Nalawade Madam Ph.D. Thesis - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4311/8/08... ·...

1

‡H$aU [ohc

gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mß¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMr gm_moOH$ d

dmL≤>_`rZ OS>UKS>U

1.1 [mÒVmodH$ :

EH$moUgmd eVH$ h ^maVr` ÒÃr¿`m—ÓQ>rZ H$di "AßYma wJM' R>amd Aem H$mimV

OmVramd \w$c d gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mßZr H$cc e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m © _hŒd[yU© R>acc Amh.

gmodÃr]mB™Zm ^maVmVrc [ohÎ`m ÒÃroeojH$m, _wª`m‹`mo[H$m, ÒÃroejUm¿`m Am⁄‡UÀ`m,

AZmW _mVmß¿`m H°$dmar, XrZ-XocVmß¿`m _mVm, ÒÃr-_w∑Vr AmßXmcZm¿`m ‡UÀ`m ÂhUyZ Jm°aodc

OmV. \w$c Xmß[À`mM h e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m © EoVhmogH$—ÓQ>Ám Acm°oH$H$ d H´$mßoVH$maH$

AgM R>aUma Amh. ‡ÒVwV ‡H$aUmV gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMr e°joUH$, gm_moOH$ d

dmL≤>_`rZ OS>UKS>U `m—ÓQ>rZ _mßS>Ur H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ amhUma Amh. À`mH$mimV ÒÃr-ey–mß¿`m

ododY ‡ÌZmßgmR>r, g_Ò`mßgmR>r \w$c Xmß[À` Am wÓ`^a AodaV[U PJS>c. g_mOmVrc AkmZ

AßY:H$ma Xya H$amd`mMm Agc Va oejU XU hmM À`mdarc CŒm_ C[m` Amh h AmiIyZ À`mßZr

Am[Î`m H$m`m©cm gwÍ$dmV H$cr. OmVramdmß¿`m ‡aUZ ‡naV PmcÎ`m gmodÃr]mB™Zr edQ>¿`m

Ìdmgm[ ™V gm_moOH$ H$m`m©cm dmhZ KVc. e°joUH$, gm_moOH$ H$m © H$arV AgVmZmM ‡oV^mgß[›Z

AgUmË`m gmodÃr]mB™Zr gmohpÀ`H $ aMZmhr H$ccr Amh. OrdZ OJV AgVmZmM AmcÎ`m

AZw dodÌdmVyZ gmodÃr]mB™M [⁄ d J⁄cIZ gmH$ma Pmcc Amh. ÒÃr-ey–mßgmR>r, XrZXocVmßgmR>r

H$m © H$arV AgVmZm S>gmdUmË`m ododY g_Ò`mßda ‡H$me Q>mHy$Z gmodÃr]mB™Zr g_mO‡]mYZ

H$a`mMmhr ‡`ÀZ cIZm¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ H$ccm Amh. odMmamßZm H•$VrMr OmS> XD$Z H$cÎ`m

gm_moOH$ d dmL≤>_`rZ H$m`m©Mm AmcIM `m ‡H$aUmV _mßS>`mV Uma Amh.

1.2 ÒÃr-ey– d oejUÏ`dÒWm :

OmVramd \w$c d gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mßMm H$mi hm 150 dfm©[yduMm H$mi hmVm. 19 Ï`m

eVH$mV gd©Ã AkmZmM, AZmMmamM, odf_VM, Y_©Í$T>tM gm_´m¡` [gacc hmV. gm_moOH$

AmoU Ymo_©H$ [napÒWVr Va Iy[M Imcmdccr hmVr. [wÍ$f‡YmZ g_mOaMZV ÒÃrM ÒdVßÃ

ApÒVÀdM gm\$ ZmH$ma`mV Amc hmV. ÒÃrgw’m _mUyg Amh. oVcm _Z, mdZm, odMma H$a`mMr

e∑Vr Amh h ZmH$mÍ$Z ÒÃrO›_M Aew _mZcm OmV hmVm. oÒÃ`mhr [´XrK© H$mi hmV AmcÎ`m

A›`m`m_wi Am[c gÀd d ÒdÀdM J_mdyZ ]gÎ`m hmÀ`m. Jwcm_ ÂhUyZ AmolVmgmaI d [amdcß]r

2

OrdZ OJU À`mß¿`m AßJdiUr [Sy>Z Jc hmV. ÒÃr Jwcm_oJarMr hr [aß[am _Zy[mgyZ gwÍ$ Pmcr

hmVr. Y_©JßWmVyZ ÒÃr d ey–mßZm [ey[jmhr hrZ g_OyZ Ver À`mßZm dmJUyH$ oXcr OmV hmVr. ÒÃr

ÂhUO H$di [wÍ$fm¿`m dmgZm[yVuM EH$ gmYZ Ag _ZyZ ÂhQ>Î`m_wi ÒÃrOmVrM EHy$U ApÒVÀdM

gß[wÓQ>mV Amc hmV. g_mOÏ`dÒWV ÒÃrM ÒWmZ H$mUÀ`m ‡H$maM hmV `m]X≤Xc S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir

ocohVmV, ""AJXr ‡mMrZ H$mi¿`m Amaß m[mgyZ ÒÃr - g_mOmM gd© ‡H$maM ApÒVÀd ohamdyZ

KD$Z Jar] Jm`, [m`mMr Xmgr, AS>rAS>MUr¿`m dir gm›`mZm`mgmaIr C[`mJr [S>Umar d

XVm KVm `mgmaIr EH$ dÒVy Agm gm rÒH$a odMma AmoU AmMma AJXr AmO[ ™V hmV Amcm

Amh.''1 hr dÒVwpÒWVr cjmV KVm pÒÃ`mßH$S> [mh`mMm —pÓQ>H$mZ cjmV Vm. gm_moOH$ MmcrarVr

d Í$T>r[aß[aV ]mcoddmh, H$ed[Z, gVrMr Mmc Aer AZH$ ]ßYZ pÒÃ`mßda cmXcr Jcr

hmVr.ÒÃr-ey–mßdarc ]ßYZm]X≤Xc, oejU Ï`dÒW]X≤Xc ‡_m Jma `mßZr _mßS>cc odMma AoVe`

]mcH$ AmhV. ""oejU ÂhUO gmamgma odMma, ‡À H$ og’mßV AZw dm¿`m H$gmQ>rda KmgyZ

[mhU. ‡À H$ ‡ÒWmo[V og’mßVmH$S> eßH$Ima[U [mhZ ]w’r¿`m H$gmQ>rcm Vm CVaÎ`mgM ÒdrH$maU

hm odMmaM g_mOmV ZÏhVm. H$di Y_©JßWmßM [R>U, À`mVÎ`m IË`m-ImQ>Ám mH$S>H$WmßM oddMZ

EdT>mM oejUmMm AW© gro_V Pmcm hmVm.''2 mdÍ$Z Ag cjmV V H$s, ÒÃr ey–mßZm, oejUmMr

¤ma Iwcr ZÏhVr. Hw$R>cmhr ÒdVßÃ odMma Aß_cmV AmU`mMr H$mUVrM Ï`dÒWm oZ_m©U Pmccr

ZÏhVr. À`m_wi ]h˛OZ g_mOmV AßYmamM gm_´m¡`M oXgyZ V hmV. oZ`VH$mocH$mß¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ

‡]mYZmMm ‡`ÀZ gwÍ$ Ag`m¿`m H$mimV ]h˛gßª` C[ojV amohc hmV. \w$c ÂhUVmV À`m‡_mU,

""od⁄odZm _oV Jcr, _Vr odZm ZroV Jcr$&

ZroVodZm JoV Jcr, JVr odZm odÀV Jc$&

odÀVmodZm ew– IMc, BVH$ AZW© EH$m Aod⁄Z H$c$&&''

h dU©Z À`m gm_moOH$ [napÒWVrM ‡H$Q> Xe©Z KS>odUma Amh.

ÒÃr-eyX´mßZm oejUmMr ¤ma Iwcr Zg`m¿`m H$mcIßS>mVM [eÏ`mßMr amOdQ> gß[wÓQ>mV

Amcr AmoU BßJOmßMr amOdQ> gwÍ$ Pmcr. BßJOmß¿`m gm_m¡`m_‹ kmZmMm Ywga ‡H$me oXgy cmJcm.

BßJ´OmßZr maVmVrc OZVgmR>r H$mhr gwYmaUm AmUÎ`m. À`m_‹ oejUmMr gwYmaUmhr hmVr. VÏhm

gaH$mar emimß]am]aM o_eZar emimßMhr oejUmM H$m © gwÍ$ Pmc hmV. AZH$ g_mOgwYmaH$mßZr

]miemÒÃr Omß H$a, AmJaH$a, Jm[miamd hna Xe_wI, ^mD$ _hmOZ `mßZr `mM emimVyZ oejU

KD$Z Am[Î`m g_mOmVrc Xmfmßda [´Ia hÎc MT>odc d g_mOgwYmaUgmR>r ‡`ÀZ H$c. OmVramd

\w$c `mßZrhr `mMH$mimV ÒdV: oejU KD$Z e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m © H$c.

3

1.3 OmVramdmßMr OS>UKS>U :

OmVramdmßM ‡mWo_H$ oejU gaH$mar emiV d [wT>rc oejU ÒH$m∞oQ>e o_eZ¿`m BßJ´Or

emiVM [yU© Pmc. À`mßZm h oejU [yU© H$arV AgVmZmhr Iy[ AS>Wi Amc. gZ 1833 V

1839 [ ™V oejU Ï`dpÒWV gwÍ$ hmV. [aßVw JmqdXamdmßZm EH$m gZmV›`mZ Xdm-Y_m©Mr ^rVr

KmcyZ OmVramdmßM oejU ]ßX H$a`mg ^mJ [mS>c. OmVramdmß¿`m oddmhmMm odMma gwÍ$ Pmcm.

gmVmam oOÎ¯mVrc IßS>mim Vmcw∑`mVrc oeadi[mgyZ 3 oH$. _r. AßVamda AgUmË`m

Zm`Jmd_Yrc IßS>mOr Zdg [mQ>rc `mß¿`m gmodÃr `m _wcr]am]a OmVramdmßMm oddmh \$mÎJwZ d⁄

5 (eH$ 1768) B. g. 1840 _‹ Pmcm.

