdlegfs f hltfrleihdlegfs idfxhstfl f hltfreitòel. Fg shstfoe hltfrfsteteg ld fs fg òlhid shstfoe hltfrleihdleg quf pdkfods idlifnhr. Seggfrstfhl kfoufstre kf ouimes oelfres hltfrfseltfskf què odkd fg shstfoe fidlùohid oulkheg ejfite e ges pdgïthies leihdlegfs f hltfrleihdlegfs. Pfrd ejhroer quf ge fidldoïeejfite e ge pdgïthie ld hopghie ge lfceihùl kf quf ge pdgïthie ejfite e ge fidldoïe y kf quf egculds rfsugtekds pdgïthids thflfl

ieuses pdgïthies. Seggfrstfhl egfce quf fl gds shcgds khfihlufvfy vfhltf sùgd me menhkd fl fxhstflihe ul shstfoe oulkheg, ge

fidldoïe iephteghste oulkheg (p. 980). Ge ercuoflteihùl idljulkf tfdrïe idl rfeghkek f hkflthjhie ul odkfgd kf tfdrïe idl

fg oulkd rfeg, frrdrfs ye hkflthjhiekds fl fg iepïtugd 5 Vletfdrïe pdgïthie' hltfrleihdleg shrvf julkeofltegofltf pere fxpghier gds rfsugtekds pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs. [eonhèl lds khifegcd eifrie kf ges pdgïthies fxtfrhdrfs kf gds Fstekds y eifriekf sus hltfreiihdlfs, fidlùohies d ld. Pfrd kfihr quf ule tfdrïe

kf fidldoïe hltfrleihdleg 'lds khif egcd eifrie kf ge pdgïthie,

:5



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

y quf ule tfdrïe kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg lds khif egcd eifriekf ge fidldoïe ld shclhjhie quf ule tfdrïe pufke supgelter ege dtre. Eg kfihods egcd eifrie kf gds sfrfs vhvds, ge quïohield kfspgeze e ge nhdgdcïe.

Yf lfifshte ule tfdrïe shstèohie kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg,pfrd, íùod sf pufkf idlstruhr ule4 Egel I. Hseea ercuofltequf ge ihflihe pdgïthie ld thflf tfdrïes lh idlifptds. tfùrhids(58:8, p. :=). Ge khsiushùl prfifkfltf pufkf menfr jdrtegfihkdfse ercuoflteihùl pdr menfr tdoekd fl idlshkfreihùl sdgeofltf e ges tfdrïes fidlùohies y sdihegfs, tfdrïes quf prftflkflfxpghier gds rfsugtekds pdgïthids shl ge uthghzeihùl kf idlifptdsd verhengfs pdgïthies. Yh iephteghsod, fltdlifs hopfrheghsod fsule gfy fidlùohi kf ge pdgïthie, ule gfy quf khvfrses tfdrïesfidlùohies kfg hopfrheghsod prdiurel fxpghier. ´Pdkfods megger gfyfs pdgïthi s pere ge pdgïthie, y tfdrïes pdgïthies quf gesfxpghqufl4 Gds quf mel hltfltekd idlstruhr tfdrïes shstèohieskf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg ejhroel hopgïihteofltf quf pdkfods,pufs ule tfdrïe kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg sdgd fs shstèohie shmegge pertf kf ge fxpghieihùl kf gds rfsugtekds fl fg lhvfg pdgïthid hltfrleihdleg. ' .

Fstf iepïtugd fxeohle gds fljdqufs ³kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdlegquf sdl teltd pdgïthids idod shstèohids. Úuè fs ul fljdquf

shstèohid4 Vle oelfre kf rfspdlkfr e fste prfculte fs idoperer gds fljdqufs elegïthids y gds shstèohids. Fg oètdkd elegïthid, prffohlfltfofltf fg oètdkd kf ge jïshie igåshie y fl fgquf, pdr su hloflsd èxhtd, sufgf pflsersf idod fl fg oètdkdkf ge ihflihe, fxhcf ge rfkuiihùl kf ge flthkek e sus pertfs y fgfxeofl kf sus prdphfkekfs y idlfxhdlfs. Yf idoprflkf fg tdkdfstukhelkd sus fgfofltds fl su rfgethve shopghihkek y dnsfrvelkd ges rfgeihdlfs fxhstfltfs fltrf fggds. Pdr ofkhd kf fxpfrhofltds idltrdgekds, sf fxeohle ge rfgeihùl fltrf ieke per kf

verhengfs sfperekeofltf. [res fxeohler kf oelfre shohger dtrdsperfs, gds jeitdrfs sf idonhlel fl ule fiueihùl fl ge quf eperfifl idod verhengfs kf ge fluliheihùl kf ule gfy ieuseg. Gdsfgfofltds, kfserthiugekds y eprfmflkhkds fl su shopghihkek, sdl

idonhlekds d ecrfcekds pere rfmeifr fg tdkd, idl thfopds yoeses suoekds idod fsiegerfs y ges rfgeihdlfs fltrf sus khstelihes .y jufrzes suoekes sfcòl ges gfyfs vfitdrhegfs kf ekhihùl(vfr, pdr fb., êpdpdrt 58:= y êpdpdrt y Mdrvetm, 5868).

Èstf fs fg oètdkd e l ~ Ò ï t h i d Julihdle, y julihdle oerevh-

:>



FLJDUVFY X [FD^ÏEY YHY[ÈOHIDY

ggdseofltf, fl gds iesds fl quf ges rfgeihdlfs fltrf khvfrsdsjeitdrfs pufkfl rfsdgvfrsf fl rfgeihdlfs flt rf perfs kf verhengfsohfltres dtres idses sf oelthflfl hcuegfs , y fl gds quf sfpufkf supdlfr quf ges hljguflihes pfrturnekdres rhd hliguhkes

fl ges verhengfs sdl pfqufões. Idod fg prdifkhohfltd elegïthidfs oås shopgf, sufgf prfjfrïrsfgd eg fljdquf shstèohid. Pfrd fgelåghshs ld shfoprf fs sujhihfltf. Ydgd sfrå sujhihfltf iuelkd gdsfjfitds e lhvfg shstèohid fstèl eusfltfs d sfel sujhihfltfofltfkènhgfs idod pere sfr hcldrekds. Yfrå hlsujhihfltf, y sf rfqufrhrå ul fljdquf shstèohid, iuelkd gds rfsugtekds ld sùgd sdlejfitekds pdr ges prdphfkekfs f hltfridlfxhdlfs kf ges verhengfs,shld teonhèl pdr fg odkd fl quf sf drcelhzel.

Yh ge drcelhzeihùl kf ges ulhkekfs ejfite su idlkuite y sus

hltfreiihdlfs, fltdlifs ld pdkfods prfkfihr gds rfsugtekds didoprflkfrgds pdr ofkhd kfg shopgf idldihohfltd kf ges iereitfrïsthies, gds prdpùshtds y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf ges ulhkekfskfg shstfoe. Fg jreiesd kf ges tfdrïes rfkuiihdlhstes idlshkfrekes fl fg iepïtugd > lds ke rezdlfs pere irffr quf sf lfifshteul fljdquf shstèohid. Iuelkd prfvegfif ge shohghtuk kf rfsugtekds e pfser kf gds ieonhds kf gds ecfltfs quf perfifl prdkuihrgds, kfnfods sdspfimer quf gds fljdqufs elegïthids jreieserål. Egcd julihdle idod ghohteihùl kf gds ecfltfs d sf hltfrpdlf

fltrf fggds y gds rfsugtekds e gds quf thflkfl sus eiihdlfs. Flpdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, ges jufrzes e lhvfg shstèohid perfifl tflfr perthihpeihùl. Pdr gd t l t d ~ kfnfods hltflter idlifnhr shstfoes pdgïthids quf sfel kf egcòl odkd idopethngfs idl su usdfl ges tfdrïes shstèohies y fl ihnfrlèthie. Vl shstfoe, fltdlifs,sf kfjhlf idod ul idlbultd kf ulhkekfs hltfreitueltfs. Fl u

lhvfg, ul shstfoe idlshstf fl ule fstruiture, y ge fstruiture fsfg idopdlfltf kf lhvfg shstèohid quf pdshnhghte pflser fl ges ulhkekfs idod ul idlbultd khjfrfltf kf ule ofre rfulhùl. Fl

dtrd lhvfg, fg shstfoe idlshstf fl ulhkekfs hltfreituåltfs.Fg prdpùshtd kf ge tfdrïe kf shstfoes fs kfodstrer iùoddpfrel f hltfreitòel fstds kds lhvfgfs, yfsd rfquhfrf khjfrflihergds fltrf sï. Pdkfods prfculter iùod sf ejfitel outueofltf E y N X nusier ule rfspufste, sùgd sh E y N pufkfl khjfrfl-

5 Mf meggekd ges shcuhfltfs dnres eifrie kf tfdrïe kf shstfoes y ihnfrlèthie fspfihegofltf òthgfs2 Elcyeg (5898), Esmny (586:), Nfrtegeljjy(58:=), Nuiagfy (58:=), Lekfg (5863), Yohtm (586: y 58::), Setzgewhia ydtrds (58:3), Shflfr (58:5).

:



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

i h r s f ~ -Iuegquhfr fljdquf d tfdrïe quf sfe ggeoekd ekfiuekeofltf shstèohid kfnf kfodstrer kf què odkd fg lhvfg shstèohid, d fstruiture fs khjfrfltf kfg lhvfg kf ges ulhkekfs hltfreitueltfs. Yh fsd ld sf kfoufstre shclhjhie quf ld tflfods ul

fljdquf shstèohid lh teopdid, fl ensdgutd, ule tfdrïe shstèohie.

Ges k f ~ h l h i h d l f s kf ge fstruiture kfnfl dohthr, gds etrhnutds yges rfgeihdpfs kf ges ulhkekfs. Yùgd pdr fsf ofkhd pdkfodskhsthlcuhr gds ieonhds kf fstruiture y gds ieonhds quf sf ggfvele iend kflt2rd kf fse fstruiture.

Gd quf ges tfdrïes shstèohies prftflkfl rfvfger fs e oflukd

oegfltflkhkd pdr sus irïthids. Egculds egfcel quf ge tfdrïe shstèohie sùgd prdiure kfjhlhr ges idlkhihdlfs kf fquhghnrhd y odstrer iùod pufkfl sdstflfrsf, quf ge tfdrïe kf shstfoe s:5 sfdiupe k f ~ shstfoe- idod ul tdkd. Dtres egfcel quf ge tfdrïe

shstèohie prdiure kfodstrer kf què odkd gds shstfoes kftfrohlel ge idlkuite y ge hltfreiihùl kf sus ulhkekfs, idod sh ges

ieuses sùgd julihdlerel ,meihe enebd. Uuf egculds tfùrhids sfmeyel ghohtekd eg prhofr prdpùshtd d meyel ekdptekd fg sfculkdld fs rezùl pere ghohter d idlkfler ule tfdrïe shstèohie idodteg. Fl pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg ges prfdiupeihdlfs ekfiuekes, y

. gds pdshngfs gdcrds kf ge tfdrïe shstèohie sdl kdnhfs2 prhofrd

trezer ges ierrfres fspfrekes kf khjfrfltfs shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs, pdr fbfopgd, hlkhielkd su kureihùl y crekd kf pez pdsh

pHfs1 sfculkd, odstrer kf què odkd ge fstruiture kfg shstfoeejfite e ges ulhk kfs hltfreitueltfs y iùod èstes, e su vfz,ejfitel e ge fstrudture.

Vl fljdquf shstèohid idlihnf eg shstfoe pdgïthid hltfrleihdleg idod gd oufstre ge Jhcure 9.5. Pere idlvfrthr fl tfdrïe

ul fljdquf shstèohid, kfnfods kfspgezerlds kfskf ge vece y

usueg hkflthjhieihùl kf ges jufrzes y fjfitds shstèohids e sufspfihjhieihùl oås prfihse pere kfihr què ulhkekfs idoprflkf

fg ³shstfoe, hlkhier gds pfsds idoperethvds kf ges ieuses shstè

ohie .y sunshstèohie y kfodstrer kf què odkd ges jufrzes y gds~ j f i t d s ieonhel kf ul shstfoe e dtrd. Fxeohlerè ges dnres kftrfs prdohlfltfs tfùrhids shstèohids pere vfr s¡ fstds dnbfthvdssf iuopgfl, y idl què crekd kf fjhihflihe.

:;




Fstruiture hltfrleihdleg

Vlhkekfs hltfreitueltfs

JHCV^E 9.5.

5

Pere ^himerk ^dsflirelif, fg shstfoe pdgïthid hltfrleihdleg eperfif idod sf vf fl ge Jhcure 9 > (58:9, p. >>8). Yu oerid kfrfjfrflihe fstå idopufstd pdr iuetrd fgfofltds2 5) ule jufltfkhsrupthve .d fltreke1 >) ul rfcugekdr, y 9) ule tenge kf ghohteihdlfs idltfxtuegfs quf trekuifl e gds lòofrds uld y kds fl

;) rfsugtekds (58:9, pp. >>0->5). Gds Fstekds sdl gds khsruptdrfs oås eòl, pdr fbfopgd, sh sus èghtfs sdl rfvdguihdlerhesy idltrdgel hlfstengfofltf ule nufle ielthkek kf rfiursds khspdlhngfs, y oflds sh sus èghtfs sdl idlsfrvekdres y thflfl esfcurekdfg idltrdg kf ul suohlhstrd rfstrhlchkd kf rfiursds. Fg rfcugekdreperfif fl khjfrfltfs pfrïdkds mhstùrhids idod ule hlsthtuihùlteg idod fg Idlsfbd Furdpe d ge Ghce kf ges Leihdlfs, d idodul prdifsd hljdroeg pdr fg iueg egculds Fstekds sf dpdlfl e geeiihùl pfrturnekdre kf dtrds Fstekds, teg vfz pdr ofkhd kf .eghelzes y kf pdgïthies kf fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr. Fg idltfxtd fs fg idlbultd kf ghohteihdlfs jïshies quf hljguyf sdnrf ge pdgïthie g e

ielthkek kf thfrre idgdlhzengf, pdr fbfopgd, fl ule èpdie kfeithvhkek hopfrheghste (58:9, pp. >>;->90). ´Kùlkf, fl fste jdrougeihùl, mey ule ldihùl kf egcd e lhvfg shstèohid quf idlkhihdlf ge idlkuite kf gds Fstekds y quf ejfitf gds rfsugtekds kfsus hltfreiihdlfs4 Ge rfspufste fs fl lhlcòl gekd . ^dsflirelif ld me kfserrdggekd ule tfdrïe, shopgfofltf me ndsqufbekd ul oerid kf rfjfrflihe. Gd quf eperfzie idod gds jeitdrfs

:6



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

oås hopdrteltfs kf ul pfrïdkd perthiuger kf ge mhstdrhe fltrefl fstf oerid kf rfjfrflihe. Yf uthghze, fltdlifs, ul gflcuebfshstèohid pere kfsirhnhr ges ³ ltfreiihdlfs y gds rfsugtekds.

Pfrturneihùl Pfrturneihùlkfg eitdr kfg eitdr

^fcugekdr HOdkfgd kf rfsugtekds hltfrleihdlegfs

5 ThToT TteTI ThdTlTfTsTiTdTlTtfTxTtuTeTgTfs

JHCV^E 9.>.

Oås eòl, fg eutdr me idlstruhkd kf teg oelfre su oerid

kf rfjfrflihe quf pufkf kftfrohler ge idligushùl e ge quf ggfce.Elurhihe ul kfsiunrhohfltd quf, sfcòl irff, fs idltrerhd e gdsfljdqufs vflfrengfs y e gds eituegfs2 quf ge hlsfcurhkek kdoèsthie kf ges èghtfs thflkf e sfr. idrrfgethve kf ge hlfstenhghkek hltfrleihdleg (58:9, pp. 90; 906). Ge idrrfgeihùl ld fs, eperfltfofltf, ouy fgfveke. Yfcòl ^dsflirelif, l Lepdgfùl l Mhtgfrtfohfrdl ule rfvufgte kf ges idlsthtuihdlfs kdoèsthies , ld

dnsteltf gd iueg fggds kds jufrdl gds oeydrfs pfrturnekdrfs³ kfgds >>0 eõds iunhfrtds pdr ^dsflirelif. Kureltf fg pfrhdkd 58;6-

58:0, fg ngdquf lfutreg, idl èghtfs hlsfcures, eperfif bultd idlges Leihdlfs Vlhkes idod fg ~ f c u g k d r kfg shstfoe (58:9, pp.>50-55 >::). Ld dnsteltf, pdr egte d nebe quf sfe ge prfsulteidrrfgeihùl, ^dsflirelif ld pufkf ggfcer e lhlcule idligushùl oås quf ge kf quf ge idlkuite kf gds eitdrfs kftfrohle gdsrfsugtekds hltfrleihdlegfs. Pere gds Fstekdsr su fljdquf prfsirhnf fg rdg kf pfrturnekdrfs 1 gds Fstekds teonhèl fstål prdohlfltfofltf hliguhkds kfltrd kf gds rfcugekdrfs kf gds shstfoes.

::




Idod fg idltfxtd fs pureofltf jïshid y idod ld mey lhlcòldtrd fgfofltd quf dpfrf e lhvfg shstèohid quf sfe pdstugekd dhkflthjhi22E.kd gds shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs sùgd pufkfl sfr kftfrohlekds pdr .sus ulhkekfs idlshkfrekes idod eitdrfs.>

Fl su oeydr pertf, fstds idoflterhds ld sdl irïthies e ^d-sflirelif1 fl ieonhd, sdl kfsirhpihdlfs kf gd quf fg eutdr memfimd. Prfsflte' gds idopdlfltfs kf sus shstfoes y fltdlifs,sfcòl sus pegenres, prdiure kfodstrer kf què odkd gds ieonhds kf fstds idopdlfltfs prdkuifl ieonhds fl fg shstfoehltfrleihdleg . Ggeoe e su terfe ul elåghshs shstfoåthid fopïrhid . Fs fopïrhid y elegïthid, pfrd lD shstfoåthid, e ofldsquf ge pegenre sfe s h ~ p g f o f l t f uthghzeke pere sucfrhr quf sfme sfcuhkd ul oètdkd drkflekd. Ld fs shstfoåthid fl Bhghlcòl

dtrd sflthkd, pufs gds idopdlfltfs prdkuifl tdkds ' gds ieonhds, y lhlculd kf fggds sf megge e lhvfg shstèohid. Fg ieonhd flfg shstfoe, ge fstenhghkek y ge hlfstenhghkek , khif, ld sdl hltfrkfpflkhfltfs (58:9, pp. >>0 >9>). Gds shstfoes, teg idod èggds kfsirhnf, ld ejfitel ges ³eiihdlfs lh ges hltfreiihdlfs kf gdsFstekds. Fstd rfsugte dnvhd e perthr kf su kfsirhpihùl kfg shstfoe pdgïthid hltfrleihdleg fl khvfrses è p d i e s ~ Ges -pdgïthieshltfrleihdlegfs kfskf 53=8 meste 5=5; y k f s k f 8 = meste 58;6pdr fbfopgd, sdl ggeoekes nhpdgerfs . Lekhf pdkrïe, d eg of

l d s lekhf kfnfrïe, irffr quf ge nhp,dgerhkek iereitfrhzù ensdguteofltf e fses èpdies, pufs ´pdr què fltdlifs Lepdgfùl fstenetel sethsjfimd kf guimer idltre ideghihdlfs4 Crel pertf kf gepdgïthie kf eonds pfrïdkds sf ifltrene fl fg hltfltd kf idljdroer y oeltflfr ideghihdlfs ohfltres ge dtre pertf hltfltenehopfkhrges d rdopfrges. Ges ideghihdlfs jhlegofltf sf jdrbeB18lfl fg irhsdg kf ge cufrre, y kfodstrerdl sfr ouy pdid idljhengfs2.fspfihegofltf fl. fg prhofrd kf eonds pfrïdkds. Gd quf ^d- 'sflirelif.ggeoe nhpdgerhkek fl fses èpdies ld pufkf eyukerfxpghier ges pdgïthies. Ge nhpdgerhkek sf use idod ul tèrohldquf kfsirhnf ge eghlfeihùl kf Fstekds e jhlfs kf fses èpdies oåsquf idod tè ohld quf kfsirhnf ule fstruiture pdgïthie ³idlkhihdleltf kf gds eitds kf gds Fstekds y quf hljguyf sdnrf gds

. > Fl ul ghnrd pdstfrhdr (5839), ul tfxtd ulhvfrshterhd, ^dsflirelifsf nese oås fl fg sflthkd idoòl y guime oflds pdr gdcrer hlldveihùltfùrhie y rhcdr. Ld mf idofltekd eifrie kf èg, pfrd kfnd oflihdler qufeggï odkhjhie ouimes kf sus idligushdlfs eltfrhdrfs.

:3



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

rfsugtekds. E lhvfg shstèohid, flidltreods rfsugtekds1 e lhvfgsunshstèohid, ieuses.

Fg fljdquf kf ^dsflirelif fs rfkuiihdlhste, ld shstèohid.Yhl fonercd, su dnre rfprfsflte uld kf gds prhlihpegfs usdskfg fljdquf shstèohid kfltrd kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg2 idodjufltf kf vdienugerhd y idod idlbultd kf ietfcdrïes pere ge

drcelhzeihùl kf ul tfoe idopgfbd. ´Kf què odkd fs òthg fste

texdldoïe4 ´Meste què pultd fs nufle ge fsirhture mhstùrhie4Yu dnre kfnf sfr buzceke fl fsds tèrohlds y ld idod tfdrïeshstèohie.

Fspfihegofltf fl sus prhofrds trenebds, Ytelgfy Mdjjoellperfif khjfrhr kf oelfre kfihshve idl rfspfitd e ^dsflirelif,su fx-khsiïpugd. Mdjjoel kfjhlf ul shstfoe hltfrleihdleg idodul fsqufoe kf fstruitures fltrf ges ulhkekfs nåshies kf ge

pdgïthie oulkheg . Ge fstruiture fstå oeydrofltf kftfrohlekepdr ge f s t r u ~ t u r kfg oulkd , fltrf dtres idses (58:5, p. 80).Fstd perfif sfõeger meihe ule tfdrïe shstèohie quf idlthflf ule

fstruiture idlifnhke idod ul vfrkekfrd fgfofltd e lhvfg shstèohid. Fse fstruiture, kfsejdrtulekeofltf, fs kfjhlhke kfoelfre tel vece f hligushve quf eiene pdr pfrkfr iuegquhfrshclhjhiekd igerd. Fstd ³ld fs ul hljdrtulhd eiihkflteg shld ule

idlsfiuflihe lfifserhe kf gds oètdkds y dnbfthvds kf Mdjjoell.Pfroïtesfof fxpghier.

Prhofrd, sfcòl Mdjjoell, fg shstfoe hltfrleihdleg fs teltd ul fsqufoe elegïthid idod ul pdstugekd . Idod fsqufoeelegïthid d idlstruiihùl hltfgfitueg , fg shstfoe fs ule oelfre

kf drcelhzer. ketds enulkeltfs y idopgfbds. Gds shstfoes sdl

enstreiihdlfs. Idod pdstugekd, fg shstfoe fs ule esfrihùl kfquf mey pfrifpthngfs fsqufoes kf rfgeihdlfs y verhengfs igevfs quf pufkfl sfr khsifrlhkes shl erthjhiheghkek d ernhtrerhfkek .

Gds shstfoes fltdlifs sdl teonhèl rfeghkekfs, y fse ldihùlkdohle tdke ge dnre kf Mdjjoell. Fg shcuhfltf pesebf fs ule

fxprfshùl igevf kf su oètdkd y sus esphreihdlfs2

=

Vle sdihdgdcïe mhstùrhie kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg kfnf hltflter. fg fstukhd kf gds shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs quf mel

fofrchkd fl ge mhstdrhe kfg ohsod odkd quf gds ihfltïjhids




pdgïthids fstukhel gds shstfoes pdgïthids kdoèsthids rfegfs(fl idltrestf idl gds hoechlerhds).

Irff ifrtfre ge fxhstflihe kf shstfoes kdoèsthids1 ge fxhs

tflihe kf shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs fs oås mhpdtèthie . Fg fstukheltf kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, pdr fggd, kfnf nusier rfeghkekidl oåxhod fopfõd. Kfnf hlvfsthcer ges rfgeihdlfs fxhstfltfsfltrf ulhkekfs quf sfel rfcugerfs y quf hgegielifl ul ihfrtdlhvfg kf hltflshkek , nusielkd ulhkekfs quf pdsfel ule oùkhie idlihflihe kf su hltfrkfpflkflihe , y ul idopdlfltf fspfiïjhieofltf hltfrleihdleg quf sfe khsthltd y sfperengf kf gdsesultds hltfrlds kf ges ulhkekfs (58:5, pp. 85-8>1 58:= pp. 55-5>).

Fstds pultds rfvfgel gds julkeofltds kfg oètdkd kf ~ d j j -

oell. Iueltgd fsirhnf quf fs vfrkekfre ge fxhstflihe kfgshstfoe pdgïthid kdoèsthid, fstå supdlhflkd quf fg fljdquf shstèohid kf ge pdgïthie rfquhfrf quf fg fstukheltf k f j h l ~ y kfsirhne fg s h ~ t f o pdgïthid idod rfeg y ekdptf ule kfjhlhihùlperthiuger kf shstfoe. Gd quf tdod idod dnvhd rfsugte shl kukeprdngfoåthid. Kf lhlcule oelfre fs fvhkfltf quf sf kfne tdoer ge fxhstflihe kf ul shstfoe pdgïthid kdoèsthid idod egcdvfrkekfrd. Gds cDnhfrlds fxhstfl, pfrd teonhèl pdkfods pflser quf gds shstfoes pdgïthids sdl ofres ³idlifpihdlfs hltfgfituegfs (Oellhlc, 58:>, p. 9). Yhl kuke, e oflds quf gd meceods,.ld mey rez:l lh sflthkd pere fg shstfoe idod idlifptd, idodfljdquf d idod pdshngf tfdrïe.

