8 2 G-{]n¬ 2012 Xn¶ƒ

CM

YK

CMYK CMYK

CMYK CMYK

CM

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2 G-{]n¬ 2012 Xn¶ƒ

]n.Sn. ap-kv-X^

C-¥y-bn-se G-I a-cp-`q-ankw-ÿm-\am-b cm-P-ÿm≥ cmPysØ G-‰hpw hen-b kw-ÿm-\w

Iq-Sn-bmWv. sIm-´m-c-ß-fp-sSbpw tIm-´-I-fp-sSbpw\m-Sv F∂pw Cu kw-ÿm\-sØ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p∂p. C-¥y-bn¬ ]-©-mb-Øocm-Pv kw-hn-[m-\-w\n-e-hn¬h-∂ B-Zy- kw-ÿm-\w F-∂ Jym-Xn t\Sn-b cmP-ÿm≥, 1956 \-hw-_¿ H-∂n-\m-Wv \n-e-hn¬h-∂Xv.

N-cn{Xwkn-‘p-\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-Øn-s‚ ̀ m-Kam-b Im-

fn-`w-K≥ C∂-sØ cm-P-ÿm-\n-em-bn-cp∂p. {Zm-hn-U¿°pw B-cy≥-am¿°pw ti-jw im-I≥-amcpw c-P-]p-{Xcpw Kp-÷mdpIfpw Pm-´p-Ifpw B-[p-\n-I cm-P-ÿm-s\ ]-Sp-Øp-b¿-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n¿-Wm-b-I -]-¶ph-ln-®p.

{In.ti. 10mw \q-‰m-≠ph-sc Kp-÷m-dp-I-fp-sS i-‡am-b ̀ -c-W-Øn≥Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂p cm-P-ÿm≥.I-\q-Pv B-ÿm-\-am-°n-bm-Wv A-h¿ ̀ -cn-®Xv.

]n-∂o-Sv, cm-P-ÿms‚ ̀ -c-WN{Iw c-P-]p-{X-cp-sSi-‡am-b ]n-Sn-bn-e-a¿∂p. tPm-[v-]q¿, _n-Iv-\o¿, D-Z-bv-]q-cn-s‚ ]-g-b- t]cm-b ao-hm¿, B¬-hm¿,sPbv∏q¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h kp-{][m-\ c-P-]p-{X km-{am-Py-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. F-∂m¬, A-Pvao¿ t]m-ep-≈ Nn-e ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ ap-kvenw`-c-Whpw C°me-Øp \n-e-\n-∂n-cp∂p. i-‡amb ssk-\n-I-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂ c-P-]p-{X-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿-°v ap-Kƒ A-{Ia-sØt∏mepwsN-dp-ØptXm¬-∏n-°m-\mbn. _m-_¿-s°-Xn-tc dm-Wm kw-K-cm-Pm-hn-s‚ t]m-cm-´w F-Sp-Øp]-d-tb-≠H-∂mWv. c-P-]p-{X- hw-i-P-\m-bn-cp-∂ sl-ap ap-Kƒ-`c-Ww C-S-bv-°-h-km-\n-∏n-®v U¬-ln-bn¬ ln-μpkm-{amPyw ]p-\--ÿm-]n-°m≥ i-‡am-b {i-aw \-SØn. F-¶nepw A-h-km-\w A-Iv-_-dp-sS X-{¥-Øn-\p- ap-∂n¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1556¬ ]m-\n∏-‰v bp-≤-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p Cu ]-cm-P-bw.

a-lm-dm-W -{]-Xm-]v-kn-Mv 1576¬ lmƒ-UnK-´n¬h-®v A-Iv-_¿ N-{I-h¿-Øn-bp-sS i-‡am-b ]-S-bp-am-bn G-‰p-ap-´n-. {]Xm-]v kn-Mn-s‚ i-‡n a-\- n-em°n-b A-Iv-_¿, c-P-]p-{X- Xmh-fw ]n-Sn-®-S-°m-\p-≈ {i-aw D-t]-£n-®p ]n-¥n-cn-t™mSn. F-¶nepw {_n-´o-jp-Im-cp-sS B-[p-\n-I bp-≤k-∂m-l-߃-°p ap-ºn¬ c-P-]p-{Xcpw Io-g-Sßn. A-h-km-\w C-¥y1947¬ kzm-X-{¥yw t\-Sn-b-ti-jw ̀ m-jm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kw-ÿm-\-߃ cq-]wsIm-≠-t∏mƒ cm-P-ÿm\pw B ]-´n-I-bn¬ h-∂p.

`q-an-im-kv{XwC-¥y-bn-se G-I a-cp-`q-anbm-b Xm¿ -a-cp-`q-an-bp-

sS 90 i-X-am-\hpw h-cp∂-Xv cm-P-ÿm-s‚ hS-°p]-Sn-™mdp ̀ m-K-ØmWv. Cu ̀ m-Kw Ir-jn-°v tbm-Ky-a√m-Ø a-W¬{]-tZ-i-amWv. C-¥y 1976epw 98epw2001epw A-Wp-]-co£-Ww \-S-Ønb-Xv Xm¿ -a-cp-`q-an-bn-se P-bv-km¬ao¿ Pn√-bn-se s]m-{Im-\n-emWv.

cm-P-ÿm-\n¬ G-‰hpw Ipdhv P-\-kw-Jy-bpw P-\-km-{μ-X-bpap≈Xv Cu ̀ m-K-ØmWv. Xm¿ a-cp-`q-an-bn-se G-‰hpw hen-b ]´-Ww _n-°m-\o¿ BWv.Xm-dn-se Im-em-h-ÿ A-Xn-ITn-\-amWv. Nq-Sv 48 i-X-am-\w h-sc F-Øp-tºmƒ X-Wp-∏n¬ ITn-\- X-Wp-∏-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.

F-∂m¬, sX-°pIn-g-°≥ cm-P-ÿm-s‚ ̀ q-an-im-

kv{Xw t\-sc -a-dn-®mWv. B-c-h√n ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bpsSkzm-[o-\-hpw eq≠n, N-º¬ \-Zn-Ifp-sS km-ao-]yhpw Cu {]-tZi-sØ k-ºp-„-am-°p∂p. cm-P-ÿm-\n-se {][m-\ Im¿jn-Ihn-f-I-sf√mw Cu ̀ m-K-Øp-\n-∂p sIm-bv-sX-Sp-°p-∂p.

ssP-km¬-amdn-se Un-tk¿-´v \m-j-\¬ ]m¿-°v]-cn-ÿn-Xn k-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bv-°v \-s√m-cp D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. tZim-S-\-∏ -£n-I-fp-sSbpw Xt±-i ]-£n-I-fp-sSbpw kz¿-K`q-an-bm-Wn-hnSw. hn-hn-[-bn-\w h-Δm-epIƒ, ]-cp-¥pIƒ F∂n-h-sb-bpw a-‰-t\-IwsN-dpXpw h-ep-Xpam-b ]-£n-I-sfbpw C-hn-sS I-≠p-h-cp∂p. C-¥y-bn¬ H-´-Iß-sf [m-cm-f-am-bn I-≠p-h-cp-∂Xpw Xm¿ a-cp-`q-an- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ cm-P-ÿm-\n-em-Wv.

B-ch√n ]¿-h-X-\n-c-bv-°p Xm-sg-bp≈ sIm-bvem-tUm-Ku \m-j-\¬ ]m¿°v, k-hm-bn-bn-seISp-h kw-c-£-W-tI{μw F∂n-h C-hnS-sØ ssP-h-k-º-Øn-s‚ D-Zm-l-c-W-߃ am-{X-am-Wv.

B-ch√n ]¿-h-X Xm-gv-hmc-sØ au-≠v A-_p C-¥y-bn-se G-‰hpw an-I-® kp-J-hm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬H-∂m-Wv.

km-º-Øn-Iw`q-cn-`m-Khpw C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\ß-sf t]m-se

X-s∂ cm-P-ÿm\pw H-cp Ir-jn- tI-{μoIr-X kw-ÿm-\-amWv. tKm-Xºpw _m¿-enbpw I-cnºpw ]p-I-bn-ebpw ]-cp-Ønbp-sam-s°-bm-Wv {]-[m-\ -Ir-jnIƒ. C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ I-ºn-fn D¬-∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂-Xv cm-P-ÿm-\n-emWv. P-bv-]q¿ I-ºn-fn \-Ωp-sS \m-´n¬-t∏mepw hf-sc ]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv.

cm-P-ÿm-\n-se Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-sf√mw X-s∂ ]-©m-_n-se k-Xve-Pv \-Zn-bn-se A-W-s°-´n¬\n∂vC-μn-cm-Km-‘n P-e-tk-N-\-]≤-Xn h-gn Ir-{Xn-a- I-\m-en-eq-sS In-tem-ao-‰-tdm-fw F-Øn-®m-Wv \-\-bv-°p-∂-Xv.

cm-P-ÿm-\n¬ Ir-jn-b\p-_‘ hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ ap-∂n-´p\n¬-°p∂-Xv Xp-Wn-an¬ hy-h-km-b-amWv. ]men, _n¬-lw Pn√-Iƒ h-f-sc {]ikvX-amWv. tIm-´-sb -Np-‰n∏-‰n \n-ch-[n cm-k-hy-h-km-b-߃ \n-e-\n¬-°p∂p. C-¥y-bn¬ am-¿-_nƒ- Izm-dn-I-fp-sS D-d-hn-Sw cm-P-ÿm-\n-se In-j≥-KUpw a-Iv\m-d-bp-amWv. hnhn-[ \n-d-ß-fnepw B-Ir-Xn-bnep-ap-≈ \n-ch-[n Izm-dn-Iƒ C-hn-sS Im-Wm-\m-hpw. hf-sc {]-i-kv-Xam-b Xm-Pv-a-l¬ \n¿-an®-Xv cm-P-ÿm-\n¬-\n∂p sIm-≠p-h-∂ am¿-_nƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-bn-cp∂p. kna‚ v \n¿-am-W-Ønepw cm-P-ÿm≥ ap-∂n-emWv.