OmVramdmßM oejU ]ßX Pmc Agc Var dmMZ Wmß]cc ZÏhV. OmVramdmßM ]mc[Um[mgyZ

gßJm[Z H$aUmË`m gJwUm]mB© (AmD$) OmVramdmß¿`m oejUmgmR>r gVV ‡`ÀZ H$arV hmÀ`m. \$maer

^mfM oejH$ J\$dma ]J _w›er d oºÌMZ o_eZar ocOrQ>gmh] `mß¿`m _‹`ÒWrZ JmqdXamdmßM

_Z didyZ OmVramdmßM oejU BßJ´Or [ohÎ`m dJm©V gwÍ$ Pmc. oejUm_wi d OrdZ OJV AgVmZm

AmcÎ`m ododY AZw dm_wi OmVramdmßMr d°MmnaH$ OS>UKS>U hmV Jcr. ""OmVramd d À`mßM

]mco_Ã emiVrc A‰`mgmV CŒm_ ‡JVr amIyZ hmV. À`moedm` N>Ã[Vr oedam`, ]wH$a> Q>r dm∞qeΩQ>Z,

_moQ>©Z Î yWa qH$J `mgmaª`m _hm[wÍ$fmßMr MnaÃ, Wm∞_g [Z `mßMm "amB©Q>g≤ Am∞\$ _∞Z' hm JßW,

A_naH$Z ÒdmVßÕ` cT>m, \|$M am¡`H´$mßVr AmoX ZdodMmamßM gmohÀ` À`mßZr dmMyZ H$mT>c. `mM

gßÒH$maj_ d`mVM OmVramdmßZm d°MmnaH$ gmohÀ`mMr AmdS> oZ_m©U Pmcr. d°MmnaH$ [wÒVH$ OmVramd

Kar AmUyZ, _Z cmdyZ dmMyZ H$mT>V AgV. À`mda oQ>[U V`ma H$arV AgV.''3 m_wi OmVramdmßMm

d°MmnaH$ q[S> KS>`mg oZpÌMVM _XV Pmccr oXgyZ V.

OmVramd ÒdV: oejU KV AgVmZm eVm_‹ hr H$m_ H$arV AgV. _wimVM ‡kmdßV

AgUmË`m gmodÃr]mB™Zm d gJwUm]mB™Zmhr OmVramdmßZr Am[Î`m eVmVrc Amß„`m¿`m PmS>mImcr

Yyi[mQ>rda oejUmM ‡mWo_H$ YS> ⁄m`cm gwÍ$dmV H$cr. gmodÃr]mB© d gJwUm]mB© `m h˛ema

AmoU oOkmgy AgÎ`m_wi oejUmV À`mßZr cdH$aM ‡JVr H$cr. emiVyZ Kar AmÎ`mZßVa OmVramd

gmodÃr]mB™er _mZdmßM h∑H$, H$V©Ï , OmVr X, C¿MZrM X^md modf`mdaVr VmgZVmg ]mcV

AgV. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmVrc ‡JÎ^Vmhr `m d°MmnaH$ XdmUKdmUr_wi dmT>V hmVr. `m

‡oH´$ VyZM gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OmUrdm ‡JÎ^ hmV JÎ`m.

4

1.4 oejU jÃmVrc H$mßoVH$mar [mD$c :

BßJÓr oejUmZ ‡^modV PmcÎ`m OmVramdmßZr qhXy g_mOmVrc ÒÃr-ey–mßMm C’ma

H$amd`mMm Agc Va oejUmoedm` [`m© Zmhr h AmiIc. À`mM]am]a [wÍ$fm[jm ÒÃr¿`m

oejUmcm odef _hŒd Amh mMr OmUrd OmVramdmßZm ‡H$fm©Z Pmcr. Ah_XZJa Wrc A_naH$Z

o_eZ_Yrc o_gg \$ama `m ]mB™Zr MmcodcÎ`m _wct¿`m emimßZm gXmoedamd JmdßS> d _mam

od«>c dmidH$amßgm]V OmVramdmßZr Q> oXcr. À`m emimß_‹ ¡`m[’VrZ _wctZm oejU X`mV

V h [mohÎ`mZßVa OmVramd ^mamdyZ Jc. o_g \$ama]mB™Zr ÒÃr-oejUmMr _hVr OmVramdmßZm

g_OmdyZ gmßoJVcr. ""‡W_M H$mUr EVX≤Xer` _mUyg OmVramdmß¿`m Í$[mZ ^maVr` _wcr d

pÒÃ`mßgmR>r emim H$mT>V Amh. `m H$m`m©V Am_M OmVramdmßZm [yU© ghH$m © amhrc h oZpÌMV. [aßVw

VwÂhr ÒÃr-oejUmMr gwÍ$dmV, Am[Î`m Kam[mgyZ H$am. H$mUÀ`mhr gwYmaUmßMr gwÍ$dmV ÒdV:[mgyZ

H$Î`mg À`m oMaßVZ hmVmV.''4 o_g \$ama]mB™Zr H$cÎ`m `m C[XemZ OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©Mr oXem

AmUIrZM Ò[ÓQ> Pmcr. OmVramdmßZr gmodÃr]mB™¿`m d o_Ãmß¿`m ghH$m`m©Z À`mß¿`mer odMmaodoZ_`

H$Í$Z [w`mVrc ]wYdma [R>Vrc o^S>Ámß¿`m dmS>ÁmV oX. 1 OmZdmar 1848 amOr _wctMr [ohcr

emim gwÍ$ H$cr. À`m[yduhr [w`mV _wctMr emim Mmcod`mM ‡`ÀZ Pmc hmV. gZ 1830 V

1833 _‹ oZKmcÎ`m `m emim [wT> XmZM dfm©V ]ßX [S>Î`m. [aßVw 1848 _‹ OmVramdmßZr

_wct¿`mgmR>r gwÍ$ H$cÎ`m qhXwÒWmZmVrc `m [ohÎ`m emiZ OUy ÒÃr oejUmMm [m`mM KmVcm.

[w`mgmaª`m ehamV _wctMr emim gwÍ$ H$Í$Z Vr MmcodU AdKS> hmV. OmVramd d

gmodÃr]mB© ÒdV: KamKar OmD$Z [mcH$mßZm _wct¿`m oejUmM _hŒd [Q>dyZ XV hmV. gwÍ$dmVrcm

OmVramdmßZr ÒdV:M oejH$ ÂhUyZhr H$m_ [mohc. [wT> gmodÃr]mB© `m emi¿`m [ohÎ`m oeojH$m

d [ohÎ`m _wª`m‹`mo[H$m PmÎ`m. emiV _wctMr gßª`m dmTy> cmJcr. `m emiM è [mhˇZ

OmVramdmßZr 15 _ 1848 _‹ [w`mV _hmadmS>ÁmV _wcm_wctgmR>r AmUIr EH$ emim gwÍ$ H$cr.

`m emiV gJwUm]mB© C\©$ AmD$ oeojH$m ÂhUyZ H$m_ [mhˇ cmJÎ`m. gmodÃr]mB© d gJwUm]mB©

jragmJa (OmVramdmßMr _mdg ]ohU) `mßZm OmVramdmßZr oeH$dyZ V`ma H$cM hmV. [w`mV Zm∞_©c

ÒHy$c_‹ `m XmKr oejUmgmR>r XmIc PmÎ`m. Zm∞_©c ÒHy$c¿`m ‡_wI o_gg o_Mcm]B© `mßZr

XmKtMr H$mQ>H$ma[U [arjm KVcr. [arjV À`m CŒm_arVrZ [mg PmÎ`m. XmKtZm o_Mc]mB©¿`m

Zm∞_©c ÒHy$c_‹ oVgË`m dfm©V [´de o_imcm. 1847 cm À`mßZr Am[cm A‰`mgH´$_ [yU© H$cm.

OmVramdmßMhr BßJÓr oejU `mM H$mimV [yU© Pmc hmV. 1849 _‹ gmodÃr]mB© Ah_XZJacm

5

o_g \$ama]mB™¿`m emiV oeojH$M ‡oejU [yU© H$a`mgmR>r JÎ`m d [wT>rc ghm _oh›`mV Q≠>›S>

oeojH$m hmD$Z [aVÎ`m.gmodÃr]mB© OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©V H•$oV w∑V gh^mJr PmÎ`m.

1848 V 1852 `mH$mimV [w`mV d [w`m]mhahr OmVramdmßZr 18 emim gwÍ$ H$Î`m.

AÎ[mdYrVM À`mß¿`m oejU‡gmam¿`m H$m`m©g MmßJcrM MmcZm o_imcr. `m gd© emim gwÍ$

H$aVmZm À`mßZm AZßV AS>MUtZm Vm|S> ⁄md cmJc. Varhr OmVramd d gmodÃr]mB© S>J_Jc ZmhrV.