Ld dnsteltf, Mdjjoell kfbe kf fsirhnhr råphkeofltf eifriekf gds shstfoes pdgïthids idod idlifpihdlfs hltfgfituegfs, perekfkhiersf e fsds shstfoes idod rfeghkekfs. Pdr ihfrtd sf kfodretel pdid fl ge prhofre pertf quf fg shclhjhiekd ohsod kf shstfoe idod idlifpihùl rfsugte fgushvd. ´Yh uld kfnf nusiershstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs rfegfs, què rute kfnf sfcuhr4 perthrkfg idldihohfltd kf ges pertfs, kfnfods hljfrhr eifrie kfg tdkd.Y:50 ges pertfs pufkfl dnsfrversf, trezelkd fg iursd kf suseiihdlfs, khsifrlhflkd sus prdpùshtds. Esï, Mdjjoell egene e^eyodlk Erel pdr su rfimezd kf iuegquhfr ihflihe quf ke1 pereges jdroes kf idlkuite quf fstukhe, fxpghieihdlfs idltr rh s dkhvdrih k s kfg shclhjhiekd idoprflkhkd pdr gds perthihpeltfs .X, eõekf Mdjjoell, uld kfnf idoflzer pdr .ges jdroes kf idlkuite y ecfltfs iereitfrïsthids (58:9e, p. >6 ).gHdjjoell sf eutdkfsirhnf ³ idod khsiïpugd kf Odltfsquhfu, kf [diqufvhggf y kf

:8



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

Erdl 58:;, p. 5>:8). Fg oètdkd kf gds oefstrds fs ge sdihdgdcïemhstùrhie, Xèsf fs ul fljdquf hlkuithvd.

Gds idoflterhds prfifkfltfs lds pfrohtfl idoprflkfriùod phflse Mdjjoell gds shstfoes y pdr què gds idlihnf kf

fse oelfre. Fstds idoflterhds teonhèl fxpghiel pdr què fg fl-jdquf kf Mdjjoell ld rfshstf. Pere sdstflfr ul fljdquf shstèoh-id, kfnfods fster ~ idlkhihdlfs kf kfihr iuågfs ieonhds rf-prfsfltel fg julihdleohfltd ldroeg kf ges pertfs kfg shstfoey iuågfs ieonhds oeriel ul kfspgezeohfltd kf ul shstfoe edtrd. Mdjjoell sùgd pufkf khsthlcuhr ernhtrerheofltf fltrf fsesigesfs kf³ ieonhd pdrquf me ofzigekd fgfofltds e ³lhvfg kf geulhkek idl fgfofltds e lhvfg shstèohid fl su kfjhlhihùl kffstruiture. Ge ofzige kf fgfofltds sf prdkuif lfi,fserheofltf

pdrquf ³ld sf pufkf kfserrdgger hlkuithveofltf ge kfsirhpihùlkf ul shstfoe X fg irhtfrhd pdr fg iueg gds ieonhds kf ul shs-tfoe sf³ khjfrflihel kf gds ieonhds fltrf .shstfoes. Idod gesflthkekfs quf sf dnsfrvel y ges hltfreiihdlfs fltrf fgges sdl fg

s h s t o ~ fs hopdshngf quf iuegquhfr tfdrïe d gùchie sfperf gdsieonhds kfltrd kfg shstfoe y gds ieonhds fltrf shstfoes.

Fltdlifs, ´iùod meif Mdjjoell pere khsthlcuhr fltrf ul

shstfoe X dtrd4 Irff quf pdr ofkhd kf ges idopereihdlfs mhs-tùrhies rfsegtel ieonhds hopdrteltfs, y quf fs pdshngf kfihr

quf ieke ieonhd hopdrteltf fsul

ieonhd kf shstfoe. [doepdr ieonhds³ kf shstfoe gds crelkfs ieonhds fltrd kf gds shs-tfoes. Gds fbfopgds fidlùohids kfoufstrel jåihgofltf pdr quèfstf oètdkd ld julihdle. Yh .gds fidldohstes idljulkhfrel gdsieonhds e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek idl gds ieonhds e lhvfg kfg shstfoe,ejhroerïel quf ule fidldoïe idopfththve, d ul sfitdr dghcdp:³ghid, ieonhe su ieråitfr e ofkhke quf sf prdkuifl kfsiunrh-ohfltds tfildgùchids kf hopdrtelihe d e ofkhke quf sf prdku-ifl rfvdguihdlfs cfrflihegfs kfltrd kf ges jhroes. Ges tfdrïeskf ule fidldoïe idopfththve d kf ul sfitdr dghcdpùghid pufkflsfr ofbdrekes d rffopgezekes pdr dtres, pfrd ge epghienhghkekkf fses tfdrïes ld sf pdlf fl iufsthùl e ieuse kfg ieonhd tfi-ldgùchid d kf gds ieonhds kfltrd kf ges jhroes. Fg mfimd kf kf-

ldohler ieonhds kf shstfoe e gds ieonhds kfltrd kf ul shstfoehopdshnhghte ensdguteofltf fg kfserrdggd kf ge ldihùl kf shstfoefl ule tfdrïe quf pdsfe egcòl pdkfr fxpghiethvd. X, shl foner-cd, Mdjjoell shcuf prfihseofltf fsf ieohld eg fsirhnhr eifriekf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg. Zf ge fofrcflihe kf ul lufvd shstfoe

30



FLJDUVFY X [FD^ïEY³ YHY[ÈOHIDY

ieke vfz quf ges "ulhkekfs fl pdtfliheg idljghitd ' ieonhel kfjdroe, ieke vfz quf ule hlldveihùl julkeoflteg kf ge tfildgdcïe kfg idljghitd" sf prdkuif, y ieke vfz quf "fg peldreoe kfgds prdpùshtds kf ges ulhkekfs" sf³ eimhie d fxpelkf (58:5,pp. 8>-89). Gds shstfoes prdghjfrerïel kfsfljrflekeofltf sh sf

epghierel fstds irhtfrhds. Fl rfeghkek 50 quf hophkf su epghieihùl fs ge idopgfbhkek quf kf fggd rfsugterïe. Ge cflfreghkekkfg irhtfrhd kf Mdjjoell, shl fonercd, pfrohtf quf fg fstukhdsdelulihf fg leihohfltd kf ul lufvd shstfoe ieke vfz quf gf rfsugtf idlvflhfltf. "Yhstfoe" idl ul ekbfthvd prfjhbekd -rfvdguihdlerhd, odkfrekd, fstengf, nhpdger, ougthpdger, fti.- sf d -

vhfrtf fl ule fthqufte d ul tïtugd ekbukhiekd e ule èpdie kfspuès kf menfr shkd khnubeke y kfsirhpte h o e c h l e t h v e o f l t ~ "Yhstfoe", fltdlifs, ld fxpghie leke1 50 quf 50 kfjhlf fs ge fxmeus

thve kfsirhpihùl kf tdkd, y sf khif quf surcf ul lufvd shstfoeieke vfz quf fs pdshngf ieonher ge kfsirhpihùl fl iuegquhfrsflthkd hopdrteltf. Gds shstfoes sf ougthpghiel meste fg pultdfl quf sf khif quf khjfrfltfs shstfoes pdgïthids mel fxhsthkd egohsod thfopd y fl ule ohsoe fsifle (Mdjjoell, 58:= pp

.96:-631 ^dsflirelif, 58:: pp. 9>0->6). Iuelkd gds jflùo:)gdsquf rfquhfrfl fxpghieihùl perfifl sfr khsthltds, sf prdkuifl khjfrfltfs shstfoes idl fg prfsultd dnbftd kf fxpghiergds. Fl rfeghkek, gds shstfoes ofreofltf rfjgfbel ges verheihdlfs .quf mel

shkd dnsfrvekes y kfsirhptes.Prdcrfshveofltf, Mdjjoell sf ges errfcge pere shtuer tdkd

kfltrd kf ge fstruiture. Fl Hltfrlethdleg ystfos elk Hltfr-

lethdleg Gew, ge idlsthtuihùl hltfrle kf gds Fstekds y ges eroestfildgùchies e su khspdshihùl pd perfifl sfr fgfofltds fstruituregfs (58:5). Fl Cugghvfr s [rdungfs, ye sf mel idlvfrthkd flfsd (pp. 53 99). Vle ieuse fstruitureg fs hlvflteke pere iekefjfitd, y fstd sf meif kf ul odkd quf idlvhfrtf eg fljdquf flrfkuiihdlhste. Idod sf khif quf gds etrhnutds.y ge idlkuite kf

ges ulhkekfs sdl fgfofltds fstruituregfs, ges ieuses e lhvfg shstèohid tfrohlel pdr fltrfofzigersf idl ges ieuses e lhvfg kfge ulhkek, y fstes ògthoes thflkfl e sfr kdohleltfs. ³³EulqufMdjjoell ld ggfce e gds fxtrfods kf ^dsflirelif, sf eprdxhoee fggds. Mdjjoell kfjhlf e ge fstruiture fl pertf sfcòl ge khspdshihùl kf ges pertfs (ge fstruiture kf pdkfr), y fl pertf sfcòlges iereitfrïsthies kf fses pertfs (ge mdodcflfhkek d mftfrdcflfhkek kf gds Fstekds). Ges iereitfrïsthies idlirftes kf gds

35



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

Erdl (58:;, p. 5>:8). Fg oètdkd kf gds oefstrds fs ge sdihdgdcïemhstùrhie, y èsf fs ul fljdquf hlkuithvd.

Gds idoflterhds prfifkfltfs lds pfrohtfl idoprflkfriùod phflse Mdjjoell gds shstfoes y pdr què gds idlihnf kffse oelfre. Fstds idoflterhds teonhèl fxpghiel pdr ³què fg fl-jdquf kf Mdjjoell ld rfshstf. Pere sdstflfr ul fljdquf shstèoh-id, kfnfods fster ~ idlkhihdlfs kf kfihr iuågfs ieonhds rf-prfsfltel fg julihdleohfltd ldroeg kf ges pertfs kfg shstfoey iuågfs ieonhds oeriel ul kfspgezeohfltd kf ul shstfoe edtrd. Mdjjoell sùgd pufkf khsthlcuhr ernhtrerheofltf fltrf fsesigesfs kf³ ieonhd pdrquf me ofzigekd fgfofltds e lhvfg kf geulhkek idl fgfofltds e lhvfg shstèohid. fl su kfjhlhihùl kffstruiture. Ge ofzige kf fgfofltds sf prdkuif lfi/fserheofltf

pdrquf ³ld sf pufkf kfserrdgger hlkuithveofltf ge kfsirhpihùlkf ul shstfoe y fg irhtfrhd pdr fg iueg gds ieonhds kf ul shs-tfoe sf khjfrflihel kf gds ieonhds fltrf shstfoes. Idod gesflthkekfs quf sf dnsfrvel y ges hltfreiihdlfs fltrf fgges sdl fg

s h s t o ~ fs hopDYhngf quf .iuegquhfr tfdrïe d gùchie sfperf gdsieonhds kfltrd kfg shstfoe y gds ieonhds fltrf shstfoes.

Fltdlifs, ´iùod meif Mdjjoell pere khsthlcuhr fltrf ul

shstfoe y dtrd4 Irff quf pdr ofkhd kf ges idopereihdlfs mhs-tùrhies rfsegtel ieonhds hopdrteltfs, y quf fs pdshngf kfihr

quf ieke ieonhd hopdrteltf fs ul ieonhd kf shstfoe. [doepdr ieonhds kf shstfoe gds crelkfs ieonhds fltrd kf gds shs-tfoes. Gds fbfopgds fidlùohids kfoufstrel jåihgofltf pdr quèfstf oètdkd ld julihdle. Yh . ds fidldohstes idljulkhfrel gdsieonhds e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek idl gds ieonhds e lhvfg kfg shstfoe,ejhroerïel quf ule fidldoïe idopfththve, d ul sfitdr dghcdp:³ghid, ieonhe su ieråitfr e ofkhke quf sf prdkuifl kfsiunrh-ohfltds tfilDgùchids kf hopdrtelihe d e ofkhke quf sf prdku-ifl rfvdguihdlfs cfrflihegfs kfltrd kf ges jhroes. Ges tfdrïes

kf ule fidldoïe idopfththve d kf ul sfitdr dghcdpùghid pufkflsfr ofbdrekes d rffopgezekes pdr dtres, pfrd ge epghienhghkekkf fses tfdrïes ld sf pdlf fl iufsthùl e ieuse kfg ieonhd tfi-lDgùchid d kf gds ieonhds kfltrd kf ges jhroes. Fg ³mfim.d kf kf-ldohler ieonhds kf shstfoe e gds ieonhds kfltrd kf ul shstfoehopdshnhghte ensdguteofltf fg kfserrdggd kf ge ldihùl kf shstfoe

. fl ule tfdrïe quf pdsfe egcòl pdkfr fxpghiethvd. X shl foner-cd, Mdjjoell shcuf prfihseofltf fsf ieohld eg fsirhnhr eifriekf pdgjthie hltfrleihdleg. Zf ge fofrcflihe kf ul lufvd shstfoe

30



FLJDUVFY X [FD^ÏEY' YHY[ÈO HIDY

ieke vfz quf ges ulhkekfs fl pdtfliheg idljghitd ieonhel kfjdroe, ieke vfz quf ule hlldveihùl julkeoflteg kf ge tfildgdche kfg idljghitd sf prdkuif, y ieke vfz quf fg peldreoe kf

gds prdpùshtds kf ges ulhkekfs sf eimhie d fxpelkf ( 58: 5 j

pp. 8>-89). Gds shstfoes prdghjfrerïel kfsfljrflekeofltf sh sfepghierel fstds irhtfrhds. Fl rfeghkek 50 quf hophkf su epghie-ihùl fs ge idopgfbhkek quf kf fggd rfsugterïe. Ge cflfreghkekkfg irhtfrhd kf Mdjjoell, shl fonercd, pfrohtf quf fg fstukhdsdelulihf fg leihohfltd kf ul lufvd shstfoe ieke vfz quf gf rfsugtf idlvflhfltf. Yhstfoe idl ul ekbfthvd prfjhbekd -rfvdguihdlerhd, odkfrekd, fstengf, nhpdger, ougthpdger, fti.- sf d vhfrtf fl ule fthqufte d ul tïtugd ekbukhiekd e ule èpdie kfs

puès kf menfr shkd khnubeke y kfsirhpte hoechlethveofltf. Yhstfoe , fltdlifs, ld fxpghie leke1 50 quf 50 kfjhlf fs ge fxmeus.thve kfsirhpihùl kf tdkd, y sf khif quf surcf ul lufvd shstfoeieke vfz quf fs pdshngf ieonher ge kfsirhpihùl fl iuegquhfrsflthkd hopdrteltf. Gds shstfoes sf ougthpghiel meste fg pultdfl quf sf khif quf khjfrfltfs shstfoes pdgïthids mel fxhsthkd egohsod thfopd y fl ule ohsoe fsifle (Mdjjoell, 58:= pp.96:-631 ^dsflirelif, 58::, pp. 9>0->6). Iuelkd gds jflùof)gdsquf rfquhfrfl fxpghieihùl perfifl sfr khsthltds, sf prdkuifl kh

jfrfltfs shstfoes idl fg p ~ s u l t d dnbftd kf fxpghiergds. Fl rfeghkek, gds shstfoes ofreofltf rfjgfbel ges verheihdlfs .quf melshkd dnsfrvekes y kfsirhptes.

Prdcrfshveofltf, Mdjjoell sf ges errfcge pere shtuer tdkdkfltrd kf ge fstruiture. Fl Hltfrlethdleg ystfos elk Hltfr-

lethdleg Gew, ge idlsthtuihùl hltfrle kf gds Fstekds y ges eroestfildgùchies e su khspdshihùl ld perfifl sfr fgfofltds fstruituregfs (58:5). Fl Cugghvfr s [rdungfs, ye sf mel idlvfrthkd flfsd (pp. 53, 99). Vle ieuse fstruitureg fs hlvflteke pere ieke

fjfitd, y fstd sf meif kf ul odkd quf idlvhfrtf eg fljdquf flrfkuiihdlhste. Idod sf khif quf gds etrhnutds.y ge idlkuite kfges ulhkekfs sdl fgfofltds fstruituregfs, ges ieuses e lhvfg shstèohid tfrohlel pdr fltrfofzigersf idl ges ieuses e lhvfg kfge ulhkek, y fstes ògthoes thflkfl e sfr kdohleltfs. ' EulqufMdjjoell ld ggfce e gds fxtrfods kf ^dsflirelif, sf eprdxhoee fggds. Mdjjoell kfjhlf e ge fstruiture fl pertf sfcòl ge khspdshihùl kf ges pertfs (ge fstruiture kf pdkfr), y fl pertf sfcòlges iereitfrïsthies kf fses pertfs (ge mdodcflfhkek d mftfrd

cflfhkek kf gds Fstekds). Ges iereitfrïsthies idlirftes kf gds35



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

Fstekds g e eonhihùl kf gds cdnfrleltfs, gds ofkhds quf fopgfel, fg crekd kf hltfcreihùl leihdleg, ges prdphfkekfs kf ges

hlsthtuihdlfs pdgïthies- tdkes fgges sdl pertf kf su kfjhlhihùlkf fstruiture (58:5, pp. 8;-861 58:= pp. 53-5=). Fl ge pråithie,su fxpghieihùl kf ges pdgïthies leihdlegfs kf gds eidltfihohfltds hltfrleihdlegfs sf nesel i s h fltfreofltf fl ge idlsthtuihùlkf gds Fstekds y kf gds fstekhstes.

l fjfitd, Mdjjoell kfjhlf fstruiture idod ule idgfiihùlkf ïtfos quf sf supdlf fbfrifl ule hopdrteltf hljguflihe sdnrfge pdgïthie fxtfrhdr sdnrf gds rfsugtekds kf ges hltfreiihdlfsleihdlegfs. Eg meifrgd, prdkuif ule idljushùl kf ieuses y ule

ofzige kf ieuses y fjfitds. Yhtuer ge idljhcureihùl kf pdkfr yge mdodcflfhkek d mftfrdcflfhkek kf gds Fstekds fl ule òlhiekfjhlhihùl kf fstruiture fs idonhler fgfofltds shtuekds fl khsthltds lhvfgfs kf enstreiihùl. Ge idljhcureihùl kf pdkfr enstref kf tdkes ges iereitfrïsthies kf gds Fste7gds fxifptd kf sus

iepeihkekfs. Fg mfimd kf hliguhr ge mdodcflfhkek d mftfrdcflfhkek kf gds Fstekds idod fgfofltds fstruituregfs ke oeydrfs idltflhkds e ge kfjhlhihùl, khsohluyflkd esï fg lhvfg kfenstreiihùl. Fggd rfquhfrf quf ld sùgd lds prfcultfods kf què

sdl iepeifs gds Fstekds jïshieofltf shld teonhèl iùod fståldrcelhzekds pDgïthieofltf y iuågfs sfrål sus esphreihdlfs fhkfdgdcïes. Ge fstruiture, fltdlifs, idlthflf fgfofltds e lhvfgkf ge ulhkek quf pufkfl sfr ejfitekds fl sï ohsods pdr gesiereitfrïsthies kf ge fstruiture e lhvfg shstèohid.

Fg fjfitd pråithid kf idonhler khjfrfltfs lhvfgfs fl ulesdge kfjhlhihùl kf fstruiture fs hopdshnhghter ge rfspufste, f h l ~igusd hopfkhr ge prfculte, kf iufsthdlfs tel hopdrteltfs idodèstes2 ´Kf què odkd ge fstruiture kfjhlhke idod idljhcureihùlkf pDkfr ejfite ges iereitfrïsthies kf gds Fstekds sus esphreihdlfs, su fgfiihùl kf ofkhds, y pdshngfofltf meste su drcelhzeihùl hltfrle4 F, hlvfrseofltf, ´meste què pultd sdl sflshngfsges khjfrfltfs fstruitures hltfrleihdlegfs e ges verheihdlfs kfge drcelhzeihùl hltfrle y kf ge idlkuite kf gds Fstekds hlkfpflkhfltfs4 Fg oètdkd kf Mdjjoell sùgd gf pfrohtf kfsirhnhr gdsshstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs, d oås nhfl fxprfser ge hoprfshùl quf

thflf kf fggds. Ld gf pfrohtf fxpghier què fs pese e gds shstfoesd què diurrf kfltrd kf fggds. X ld dnsteltf, egfce meifrgd. Meifule khsthlihùl, pdr fbfopgd, fltrf gds shstfoes odkfrlds y

gds rfvdguihdlerhds . Gds prhofrds sdl ougthpdgerfs idl rfspfi-

3>




td e ge khstrhnuihùl kf pdkfr, y mdodcèlfds fl tèrohlds kfgds prdpùshtds kf gds Fstekds y kf gds oètdkds quf fggds fopgfel. Gds sfculkds sdl nhpdgerfs fl ge khstrhnuihùl kf pdkfr

mftfrdcèlfds fl tèrohlds .kf ges iueghkekfs kf gds Fstekds(5 8:=, pp. 5>-5;1 58:6 , pp. =8 -500). Yh gds jeitdrfs ieusegfs melshkd hkflthjhiekds idl iuhkekd, ges ietfcdrïes kfnfrïel sfr òthgfs.Ges ietfcdrïes sdl òthgfs sh kel gucer e ul relcd kf fxpfitethves quf idrrfspdlkf eg kfsthld mhstùrhid quf mel fxpfrhofltekdgds khsthltds shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs. Pdr fsd, fs kf egcòl odkdkfsegfltekdr gffr quf Mfg shstfoe eitueg fs teonhèl kf rfgethveodkfreihùl , fltfrersf ekfoås kf quf fste Mfstenhghkek sfgdcre pfs r kf gds prdpùshtds rfvdguihdlerhds y pfs r kf ge

fvhkfltf nhpdgerhkek (58:=, pp. >0, 991 fg sunreyekd fs 21uXD).9Fste idligushùl kfbe fl igerd quf pere Mdjjoell ge fstruiture idod idlifptd e lhvfg shstèohid ld lds fxpghierå ouimdlh lds khrå què eidltfihohfltds hltfrleihdlegfs iefrål prdnengfofltf kfltrd kf relcds perthiugerfs kfjhlhngfs. Mdjjoell .thflf prdngfoes pere pflser quf ges fstruitures nhpdgerfs yougthpdgerfs pufkel ejfiter ges esphreihdlfs y ge idlkuite kfgds Fstekds. Ld pufkf sfcuhr ouy kurekfre lh idmfrfltfofltffse gïlfe k.f pflseohfltd pdr rezdlfs quf sf rfvfgel fl ul id

oflterhd quf meif eifrie kf shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs eltfrhdrfs2 MGe odkfreihùl d hlodkfreihùl kf ul shstfoe , fsirhnf, pd-³kïe ofkhrsf pdr ofkhd kfg fxeofl kf gds prdpùshtds kf ges prhlihpegfs ulhkekfs (58:=, pp. 99). Fs ihfrtd quf e vfifs idlshkfreges hljguflihes shstèohies, pfrd shfoprf perfifl sfr jåihgofltfsupfrekes, sh ld pdr ofkhd kf ge tfildgdcïe eroeoflthste, fltdlifs creihes e ge eonhihùl kf gds cdnfrleltfs. Yu shstfoe,fs tel ekdrlekd quf pufkf fgfchr iuegquhfre kf : ~ ouimds fgfofltds kf ge fstruiture g e oeydrïe kf gds iuegfs 'sf meggel e

lhvfg sunshstèohid- y kfihr quf fl fstf iesd t g fgfofltd busthjhie gds rfsugtekds. Gd quf fs hopdrteltf, fltdlifs, fs ge fvdieihùl kf gds shstfoes kf Mdgjoell, pufs sus fjfitds sdl eshclekds kf oelfre sunbfthve y nesteltf ernhtrerhe.

9 Ge rfspufste dnvhe pfrd pdid òthg sfrïe kfihr quf gds eroeofltD'sluigferfs tdoel odkfrekd e ul oulkd nhpdger, fl D ieshD lfs MD'jjoellme khimD' fsD . Pfrd ge rfspufste tel sùgD fvekf ge prfculte D kfoufstrequf sf me enelkdlekd fg fljdquf shstèohid, pufs kf hlofkhetd kfsfeodssenfr què khjfrflihes kfnfl fspfrersf fl gds fjfitds. kf gds eroeofltds

luigferfs e ofkhke quf fg shstfoe verïe (vfr iepïtugd =) .39



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

Mdjjoell idlsteltfofltf kfoufstre sfr khsiïpugd kf Erdl.Yus idoprdohsds tfùrhids sdl hkèlthids, eonds thflkfl pfrshs-tfltfofltf e fxpghieihdlfs kfg thpd kf ekfltrd meihe ejufre .

Idod gd fxprfse Erdl, gds prhlihpegfs eitdrfs mel kftfrohlekdfg shstfoe ouimd oås kf gd quf mel shkd kftfrohlekds pdr èg58::, p. 86) . .Pere Mdjjoell, teltd idod pere Erdl, gds rfsug-

tekds fstål ouimd oås kftfrohlekds pdr ges ulhkekfs quf hljguhkds pdr fg shstfoe. [eg vfz fstèl fl gd ihfrtd. Yhl fonercd,pflserïeods quf ule .prfculte nåshie quf kfnf sfr fxpgdrekefs, prfihseofltf, sh gds fjfitds shstèohids y kf ges ulhkekfs ve-rïel fl jufrze kf ul thpd kf .shstfoe e dtrd. Erdl y Mdjjoellmel kekd ule rfspufste ernhtrerhe e fste prfculte. Ydgd ofr-

ifk e fse rfspufste ernhtrerhe pufkfl hlshsthr fl quf fg tfùrhidprfsfrvf ule supufste idrrfspdlkflihe fltrf ge shclhjhieihùl kfgds 'perthihpeltfs y ges jdroes kf su idlkuite.. [el prdjulkd fs fg d ~ p r d o h s d kf Mdjjoell idl ges fx-.pghieihdlfs kfskf ekfltrd mephe ejufre quf, hligusd, odgkfe e^dussfeu e su prdphe hoecfl. Kf oelfre prffohlfltf kfltrd kfgds tfùrhids pdghthids, '^dussfeu eifltuù ge hopdshnhghkek kf hl-jfrhr. rfsugtekds e perthr kf ge ofre dnsfrveihùl kf gds etrhnu-tds y ge idlkuite kf gds perthihpeltfs. Yhfoprf kfnf idlshkfrer-

sf fg idltfxtd kf ge eiihùl, ye sfe diupålkdsf kf gds mdonrfsD kf gds Fstekds, pufs fg i d ~ t f x t d ohsod ejfiterå gds etrhnutds,ge idlkuite y gds prdpùshtds y egtfrerå teonhèl gds rfsugtekds.Mdjjoell, shl fonercd, irff quf . ge sdguihùl kf ^dussfeu eg

prdngfoe kf ge cufrre y ge pez fs èste2 fstengfifr Fstekdshkfegfs fl tdkd fg oulkd, y esï sf prdkuihrå ge pez, shl ,lfifshkekkf ule ghce oulkheg e ge oelfre kf Aelt (58:9n, p. >6). Kfoelfre h l t f r ~ s e l t f ^dussfeu rfimeze fse pdshnhghkek y ggfce, hl-igusd, e rhkhiughzerge.;

Yhl

fonercd,fs

pdshngf meHger fvhkflihes quf rfspegkfl ieshiuegquhfr ' hltfrprfteihùl fl ul eutdr quf fsirhnf p r d ~ u l k e -ofltf y idl gercufze eifrie kf esultds idopghiekds. Iuelkd^dussfeu sfõege ule fspfrepze. pere ge pez fltrf Fstekds egte-ofltf eutdsujhihfltfs quf tflcel pdid idlteitd fltrf sÏ, Mdjj-oell gf etrhnuyf ge hkfe, kf quf ges iueghkekfs hltfrles kf fsds

; g/Esï, ld fs hopdshngf , khif ul flulihekd rfprfsfltethvd kf gesdnres kf ^dussfeu, quf ule rfpònghie, eulquf fstè fl sï ohsoe nhflcdnfrleqe, perthihpf fl ule cufrre hlbuste 53:>, pp. >80->851 rfj. Se5tz,5868, pp. 5 ; 6 - 5 = : ~ ,

3;




Fstekds sus ndlkekfs- sfrïel ge ieuse kf ge' pez quf rfhlerïefltrf fggds. Fl ieonhd, ^dussfeu ke ule fxpghieihùl eonhflteg2

gds Fstekds pufkfl tflfr pdids idljghitds sh sf rfgeihdlel fltrfsï fsieseofltf y kf oelfre khsteltf. Ge hltfrprfteihùl kf Mdjjoell fs idmfrfltf idl sus prdphes prfkhgfiihdlfs tfùrhies, shlfonercd, y sdl fgges ges quf 5 ggfvel e etrhnuhrgf e ^dussfeuidligushdlfs eifrie kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg quf sunvfrthrïelfl rfeghkek tdke su jhgdsdjïe pdgïthie.

