September 13, 2017

CENTER FOR CREATIVE LAND RECYCLING

•Workshops & Webinars

•Policy & Research•Consulting•Technical Assistance: EPA TAB grantee•Online at www.cclr.org

Sarah Sieloffsarah.sieloff@cclr.org

Ignacio Dayrit415.398.1080 | ignacio.dayrit@cclr.org

Jean Hamerman646.712.0535 | jean.hamerman@cclr.org

COMING CCLR WEBINAR SCHEDULE

Date Title

October 4 Phytoremediation Demystified

October 11 Urban Agriculture & Healthfields

TBA US EPA ARC Webinars

All webinars are free - sign up at cclr.org

UP NEXT: PHYTOREMEDIATION DEMYSTIFIEDOCTOBER 4 | 2PM ET | 11PM PT

Ever wonder how the plant kingdom can contribute to your remediation efforts? Our in-depth dive will let you into the mechanics, best practices, trends,

and latest research on phytoremediation.

TAB LOCATIONS

Location?

TODAY’S PRESENTATION

IntroductionsArul Ayyaswami

Tetra Tech, Philadelphia PAJoe Muzzio

Reterro, Livermore CAIgnacio Dayrit

Center for Creative Land Recycling

Questions & Answer

TODAY’S PRESENTERS

Arul Ayyaswami is the Vice President and National Director of Remediation Technologies for Tetra Tech. Arul is an expert in remediation design and costing. He has developed methodologies to tackle large remediation projects and has innovative pathways to resolve environmental liabilities. He’s demonstrated improved performance through the use of innovative remedial technologies that significantly reduce time and expense to achieve site remediation goals.

Joe Muzzio has 28 years of experience as an environmental consultant, and holds a BS in geology and a law degree. He is a California professional geologist, certified engineering geologist and active member of the California State Bar. Joe has worked extensively under State and Federal regulations to design and manage environmental assessment and remediation projects throughout the western US, including projects that involve in situ and ex situ soil remediation.

SOIL AND GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION

SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES TO “DIG AND HAUL”

Outline

• Overview of Dig and Haul for Site Remediation

• On-Site Soil Remediation Alternatives• In Situ vs. Ex Situ

• Introduction to Evaporative Desorption Technology (EDT)

• Case Study of EDT with Life Cycle Assessment Comparison to Dig and Haul

DIG AND HAUL

– AN OVERVIEW

Dig and Haul• A common alternative for

Analysis of Brownfields Cleanup Alternatives

DIG AND HAUL – AN OVERVIEW

Dig and Haul - Defined• An ex situ soil remediation alternative

• Excavation to physically remove the contaminated soil from the site

• Load the soil in dump trucks • Transport soil from site for disposal at

licensed Landfill

DIG AND HAUL – AN OVERVIEW

Dig and Haul - Advantages

• Considered a “BAT” for brownfield development• Provides for “complete” contaminant source removal• Reduces potential for future vapor intrusion mitigation

measures • Most feasible for

shallow soil contamination (~25’)

• Can enable quick “soil closure” from regulatory agency to facilitate redevelopment

DIG AND HAUL – AN OVERVIEW

Dig and Haul – Disadvantages• Can be more expensive than in situ technologies or

ex situ on-site treatment

• Negative impacts to surrounding neighborhoods• Increased traffic and safety hazards due to trucking of

contaminated soil

• Increased GHG emissions from trucks

• Physical affects to community infrastructure (e.g., road damage)

• Causes resource depletion• Landfill space

• Imported clean fill

• Long-term Generator Liability with landfill disposal

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

14https://brownfieldstsc.org/roadmap/

Soil Alternatives

Further Divided into In Situ and Ex Situ Technologies

ON-SITE SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES

In Situ Remediation Typical Technologies

• Soil Vapor Extraction• Soil Mixing/Stabilization • Soil flushing• Amendments for enhanced biodegradation

or chemical oxidation• Thermal remediation

ON-SITE SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES

In Situ Remediation Advantages• Soil remediation completed in subsurface• No significant surface disturbances• Works well at depths greater than feasible

excavation• Often less expensive than ex situ remediationDisadvantages• Can be slower than ex situ alternatives• Success often controlled be heterogeneity of

contaminant distribution and soil type

ON-SITE SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES

Ex Situ Remediation with On-site Treatment

Typical Technologies• Chemical mixing oxidation/stabilization• Enhanced biodegradation (Biopiles)• Low/High temperature thermal remediation

• Evaporative Desorption Technology (EDT)

ON-SITE SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES

Ex Situ Remediation with On-site TreatmentAdvantages• Complete removal of contamination• Contaminant and soil heterogeneity not an issue• Relatively quick compared to in situ technologies• Can be combined with in situ technologiesDisadvantages• Somewhat limited by depth, but typically

facilitates expedited property development• Can be disruptive to existing site operations

EVOLUTION OF REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES

• Extraction Techniques• Pump and Treat & Excavation

• In Situ Technologies• Air Sparging, VER, SVE, etc.