OmVramdmßZr d gmodÃr]mB™Zr AmoW©H$ Pi gmgyZ d g_mOmMm amf [ÀH$Í$Zhr emim ZQ>mZ gwÍ$M

R>dÎ`m. \w$c Xmß[À` Am[Î`m H$m`m©[mgyZ Vgy ahr ]mOycm OmV Zmhr h [mhˇZ gZmVZr cmH$mßZr

gmodÃr]mB™Zm H$gm Ãmg ⁄m`cm gwÍ$dmV H$cr `m]‘c ‡_m Jma ocohVmV, ""Y_© ]wS>mcm, ´Ô>mMma

_mOcm, od⁄m ey–mKar Mmccr ÂhUyZ BWcm ^Q>o^jwH$ dJ© Ma\$Sy> cmJcm. À`mßZr gmodÃr]mB™Zm

‡À`j Ãmg X`mg gwÍ$dmV H$cr. À`m emiVyZ V OmV AgVm À`mßZm Adm©¿` oeÏ`m XU, À`mßZm

XJS>JmQ> _maU, _hmarU ÂhUyZ ohUdU Agcr hrZ H•$À V H$Í$ cmJc. [U gmodÃr]mB™Zr Am[cr

YramXmŒmVm Oamhr T>iy oXcr Zmhr. o]H$Q> ‡gßJmVhr gmodÃr]mB™M Y° © AodMc amhmV Ag. À`mßZr

g_mOmH$Sy>Z hmUmam A[_mZ EH$ ÒÃr ÂhUyZhr hmUmam N>i À`m _mD$crZ H$di H$m`m©darc AT>i

oZÓR>_wiM ghZ H$cm.''5 gmodÃr]mB™Zm g_mO[nadV©ZmgmR>r cT>V AgVmZm oH$Vr gßH$Q>mßZm gm_ma

Omd cmJc h `mdÍ$Z cjmV V.

BVH$ H$Í$Zhr gZmVZr cmH$mßM g_mYmZ PmcM Zmhr. À`mßZr OmVramdmßM dS>rc JmqdXamd

`mßZm gmßJyZ gmodÃr]mB™Zm À`mß¿`m `m [odÃ H$m`m©[mgyZ [amd•Œm H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$cm. Vw_¿`m

Hw$imMr A]y OmB©c. Y_© ]wS>c. Vw_¿`m 42 o[T>Ám ZaH$mV OmVrc Aer ^rVr JmqdXamdmßZm

KmVÎ`m_wi Am[Î`m _wcmda d gwZda Ordm[mS> ‡_ H$aUmË`m JmqdXamdmßZm Òdg_mOmgmR>r d

gZmVZr cmH$mß¿`mgmR>r OmVramdmßodamYmV oZU© ø`mdm cmJcm. OmVramdmßZr emim ]ßX H$amÏ`mV

qH$dm Ka gmSy>Z Omd Ag JmqdXamdmßZr ZmB©cmOmZ OmVramdmßZm gmßoJVc. OmVramdmß¿`m[jmhr

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m [wT> _mR> AmÏhmZ C amohc hmV. gmodÃr]mB© `m AoVe` oOX≤Xr d H$amar

Òd^mdm¿`m AgÎ`m_wi Z S>J_JVm À`mßZr [Vr¿`m g_mOgd¿`m H$m`m©gM dmhˇZ K`mM R>aodc.

OmVramdmßZr d gmodÃr]mB™Zr Am[Î`m H$m`m©darc AT>i oZÓR>_wi AßJmdarc H$[S>ÁmoZer amhÀ`m

KamMm À`mJ H$cm. À`mH$mimV gmodÃr]mB™Zm gJwUm]mB© d \$moV_m eI `m XmZ _ohcmßZr AoVe`

_mcmMr gmW oXcr.

6

gmodÃr]mB™Zr oejUmM [odÃ H$m © H$arV AgVmZm gVV EH$ H$miOr KVcr Vr ÂhUO hr

_wc g_mOmMm _mZdVmdmXr —pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ odMma H$gm H$aVrc ? À`mßZr _mZogH$—ÓQ>Ám gßdXZerc

]Zmd. H$di [wÒVH$s kmZ Z XVm Ï`mdhmnaH$ —pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ À`mßM OrdZ KS>od`mMm ‡`ÀZ

gmodÃr]mB© H$arV hmÀ`m. gmodÃr]mB™Zr e°joUH$ H$m © H$arV AgVmZm H$mimcm AZwÍ$[ H$mhr

‡`mJhr H$c AmoU À`mAmYma ÒdV:Mr e°joUH$ VŒd oZ_m©U H$cr. ey–mß¿`m _wctMr emim ÒdV:

gmodÃr]mB© d \$moV_m eI mßZr Mmcodcr d ]m˜U _wctMr emim Mmcod`mgmR>r ]m˜U oejH$M

Z_c. VÏhm ]´m˜U _wctMrM ‡JVr AoYH$ oXgyZ Amcr. `mdÍ$Z e°joUH$ ‡JVr_‹ [aß[acm d

[napÒWVrcm _hŒd Amh h gmodÃr]mB™Zr [´`mJmAßVr og’ H$Í$Z XmIodc. À`mM]am]a

ey–moVey–mß¿`m _wcmßZm oeH$od`mgmR>r oejH$ hm À`mM g_mOmVrc Agc Va Vm AoYH$ Vi_irZ

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8

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9

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1.5.2 AÒ[•Ì`Vm oZdmaUmgmR>r g_mOOmJ•VrM H$m © -

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10

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1.5.3 gÀèmYH$ g_mOmMr ÒWm[Zm -

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Zme Aem ‡H$maM H$m © gÀèmYH$ g_mOmZ hmVr KVc hmV.

1.5.4 XwÓH$mimVrc H$m © -

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11

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H$m`m©]‘c Jm°ad H$aVmZm amOmam_ gy ©dßer ocohVmV, ""Y° ©, XmV•Àd d XmZV `m JwUd°oeÓQ>Ámß_‹

H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© Hw$`mhr _hm[wÍ$fm[jm H$_r ZÏhÀ`m. h EH$m wJÒÃrM AVwcZr` H$m ©

hmV.''15 gmodÃr]mB™Zr XwÓH$mimV _mZdVmdmXr —pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ AoVe` YmS>gmZ H$m © H$Í$Z XrZ-

XocVmßM ‡mU dmModc.

1.5.5 Zmo^H$ ]mßYdmßMm gß[ -

OmVramd AmoU gmodÃr]mB© g_mOgwYmaUM H$m`© H$arV AgVmZm EIm⁄m g_Ò`Mm

AIßS>[U [mR>[wamdm H$arV AgV. odYdm pÒÃ`mßdaVr hmUmam A›`m`, H$ed[Z [’Vr hr AoZÓR>

‡Wm À`mßZm _mSy>Z H$mT>m`Mr hmVr. H$ed[ZmMr [’Vr ]ßX [mS>`mgmR>r OmVramdmßZr MßJM ]mßYcm.

hr XwÓQ> ‡Wm ]ßX [mS>`mgmR>r \w$c Xmß[À`mZ [wU-_ßw]B© Wrc Zmo^H$ ]mßYdmßMmM gß[ KS>dyZ

AmUcm. 23 _mM© 1890 _‹ Zmo^H$ ]mßYdmßMr [nafX ^adyZ `m XwÓQ> Í$T>r]X≤Xc [nafXV

_mohVr oXcr. [nafXcm 500 Zmo^H$ C[pÒWV hmV. odYdm pÒÃ`mßdaVr hmUmam A›`m`, oVMr

hmUmar odQ>ß]Zm `m]X≤Xc _mohVr XD$Z odYdmßM H$g H$m[y Z V, H$ed[Z H$Í$ Z Ag AmdmhZ

Zmo^H$ ]mßYdmßZm H$c. ÒdV:Mr AmoW©H$ hmZr hmV AgVmZmhr Zmo^H$ ]mßYdmßZr gm_moOH$ H$m`m©g

_XV ÂhUyZ hm gß[ H$cm. À`mßZr odYdm pÒÃ`mßM H$ed[Z H$a`mM ]ßX H$c. ^maVmVrc Zmo^H$

]mßYdmßMm hm [ohcm EoVhmogH$ Agm gß[ hmVm. cßS>Z_Yrc pÒÃ`mßZrhr \w$c Xmß[À`mM [Ãm¤ma

Ao^ZßXZ H$c. gmodÃr]mB™Zr H$mUÀ`mhr OmVr[mVrMm gßHw$oMV odMma Z H$aVm g_J´ pÒÃ`mß¿`m

XmÒ`_w∑VrgmR>r cT>m oXcm.

1.6 OmVramdmßM oZdm©U :

\w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m gm_moOH$ H$m`m©Mr _hVr gd©Xya [gacr AgVmZmM 28 ZmÏh|]a 1890

amOr OmVramdmßM oZdm©U Pmc. gmam _hmamÔ≠> OmVramdmß¿`m oZYZmZ hihicm. OmVramdmß¿`m _•À y_wi

gmodÃr]mB™dahr Xw:ImMm S>m|Ja H$mgicm. OmVramdmß¿`m _•À yZßVa mD$]ßXmßH$Sy>Z PmcÎ`m Ãmgmcmhr

12

À`mZr Y° m©Z Vm|S> oXc. [Vr oZYZm¿`m Xw:ImZ IMyZ Z OmVm OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©Mr Ywam gmodÃr]mB™Zr

_mR>Ám oOX≤XrZ gmß micr. OmVramdmß¿`m _mJ gmV df gmodÃr]mB™Zr gÀèmYH$ g_mOmM AmoU

BVa gd© gßÒWmßM ZV•Àd H$c.