Fg flseyd eifrie kf ^dussfeu, nrhggeltf e su oelfre eulquf prdjulkeofltf idltrerhd e ge jhgdsdjïe kf fsf eutdr, fbfopghjhie. ge jufrze quf pufkfl cflfrer gds idoprdohsds tfùrhids.

Fse jufrzej f i ~

e ges hltfrprfteihdlfs kfg oulkd y e geY kfdtrds tfùrhids. Fsirhnhflkd eifrie kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg flge kèieke kf 5830, Mdjjoelrh elulihe fg jhl kfg oulkd nhpdger,kfigere quf fstå fofrchflkd ul oulkd idl ihlid ulhkekfsprhlihpegfs y ercuoflte quf fsf oulkd pdkrïe prfstersf e geodkfreihùl y ge fstenhghkek quf sf khsjruterdl eltfs y kfspuèskf ge ³^fvdguihùl Jrelifse. Pfrd ye menïe kfigerekd prfZheofltfquf fg oulkd nhpdger fre teonhèl nesteltf odkfrekd y fstengf(oerzd ), 583>, p. 991 oerzd 3, 583>, p. 981 rfj. 58:=, pp. ~ : 9 - : ; .

Gds ieonhds kf fxpfitethves ld sf esdihel kf -lhlcule oelfre idmfrfltf idl gds ieonhds kfg shstfoe. Fg kfsiuhkd idlfg quf sf fxtrefl fYes hljfrflihes shstèohies fs sùgd hcuegekdpdr ge vecufkek idl ge quf sf kfjhlf fg shstflhe. [res ker genhfrhvflhke eg ekvflhohfltd kf ul oulkd idl ihlid pdkfrfs,Mdjjoell eõekf kf hlofkhetd quf ges iepeihkekfs kf gds ihlideitdrfs prhlihpegfs ld sdl idoperengfs. Yh fs quf veods e idlter, kfnfods idlter idses quf sfel hcuegfs. Mdjjoell kfsiunrf,ld dnsteltf, quf kds kf gds eitdrfs sdl supfrpdkfrfs , gds dtrdstrfs ld gd sdl. Yf ggfce eg lòofrd ihlid suoelkd khsthltesigesfs kf idses. Pfrd fsd fl rfeghkek ld hopdrte, pufs gd quffs ul shstfoe, d equfggd fl gd quf sf idlvhfrtf, ld³kfpflkf kfge idljhcureihùl kf pdkfr kf gds Fstekds shld kf sus pdgïthies yidlkuites. Fstd fstå nhfl kfodstrekd fl su idligushùl. E ofldsquf Fstekdp Vlhkds fophfif e hltflter iuopghr prdpùshtds 'ekfiuekds pUr ofkhd kf tåithies fjfithves, khif, pdkfods, fl fg .ofbdr (´d fg pfdr4 kf gds iesds, ggfcer e tflfr ul oulkd trhpdger . Idod shfoprf, sf ggfce e ge idligushùl kf odkd rfkuithvd. Fg stetus kf dtrds peïsfs, y fg ieråitfr kfg shstfoe hltfrleihdleg, sdl kfjhlhkds fl tèrohlds kf ge pdgïthie ldrtfeofrhiele.

36



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

Gds Fstekds prdkuifl sus shtueihdlfs. Pdr supufstd, uldfstå kf eiufrkd idl fse ejhroeihùl. Pfrd gds fljdqufs shstèohidsfxeohlekds meste fstf odofltd thflkfl e rdopfr su fvegueihùlkf ges ieuses fl fstf pultd. Idod fg pfsd kf ges ieuses e lhvfgshstèohid y e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek pufkf verher kf ul shstfoe edtrd, ~ tflkflihe fs kfsejdrtuleke. Kfihr quf sfrïe òthg idlsh-kfrer ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg e perthr kf gds lhvfgfs shstèoHidsld fs gd ohsod quf ejhroer quf fg shstfoe kftfrohle gds etrHnu-tds y ge idlkuite kf gds Fstekds, shld oås nhfl hopghie oeltflfr

enhfrte ge iufsthùl, tfùrhieofltf hltfrfseltf y p r å i t h i o f l t ~hopdrteltf, kf iuåg pufkf sfr, fl gds khjfrfltfs shstfoes, fg pfsdieuseg prdpdrihdleg kf gds jeitdrfs e lhvfg shstèohid y e lhvfgkf ge l h k k ~

Fg³ohsod Mdjjoell me kfoelkekd ge fxhstflihe kf ule rf-vdguihùl idpfrlhiele kfltrd kf ge .pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg (5868,

p. 9;3). Fse rfvdguihùl fxhchrïe idlshkfrer ge pdgïthie hltfrleihd-leg e perthr kf ule pfrspfithve e lhvfg shstèohid. Hhdjjoell

idl su hlshstflihe eifrie kf quf gds shstfoes sdl rfegfs, kfquf gds eitdrfs kfnfl sfr idlsihfltfs kf fggds, kf q f ges ietfcd-rïes kf gds tfùrhids kfnfl idrrfspdlkfr e gds prdpùshtds kf gdsfstekhstes- ld pufkf meifr ge rfvdguihùl quf kfoelke. Fl eu-sflihe kf ule rfvdguihùl idpfrlhiele, Mdjjoell sf qufke idlge sdguihùl ptdgdofhie. Ge estrdldoïe ptdgdofhie prdyfitene fgodvhohfltd kf ge thfrre sdnrf gds iufrpds ifgfstfs y idopflse-

ne fg kfspgezeohfltd pdr ofkhd kfg hlcflhd cfdoètrhid. Ge pdgï-thie hltfrleihdleg ptdgdofhie kfbe ejufre fg elåghshs kf gds fjfi-tds quf pufkf fb frifr fg shstfoe fl cflfreg y gufcd rfidnre fsdsfjfitds kf oelfre hoprfshdlhste e lhvfg kf gds etrhnutds y kf ge

idlkuite leihdleg. Fs pdr fsd quf Mdjjoell kfnf prdigeoer fgsurchohfltd kf ul lufvd shstfoe ieke vfz quf sf prdkuif ulieonhd ekvfrthngf kfltrd kf ges ulhkekfs quf idlsthtuyfl fg shs-tfoe hltfrleihdleg.

Fg fljdquf kf Mdjjoell thflf idlshkfrengf oèrhtd, quf ges

irïthies prfifkfltfs ld kfnfl dsiurfifr. Yu idlifpihùl kf shs-tfoe y fstruiture hliguyf tdkds gds jeitdrfs quf gds fstukhdsdskf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg kfnfl tdoer fl iuflte1 idlihnful shstfoe idod fstruiture kf rfgeihdlfs, fg shstfoe idod

. pdsffkdr kf ule fstruiture cflfreghzekdre, y ge fstruiture id-od rfulhùl kf fgfofltds quf hljguyfl sdnrf ge idlkuite kf gdscdnfrleltfs ges dpfreihdlfs kf gds Fstekds quf idljdroel fg

3:




fsqufoe kf rfgeihdlfs. Yhl fonercd, ge hliepeihkek kf rfshsthrge tflteihùl kf pdlfr kf tdkd kfltrd kf ge fstruiture hopdshnhghte ge uthghzeihùl kfg oerid kf rfjfrflihe kf Mdjjoel pere ul

shstfoe idod nesf kf ule tfdrïe kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg qufhkflthjhierïe fgfofltds khsthltds, kfjhlhrïe khjfrfltfs lhvfgfs kfenstreiihùl, hltflterïe fstengfifr rfgeihdlfs ieusegfs y prdiure-rïe megger fsqufoes kf idlkuite rfiurrfltfs y relcds kf fjfitdsesdihekds e khjfrfltfs shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs. Yu hlstruiihùlpere gds fstukheltfs kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg sf eifrie pfghcrdseofltf e fstd2 rfiufrkfl quf iuegquhfre kf ouimds jeitdrfspufkf ejfiter ges rfgeihdlfs kf gds Fstekds. Fg idldihohfltdkf ge mhstdrhe y kf gds esultds pònghids iepeihterå supufste-

ofltf e gds mdonrfs hltfghcfltfs pere hoechler iuågfs jeitdrfsfbfrifl gds 'fjfitds oås sfrhds fl ul kftfrohlekd odofltd.Mdjjoell ld me kfserrdggekd ule tfdrïe shld quf, fl ieonhd,

me fxmhnhkd ul jufrtf idoprdohsd idl rfspfitd e kftfrohlekdfljdquf hltfgfitueg. Fstf fljdquf ke idmfrflihe e sus buhihds. Yuidoprdohsd idl ge rfeghkek kfg shstfoe hltfrleihdleg, y su idlvhiihùl kf quf gds fstekhstes kfnfl Vvfr idrrfiteofltf fg shstfoe idl fg dnbftd kf eituer fjfithveofltf, mel mfimd quf sufsirhture sfe vïvhke. Ge sflshnhghkek kf ge pfrifpihùl y ge ecu

kfze kf su pflftreihùl sdl hoprfshdleltfs, pfrd iuegquhfrt h s ~

nd kf tfdrïe shcuf shflkd eggï tdsid idljusd. Iuegquhfr fljdqufkf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg quf sfe eprdphekeofltf ggeoekdshstèohid kfnf eg oflds treter kf hljfrhr egcules fxpfitethveseifrie kf gds rfsugtekds kf ge idlkuite kf gds Fstekds kf sushltfreiihdlfs e perthr kfg idldihohfltd kf gds fgfofltds e lhvfgshstèohid. Pere Mdjjoell, fspfihegofltf pere ^dsflirelif,ges fxpghieihdlfs hopdrteltfs sf meggel e lhvfg kf gds Fstekds ygds fstekhstes1 fg lhvfg shstèohid sf idlvhfrtf esï fl tdkd prdkuitd pfrd ld

fspere leke

prdkuithvd.Pdr

ihfrtd,uld

,sfshfltf

prfshdlekd pere kfsiunrhr ul fljdquf shstèohid quf idlshkfrfe ge fstruiture idod ul idlifptd e lhvfg shstèohid quf fbfrzefl rfeghkek egcòl hopeitd ieuseg. Odrtdl E Aepgel perfifrïesfr uld kf gds prhlihpegfs tfùrhids quf fs fgendreke y idmfrfltfofltf perthkerhd kf fsf fljdquf. Eulquf ggeoe e su hltfltd kftfdrïe ul shstfoe kf eiihùl , ges iereitfrïsthies ldtengfs kf sussfhs shstfoes perfifl meggersf fl gds prhlihphds drcelhzekdrfs yfl sus idljhcureihdlfs kf pdkfr. Fg eutdr perfif, ekfoås, kfrhver egcules fxpghieihdlfs kf gds rfsugtekds e perthr kf ges khjf-

33



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

rflihes fxhstfltfs fltrf fstds fgfofltds. Oås eòl, su dnre sufgfsfr kfsirhpte, d egeneke y idlkfleke, pdr meifr prfihseofltf

fsd. ^dnfrt B. Ghfnfr, pdr fbfopgd, khif fl su òthg rfsfõe peld

råohie kf fstf ieopd quf gds odkfgds kf Aepgel rfjgfbel gesupdshihùl kf quf ge fstruiture kf ul shstfoe idopgfbd thflkfe kftfrohler su kfsfopfõd iereitfrïsthid 583>, p. 59;). stel-

gfy Mdjjoell, fl ge ohsoe idlvhiihùl, idlkfle e Aepgel pdr

peser pdr egtd ge khvfrshkek kf gds Fstekds, pdr kdter e gds shstfoes kf vdgultek prdphe, pdr supdlfr quf gds shstfoes eshclelgds rdgfs e gds eitdrfs, pdr irffr quf ges fstruitures pgeltfel geslfifshkekfs y kftfrohlel gds dnbfthvds, y pdr hcldrer e ges jufrzes kdoèsthies 5868, pp. 9:0-:5).

Fs ihfrtd quf fl ul ghnrd quf hltflte kfserrdgger ule tfdrïekf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, Aepgel idl tdke idrrfiihùl y letureghkek pgeltfe egcules supdshihdlfs shopghjhiekdres y ld fsirhnffxtflseofltf eifrie kf ges khvfrshkekfs leihdlegfs y kf ges jufrzes kdoèsthies. Ge hopdrteltf prfculte tfùrhie, shl fonercd,fs èste2 ´Iùod kfjhlf, shtòe, fvegòe f hltfrrfgeihdle ges jufrzes

ieusegfs quf dpfrel fl khjfrfltfs pertfs y e khjfrfltfs ³lhvfgfskfg shstfoe4 Idl rfspfitd e fste iufsthùl, ge kfsirhpihùl kf Ghfnfry ge irïthie kf Mdjjoell sdl frrùlfes. Zfeods gd quf me mfimd

Aepgel.Eulquf fg eutdr ld egfce menfr kfserrdggekd ule tfdrïe

idopgfteofltf kfkuithve, sus ejhroeihdlfs sdl sujhihfltfofltfeukeifs idod pere kfberlds shl eghfltd. Fl 58:;, rfjgfxhdlelkdeifrie kf su dnre punghieke shftf eõds eltfs, Aepgel ejhroùquf su tfdrïe prfsirhnf ge idlkuite fsteteg ùpthoe fl ihfrtes idlkhihdlfs, prfkhif ge idlkuite fl prfsflihe kf fstekhstes reihdlegfs y idopgfteofltf hljdroekds, y fxpghie d prfkhif gds rfsugtekds idod peråoftrds epertf kf sus vegdrfs kf fquhggnrhd.6

Fstes ejhroeihdlfs sdl fxtredrkhlerhes. Kfsejdrtulekeofltf,fg kfsfopfõd ld fstå e su egture. Fxprfser fg pdr què kfg jreiesdkf Aepgel fl su fsjufrzd pdr idlstruhr ule tfdrïe shstèohie kfpdgïthie hltfrleihdleg pufkf sfõeger fg ieohld pere hltfltds oås

fxhtdsds.Aepgel fxeohle sfhs shstfoes2 fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr, nhpdger

6 Zfr gds prfjeihds ld luofrekds kf ges fkhihdlfs kf 5863 y kf 58:;

Eonds prfjeihds fstål hliguhkds fl ge fkhihùl ugtfrhdr, quf fs fl tdkddtrd espfitd hkèlthie e ge eltfrhdr.

=




gexd, n h p d g ~ sfvfrd, vftd kf ge ulhkek, u l h v f r s ~ g y bfrårquhid .t

Gufcd hkflthjhie ihlid verhengfs quf sdl sujhihfltfs pere kfsirhnhr fg fstekd kf ieke shstfoe. Ydl ges rfcges fsflihegfs kfgshstfoe, ges rfcges kf trelsjdroeihùl, ges verhengfs igeshjhietd

rhes kfg eitdr , ges verhengfs kf iepeihkek y ges verhengfs kf hlj d r o ~ i h ù l (58:;, p. 8). Ge hopdrtelihe rfgethve y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf ges ihlid verhengfs 'ld sf hlkhiel y, idod ld gd fstål, fgfljdquf shstèohid kf Aepgel ld pufkf idlsthtuhr ule tfdrïe.

Vle kf ges ihlid verhengfs, ges rfcges fsflihegfs kfg shstfoe ,shl fonercd, perfif sfr ge kf oeydr pfsd.

Kf gds sfhs shstfoes kf Aepgel, fg shstfoe kfg fquhghnrhd kfpdkfr fs fg quf rfihnf ge oeydr etflihùl. Fs kfjhlhkd kf oelfreernhtrerhe, idl ge ohreke pufste fl fg shcgd k h f i h u f v ~ idod

pdsffkdr kf ul oïlhod kf ihlid eitdrfs prhlihpegfs.= Yus rfcgessdl ges shcuhfltfs2

5. Eituer pere hlirfoflter ges iepeihkekfs, pfrd lfcdihereltfs quf guimer.

>. Guimer eltfs quf kfber peser ge dpdrtulhkek kf hlirfoflter ges iepeihkekfs.

9. Kfber kf guimer eltfs quf fghohler u ~ eitdr leihdlegfsfliheg.

;. Eituer pere dpdlfrsf e iuegquhfr ideghihùl d eitdr hlkfpflkhfltf quf thflke e esuohr ule pdshihùl prfkdohlel-tf idl rfspfitd 'eg rfstd kfg shstfoe. .

6. Eituer pere ghohter e gds eitdrfs quf susirhnfl prhlihphDY drcelhzekdrfs supreleihdlegfs.

:. Pfrohthr quf gds eitdrfs leihdlegfs fsflihegfs ghohtekdsd kfrrdtekds vufgvel e hltfcrersf eg shstfoe idod sdihdseifptengfs d eituer pere meifr quf ul eitdr quf eltfsld jufre fsfliheg fltrf kfltrd kf ge igeshjhieihùl kf eitdr

fsfliheg. [reter e tdkds gds eitdrfs fsflihegfs idod sdihds kf 'rdg eifptengfs.

: Eulquf tdkds fggds sdl kfshclekds Hthltfrleihdlegfs , gds kds ògthods thflfl sunshstfoes pdgïthids y pdr fggd ld sf ekfiuel e su prdphekfjhlhihùl kf ul shstfoe hltfrleihdleg (58:;, pp. 5; >5 ;6).

3 Eifrie kf ge khsthlihùl fltrf ul fljdquf y ule tfdrïe shstèohie, vfrCrfcdr (58:=, p. ;>6).

= Pere ule fxpghieihùl kf ge ernhtrerhe iueghkek kf ge kfjhlhihùl,vfr oås ekfgeltf.

38



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

Fl khsthltes påchles, Aepgel khif quf ges sfhs rfcges thflfltdkes ges shcuhfltfs iereitfrïsthies2 sdl kfsirhpthves y prfsirhpthves1 sdl fsflihegfs, hltfrkfpflkhfltfs y fstål fl rlutud fquhghnrhd1 y, idod prfsirhpihdlfs pere gds eitdrfs, sdl hlidmfrfltfs

y idltrekhitdrhes (58:;, pp. 8 >6, 6>-69). Yhl kuke, pdsffl fstesògthoes iueghkekfs, teg idod gd me kfodstrekd kf oelfre idliguyfltf Shggheo M ^hafr. Pdr rezdlfs quf èg ohsod rfvfge, Mflegcòl pultd gds perthihpeltfs sf vfl lfifserheofltf fljrfltekdsidl ul idljghitd kf rfcges, fl iuyes ihriulstelihes kfnfl kfihkhrsfcuhr ule rfcge y ld dtre . Fspfiïjhieofltf, ge dnfkhflihe e gesrfcges 5 y > fl ihfrtes idlkhihdlfs ggfverå e ge vhdgeihùl kf ge

rfcge ; y pdshngfofltf teonhèl e ge vhdgeihùl kf ge rfcge 9 (58:>,p. 535-39).

E. Eituer kf ge oelfre oås fidlùohie pdshngf pere hlirfoflter ges iepeihkekfs (5 y > kf Aepgel)

N. Prdtfcfrsf kf tdkds gds dtrds quf eitòfl fl idlidrkelihe idl ge rfcge E (; X 6 kf Aepgel)

f. Eituer pere oeltflfr fg lòofrd kf ulhkekfs fsflihegfspere fg shstfoe (9 X : kf Aepgel)

[eg idod sfõege Aepgel, ge rfcge E fs fcdïste , y ge rfcgeN fs reihdleg d, ofbdr khrïeods, kf sflthkd idoòl. Ge rfcgef shl fonercd, kfpflkf pere su julihdleohfltd kf gds Fstekdshlkfpflkhfltfs quf sfel sdiheghzekds kfltrd kfg shstfoe, fs kfihr, kf su ekdpihùl kf gds rfqufrhohfltds kfg shstfoe idod prdcreoe pere sus prdphes eithvhkekfs (58:;, pp. >9->3). Ges rfcgesE y N thflfl sus idltrepertfs fl ge tfdrïe ohirdfidlùohie2prdiurer nflfjhihds pdr tdkds gds ofkhds pfrohthkds, y prdtfcfrsf kf dtres jhroes quf idophtfl fltrf sï. Yh ge rfcge f jufre

trekuihke e tèrohlds fidlùohids, khrïe2 ld ggfvf e ge quhfnree lhlcule jhroe fsfliheg. Ge supdshihùl kf quf ges jhroes sf³ekfiuerïel e fse rfcge ld thflf gucer kfltrd kf ge tfdrïe fidlùohie, pufs fs fvhkfltf quf fse rfcge fltrerïe fl idljghitdidl ge supdshihùl kf quf gds mdonrfs y ges jhroes sdl oexhohzekdrfs kf celelihes. Ge eifpteihùl kf ldroes hltfrleihdlegfs,d ge sdiheghzeihùl kf gds Fstekds fl ul shstfoe hltfrleihdleg,pufkf, pdr supufstd, ggfversf e iend. Aepgel idlvhfrtf fstf rf-

=0




sugtekd pdshngf fl ule supdshihùl kfg shstfoe.8 Idlvhfrtf uleverhengf kfpflkhfltf fl hlkfpflkhfltf. Nhfl pdkrïeods nusierrfcugeihdlfs gfcegfs kfltrd kf gds esultds kf gds Fstekds. Yhlfonercd, sh flidltråreods egcule, ge khsthlihùl fltrf gfyfs quf

fxprfsel ul rfsugtekd y ges rfcges kf eiihùl quf prdkuifl uldkfnfrïe oeriersf iuhkekdseofltf. Aepgel, eg hcueg quf Mdjjoell, fsirhnf idod sh gds eitdrfs prdkubfrel ul kftfrohlekdrfsugtekd sdgeofltf sh sf shfltfl odthvekds pere meifrgd. Fl fgiesd kf Aepgel, fstd rfsugte oås sdrprflkfltf, pufs ejhroe sfcuhr ge tfdrïe cflfreg kf gds shstfoes y ule kf sus prdpdshihdlfsnåshies fs quf ges ghohteihdlfs shstèohies odkhjhiel fg fjfitdquf prdkuihrïe ule ieuse fl eusflihe kf fses ghohteihdlfs. Aepgel ld djrfif lhlcule rezùl pere ge hkflt÷hieihùl kf, odthvds

y idlsfiuflihes. Vl nufl fbfopgd kf 5 quf drhchle fg meifrgdsf megge fl fg flseyd kf uld kf gds fx-khsiïpugds kf Aepgel. Frrù-lfeofltf idlkuihkd pdr ge tfdrïe, fg eutdr sf sdrprflkf eg kfsiunrhr 5 quf kf dtrd odkd kfnfrïe menfr fspfrekd2 quf gesihukekfs-Fstekds htegheles kfg shcgd. quhlif y kfg shcgd ietdrif ldiuopghfrdl idl ge rfcge 5 y ge rfcge ; kf Aepgel (Jrelaf, 58:=,pp. ;>3, ;9:,;98).

Khjfrfltfs prdngfoes eperfifl fl gds khvfrsds shstfoes kfAepgel, pfrd gds quf mf sfõegekd meste fg odofltd sdl idoulfs

e fsds iuetrd shstfoes quf pufkfl sfr eprdphekeofltf kfldohlekds hltfrleihdlegfs.gd ´Iùod surcfl fstds p r d n g f ~ e s Ge rfspufste cflfreg fs quf Aepgel ld me gdcrekd kfserrdgger gdsidlifptds quf gf pfrohthrïel jgfxhnhghzer gds rfiegihtreltfs oetfrhegfs kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, meihèlkdgds flieber fl fgoerid prfihsd y fxhcfltf kf ul fljdquf shstèohid. Ges kfoelkesfspfihegfs kf ul fljdquf shstèohid k ~ n f l sfr sethsjfimes sh fsquf fg fljdquf prftflkf idltflfr ge pdshnhghkek kf kfserrdggersf fl ule tfdrïe fl vfz kf sfr ul ofrd rfiursd texdlùohid quf

fopgfe ul vdienugerhd fxtreõd.Fs fvhkfltf kfskf fg prhlihphd quf Aepgel ld gdcre seths

jeifr fstes kfoelkes. Kfjhlf ul shstfoe kf eiihùl idod ul

8 Sfgtoel (583>) irhthie hlihshveofltf ge ernhtrerhe kfrhveihùl kf rfcges quf meif Aepgel.

5 Fs -kfihr, quf ld sf epghiel e gds shstfoes ulhvfrsegfs lh bfrårquh-ids. Ges rfcges kf fstds ògthods sdl khjfrfltfs fl igesf e ges kf ul shstfoe hltfrleihdleg, pufs fxhstfl ecfltfs pere epghierges (vfr 58:; , pp .;6-60) .

=5



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

idlbultd kf verhengfs tel rfgeihdlekes, fl idltrestf idl su idltfxtd, quf ges rfcugerhkekfs kf idlkuite kfsirhpthngfs iereitf-

. rhzel ges rfgeihdlfs hltfrles kf ges verhengfs hlkhvhkuegfs idl gesidonhleihdlfs kf ges verhengfs fxtfrles . Vl shstfoe, eõekf,thflf ule hkflthkek fl fg thfopd (58:;, p. ;). E perthr kf fste

kfjhlhihùl, quf ld fs oege, sf gf rfquhfrf, prhofrd, quf kfjhle fgshstfoe, quf hlkhquf fg idltfxtd kfg shstfoe y quf oerquf gdsgïohtfs fltrf fggds1 y, sfculkd, quf kfjhle fg shstfoe kf ge fstruiture kf odkd quf ge hkflthkek kfg shstfoe sfe khsifrlhngfkf ges verhengfs hltfrles y kf sus hltfreiihdlfs. Fstds kds prdngfoes ld sf rfsufgvfl.