• In Situ Containment Techniques• Reactive Walls, ZVI Trenches, etc.

• In Situ Mass Reduction Techniques• Reductive, Oxidizing

• Monitored Natural Attenuation

REMEDIAL HIERARCHY

COMPLEXITY

CO

ST

MNA

CHEMICAL

BIOLOGICAL

MASS TRANSFER

SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION (SVE)

Vacuum Gauge

Flowmeter

VaporTreatment

System

VacuumPump

VaporExtraction

WellVaporFlow

Vapor Sampling Port

VaporFlow

Contaminated Soil

IN SITU AIR SPARGING

MASS REMOVAL FOR PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS

CONTAMINANT (INCREASING DENSITY)

PER

CEN

T R

EMO

VA

L

HEAVY OILSGASOLINE

100

80

60

40

20

0

IN-SITU AIR SPARGING

Contaminant

Extraction Well

Unsaturated Zone

Injection Well

Saturated Zone

IN-WELL AIR STRIPPING

Vacuum Enhanced Recovery (VER)

VER BASIC PRINCIPLES

GroundwaterVapor

Smear Zone Dewatered Remediated Through Air Flow

Vacuum Enhanced RecoveryTETRA TECH

VACUUM ENHANCED RECOVERY

• Delivery, Delivery, Delivery

• Creation of a subsurface zone

• Delivery of reactive reagents

• Migrating contaminants intercepted

• Permanently degraded

30

INJECTION BASED REMEDIES

• Injection Delivery Methods

• Injection Pressure

• Reagent Types

• Test layout and Monitoring

31

KEY PARAMETERS FOR DESIGN

ENHANCED REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION - ERD

• Microbes called “reductive dechlorinators” replace chlorine with hydrogen atoms on CHs

• PCE is biodegraded via the following sequence

PCE → TCE → DCE → Ethene

Phytoremediation

BROWNFIELDS REMEDIATION

❖Brownfield Redevelopment is Complex• Parties involved• Uncertainties• Liabilities• Market Conditions

❖Therefore: Innovation is Rewarded• Remediation-focused investigation = $$ Savings• Rapid Characterization Technologies = Faster cleanup

plan approval• Selection of Technology: ➢ Earlier Remediation & Closure➢ Faster Development➢ More profit, Less Risk

REMEDIATION-FOCUSED INVESTIGATION

❖Site Characterization is expensive

❖Generally some data collected is extraneous1. Collected at direction of Agency to protect public

health and fully delineate site before remediation is anticipated

2. Information often collected does not help with remediation planning

3. If remediation is not already contemplated – re-drilling and collecting additional samples is expensive (e.g. drill another well to obtain groundwater chemistry)

REMEDIATION-FOCUSED INVESTIGATION

❖ Need to be more focused on the end goal – REMEDIATION

❖ Think early about what information is required:• Groundwater quality information (redox potential,

nitrogen, TDS, etc.)• Aquifer conditions• Soil properties data and radius-of-influence information• Building footprints & development plans

❖ Conduct investigation/sampling concurrently with data gap investigations

RAPID CHARACTERIZATION TECHNOLOGIES

❖Use of Rapid Characterization Technologies allows for faster, more complete understanding of site conditions

❖Roughly Equivalent in Cost

❖Modern technologies replace traditional sampling approach

• Field Methods• Data Analysis

RAPID CHARACTERIZATION TECHNOLOGIES

❖Field Methods• Laser-induced Fluorescence (LIF)• Rapid Optical Screening Technique (ROST)• Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)• Field Test Kits

Courtesy of Columbia Technologies, Inc.

❖Data Analysis• Geographic

Information Systems (GIS)

• Environmental Visualization Software (EVS)

ENVIRONMENTAL VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE (EVS)

Vertical “Cone” of High Permeability (Sandy Soil)

Area of Low Permeability (Silty/Clayey Soil)

VOC Distribution in Higher Permeability Soil

ENVIRONMENTAL VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE (EVS)

CASE STUDY: CHLORINATED SOLVENTS; ALKALINE ACTIVATION; IN SITU SOIL BLENDING

• 5,000 tons Treated in 2 days • Depth to Groundwater – 1 foot• Treatment Interval – 1 to 11 feet bgs• 10 gram Klozur® / 1 gram Hydrated Lime Applied per

Kilogram of Soil• Concentrations Dropped from 100 – 200 ppm Total

VOCs (TCE plus Daughters) in Groundwater to Less than 0.1 ppm in One Week

CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY

• 250-acre plant site

• The plant ceased operations and decommissioning plans were developed

• The VOC plume consists primarily of PCE and TCE

CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)

• IRMs include active and passive soil vapor extraction (SVE), in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation for soil, and air sparging for groundwater

• Asbestos abatement and demolition plans were designed to decommission the facility