1.7 flcJ¿`m gmWrVrc H$m © :

gZ 1896 _‹ _hmamÔ≠>mV [S>cÎ`m XwÓH$mimVhr gmodÃr]mB™Zr gÀèmYH$ g_mOm¿`m

_XVrZ XwÓH$miJ´ÒVmßgmR>r ârd H$m © H$c. Va B.g. 1897 _‹ _hmamÔ≠> a flcJ¿`m gmWrZ

Yw_mHy$i KmVcm. EHy$U g_mOM AÒ_mZr -gwcVmZr gßH$Q>mV gm[S>ccm hmVm. EH$m ]mOycm Z°goJ©H$

Am[Œmr Va XwgË`m ]mOycm o]´Q>re gmh]mßMm Owcy_ m_wi OZgm_m›`mßMr \$ma _mR>r odoMÃ AdÒWm

Pmcr hmVr. `m ^ ßH$a pÒWVrM dU©Z H$aVmZm _m. Jm. _mir ocohVmV, ""`m flcJ¿`m gmWrV

oH$À H$ Hw$Qw>ß]¿`m Hw$Qw>ß] ZÓQ> Pmcr. cmH$ Jmd gmSy>Z amZmdZmV amhˇ cmJc. [aßVw VWhr flcJMm

Yw_mHy$i Mmcy hmVm. BßJÓ gaH$maZ flcJ oZdmaU H|$– C^macr hmVr. flcJ¿`m gße`mZ cmH$mß¿`mda

Owcy_ O]aXÒVr hmD$ cmJcr. EH$m ]mOyZ flcJMr ^rVr AmoU XwgarH$Sy>Z JmË`m cmH$mßMr ^rVr

Aem H$mÃrV cmH$ gm[S>c. flcJ [adS>cm.[aßVw gmh]mßMm Owcy_ ZH$m.Ag À`mßZm dmQy> cmJc.''16

flcJ¿`m gmWrV AZH$ cmH$ ]ir [Sy> cmJc. [w`m¿`m [nagamV gÀèmYH$ g_mOmZ gdm^mdr

d•ŒmrZ Am[c H$m © gwÍ$ H$c. OmVramd h`mV ZgVmZmhr gmodÃr]mB© [´ ÀZmßMr [amH$mÓR>m H$Í$Z

flcJZ [N>mS>cÎ`m XrZ-XocVmßZm _XV H$arV hmÀ`m. Am[cm _wcJm S>m∞. edßV m¿`m XdmIm›`mV

flcJ¿`m Í$ΩUmßZmAmUyZ ÒdV: À`mßMr gdmgwlwfm H$arV hmÀ`m. ]aMg flcJM amJr `m XdmIm›`mVyZ

]a hmD$Z OmV hmV. flcJ¿`m gmWrV H$m_ H$aU ÂhUO ‡À`j _•À yer Ii hmVm. Varhr gmodÃr]mB©

S>J_JÎ`m ZmhrV. _wßT>dm JmdmVrc flcJZ JmgcÎ`m [mßSw>aßJ Jm`H$dmS> m XocV _wcmg gmodÃr]mB™Zr

ÒdV: [mR>rda KVc AmoU C[MmamgmR>r XdmIm›`mH$S> KD$Z V AgVmZm dmQ>VM gmodÃr]mB™Zm

flcJMm C[gJ© Pmcm. flcJer cT>Vm cT>VmZmM 10 _mM© 1897 amOr gmodÃr]mB© d`m¿`m 68 Ï`m

dfu _•À y¿`m AYrZ PmÎ`m. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZH$m`m©]‘c ‡m. eaX JcmßS> ocohVmV, ""_hmÀ_m

\w$c mß¿`m H$m`m©V ÒdV:M gd©Òd g_[©U H$aUmË`m, À`mßMr gmdcr ]ZyZ amohcÎ`m Wma Y_©MmnaUr,

H$mßoV¡`mVr, Am⁄ AmMm ©, AmXe© _ohcm, [VrM H$m © À`mß¿`m _hmoZdm©UmZßVahr oVV∑`mM Om_mZ

[wT> ZUmË`m "_mZd gdm hrM Iar B©Ìda gdm' _mZyZ flcJ¿`m amΩ`mßZm OrdXmZ X`mgmR>r ÒdV:Mm

Ord Ym∑`mV KmcUmË`m, ÒdV:Mm _•À y g_ma oXgV AgyZhr _•À ydahr odO` o_iod`mM Agm_m›

Y° © XmIodUmË`m H$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB™Zm "_ß•À wO`r'M ÂhUmd cmJc.''17 `mdÍ$Z gmodÃr]mB™Zr

gm_moOH$ H$m`m©Mm EH$ Zdm AmXe©M AZH$ g_mOgdH$mßgmR>r KmcyZ oXcm Ag ÂhUmd cmJc.

13

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZH$m`m©Mm odMma H$aVm gmodÃr]mB™M Ï`p∑V_Œd EH$ H´$mßoVH$mar

Ï`p∑V_Œd hmV, `mV eßH$mM Zmhr. ¡`mH$mim_‹ oejUmMm OmÒV ‡gma Pmccm ZÏhVm, À`m

H$mimV ÒdV: oejU KD$Z XrZXocV d ÒÃrey–mßgmR>r gm_moOH$ H$m © H$a`mgmR>r À`m Kam]mha

[S>Î`m. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_Œdm¿`m OS>UKS>UrV ]mc[Um[mgyZ PmcÎ`m gßÒH$mamMm dmQ>m

Amh. _mUgmß¿`m]am]a _mUwgH$sZ, Am[wcH$sZ dmJ`mM, JmaJna]mßZm _XV H$a`mM gd© gßÒH$ma

]mc[Um[mgyZM gmodÃr]mB™¿`mdaVr Pmcc hmV. cæ hmD$Z OmVramdmß¿`m Kar AmÎ`mZßVa

gJwUm]mB™Mhr (AmD$) _mZdVmY_m©M gßÒH$ma À`mß¿`mda Pmc. OmVramdmß¿`m ghdmgmV AmÎ`mZßVa

À`mß¿`mhr AmMma-odMmamZ gmodÃr]mB© ‡^modV PmÎ`m AmoU OmVramdmß¿`m _ycJm_r g_mO-

[nadV©Zm¿`m H$m`m©V gmodÃr]mB™Zr ÒdV:cmhr PmHy$Z oXc. gmodÃr]mB© _mZdV¿`m Ï`m[H$ yo_H$er

EH$Í$[ hmD$Z UmË`m ‡À H$ gßH$Q>mcm Vm|S> XV edQ>¿`m Ìdmgm[ ™V g_mOgdm H$arV amohÎ`m.

1.8 gmodÃr]mB™M dmL≤>_`cIZ :

gmodÃr]mB™Zr e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m`m©]am]a Am[Î`m ‡oV ¿`m ]imda _hŒd[yU©

cIZ H$cc Amh. À`m EH$ ‡oV^mgß[›Z H$do`Ãr hmÀ`m. À`mß¿`m H$mÏ`cIZmVyZ ‡H$Q>UmË`m

AZw d odÌdmVyZ À`mßMr ‡aUm d ‡H•$Vr cjmV KVm B©c. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m MnaÃmßodf`r AmoU

dmL≤>_`modf`rMm emY K`mMm [ohcm ‡`ÀZ gm°$. \w$cdßVm]mB© PmS>J `mßZr H$ccm Amh.

gmodÃr]mB™M MnaÃ "H´$mßoV' odefmßH$mV "gm‹dr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c BÀ ß yV MnaÃ' `m oef©H$mImcr

B. g. 1964-65 _‹ ocohc Amh. VgM, ""gm°. \w$cdßVm]mB© PmS>J|Zm o_imcÎ`m gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

H$odVm AmoU BVa dmL≤>_`hr À`mdi[mgyZM "JmdJmS>Ám'VyZ dimdir ‡H$moeV Pmc Amh. V

gJi gmohÀ` AÒgc H$mJX[Ãmßgh À`mßZr S>m∞. _mir `mßZm oXc.''18 À`mZßVa S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir

`mßZr ÒdV:H$S> Or gmodÃr]mB™¿`m gßX^m©Vrc AÒgc H$mJX[Ã C[c„Y Pmcr À`mdÍ$Z "gmodÃr]mB™

\w$c g_J´ dmL≤>_`' m JßWmV gmodÃr]mB™¿`m dmL≤>_`mMm [am_e© KVccm Amh. S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir

`mßZr gmodÃr]mB™¿`m gmohÀ`mV Imcrc cIZmMm g_mde H$ccm Amh.

1) H$mÏ`\w$c (1854)

2) ]md›ZH$er gw]mYaÀZmH$a (H$mÏ`gßJ´h) 1891.

3) _mVwlr gmodÃr]mB™Mr ^mfU d JmUr - odf` - C⁄mJ d od⁄mXmZ (1891).

4) OmVr]mßMr ^mfU : ^mJ 1 V 4 (gß[mXH$ gmodÃr]mB©)

5) gÀ`emYH$ [nafX¿`m A‹`jm ÂhUyZ d A›` oR>H$mUr ododY odf`mda H$ccr ^mfU.

14

6) OmVramdmßZm gmodÃr]mB™Zr ocohccr [Ã - 2.

`moedm` gmodÃr]mB™Zr "o[Va[wamU' h hr H$odVM [wÒVH$ Am[Î`m o[V•Hw$imVrc

AmflVmodf`rMr H•$VkVm Ï`∑V H$a`mgmR>r ocohc hmV Ag gm°. \w$cdßVm]mB© PmS>J `m Am[Î`m

JmdJmS>Ám¿`m "H$mßoV' odefmßH$mV ÂhUVmV. [aßVw h [wÒVH$ AmOhr C[c„Y hmD$ eH$cc Zmhr.''19

"o[Va[wamU' Mm CÎcI S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir `mßZr _mÃ H$ccm Zmhr. ""S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir `mßZr

"""oed _ohÂZÒVmÃ' `m gßÒH•$V [mWrM Í$[mßVa _mS>r oc[rV gmodÃr]mB™Zr H$c Ag "gmodÃr]mB©

\w$c g_J´ dmL≤>_`' `m [wÒVH$mV ocohc Amh. `moedm` gmodÃr]mB™¿`m gßJ´hmVrc C[c„Y

PmcÎ`m BVa gmohÀ`mMmhr CÎcI H$ccm Amh.''20 gmodÃr]mB™¿`m EHy$U cIZmM

ÒdÍ$[ J⁄-[⁄ Ag Amh.