I√p-∏m-Wv a-s‰m-cp h-cp-am-\-am¿Kw. D-∏p-]m-dIƒ-s]m-´n-®v D-∏p-≠m-°p-∂ \n-ch-[n ]m-d-Iƒ \-ap-°n-hn-sS Im-Wm-\m-hpw. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰hpw hen-bsN-ºv J-\-\hpw cm-P-ÿm-\n-emWv. C-hnS-sØtJ{Xn sN-ºv J-\n tem-I-{]-i-kv-X-amWv. C-h Iq-Sm-sX P-bv-]q¿ B-ÿm-\-am-bn aq-hm-bn-c-tØm-fw G-°¿ ÿe-Øv hnhn-[ sF.Sn- I-º\n-Iƒ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p. C≥-t^m-knkv, hn-t{]m, C≥-]m-Œv Xp-Sßn-b I-º-\n-I-fm-Wv C-hn-sS {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂Xv.

kw-kv-Im-cwcm-P-ÿm-s‚ DZbv]q-cn-se Kp-a¿ \r-Øhpw ssP-

km¬-ao-dn-se I¬-_n-en-bm \r-Øhpw tem-Imw-Ko-Im-cw X-s∂ t\-Sn-b-h-bmWv. h¿-Wm-`am-b Np-h¿-Nn-{X-I-e-bv-°v t]-cp-tI-´ \m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv cm-P-ÿm≥. cm-P-ÿm-\n-se {][m-\ B-tLm-j-ß-fm-Wv tlmfn, a-I-c-kw-{Im-¥n, P-∑m-„-an F-∂n-h. a-cp-`q-an-bnepw {]-tXy-Iam-b B-tLm-j-ß-fp≠v. X-Wp-∏pIme-Øv h¿-Wm-`am-b h-kv-{Xw [-cn-®v -B-Sp-Ibpw ]m-Sp-Ibpw sN-øp∂p. ]p-jv-I-dn-se ]p-jv-I¿ta-f At\-Im-bn-cw t]-sc B-I¿-jn-°p∂p. H-´-I-®-¥-bmWv Cu ta-f-bp-sS G-‰hpw hen-b {]-tXy-IX.

tijw t]-Pv G-gn¬

hn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS Ip-Xn-®p-I-b-‰-Øn¬

"]p-kv-X-I-im-e-I-fnse Im-c-W-h¿' ]Sn-bn-d-ßp∂p

cmP-ÿm≥A-Snÿm-\ hnh-c߃

X-e-ÿm-\w: P-bv-]q¿Pn√-Iƒ: 33P-\-kw-Jy: 6.85 tImSnap-Jy-a-{¥n: A-tim-Iv K-lvtem´vtem-Iv-k-`: 25\n-b-a-k-`: 200km-£-cX: 68%A-Xn¿-ØnIƒ:]-Sn-™m-dv ˛]m-In-kv-Xm≥In-g-°v ˛a-[y-{]-tZ-ivsX-°v ˛Kp-P-dmØvh-S-°v ˛l-cn-bm-\, D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv

2 2 G-{]n¬ 2012 Xn¶ƒ 2 G-{]n¬ 2012 Xn¶ƒ 3

\hm-kv Ip-∂n-t°mSv

hn-h-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS Ip-Xn-®p-I-b-‰-Øn¬ "]p-kv-X-I-im-e-I-fnse Im-c-W-h¿'sj¬-^p-I-fn¬ Hm¿abmhp-∂p. -tem-I-

sam-´p-°pw ]p-kv-X-I sj¬-^p-Iƒ-°v B-Vy-Xz-ta-In-bn-cp-∂ Cw-•o-jv ̀ m-j-bn-se X-s∂ G-‰-hpw ]-g-°-ap-≈ hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-am-b F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b{_n-´m-\n-° B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-hm-°m-bn-cp-∂p. 244 h¿-j-sØ ]m-c-º-cy-ap-≈ Cu hn-Jym-Xd-^-d≥-kv {K-Ÿ-w 2012 am¿-®v 14Hm-sS {]n‚ v F-Un-j≥ \n¿-Øn-b-Xm-bn {]-Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. 32 thm-fy-ß-fm-bn sse-{_-dn-Iƒ \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp∂ d-^-d≥-kv {K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se Cu A-Xn-Im-b≥ C-\n UnPn-‰¬ cq-]-Øn¬ am{Xw.-

N-cn-{XwF≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b {_n-´m-\n-° C≥-tIm¿-]-

td-‰-Uv F-∂ kz-Im-cyÿm-]-\w {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂ H-cp hn-iz-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-am-Wv F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b {_n-´m-\n-°. F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b {_n-´m-\n-° F-∂m¬ "{_n-´o-jv k¿-h-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-iw'F-∂m-Wv. kv-tIm-´v-e‚p-Im-cm-b tIm-fn≥ a-Iv-^m¿-Iz¿, B≥-{Uq s_¬, B¿-In-_mƒ-Uv tIm¨-Ã-_vƒ F-∂n-h¿ tN¿-∂v 1768¬ kv-tIm-´v-e‚n-se F-Un≥-_-tdm-bn-em-Wv F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b {_n-´m-\n-° {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®-Xv. C-{X-bpw Im-e-L-´-Øn-\n-S-bv-°v {_n-´m-\n-° F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b-bp-sS D-S-a-m-h-Im-iw ]-eX-h-W am-dn-bn-´p-≠v. kzn-kvtIm-So-iz-c-\pw \-S-\p-am-b Pm-°n km-{^-bm-Wv F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b {_n-´m-\n-° C≥-tIm¿-]-td-‰-UvF-∂ ÿm-]-\-Øn-s‚ C-t∏m-g-sØ D-S-a-ÿ≥. {_n-´m-\n-° F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b F-Un≥-_-tdm-bn¬]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ bp-ss\-‰-Uv kv-t‰-‰v-kv Hm-^vA-ta-cn-° (bp.-F-kv.-F) D-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]n-∂o-Sv1901¬ C-Xv A-ta-cn-°-bn-te-°p am-‰-s∏-´p. A-Xp {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS N-cn-{X-Øn-se a-s‰m-cp \m-gn-I-°-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A-h-km-\h¿-j-ß-fn¬ jn-°m-tKm-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv C-Xp {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. G-‰-hpwB-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-am-bn I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂ {_n-´m-\n-°-bn¬ te-J-\-߃ X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xv s\m-t_¬ tP-Xm-°ƒ Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ A-X-Xp hn-j-b-ß-fn-se hn-Z-Kv-[-cm-Wv. 100e-[n-Iw ÿn-cw F-Un-‰¿-am-cpw 4000Øn-e-[n-Iw ]-fin-X-∑m-cpwDƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS F-Un-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿-Uv. A-©pe-£-tØm-fw te-J-\-ß-fpw\m-ep tIm-Sn-tbm-fw hm-°p-I-fpw C-Xn-ep-≠v. aq-∂pthm-fy-hp-am-bm-Wv {_n-´m-\n-° 1768¬ A-®-Sn- B-cw-`n-®-Xv. F-∂m¬, 1801-˛1809 Im-e-Øv {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS thm-fy-ß-fp-sS F-Æw 20 B-bn. 1984¬ A-Xv 30B-bpw {]n‚n-Mv A-h-km-\n-∏n-® 2010¬ A-Xv 32 thm-fy-am-bpw h¿-[n-®n-cp-∂p.-

aq-∂m-a-sØ-bpw A-©m-a-sØ-bpw ]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ-°vH-∂n¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ thm-fy-ß-fp-≈ A-\p-_-‘-߃ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn-se G-‰-hpw{i-t≤-b-am-b c-≠v F-Un-j-\p-I-fm-Wv 1875¬ ]p-d-Øn-d-ßn-b H-º-Xm-a-Xv ]-Xn-∏pw 1911¬ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-® ]-Xn-s\m-∂m-a-Xv ]-Xn-∏pw. C-Xn¬ ]-Ømw ]-Xn-∏vH-º-Xmw ]-Xn-∏n-s‚-bpw ]-{¥-≠m-a-sØ-bpw ]-Xn-aq-∂m-a-sØ-bpw ]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ ]-Xn-s\m-∂m-a-sØ ]-Xn-∏n-s‚-bpw A-\p-_-‘-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. te-J-\-ß-fp-sS B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-bpw sI-´p-d-∏p-am-Wv Cu F-Un-j-\p-I-sf {i-t≤-b-am-°n-b-Xv. c-≠ph¿-jw Iq-Sp-tºmƒ {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂ {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS ]-Xn-\-

©m-a-Xv F-Un-j≥ 32 thm-fy-ß-fn¬ 2010em-Wv A-h-km-\-am-bn {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.- A-h-km-\-an-d-ßn-b ]-Xn-\-©m-a-sØ F-Un-j≥ hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-ß-ƒ {]-[m-\-am-bpw aq-∂p ̀ m-K-ß-fm-Wv.-

ssa-t{Im-]o-Un-b (micropedia)

H-∂p ap-X¬ 12 h-sc-bp-≈ thm-fy-ß-fm-Wv ssa-t{Im-]o-Un-b (Ready Reference). hm-b-\-°m-c-s‚ ku-I-cym¿-Yw sN-dp-te-J-\-ß-fm-bm-Wp ssa-t{Im-]o-Un-b-bn¬ hn-h-c-߃ Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hm-tcm te-J-\Øn-epw 750¬ Ip-d-™ hm-°p-I-fm-hpw D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I. s]-s´-∂v hn-h-cw Xn-c-bp-∂-Xn-\p th-≠n-bpw am-t{Im-]o-Un-b-°v H-cp am¿-K-Z¿-in-bp-am-bm-Wp ssa-t{Im-]o-Un-b D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.-

am-t{Im-]o-Un-b (Macropedia)

13 ap-X¬ 29 h-sc-bp-≈ 17 thm-fy-ß-fm-Wv am-t{Im-]o-Un-b (Knowledge in Depth). G-‰-hpw ssZ¿-Ly-ta-dn-b te-J-\-߃ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xv am-t{Im-]o-Un-b-bn-em-Wv. c-≠p t]-Pp--≈ te-J-\-߃ ap-X¬ 310 t]-Pp-Iƒ h-sc-bp-≈-h- C-Xn-epƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p.-

s{]m-]o-Un-b (Propedia)

Cu hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn-s‚ 30m-a-sØ thm-fy-am-Wv s{]m-]o-Un-b. C-Xn-se G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\ ̀ m-Kw ou-tline of knowledge B-Wv. {_n-´m-\n-°-bn-se te-J-\-ß-fp-sS hn-j-b-kq-Nn-I-bpw C-Xn¬ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂p. am-{X-a-√, {_n-´m-\n-° hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn¬ te-J-\wF-gp-Xp-∂-h¿, D-]-tZ-i-I k-an-Xn Aw-K-߃ F-∂n-h-cpw A-h-sc kw-_-‘n-°p-∂ a-‰p hn-h-c-ß-fpws{]m-]o-Un-b-bn-em-Wv Dƒ-s°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. am-t{Im-]o-Un-b-sb°p-dn-®pw ssa-t{Im-]o-Un-b-sb-°p-dn-®pw D-≈ hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-Øn-\pw te-J-\-ß-fp-sS hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-ß-fpw a-‰pw A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw s{]m-]o-Un-bk-lm-bn-°pw.