• Thirty buildings covering 1.2 million square feet of floor space

• Removal of asbestos materials and disposal of

PCB-containing materials

CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)

CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)

Public Meetings

CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)

Building Demolition and Soil Removal

Asbestos Removal

CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)

Air Sparging System

SVE System

CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY - TODAY

INTRODUCTION TO EDT

• Contaminated soil placed in treatment bins (~10 tons)

• Heated air drawn through soil volatizes contaminants which are extracted as off gas

• Off-gas modules destroy, collect, or recover contaminants in the off gas

• Data for each batch are recorded and archived to document contaminant removal

• Treated soil can be reused on site

INTRODUCTION TO EDT

Flamelesselectric heaters

Sealed Chamber

Auto Vents

Negative Pressure

Vacuum Exhaust

BENEFITS OF EDT • No NO

x, SO

x or PM-10 particulate emissions

• Easily deployed to high density and rural areas

• Alternative to transport and landfill disposal of soil and associated emissions and traffic risks

• Eliminates landfill costs and liability

• On-site EDT treatment has been designated “CEQA-insignificant” in CA

EDT PROCESS

FILL

WEIGH

LOAD/UNLOAD

PROCESS

EMPTY

COOL/HYDRATE

EDT CASE STUDY:FULLERTON CA

EDT System andDump Tent Location• Commercial/Residential

development proposed

• EDT selected over Dig and Haul • Insignificant environmental impacts

under CA law

• 97,000 tons soil excavated for

on-site EDT processing

• PCE/TCE in soil and soil vapor

• Grid power connection• 24/7 operation for 14

months Fullerton

45-acre Manufacturing Plant

EDT CASE STUDY:FULLERTON CA

• EDT soil treatment met cleanup goals for residential site use

• 97,000 tons EDT treated soil used as backfill

• On-site soil treatment reduced truck traffic and associated hazards

• +*8,000 trucks removed from roads

• Agency issued “Soil Corrective Action Completion” in <2 yrs

COMPARING SUSTAINABILITY OF EDT TO DIG AND HAUL

ABCA • Promotes selection of

Green and Sustainable Remediation

SCREENING LEVEL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)

Greener Cleanup (ASTM E2893-13)

• The Standard Guide for Greener Cleanup (2013) set the stage for implementing remediation technologies with lower environmental impacts and evaluating those impacts with a LCA

Screening Level LCA Objective

• EDT remediates soil without requiring the contaminated soil to be hauled to a landfill or the transport of clean soil to the site. What are the potential environmental benefits of the EDT method compared to dig and haul?

• Sought to compare selected environmental impacts of the EDT soil remediation technology to conventional dig and haul

• Impacts quantified:• Global Warming Potential (GWP)

• Primary Non-Renewable Energy Demand (PNRED)

• Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Why?

• These environmental impacts are very relevant to site owners and the state of California

LCA METHODS- SYSTEM BOUNDARY

Dig and Haul

• Diesel for on-site operations:• Excavation, staging, and loading soil into

truck

• Borrow source excavation and loading trucks

• Staging, backfilling, and compacting soil

• Ancillary site operations

• Diesel for transportation of clean soil from borrow source and excavated soil from site to hazardous waste (20%) and municipal landfill (80%)

• On-site municipal water use

EDT

• Diesel for on-site operations:• Excavation and loading soil into EDT system• Backfilling and compacting soil

• Electricity to run equipment (replaced with diesel generator in diesel scenarios)

• Production of activated carbon

• Transport of spent carbon for treatment

• Treatment of spent carbon

• On-site municipal water use

SCREENING LEVEL LCA-RESULTS

PRIMARY NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY DEMAND (PNRED)

SCREENING LEVEL LCA-RESULTS

GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP)

SCREENING LEVEL LCA-RESULTS

PARTICULATE MATTER (PM

2.5)

SCREENING LEVEL LCA-SUMMARY

Scenario Dig and HaulEDT 14-Month

Electric

GWP [kgCO2eq] 6.29E+07 3.39E+06

PNRED [MJ] 3.26E+08 4.96E+07

Particulates [kgPM2.5] 3.62E+04 8.32E+02

Entire project

Scenario Dig and HaulEDT 14-Month

Electric

GWP [kgCO2eq/ton soil] 644 35

PNRED [MJ/ton soil] 3,339 510

Particulates [kgPM2.5/ton soil]

0.37 0.01

Per ton of soil

~85% Reduction in PNRED between

D&H and EDT

~95% Reduction in GWP between D&H and EDT

~98% Reduction in PM2.5 between D&H and EDT

CONCLUSIONS

•Dig and Haul has it’s place, but is not always the best option•Should consider environmental impacts and long-term liabilities in evaluation of remedial alternatives

•On-site in-situ and ex-situ remediation alternatives should be considered during the ABCA selection process

•Benefits:• Can reduce overall project costs• Reduces air emissions (GWP)• Minimizes traffic impacts and neighborhood complaints• Reduces long-term generator liabilities

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