Prhofrd, Aepgel ofzige, d idljulkf, shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs idl sus idltfxtds. Eg fsirhnhr eifrie kf odkfgds shstèohids,Aepgel me khimd2 Ges rfcges kf trelsjdroeihùl flulihel gds.ieonhds quf diurrfl kfltrd kfg shstfoe e ofkhke quf sf prdkuifl, e trevès kf ge jrdltfre kfg shstfoe, hopugsds k÷frfltfs kfequèggås rfqufrhkds pere fg fquhghnrhd, quf kfspgezel eg shstfoemeihe ge hlfstenhghkek d meihe' ge fstenhghkek kf ul lufvd shstfoe (58:8, pp. >5>-59). ´Pfrd kùlkf sf megge fg gïohtf fltrf ul

shstfoe hltfrleihdleg y su idltfxtd, d fltrf ul shstfoe hltfrleihdleg y dtrds shstfoes, y què fs gd quf pufkf prdifkfr kfg fxtf

rhdr4 Yfcòl ge kfjhlhihùl kf Aepgel, tdkes ges idses hopdrteltfspere gds shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs sf meggel kfltrd kf fggds, y shl

fonercd fsirhnf eifrie kf gds peråoftrds kf ul shstfoe hltfrleihdleg quf fs ieonhekd pdr pfrturneihdlfs prdifkfltfs kfgfxtfrhdr kfg shstfoe (prfjeihd kf 58:;). ´Iuåg fs fg idltfxtd, yiuågfs sdl gds dtrds shstfoes kf gds quf pdkrïel.prdifkfr gespfrturneihdlfs4 .

Fg gfitdr kfnf prfdiupersf pdr megger ule rfspufste pdr sh

ohsod, pufs Aepgel ld kfsirhnf ul idltfxtd, l fstengfif ul

ghohtf lh hlkhie kf què odkd sf pdkrïe idlifnhr dtrd shstfoeiddrkhlekd idl l shstfoe hltfrleihdleg. Kds kf sus verhengfsperfifl dpfrer e .lhvfg.shstèohid. Fgges sdl ges rfcges fsflihegfsy ges rfcges kf trelsjdroeihùl. Fl fstf pghltd Aepgel lds etrepe

fl ul iïriugd Yh pdr fg odofltd eifpteods idrld idmfrfltfs gesrfcges fsflihegfs, fltdlifs e perthr kf ges kfjhlhihdlfs y supdshihdlfs kf Aepgel iuegquhfr shstfoe pfroelfifrïe hlkfjhlhkeofltf fl fquhghnrhd (fs kfihr, fl fquhghnrhd fstengf) ohfltres gdsFstekds shcuhfrel fses rfcges. Fstd fs esï shopgfofltf pdrquf

Aepgel me hcuegekd ge odthveihùl y ge idlkuite kf gds eitdrfs

=>




idl gds rfsugtekds kf sus eiihdlfs. Ges rfcges kf' trelsjdroeihùlfltrel fl eiihùl sùgd "iuelkd ges idlkhihdlfs idltfxtuegfs sdltegfs quf sf hlkuifl ieonhds fl ge idlkuite iereitfrïsthie, fs

kfihr, fl ges rfcges fsflihegfs" (58:;, p. 50). Pfrd, fl iuegquhfrshstfoe kftfrohlekd, ld sf prdkuihrål ieonhds kf ges idlkhihd-lfs idltfxtuegfs ohfltres gds eitdrfs shcel ges rfcges fsflihegfs.Fstd fs esï ye quf ge fxprfshùl "idlkhihdlfs idltfxtuegfs" sfrfjhfrf eg idltfxtd kf gds Fstekds, ld eg idltfxtd kfg shstfoe. Fgidltfxtd kf gds Fstekds fs, pdr supufstd, fg shstfoe hltfrleihd-leg, quf pfroelfif hloutengf ohfltres gds Fstekds shcel rfspf-telkd ges rfcges fsflihegfs. Èsf fs fg ihriugd.

´Iùod rdopfr fstf iïriugd4 ´Iùod fs pdshngf fg ieonhd4

Aepgel oflihdle quf gds ieonhds,pufkfl drbchlersf fl fstekdsprfvhds kfg shstfoe, pfrd eg fsirhnhr eifrie kf pdgïthie hltfrle-ihdleg ld sf diupe kf fse pdshnhghkek fl tèrohlds jdroegfs dshstèohids. Fl rfeghkek, pere èg fg drhcfl kfg ieonhd kf gds shs-tfoes hltfrleihdlegfs rekhie fl ge idlkuite kf gds eitdrfs, fspf-iïjhieofltf fl fg mfimd kf quf qufnreltfl ges rfcges fsflihegfs.Gds Fstekds ohsods sdl ge jufltf kf ges "pfrturneihdlfs fxtf-rhdrfs kfg. shstfoe". Pere Aepgel, fltdlifs, gds Fstekds, fl uldkf sus espfitds, ¡sdl fg idltfxtd kfg s hstfoe hltfrleihdleg 55 Ldfs rerd fltdlifs quf ld meye gdcrekd idlifnhr fg shstfoe hltfr-leihdleg fl rfgeihùl idl su idltfxtd kf ule oelfre òthg, d kffstengfifr ul gïohtf fltrf fggds. Aepgel ld me gdcrekd sethsjeifrfg prhofrd kf gds rfqufrhohfltds quf ye mfods oflihdlekd.

Fg sfculkd rfqufrhohfltd fg fstengfihohfltd kf ge hkfl-thkek kfg shstfoe hltfrleihdleg gf rfsugte hcuegofltf khjhiug-tdsd. Ge khjHiugtek sf ekvhfrtf eg dnsfrver fg dtrd odkd fl qufAepgel idlshkfre e gds Fstekds2 ld idod idltfxtd kf ul shstfoehltfrleihdleg shld idod sunshstfoes kf fsf shstfoe. Gds Fstekds,

eg sfr fl sï ohsods shstfoes ekfoås kf sfr sunshstfoes kfg shs-tfoe hltfrleihdleg, pufkfl sfr idlshkfrekds shstfoes fl kdlkfsf drhchlel ges pfrturneihdlfs. Ges tflshdlfs, ges khsjulihdlfs,gds ~ d l t f h o h f l t d s kfsfstenhghzekdrfs kfnfl, sfcòl ges ³ kfjhlh-ihdlfs kf Aepgel, surchr kf gds eitdrfs, ye sfel idlshkfrekds id-od idltfxtd d idod sunshstfoes. Fg shstfoe hltfrleihdleg, sf- òl pegenres kf Aepgel, "thflkf meihe fg pdgd kdohleltf kfg

. 55 Fg pultd fstå nhfl kfserrdggekd fl Mfssgfr, iuye dnre me shkd òthgteonhèl pere crel ielthkek kf tfoes kf fste sfiihùl.

=



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

sunshstfoe . Phflse, pdr fbfopgd, fl su shstfoe kf fquhghnrhdkf pdkfr idod sunshstfoe k d o h l e ~ t f pdrquf ges rfcgesfsflihegfs kfg shstfoe hltfrleihdleg kfg 'fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr'

fstål sundrkhlekes e gds shstfoes leihdlegfs hlkhvhkuegfs (589;,pp. 53, 5>6,5>8).

Fl fstf iesd, idod tel e oflukd diurrf, fg gflcuebf kf Aepgel fs gexd f hoprfihsd meste fg pultd kf idljulkhr eg gfitdr lge ohsoe påchle, fsirhnf eifrie kf quf gds sunshstfoes idopertfl fg kdohlhd y eifrie kf quf gds sunshstfoes fsflihegfsperthihpel kf ul fquhghnrhd kf egcòl odkd shohger eg kfg ofriekd dghcdpùghid (58:;, p. 53). Ge ofltf sf idljulkf eltf ge

hkfe kf quf gds sunshstfoes sfel kdohleltfs, pdr ld menger kfg

mfimd kf quf idopertel fsf kdohlhd. ´Uuè dtre idse pdkrïe sfrfg kdohlhd kf gds sunshstfoes oås quf ge lfceih:l kf ul fljdquf shstèohid4 Oås eòl, ul ofriekd dghcdp:ghid ld fs equègfl quf ges jhroes sdl kdohleltfs shld oås nhfl ul ofriekd fl fgquf, idltrerheofltf e ge ldihùl kf kdohlhd, fg crekd kf-hljguflihe fbfrihke pdr ges jhroes fs hlkftfrohlekd. Fl fidldoïe, kekdquf teltd fg idlifptd kf ofriekd idod fg kfg idltfxtd kf ges

jhroes fstål nhfl kfjhlhkds, fg crekd kf hljguflihe fbfrihkd pdr fgofriekd y fg crekd kf hljguflihe fbfrihkd pdr ges jhroes pufkfl

sfr pfrjfiteofltf hlvfsthcekds. Fl fg iesd kf Aepgel, beoås sfkfserrdgge ule kfjhlhih:l igere lh dpfreihdleg kfg idltfxtd kf gdsFstekds, y lhlcule kfjhlhihùl kf fsf idltfxtd sf ke fl rfgeihùlidl gds Fstekds quf gd jdroel, shflkd, ld dnsteltf, khjfrfltfs.Esï, Aepgehg ld djrfif lhlcòl ofkhd kf hlvfsthcer fg crekd kfhljguflihe fbfrihkd pdr fg shstfoe lh teopdid pdr gds sunshstfoes. Pdr gd teltd, kfnf idltfltersf idl prdkuihr ejhroeihdlfskènhgfs eifrie kf quf gds shstfoes d gds sunshstfoes thflkel esfr, d sdl, kdohleltfs.

Emdre pdkfods vfr iuågfs sdl ges idlsfiuflihes kf ge hliepeihkek kfodstreke pdr Aepgel idl rfspfitd eg sfculkd rfqufrhohfltd. Kfjhlhr ul shstfoe idod ul idlbultd kf verhengfs rfgeihdlekes, fti. rfquhfrf quf khceods pdr què ule kftfrohleke

rfulhùl kf verhengfs idlsthtuyf ul shstfoe. Fg eutdr -lds khif2Idod ul shstfoe thflf ule hkflthkek e gd gercd kfg thfopd, fs

lfifserhd kfsirhnhrgd fl verhds odofltds, fs kfihr, kfsirhnhr sus

fstekds suifshvds. [eonhèl fs lfifserhd shtuer gds ieonhds kf

verhengfs quf kel gucer e gds khjfrfltfs fstekds suifshvds (58:;,

p. ; ).Pfrjfitd, pfrd fg irhtfrhd quf djrfif pere jhber ge hkflthkek

=



FLJDUVFY X [FD^ÏEY YH Y[ÈOH DY

kf ul shstfoe fs kènhg f hlidopgftd. Dnvheofltf, ld tflfodslhlcòl shstfoe sh ld fs pdshngf kfsirhnhr sus khvfrsds fstekdslh fspfihjhier iuågfs sdl ges verhengfs quf gds prdkuifl. Pfrd

kfihr shopgfofltf fsd kfbe kf gekd ge iufsthùl prhdrhterhe eifrie kf què fs gd quf meif quf ul idlbultd sfe ul idlbultd fl vfzkf sfr ule ofre rfulhùl kf verhengfs. Aepgel eifltòe ge hopdrtelihe kf fste iufsthùl, fl vfz ' kf rfspdlkfrge. Yus uodkfgdskf ieke uld kf gds shstfoes ld sdl fl rfeghkek odkfgds shldshopgfs ecrupeohfltds kf verhengfs prfsulteofltf hopdrteltfspere ge idoprflshùl kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg. Ges verhengfs kful shstfoe rfprfsfltel su idltflhkd. [eg idod sfõege dtrd Aepgel, Enremeo, iuelkd ul shstfoe fs ul odkfgd kf dtrd, eondssf esfofbel fl jdro y ld fl idltflhkd . Ges prdphfkekfs fstruituregfs, ecrfce, sdl ouy enstreites, pufs sùgd sf rfjhfrfl eequfggds rescds kf ges rfgeihdlfs quf sdl tdtegofltf hlkfpflkhfltfs kf ges idses perthiugerfs quf ³sf prfsfltel fl fses rfgeihdlfs (58:;, pp. >:9->:;). Odrtdl Aepgel, shl fonercd, lhshquhfre sf prfdiupe pdr fg prdngfoe kf ge jdroe. Fste ierflihekf prfdiupeihùl fs idlsfiuflihe letureg kf su fljdquf kf gdsshstfoes kf eiihùl. L d phflse fl shstfoes khjfrfltfs fl tèrohldskf fstruitures khjfrfltfs shld quf gds ietfcdrhze fl ule fsiegehltfcrekdre (58:;, p. >5). Fstd eyuke e fxpghier su idljuse ejhroeihùl kf quf ge tfdrïe f l perthiuger ges tfdrïes shstèohiespfrohtf ge hltfcreihùl kf v rh ngfs kf khjfrfltfs khsihpghles(prfjeihd kf 58631 fg sunreyekd fs oïd). Ges verhengfs kf ³ gdskhjfrfltfs ieopds, menhtuegofltf, khjhfrfl fl idltflhkd. Eulqufge sustelihe sfe khjfrfltf, fs gfcïthod fg prèsteod fltrf ieopdssh eonds sdl mdoùgdcds. Ge sfofbelze kf ge jdroe fs gd qufpfrohtf epghier tfdrïes y idlifptds kf ule khsihpghle e dtre. Flfse igesf kf prèsteods rekhie ule idltrhnuihùl pdshngfofltfhopdrteltf pere ge tfdrïe shstèohie. Fg prèsteod kf verhengfs,iuelkd fs pdshngf, ld prdkuif lhlcòl thpd kf prdcrfsd fl ge foprfse hltfgfitueg, pufs fg mfimd kf quf ges verhengfs pufkelprfstersf fs julkeofltegofltf ule iufsthùl fopïrhie. Idod

Aepgel ld me rfsufgtd fg prdngfoe kf ge hkflthkek kfg shstfoef g prdngfoe kf kfjhlhr su fstruiture d su jdroe- ld pufkf

eprdvfimer ule kf ges vfltebes djrfihkes pdr ul fljdquf shstèohid, quf fs ge pdshnhghkek kf epghier tfdrïes shohgerfs e rfhldskhjfrfltfs.

Fg jreiesd kf Aepgel fl su hltfltd kf fstengfifr ge hkflth-

=



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

kek kf ul shstfoe khjfrflihålkdgd teltd kf su idltfxtd idod kfsus pertfs ghohte sfvfreofltf ges iufsthdlfs quf su fljdqufpufkf oelfber. Jrfiufltfo fltf, sf prfculte iuåg sfrå fg fjfitdfbfrihkd pdr ge idlkuite kf gds Fstekds sen,rf ul shstfoe hltfr

leihdleg. L d pufkf hlvfrthr ge prfculte, pufs ld thflf lhlcòl

idlifptd kf ge fstruiture kfg shstfoe eituelkd idod gïohtf drcelhzethvd sdnrf gds eitdrfs, ul gïohtf iuyd fjfitd fspfrengfverherïe kf u shstfoe e dtrd. Idod ld fstå fl idlkhihdlfs kf

kfihr fl què odkd fg shstfoe ejfiterå e gds eitdrfs, sus fxpghieihdlfs d prfkhiihdlfs sùgd pufkfl rfjfrhrsf eg shstfoe ohsodsus idlkhihdlfs kf fquhghnrhd, su crekd kf fstenhghkek y sus

pD,shngfs trelsjdroeihdlfs (58:;, prfjeihd).Zegf ge pfle fxpghier iuhkekdseofltf gds gïohtfs hlmfrfltfs

eg fljdquf kf Aepgel, ye quf gds pultds hlvdguirekds sdl julkeofltegfs pere iuegquhfr fljdquf shstèohid. Flulihergds equïeyukerå e rfsuohr y e rfjdrzer gd quf ye mf khimd eifrie kf gdsshstfoes.,

Eulquf egfce sfcuhr gds ~ l f o h f l t d s kf ul fljdquf shstèohid, Aepgel, eg hcueg quf ouimds dtrds, ld gdcre khsthlcuhr ge

hltfreiihùl kf ges ulhkekfs y su khspdshihùl. Yhtòe ge rfgeihùlkf gds Fstekds, fl fg sflthkd kf sus hltfreiihdlfs, e lhvfg shstèohid. Fstd fs igereofltf pfrifpthngf fl ge oelfre fl quf sfpere

gds shstfoes nhpdgerfs gexds kf gds sfvfrds, y fse khsthlihùlkfpflkf kf ge sfvfrhkek kf ges gïlfes kf eghelzes (58:;, pp. 9:-;6).Fl dtrd pultd julkeoflteg perfif fgukhr ge rfkuiihùl kfg lhvfgshstèohid eg kf ge ulhkek, eulquf ges eperhflihes eienel pdr ,sfr

kfsejdrtulekeofltf flceõdses. Kfigere quf sus shstfoes sdl

våghkds pere iuegquhfr igesf kf Fstekds, pufs e lhvfg shstèohidld thflfl lhlcule hopdrtelihe ges hkflthkekfs perthiugerfs kfgds Fstekds. Yhl fonercd, sh fg shstfoe fstå idlifnhkd kf oelfre tel vece idod pere ld djrfifr iesh fxpghieihùl eifrie kf ge

idlkuite kf gds Fstekds, ge rfspufste e fse prfculte iruiheg pereAepgel s h gds Fstekds sfcuhrål d ld sus rfcges kfpflkfråkf oelfre ensdgute kf iùod sdl fsds Fstekds. Fl tèrohlds kfgds etrhnutds kf gds Fstekds, esï idod fl tèrohlds kf sus hltfrrfgeihdlfs, fg fljdquf eiene pdr sfr rfkuiihdlhste. Idod Aepgel ,sf ifltre fl ge julihùl y fg prdifsd, su etflihùl sf idlifltre fl

ge idlkuite y fl ge hltfreiihùl kf gds Fstekds. Ges prdpdshihdlfsquf prfsflte sdl eifrie kf ges ulhkekfs y sus tdoes kf kfihshùly ges rfcges quf èstes shcufl, y ld sf rfjhfrfl eg fjfitd quf fbfr-

=




ifl sdnrf fses ulhkekfs gds khjfrfltfs shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs(58:;, iepïtugds 6 y : . Vle vfz oås, ul fljdquf fxpgïihteofltfshstèohid eiene pdr sfr rfkuiihdlhste.

Fg oètdkd kf Aepgel fs fl rfeghkek fg oètdkd igåshid kf

hlvfsthceihùl kfg ieråitfr y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf ges verhengfs,idl fg ecrfcekd kf quf fses hltfreiihdlfs sf tdoel idod kfsirhpihdlfs kfg shstfoe. Esï, pdkfods prdifkfr elegïthieofltf.Yh fstd fs ihfrtd, gds irïthids kf Aepgel quf mel meggekd susfgendrekes idlstruiihdlfs y sus prdifkhohfltds hlekfiuekdsfsterål fl gd ihfrtd. Idod fste irïthie fs våghke, pdkfods fbfopghjhierge kf ouimes oelfres. Fgfchrè sdgeofltf ule2 ge ldihùlquf prfsflte Aepgel kf "jffkneia". Fg idlifptd fstå tdoekdkf ge ihnfrlèthie, kdlkf sf gd kfjhlf kf ge shcuhfltf oelfre2

iuelkd "kfsfeods quf ul odvhohfltd shce ul fsqufoe kftfrohlekd sf use ge khjfrflihe fltrf fsf fsqufoe y fg odvhohfltdvfrkekfreofltf prdkuihkd idod lufvd hopugsd kf fltreke kfsthlekd e meifr quf ge pertf rfcugeke sf kfspgeif kf oelfre tegquf su odvhohfltd sfe gd oås ifrield pdshngf eg quf fstengfif fg fsqufoe" (Shflfr 58:5, pp. :-3). Yfcòl fse kfjhlhihùl, fg"jffkneia" sdgd dpfre kfltrd kf ule drcelhzeihùl1 fs kfihr quf geldihùl kf "jffkneia" ld thflf shclhjhiekd tèilhid prfihsd jufre kful drkfl bfrårquhid (Nfrtegeljjy 58:=, pp. ;>-;;1 Adfstgfr 5835,

p. >0;). Fg fbfopgD jevdrhtd kf Aepgel y kf iesh tdkd fg oul d kf ul tfrodstetd quf rfcuge ul mdrld kf odkd kf oeltflfr ge tfopfreture iesh idlsteltf fs ³idmfrfltf idl ge kfjhlhihùlkf Shflfr y idl gd quf fgge fltreõe ul idltrdgekdr y ul s-

truofltd idltrdgekd quf prdkuifl ul rfsugtekd perthiuger. Pfrd fl rfgeihdlfs hltfrleihdlegfs, ´què fs gd quf idrrfspdlkf efses ldihdlfs4 ¡Leke Aepgel shopgfofltf uthghze ge pegenreshl lhlcule prfdiupeihùl pdr .su idrrfiihùl jdroeg. e pegenre"jffkneia", fltdlifs, tel sùgd hopghie quf fl kftfrohlekes idl

h ~ h d l s ihfrtds Fstekds prdnengfofltf ieonhfl sus pdghthies flrfspufste e .50= odvhohfltds kf dtrds Fstekds, iuyds odvhohfltds ugtfrhdrfs, e su vfz, sfrål ejfitekds pdr fsds ieonhds (58:;,p. : . B4frd fse hkfe ld prfsflte leke lufvd y teopdid hopghieul idlifptd igerd. Fg tfrodstet'} y fg mdrld sf mel idljulkhkd.Ydl uld sdgd. Ld mey hkfe kf ul idltrdgekdr epertf kfg eitdr idltrdgekd.

. Kfsejdrtulekeofltf, kfnfods fster kf eiufrkd idl ImergfsOiIgfggelk2 Aepgel me pdpugerhzekd ge tfdrïe shstèohie y . e ge

=3



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

vfz, ge me tdrlekd ohstfrhdse 5830, p. 39). Yu dnre fs oås ulfljdquf y ule texdldoïe quf ule tfdrïe. Pfrd fg fljdquf fståidgoekd kf flhcoes quf, e ieuse kf ges idltrekhiihdlfs y ges

hlekfiueihdlfs idlifptuegfs, fg gfitdr ld pufkf rfsdgvfr. Pdr gesohsoes rezdlfs, ge texdldoïe ld fs kf crel uthghkek. Fl rfsuofl, yfl drkfl esiflkfltf kf hopdrtelihe, ges trfs khjhiugtekfsquf fluliheods e idlthlueihùl sdl kf crel hopdrtelihe2

5. Pdr hkflthjhier su shstfoe prhlihpeg, fg fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr, idl ge shtueihùl mhstùrhie kf rhveghkek fltrf oås d ofldsihlid crelkfs pdkfrfs, Aepgel dsiurfif fg mfimd kf quf ge tfdrïe kfg fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr sf epghie fl tdkes ges shtueihdlfs fl

ges quf idfxhstfl kds d oås ulhkekfs kfltrd kf ul shstfoe kfeutd-eyuke. Idl ul lufvd gflcuebf, Aepgel pfrpftòe gds pfrfllfs frrdrfs eifrie kf ge tfdrïe kfg fquhghnrhd kfg pdkfr y meifoås khjïihg vfr quf fl pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fg fquhghnrhd kfgpdkfr fs shopgfofltf ule tfdrïe kfg rfsugtekd kf ge idlkuite kfges ulhkekfs fl shtueihùl kf elerquïe (vfr oås ekfgeltf, iephtugd : pertf 555 .

>. Yùgd kfnfods kfserrdgger ul fljdquf shstèohid fl fg

iesd kf quf dpfrfl ieuses e lhvfg shstèohid. Fl fsf iesd, kfnfods oeltflfr iuhkekdseofltf jufre kf ge kfjhlhihùl kf fstruiture gds etrhnutds y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf ges ulhkekfs kfg shstfoe. Yh ld gd meifods, ld pdkrfods djrfifr lhlcule fxpghieihùle lhvfg shstèohid. Lh shquhfre pdkrfods kftfrohler fm què ofkhke fg shstfoe ejfite e ges ulhkekfs. Xe mf hlkhiekd quf gdsetrhnutds y ges hltfreiihdlfs fltrel, fl ge dnre kf Aepgel, eg lhvfg shstèohid. Fl fstf pultd, idod diurrf idl jrfiuflihe, fg eutdr fs hlidlshstfltf. [res menfr lfcekd fxpgïihteofltf quf gdsetrhnutds tuvhfrel ul gucer kfltrd kf ge fstruiture, gds meiffltrer fl fgge sunrfpthiheofltf pdr ofkhd³ kf sus rfcges. Fl sushstfoe kf fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr, ges rfgeihdlfs ld fstål eperfltfofltf ³hliguhkes e lhvfg shstèohid pdr fbfopgd, ld ief fl g

frrdr idoòl kf kfsirhnhr gds crelkfs pdkfrfs pdghthids eltfrhdrfs e ge Prhofre Cufrre Oulkheg idod nhpdgerfs 58::, pp.

8-50). Ld dnsteltf, sus shstfoes nhpdgerfs gexd y sfvfrd gdcrelule hkflthkek fspfiheg prfihseofltf pdr ofkhd kf ges khjfrflihes kf ges rfgeihdlfs, fs kfihr, pdr ofkhd kf ges khjfrflihes kf

ges iereitfrïsthies kf gds ngdqufs.

==




Ld sf pufkf fxtrefr pertf kf ge fxpghieihùl kf ge jdroeihùl,ge hopdrtelihe ge kureihùl kf gds ngdqufs d ges eghelzes kf geidlshkfreihùl kfg t hpd kf shstfoe quf prfvegfif, sh gds shstfoesfstel fggds ohsods khjfrflihekds fl pertf sfcòl sus iereitfrïsthies rfgeihdlegfs. Fl su shstfoe kf fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr, Aepgelshcuf fste gùchie1 ld 50 meif fl sus shstfoes nhpdgerfs gexd ysfvfrd. Yhl kuke, ge idljushùl kf Aepgel fl fstf hopdrteltïshodpultd me eyukekd e pfrpftuer ge idstuonrf kf hliguhr idljhcureihdlfs kf eghelzes fl ge fstruiture kf gds shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs. Idl kfsegfltekdre jrfiuflihe, ges idses quf kfsfeods fx-

pghier g e hltflshkek kf ges tflkflihes e jdroer eghelzes, gejeihghkek idl quf fstes eghelzes sdl oeltflhkes d egtfrekes- sfidljulkfl idl equfggd quf pdkrïe eyuker e fxpghierges2 Yf p d ~krïe sdspfimer quf ge dnre kf Aepgel, quf s ~ iuflte fltrf gdsprhofrds fsirhtds shstèohids eifrie kf pdgjthie hltfrleihdleg,thflf .pertf kf rfspdlsenhghkek pdr fste khjulkhke idljushùl.