{_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS 31, 32 thm-fy-߃ C≥-U-Iv-km-

Wv.- {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS hym-]v-Xn, B-gw, D-≈-S-°-Øn-se ssh-hn-[yw F-∂n-h-bm-Wv a-t‰-sXm-cp k¿-h hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-tØ-°m-fpw CXns\ ap-∂n¬ \n¿-Øp-∂-Xv.

H-cp k¿-h-hn-⁄m-\ tIm-i-am-b {_n-´m-\n-° I-gn-bp-∂-{X hn-j-b-ß-sf A-Xn-s‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠vv.

{_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS knw-l--`m-K-hpw ̀ q-an-im-kv-{Xw(26 i-X-am-\w), Po-h-N-cn-{Xw (14 i-X-am-\w), Po-h-im-kv-{X-hpw ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-hpw (11 i-X-am-\w), km-ln-Xyw (7 i-X-am-\w), Du¿-P-X-{¥-hpw tPym-Xn-im-kv-{X-hpw (6 i-X-am-\w), a-Xw (5 i-X-am-\w), I-e (4 i-X-am-\w), ]m-›m-Xy X-Øz-im-kv-{Xw (4 i-X-am-\w), \n-b-aw (3 i-X-am-\w) F-∂o hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wv.

{_n-´m-\n-° a-e-bm-f-Øn¬C-¥y≥ {]m-tZ-in-I`m-j-I-fn¬ B-Zy-am-bn {_n-´m-

\n-° F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b hn-h¿-Ø-\w sN-bv-X-Xva-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°m-bn-cp-∂p. aq-∂p thm-fy-ß-fm-bn a-e-bm-f-Øn-se {]-ap-J ]p-kv-X-I-{]-km-[-I-cm-b Un.-kn _p-Iv-km-Wv C-Xn-s‚ {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww \-S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø 28,000 hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-i-Zmw-i-߃ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Cu a-e-bm-fw F-Un-j-\n¬ 10,000 hn-j-b-ß-fpw tI-c-f-sØ-°p-dn-®pw C-¥y-sb-°p-dn-®p-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. F-∂m¬, h-f-sc-tb-sd hn-a¿-i-\-߃ t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂Cu a-e-bm-fw F-Un-j-\v sX-‰p-I-fp-sS B-[n-Iyw aq-ew tIm-´-bw D-]-t`m-‡r tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \n-tcm-[-\-sØ-bpw t\-cn-tS-≠nh-∂n-cp-∂p. C-tXm-sS a-e-bm-fwF-Un-j-\pw {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-

{_n-´m-\n-° Un-Pn-‰¬ cq-]-Øn¬Hm¨-sse≥ -Un-Pn-‰¬ hn-h-c-ti-J-c-ß-fp-sS {]m-

[m-\yw h¿-[n-°p-∂-Xv I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øp {_n-´m-\n-° F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b-bpw am-‰-߃-°p hn-t[-b-am-hm≥ \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. I-gn-™ 244 h-¿-

j-am-bn Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn c-≠ph¿-j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬{]n‚ v sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂ {_n-´m-\n-° C-\n ]p-kv-X-I-cq-]-Øn¬ {]n-‚ v sN-øn-√. C-\n- ap-X¬ hn-h-c-߃ tX-Sp-∂-h¿-°v {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS ̀ o-a≥ thm-fy-ß-fn-se s\-Sp-¶≥ te-J-\-߃ ]-c-Xn ap-jn-tb-≠-Xp-an-√. \n-an-j-߃-°p-≈n¬ B-h-iy-ap-≈ hn-h-c-߃ h-f-sc Ir-Xy-am-bn hm-b-\-°m-c-s‚ hn-c¬-Øp-ºn-se-Øpwhn-[wHm¨-sse≥-˛-Un-Pn-‰¬ F-Un-j-\n-te-°v {_n-´m-\n-°F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b am-dn-°-gn-™p.

{]n‚ v F-Un-j≥ Xp-S-cp-tºmƒ- X-s∂ 1970em-Wp{_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS Un-Pn-‰¬ cq-]w B-Zy-am-bn ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-b-Xv. Iw-]yq-´-dp-I-fn-se kn-Un/Un-hn- ss{U-hp-I-fn¬ C≥-tk¿-´v sN-bv-Xv hn-h-c-߃ Nn-I-bm-hp-∂ kn-Un/Un-hn-Un cq-]-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sSB-Zy Un-Pn-‰¬ cq-]w. 1981Hm-sS I-w-]yq-´-dp-I-fn¬ C≥-Ãmƒ sN-øm-hp-∂ tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b-dp-I-fm-bn C-Xn-\v -cq-]-am-‰w kw-`-hn-®p. Cu tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b-dp-I-fn¬\n-∂vB-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww hn-h-c-߃ Xn-c-bm-\pw B-h-iy-am-b-h {]n‚ v sN-øp-I-tbm tk-hv sN-øp-I-tbm sN-øm-\pw km-[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n-∂o-Sv Hm¨-sse≥- Un-Pn-‰¬I-≠‚p-I-fp-sS {]m-[m-\yw h¿-[n-®-tXm-sS 1994¬ {_n-´m-\n-° F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b-bp-sS C‚¿-s\-‰v cq-]w]p-d-Øn-d-°n. C-Xn-s‚ h-cn-°m-cm-hp-∂-h¿-°v h -ttp://www.britannica.com F-∂ A-{U- n¬ tem-I-Øn-s‚ G-Xp ̀ m-K-Øp\n-∂pw kzoI-cn-°m≥ sN-øm≥ km-[n-°pw. A-Uzm≥-kv-Uv sk¿-®n-Mv kw-hn-[m-\w D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂ Cu sh-_v-ssk-‰v h-f-sc th-K-Øn¬ Ir-Xy-am-b hn-h-c-ß-fn-te-°v F-Øm≥ km-[n-°pw. Hm-tcm te-J-\-Øns\m-∏-hpw A-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ C-ta-Pv, ho-Un-tbm, Hm-Un-tbm ̂ -b-ep-I-fn-te-°p-≈ kq-N-\-I-fp-ap-≠m-hpw. A-Xn-\p ]p-d-sa D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-\v Cu te-J-\-ß-fp-sS kΩ-dn tkm-jy¬ s\-‰v-h¿-°n-Mv ssk-‰p-I-fn-te-°v sj-b¿ sN-ømw. sh-_v-ssk-‰n-se te-J-\-߃ hm-b-\-°m-c-s‚ B-h-iym-¿-Yw {]n‚ v sN-øp-I-tbm tk-hv sN-bv-Xp kq-£n-°p-I-tbm B-hmw. te-J-\-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ hm-b-\-

°m-c-s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fpw \n¿-tZ-i-ß-fpw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-hpw {_n-´m-\n-° H-cp-°n-bn-´p-≠v. C-Xn-\p- ]p-d-sa Hm-tcm Zn-h-k-hpw A-∂-sØ {]-k-‡-am-b hn-j-b-ß-fpw A-]v-tU-j-\p-I-fpw Hm-tcm D-]-t`m-‡m-hn\pw F-Øn-®psIm-Sp-°pw. F≥-ssk-t¢m-]o-Un-b {_n-´m-\n-° C≥-tIm¿-]-td-‰-Uv {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-

® sa-cn-bmw-sh-_v-ÿ \n-L-≠p-hpw Cu ssk-‰n¬ e-`y-am-Wvv. Cu sh-_v-ssk-‰n¬-\n-∂v 1395 tUm-f¿ (G-Xm-≠v 65,000 cq-]) hn-e-bv-°v 32 thm-fy-ap-≈ {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS H-cp sk-‰v e-`n-°pw. 32 thm-fy-ap-≈ {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS {]n‚ v F-Un-j-\v 45,000 cq-]-bm-bn-cp-∂p hn-e.{]n‚ v F-Un-j-\n¬ ]p-Xn-b ]-Xn-∏p-I-fn-d-°p-∂-Xv sN-e-th-dn-b-Xm-bXn-\m¬ ]-e-t∏m-gpw hn-h-c-߃ A-]v-tU-‰v sN-bv-Xp ]p-Xn-b ]-Xn-∏n-d-°m≥ h-en-b C-S-th-f-bp-≠m-hpw. F-∂m¬, H-cp Hm¨-sse≥ hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-sØ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn A-]v-tU-‰v sN-øm-\m-hpw F-∂-XpsIm-≠v D-]-t`m-‡m-hn-\v F-t∏m-gpw h-f-sc Ir-Xy-am-b hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wp e-`n-°p-I F-∂ {]-tXy-I-X-bpw C-Xn-\p-≠v. ipod, iphone-\p-I-fn-epw {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS Hm¨-sse≥ cq-]w e-`y-am-hpw. "B-kv-Iv- an\u'(Askme now)F-∂ sam-ss_¬ t^m¨ sk¿-®v I-º-\n-bp-am-bn k-l-I-cn-®v sam-ss_¬ hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-hpw hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. D-]-t`m-‡m-hv sN-dp-k-tμ-i-am-bn A-b-°p-∂ kw-i-b-߃-°v D-Ø-c-hpw sN-dp k-tμ-i-ß-fm-bn X-s∂ e-`y-am-hpw F-∂-Xm-Wn-Xn-s‚ {]-tXy-I-X.