1.8.1 "H$mÏ`\w$c' : ÒdÍ$[ -

gmodÃr]mB™Mm [ohcm H$odVmgßJ´h "H$mÏ`\w$c' gZ 1854 _‹ oeim ‡gda N>m[yZ

‡H$moeV Pmccm Amh. `m gßJ´hmVrc H$odVmßM dJuH$aU 1) ‡mW©Zm[a H$odVm, 2) ÒVmÃ, 3)

AmÀ_[a, 4) oejU, 5) OmVr X, 6) oZgJ©dU©Z[a, 7) gm_moOH$, 8) ]mY[a, 9)

‡mgßoJH$ Ag ÒWyc _mZmZ H$aVm B©c.

gmodÃr]mB© \w$c Am[Î`m "H$mÏ`\w$c' `m H$mÏ`gßJ´hmVrc "[´mÒVmodH$m' d "A[©oUH$m' `m

H$odVmß_‹ _m¬`m "H$mÏ`\w$c' _Yrc ‡À H$ \y$c gwJßoYV AgyZ `m gwJßoYV \w$cmßMr _mi

H$mÏ`Í$[mZ _r aogH$mßZm AmÒdmXmg XV Amh. "A[©oUH$m' `m H$odVVhr _m¬`mda ^md^∑Vr

AgUmË`m gdm™Zm hr H$mÏ`Í$[r _mcm _r A[©U H$aV Agm ^md gmodÃr]mB™Zr Ï`∑V H$cm Amh.

"B©eÒVdZ' d "oedÒVmÃ' `m H$odVmß_YyZhr eßH$amMm _oh_m À`mßZr doU©ccm Amh. "OmoV]mßZm

Z_ÒH$ma' AmoU "N>Ã[Vr oedmOr' `m N>mQ>ImZr H$odVm_YyZhr gmodÃr]mB™Mm ^∑Vr^mdM Ï`∑V

hmVm. "]irÒVmÃ' `m H$odV_‹ ]ir¿`m gwIr am¡`mM a_Ur` oMÃhr À`mßZr aImQ>cc Amh.

""XmZeya ]ir hmVm$& gwIr À`mM ‡OmZZ$&

am¡`mV gd© gßVmfr $& À`mM oÃcmH$s H$sV©Z$&'' (H$mÏ`\w$c, [•. 23)

Agm Am[cm dßeO AgcÎ`m ]iramOm]X≤Xc À`m Ao^_mZ Ï`∑V H$aVmV.

"amUr N>Ã[Vr Vmam]mB©' `m H$odVMr aMZmhr [mdmS>ÁmgmaIr Amh. amUr Vmam]mB©¿`m

em° m©]X≤Xc gmodÃr]mB™Zm Ao^_mZ dmQ>Vm. ÂhUyZM gmodÃr]mB© oVcm dßXZ H$aVmV.

15

`m H$odVmVyZ gmodÃr]mB™Mr l’m ^∑Vr^md Va ‡H$Q> hmVmM [U À`m]am]a dra agmoMV

Aem ^mfMmhr ‡À`` Vm. gmodÃr]mB™Mr l’mÒWmZhr `m H$odVmß_wi cjmV VmV.

"–ÓQ>m H$dr' `m H$odVV gmodÃr]mB™Zr od⁄Mr Xdr gaÒdVr ohcmM dßXZ H$c Amh.

H$dr¿`m oO da gmjmV XdrM odgmdccr AgV. H$dr hm –ÓQ>m AgVm AmoU Vm ‡oVg•ÓQ>r oZ_m©U

H$aVm Agm H$mÏòdf`H$ odMma gmodÃr]mB™Zr `m H$odVV _mßS>ccm Amh. gmodÃr]mB™Mr hr EH$

odMmamZ g_•’ AgUmar H$odVm Amh. "Iwi H$mÏ` d Iwim H$dr' `m H$odVVyZhr H$mÏàMZMr

‡oH´$`m H$er AgV `m]X≤Xc gmodÃr]mB™Zr gmßoJVc Amh. ododY ‡H$ma¿`m AZw^dmVyZM

H$mÏòZo_©Vr hmV Aghr À`m ÂhUVmV.

""gwIXw:I Vm H$Yr ^Ï`

AZw d KVm ÒdJm©Mm

^mJ ^mJVm ZaH$mMm'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 18)

AZw dmVyZ g_•’ hmV OmUma H$mÏ` h lÓR> H$mÏ` hmV Ag gmodÃr]mB™Zm dmQ>V. H$dr[wT> EImXr

‡oV_m C^r amhV. À`mVyZ À`mcm AZw yVr AmÎ`mZßVaM H$dr À`mcm e„XÍ$[ XV AgVm. AgM

À`mßZm cIZmodf`r dmQ>V. H$mÏòdf`H$ AgUmË`m `m XmZ H$odVmß_YyZhr ^mdZm, H$Î[Zm AmoU

odMma g_•’[U Ï`∑V hmVmV.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr ÒdV:¿`m OrdZmodf`r d AmÀ_[a Aemhr H$mhr H$odVm ocohcÎ`m AmhV.

À`m ÒdV:odf`r, gßgmamodf`r H$_r ocohVmV, [aßVw OmVramdmß¿`modf`r AoVe` H•$VkVZ ocohVmV.

OmVramdmß¿`m ‡aUVyZ, À`mß¿`m odMmamVyZ OrdZ gmH$ma PmÎ`m_wi "gßgmamMr dmQ>' `m H$odVV

À`m ocohVmV -

""_m¬`m OrdZmV$& OmoV]m ÒdmZßX $&&

O°gm _H$aßX $& H$irVcm$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 7)

OmVramdmß¿`m gmoZ‹`mV Am[cm gßgma gwIr Pmcm Amh. AmZßXr Pmcm Amh. m]X≤Xc À`m ÒdV:cm

^mΩ`dmZ ÂhUVmV. ‡[ßM hm Vgm H$R>rUM [aßVw ‡[ßMmV emßVVm R>dcr Va gßgma gwImMm hmB©c

Agm H$odV¿`m edQ>r À`mßZr gdm™ZmM C[Xe H$ccm Amh.

"Am_Mr AmD$' `m H$odVVhr "gJwUm]mB© jragmJa' C\©$ AmD$ `mß¿`m]‘cMr H•$VkVmM

Ï`∑V H$ccr Amh. OmVramdmßMr AmoU gmodÃr]mB™Mr AmD$ hrM ‡aUm hmVr. À`m XmKmßZm KS>od`mV

AmD$Mm _mR>m dmQ>m hmVm. H$ÓQ>miˇ, ‡_i, X`miy AgUmar AmD$,

16

""gmJa dmQ> $& CWi jUr

Am^mi R>|JU $& oV¿`mh˛Zr $&&

AmD$ Am_¿`m $& Kar Amcr

Q>mH$ hmD$Zr $& [hm ]°gcr $&&

_yoV©_ßV OUy $& od⁄mXdr

ˆX`r AmÂhr $& oVcm gmR>dr$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 9)

gmJam[jm AWmßJ AgUmar, AmH$mem[jmhr odMmamßMr CÀVwßJVm AgUmar AmD$ Am_¿`m Hw$Qw>ß]mV

Amcr AmoU ˆX`ÒWmZr odamO_mZ Pmcr. AmD$odf`rMr H•$VkVm, ^p∑V^mdZmM gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

`m N>mQ>ImZr H$odVVyZ ‡À``mg V.

"OmoV]m' m H$odVV gmodÃr]mB™Zr Am[Î`m [Vr¿`m _hŒdm¿`m H$m`m©Mm AmcIM _mßS>cm

Amh. [VrM d Am[c e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m ©, m H$m`m©V g_mOHß$Q>H$mßZr AmUccm AS>Wim,

Varhr Z S>J_JVm VS>rg Zcc H$m © `m]X≤XcMm Ao^_mZM Ï`∑V H$ccm Amh AmoU H$odV¿`m

edQ>r Am[Î`m gmgy-gmgË`mßMmhr AmXa[yd©H$ CÎcI H$ccm Amh.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr O›_ y_rM EH$ g_•’ oMÃ "_mPr O›_ y_r' m oZVmßV a_Ur` Aem H$odVV

aImQ>cc Amh. Zm`Jmd `m N>mQ>ImZr IS>ÁmM oMÃ aImQ>VmZm À`m ÂhUVmV -

""]mam ]cwVr ]mam Amc˛Vr oH$VrH$ OmVr O_mVr

oedmamV `m gwI ZmßXVr

[mD$g[mUr N>mZ [S>Vg Vr o[H$ gmar

odoharda \$i\w$c JmoOar

JwcOma [jr JmVr _Zmha o\$aVr \w$c[mIa

Egm oZgJ© oVW dmda'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 11)

Aem `m gwOcm_ gw\$cm_≤ y_rV amhUmar _mUg _ZmZ _mR>r AmhV. À`mß¿`mdaVr ]mc[Ur

Pmcc gßÒH$ma, O›_ y_r]X≤XcMr H•$VmW©Vm, oMÃ_`Vm Aem ododY ^mdN>Q>mßZr odZQ>ccr hr

H$odVm Amh. À`mM]am]a g_•’ J´m__mZgmM VÀH$mcrZ J´m_rU OrdZmM oMÃU `m H$odVVyZ

Amcc Amh.