9 Vl fljdquf shstèohid sùgd sf rfquhfrf sh ge fstruiturekfg shstfoe sus ulhkekfs hltfreitueltfs sf ejfitel outueofltf. Vl fljdquf shstèohid fs fxhtdsd sdgeofltf sh gds fjfitds fstruituregfs fstål igereofltf kfjhlhkds y fxmhnhkds. Yfcòl Ae-

pgel, fg shstfoe pdgïthid hltfrleihdleg fs enhfrtd. Fl ul shstfoeenhfrtd, ge fstruiture kf fsf shstfoe pufkf kftfrohler gds rfsugtekds hlkfpflkhfltfofltf kf gds ieonhds kf ges verhengfs y

e pfser kf ge kfseperhihùl kf egcules kf fgges y ge fofrcflihekf dtres}> Kfltrd kf ul shstfoe kftfrohlekd, khjfrfltfs ieuses pufkfl prdkuihr fg ohsod fjfitd1 fl shstfoes khjfrfltfs,ges ohsoes ieuses pufkfl tflfr khjfrfltfs idlsfiuflihes. ~fjfitd kf ule drcelhzeihùl, fl rfsuofl, pufkf prfkdohler 'sdnrfgds etrhnutds y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf gds fgfofltds quf ge idopdlfl. Gfbds kf prfkdohler, ge fstruiture kf ul shstfoe eitòeidod gïohtf kf ges ulhkekfs kfg shstfoe. Ges khspdlf e idopdrtersf kf ihfrte oelfre y ld kf dtre, y fs pdr fsd quf fg shstfoe

sf oelthflf. Yh ges jufrzes shstèohies sdl hlsujhihfltfs pere fsteterfe, fg shstfoe kfseperfif d sf trelsjdroe. Aepgel, ld dnsteltf, ld kfserrdgge fg idopdlfltf khsthlthveofltf shstèohid kf sufljdquf shstèohid. Idod diurrf idl ³jrfiuflihe fl fg iesd kf gds

5> Èste fs ge ldihùl kf ufquhjhleghkek quf sf prdkuif sh sf egielzefg ohsod fstekd jhleg perthflkd kf khjfrfltfs idlkhihdlfs hlhihegfs (Nfrtegeljjy, 58:=, pp. 595-5;8) .

=8



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

ihfltïjhiD s pD gïthiD s, fg iD lifptD fstruitureg fs kènhg D fstå eu-sfltf, y sf fxegtel fg prD ifsD y ge julihùl. Fg eutD r, pdr ihfrtd,meif fxpgïihte fste ghohteihùl kf su fljdquf iuelkD kfsirhnf e

gD Y shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs iD oD sunshstfoes kD ohleltfs. Vlsunshstfoe kD ohleltf lD fs lhlcòl thpD kf shstfoe. Vle vfzoås lD s meggeoD s eltf fg iesD kf ggeoer shstèohiD e ul fljdquffsflihegofltf rfkuiihdlhste.

GD s fstukhD sD s kf pdgïthie hltfrleihD leg quf egfcel sfcuhrul fljdquf shstèohid iefl kfltrd kf kds ietfcdrïes. Egculdsshopgfofltf usel tèrohlD s idod shstfoe y fstruiture id-oD pegenres kf oD ke kfltrD kf ge shfoprf ieonheltf bfrce kfgieopD . us elåghshs kf gD s eiD ltfihohfltds hltfrleihD legfs y kf

ges rfgeihdlfs kf gds Fstekds ld sfrïel khjfrfltfs sh sf dohthfrelfsD s tèrohlds.

dtrds ihfltïjhids pdgïthids odgkferïel su dnre e perthr kfgodkfgD kf gD s shstfoes cflfregfs. Ge prfsflihe kf fjfitds shstè-ohiD s, shl fonercD , lD shcltghie fl sï ohsoe quf fg rfhlD kf ge

pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg pufke sfr kfjhlhkD iD od shstfoe. fl fgsflthkd fl fg quf fsf tèrohlD fs cflfregofltf uthghzekD pdr gdstfùrhiD s shstèohiD s. Fl fsf iesD , ul shstfoe fs ule D rcelhze-ihùl iD opgfte, fstengfihke bfrårquhieofltf iD l pertfs khjfrfl-

ihekes quf kfsfopfõel julihD lfs fspfiïjhies. Fg hltfltD kf sf-cuhr fg oD kfgd shstèohiD cflfreg me shkD kfsejD rtulekD , pufs

lufstrd tfoe lD fliebe pfrjfiteofltf fl fsf oD kfgD quf, esï,ld lD s rfsugte òthg. Ge pD gïthie hltfrleihD leg ierfif kfg D rkflerthiugekd y kf ge D rcelhzeihùl bfrårquhie quf tD oerïel eprd-phekd ul fljdquf shstèohid cflfreg.³

80



;

[FD^H Y YHY[ÈOHI Y

^FKVIIHDLHY[ Y

Gds iepïtugds > y 9 sdl fgfvekeofltf irïthids. Ge irïthie fs ule

terfe lfcethve quf, supufsteofltf, thflf ,sus rfidopflses. Perecelårofges, fl fstf iepïtugd rfjgfxhdlerè fl prhofr tèrohldeifrie kf gds kfjfitds tfùrhids r f v f g ~ d s fl ges påchles prfvhes,pere kfihr gufcd què fs 50 quf idoprflkf ule tfdrïe shstèohiekf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg y què fs 50 quf pufkf y 50 quf ld

pufkf gdcrer.

5

Kf ule u dtre oelfre, ges tfdrïes kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, sfelrfkuiihdlhstes d shstèohies, sf diupel kf gds eidltfihohfltdsfl tdkds gds lhvfgfs, kfskf fg sunleihdleg meste fg supreleihdleg.Ges tfdrïes ld sdl rfkuiihdlhstes d shstèohies sfcòl fg tfoe

kfg quf sf diupfl, shld sfcòl fg odkd fl quf khspdlfl sus oe-

tfrhegfs. Ges tfdrïes rfkuiihdlhstes fxpghiel gds eidltfihohfltdshltfrleihdlegfs pdr ofkhd kf fgfofltds y idonhleihdlfs kf fgf-ofltds,shtuekds fl gds lhvfgfs leihdlegfs d sunleihdlegfs. ses

tfdrïes ejhroel quf ges jufrzes hltfrles prdkuifl gds rfsugte-kds fxtfrlds. L ] fs fg fsqufoe quf shcufl. Fg shstfoe l-

tfrleihdleg, sh fs quf sf gd idlihnf, fs tel s:50 i d l s h k f r ~ dul rfsugtekd.

Vle tfdrïe rfkuiihdlhste fs ule tfdrïe eifrie kf ge idlkuitekf ges pertfs. Vle vfz quf sf me gdcrekd ule tfdrïe quf fxpghqufge idlkuite kf ges pertfs, ld sf meifl oås fsjufrzds l sdlteopdid lfifserhds. Yfcòl ges tfdrïes kfg hopfrheghsod quffxeohleods fl fg iepïtugd > pdr fbfopgd, gds rfsugtekds hltfr-leihdlegfs sdl shopgfofltf ge suoe kf gds rfsugtekds prdku-ihkds pdr gds Fstekds pdr sfperekd, y ge idlkuite kf ieke uldkf fggds sf fxpghie pdr ofkhd kf sus iereitfrïsthies hltfrles.

85



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

Ge tfdrïe kf Mdnsdl, tdoeke idod cflfreg, fs ule tfdrïe eifriekfg julihdleohfltd kf ges fidldoïes leihdlegfs. Kekes ihfrtesidlkhihdlfs, fxpghie pdr què khsohluyf ge kfoelke, pdr quèief ge prdkuiihùl y pdr què mey kfsfopgfd kf gds rfiursds. Eperthr kfg idldihohfltd kfg julihdleohfltd kf ges fidldoïes

iephteghstes, Mdnsdl irfyù pdkfr hljfrhr ge idlkuite fxtfrlekf gds Fstekds iephteghstes. Idofthù fg frrdr quf idlshstf fl

prfkfihr rfsugtekds e perthr kf gds etrhnutds. Hltflter meifr fsdfs gd ohsod quf peser pdr egtd ges khjfrflihes fltrf fstes kdsdreihdlfs2 Èg fs ul nusiegïds 1 Èg ieuse prdngfoes . e sf-culke ejhroeihùl ld sf kfsprflkf³kf ge prhofre sh gds etrhnutds

kf gds eitdrfs ld sdl gds òlhids kftfrohleltfs kf gds rfsugtekds.Kfg ohsod odkd quf gds peihjhiekdrfs jreiesel fl sus hltfltdskf gdcrer ge pez, gds nusiegïds pufkfl jreieser fl su hltfltd

kf ieuser prdngfoes. E perthr kf gds etrhnutds ld sf pufkflprfkfihr gds rfsugtekds sh gds rfsugtekds kfpflkfl kf ges shtue-ihdlfs kf gds eitdrfs ekfoås kf kfpflkfr kf sus etrhnutds.

Eperfltfofltf, pdies pfrsdles pufkfl fsieper e ge idlvhi-ihùl kf quf gds rfsugtekds pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs fstål kftfr-ohlekds, y ld ofreofltf ejfitekds, pdr ges iereitfrïsthies kfgds Fstekds. Fg frrdr kf Mdnsdl me shkd idofthkd pdr iesh td-kds, eg oflds e perthr kfg shcgd khfihlufvf fl ekfgeltf. Fl ge

mhstdrhe eltfrhdr kf ge pdgïthie odkfrle kf gds crelkfs pdkfrfs,

tdkds gds Fstekds frel odlerquïes, y ge oeydrïe odlerquïesensdgutes. ´Fg bufcd pdgïthid kfg pdkfr sf bucene fltdlifs eieuse kf gds hopfrethvds pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs d shopgfofl-tf pdrquf gds Fstekds eutdrhterhds sf prfdiupel pdr fg pdkfr4Yh ge rfspufste pere ge ògthoe pertf kf ge prfculte jufre sï ,fltdlifs gds ieonhds leihdlegfs prdjulkds trelsjdroerïel ge

pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg. Fsds ieonhds fopfzerdl e ggfversf e iendfl Furdpe y fl Eoèrhie fl 3=8 kf oelfre oås ldtengf. Pere

egculds, ge kfodireihe sf idlvhrthù fl ge jdroe kfg Fstekd quf

merïe peiïjhid eg oulkd1 pere dtrds, oås terkf, juf fg sdiheghs-od fg fliercekd kf fse terfe. Oås eòl, ld sdgeofltf ge cufrre yge pez, shld teonhèl ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fl cflfreg kfnïelidoprflkfrsf pdr ofkhd kfg fstukhd kfg Fstekd y kf gds fstekhs-tes, ges èghtfs y ges nurdireihes, gds eitdrfs sunleihdlegfs ytrelsleihdlegfs iuyes idlkuites f hltfreiihdlfs jdroel ge sus-telihe kf gds esultds hltfrleihdlegfs.

Gds ihfltïjhids pdgïthids, ye sfel kf drhflteihùl odkfrle d

8>



[FD^ÏEY YHY[ÈOHIEY X ^FKVIIHDLHY[EY

trekhihdleg, idkhjhiel sus tfdrïes rfkuihèlkdges e ges pertfs hl³tfreitueltfs. Pdr kds rezdlfs, fg mfimd kf ecruper esï e gdstrekhihdleghstes mhstùrhids y e gds odkfrlhstes kf drhflteihùlihfltïjhie pufkf perfifr rerd. Prhofrd, ge khjfrflihe fltrf gds

oètdkds quf uthghzel dsiurfif ge shohghtuk kf sus oftdkdgdcïes,fs kfihr, kf ge gùchie ,quf shcufl sus hlvfsthceihdlfs. Gds trekhihdleghstes eifltòel ge khsthlihùl fstruitureg fxhstfltf fltrf gepdgïthie kdoèsthie y ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, ule khsthlihùl qufusuegofltf gds odkfrlhstes lhfcel. Ge khsthlihùl sf nese fl ge khjfrflihe fxhstfltf fltrf ule pdgïthie ggfveke e iend fl ule shtue-ihùl kdlkf fxhstfl gfyfs fstengfihkes y ge pdgïthie quf sf ggfve eiend fl ule shtueihùl kf elerquïe. ^eyodlk Erdl, pdr fbfopgd,kfsiunrf ge iueghkek khsthlthve kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fl ge

eusflihe kf ul trhnuleg d kf jufrze pdghiheg, fg rfiursd kf ge jufrze, ge pgureghkek kf ifltrds kf kfihshùl eutùldods, ge egtfrleihùly fg hltfrbufcd idlthlud fltrf cufrre y pez (58:3, p. 58>). Idlfste dphlhùl idltreste fg fxeofl quf meif B. Kevhk Yhlcfr kf,gespdtfliheghkekfs kfsirhpthves, fxpghiethves y prfkhithves kf kds kfgds lhvfgfs kf elåghshs2 fg leihdleg y fg hltfrleihdleg (58:5). Flsu fxeofl, lh shquhfre oflihdle ge khjfrflihe idltfxtueg fxhstfltf fltrf ges pdgïthies drcelhzekes kfltrd kf gds Fstekds y gespdgïthies jdroegofltf kfsdrcelhzekes quf sf kel fltrf fggds. Yh sf

pese pdr egtd d sf lhfce ge khjfrflihe d l t f x t u ~ g ge khjfrflihe iueghtethve fltrf pdgïthie hltfrle y fxtfrle kfseperfif, d beoås fxhsthù. y èse fs, pdr ihfrtd, ge idligushùl e ge quf ggfcel gds odkfrlhstes. Ge khjfrflihe fltrf fg' shstfoe cgdneg y gds sunshstfoes ,ldfstrhne fltdlifs fl ge elerquïe kfg prhofrd y fl ge drcelhzeihùljdroeg kf gds sfculkds, shld fl fg mfimd kf quf fxhstf, idod gd ~prfse Yhlcfr, ul òlhid shstfoe hltfrleihdleg, fg kfg pgelfte [hfrre (58:8, p. 90). Yh sf irff fl fggd, fltdlifs fg prdngfoe kfglhvfg kf elåghshs fl ges rfgeihdlfs hltfrleihdlegfs sf rfsufgvf idl2 .

vhrthflkd fg prdngfoe fl ule iufsthùl kf fgfiihùl, ule fgfiihùlkftfrohleke pdr gds hltfrfsfs kfg hlvfsthcekdr (58:5, p. 80).

Gds trekhihdleghstes shcqfl hlshsthflkd fl quf fg ieråitfrelårquhid kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fs quhfl oerie ge khsthlihùl fltrf gds ieopds hltfrld y fxtfrld, y gds odkfrlhstes gdlhfcel. Yh fsiuimeods gd quf khifl gds perthkerhds kf eondsnelkds, fg enhsod quf sf enrf fltrf fggds fs fxtflsd y prdjulkd.Yh ohreods gd quf m ifl gds perthkerhds kf eonds nelkds, kfbelkd kf gekd gds oètdkds, ' fg enhsod sf eimhie y iesh kfsepe-

89



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

rfif. [dkds fggds' kfrhvel meihe fg H'pdgd kdohleltf kfg sunshs-tfoe . Yu etflihùl sf ifltre fl fg idopdrteohfltd kf ges ulh-kekfs. Yf idlifltrel fl kfsiunrhr quhèl fstå meihflkd què idsepere prdkuihr gds rfsugtekds. Iuelkd Erdl y dtrds trekhihdleghs-

tes hlshstfl fl quf ges ietfcdrïes kf gds tfùrhids sfel idmfrfl-tfs idl ges odthveihdlfs y pfrifpihdlfs g kf gds eitdrfs, fstålejhroelkd ge gùchie prffohlfltfofltf idlkuithste quf shcuflsus hlvfsthceihdlfs. Gds odkfrlhstes y gds trekhihdleghstes fståloeriekds pdr fg ohsod odgkf. Idopertfl ge idlvhiihùl kf qufges ,fxpghieihdlfs kf gds rfsugtekds kf ge pdghthie hltfrleihdlegpufkfl kfsiunrhrsf e perthr kfg fxeofl kf geY eiihdlfs y geshltfreiihdlfs kf ges leihdlfs y kf dtrds eitdrfs.

Ge sfofbelze kf gds fljdqufs trekhihdleghste y odkfrlhstefl fg fstukhd kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fs jåihgofltf kfodstre-ngf. Gds eleghstes quf ghohtel su etflihùl e ges ulhkekfs hltfr-eitueltfs, shl rfidldifr quf fstål fl bufcd ieuses shstèohies,idopflsel ges dohshdlfs eshclelkd ernhtrerheofltf fses ieu-ses eg lhvfg kf ges ulhkekfs h^tfreitueltfs y r f p e r t h è l k d ~ e s fltrfgds eitdrfs. Gds fsjufrzds tflkhfltfs e rfgfcer ges ieuses shstè-ohies eg lhvfg kf ges ulhkekfs hltfreitueltfs sdl pråithids ytfùrhids. Ges ,pdgïthies kdoèsthies sf idlvhfrtfl fl esultds kfgkhrfitd kdohlhd hltfrleihdleg. Fstd juf kfodstrekd igereofltffl 5839 y kfspuès,.iuelkd ge kètfltf sf idlvhrthù fl egcd esïidod ul tfoe kf ge pdgïthie ldrtfeofrhiele. ´Ge kètfltf pdkrïe,sf prfcultenel,egculds, sdnrfvhvhr e ge prfshùl fbfrihke pdr gdseofrhields sdnrf gds gïkfrfs pdgïthids rusds pere quf cdnfrle-rel kf ul odkd ul pdid oås ghnfreg4 .Mels Odrcfltmeu, fspfre-ngfofltf, hlvhrthù ge ercuoflteihùl. Ge prfdiupeihùl ldrtfeof-rhiele pdr ge pdgïthie kdoèsthie ruse, egfce, ld fstå fltrdof-thèlkdsf fl gds esultds kdoèsthids kf dtrd peïs. Oås nhfl rfjgfbefg rfidldihohfltd kf quf ule pez fstengf, julkeke sdnrf ul

fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr fstengf, sf prfkhie sdnrf ul ihfrtd oerid kf

rfjfrflihe odreg quf fxprfse fg idoprdohsd kf tdkes ges le-ihdlfs hlvdguirekes idl ihfrtds prhlihphds odregfs nåshids, uldkf gds iuegfs fs ge prfsfrveihùl kf fsf fquhghnrhd kf pdkfr(583;, p. 98). Yh gds rfsugtekds pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs fstålkftfrohlekds pdr 5 quf sdl gds Fstekds, fltdlifs kfnfodsprfdiuperlds pdr ges khspdshihdlfs hltfrles kf equèggds qufsdl hltfrleihdlegofltf h l h p d r t e l t ~ f hligusd meifr egcd pereieonherges.

8;



[FD^ÏEY YHY[ÈOHIEY X ^FKV IIHDLHY[EY

Idod meifkdr kf pdgïthies, fg sfirfterhd qf Fstekd MflryAhsshlcfr rfimezù ge ercuoflteihùl kf Odrcfltmeu. Idrld ihf_gtïjhid pdgïthid, ld dnsteltf, Ahsshlcfr menïe fstekd kf eiufrkdeltfs idl Odrcfltmeu eg irffr quf ge prfsfrveihùl kf ge pez yfg oeltflhohfltd kf ge fstenhghkek hltfrleihdleg kfpflkfl kfges eithtukfs y kf ges iereitfrïsthies hltfrles .kf gds .Fstekds.Ahsshlcfr kfjhlïe ul drkfl hltfrleihdleg idod gfcïth5 g0 sh seifptekd pdr tdkds gds pDkfrfs oeydrfs, y idod rfvdguihdlerhd sh uld d oås kf fsds pdkfrfs 50 rfimezel. Fl idltrestfidl ul drkfl gfcïthod, uld rfvdguihdlerhd fs equèg idl fg qufuld d oås kf gds Fstekds prhlihpegfs sf lhfcel e treter sfcòlges rfcges idlvflihdlegfs kfg bufcd. Ge iueghkek kfg drkfl kf

pflkf kf ges khspdshihdlfs kf gds Fstekds quf 50 i D V t h t u y f Vl drkfl hltfrleihdleg gfcïthod thflkf meihe ge fstenhghkek y 5epez1 ul drkfl hltfrleihdleg rfvdguihdlerhd, meihe ge hlfstenhghkeky ge cufrre. Gds Fstekds rfvdguihdlerhds meifl shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs rfvdguihdlerhds1 ul shstfoe rfvdguihdlerhd fs equègquf idlthflf uld d oås Fstekds rfvdguihdlerhds (Ahsshlcfr,5863, pp. 95:-9>01 58:;, pp. 5-:1 58:=, p. =88). Fg rezdleohfltdfs ihriuger, y gd fs leturegofltf. Vle vfz quf fg shstfoe me shkdrfkuihkd e sus pertfs hltfreitueltfs, fg kfsthld kf fsf shstfoe

sùgd pufkf sfr kftfrohlekd pdr ges iereitfrïsthies kf sus prhlihpegfs ulhkekfs.5

Fltrf gds ihfltïjhids pdgïthids, sf idlshkfre quf Odrcfltmeuy Ahsshlcfr sdl trekhihdleghstes -fstukhdsds kfkhiekds e ge mhstdrhe y oås idlifltrekds fl ge pdgïthie quf fl ge tfdrïe y gds oètdkds ihfltïjhids. Ge pråithie fl iufsthùl, shl fonercd, fs idoòl fltrf ihfltïjhids sdihegfs kf khjfrfltfs drhflteihdlfs. Fl

5 Gd quf Ahsshlcfr eprflkhù idod fstekhste fs kreoåthieofltf khjfrfltf kf ges idligushdlfs e ges quf ggfcù idod eiekèohid. Enulkel gesejhroeihdlfs rfvfgekdres kf su lufvd fljdquf, pfrd ul fbfopgd nesterå.Fltrfvhstekd pdr Shggheo J. Nuiagfy Hr iuelkd fre sfirfterhd kf Fstekd,Ahsshlcfr mhzd fstes trfs kfigereihdlfs fl trfs pårrejds suifshvds2 Flfstruiture hltfrle, ges sdihfkekfs idoulhstes sdl odregofltf hleifptengfs pere ldsdtrds E,ulquf lufstre hkfdgdcïe y ge kf fggds shcufl shflkd hlidopethngfs, ld dnsteltf pdkfods ggfver e iend egcules eidodkeihdlfs pråithies prfsfrvekdres kf ge pez fl lufstre pdgïthie fxtfrhdr. Yhlkuke, kfnfrïeods fvhter irfer ge hgushùl kf quf fg prdcrfsd fl egculesiufsthdlfs kf pdgïthie fxtfrle shclhjhie quf me menhkd ul 'ieonhd flge fstruiture kdoèsthie (59 sfpthfonrf 5836, p. 6).

Fg vïliugd fltrf gds etrhnutds hltfrlds y gds rfsugtekds fxtfrlds ld sfidlshkfre hrrdophngf. Ges idlkhihdlfs y idopidohsds hltfrlds ye ld kf

tfrohlel ge iueghkek kf ge vhke hltfrleihdleg.

86



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

fg iepïtugd 9 vhods quf fg rezdleohfltd kf Aepgel fre hcueg eg

kf Odrcfltmeu, eulquf fg vdienugerhd kf Aepgel, tdoekd fl

prèsteod kf ge tfdrïe shstèohie cflfreg, me dsiurfihkd fste sfofbelze. Oerhdl Gfvy, ul sdihùgdcd quf dieshdlegofltf fsirhnf

eifrie kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg, suohlhstre dtrd fbfHlpgd. Ejhroe quf, gds Mprdngfoes jdiegfs kf gds esultds hltfrleihdlegfssdl equèggds kf ge odkfrlhzeihùl kf ges sdihfkekfs rfgethve

ofltf ld-odkfrlhzekes y kfg oeltflhglhfltd kf ge fstenhghkekkfltrd (yfl idlsfiuflihe fltrf) ges sdihfkekfs rfgethveofltfodkfrlhzekes (58::, p. 39;).

Ges fxpghieihdlfs kf ekfltrd meihe ejufre prdkuifl gds rfsugtekds quf fstds fbfopgds hgustrel. Ahsshlcfr, eg kfihr quf gehlfstenhghkek hltfrleihdleg y ges cufrres sf prdkuifl e ieuse

kf ge fxhstflihe kf Fstekds rfvdguihdlerhds, fs idod sh khbfrequf ges cufrres sf prdkuifl pdrquf egculds Fstekds sdl nfghidsds. X shl fonercd, gds rfcïoflfs rfvdguihdlerhds pufkfl dnfkfifr ges rfcges hltfrleihdlegfs -d oås shopgfofltf, tflkfrmeihe ge idfxhstflihe peiïjhie1- pdrquf ges prfshdlfs kf sus shtueihdlfs fxtfrles sdnrfpesel ges oftes cflfrekes hltfrleofltf.Gds ùrkflfs hltfrleihdlegfs rfvdguihdlerhds sdl e vfifs fstengfsy peiïjhids. Hlvfrseglfltf, gds rfcïoflfs hltfrleihdlegfs gfcïthods sdl e vfifs hlfstengfs y prdighvfs e ge cufrre. Fg fsjufrzd

pdr prfkfihr gds rfsugtekds hltfrleihdlegfs e perthr kf ges iereitfrïsthies leihdlegfs idlkuif e idligushdlfs pdid hoprfshdleltfs. Kfihr quf gds Fstekds fstengfs kel gucer e ul oulkd fstengf hopghie shopgfofltf ejhroer quf fg drkfl prfvegfif sH geoeydrïe kf gds Fstekds sdl drkflekds. Pfrd, hligusd fl fg iesdkf quf ieke uld kf gds ' Fstekds sfe fstengf, fg oulkd pufkfld sfrgd. Yh ieke uld kf gds Fstekds jufre fstengf y sùgd guimere

pdr ge sfcurhkek shl tflfr pgelfs idltre sus vfihlds, tdkds gdsFstekds sfrïel hlsfcurds, pufs gds ofkhds pdr gds quf ul Fstekd

sf prdiure su sfcurhkek sdl, pdr su ohsoe fxhstflihe, gds qufhopghiel ule eofleze pere gds dtrds Fstekds. Ld sf pufkf hljfrhr fg fstekd .kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg e perthr kf ge idopd

~ h h ù l hltfrle kf gds Fstekds, lh teopdid sf pufkf ggfcer e lhlcòl fltflkhohfltd kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg suoelkd ges pdgïthies fxtfrhdrfs y ges idlkuites fxtfrles kf gds Fstekds.