A-hm¿-Up-Iƒa-\p-jy-s‚ A-dn-hn-s\ Np-cp-°n-∏-d-™v P-\-Io-b

_-lp-a-Xn t\-Sn-b Cu "]p-kv-X-I-im-e-I-fp-sS Im-c-W-h¿' [m-cm-fw A-hm¿-Up-I-fpw t\-Sn-bn-´p-≠v. {_n-´m-\n-°-bp-sS kn-Un/Un-hn-Un-°v 2004-se A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ Hm-^v F-Pyq-t°-j-\¬ ]-ªn-tj-gv-kn-s‚ A-®o-hv-sa‚ v A-hm¿-Upw 2001-se-bpw 2002-se-bpw tIm-Un(Codie)A-hm¿-Up-I-fpw e-`n-®n-cp-∂p. tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b¿B‚ v C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ C≥-U-kv-{Sn A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥ h¿-jm-h¿-jw tkm-^v-‰v-sh-b-dn-se hn-hn-[ hn-`m-K-ß-fn-se an-I-®-h-bv-°p \¬-Ip-∂ A-hm¿-Um-WvtIm-Un A-hm¿-Uv. an-I-® Hm¨-sse≥ D-]-t`m-‡r hn-h-ctk-h-\-Øn-\p-≈ tIm-Un (codie) A-hm¿-Uv 2005¬Hm¨-sse≥ {_n-´m-\n-°-bv-°p e-`n-®n-cp-∂p.-

F-Un-j≥ h¿-jw thm-fyw

1 1768˛ 1771 32 1777˛ 1784 103 1788˛1797 184 1801˛1809 205 1817 205 A-\p-_-‘w 1816˛ 1824 66 1820˛1823 207 1830˛1842 218 1853˛1860 219 1875˛1889 2410 A-\p-_-‘w 9 1902˛1903 611 1910˛1911 2812 A-\p-_-‘w 11 1921˛1922 313 A-\p-_-‘w 12 1926 314 1929˛1933 2414 ]cn-jvI-cn-®Xv 1933 1973 2415 1974 1984 3015 1985 2010 32

F-Un-j≥ k-Ω-dn

"]p-kv-X-I-im-e-I-fnse Im-c-W-h¿'

V. P Natraj

H-cpIq-´w ]-£n-Isftbmar-K-ßsftbm ]-cm-a¿-

in-°p-tºmƒ {i-≤n-t°-≠ {]-tbm-K-ß-fm-Wv C-h. ̀ m-jm-]-c-ambn Collective names\v \√{]m-[m\yw I¬-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

An Army of Ants

A Culture of Bacteria

A Sleuth of Bears

A Swarm of Bees

A Herd of Buffalo

A Kine of Cows

A Pack of Dogs

A Dule of Doves

A Clutch of Eggs

A Band of Gorillas

A Brood of Hens

A Leap of Leopards

A Litter of Pigs

A Swarm of Rats

A Muster of Peacocks

A Company of Parrots

A Knots of Toads

A Bale of Turtles

A Herd of Rhinos

A Nest of Snakes

A Troop of Monkeys

A Skulk of Foxes

1) ACME - highest point (]q¿WX)

'' A Rolls Royce is considered theacme of automobile excellence''

2) Adamant - not relenting (imTy-ap≈)

'' They urged John to remain in officebut he was adamant''

3) Adnauseam(a-Sp-∏v D-f-hm-°p∂)

''At the dedication dinner, speecheswent on Adnauseam ''

4) Affiance - To promise in marriage (hnhm-l\n›-bw sNøp-I)''Ramu is affianced to the girl he had

known since childhood''

5) Aftermath - Result

(A-\-¥-c-^-ew)''The Aftermath of Tsunami wasterrible''

6) Albeit- (F-¶nepw)''She tried Albeit in Vain''

7) Annul - Make null and void (d-±p-sN-øp-I)''The pact was later annulled''

8) Apropos -Suited to time andplace (k-μ¿-`m-\p-k-cWw)''Apropos the current political sit-uation''

9) Arcane - Secret hidden(\n-Kq-V-am-b)''The origin of rain was arcane toearly Indians''

10) Arduous- hard'' Davids arduous efforts has final-ly delivered''

11) Arrears -being in debt (_m°n)'' He was in arrears with his pay-ments on the car''

12) Assail - to assault(A-k-ly-s∏-Sp-ØpI)''Doubts assailed him''

13) Asylum - Shelter(A-`-b-tI-{μw)''That night, I sought asylum in acar shelter''

14) Auxiliary- Supplementary(k-l-I-m-cn-bmb)''He kept an auxiliary set of keys inhis suitcase''

15) Azure- Sky blue''Azure sky indicates good weather''

16) Audacious - Bold([n-°m-c-ap≈)''His audacious behavior offend-ed the visitors''

17) Assuage -To make less harsh (eLq-I-cn-°pI)''Time will assuage her grief''

18) Aspersion - A false remark(A-[n-t£]w)''Don’t cast aspersion on her name''

19) Ascribe -Assign''I can ascribe no motive for hisdeeds''

20) Affluence -Abundant wealth (k-ar≤n)''Ganga is an affluent river''

Vocabulary

EEaassyy EEnngglliisshh…… Collective names of animals

4 2 G-{]n¬ 2012 Xn¶ƒ 52 G-{]n¬ 2012 Xn¶ƒ

CM

YK

CMYK CMYK

CMYK CMYK

CM

YK

hn-fm-º-gw am-ßim-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw: Mangifera indicaIp-Spw-_w: Anacardiaceae

]-g-ß-fn-se cm-Pm-hm-Wp am-ß. am-ß-I-fn-se X-s∂ G-‰-hpw {]-kn-≤-am-b-Xp In-Mv A¬-t^m¨-tkm am-º-g-am-Wv. G-jy≥ cm-Py-ß-fn-em-Wp am-hvkm-[m-c-W-bm-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. C-¥y-bn-em-Wp tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ am-hv Ir-jn -sN-øp-∂-Xv. tem-I-Øn-se DjvW-D]taJem Im-em-h-ÿ-bp≈ an° cmPyßfnepw C-∂v amhv-Irjn sNøp∂p≠v. C-¥y-bp-sS tZ-io-b^-e-am-Wp am-ß. am-ß-bp-sS ]p-dw-tXm-Sv \m-cp-I-ƒ \n-d-™-Xm-Wv. C-Xn-\v1˛2 an.-ao. I-\w D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]-gp-Øam-ß-bp-sS \n-dw a-™- I-e¿-∂ ]-®-bpw Np-h-∏p-I-e¿-∂ Hm-d-©p-am-Wv. Cu\n-d-߃ C-\-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p hy-Xym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°pw. Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-dw e-`n-°p-∂-Xv sh-bn¬ sIm-≈p-∂-n-S-Øpw \n-dwIp-d-hv X-W-te¬-°p-∂ ̀ m-K-Øp-am-bn-cn-°pw. am-ß-bp-sS amw-k-f-am-b ̀ m-K-Øn-\p-≈n-em-bn Ip-cp Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.A-≠n ]-c-∂v X-In-Sv cq-]-Øn-em-Wp Im-Wp-I. C-Xn-s\ (Endocarp) kv-t‰m¨ F-∂m-Wp ]-d-bp-∂-Xv.

Bbp¿-thZ {K-Ÿamb NcIkwln-Xbnepw kp-{ipXkwlnXbnepw amhn-s‚ Hu-j[KpWsØ∏‰n {]-Xn]m-Zn®n-cn°p-∂p.

Hm-d-©v imkv{Xob \maw:Citrus sinensisIp-Spw-_w: Rutaceae

kn-{S-kv h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´ H-cp k-ky-hpw A-Xn-s‚ ̂ -e-hp-am-Wv Hm-d-©v A-Y-hm a-[p-c-\m-c-ß. s]m-an-sem, Sm≥ K-do≥ F-∂o k-ky-ß-fp-sS k-¶-c-am-WvHm-d-©v F-∂p I-cp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. 10 ao-‰¿h-sc D-b-c-Øn¬ h-f-cp-∂ Cu \n-Xy-l-cn-X k-ky-Øn-s‚ C-e-Iƒ-°p \m-epap-X¬ 10 sk.-ao. h-sc \o-f-ap-≠m-hpw.^-e-Øn-s‚ sXm-en-bp-sS \n-d-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv Hm-d-©v F-∂ t]-cp e-`n-®-Xv.sX-°p In-g-°≥ G-jy-bn-em-Wv C-Xn-s‚ D-Zv-`-hw.

kq-cn-\mw sN-dn im-kv-{X-\m-aw : Eugenia unifloraIp-Spw-_w: Myrtaceae

Z-£n-tW-¥y≥ sN-dn, {_-ko-en-b≥sN-dn F-∂o t]-cp-I-fn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw Nm-º-bp-sS _-‘p-hp-am-b H-cpk-ky-am-Wv- kq-cn-\mw sN-dn. kq-cn-\mw,K-bm-\ F-∂o {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ Cu k-kyw t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv- C¥ybn¬ F-Øn-®-Xv. Cu sN-dn-bp-sS Im-b-Iƒ°v ]p-fn-s\-√n-°-tbm-SvkmZr-iyap≠v. ]-®-°m-b-Iƒ hn-f-™p ]-gp-°p-tºmƒ Np-h-∂ Xn-f-°-ap-≈ \n-d-Øn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]-g-Øn-s‚ sXm-en-°v Xo-sc I-\w Ip-d-hm-Wv-.]-g-Øn-s‚ Dƒ-h-iw t\-cn-b ]p-fn-bpw a-[p-c-hpw I-e¿-∂ kzm-Zm-Wp-≈-Xv. k¿-h-km-[m-c-W-am-bn Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ Xn-f-ßp-∂ Np-h-∏v \n-d-ap-≈-Xpw I-cnw-Np-h-∏v \n-d-ap-≈-Xpw a-[p-cw Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-bc-≠n-\w kq-cn-\mw sN-dn-I-fp-≠v.