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$mÏ`odf`mV ododYVm AgyZ OrdZmZw dmVyZ À`mßZr ]Ë`mMem H$odVm

ocohÎ`m AmhV. gmodÃr]mB™Zr ocohcÎ`m oZgJ©odf`H$ H$odVmß]X≤Xc AmoU À`mVrc Ame`m¿`m

17

gßX^m©V Va S>m∞. H•$. [ß. Xe[mßS> ocohVmV - ""oZgJm©da ÒdVßÃ Ò\w$Q> ^mdJrVmÀ_H$ aMZm H$a`mMm

Vm H$mi ZgVmZmhr À`mßZr `m ‡H$ma¿`m H$odVm H$Î`m h À`mßM d°oeÓQ>Á Amh. oZgJm©Vrc H$ir,

\y$c, \w$c[mIÍ$ `m gm‹`mgm‹`m [U gm¢X`m©Z ]hacÎ`m JmÓQ>r h ÒdVßÃ H$mÏ`mM odf` hmD$

eH$VmV hr À`mßMr —ÓQ>rM H$mÏ`m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ Ao^Zd dmQ>V.''21 `m—ÓQ>rZ OmB©Mr H$ir, OmB©M

\y$c, Jwcm]mM \y$c, o[dim Mm\$m, \w$c[mIÍ$ d \w$cmMr H$ir, _mVrMr Amdr, _mZd d g•ÓQ>r,

gmodÃr d OmVr]m gßdmX BÀ`mXr H$odVmßMm oZgJ© H$odVmß_‹ g_mde H$aVm B©c. "\w$c[mIÍ$ d

\w$cmMr H$ir' `m H$odVV \w$cm¿`m H$ircm [mhˇZ oV¿`mH$S> AmT>c Jcc \w$c[mIÍ$ AmoU

‡_mZ _ßÃ_wΩY Pmccr H$ocH$m `mßM oMÃU Amcc Amh. "o[dim Mm\$m' H$do`Ãrcm _mohZr

KmcVm d H$mÏ` H$a`mg C⁄w∑V H$aVm.

""aßJ _OMm T>ßJ oX_mIhr

JßY V`mMm earna IiVm $&&

oed gÀ`mM gwXßew yfU

gwßXaVMm [wVim OUy Vm$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 12)

gÀ`, oed, gßwXaVm H$do`Ãrcm `m o[d˘`m Mm‚`m_‹ [hm`cm o_iV. OmB©M \y$c, OmB©¿`m

H$irM dU©Z H$aVmZm -

""amÃr ]ZV OUy aVr Vr

gwJßY Iidr H$ir OmB©Mr'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 14)

hr H$Î[Zm H$mÏ`_` AerM Amh. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m oZgJ©H$mÏ`mV Umar H$mÏ`_`Vm _Z _mhˇZ

Q>mH$Umar Aer Amh.

"_mZd AmoU g•ÓQ>r' m H$odVV gm¢X`m©Z ZQ>cÎ`m oZgJm©M dU©Z H$aVm-H$aVmM gmodÃr]mB©

_mZdr OrdZm¿`m odH$mgmMm -

""_mZd OrdZ h odH$gy `m

^` qMVm gmar gmSy>oZ`m

BVam OJdy ÒdV: OJy `m'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 17)

Agm _mcmMm gßXehr XVmV. gmodÃr, OmoV]m gßdmXmVhr oZgJm©M Mß– _mdiVmZmM gm¢X ©

gmodÃr]mB© OmVr]mßZm XmIdVmV. oZgJ©gm¢X`m©M Xe©Z KS>odVmZm gmodÃr]mB© dmÒVd OJm[mgyZ

Xya OmV ZmhrV. "Jwcm]mM \y$c' m H$odVVhr Jwcm]m¿`m \w$cmMr _mZdr OrdZmer gmßJS> KmVccr

18

Amh. _mZdmMr H$m © PmÎ`mZßVa \$Hy$Z X`mMr d•ÀVr "OmB©M \y$c' `m H$odVV Ï`∑V H$aVmZm À`m

ÂhUVmV -

""arV OJmMr H$m © PmÎ`mda

\$Hy$Z XB© _Ocm hßJyZ $&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 14)

g_mOOmJ•Vr, _mZdVmY_© `modf`mda gmodÃr]mB© oZgJ© H$odVmßVyZ oZdXZ H$aVmV. ÂhUyZM

""gmodÃr]mB™¿`m oZgJ© H$odVmßZm oZgJm©Vrc a_Ur`Vm Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmË`m oZgJ©H$odVm ÂhUyZ _mH$i

hmVm V Zmhr, À`mVyZ OrdZmM _mR> VŒdkmZ ‡H$Q> Pmcc oXgyZ V.''22 h ‡m. Zm. J. [dma mßM

_V `mΩ`M dmQ>V.

gmodÃr]mB™Mm O›_ _mir Hw$Qw>ß]mV PmÎ`mZ _mVrer À`mßMm oZH$Q>Mm gß]ßY Amcm. À`m_wiM

oZgJm©M _Z _mhy>Z Q>mH$Uma gm¢X ©, _mVrMr _hVr AmoU À`mM]am]a _mZdr OrdZmVrc emÌdV

gÀ` `mßMm gwaI gßJ_ gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odVVyZ [´À``mg Vm. oZgJ© gm¢X`m©M Xe©Z KS>odVmZmM

gmodÃr]mB© _mZdmcm `m H$odVmß_YyZ odMmag›_wIhr H$aVmZm oXgyZ VmV.

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$mhr H$odVmßMm g_mde ZrVroejU[a qH$dm ]mY[a H$odVmVhr H$aVm

B©c. gmodÃr]mB™Zm e°joUH$ H$m ©, g_mOH$m © H$arV AgVmZm g_mOmcm H$mhr C[Xe H$amdm

Ag dmQ>c Agmd. À`mVyZM À`mß¿`m H$odVmßMr oZo_©Vr Pmccr Agmdr.

"OmoV]mßZm Z_ÒH$ma' `m H$odVV OmVr]mßZr H$ccm C[Xe gmodÃr]mB© Ï`∑V H$aVmV.

OmVr]m ÂhUO Am[cm C’ma H$aUmam XdM Amh h gmßJVmZm À`m ÂhUVmV -

""OmoV]mßZm Z_ÒH$ma $& _Zm md H$aVg$&

kmZm_•V AmÂhm XB© $& Amem OrdZ XVg$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 6)

kmZm_•V XUma, OrdZmV AmemdmXr X•ÓQ>r XUma OmVr]mM AmhV. gdm^mdmZ d gÀ`Y_m©ZM Am[U

Y›` hmD$ eH$Vm Agm AZw dmda AmYmnaV C[Xe OmVr]mßZr oXcm Amh.

"]mcH$mßZm gXw[Xe' `m H$odVV ]mcH$mßZr gH$mir CR>Î`m[mgyZ oXZM`m© H$er R>dmdr

`m]X≤Xc gmodÃr]mB© AoVe` ]maH$mB©Z ocohVmV. gH$mir CR>Î`mda _mVm-o[À`mßZm dßXZ, XdVmßZm

dßXZ, EH$mJ´ oMÀVmZ A‰`mg H$amdm. Amig Z H$aVm Am[c H$m_ H$amd, Agm ]mcH$mßZm C[Xe

H$aVmV. "AkmZ' `m N>mQ>ImZr H$odVVyZhr _mUgmMm EH$_d eÃy AgUmË`m AkmZmg Xya

H$am`MAmh. Ag À`m gmßJVmV. "V`mg _mZd ÂhUmd H$m ?' `m XrK© H$odVVyZhr ¡`mcm kmZ,

19

od⁄m Zmhr, Amier Amh. Aemg _mZd ÂhUmd H$m ? Ag AZH$ [´ÌZ À`m odMmaVmV,

""XwgË`mg _XV Zmhr

gdm, À`mJ, X`m, _m`m Zmhr

O`m[mer gX≤JwU Zmhr

V`mg _mZd ÂhUmd H$m ?'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 27)

Jwcm_oJarMr ]S>r VmSy>Z Q>mHy$Z _mZdmZ ÒdVßÃ[U AmoU ZrVr w∑V OrdZ OJc [mohO AgmM

]mY gmodÃr]mB© H$aVmV.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr agmi Aem H$mhr A ßJmßMrhr aMZm H$ccr Amh. "VM gßV' `m A ßJmV

gßV H$mUmg ÂhUmd ? `mM dU©Z gmodÃr]mB© H$aVmV. gßVmßMr cjU gßVmßZr gmßoJVcr hmVrM.

À`mMm H$mhrgm ‡^md `m A ßJmdaVr Amh Ag OmUdV. À`m ÂhUVmV -

""dmM O C¿Mmar$& V°gr oH´$`m H$ar

VrM ZaZmar $& [yOZr`$&&

gdm [a_mW© $& [mir d´V gmW©

hmB© O H•$VmW© $& VM dßXÁ$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 8)

_mZÏ`mgmR>r À`mJ H$aUmam, _mZdmMr gdm H$aUmam VmM _mZd Ag "_mZd AmoU A-_mZd' `m

H$odVVhr À`m gmßJVmV.

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m `m H$odVmßVyZ H$mhr gw mofV ZOag_ma VmV.

"Ordm OrdÒ` OrdZ gyÃ [hm h dXmßZr'

"]ir Vm H$mZ o[ir hr ÂhU Xmdr g•ÓQ>rZrVr'

Aem `m gw^mofV_` aMZVyZ gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZqMVZmda ‡H$me [S>Vm. gmodÃr]mB™Mr

g_mOohVm]X≤XcMr AßVarMr Vi_iM `m ]mY[a H$odVVyZ ‡À``mg V. aMZ¿`m —ÓQ>rZ \$mag

gm¢X © Oar H$odVV oXgyZ V Zgc Varhr aMZVrc g\$mB©Xma[Um AmoU agmiVm, ‡gmX[yU©Vm

oXgyZ VM.