Ges khjfrflihes fxhstfltfs fltrf ge fsiufge trekhihdleg y ge

odkfrle sdl sujhihfltfofltf eopghes idod pere dsiurfifr sushohghtuk julkeoflteg. Ge sHohghtuk, ule vfz ekvfrthke, fs ldte-

8:



[FD^ÏEY YHY[ÈOHIEY X ^FKVI IHDLHY[EY

ngf2 gds ohfonrds kf eones fsiufges sf rfvfgel fl fg jdlkd,idod idlkuithstes. Gds ohfglnrds kf eones fsiufges djrfiflfxpghieihdlfs fl tèrohlds kf ges idlkuites kf ges ulhkekfs, kfbelkd kf gekd fg fjfitd quf ges shtueihdlfs pufkfl fbfrifr. Fgsflthkd pgfld kf ge ulhkek kf fsthgd kf rezdleohfltd fstå fxprfsekd sh rfidrkeods gds fbfopgds kf gds iepïtugds > y 9 X gdsshtueods bultd e gds quf eieneods kf fxprfser. Zfngfl y Yimuopftfr fxpghiel fg hopfrheghsod y ge cufrre kf eiufrkd idl fgkfserrdggd sdiheg hltfrld1 Mdnsdl y su veste prdcflhf, pdr geskhspdshihdlfs fidlùohies hltfrles . Gfvy phflse quf ge fstenhghkek leihdleg kftfrohle ge fstenhghkek hltfrleihdleg. Aepgel kfigere quf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fs ge kdohleltf kfg sunshs

tfoe. Erdl khif quf ges iereitfrïsthies kf gds pdgds kfg s ~ t osdl oås hopdrteltfs

quffg lòofrd kf pdgds

quffxhstel. Idodfstukhdsd, eulquf ld idod julihdlerhd, Ahsshlcfr hkflthjhie gds

Fstekds rfvdguihdlerhds idl ge hlfstenhghkek hltfrleihdleg y gecufrre. Idod fstå kf eiufrkd idl fste pdshihùl kf Ahsshlcfr ,Odrcfltmeu rfidohflke ge hltfrvflihùl fl gds esultds kdoèsthids kf dtrds Fstekds fl ldonrf kf ge lfifshkek pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg. ^dsflirelif trelsjdroe eg shstfoe hltfrleihdleg

fl fjfitd y ld fl ieuse, y idlvhfrtf su fxeofl kf ge pdgïthiehltfrleihdleg fl ule idrrfgeihùl kf ges idlkhihdlfs hltfrles

y kf gds rfsugtekds hltfrleihdlegfs, y fl ul restrfd kf gds fjfitds sfiuflihegfs. Zerhds fstukhdsds odkfrlds hlvhfrtfl ouimdthfopd iegiugelkd gds idfjhihfltfs kf idrrfgeihùl pfersdlhelds.

E oflukd, fstd shclhjhie ecrfcer lòofrds e fses igesfs kf esdiheihdlfs hoprfshdlhstes fltrf ges idlkhihdlfs hltfrles y gdsrfsugtekds fxtfrlds quf idl telte jrfiuflihe lds djrfifl gdstrekhihdleghstes. Gds fstukhds pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs quf idljdroel fg fsqufoe ekfltrd-ejufre sf kfserrdggel pdr ofkhd kfge gùchie idrrfgeihdleg, sfel iuegfs jufrfl gds oètdkds uthghze

kds. Gds fstukhdsds quf pufkfl d ld kfshclersf tfùrhids shstèohids, y ges jdrougeihdlfs quf perfifl oås d oflds ihfrhtïjhies,shcufl ge ohsoe gïlfe kf pflseohfltd. Fxeohlel ge pdgïthiehltfrleihdleg fl tèrohlds kf ges iereitfrïsthies kf gds Fstekdsy kf sus hltfreitueihdlfs, pfrd ld fl tèrohlds kf iùod sfshtòel fl rfgeihùl outue. Idoftfl ge jegeihe elegïthie kfI J. E Pelthl, ghohtelkd sus fstukhds e jeitdrfs quf hljguyflsdnrf sus jflùoflds shl idlshkfrer quf ges idljhcureihdlfs kf

83



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

drkfl oås fgfvekd pufkfl tflfr. prdphfkekfs quf ofrfifl sfr

fstukhekes pdr kfrfimd prdphd (58:=, p. 36).Ld fs pdshngf idoprflkfr ge pdgïthie oulkheg pdr ofkhd

kf ule shopgf dnsfrveihùl kfg hltfrhdr kf gds Fstekds. Yh gds

prdpùshtds, pdgïthies y eiihdlfs kf gds Fstekds sf idlvhfrtfl flfg fxigushvd ifltrd kf etflihùl d, hligusd, fl ge prfdiupeihùlprhlihpeg, fsteods jdrzekds e rftrdifkfr eg lhvfg kfsirhpthvd1 ye perthr kf shopgfs kfsirhpihdlfs ld sf pufkfl fxtrefr cflfreghzeihdlfs våghkes. Pdkfods kfihr què vfods, pfrd ld pdkfodssenfr què shclhjhie. Ieke vfz quf irffods vfr egcd khjfrfltf dlufvd, tflfods quf kfshcler dtre verhengf e lhvfg kf ge ulhkekidod ieuse. Yh ge shtueihùl kf gds eitdrfs ejfite sus idlkuitesf hljguyf sdnrf sus hltfreiihdlfs, gds hltfltds kf fxpghieihùl e

lhvfg kf ge ulhkek ggfverål e ule hljhlhte prdghjfreihùl kf verhengfs, pdrquf fl fsf lhvfg lhlcule verhengf òlhie, d idlbultd kf

verhengfs, fs sujhihfltf pere prdkuihr gds rfsugtekds dnsfrvekds.Ges esï ggeoekes verhengfs prdghjfrel kfsejdrekeofltf iuelkdfg fljdquf ekdptekd ld gdcre eprfmflkfr què fs gd quf fs ieusegofltf htlpdrteltf fl fg tfoe fgfchkd. Yf ecrfcel verhengfspere busthjhier fjfitds eperfltfofltf ierfltfs kf ieuse. Gd qufsf dohtf e lhvfg shstèohid fs rfiupfrekd - s h fs quf gd fs -

etrhnuyflkd iereitfrïsthies, odthvds, dnghceihdlfs d iuegquhfr

dtre idse e gds eitdrfs hlkhvhkuegfs. Fg rfsugtekd dnsfrvekd sfidlvhfrtf fl ule ieuse, quf fs fltdlifs eshcleke e gds eutdrfs.Ld fxhstf, shl fonercd, lhlcòl prdifsd restrfengf lh gùchieofltf sùghkd pdr fg iueg gds fjfitds quf kfrhvel kfg shstfoepufkel sfr etrhnuhkds e ges ulhkekfs. Ges verhengfs, fltdlifs,kfnfl sfr suoekes sunbfthveofltf, kf eiufrkd idl fg nufl doeg buhihd kfg eutdr. Fstd prdkuif ges hltfrohlengfs ercuoflteihdlfs idlkflekes e sfr hlidliguyfltfs.

Idl fg dnbftd kf tdoer idl sfrhfkek e Odrcfltmeu, Ahsshlcfr,

Gfvy y fg rfstd, tflkrïeods quf irffr quf lhlcule ieuse hltfrvhflf fltrf ges oftes y ges eiihdlfs kf gds Fstekds y gds rfsugtekds quf fses eiihdlfs prdkuifl. Fl ge mhstdrhe kf ges rfgeihdlfs hltfrleihdlegfs, shl fonercd, gds rfsugtekds gdcrekds rerevfz idrrfspdlkfl e ges hltflihdlfs kf gds eitdrfs. ´Pdr què fseshltflihdlfs sdl rfpfthkeofltf jrustrekes4 Ge rfspufste fvhkfltffs quf ihfrtes ieuses, ebfles e sus iereitfrfs hlkhvhkuegfs dpfrel idgfithveofltf sdnrf gds eitdrfs. Ieke Fstekd ggfce e ihfrtespdgïthies y kfihkf ges eiihdlfs sfcòl sus prdphds prdifsds hltfr-

8=




lds, pfrd fstes kfihshdlfs fstål odkfgekes pdr ge prfsfliheohsoe kf dtrds Fstekds, esï idod pdr ges otfreiihdlfs idlfggds. Iuålkd y iùod ges jufrzes hltfrles meggel ule fxprfshùlfxtfrle, sh fs quf 5 meifl, ld pufkf sfr fxpghiekd fl tèrohlds

kf ges pertfs hltfreitueltfs sh ge shtueihùl fl ge quf hltfreitòely eitòe ges ghohte, hophkhèlkdgfs egcules eiihdlfs, khspdlhèl-kdges e dtres, y ejfite gds rfsugtekds kf fses hltfreiihdlfs.

Yh gds ieonhds kf gds rfsugtekds hltfrleihdlegfs fstål khrfi-teofltf vhliugekds e gds ieonhds kf gds eitdrfs, ´kf què odkdpdkfods ker iuflte kf ges sfofbelzes kf rfsugtekds quf pfr-shstfl d rfiurrfl, hligusd, fl fg iesd kf quf gds eitdrfs verïfl4Uuhfl irfe quf pufkf ker iuflte kf gds ieonhds kf ge pdgïthiehltfrleihdleg teonhèl. kfnfrå prfcultersf kf què odkd sf puf-

kfl fxpghier ges idlthluhkekfs. E vfifs, ge pdghthie hltfrleihdlegfs kfsirhpte idod fg kdohlhd kf gds eiihkfltfs y ges pfrturneihd-lfs. kf gds 'ieonhds råphkds f hoprfkfihngfs. Eulquf enulkelgds ieonhds, ges idlthluhkekfs sdl hcuegofltf hoprfshdleltfs,d oås ejhroeihùl quf pufkf hgustrersf kf khvfrses oelfres.Uuhfl gfe fg ghnrd epùirhjd kf gds Prhofrds Oeienfds tflhflkdfl ofltf gds eidltfihohfltds eltfrhdrfs y pdstfrhdrfs e ge Prh-ofre Cufrre Oulkheg pdkrå eprfiher fg sflthkd kf idlthluhkekquf iereitfrhze e ge pDgïthie hltfrleihdleg. [eltd fl fg shcgd kds

eltfs kf Irhstd idod fl fg shcgd vfhltf, gds årenfs y bukïds pfgfe-rdl fltrf sï pdr gds rfshkuds kfg hopfrhd kfg ldrtf, fl teltd gdsFstekds ebflds e ge erfle gds idltfopgenel d hltfrvflïeleithveofltf. Pere hgustrer fg pultd kf oelfre oås cflfreg, pd-kfods ihter fg jeodsd iesd kf Mdnnfs shlthflk.d ge idltfopd-relfhkek kf [uiïkhkfs. Oflds jeodse pfrd hcuegofltf ldtengffs ge idlshkfreihùl quf meif Gduhs B. Meggf kf ge rfgfvelihe kf[uiïkhkfs fl ge fre kf ges eroes luigferfs y gds supfrpdkfrfs(5866, Epèlkhif). Fl ges kds cufrres oulkhegfs kf fstf shcgd,

pere tdoer dtrd thpd kf fbfopghjhieihùl, gds ohsods peïsfs prhl-ihpegfs sf eghlferdl ulds fl idltre kf dtrds, e pfser kf gds ieo-nhds pdgïthids kdrrB.èsthids quf sf prdkubfrdl fl fg pfrïdkd kffltrfcufrre. Ge tfxture kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg shcuf shflkdouy idlsteltf, gds fsqufoes sf rfphtfl, y gds eidltfihohfltdsrfiurrfl hljhlhteofltf. es rfgeihdlfs quf prfvegfifl hltfrle-ihdlegofltf rere vfz ieonhel fl thpd d iueghkek. Fstål oerie-kes pdr ule kfsdgekdre pfrshstflihe, ule pfrshstflihe quf kfnffspfrersf ohfltres lhlcule kf ges ulhkekfs hlvdguirekes sfe

88



AFLLF[M L. S EG[R

iepez kf idlvfrthr fg elårquhid rfhld hltfrleihdleg fl ul rfh-ld bfrårquhid.

Ge pfrshstfltf elerquïe kf ge pDgïthie hltfrleihdleg bust÷hie

ge ldtengf sfofbelze kf ieghkek quf ge vhke hltfrleihdleg me prf-sflihekd kureltf ohgflhds, ejhroeihùl èste quf flidltrerå sfcu-reofltf idlsflsd cflfreg. ´Pdr què fltdlifs sf ke fse idlsteltf

tflkflihe e ge rfkuiihùl4 Ge rfspufste fs' quf usuegofltf, ge

rfkuiihùl ld fs idlsfiuflihe kf gds fsjufrzds kf ul fspfiheghsteshld kf sus frrdrfs. Yf irff quf fg fstukhd kf ges ulhkekfs hltfr-eitueltfs ecdte fg tfoe, quf hliguyf tdkd gd quf pufkf hliguhrsfe lhvfg kf ge ulhkek y e lhvfg shstèohid. Egculds ihfltïjhids pd-gïthids ercuyfl quf ule pfrspfithve shstèohie idlifltre su etfl-

ihùl fl gds espfitds rfgeihdlegfs kf ge' pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg.Pfrd gds Fstekds hltfreitueltfs mel shkd shfoprf gds dnbftdskf fstukhd. Dtrds khifl quf ge idopgfihùl kf ul elåghshs rfegh-zekd fl tèrohlds kf gds Fstekds hltfreitueltfs lfifshte sdge-ofltf ecrfcer ge idlshkfreihùl kf gds eitdrfs ld fstetegfs. [egvfz sfe lfifserhe fste hligushùl, pfrd fsd lds kfberïe e lhvfg kf

ge ulhkek d e ul lhvfg hljfrhdr tdkevïe. Ges hltfreiihdlfs sf kel

e lhvfg kf ges ulhkekfs , ld e lhvfg kfg shstfoe. g hcueg quf gdsrfsu ekds kf ges eiihdlfs kf gds Fstekds, ges hopghielihes kfges hltfreiihdlfs ld pufkfl idldifrsf, lh shquhfre ekhvhlersfhltfghcfltfofrhtf, shl idldihohfltd kf ge shtueihùl fl ge quf fseshltfreiihdlfs sf prdkuifl. Ges hltfreiihdlfs fspdråkhies kf gdsFstekds, pdr fbfopgd, pufkfl sfr oås hopdrteltfs quf ge kherhe

idlkuiihùl kf gds esultds ruthlerhds. Fg kfsthld kf gds Fstekds

iuyes rfgeihdlfs fidlùohies y turïsthies sdl fsieses pufkf fster

fstrfimeofltf vhliugekd. Yenfods quf fstd fs gd quf diurrf fl

fg iesd kf Fstekds Vlhkds y kf ge Vlhùl Ydvhèthie. L d pdkfodsggfcer e fse idligushùl pdr ofkhd kfg idltfd kf ges trelseiihd-lfs l pdr ge ofkhihùl kf ges hltfreiihdlfs quf sf prdkuifl fl-trf eonds. Fstd ld hopghie quf ge ofkhihùl y fg idltfd sfel

eithvhkekfs hlòthgfs. Ld shclhjhie quf ges idligushdlfs eifriekfg Fstekd kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg ld pufkel sfr hljfrhkese perthr kf gds ketds sdnrf ges rfgeihdlfs jdroegfs d hljdroegfskf gds Fstekds. Fl rfeghkek, idl oeydr jrfiVflihe prdifkfodsfl khrfiihùl dpufste. Kfihods, pdr fbfopgd, quf Fstekds Vlhkdsy ge Vlhùl Ydvhèthie, d quf Fstekds Vlhkds, ge Vlhùl Ydvhèthiey Imhle, hltfreitòel fstrfimeofltf pdrquf irffods quf ihfrteseiihdlfs ejfitel hltflseofltf eg per d eg trïd, meye d ld meye

500




rfgeihdlfs pere dnsfrver d trelseiihdlfs pere idlter. Ldsemdrreods esï fg ensurkd kf kfihr quf ul lhvfg nebd kf hltfreiihdlfs fltrf -ihfrtds Fstekds hlkhie ge fsiese hopdrtelihe kfsus rfgeihdlfs

.Ges idlthluhkekfs y ges rfpfthihdlfs kfrrdtel e gds hltfltdskf fxpghier ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg shcuhflkd ge jeohgher jùrouge ekfltrd-ejufre. Pflsfods fl ges khvfrses ieuses kf cufrrekfsiunhfrtes pdr gds fstukhdsds. Jdroes cunfrleofltegfs, shstfoes fidlùohids, hlsthtuihdlfs sdihegfs, hkfdgdcïes pdgïthies2èstds sdl sdgd egculds -fbfopgds kf gds gucerfs fl gds quf sfmel shtuekd ges ieuses. X shl fonercd, eulquf sf eshclel ieuses fspfiïjhies, senfods quf Fstekds idl tdkes ges jdroeshoechlengfs kf hlsthtuihdlfs fidlùohies, idstuonrfs sdihegfs

f hkfdgdcïes pdgïthies mel idonethkd fl cufrres. X 50 quf fsoås ldtengf eòl, ouimes igesfs khjfrfltfs kf drcelhzeihdlfssf foneriel fl cufrres, ye sfel trhnus pfqufões drcelhzeihdlfs, hopfrhds, leihdlfs d .pelkhgges ieggfbfres. Yh ule kftfrohleke shtueihùl perfif menfr ieusekd ule cufrre kftfrohleke,kfnfods prfculterlds què fs gd quf bust÷hie ge rfpfthihùl kfges cufrres iuelkd ges ieuses verïel. Ges verheihdlfs kf iueghkek kf ges ulhkekfs ld fstål khrfiteofltf rfgeihdlekes idl gdsrfsugtekds prdkuihkds pdr =VY idlkuites, esï idod teopdid gd

fstål ges verheihdlfs kf gds fsqufoes kf hltfreiihùl. Ouimdstfùrhids, pdr fbfopgd, mel ejhroekd quf ge Prhofre CufrreOulkheg juf ieuseke pdr ge hltfreiihùl kf kds ideghihdlfs dpufstes y iuhkekdseofltf fquhghnrekes. Pfrd ouimds teonhèl melejhroekd quf ge Yfculke Cufrre Oulkheg juf ieuseke pdrge hliepeihkek kfodstreke pdr ihfrtds Fstekds idl rfspfitd ege idrrfiihùl kf ul kfsfquhghnrhd kf pdkfr ye quf ld sf egherdlpere idltrenegelifer ule eghelze fl ihfrlfs.

Ges leihdlfs ieonhel kf jdroe y kf prdpùshtd1 sf prdkuiflekfgeltds tfildgùchids1 gds eroeofltds sf trelsjdroel rekhiegofltf1 sf jdrbel y sf kfsmeifl ges eghelzes. Èstds sdl ieonhdskfltrd kf gds shstfoes, yfsds ieonhds eyukel e fxpghier gesverheihdlfs kf gds rfsugtekds pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs. Fl fgiepïtugd 9 vhods quf ihfrtds tfùrhids quf esphrel e sfr shstèohids phflsel fl. fsds ieonhds hltre-shstèohids idod mhtds quf

505



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

oeriel kfspgezeohfltds kf ul shstfoe e dtrd. Vle vfz quf sf me7gfjhlhkd igereofltf ge fstruiture, terfe kfg shcuhfltf iepïtugd,gds ieonhds e lhvfg kf ge fstruiture pufkfl o ~ l t f l f r s f epertfkf gds ieonhds e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek. Yhl fonercd, pdkfods prf-culteods sh ges rfkuiihdlfs quf idlkhihdlel quf gds ieonhds

e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek sfel ggeoekds ieonhds fstruituregfs ldpufkfl rfofkhersf creihes e ul ieonhd kf vdienugerhd. Kfse-jdrtulekeofltf, ld fs esï. Fg prdngfoe quf idlshstf fl kfods-trer kf què odkd ges ieuses fstruituregfs prdkuifl sus fjfitdsqufkerå shl rfsdgvfr

.Ges fxpghieihdlfs e lhvfg nebd sdl rfpfthkeofltf kfsieghjh-iekes, pdrquf ge sfofbelze y rfpfthihùl kf gds rfsugtekds hltfr-leihdlegfs pfrshstfl e pfser kf ges fldrofs verheihdlfs kf gdsetrhnutds y kf ges hltfreiihdlfs kf gds ecfltfs quf supufste-

ofltf sdl sus ieuses. ´Iùod fs pdshngf ker iuflte kf ge kfs-idlfxhùl kf gds fjfitds y ges ieuses dnsfrvekes4 IVelkd gesieuses eperfltfs verïel oås quf sus prfsultds j f ~ t d s senfodsquf fses³ieuses mel .shkd fspfihjhiekes kf oelfre frrùlfe d hl-idopgfte. Fg rfpfthkd jreiesd kf gds hltfltds kf fxpghier elegïth-ieofltf rfsugtekds leihdlegfs f s kfihr, pdr ofkhd kfg fxe-ofl kf ges ulhkekfs hltfreitueltfs sfjïege idl tdke igerhkekges lfifshkekfs kf ul fljdquf shstèohid. Yh gds ohsods fjfitds sfprdkuifl e perthr kf khjfrfltfs ieuses, fltdlifs kfnf menfr

ghohteihdlfs quf dpfrel sdnrf ges verhengfs hlkfpflkhfltfs kfoelfres quf ejfitel gds rfsugtekds. Ld pdkfods hlidrpdrer fsesghohteihdlfs sh ges treteods idod ule d oås verhengfs hlkfpfl-khfltfs, oeltflhèlkdges e tdkes fl fg ohsod lhvfg, pdrquf gesghohteihdlfs pufkfl hlihkhr sdnrf fg tdteg kf verhengfs hlkfpfl-khfltfs y pdrquf gd meifl kf oelfres khjfrfltfs e ofkhke qufgds shstfoes ieonhel. Idod ld pdkfods idlirfter fse hlidr-pdreihùl, ge rfkuiihùl rfsugte ensdguteofltf hlekfiueke, y ul

fljdquf elegïthid kfnf kfber gucer e dtrd shstèohid. Fs pdshngf

irffr quf egcules kf ges ieuses kf gds rfsugtekds hltfrleihdlegfssf meggfl e lhvfg kf ges ulhkekfs hltfreitueltfs. Idod ges verhe-ihdlfs kf ges prfsultes ieuses ld sf idrrfspdlkfl ouy fstrf-imeofltf idl ges verheihdlfs kf gds rfsugtekds, shl fonercd,kfnfods irffr quf egcules kf ges ieuses fstål shtuekes teonhèle dtrd lhvfg. Ges ieuses e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek y e lhvfg kfg shstfoehltfreitkel, y pdr fsd ge fxpghieihùl e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek fståidlkfleke e sfr hlidlkuifltf. Yh lufstrd fljdquf fgfchkd lds

5 >




pfrohtf oelfber ges ieuses e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek y ges,.ieuses elhvfg shstèohid, fltdlifs pdkrfods ejrdlter teltd gds ieonhdsidod ges idlthluhkekfs quf sf kel fl ul shstfoe X pdkrfodsmeifrgd, hligusd, shl prdghjfreihùl kf verhengfs lh ougthpghieihùl

kf ges ietfcdrïes.Kfskf fg iepïtugd 5 senfods iùod sf idlstruyf ule tfdrïe.Pere idlstruhr ule tfdrïe kfnfods enstrefr kf ge rfeghkek, fskfihr, kfber kf gekd iesh tdkd 5 quf vfods y fxpfrhoflteods.Gds fstukhdsds kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg mel hltfltekd eprdxhoersf 50 oås pdshngf e ge rfeghkek kf ge pråithie hltfrleihdlegf hlirfoflter fg idltflhkd fopïrhid kf sus fstukhds. Ge ihfliheletureg, pdr idltrestf, me evelzekd kureltf ohgflhds kfspgezålkdsf kf ge rfeghkek idthkhele y sethsjeihflkd ge ye oflihdleke

esphreihùl kf Idlelt kf khsohluhr fg crekd kf fophrhsod hlvdguirekd fl ge rfsdguihùl kf prdngfoes . Gds ihfltïjhids leturegfs nusiel shopghihkek2 ulhkekfs f g f o f l t ~ g f s y tfdrïes fgf-celtfs eifrie kf fgges. Gds fstukhdsds kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg idopghiel sus fstukhds y ejhroel, gdieghzer ieke vfz oåsverhengfs. Gds tfoes kf ges ihflihes sdihegfs y kf ges leturegfssdl idopgfteofltf khjfrfltfs. Ge khjfrflihe ld dnghtfre ihfrtespdshnhghkekfs y lfifshkekfs. Ld hopdrte iuåg sfe fg tfoe, kfnfods ghohter fg kdohlhd quf lds idlihfrlf, drcelhzergd, pere

shopghjhier gds oetfrhegfs kf gds quf lds diupeods, pere idlifltreods fl ³ihfrtes tflkflihes, y pere hlkhvhkueghzer ges jufrzes hopugsdres oås jufrtfs.

Pdr ge prhofre pertf kf fstf iepïtugd senfods quf ge tfdrhequf kfsfeods idlstruhr fs shstèohie. Íùod sfrå ule tfdrïeshstèohie kf pdgïthie hltfrleihDleg4 Úuè egielif tflkrå4 Úuèsfrå iepez f hliepez kf fxpghier4 . .