{Um-K¨]gw/]nXmbim-kv-{X-\m-aw: Hylocereus undatusIp-Spw-_w: Cactaceae

I-≈n-s®-Sn h¿-K-Øn¬s∏´ H-cp-Iq-´w k-ky-ß-fp-sS ^-e-߃-°p-≈s]m-Xp-\m-a-am-Wv {Um-K¨ ]-gw A-s√-¶n¬ ]n-Xm-b. ssl-tem-ko-d-kv P-\p- n¬s∏-´ a-[p-c-∏n-Xm-b B-Wv C-hbn¬ {]-[m-\w. ku-ay-cp-Nn-bm-Wv{Um-K¨ ]-g-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.-]-gw Xn-∂m≥ D-≈n-ep-≈ amw-k-f-`m-Kw Im-Wm-\m-hpwhn-[w A-Xn-s\ \-Sp-sh sh-´n-ap-dn-°p-I-bm-Wp sN-øm-dv. am-X-f\m-c-I-Øn-s‚ A-tX \n-d-Øn¬ ]p-d-sa {Um-K-s\t∏m-se i¬-°-ß-fp-≈ ]-gw ap-dn-®pI-gn-™m¬ D-≈n¬ \-√ sh-≈ \n-d-am-Wv. I-dp-Ø X-cn-X-cn-∏p-≈ hn-Øp-Iƒ A-S-ßp-∂ Dƒ-`m-Kw In-hn-∏-g-sØA-\p-kv-a-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. amw-k-f-`m-Kw ]-®-bv°p Xn-∂mw. C-fw a-[p-c-ap-≈-Xpw I-tem-dn Ip-d-™-Xp-am-W-Xv. hn-

πw

im-kv-{X-\m-aw: Prunus mumeIp-Spw-_w: Rosaceae

tdm-km-ko Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ C-Xn-s‚ im-kv-{X-\m-aw {]q-Wp-kv F-∂m-Wv. \n-dw, h-ep-∏w F-∂n-h-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n ]-e-X-cw πw \n-e-hn-ep-≠v. C-¥y-bn¬ P-Ωp-I-iv-ao¿, ln-am-N¬ {]-tZ-iv, D-Ø-¿-{]-tZ-iv F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ C-h-bp-sS Ir-jn-bp-≠v. H-cpio-XIm-e ]-g-h¿K-am-Wp πw. ]-gp-Øp]m-I-am-b ]-g-Øn-s‚ ]p-dw-tXm-Sn-\v \-c-® I-Spw\o-e- \n-d-hp-w Np-h-∂ \n-d-Øn-epw km-[m-c-W -Im-Wp-∂p. hn-f-™p ]m-I-am-b ]-g-Øn-s‚ ]p-dw-sXm-en-°v s]m-Sn-t]m-ep-≈ sh-fp-Ø B-h-c-Ww D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. C-Xv ]-g-Øn-\vC-cp-≠ iym-a-h¿-Ww \¬-Ip-∂p. ]-g-Øn-s‚ ]p-dw-sXm-en-bp-sS B-h-c-Wwsa-gp-Ip-t]m-ep-≈ H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn-\m¬\n¿-an-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p C-Xv ]-g-Øn-\p Xn-f-°w \¬-Ip-∂p. Cu ]-g-Øn-\vkm-[m-c-W-bm-bn ]p-fn-bpw a-[p-c-hpwtN¿-∂ cp-Nn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. C-Xn-s‚ ]p-dw-sXm-en A-[n-Iw I-\-an-√m-Ø-Xm-Wv. sXm-´p-Xm-sg amw-k-f-am-b `m-KwIm-W-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-Xn-s‚ \-Sp-hn-em-bnIp-cp- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ap-kw-_n im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw: Citrus × paradisiIp-Spw-_w: Rutaceae

C-¥y-bn¬ h-f-sc-tb-sd {]-Nm-c-ap-≈ H-cp ]-g-h¿-K k-ky-am-Wv ap-kw-_n.Zm-l-i-a-\n-°m-bp-≈ Pyq-kp-I-fp-≠m-°m-\m-Wv C-Xp km-[m-c-W-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. C-Xn-\v ]p-fn-bpw N-h¿-∏pw tN¿-∂ cp-Nn-bm-W.v Cu ]-g-Øn-s‚ ]p-dw Np-h-∏v I-e¿-∂ a-™-bm-Wv.A-I-°m-ºv Np-h-∂-Xpw sh-fp-Ø-Xp-am-b C-\-ß-fp-≠v. i-cm-i-cn H-cp Hm-d-©n-s‚ h-ep∏-ap-≠m-hpw ap-kw-_n \m-c-ß-bv°v. C-Xn¬ ssh-‰-an≥ kn [m-cm-f-am-bn A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ap-kw-_n-bp-sSD-]-tbm-Kw sIm-f-kv-t{Smƒ Ip-d-bv°m-≥ k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

]-∏m-b A-Y-h Hm-a-°m-bv

im-kv-{X-\m-aw: Carica papayaIp-Spw-_w: CaricaceaetI-c-f-Øn¬ km-[m-c-W Im-W-s∏-

Sp-∂ H-cp k-ky-am-Wv ]-∏m-b-. a-e-bm-f-Øn¬-Ø-s∂ I-∏-f-ß, Hm-a-bv-°, I-∏-°m, sIm-∏-°m, I¿-aq-km F-∂n-ß-s\ ]-e- t]-cp-I-fn¬ Cu sN-dp-hr-£-hpw A-Xn-s‚ ^-e-hpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-

andm-°nƒ {^q´v

im-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw:Synsepalum dulcificumIp-Spw-_w: Sapotaceae

H-cp B-{^n-°≥ ]-g-s®-Sn-bm-Wv an-dm-°nƒ {^q-´v. sN-dp-im-J-I-tfm-Spw C-e-I-tfm-Spw Iq-Sn h-f-cp-∂ Cu sN-dp k-ky-Øn-s‚ H-cp ]-gw I-gn-®m¬, tijwc-≠p a-Wn-°q¿ I-gn-°p-∂ `-£-W-hpw sh-≈-hp-sa-√mw a-[p-c-X-c-am-bn A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p. an-dm-°nƒ {^q-´n¬ A-S-ßn-b "an-dm-°p-en≥' F-∂ t{]m-´o≥L-S-Iw \m-hn-se c-k-ap-Ip-f-ß-sf D-W¿-Øn ]p-fn, I-bv-]v cp-Nn-Iƒ-°p ]-I-cw Xm-¬°m-en-I-am-bn a-[p-cw A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\m-em-WnXv.

∂p.- ]-ss∏≥ F-∂ t{]m-´n-b-kv- F≥-ssk-an-\m¬ k-ar-≤-am-Wv- ]-® ]-∏m-b. t{i-jvT-am-b B‚n Hm-Iv-ko-I-c-WKp-W-Øm¬ tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn th-≠-hn-[w \n-e-\n¿-Øm-\pw I-c-fn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\w Xz-cnX-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw I-gn-hp-≈-Xm-sW-∂v I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v . t]m-fn-Iv B-kn-Up-Iƒ,-B-¬-°-tem-bn-Up-Iƒ, ss•-t°m-kv-s‰-Up-Iƒ,ssh-‰-an≥ ---kn, ssh-‰-an≥- F, C-cp-ºv, Im-¬kyw, X-bm-an≥, \n-bm-kn≥,s]m-´m-kyw ap-X-em-b-h-bpw ]-∏m-b-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-

Ãm¿ B-∏nƒ im-kv-{X-\m-aw : Chrysophyllum cainitoIp-Spw-_w: Sapotaceae

k-t∏m-´ h¿-K-Øn¬-s∏-´ H-cp ̂ -e-hr-£-am-Wv Ãm¿ B-∏nƒ A-Y-hm"ssI-\n-t‰m'. D-cp-≠v sR-´n-t\m-Sp tN-cp-∂ ̀ m-K-Øv ]-®-\n-d-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv. D-≈n-se amw-k-f-`m-K-Øv H-cp \-£-{X-cq-]w Im-Wmw. Nn-e-bn-\-ß-fn¬ ]-g-ß-fp-sS \n-dw ]-® I-e¿-∂ sh-fp-t∏m a-™-tbm B-hmw. ]-g-sØm-en Np-\ \n-d-™-Xm-Wv. Np-\-bpw sXm-en-bpw ̀ -£-W-tbm-Ky-a-√. ]-c-∂v I-\-°p-d-hp-≈hn-Øp-Iƒ-°v C-fw X-hn-´p\n-d-am-Wv.G-gmw h¿-jw ap-X¬ B-≠v ap-gp-h≥Cu a-c-Øn¬ ̂ -ew D-≠m-hpw.-

hm-g-∏-gw

im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw:Musa acuminataIp-Spw-_w: Musaceae