OmVramdmß¿`m ]am]arZ g_mOH$m`m©g dmhˇZ KVcÎ`m gmodÃr]mB™Zm gm_moOH$ pÒWVrMr

MmßJcr OmUrd hmVr. ÒÃr-ey–m_Yrc AkmZ, AßYl’m Zmhrer H$am`Mr Agc Va oejUmoedm`

[`m© Zmhr. h À`mßZr AmiIc hmV. XrZXocVmß¿`m ododY ‡ÌZmßMr OmU gmodÃr]mB©Zm hmVr VrM

À`mß¿`m H$odVm_YyZhr Ï`∑V Pmcr Amh.

20

"ey–mßM [amdcß]Z' `m H$odVV gmodÃr]mB© ocohVmV, ey– hM ^maVmM Ia dmagXma

AmhV. ]ir¿`m am¡`mVM ‡Om gwIr hmVr. o\$Í$Z AgM oXdg `mdV d gdm™¿`m _ZmV ]ßYw md

OmJ•V Ïhmdm hrM _Zm_Z B¿N>m gmodÃr]mB© Ï`∑V H$aVmV. `m cmH$mßMr AkmZmZ Xmna–ÁmZ _ZM

]Yra Pmccr AmhV. V Xw:ImcmM gwI _mZyZ OJVmV.

""gwImMr ZgV hmd Xw:Img gwI _mZVr

odYmV oZo_©c O°g ahmd ]mY gmßJVr$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•.25)

dmQ>Ámcm Amcc OrdZ H$mUÀ`mhr ‡H$maMm ‡oVH$ma Z H$aVm _yH$[U OJV AgVmV. OrdZ OJV

AgVmZm Amcc Z°amÌ`, Xw:I, Xmna–Á, [maVßÕ` `m¿`mVyZoXcmgm o_iVm. Vm Xdmda¿`m l’_wi

"Zdg'gm`mgmßM ‡ÒW `m g_mOmV Iy[ Amh.

""JmQ>Ámcm e|Xya $& \$mgwoZ VcmV

dgVr XdmV $& XJS> Vm$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•.22)

Ag XJS>mßZmM Xd _mZyZ Zdggm`mg H$Í$Z AoYH$M AßYl’¿`m Amhmar OmVmV. AßYl’m,

AkmZ Zmhrg H$a`mgmR>r À`mßZr "OmVr X gmS>m' `m H$odVVyZ oejUmM _hŒd doU©cc Amh.

"BßJOr od⁄m oeH$m' Agmhr C[Xe À`m H$aVmV."BßJOr _mD$cr' m H$odVVhr gmodÃr]mB© ÂhUVmV-

""BßJ´Or _mD$cr XB© gÀ` kmZ

ey–mcm OrdZ XV ‡_ $&&

BßJ´Or _mD$cr VmSV [ewÀd

XV _ZwÓ`Àd ey– cmH$m$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 21)

oejUm_wi OmVr X H$_r hmB©c d ey–moVey–mß¿`m_‹ gwYmaUm hmB©c Agm gßXeM o_iVm.

g_mOm¿`m dmÒVd pÒWVrM Xe©Z KS>dyZ gmodÃr]mB© "oeH$`mgmR>r OmJ Ïhm' m H$odVVyZ

Zdg_mOm¿`m oZo_©VrMM ÒdflZ [mhVmV. gmodÃr]mB™Zr g_mOpÒWVrM Xe©Z Am[Î`m H$odVVyZ

KS>odcc Amh. `m]‘c S>m∞. H•$. [ß. Xe[mßS> ÂhUVmV - ""gmodÃr]mB™Zr `m gmË`m g_mOpÒWVrM

AdcmH$Z H$Í$Z À`mcm H$mÏ`Í$[ oXc. hr À`mH$mim¿`m —ÓQr>Z oZpÌMVM _hŒdmMr JmÓQ> Amh.

g_mOmVc Xw:I, dXZm m H$mÏ`Í$[ KD$ eH$VmV. À`m "^mdmßM' hr JrV hmD$ eH$V. h À`mßZr BVa

H$mhr g_H$mcrZmßZm XmIdyZ oXc. EH$m VimJmimVÎ`m ÒÃrcm g_mOgdm H$aVm-H$aVm h Xw:I

^mdV AmoU Vr À`mcm H$mÏ`Í$[ XV. h oV¿`m H$mÏ`mM d°oeÓQ>Á Amh.''23 gmodÃr]mB© VÀH$mcrZ

21

g_mOpÒWVr [mhˇZ AÒdÒW hmVmV. m AÒdÒWVVyZ À`mßMr gm_moOH$ ]mY[a H$odVm Ï`∑V hmVmZm

oXgyZ V.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr oeojH$M H$m_ H$arV AgVmZmM g_maß mV ÂhU`mgmR>r "ÒdmJV[a [⁄'

hr ocohc Amh. _wcmßgmR>r aMÎ`m JcÎ`m `m JrVmV gwOZ d _wcm_wctM [mcH$ `mßM CÀgwH$VZ

ÒdmJV H$c Amh. AoVe` "odZ`mZ' ÒdmJV H$aUma JrV À`mßZr ocohc Amh.

"gm_wXmo`H$ gßdmX [⁄' hr gw’m H$odVm emc` H$m`©H´$_mV gmXa H$a`mgmR>rM

aMÎ`mgmaIr dmQ>V. `m H$odVV _wctM dJdJi Mma JQ>, AmB©, EdT>r [mÃ AmhV. hr H$odVm

gßdmXmÀ_H$ [aßVw Vmcmgwamda ÂhUVm `mgmaIr Amh. _wctMm [ohcm JQ> ÂhUVm "gaÒdVrMm

Xa]ma Am[Umg Iwcm Pmcm. Am[U emiV OmD$Z kmZ KD$`m.' _wctMm Xwgam d oVgam JQ> À`mcm

odamY H$aVm. À`m ÂhUVmV "H$emcm oeH$m`M À`m[jm KaH$m_mV AmoU IimV Am[U aßJyZ OmD$

`m.' [aßVw Mm°Wm JQ> _mÃ Am[U Am[Am[gmV mßS`m[jm AmB©cmM odMmÍ$`m Agm VmS>Jm H$mT>Vm.

VÏhm gd©OU AmB©H$S> OmVmV. AmB© gmßJV -

""Ao^_mZmZ OJ`mgmR>r oeHy$Z ø`m Om emicm

_ZwÓ`mMm Iam XmoJZm oejU Amh ø`m Mcm.

Om emicm Om emicm'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 31)

gmodÃr]mB™Zr oejUmMm ‡gma H$a`m¿`m —ÓQ>rZM À`mH$mimV `m H$mÏ`mMr aMZm H$cr Agmdr

Ag dmQ>V.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr "]mcH$s ]mhcr' m H$odVV EH$m _wΩY ]mocH$M Am[Î`m ]mhcrer MmcUma

ohVJwO doU©cc Amh. m N>mQ>Ám ]mh˛cr]am]a IiVmZm Vr AmZßXr hmV. Vr ]mh˛crM oV¿`m]am]a

]mcy cmJV AmoU ÂhUV "_cm daVr Q>mH$ AmoU [aV Pc.' oVM h ]mc EH$VmM `m ]mocH$cm

dmQ>V oVcm daVr Q>mH$cr AmoU Imcr [Sy>Z _Í$Z Jcr Va ? oVZ MQ>H$Z oVcm Odi KD$Z oVM

Mwwß]Z KVc AmoU oVcm ÂhUV -

""Ii KmVH$s ZM Ïhmdm

Agm Ii ]K Iimdm

H$mi Z gmYr H$Qy> Xmdm$&&'' ("H$mÏ`\w$c', [•. 26)

Ii IiVm IiVm oZ`VrMr dmÒVdVMr OmUrd oVcm hmV. gmodÃr]mB™M AoVe` gwßXa Ag h

^mdH$mÏ`M Amh.

22

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m `m gßJ´hmVrc H$odVm gßª Z H$_r AgyZhr odf`mV _mÃ ododYVm Amh.

oZgJm©Vrc N>mQ>Ám N>mQ>Ám KQ>H$mßZrhr H$mÏ`Í$[ YmaU H$c Amh. H$drM _mR>[U, H$mÏ`mMr oZo_©Vr

‡oH´$`m, Am[c l’modf` `modf`rhr gmodÃr]mB© g_W©[U ocohVmV. OmVramdmß¿`m ghdmgmV

gm_moOH$ OmU AmoU XrZXocVmßodf`rMr H$Í$Um dmT>V OmVmM h hr odf` H$mÏ`Í$[ hmVmV

d Xw:oIVmß¿`m o[S>rVmß¿`m od⁄mœ`m™¿`m C›ZVr¿`m _mJm©gmR>rhr À`mßM _Z Vi_iV AmoU `mVyZhr

]mY[a H$odVm AmH$mamg V. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$mÏ`mVyZ Ï`p∑V_Œdm¿`m Ï`m[H$VMm ghO[U

‡À`` Vm.