Ge tfdrïe fxpghie rfcugerhkekfs kf idlkuite y lds ggfve efspfrer quf gds rfsugtekdsprdkuihkds pdr ges ulhkekfs hltfrei

tueltfs iefrål kfltrd kf ihfrtds relcds fspfiïjhids. Yhl fonercd, ge idlkuite kf gds Fstekds y kf gds fstekhstes³ fs hlkftfrohleke. Íùod fs pdshngf, fltdlifs, idlstruhr ule tfdrïe kfpdgïthie hltfrleihdleg quf kfnf eprfmflkfr ule idlkuite hlkftfrohleke4 Èste fs ge crel prfculte shl rfspufste y ouimdsejhroel quf fs hopdshngf kf rfspdlkfr- kf gds fstukhds pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs. Ge prfculte ld pufkf sfr rfspdlkhke 'pdrequèggds iuyd fljdquf fs idlkuithste d rfkuiihdlhste, idod yemfods vhstd. [retel kf fxpghier ge pdgïthie³ hltfrleihdleg fl tèr-

509



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

ohlds kf sus prhlihpegfs eitdrfs. Fg fljdquf idlkuithste prfkdohleltf kf ge idlstruiihùl kf tfdrïes pdgïthies hltfrleihdlegfs sf kfserrdgge fliuekrelkd prdpdshihdlfs eifrie kf ge idlkuite ges fstretfches y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf gds Fstekds. P ~ r dges prdpdshihdlfs e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek ld kel iuflte kf gds jf-lùoflds dnsfrvekds e lhvfg shstèglhid. Idod ge khvfrshkek kfeitdrfs y ges verheihdlfs kf sus eiihdlfs ld sdl hcuegekes pdr

ge verheihùl kf gds rfsugtekds senfods quf mey ieuses shstèohies fl bufcd. g senfrgd senfods teonhèl quf fs lfifserhe ypdshngf ule tfdrïe shstèohie. Ekvfrthr fse pdshnhghkek rfquhfrfidlifnhr ule fstruiture shstèohie hltfrleihdleg y kfodstrer

iùod gdcre sus fjfitds. [flfods quf prdkuihr ge rfvdguihùlidpfrlhiele quf dtrds mel kfoelkekd kfodstrelkd què pertf

kf ges eiihdlfs y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf gds Fstekds y què pertfkf gds rfsugtekds quf fstes eiihdlfs f hltfreiihdlfs prdkuifl

pufkfl sfr fxpghiekds pdr ofkhd kf ges juftzes quf dpfrel elhvfg kfg shstfoe fl vfz kf dpfrer eg lhvfg kf ges ulhkekfs.

´ què of rfjhfrd idl fxpghier Uuhfrd kfihr fxpghier fl

fstds sflthkds2 kfihr pdr què fg relcd kf gds rfsugtekds fspfrekds ief kfltrd kf ihfrtds gïohtfs1 kfihr pdr què rfiurrfl gdsfsqufoes kf idlkuite1 kfihr pdr què sf rfphtfl gds eidltfihohfltds hliguyflkd equèggds quf teg vfz khscustfl e tdkds gds

e i t d r f s ~ e fstruiture kf ul shstfoe eitòe idod jufrze ghohtekdre y kf khspdshihùl y pdr fsd ges tfdrïes shstèohies fxpghiely prfkhifl ges .idlthluhkekfs kfltrd kf ul s h s t f o ~ Vle tfdrïeshstèohie oufstre pdr què gds ieonhds e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek prdkuifl oflds ieonhds kf rfsugtekds kf gds fspfrengfs fl eusflihe kf ghohteihdlfs shstèohies. Vle tfdrïe kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg pufkf kfihrlds egcd eifrie kf gds rfsugtekds pdgïthidshltfrleihdlegfs fspfrengfs eifrie kf ge jgfxhnhghkek quf pufkflodstrer gds shstfoes fl rfspufste e gds hoprfkfihngfs eitds kf

ul idlbultd verhekd kf Fstekds y eifrie kf gds fjfitds fspfre-. nHfs quf fbfrifrål gds shstfoes sdnrf gds Fstekds.

Vle tfdrïe pdsff pdkfr fxpghiethvd y prfiVithvd. Vle tfdrïethflf ekfoås fgfcelihe. Fgfcelihe fl ges tfdrïes kf ihflihessdihegfs shclhjhie quf ges fxpghieihdlfs y ges prfkhiihdlfs sfrål

cflfregfs. Vle tfdrïe kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg pdr fbfopgd fx-pghierå pdr què ge cufrre fs rfiurrfltf f hlkhierå ihfrtes idlkhihdlfs quf merål quf ge cufrre sfe oås d oflds prdnengfpfrd ld prfkfihrå fg fstegghkd kf cufrres perthiugerfs. Kfltrd

50;




kf ul shstfoe, ule tfdrïe fxpghie ges idlthluhi15ekfs. LDY khifquè fspfrer y pdr què. E vfifs sf lds khif quf gds fljdqufs fstruituregfs mel kfodstrekd sfr kfsegfltekdrfs, quf e perthr

kfg fstukhd kf ge fstruiture ld mey ouimd pere eprflkfr. Fstddiurrf, prfsulteofltf, pdr kds rezdlfs. Yf khif quf ge fstruiture fs, fl cflfreg, ul idlifptd fståthid y iesh veiïd. Eulquflhlculd kf eonds pultds fs idrrfitd, eonds sdl sucfrfltfs.Ges fstruitures perfifl sfr fståthies pdrquf e oflukd kurelgercds pfrïdkds. Hligusd, iuelkd ld ieonhel, sdl .khlåohiesy ld fståthies, .pdrquf egtfrel ge idlkuite kf gds eitdrfs yejfitel fg rfsugtekd kf sus hltfreiihdlfs. Keke ule fstruiturekurengf, sf tdrle jeijr-peser pdr egtd gds fjfitds fstruituregfspdrquf sdl rfpfthkeofltf hcuegfs. Esï, uld fspfre quf ~ ohsodrelcd eopghd kf rfsugtekds sf prdkuzie e perthr kf ges eiihdlfskf gds Fstekds fl ule shtueihùl elårquhie. Gd quf idlthlòe ygd quf sf rfphtf ld fs pdr ihfrtd, oflds hopdrteltf quf gdquf ieonhe. Ge idlstelihe kf ge fstruiture fs 50 quf fxpghiegds fsqufoes rescds rfiurrfltfs kf ge vhke pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg. ´Pfrd ge fstruiture fs, ld dnsteltf, ul idlifptd veiïd4Fl crel pertf y pdrquf gd fs cele fl fgfcelihe y fl pdkfr. Yhlkuke, ge fstruiture kf leke shrvf fl kfteggf. Gds idlifptds fs

truituregfs, eulquf ierfifl kf idltflhkd kfteggekd, eyukel efxpghier egculds fsqufoes crelkfs, hopdrteltfs y kurekfrds.

Gd quf fs oås, ges fstruitures pufkfl ieonher kf oelfresònhte. Vl ielgnhd fstruitureg fs ule rfvdguihùl, sf prdkuzie dld kf oelfre vhdgflte, y gd fs pdrquf q gucer e lufves fxpfitethves eifrie kf gds rfsugtekds quf sf prdkuihrål e perthr kf gdseitds y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf ulhkekfs iuye idgdieihùl kfltrd kfgshstfoe verïe bultd idl gds ieonhds kf ge fstruiture. Fltrf shstfoes, ule tfdrïe fxpghie fg ieonhd. Vle tfdrïe kf pdgïthie hltfr

leihdleg s:50 pufkf tflfr èxhtd sh sf kfjhlfl ges fstruiturespdgïthies kf oelfre kf hkflthjhier sus fjfitds ieusegfs y kfodstrer kf què odkd verïel fstds fjfitds iuelkd ieonhe ge fstruiture. E perthr kf ge elerquïe, hljfrhods crelkfs fxpfitethveseifrie kf ge ieghkek kf ge vhke pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg. Ge khsthlihùl fltrf fstruitures elårquhies kf khjfrfltf thpd lds pfrohtfprdkuihr kfjhlhihdlfs oås fstrfimes y prfihses kf gds rfsugtekds fsperekds.

Idlshkfrfods, pdr fbfopgd, gds fjfitds sujrhkds pdr gds

Fstekds furdpfds e perthr kfg ieonhd kf ul shstfoe ougthpdger

506



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

pdr dtrd nhpdger. Fl teltd gds Fstekds furdpfds jufrdl gds crel-kfs pdkfrfs kfg oulkd, ge ulhkek fltrf fggdY sùgd pdkïe sfr ulsufõd. Ge pdgïthie fltrf gds crelkfs pdkfrfs furdpfds tflkïe eul odkfgd kf bufcd idl suoe ifrd. Ieke pdkfr idlshkfrenequf ieke pèrkhke kf dtrd fre su prdphe celelihe. Fljrfltekdsidl ge pdshnhghkek kf iddpfrer pere nflfjhihd outud, ieke Fs-tekd sf sfltïe oås hlighlekd e rfthrersf. Iuelkd fl ule dieshùlegcVlds kf gds crelkfs pdkfrfs sf kfspgezerdl meihe ge iddpf-reihùl, gd mhihfrdl idl fg òlhid dnbftd kf dpdlfrsf idl oeydrjufrze e dtrds pdkfrfs. Fg surchohfltd kf gds supfrpdkfrfs rusdy ldrtfeofrhield irfù ule shtueihùl quf pfrohthù ule oeydr yoås fjfithve iddpfreihùl fltrf gds Fstekds kf Furdpe diihkfl-teg. Yf idlvhrthfrdl fl idlsuohkdrfs kf sfcurhkek, pere uthghzerule fxprfshùl idoòl fl ge èpdie kf ge Ghce kf ges Leihdlfs.Pdr prhofre vfz fl ge mhstdrhe odkfrle, gds kftfrohleltfs kfge cufrre y ge pez sf meggerdl jufre kf ge fsifle kf gds Fstekds.furdpfds, y gds ofkhds kf prfsfrvergds frel suohlhstrekds pdr.dtrds. Fstes lufves ihriulstelihes mhihfrdl pdshngf fg jeodsd

esiflsd kfg l ~ r è s idoòl , fxprfshùl kfg pflseohfltd kfquf tdkds kfnïel treneber fl idlbultd pere ofbdrer ge sufr-tf kf tdkds, fl vfz kf prfdiupersf dnsfshveofltf pdr ge kh-vhshùl prfihse kf ³gds nflfjhihds. Ld kfseperfihfrdl tdkds gds

hopfkhofltds kf ge iddpfreihùl, pfrd sh uld hopdrteltf f g

ohfkd kf quf ge oeydr vfltebe kf uld sf trekubfre fl ule jufrzeohghter quf sf usere fl idltre kf gds dtrds. Eg vhvhr e ge sdonrekf gds supfrpdkfrfs, Hlcgetfrre, Jrelihe, Egfoelhe f Hteghe rå-phkeofltf ekvhrthfrdl q5Bè ge cufrre fltrf fggds sfrhe fstèrhg, youy prdltd fopfzerdl e irffr quf sfrhe hopdshngf. Idod ge

sfcurhkek 'kf tdkds fggds eienù pdr kfpflkfr fl ògthoe hlst l-ihe kf ges pdgïthies kf gds dtrds, oås quf kf ge prdphe, fre pdsh-ngf treneber kf oelfre fjfithve pdr ge ulhkek eulquf ld sf ge

gdcrere jåihgofltf.Vle vfz quf kfseperfif ge pdshnhghkek kf cufrre fltrf gds

Fstekds, tdkds fggds pufkfl idrrfr idl oeydr ghnfrtek. fg rhfscdkf sujrhr .ule pèrkhke rfgethve. Pufkfl ³ ltfltersf foprfses qufsfrål oås nflfjhihdses pere ulds quf pere dtrds, ye quf fstdsògthods pufkfl idlifnhr ge fspfrelze kf quf dtres eithvhkekfsrfvfrthrål fg fquhghnrhd kf gds nflfjhihds, y pdrquf .fxhstf ge

idlvhiihùl kf quf ihfrtes foprfses, fl cflfreg, rfsugtel veghdses.Vl Fstekd pufkf cerelthzer e dtrd celelihes fidlùohies e

5 :



[FD^ïEY YHY[ÈOHIEY X ^FKVIIHDLHY[EY

ieonhd kf vfltebes pdgïthies, hliguyflkd fg nflfjhihd quf hopghie fg jdrtegfihohfltd kf ge fstruiture iddpfrethve furdpfe.

Ge kfseperhihùl kf ge prfdiupeihùl kf ge sfcurhkek fltrf gdsFstekds kf Furdpe diihkflteg ld hopghie ge jhleghzeihùl kf gdsidljghitds, shld quf prdkuif ul ieonhd kf sus idltflhkds. es

lfcdiheihdlfs khjïihgfs kfltrd kf ge Idoulhkek Fidlùohie Furd

pfe pdr pertf kf Jrelihe eifrie kf pdgïthies ecrïidges, pdr fbfopgd) hlkhie quf gds cdnhfrlds ld mel pfrkhkd hltfrès fl senfrquhèl celerå oås y quhèl c ~ r å oflds. Gds idljghitds kf hl

tfrès sunshstfl, pfrd ld ge fxpfitethve kf quf egcuhfl pufkf userge jufrze pere rfsdgvfrgds. Kfspuès kf ge Yfculke Cufrre Oul

kheg, -ges pdgïthies fltrf gds Fstekds furdpfds ekquhrhfrdl.uleiueghkek k÷frfltf pdrquf fg shstfoe hltfrleihdleg kfbù kf sfrougthpdger pere idlvfrthrsf fl nhpdger. Fggtohtekd prdcrfsd flfg ieopd fidlùohid y fl dtrds ieopds, fl khrfiihùl eg gdcrdkf ge ulhkek kf Furdpe diihkflteg, ld pufkf idoprflkfrsf shlidlshkfrer gds fjfitds quf sf prdkubfrdl e perthr kfg ieonhdkf fstruiture kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg. Fg fbfopgd eyuke ekfodstrer què fs gd quf pufkf kfihods ule tfdrïe kf pdgjthiehltfrleihdleg, y què ld pufkf. Pufkf kfsirhnhr ge eopghtuk kf

gds prdnengfs rfsugtekds kf ges eiihdlfs f hltfreiihdlfs kf gdsFstekds kfltrd kf ul shstfoe kftfrohlekd, y kfodstrer iùodverïe fg relcd kf ges fxpfitethves idl fg ieonhd kf shstfoes.Pufkf kfihrlds iuågfs prfshdlfs sf fbfrifl y què pDYhnhghkekfspgeltfel gds shstfoes kf fstruiture khjfrfltf, pfrd ld pufkfkfihrlds iùod, lh idl què fjfithvhkek rfspdlkfrål ges ulhkekfskfg shstfoe e fstes prfshdlfs y pdshnhghkekfs.

Fstruituregofltf, pdkfods kfsirhnhr y idoprflkfr ges prfshdlfs e ges quf fstål subftes gds Fstekds. Ld pdkfods prfkfihr

iùod rfeiihdlerål e ges prfshdlfs shl idldihohfltd kf sus khspdshihdlfs hltfrles. Vle tfdrïe shstèohie fxpghie gds ieonhds fltrf shstfoes, ld kfltrd kf fggds, y ld dnsteltf ge vhke hltfrleihdlegkfltrd kf ul shstfoe kftfrohlekd ld fs kf lhlcule oelfre pfroelfltf rfp.fthihùl. Yf prdkuifl khsidlthluhkekfs h o p d r t e l ~Yh sf prdkuifl kfltrd kf ul shstfoe quf pfrshstf, sus ieuses sfmeggel e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek. Yf prdkuif ule kfsvheihùl idhg rfspfitd e gd fspfrekd iuelkd diurrf egcd quf sf fliufltre jufrekfg fljdquf kf ge tfdrïe.

Vle tfdrïe shstèohie kf ge pdgjthie hltfrleihdleg sf diupekf ges jufrzes fl bufcd fl fg lhvfggltfoeihdleg, ld fl fg leihd-

50 5



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

leg. Fltdlifs sf pgeltfe fste prfculte2 Yh mey fl bufcd teltd

jufrzes e lhv g kf ge ulhkek idod e lhvfg shstèohid, ´iùod fspds hngf idlstruhr ule tfdrïe pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg shl dlstruhr

shougtålfeofltf ule tfdrïe kf pdgïthie fxtfrhdr4 Ge prfculte

fs fxeiteofltf hcueg quf prfculter iùod sf pufkf fsirhnhr ule

tfdrïe fidlùohie kf ofriekd fl eusflihe kf ule tfdrïe kf gefoprfse. e rfspufste fs2 ouy jåihgofltf . Ge tfdrïe kf ofriekd fs ule tfdrïe fstruitureg quf kfoufstre kf què odkd ges foprfses sdl prfshdlekes pdr ges jufrzes kfg ofriekd quf ges dnghce e meifr ihfrtes idses kf ihfrte oelfre. Yh ges merål d ld, y kf

què odkd, fs egcd quf verïe kf ule foprfse e dtre, y fstes verheihdlfs kfpflkfl kf ges khjfrfltfs drcelhzeihdlfs y oelfbds hltfrlds. Vle tfdrïe pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg ld hopghie lh rfquhfrf ule

tfdrïe kf pdgïthie fxtfrhdr, kfg ohsod odkd quf ule tfdrïe kfofriekd ld hopghie lh rfquhfrf ule tfdrïe kf ge foprfse. Ges tfdrïes shstèohies, ye sfel pdgïthies d fidlùohies, sdl equègges quffxpghiel kf què odkd ge drcelhzeihùl kf ul kdohlhd eitòe idodjufrze ghohtekdre y eutdrhzåkdre kf ges ulhkekfs hHhtfreitueltfs.Fses tfdrïes lds hljdroel eifrie kf ges jufrzes e ges quf fstål

subftes ges ulhkekfs. E perthr kf fgges, pdkfods hljfrhr egculesidses eifrie kf ge idlkuite fg kfsthld fspfrekd kf ges ulhke

kfs2 fs kfihr, iùod tflkrål quf idopfthr ekeptersf fltrf sï shfs quf kfnfl sdnrfvhvhr y jgdrfifr. Fl ge ofkhke fl quf ge khlåohie kf ul shstfoe ghohte ge ghnfrtek kf sus ulhkekfs, ges dlkuites rfsugtekds sf tdrlel prfkfihngfs. ´Iùod fspfreods qufrfspdlkel ges foprfses e ofriekds khjfrfltfofltf fstruiturekds, y gds Fstekds e shstfoes pdgïthids hltfrleihdlegfs khjfrfltfofltf fstruiturekds4 Fstes prfcultes tfùrhies lds phkfl quftdofods e ges foprfses idod ,foprfses, y e gds Fstekds idodFstekds, shl prfster lhlcule etflihùl e ges k÷frflihes fxhstfltfs

fltrf fggds. Ges prfcultes sf rfspdlkfl, fltdlifs, meihflkd rfjflrflihe e ge idgdieihùl kf ges ulhkekfs fl sus shstfoes, y ld egukhflkd e sus iueghkekfs hltfrles. Ges tfdrïes shstèohies fxpghielpdr què ges ulhkekfs khjfrfltfs sf idopdrtel kf oelfre shohgery, e pfser kf sus verheihdlfs, prdkuifl rfsugtekds quf iefl kfltrd kfg relcd kf³gd fspfrekd. Hlvfrseofltf, ges tfdrïes e lhvfg kf

ge ulhkek lds khifl pdr què ges khjfrfltfs ulhkekfs sf idopdrtel

kf oelfres khjfrfltfs e pfser kf pdsffr ule idgdieihùl shohgerkfltrd kf ul shstfoe. Vle tfdrïe kf pdgïthie fxtfrhdr fs ule tfdrïe

kf 'lhvfg leihdleg. Prdkuif fxpfitethves eifrie kf ges rfspufs-

50=



[FD^ÏEY YHY[ÈOHIEY X ^FKZIIHDLHY[EY

tes kf khsthltes pdgïthies eltf ges prfshdlfs fxtfrles. Vle tfdrïekf pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg sf diupe kf ges pdgïthies fxtfrhdrfs kfges leihdlfs pfrd ejhroe fxpghier sdgeofltf ihfrtds espfitds kffgges. Pufkf kfihrlds idl què idlkhihdlfs hltfrleihdlegfs kfnfrål fljrfltersf ges pdgïthies leihdlegfs. Irffr quf ule tfdrïe kfpdgïthie hltfrleihdleg fstå fl idlkhihdlfs kf kfihr kf què odkdsf prdkuihrå fsf fljrflteohfltd fs gd dpufstd kfg fr rdr rfkuiihdlhste.

Ge tfdrïe esï idod ge mhstdrhe kf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdlegsf fsirhnf fl tèrohlds kf gds crelkfs pdkfrfs kf ule èpdie. Fsefs ge idstuonrf teltd fltrf gds ihfltïjhids pdghthids idod fltrfgds mhstdrhekdrfs pfrd ge idstuonrf ld rfvfge g s odthvds quf sfmeggel kftrås kf fsf månhtd. Fl pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg eg hcuegquf fl iuegquhfr shstfoe kf eutd-eyuke ges ulhkekfs kf oeydriepeihkek pgeltfel ge fsifle kf ge eiihùl pere ges dtres y peresï ohsrles. Fl ge tfdrïe ~ h s t è o h i e ge fstruiture fs ule ldihùlcflfrethve1 y ge fstruiture kf ul shstfoe fs cflfreke pdr geshltfreiihdlfs kf sus pertfs prhlihpegfs. Yfrïe tel rhkïiugd idlstruhr ule tfdrïe pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg neseke fl Oegeshe y Idste^hie idod idlstruhr ule tfdrïe fidlùohie kf ge idopftflihe dghcdpùghie neseke fl ges foprfses ofldrfs kf ul sfitdr kf ge fidldoïe. Gds kfsthlds kf tdkds gds Fstekds y kf tdkes ges foprfseskf ul shstfoe fstål ouimd oås ejfitekds pdr ges eiihdlfs f hltfreiihdlfs kf gds oeydrfs quf pdr ges kf gds ofldrfs. E prhlihphd kf shcgd egcuhfl quf sf prfdiupere pdr ges pfrspfithves kf gepdgïthie hltfrleihdleg idod shstfoe y pdr ges leihdlfs crelkfsy pfqufões quf idljdroenel fsf shstfoe ld ifltrene su etflihùlfl ges pdgïthies fxtfrhdrfs y ohghterfs kf Yuhze Khleoerie yLdrufce shld oås nhfl fl ges kf Hlcgetfrre y Egfoelhe ^ushe

y Jrelihe. Idlifltrersf fl gds crelkfs pdkfrfs ld hopghie pfrkfr kf vhste e gds pdkfrfs ofldrfs. Ge prfdiupeihùl pdr fg kfsthld kf fstds ògthods hopghie prfster ule oeydr etflihùl e gdsprhofrds. Ge prfdiupeihùl pdr ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg idodshstfoe hopghie ge idlifltreihùl fl gds Fstekds quf ieusel gesoeydrfs khjfrflihes. Vle tfdrïe cflfreg kf pdgïthie hltfrleihdlegsf nese lfifserheofltf fl gds crelkfs.pdkfrfs. Ge tfdrïe ule vfzfsirhte teonhèl sf epghie e gds Fstekds ofldrfs quf hltfreitòelfl teltd sus hltfreitueihdlfs fstèl ehsgekes kf gds crelkfs p -

kfrfs kf ul shstfoe ye sfe pdr ge rfgethve hlkhjfrflihe kf fstdsògthods d pdr khjhiugtekfs kf idoulhieihùl y kf trelspdrtf.

508



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

HHH

Fl ule tfdrïe shstèohie, pertf kf ge fxpghieihùl kf ges idlkuitesy kf gds rfsugtekds sf megge fl ge fstruiture kfg shstfoe. Vlefstruiture pdgïthie fs sfofbeltf e ul ieopd kf jufrze fl jïshie 2ges h,ltfreiihdlfs kfltrd kf ul ieopd thflfl prdphfkekfs khjfrfltfs kf equègges quf fxhsthrïel sh fstes hltfreiihdlfs sf prdkubfrel jufre kf fsf ieopd, y teg idod fg ieopd ejfite e gdsdnbftds, fstds ògthods teonhèl gd ejfitel e èg. ´Iùod sf pufkfdtdrcer ul shclhjhiekd igerd y òthg e ul idlifptd idod fg kffstruiture4 ´Iùod fbfrifl fjfitd ges fstruitures4 Eg idlshkfrerges fstruitures idod ieuses, rfsugte òthg fstengfifr ule khsthl-ihùl fltrf kds kfjhlhihdlfs.

Fg tèrohld fstruiture fs emdre jevdrhtd kf ges ihflihessdihegfs. Idod teg, su shclhjhiekd sf me tdrlekd ensdguteofltfeneriethvd. Eg shclhjhier iuegcuhfr idse, me kfbekd kf shclhjhieregcd fl perthiuger. Kfbelkd kf gekd sus usds veiuds y iesuegfs, fgtèrohld thflf kds shclhjhiekds hopdrteltfs. Prhofrd, pufkf kfshcler ul rfiursd idopflsetdrhd quf julihdle pere prdkuihr uleulhjdrohkek kf rfsugtekds e pfser kf ge verhfkek kf hopugsds.Gds ùrcelds kfg iufrpd oelthflfl ges verheihdlfs kfltrd kfrelcds tdgfrengfs e pfser kfg ieonhd kf ges idlkhihdlfs. Fg mïcekd pdr fbfopgd, oelthflf fg lhvfg kf ezòier kfltrd kf ihfrtdrelcd e pfser kf ge khvfrshkek kf idohke y nfnhke hlcfrhkes. Kfoelfre ,shohger, gds hopufstds e gds hlcrfsds lfcethvds y prdcrfshvds rfkuifl ges khsperhkekfs kf gds hlcrfsds e pfser kf ge menhghkek, ge flfrcïe y ge ~ u r t kf ges pfrsdles. Idod fses fstruitures prdkuifl prdifsds kf lhvfgeihùl, gds quf fxpfrhofltel gdsfjfitds kf fse lhvfgeihùl ld lfifshtel tflfr idlihflihe kf ge

fstruiture lh kf iùod sf prdkuifl sus fjfitds. Ges fstruitureskf fste ,igesf sdl ecfltfs quf julihdlel kfltrd kf gds shstfoes.Ydl fstruitures kfg thpd kf ges quf sufgfl tflfr fl ofltf gdsihfltïjhids pdgïthids. Idopertfl ule iueghkek idl ges fstruituresteg idod ges mf kfjhlhkd2 julihdlel oeltflhflkd gds rfsugtekdskfltrd kf relcds fstrfimds. Khjhfrfl pdr sfr hkfekes pdr ge letu-regfze d pdr gds mdonrfs pere dpfrer kfltrd kf shstfoes oeydrfsidl prdpùshtds perthiugerfs. Iuelkd of rfjhfrd e fgges, usd tèrohlds tegfs idod ecfltf, ecflihe y rfiursds idopflsekdrfs. Vsd

ge pegenre fstruiture tel sùgd fl fg sfculkd sflthkd.