`-£y-tbm-Ky-am-b ̂ -ew X-cp-∂-Xpwkm-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xp-am-bH-cp k-ky-am-Wp hm-g. hm-g-bp-sS F-√m-`m-K-ß-fpw D-]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-Wv. hm-g-bp-sS ]m-I-am-hm-Ø ]-®\n-d-Øn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ ̂ -ew Im-bv F-∂pw ]-gp-Øva-™-\n-d-Øn¬ Im-Wp-∂ ̂ -ew ]-gwF-∂pw km-[m-c-W A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.sX-°pIn-g-°≥ G-jy-bm-Wv hm-g-bp-sS P≥-a-tZ-iw. D-jv-W-ta-J-em {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ [m-cm-fw hm-g Ir-jn sN-bv-Xp-h-cp-∂p. hm-g-bp-sS ]m-I-am-b ̂ -e-sØhm-g-∏-gw F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂p. km-[m-c-W-bm-bn a-™\n-d-Øn-ep-≈ B-h-c-W-am-b hm-g-sØm-en-bm¬ s]m-Xn-™m-Wv Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Nn-e-bn-\-ß-fn¬ X-hn-´p \n-d-Øn-epw ]m-S-e \n-d-Øn-epw Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p. hm-g-∏-gw Po-h-Iw F, Po-h-Iw _n-̨ 6 Po-h-Iw kn, amw-kyw F-∂n-h-bm¬ k-ar-≤-am-Wv. hm-g-∏-g-Øn-\p-≈n¬- Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂ I-dp-Ø X-cn-Iƒ hm-g-bp-sS hn-Øv F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

km-t‚mƒ

im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw: Sandoricum koetjapeIp-Spw-_w: MeliaceaeH-cp \n-Xy-l-cn-Xhr-£-am-Wp km-t‚mƒ. C-e-Iƒ-°p a-ßn-b ]-®-\n-d-am-Wv. th-\¬-°m-e-Øm-Wp ]q-°p-∂-Xv.im-J-I-fn¬ sN-dp-Ip-e-I-fm-bn ]q-°ƒhn-cn-bp-∂p. ]q-°ƒ-°v C-fwa-™ \n-d-am-Wv. H-cp Ip-e-bn¬ aq-∂pw \m-epw Im-bv-Iƒ ho-Xw D-≠m-hm-dp-≠v. Pq-ssebn-¬ Im-bv ]-gp-ØpXp-S-ßpw. ]-g-Øn-s‚D-≈n-se A-√n-bm-Wv ̀ -£-W-tbm-Ky-am-b-Xv. a-™-\n-d-Øn-ep-≈ ]-g-Øn-\p \-√ a-[p-c-am-Wv.

X-°m-fnim-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw: Solanum lycopersicumIp-Spw-_w: Solanaceae

X-°m-fn b-Ym¿-Y-Øn¬ H-cp ]-g-am-Wv. tem-I-Øp km-[m-c-W-°m-c-\p -Xm-

sN-dnimkv{Xob \maw: Prunus aviumIp-Spw-_w: Rosaceae

amw-k-f-am-b H-cp ̂ -e-am-Wp sN-dn.ImTn-\y-ap-≈ H-cp hn-Øv am-{X-ta C-Xn-ep-≈q. CXn-s‚ ]p-dwtXm-Sn-\v ISpwNp-h∏pw {_uWpw I-e¿∂ \n-d-am-Wv.sNdn F∂ hm°v h∂Xv {^©v]Zamb sksdkv F∂ ]ZØn¬\n∂mWv-.

D-dp-am-º-gw

im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw: Punica granatumIp-Spw-_w: Punicaceae

Cw-•o-jn¬ Pomegranate F-∂m-Wv.dp-am≥ ]-gw F-∂pw t]-cp-≠v (D-dp-˛-am-º-gw). a-lm-cm-{„-bn-epw Kp-P-dm-Øn-epw D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in-epw hm-Wn-Py-hn-f-bm-bn Ir-jn sN-bv-Xph-cp-∂p. tI-c-f-Øn¬ am-X-fw h¿-jw ap-gp-h≥ ]q-°m-dp-s≠-¶n-epw km-[m-c-W h¿-j-Im-e-Øm-Wp Iq-Sp-X¬ ]q-°p-∂-Xv. a-‰p ]-g-ß-sf A-t]-£n-®p am-X-fw h-f-sc-°m-ew tI-Sp-Iq-Sm-sX-bn-cn-°p-∂ H-∂m-Wv.ln-μn-bn¬ A-\m¿ F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm≥, ]m-In-kv-Xm≥, C-dm≥ F-∂o cm-Py-߃ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ ta-J-e-bm-Wp am-X-f-Øn-s‚ P-≥-a-ÿ-ew.

am-X-fw X-hn-´p I-e¿-∂ Np-h-∂ \n-d-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. am-X-f-∏-g-Øn-\p Xp-I¬-t]m-se I-´n-bp-≈ sXm-en-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. ̂ -e-Øn-\p-≈n¬ hn-Øp-Iƒ \n-d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. hn-Øp-Iƒ c-k-I-c-am-b ]ƒ-∏p-sIm-≠v aq-Sn-bn-cn-°pw. Cu]ƒ-∏m-Wv B-lm-c-tbm-Ky-am-b ̀ m-Kw.Hu-j-[-k-ar-≤-hpw t]m-j-I-k-ºp-„-hp-am-b H-cp ̂ -e-am-Wv am-X-fw.

B-bp¿-th-Z B-Nm-cy≥-am¿ am-X-f-sØ lr-Z-b-sØ D-tØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂ ̂ -e-am-bn hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. am-X-fw i-co-cw \-∂m-bn X-Wp-∏n-°pw. am-X-f-Øn-ep-≈ \o-tcm-Iv-ko-Im-cn-Iƒ tIm-i-ß-fp-sS \-io-I-c-Ww X-S-bp-I-bpw tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I-bpwsN-øp-∂p.

t]-c-°im-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw: Psidium guajavaIp-Spw-_w: Myrtaceae

kn-Un-bw P-\p- n¬-s∏-´ k-ky-ß-sf-bm-Wp t]-c F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. ̀ -£y-tbm-Ky-am-b C-Xn-s‚ ̂ -ew t]-c-°, sIm-øm-° F-∂o t]-cp-I-fn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. t]m¿-®p-Ko-kv ]-Z-am-bt]-c (pera)F-∂- ]-Z-Øn¬\n-∂m-Wv C-Xp cq-]-sa-Sp-Ø-Xv. ssh-‰-an≥ F, _n,kn F-∂n-h-bpw C-cp-ºv, t^m-kv-^-d-kv, Im¬-kyw F-∂n-h-bpw A-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. t]-c-° Z-l-t\-{μn-b-߃-°pw lr-Z-b-Øn-\pw \-√-Xm-Wv.-

ßm-hp-∂-Xpw C-„-s∏-´-Xp-am-b ]-g-am-Wp X-°m-fn. {In.-ti. 700¬ B-Zy-am-bnIr-jn sN-bv-X-Xv C≥-I-I-fpw B-kv-sS-°p-I-fp-am-Wv.

{^-©p-Im¿ Cu ]-g-sØ kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚ B-∏nƒ F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂p. P¿-a≥-Im¿ X-°m-fn-sb "kz¿-K-Øn-se B-∏nƒ' F-∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. X-°m-fn Po-h-Iw F, Po-h-Iw kn, \m-cp-IƒF-∂n-h-bm¬ k-ºp-„-am-Wv. sIm-gp-∏n-√-Xm-\pw. Lycopene entIm-]n≥ F-∂ h-kv-Xp-hm-Wv X-°m-fn-°v Np-h-∏v \n-dw\¬-Ip-∂-Xv. tkm-f-t\-Un-b k-ky-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-¬-s∏-́ _-lp-h¿-j -k-ky-am-Wv.

C-¥y-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn X-°m-fn sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xpw {]-N-cn-∏n-®-Xpw t]m¿-®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ssN-\, bp.-F-kv.-F, S¿-°n, C-¥y, Cu-Pn-]v-Xv F-∂o cm-Py-ß-fm-Wv X-°m-fn-bp¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ap-∂n-́ p\n¬-°p-∂-Xv. X-°m-fn H-cp D-jv-W-Im-e k-ky-am-Wv. X-°m-fn ]-g-Øn-\v h¿-W-t`-Zw \¬-Ip-∂-Xv I-tcm-´n≥,sse-t°m s]¿-kn-Un≥ F-∂o h¿-W-ß-fp-sS hy-Xy-kv-X km-{μ-X-bn-ep-≈km-∂n-[y-am-Wv. hn-Øp-Iƒ ]-c-∂-XpwC-fw X-hn-́ p \n-d-ap-≈-Xpam-Wv.

2]gh¿-K߃

im-kv-{X-ob\m-aw : Limonia acidissimaIp-Spw-_w: Rutaceae

C-t¥m-\o-ky-bm-Wv C-Xn-s‚ P-∑-tZ-iw. Iq-h-f-tØm-Sp km-Zr-iy-ap-≈,ap-≈p-I-fp-≈ C-h Ip-‰n-s®-Sn-bm-bpw a-c-am-bpw h-f-cp-∂-h-bm-Wv. C-h-bp-sSIm-b-°v Hm-d-©n-t\m-fw h-ep-∏-ap-≠v.X-an-gv-\m-Sv, B-{‘, I¿-Wm-S-I F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ tXm-´-w A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬h-f¿-Øp-∂ C-h hn-f-¶m-bv F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hn-hn-[-bn-\w hm-g-Iƒ: I-Z-fn, sN-¶-Z-fn, tX-¶m-fn, ]-S-‰n, sam-¥≥ I-Æ≥,Iq-ºn-√m-°-Æ≥, I¿-∏q-c-h-√n, ]m-f-bw-tIm-S≥, ]q-h≥, sN-ºq-h≥, Rm-en-∏q-h≥, a-e-ºq-h≥, ssa-kq¿, Nm-c-°-Æ≥, t\-{¥≥, (G-Ø≥), s\-Sp-t\-{¥≥, tdm-_-Ãm-kv, (]-® Nn-ß≥), G-d-\m-S≥ hm-g.-

Øp-I-fpw A-h-sb s]m-Xn-™n-cn-°p-∂ amw-k-f-`m-K-Øn-s\m-∏w Xn-∂mw. hn-Øp-I-fn¬ [m-cm-fw sIm-gp-∏p-≠v.

2 G-{]n¬ 2012 Xn¶ƒ 76 2 G-{]n¬ 2012 Xn¶ƒ

t]-Pv F´v Xp-S¿®:

K-XmK-XwK-Xm-K-X-cwK-Øv tdm-Uv am¿-K-am-Wv F-Sp-Øp]-d-

tb-≠Xv. cm-P-ÿm-\n-se {][m\ tIm-f-Pp-Isf-sbm-s° sd-bn¬ aptJ-\ _-‘n-∏n-°p∂p. cm-P-ÿm-\n¬{]-[m-\-ambpw aq-∂p hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv. P-b-v]q¿, tPm-[v-]q¿, D-Z-bv-]q¿ F-∂n-h-bm-Wn-h. C-h-bn¬ A-¥¿-tZio-b ]Z-hn P-bv-]q¿ hn-am-\-Øm-h-f-Øn-\p am-{X-ta-bp-≈q.

hn-Zym-`ym-kwcm-P-ÿm-s‚ G-‰hpw hen-b sh√p-hn-fn- \n-c-£-c-X-

bm-Wv. kzm-X-{¥ym\-¥-c C-¥y-bn¬ G-‰hpw Ipd-hvkm£-c-X D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ H-∂m-bn-cp-∂p cm-P-ÿm≥.

F-∂m¬, K-h¨-sa‚p-I-fp-sSbpw hnhn-[ kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw {i-a-^-e-ambn Cu co-Xn-bn¬ hen-b ap-t∂-‰w \-S-Øm≥ cm-P-ÿm-\m-bn. 1991¬ 37 i-X-am-\wam-{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ C-hn-S-sØ km-£-c-X 2011 B-hp-tºm-tg-°pw 68 i-X-am-\-Øn-se-Øn-°m≥ I-gn™-XvA-Xn-\p h-en-b-sX-fn-hmWv. F-∂m¬, kv{Xokm-£-c-X-bn-se ]n-∂m-°m-h-ÿ cm-P-ÿm-\v C∂pw hen-b X-e-th-Z-\-X-s∂-bmWv. C-t∏mgpw ]-Ip-Xn kv-{Xo-Iƒ A-£-cm-`ym-k-an√m-Ø-h-cm-sW-∂-Xm-Wp bm-Ym¿-Yyw.C-∂v Hº-Xv bq-\n-th-gv-kn-‰n-Ifpw 200¬∏-cw tIm-f-Pp-I-fpw 41 F≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv tIm-f-Pp-I-fpw 23 t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-°p-Ifpw cm-P-ÿm-\n¬ {]-h-¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.

a-Xw89 i-X-am-\w hn-izm-kn-Ifpw ssl-μ-h-cmWv. _m-

°n-h-cp-∂-h-cn¬ F-´pi-X-am-\w ap-kv-enw-I-fp-amWv.kn-Jp-aXØnepw ssP-\a-XØnepw -s]-´-hcpw hf-scsN-dn-b-tXm-Xn-ep-≠v.

`mjcm-P-ÿm-\n- ̀ m-j-bm-Wp {]-[m-\-ambpw P-\-߃ D-

]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. k¿-°m¿ Hm-^n-kp-I-fnepw a‰pw Cw-•o-jv ̀ m-j-bmWv Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-j. cm-P-ÿm-\n Iq-Sm-sX ln-μnbpw ]-©m-_nbpw [m-cm-f-am-bn kw-km-cn-°p-∂p.

Sq-dn-kwA-Xn-\m¬ X-s∂ Im-gv-N-Iƒ \n-c-h-[n-bm-Wn-hn-sS.

Im-gv-N-I-fn¬ H-∂m-a≥ X-e-ÿm-\am-b P-bv-]q¿

Xs∂. C-Xn-s\ ]n-¶vkn-‰n F∂pw hn-fn-°m-dp≠v. ]-g-b sI-´n-S-ß-f-[n-Ihpw ]n-¶v \n-d-Øn-ep-≈ C-„n-I-I-fm¬ \n¿-an-®-Xm-sW∂XpX-s∂ Im-cWw. a-lm-cm-PmP-bnw-kn-Mv c-≠m-a≥ 1728¬ \n¿-an-® tPym-Xn¿ \n-co-£-Wme-bw C-hnS-sØ {][m-\ B-I¿-j-W-amWv. G-{]n¬, sa-bv am-k-ß-fn¬ \-S-°p-∂ K-tPm¬k-hw A-t\-Im-bn-cw t]-sc B-I¿-jn-°p∂p. H-´-I-h-≠n-Iƒ C-hn-sS ]-Xn-hpIm-gv-N-bm-Wv.

l-hm-a-l¬ a-lm-cm-Pm k-hm-bv- am≥-kn-Mv 1799¬\n¿-an® sIm-´m-c-am-WnXv. A-©p-\n-e-bn¬ ]n-¶vaW¬-sIm-≠m-Wv C-Xn-s‚ \n¿-an-Xn.

kn-‰n- ]me-kv lr-Z-b-\-K-c-Øn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂Cu sIm-´m-c-Øn-\v Np‰pw D-Zym-\-ßfpw sI-´n-S-ß-fp-amWv. cm-P-ÿm-\n˛ap-Kƒ in¬-∏-I-e-bp-sS H-cp k-¶-cC-\-am-Wn-Xn-s‚ \n¿-an-Xn. C-h-Iq-Sm-sX ssS-K¿t^m¿´v, P-bv-K¿ t^m¿-´v, kn-tºm-Un-b dm-Wn ]me-kvF-∂n-h-bm-Wv P-bv-]q-cn-se a-‰v B-I¿-j-W߃. ̀ -c-Xv-v]q¿ ]-£n-k-t¶-X-am-Wp a-s‰m-cnSw. P-bv-]q-cn¬\n-∂p150 In.ao-‰dpw B-{K-bn¬ \n-∂v 56Intemao-‰-dpw A-I-se-bm-Wv ̀ -c-Xv-]q¿. D-Z-b-kq-cy-s‚ \K-cw F-∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂ D-Z-bv-]q-cm-Wv a-s‰m-cnSw. 1567¬ a-lmdm-W D-Z-b-kn-Mv BWv Cu \-K-c-Øn-s‚ in¬∏n.

cm-P-ÿm-\n-se G-‰hpw henb sIm-´m-cam-b kn-‰n-]m-e-km-Wv G-‰hpw hen-b B-I¿-j-Ww-. sIm-´m-c-Øn-\p-Np-‰p-ap-≈ ]q-t¥m-´hpw X-Sm-Ihpw k-μ¿-i-I¿-°v lr-Zym-\p-`-h-am-Wv. h-S-t° C-¥y-bn-se X-s∂ G-‰hpw {][m-\ kp-Jhm-ktI-{μ-am-Wv au-≠v A_p. cm-P-ÿm-s‚ G-I -ln¬-tÃ-j-\m-WnXv. \n-ch-[n t£-{X-ßfpw C-hn-sS-bp-≠v. Jm-Pm- ap-Cu-\p-±o≥ Nn-kv-Xn-bp-sS J-_-dn-Sw \n-e-sIm-≈p-∂ A-Pv-ao¿ {][m-\ Xo¿-∞m-S-\ tI{μw F-∂-Xn-ep]-cn H-cp Sq-dn-Ãv tI-{μw Iq-Sn-bmWv. ap-K-ƒ ̀ -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \n¿-an-® ]-≈n-I-fpw ayq-kn-b-ßfpw P-\ß-sf B-I¿-jn-°p-∂p.

tPm-[v-]q¿, ssP-km¬-an¿, _n-°m-\n-dn-se Pp-\-K¿sIm-´mcw, ]p-jv-I-dn-se ta-f-Iƒ F-∂n-hbpw H-´-t\-Iw t]-sc cm-P-ÿm-\n-se-Øn-°p-∂p.

Hu-]-Nm-cn-I hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ ]-c-a-am-b e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂v sXm-gn¬-k-ºm-Z-\w X-s∂-bm-Wv. F-¶n¬ ]n-s∂ Ip-td-°m-ew Un-{Kn-bpw ]n.-Pn-bpw]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p ]-I-cw s]-s´-∂p X-s∂ sXm-gn-en¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-X-t√ \-√-Xv. A-Ø-c-°m¿-°p-≈ H-cp Ip-dp-°p-h-gn-bm-Wv sXm-gn-e-[n-jvTn-X tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ. H-cp F-fp-∏-h-gn-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠pX-s∂ [m-cm-fw N-Xn-°p-gn-I-fp-ap-≈ H-cp ta-J-e-bm-Wn-Xv. \-ap-°n-W-ßn-b,\-√ km-[y-X-bp-≈ tIm-gv-kv \-√ ÿm-]-\-Øn¬-\n-∂p ]Tn-°-Ww. F-kv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn-°pw π-kv-Sp-hn-\pw ti-jw_-lp-`q-cn-]-£w t]-cpw Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-∂ H-cp ta-J-e-bm-b-Xp-sIm-≠v X-s∂ K-h¨-sa‚ v h-I [m-cm-fw ÿm-]-\-߃ Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ ]T-\-hpw ]-cn-io-e-\-hpw \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.

sF.-Sn.-sF-Iƒ {]-[m-\-am-bpw ]-Ømw-X-cw ]m-km-

b-h¿-°p-≈-Xm-Wv sF.-Sn.-sF tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ. ap-∏-tXm-fw km-t¶-Xn-I tIm-gv-kp-I-fpw ]-tØm-fw km-t¶-Xn-tI-X-c tIm-gv-kp-I-fp-am-Wv sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn¬ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv. k¿-°m¿-˛-kz-Im-cyta-J-e-I-fn-epw hn-tZ-i-Øpw \-√ i-º-f-Øn¬ tPm-en-t\-Sm≥ D-X-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv Cu tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ.

sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn-se H-cp h¿-j F-≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv sa-{Sn-Iv tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-Wvsa-°m-\n-Iv, t^m¿-P¿ B‚ v lo-‰v {So-‰¿, πm-Ãn-Iv s{]m-k-kn-Mv Hm-]-td-‰¿,jo-‰v sa-‰¬ h¿-°¿, sh¬-U¿, Im¿-s]-‚¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h. F-kv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn-°v Cw-•o-jv, I-W-°v, k-b≥-kv hn-j-b-߃-°p e-`n-® am¿-°n-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv tIm-gv-kp-I-fn¬ {]-th-i-\w.

sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn-se c-≠p-h¿-j F-≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv sa-{Sn-Iv tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-Wv {Um-^v-‰v-kv-am≥ (kn-hn¬, sa-°m-\n-Iv), k¿-th-b¿, C-e-{Œo-jy≥, td-Un-tbm B‚ v Sn.-hn sa-°m-\n-Iv, C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Iv-kv sa-°m-\n-Iv, C≥-kv-{Sp-sa‚ v sa-°m-\n-Iv, d-{^n-P-td-j≥

B‚ v F.-kn sa-°m-\n-Iv, hm-®v B‚ vt¢m-°v sa-°m-\n-Iv, ^n-‰¿, S¿-W¿,hn¬-ssd-‰v sa-°m-\n-Iv, sa-jn-\n-Ãv F-∂n-h.