550



[Fd.^ÏEY YHY[ÈOHIEY X ^FKVIIHd.LHY[EY

Fl fg sfculkd. sflthkd, fstruiture kfshcle ,ul idlbultd kfidlkhihd.lfs ghohtethves. Fse fstruiture eitòe idod sfgfitdr, pfrdld pufkf sfr vhste, fxeohleke u dnsfrveke idod pufkfl sfrgd

fg mïcekd d gds hopufstds e gds hlcrfsds. Gds ofriekds fidlùohids jdroekds ghnrfofltf y ges fstruitures pdgïthies hltfrleihdlegfs sdl sfgfitdrfs, pfrd ld ecfltfs. Idod ges fstruitures sfgfiihd-

lel pdr ofkhd kf ge rfidopflse kf egcules idlkuites fgiesthcd kf dtres, gds rfsugtekds ld pufkfl hljfrhrsf e perthr kfges hltflihdlfs lh kf ges idlkuites. ~ s t f fs ul shopgf mfimdgùchid quf iuegquhfre pufkf fltflkfr. Gd quf ld fs shopgf fskfihr què fs pdgïthieofltf equfggd quf kfserthiuge ge idlkuite yg rfsugtekd. Ges fstruitures sdl ieuses, pfrd ld sdl ieuses fl

fg sflthkd fl quf kfihods quf E ieuse ] y N ieuseX.

],f y sdlkhjfrfltfs rfsugtekds prdkuihkds pdr eiihdlfs d ecfltfs khjfrfltfs. E y N sdl oås jufrtfs, oås råphkds, eltfrhdrfs d kf oeydrpfsd quf ] f X.

Fses ieuses sf fstengfifl pdr ofkhd kf ge dnsfrveihùl kfgvegdr kf ges verhengfs, fg iågiugd kf sus idverhelihes y fg restrfdkf es sfiuflihes.> Idod E y N sdl khjfrfltfs, prdkuifl khjfrfltfs fjfitds. Fl idltrestf, ges fstruitures ghohtel y kel jdroes eges ecflihes y e gds ecfltfs, y gds hlighlel fl. khrfiihdlfs quf

thflkfl meihe ule iueghkek idoòl kf rfsugtekds, eulquf gdsfsjufrzds y gds prdpùshtds kf ges ecflihes y gds ecfltfs verïfl.Ges fstruitures ld prdkuifl fjfitds khrfiteofltf. Ges fstruitures ld eitòel kf ge ohsoe oelfre fl quf gd meifl ges ecflihes 2y gds ecfltfs. ´Iùod idoprflkfr fltdlifs ges jufrzes fstruituregfs4 ´Iùod pdkfods pflser quf ges ieuses fstruituregfssdl oås veces quf ges prdpflshdlfs sdihegfs d quf ges tflkflihespdgïthies oeg kfjhlhkes4

. Gds ecfltfs y ges ecflihes eitòel1 gds shstfoes fl cflfregld. Pfrd ges eiihdlfs kf gds ecfltfs ges ecflihes sdl ejfitekespdr ge fstruiture kfg shstfoe. Fl sh ohsoe, ule fstruiture ldidlkuif khrfiteofltf e ul rfsugtekd prfjfrfliheg. Ges fstruitures ejfitel ge idlkuite kfltrd kfg s h s t ~ B p f r d gd meifl kfoelfre hlkHrfite. Gds fjfitds sf prdkuifl kf kds oelfres2 pdrofkHd kf ge sdiheHhzeitDlefgds eitdrfs y pdr ofkhd kf ge rhvegH-

> Vle verhengf, idltrerheofltf eg usd quf sf gf ke fl ihflihe pdgïthie,ld fs iVj2ggquhfr idse quf verïe. Fs ul idlifptd quf ekquhfrf khjfrfltfsvegdrfs, ul idlifptd kfserrdggekd idod pertf kf ul odkfgd kfg oulkdouy shopghjhiekd. ^fiuèrkfsf fg iepïtugd 5

555



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

kek fltrf fggds. Fstds kds prdifsds hlvesdrfs sf kel fl ge pdgïthiehggtfrleihdleg kf ge ohsoe oelfre quf fl tdkd thpd kf sdihfkekfs. Idod sdl prdifsds julkeofltegfs, of errhfscerè e fluliher

gd dnvhd fxpghielkd ieke uld kf fggds fl tèrohlds fgfofltegfs.Idlshkfrfods fg prdifsd kf sdiheghzeihùl fl fg iesd oåsshopgf kf tdkds, fg kf ul per kf pfrsdles, d kf foprfses d kfFstekds. E hljguyf sdnrf N. N quf sf me vufgtd khjfrfltf creihese ge hljguflihe kf E hljguyf sdnrf E. [eg idod gd fxprfse OeryPerafr Jdggftt, tfùrhie kf ge drcelhzeihùl2 Ge prdphe eithvhkekkf E pflftre fl fg fstïougd quf fstå dieshdlelkd su eithvhkek,(58;5, p. 58;). Èstf fs ul fbfopgd kf ge idldihke gùchie fstruitureg-julihdleg pdr ge quf ges idlsfiuflihes sf trelsjdroel fl

ieuses (ij. Ythlimidonf, 58:= pp. =0-505). Gds etrhnutds yeiihdlfs kf N sdl ejfitekds pdr E vhifvfrse. L d fs quf iekeuld kf fggds hljguye shopgfofltf sdnrf fg dtrd1 eonds fstål hljguhkds pdr ge shtueihùl irfeke pdr su hltfreiihùl. e fxtflshùlkfg fbfopgd tdrle oås igere ge gùchie. Cfdrcf y Oertme, gds pfrsdlebfs prhlihpegfs kf ´ uhèl gf tfof e Zhrchlhe Sddgj4 kfFkwerk Egnff, irfel pdr ofkhd kf su idlkuite f hltfreiihùl ule

shtueihùl quf lhlculd kf gds kds pufkf idltrdger pdr ofkhd kf

gds eitds y ges kfihshdlfs hlkhvhkuegfs. Fl ul prdjulkd fstukhd

kf ge dnre kf Egnff, Peug Setzgewhia y sus esdihekds oufstrelquf ges eithvhkekfs kf Cfdrcf y Oertme ld pufkfl sfr idoprflkhkes shl idlshkfrer fg shstfoe quf fofrcf kf sus hltfrei,ihdlfs.Gd fxprfsel kf fste oelfre2

Gd quf sdl hlkhvhkuegofltf Cfdrcf d Oertme. ld fxpghie gdquf sf me idopufstd fltrf fggds, lh teopdid iùod. Jrecoflter fstf tdk8 fl rescds hlkhvhkuegfs kf pfrsdleghkek. . . fsfsflihegofltf sfperer e uld kf dtrd, lfcer quf sus idl

kuites thflfl ul shclhjhiekd fspfiheg fl fg idltfxtd kf fstehltfreiihùl -pfrpftuekd fl rfeghkek pdr fg fsqufoe kf su

hltfreiihùl (58:3, p. 56:).

Ge idlkuite kfg per ld pufkf sfr idoprflkhke sh sf ekdpteul fljdquf ulhgetfreg kf ieke ohfonrd. Oås eòl, ge idlkuitekfg per ld pufkf rfsdgvfrsf ofrifk e ul idlbultd kf rfgeihdlfsnhulïvdies pdrquf ieke fgfofltd kf idlkuite quf idltrhnuyf ege hltfreiihùl fstå kftfrohlekd fl sï ohsod pdr fg mfimd kf quffggds sdl ul per. Yf mel idlvfrthkd fl pertfs kf ul shstfoe. Kf-

55>




ihr shopgfofltf quf Oertme y Cfdrcf fstål hltfreituelkd, idlge eiihùl kf uld fsthougelkd ge rfspufste kfg dtrd, dsiurfif geihriugerhkek kf sus hltfreiihdlfs. Ieke uld eiihdle y rfeiihdleidl rfspfitd eg dtrd. Fg fstïougd y ge rfspufste jdroel pertf kfge mhstdrhe. Pfrd ekfoås gds kds eitòel bultds fl ul bufcd qufe pfser kf quf fggds ohsods gd mel hkfekd - odthve y ke

jdroe e sus idlkuites. Ieke uld fstå bucelkd ul bufcd, y gdskds fstål bucelkd bultds fsf bufcd. ^feiihdlel outueofltf yteonhèl fl julihùl kf ges tflshdlfs quf prdkuifl sus hltfreiihdlfs.

Èstds sdl fbfopgds kfsirhpihdlfs kf gd quf tdkds senfodsy fxpfrhoflteods. Pdkfods hltflter idl jhrofze eiener ulekhsiushùl, pdkfods eluliher fste hltflihùl, pdkfods hlshsthr fl

fgge y sfr, ld dnsteltf, errfnetekds pdr fse khsiushùl. Pdkfodsprfkfihr idl jhrofze lufstre prdphe eiihùl y tfrohler eituelkdkf oelfres quf lds sdrprflkfl y sdrprflkfl e gds dtrds. Eõdsetrås, Custevf f Ndl khbd fstd eifrie kfg fjfitd quf prdkuiffg crupd sdnrf fg hlkhvhkud2

Ge pfiugherhkek oås ldtengf quf prfsflte ule ougthtukpshidgùchie fs ge shcuhfltf2 sfel quhflfs jufrfl gds hlkhvhkuds quf ge idopdlfl, pdr sfofbeltfs d khsïohgfs quf sfel

sus odkds kf vhke, sus diupeihdlfs, su ieråitfr d su hltfghcflihe, fg mfimd kf quf mel shkd trelsjdroekds fl ule ougthtuk gds pdlf fl pdsfshùl kf ule sufrtf kf ofltf idgfithvequf gds meif sflthr, pflser y eituer kf oelfre ouy khjfrfltf kf ge quf ieke hlkhvhkud s f l t h r ï ~ pflserïe y eituerïesh fstuvhfre fl shtueihùl kf ehsgeoh.fltd (5=8:, pp. >8-90).

d kfbeods kf sfr ldsdtrds ohsods iuelkd ges shtueihdlfslds ejfitel hltflseofltf, pfrd lds idlvfrthods fl ldsdtrds

ohsods y teonhèl fl dtre idse. Lds tdrleods khjfrfltfs, pfrdld pdkfods kfihr iuåg fs fg ecfltf d ge ecflihe quf lds me ieonhekd.

Gds perfs y ges ougthtukfs suohlhstrel fbfopgds ohirdiùsohids y trelshtdrhds kf ge sdiheghzeihùl quf sf prdkuif fl drcelhzeihdlfs y fl sdihfkekfs fl crel fsiege y kureltf gercds pfrïdkds. Lekhf gfs khif e tdkds gds ekdgfsifltfs kf ule kftfrohlekefs iufge d ihukek quf sf vhstel kf oelfre shohger, pfrd ge oeydrïe gd meif. d meifl, pdr ihfrtd, e pfser kfg mfimd kf quf ou-

559



AFLLF[M L. SEG[R

imes pfrsdles us pekrfs- gfs khifl menhtuegofltf quf ld gdmecel. Ge dphlhùl kf ul crupd idltrdge e sus ohfonrds. Gdsmèrdfs y gds ghkfrfs fofrcfl y sdl fougekds. Ge egenelze kf ge

idlkuite quf s t h ~ j i f ges ldroes kfg crupd ges rfjufrze. Gesdiheghzeihùl idlkuif e gds ohfonrds kf ul crupd e sethsjeifrsus ldroes. Egculds ohfonrds kfg crupd sflthrål quf fstd fsrfprfsdr y tflkfrål meihe ule idlkuite kfsvheke. Fg rhkïiugd .pufkf pdlfr fl ghlfe e gds kfsvhekds d meifrgds enelkdler fgcrupd. Fl iuegquhfr iesd sf prfsfrve ge mdodcflfhkek kfg crupd.Kf oelfres khvfrses ges sdihfkekfs fstengfifl ldroes y fsthougel ge idljdrohkek. Ge sdiheghzeihùl rfkuif ge verhfkek. Ges khjfrflihes kf gds ohfonrds kf ge sdihfkek sdl oeydrfs quf ges

khjfrflihes dnsfrvengfs kf su idlkuite. Ges iereitfrïsthies pfrshstfltfs kf ge idlkuite crupeg sdl fl pertf r f s u g t ~ k d kf ges iueghkekfs kf sus ohfonrds. Pdr dtre pertf sdl rfsugtekd kf gesiereitfrïsthies kf ge sdihfkek quf sus hltfreiihdlfs prdkuifl.

Ge prhofre oelfre fl ge quf ges fstruitures fbfrifl susfjfitds fs pdr ofkhd kf ul prdifsd kf sdiheghzeihùl quf odgkfey ghohte ge idlkuite. ³ e sfculke oelfre fs pdr ofkhd kf geidopftflihe. Fl gds sfitdrfs sdihegfs gexeofltf drcelhzekds dsfcofltekds ge sdiheghzeihùl sf ggfve e iend pdr sfcofltds y ge

idopftflihe sf fstengfif fltrf fsds sfcofltds. e sdiheghzeihùl~ s t h o u g ges sfofbelzes kf gds etrhnutds y kf ges idlkuites. Gdohsod diurrf idl ge idopftflihe. Ge idopftflihe cflfre uldrkfl iuyes ulhkekfs ekeptel sus rfgeihdlfs pdr ofkhd kf suskfihshdlfs y eitds eutùldods. Ekeo Yrlhtm punghiù [mf Sfegtm

5 ethdls fl 533: Ld prftflkhù fxpghier ge idlkuite fidlùohie.y gds rfsugtekds tel sùgd kf eggï fl ekfgeltf. Ld kfserrdggù ule

tfdrïe quf sf epghiere sdgeofltf e ges eithvhkekfs fidlùohies kfequèggds quf gffl idoprflkfl y shcufl su ghnrd. Yu tfdrïe fid

lùohie fs epghiengf fl tdkds gds iesds fl gds quf prfvegfifl gesidlkhihdlfs hlkhiekes y fs epghiengf hlkfpflkhfltfofltf kfgidldihohfltd kf gds prdkuitdrfs y gds idlsuohkdrfs.9 Fstd sfprdkuif pdrquf ge tfdrïe kf Yohtm sf diupe kf gds gïhlhtfs fstruituregfs. Fl teltd rhbe ge sfgfiihùl fs pdshngf prfkfihr gds rfsugtekds idldzieods d ld ges hltflihdlfs kf gds eitdrfs y eulquffggds idoprflkel d ld idoprflkel ges ghohteihdlfs fstruiture-

9 Eg kfihr quf ge tfdrïe fs epghiengf kfbd kf gekd ge iufsthùl kf su

veghkfz

55;




gfs. Idlshkfrfods ul fbfopgd. Yupdlceods quf prftflkd hlstegerule zepetfrïe. ´Kùlkf shtuerge4 Pufkd menfr ekvfrthkd quf geszepetfrïes thflkfl e ecrupersf. Yhcuhflkd fg rezdleohfltd tïph-

id kf ge ihflihe pdgïthie pufkd hljfrhr quf d nhfl ges ihukekfsthflfl gfyfs quf rfcugel ge unhieihùl kf ges zepetfrïes d nhflquf gds kufõds kf ges zepetfrïes idldifl ge tfdrïe kf gdieghzeihùlkf gds fidldohstes quf kf oelfre cflfreg gfs khif iùod unhiersus idofrihds idl fg dnbftd kf etrefr ge etflihùl kfg oeydr lòofrd pdshngf kf ighfltfs. Lhlcule kf eones hljfrflihes sf bus-thjhie. Yhcuhflkd fg rezdleohfltd fidlùohid tïphid khrïe qufges idlkhihdlfs kfg ofriekd rfidopflsel e equèggds quf hlcf-lhdseofltf d ld shtòel sus idofrihds fl gds gucerfs ekfiuekds

y quf iesthcel e gds quf ld gd meifl. Ges idlkuites sdl sfgfiihd-lekes fl vhrtuk kf sus idlsfiuflihes. Gds foprfserhds hlkhvhkue-gfs ld lfifshtel senfr dnghcetdrheofltf iùod euoflter sus pdsh-nhghkekfs kf gdcrer nflfjhihds. Yh gd kfsfel pufkfl idopdrtersftdrpfofltf y idljher fl quf fg sfgfitdr kf ofriekd sfperf e gdsquf dpfrel kf oelfre hltfghcfltf kf gds quf ld gd meifl.

Yf supdlf quf ges foprfses sdl ulhkekfs kf oexhohzeihùl.Fl ge pråithie, ³egcules kf fgges pufkfl ld fster hltfltelkd oe-xhohzer leke. Dtres pufkfl hltfltergd, pfrd su hlfpthtuk tdrle

.khjïihg khsifrlhrgd. Gds shstfoes idopfththvds fstål rfcugekds pdresï kfihrgd creihes e ge reihdleghkek kf gds idopfthkdrfs oåsfxhtdsds. ´Uuè shclhjhie ge reihdleghkek4 Yhclhjhie sdgeofltfquf e egculds gfs ve ofbdr quf e dtrds ye sfe pdr ofkhd kf gehltfghcflihe ge menhghkek, fg trenebd kurd d ge shopgf nufle sufrtf. Gdcrel suohlhstrer ul prdkuitd d ul sfrvhihd lfifserhds kfoelfre oås etreithve y nerete quf gds kfoås. Fl fsf iesd dnhfl gds idopfthkdrfs gds hohtel, d phfrkfl tdkd. Pere fggds khs-ohluyf ge kfoelke, nebel sus nflfjhihds y fl ògthoe hlstelihe

vel e ge quhfnre. Pere hltfrruophr fste iekfle kf eidltfihohfltds hlkfsfengfs kfnfl ieonher sus oelfres kf julihdler. y kffstf odkd ges ulhkekfs quf sdnrfvhvfl eienel pdr perfifrsf ³fltrf sï. Yf jdroel fsqufoes fl ge gdieghzeihùl kf ges foprfses, flsu drcelhzeihùl fl sus odkds kf prdkuiihùl, fl fg khsfõd kf susprdkuitds y fl sus oètdkds kf oerafthlc. Fg ieråitfr drkflekdsf oelhjhfste fl gds rfsugtekds, y ld lfifserheofltf fl gds hopugsds kf fltreke. Gds quf sdnrfvhvfl iDglpertfl kftfrohlekes4ereitfrhsthies. Gds quf vel e ge quhfnre, ld. Ge idopftfliheoste e gds eitdrfs e ~ k p t r sus fsthgds e ges pråithies oås eifp-

6



AFLLF[M L SEG[R

tengfs y fxhtdses sdihegofltf. Ge sdiheghzeihùl y ge idopftflihesdl kds espfitds kf ul prdifsd pdr fg quf sf rfåuif ge verhfkek

kf idlkuites y kf rfsugtekds.Kdlkf rhcf ge sfgfiihùl sfcòl ges idlsfiuflihes, fofrcfly kurel fsqufoes shl quf lekhf meye eidodkekd ges pertfs pere

fstengfifrgds, y shl quf lekhf sf prfdiupf teopdid pdr oeltflfrgds. Gds eitds y rfgeihdlfs kf ges pertfs pufkfl rfcugersf pdr

ofkhd kf sus prdphes ekepteihdlfs outues Fg drkfl pufkf prfvegfifr shl ul drkflekdr1 ges ekepteihdlfs pufkfl prdkuihrsffl eusflihe kf ul ekeptekdr1 ges terfes pufkfl khstrhnuhrsf shlquf fxhste ul khstrhnuhkdr. Fg egiegkf kf ge ihukek kf Lfw Xdra

ld tfgfjdlfe e gds quhltfrds kfLfw

Bfrsfy pere kfihrgfs quf pgeltfl oås tdoetfs fg eõd prùxhod pdrquf gds khstrhnuhkds rfihfltfofltf mel shkd fsiesds. Ge djfrte y ge kfoelke sf ekeptel kfoelfre oås idljhengf y sflsete pdr ofkhd kf ge rfspufste eutdhltfrfseke kf luofrdsds idoprekdrfs y vflkfkdrfs, y ld creihese ges hlstruiihdlfs kf ul egiegkf. Vl fbfopgd kf khsthltd thpdeperfif sh idlshkfreods ge rfspufste kf Odltfsquhfu iuelkd sfgf prfsfltù ul pgel pere ule sdihfkek hkfeg. Yf khif quf idofltù2 Úuhèl veiherå ges neihlhgges4 Cdod prfculte fquhvegfltf,pdkrïeods fluliher2 Úuhèl rfidcfrå ge nesure4 Gds idoprekdrfs kfg sfrvhihd kf rfidgfiihùl kf nesure kfsfel idoprer neretd

fsf sfrvhihd. Gds vflkfkdrfs kfsfel vflkfrgd ierd. Úuè diurrf4Ges ihukekfs tdoel ofkhkes pere meifr oås etreithvd fg sfrvhihd2 oås ghophd y oås shopgf, pdr ofkhd kfg usd kf ge eutdoethzeihùl, y sdihegofltf oås eifptengf creihes eg euofltd kf stetus

kf fsf trenebd, pdr fbfopgd, suohlhstrelkd e gds trenebekdrfsulhjdrofs oås ecrekengfs. Fl teltd ge rfidgfiihùl kf nesure

shce shflkd ule terfe pdid etreithve, ge sdihfkek pece oås fl

prdpdrihùl eg tegfltd rfqufrhkd quf gd quf pece pdr dtrds sfrvhihds. Ge sdihfkek rfeg sf tdrle khjïihg kf khjfrfliher kf ge hkfeg.

HZ .

Khjfrfltfs fstruitures pufkfl dieshdler gds ohsods rfsugtekds e pfser kf quf verïfl ges ulhkekfs y sus hltfreiihdlfs. Esï

fl tdkd fg ofriekd fg prfihd kf ul prdkuitd d ul sfrvhihd fsulhjdrof sh mey ouimes jhroes quf idophtfl, sh pdids dghcdpdghdssf foneriel fl ge idllhvflihe kf prfihds, d sh fg cdnhfrld idltrd

ge gds prfihds. Idopftflihe pfrjfite, idllhvflihe idopgfte, idl-

55:




trdg ensdgutd2 fstes ieuses khjfrfltfs prdkuifl rfsugtekds hkèl-thids. perthr kf ge ulhjdrohkek kf gds rfsugtekds, ld pdkfods

hljfrhr quf gds etrhnutds y ges hltfreiihdlfs kf ges pertfs kf ulshstfoe mel pfroelfihkd idlsteltfs. Ge fstruiture pufkf kf-tfrohler gds rfsugtekds hlkfpflkhfltfofltf kf gds ieonhds elhvfg kf ges ulhkekfs f hlkfpflkhfltfofltf kf ge kfseperhihùlkf egcules y ge fofrcflihe kf dtres kf fgges. Ieuses khjfrfl-tfs pufkfl prdkuihr gds ohsods fjfitds1 ges ohsoes ieusespufkfl tflfr idlsfiuflihes khjfrfltfs. E oflds quf uld sfpeiùod fstå drcelhzekd ul rfhld, ld pdkrfods khjfrfliher ges ieu-ses kf gds fjfitds.

Fg fjfitd kf ule drcelhzeihùl pufkf prfvegfifr s8nrf 50setrhnutds y ges. hltfreiihdlfs kf gds fgfofltds quf ge idopdlfl.Vl shstfoe hlkfpflkhfltf kf ges idlkhihdlfs hlhihegfs oelhjhfste,sfcòl sf khif, fquhjhleghkek. Yh gd meif, fltdlifs fg shstfoeohsod fs su ofbdr fxpghieihùl, y fg fstukhd kf su drcelhzeihùl.fs ge o f t d d g d c ï ~ eprdpheke (Setzgewhia ft e5. 58:3, p. 5>8,ij. p. 9>). Yh ge fstruiture hljguyf shl kftfrohler, kfnfods prf-culterlds iùod y fl què crekd ge fstruiture kf ul rfhld ke

.iuflte kf gds rfsugtekds. Ge fstruiture kfnf sfr fstukheke pdr

. sï ohsoe, eg hcueg quf ges ulhkekfs. Egfcer fster shcuhflkd ulfljdqufsgstèohid d idlstruyflkd ule tfdrïe shstèohie rfquhfrfquf uld kfoufstrf iùod pufkfl kfjhlhrsf khjfrflihegofltf fglhvfg shstèohid y fg kf ges ulhkekfs. Ge hopdshnhghkek kf sfõegery prfsfrver ge khsthlihùl fltrf ge fstruiture, pdr ul gekd, y gesulhkekfs y prdifsds, pdr fg dtrd, tdrle hopdshngf kfsfloereõerges ieuses kf khjfrfltfs igesfs y khjfrfliher ges ieuses kf gdsfjfitds. Irfd quf fg ndrreohfltd kf ge khsthlihùl fxhstfltf fltrfgds khjfrfltfs lhvfgfs kf ul shstfoe me shkd fg oeydr hopfkh-

ofltd pere fg kfserrdggd kf tfdrïes eifrie kf ge pdgïthie hltfrle-ihdleg. Fg prùxhod iepïtugd kfoufstre iùod kfjhlhr ges fstrui-tures pdgïthies kf oelfre kf pdshnhghter ge idlstruiihùl kf uletfdrïe shstèohie.

553



6

FY[^VI[V^ Y PDGH[HI Y

Fl iepïtugds > 9 X ; sfõegeods quf gds rfsugtekds pdgïthidshltfrleihdlegfs ld pufkfl fxpghiersf kf oelfre rfkuiihdlhste.Fl fg iepïtugd 9 ekvfrthods quf hligusd gds fljdqufs kfigerekeofltf shstèohids ofzigel y idljulkfl ges ieuses e lhvfg shstèohid y ges ieuses e lhvfg kf ge ulhkek. ^fjgfxhdlelkd eifriekf ges tfdrhes quf shcufl fg odkfgd kf gds shstfoes cflfregfsidliguhods quf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg ld sf ekfiue sujhihfltf

ofltf eg odkfgd idod pere quf èstf sfe òthg y quf sùgd fs pdshngf idoprflkfr ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg pdr ofkhd kf egcòl

thpd kf tfdrhe shstèohie. Pere sfr -fxhtdse fse tfdrhe kfnf kfodstrer kf què odkd pufkf idlifnhrsf ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdlegidod ul kdohlhd khjfrfltf kf gd fidlùohid gd sdiheg y dtrdsieopds hltfrleihdlegfs. Pere khsthlcuhr gds shstfoes pdgïthidshltfrleihdlegfs kf dtrds shstfoes hltfrleihdlegfs y pere khjfrfliher ges jufrzes kf lhvfg shstèohid kf equègges e lhvfg kf ge

ulhkek fs lfifserhd kfodstrer kf què odkd sf cflfrel ges fstruitures pdghthies y kf què odkd ejfitel y sdl ejfitekesp r e ges ulhkekfs shstfoe. ´Iùod pdkfods idlifnhr ge pdgïthie hltfrleihdleg idod ul shstfoe khjfrflihekd4 ´Uuè fs 50 qufhltfrvhflf fltrf ges ulhkekfs hltfreitueltfs y gds rfsugtekdsprdkuihkds pdr sus eitds f hltfreiihdlfs4 Pere rfspdlkfr e fstesprfcultes fstf iephtugd fxeohle prhofrd fg idlifptd kf fstruiture sdiheg y gufcd kfjhlf ge fstruiture idod ul idlifptd

Teoría de la política internacional - Kennet Waltz

Documents

Transcript of Teoría de la política internacional - Kennet Waltz