{Xn-h¬-k-c F-≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv sa-{Sn-Iv tIm-gv-kp-I-fn¬ Sqƒ B‚ v ssU ta-°¿ (Pn-Kv-kv B‚ v ̂ n-Iv-tN¿-kv), SqƒB‚ v ssU -ta-°¿ (ssSw-kv B‚ v-tamƒ-Uv-kv) F-∂n-h Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.

sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn-se t\m¨ F-≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv H-cp h¿-j sa-{Sn-Iv tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-Wv kv-s‰-t\m-{Km-^¿ (Cw-•o-jv,ln-μn), sk-{I-t´-dn-b¬ {]m-Œo-kv, {U-kv ta-°n-Mv, sl-b¿ B‚ v kv-In≥ sI-b¿ F-∂n-h. C-Xp Iq-Sm-sX ]-Ømw¢m-kv tXm-‰-h¿-°pw [m-cm-fw tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn¬ e-`y-am-Wv.G-gpw F-´pw ¢m-kv P-bn-®-h¿-°p-≈

sI.-Pn.-Sn.-C, sI.-Pn.-kn.-C k¿-´n-^n-°-‰v tIm-gv-kp-I-fpw sF.-Sn.-sF-Iƒ \-¬-Ip-∂p-≠v. kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bn¬ sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fp-sS X-Øp-ey ÿm-]-\-am-Wv sF.-Sn.-kn-Iƒ.

t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-°p-Iƒ sF.-Sn.-sF-I-sf-°m-fpw A-¬-∏w Iq-

Sn hn-e-a-Xn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-°p-I-fn-se tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ. F-kv.-F-kv.-F¬.-kn X-s∂-bm-Wv tbm-Ky-X. hn-hn-[ hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Un-tπm-am tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-Wv t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-°p-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv. Iw-]yq-´¿ F-≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv, C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Iv-kv, C-e-{Œn-°¬, sa-°m-\n-°¬, kn-hn¬ F-≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv, t]m-fn-a¿ sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn, Iw-]yq-´¿ lm¿-Uv-sh-b¿ sa-bn‚-\≥-kv, Iw-]yq-´¿ B-πn-t°-j≥ B‚ v _n-kn-\-kv am-t\-Pv-

sa‚ v, C≥-^¿-ta-j≥ sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn,Hm-t´m-sam-_o¬, sI-an-°¬ F-≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv, C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Iv-kv I-Ωyq-Wn-t°-j≥, s{]m-U-Iv-j≥ sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn, _-tbm-sa-Un-°¬ F-≥-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv, C-e-t{Œm-Wn-Ivv-kv B‚ v C≥-kv-{Sp-sa-t‚-j≥, C≥-kv-{Sp-sa‚ v sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn, Sqƒ B‚ v ssU ta-°n-Mv, {]n‚n-MvsS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn, hp-Uv B‚ v t]-∏¿ sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn F-∂n-h t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-Iv Un-tπm-a-I-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. km-[m-c-Waq-∂p-h¿-j-am-Wv tIm-gv-kp-I-fp-sS Im-em-h-[n. C-Xp Iq-Sm-sX Iw-]yq-´¿ Hm-]-td-‰¿ B‚ v t{]m-{Km-an-Mv A-kn-kv-‰‚ v, U-kv-Iv tSm-∏v ]-ªn-jn-Mv Hm-]-td-‰¿ Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ k¿-´n-^n-°-‰v tIm-gv-kp-I-fpw t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-°p-I-fn¬ e-`y-am-Wv.

F≥.-Sn.-Sn.-F-^v {Km-ao-W-ta-J-e-bn-se bp-h-P-\-

߃-°v hy-m-h-km-bn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]-cn-io-e-\w \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn C-t¥m-˛-kzn-kv s{]m-P-Iv-‰n-\p Io-gn¬ ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xm-Wv s\-´q¿ sS-Iv-\n-°¬ s{S-bv-\n-Mv ^u-t≠-j≥ (F≥.-Sn.-Sn.-F-^v). 1959¬ X-e-t»-cn-bn¬ cq-]w-sIm-≠ Cu ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v \n-e-hn¬ tI-c-f-Øn-\p ]p-d-sa I¿-Wm-S-I, X-an-gv-\m-Sv, B-{‘-{]-tZ-iv F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-epwtI-{μ-ß-fp-≠v. ]-{¥-≠p {]-[m-\ Un-tπm-a, t]m-kv-‰v Un-tπm-a, k¿-´n-^n-°-‰v tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-Wv F≥.-Sn.-Sn.-F-^n¬\-S-Øp-∂-Xv. Nn-e tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ-°vF≥-{S≥-kv ]-co-£ h-gn-bm-Wp {]-th-i-\w.

sh-_v hn-em-kw: nttfdtc.com.

F-¬._n.F-kv sk‚¿ -t^m¿ k-b≥-kv B‚ v sSIv-t\m-f-Pn-bp-sSXn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw slUv Hm-^n-knepw sIm√w, I-f-a-t»-cn, Xr-iq¿, tIm-gn-t°mSv, I-Æq¿, F-∂otaJ-emtI-{μ-ß-fnepw A-©mew-aqSv, \n-e-ta¬, A-Sq¿, ]m-ºmSn,B-e-∏p-g, G-‰p-am-\q¿, Kp-cp-hm-bq¿, Ip-∂w-Ip-fw, ]m-e-°m-Sv, B-e-Øq¿, a-t©cn, \m-Zm-]pcw, I-Wn-bmº-‰, ]-ø-∂q¿ Iq-Øp-]-dºv,Im-™-ßmSv, Im-k¿-t°m-Uvv F-∂o D-]-tI-{μ-ß-fnepw A-h-[n°m-e sF.Sn tIm-gv-kp-Iƒ B-cw-`n-°pw.

4,5,6 F-∂o ¢m-kp-I-fn¬ ]co-£ F-gpXn-b hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°m-bnF‚¿-sS-bn≥-sa‚ v {Xq Iw-]yq-t´-gv-kv h¿-Ivvtjm-]v Hm¨ Iw-]yq-´¿^-≠-sa‚¬-kv F∂o tIm-gv-kp-I-fpw 7,8,9 F-∂o ¢m-kp-I-fn-se ]co-£ F-gpXn-b hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ°vh¿Ivv-tjm]v Hm¨ F‚¿-sS-bn≥-sa‚ v Ce-t{Œm-Wn-Iv-kv, h¿Iv-tjm]v Hm¨ Pq-\n-b¿ {Km-^n-Iv-kvUn-ssk-\¿ F-∂o tIm-gv-kp-I-fpw10, 11 F-∂o ¢m-kp-I-fn-se ]co-£F-gpXn-b hn-Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°v h¿Ivv-tjm-]v Hm¨ t{]m-{Km-an-Mv ̂ -≠-sa‚¬-kv , h¿-Ivvtjm]v Hm¨C‚¿-s\-‰v ̂ -≠-sa‚¬-kv F-∂otIm-gvv-kp-I-fp-am-Wv \-S-Øp-∂Xv.hn-h-c-߃-°v AX-Xp ta-J-e tI-{μ-ß-fp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-tS≠t^m¨ \-º-dp-Iƒ Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: 0471 2324396, 2324364, 2560332,sIm-evm-ew 0474 2764654, I-f-a-t»-cn: 0484 2541520, 2551466, Xr-iq¿:0487 2250657, 2250751, tIm-gn-t°m-Sv: 0495 2720250, I-Æq¿: 0497 270281

C. ap-lΩ-Zv Zm-hq-Zv

Ah[n°m-e sF.Sn tIm-gvv-kv

sXm-gn¬ ]Tn-°mw,

sXm-gn-se-Sp-°mw...

Aw-_-c-Npw-_n-Iƒ-°p ap-I-fn-sem-cp D-®-`£-Ww(Lunch Atop a Skyscraper)

\yq-tbm¿-°v \-K-c-Ønse RCA Building( ]n∂oS-Xv GE Building F-∂v t]-cv am-‰n) \n¿-am-W-sØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ sI-´n-S-Øn-\v ap-I-fn¬ \n¿-an-® C-cp-ºp Z-fin¬ C-cp-∂p D-®-`£-Ww I-gn-°p-∂ A-Xn-a-t\m-l-cam-b Nn-{Xw. H-tc ka-bw Im-gv-N-°m-cn¬ Iu-Xp-I-hpw Aº-c-∏pw P-\n-∏n-°p-∂ hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b H-cp ¢n-°v. 1932 k-]vv-Xw-_¿ 29\v

sI-´n-S-Øn-s‚ 69mw \n-e-bn¬ \n∂v Nmƒkv Fs_-‰vkv ]-I¿-Øn-b-Xm-Wv temI-sØ hn-e-IqSn-b Nn-{X-

ß-fn-sem∂m-b C-Xv. H-tŒm-_¿ c≠n\v \yq-tbm¿-Iv sl-dmƒ-Uv ss{S-_yqWns‚ Rm-b-dmgv-N ]-Xn-∏n¬ t^mt´m ÿm-\w ]n-Sn®p. shdpw Iu-Xp-I-

Øn-s\-Sp-Ø Cu t^m-t´m-sb tX-Sn ]-e A-hm¿-Up-I-fpw F-Øn-b-t∏m-gWv Cu Nn-{X-Øn-s‚hne Fs_-‰vkv a-\- n-em-°nbXv.

A≥km¿ A-cn{]

Nmƒkv Fs_-‰vkv