1.8.2 "]md›ZH$er gw]mY aÀZmH$a' : ÒdÍ$[ d odef -

gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mßMm "]md›ZH$er gw]mY aÀZmH$a' hm Xwgam H$mÏ`gßJ´h B. g. 1891

_‹ ‡og’ Pmcm. `m JßWm¿`m ‡og’r]‘cMm, N>[mB©]‘cMm CÎcI Agm Amh. ""À`mßMm Xwgam

H$mÏ`gßJ´h "]md›ZH$er gw]mY aÀZmH$a' hm odX^©^y_rV H$aßOJmd (oOÎhm A_amdVr) `W

c˙_UemÒÃr gmZma `mß¿`m Kar ‡H$moeV Pmcm d hr VmarI 7 ZmÏh|]a 1892 `m H$mÏ`gßJ´hmVM

N>m[`mV Amcr Amh. gmodÃr]mB© \w$c m odX^m©V d A_amdVr oOÎ¯mV oH$Vrdim AmÎ`m hmÀ`m

h AmO EoVhmogH$ JyT>M Amh. [U gÀ`emYH$ g_mOmM H$m © odX^m©V 1890 ZßVa ÂhUO OmVramd

\w$c `mß¿`m _•À yZßVa MmßJc _yi YÍ$ cmJc hmV Ag "]md›ZH$er gw]mY aÀZmH$a' `m gmodÃr]mB©

\w$c mß¿`m H$mÏ`gßJ´hm¿`m _wI[•ÓR>mdÍ$Z Ò[ÓQ> hmV.''24 m [wÒVH$m¿`m _wI[•ÓR>mdaVr Om CÎcI

H$ccm Amh. Vm Agm - ""h [wÒVH$ _`V _hmÀ_m OmoV]m \w$c `mß¿`m [ÀZr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mßZr

aMc d V emÒÃr]m]m Mm°Yar, _hmOZ dÍ$S> d emÒÃr JmqdXÒdm_r H$mi _mer `mßZr ]Ze|–H$a

amO mgc `mßMH$Sy>Z _XV KD$Z _wwß]B© Wrc AmnaEßQ>c N>m[ImZm W N>m[yZ gÀ`emYH$ g_mOmM

Òdm_r c˙_UemÒÃr gmZma H$aßOJmd (A_amdVr) `mß¿`m Kar ‡og’ H$c Ag Amd•Œmr 1 cr, 7

ZmÏh|]a 1892 qH$_V 2 T>]y [°g.''25

gmodÃr]mB™Mm hm H$mÏ`gßJ´h ]md›Z H$S>Ï`mßM EH$M XrK©H$mÏ` Amh. gmodÃr]mB™Zr h

H$mÏ` OmVramdmß¿`m _•À yZßVa 1890 _‹ M aMc hmV. [aßVw 1892 _‹ `m H$mÏ`mMr ‡og’r

Pmcr. m H$mÏ`m_‹ gmodÃr]mB™Zm OmVramdmß]X≤XcMm AmXa, À`mß¿`m H$m`m©M _mR>[U, À`mß¿`mH$Sy>Z

o_imccr ‡aUm, `m]X≤XcMr H•$VkVm Ï`∑V H$amd`mMr Amh. À`mM]am]a [´mMrZ H$mim[mgyZMm

^maVmMm gm_moOH$ BoVhmghr À`mßZr H$mÏ`ÒdÍ$[mV _mßS>cm Amh. Am`m™M AmJ_Z, oedmOr

_hmamOmßMm H$mi, [eÏ`mßMr amOdQ>, BßJOr amOdQ>rMm H$mi Agm BoVhmg _mßS>V AgVmZm gm_moOH$

23

BoVhmgmcmM À ßmZr _hŒd oXc Amh. ‡mMrZ H$mim[mgyZMm gm_moOH$ BoVhmg _ßmSy>Z Vr odXmaH$

gm_moOH$ [napÒWVr ]Xc`mgmR>r OmoV]mßZr H$cc ‡`ÀZ, ey–moVeyX´mßgmR>r V edQ>¿`m jUm[ ™V

H$g AodaV[U cT>V amohc `mM dU©Z gmodÃr]mB™Zr H$c Amh. ghm ^mJm_‹ aMcÎ`m `m

H$mÏ`mV gwÍ$dmVrcmM C[mX≤KmV_‹ À`m ÂhUVmV -

""O`mM_wi _r H$odVm aMrV

O`mM H•$[ ]´ -AmZßX oMÀV

O`mM ]wo’ o_i gmodÃrg

‡Um_m H$naV Òdm_r OmVr]mg''

("]md›ZH$er gw]mY aÀZmH$a', [•. 81)

OmVramdmß¿`m_wiM _r H$mÏ` aMy eH$c. À`mß¿`m_wi _cm ]w’r o_imcr. _cm ]´ mZßX [´mflV

Pmcm. Aem Òdm_rg ‡Um_ H$aV. OmVramdmßdarc ‡_, AmXa, AßVarMm oOÏhmimM `m AmirVyZ

Ï`∑V hmVm. Am[Î`m [Vrcm [yU© odMmamAßVr l’Z h H$mÏ` À`mßZr A[©U H$c Amh. H$mÏ`cIZ

H$arV AgVmZm OmVramdmßM S>m|JamEdT>, _mR> H$m © À`mß¿`m[wT> C amhV. À`m_wi OmVramdmßZmM h

H$mÏ` gˆX`VZ À`mßZr A[©U H$c Amh.

og’Vm hm ]mam ÌcmH$mßMm ^mJ AgyZ `m_‹` Am`m™¿`m AmJ_Zm[mgyZ V oedmOr

_hmamOmß[ ™VMm BoVhmg aImQ>ccm Amh. ey–moVey– h _yiM aohdmgr W amhmV AgVmZm Am ©

W Amc. amZQ>r AdÒWV AgcÎ`m cmH$mßZm qOHy$Z Am[cr amOdQ> oZ_m©U H$cr. ÒÃr-ey–mßda

À`mßZr AZH$ ]ßYZ cmXcr.

""Jwcm_r Í$T>r cmXwZr Y_© gmßJ

[eyVwÎ` OrU pÒÃ`m ey– ^mJ''


Aem `m MmVwd© © Ï`dÒWm AgcÎ`m g_mOÏ`dÒWV E∑`, ÒW° © d ZrVr h gd©M ZÓQ> Pmc.

eßH$amMm ©, _Zy, _wÒcr_, oºÒVr amOdQ>rVhr ey–mßMr [napÒWVr \$maer ]Xccr Zmhr. [wT> oedmOr

_hmamOmßZr Òdam¡` C^mac.

""_ZwÓ`mV AmoU gwIr gwIr R>od À`mßZm

[ar erdgÀVm [wT> cm^cr Zm$&&''


24

[aßVw oedemhrgw’m \$ma H$mi oQ>Hy$ eH$cr Zmhr. [edmB©V Va ey–moVey–mßdarc AÀ`mMma \$maM

dmT>c. _mUgmcm [eygmaIr dmJUyH$ o_iy cmJcr.

""‡Ocm [eygmaI dmJdrVr$&

Var ey– gma ÒdY_u ahmVr$&&''


AoVe` N>i hmD$Zhr Am[cm Y_© Z gmS>Vm hr _mUg OrdZ OJV hmVr. ÒÃr-ey–mßZm Ãmg,

_ßoXamMr ZmgYyg, a`VH$S> cj Zmhr `m_wiM [edmB© ]wS>mcr. [edmB©ZßVa BßJÓmßM am¡` Amc.

BßJOr gÀVM dU©Z 11 ÌcmH$mß_‹ H$c Amh. BßJOr gÀVm AmÎ`m_wiM ey–mßZm oeH$`mMr

gßYr o_imcr Amh. m EH$mM odefmda gmodÃr]mB© a XVmV. BßJÓr gŒmm AmÎ`mZßVa À`mß¿`mH$S>

ZmH$ar H$aUmË`m C¿MdUu`mß]X≤Xc À`mßZm AmÌM ©M dmQ>V. BßJO am¡`H$À`m™Zr _mÃ ‡Ocm oejUmMr

gßYr C[c„Y H$Í$Z oXcr.

""_ZwÓ oeH$m`m Ag [mÃ [mUr

dX AmßΩcemhr AoÔmV dmUr

ÂhUmZr oeH$m`m o_i Am[Umcm

pÒÃ`m ey– gma oeH$ dmM`mcm''


À`mß¿`m XamË`mZ emßVVm ‡ÒWmo[V Pmcr. ey–mßZm oejU X`mM H$m_ o_eZar H$am`cm cmJc.

[U À`mßMhr C¿MdoU© mßZm ]a dmQ>V Zmhr. oejUmA^mdr _mUyg [eyg_mZ hmVm. _mUyg _mUyg

amhmV Zmhr. BßJÓmß¿`m oejU gwYmaU¿`m H$mimVM OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©Mr gwÍ$dmV Pmcr.

""Agm cm hm H$mi gwYmaUMm

[wU ÒdJ•hr O›_ a OmoV]mMm$&&''


OmVramdmß¿`m H$m ©H$V•©Àdm]X≤Xc gmodÃr]mB© AmXamZ ]mcVmV.

OmVramdmß¿`m O›_mMm, À`mß¿`m AmB©-doS>cmßMm, AmB©odZm [maH$ AgUmË`m OmVramdmßZm

gmß miUmË`m gJwUm]mB™Mm CÎcI gmodÃr]mB™Zr AmXa[yd©H$ H$ccm Amh. gmodÃr]mB©-gJwUm]mB©

`mßM oejU, OmVramdmßM e°joUH$ H$m © h H$m © H$arV AgVmZm gmodÃr]mB™Zm d OmVramdmßZm

25

Pmccm _mZogH$ d emarnaH$ Ãmg, Varhr Z S>J_JVm ‹ m‡V [mhmM`mMr Agr_ oOX≤X `mM

AoVe` ‡À``H$mar oMÃU gmodÃr]mB™Zr `m H$odVVyZ H$c Amh. À`mß¿`m e°joUH$ H$m`m©]am]aM

gm_moOH$ H$m`m©Mhr dU©Z gmodÃr]mB© H$aVmV. OmVramdmßM MnaÃ, e°joUH$, gm_moOH$ H$m ©,

À`mßM odMma `mMm AmXamZ CÎcI H$Î`mZßVahr OmVramdmßMm ^a^Í$Z Jm°ad H$aVmV.

""Oar O›_cm ey– _mir ÂhUmZr

Iam Âhma Vm À`mg _mir Z _mZr

oMaßOrd OmVr _Zy - C¿M Pmcm

Z_ÒH$ma _mPm Aem OmoV]mcm''


ey– _mir g_mOmV Oar OmoV]m O›_c Varhr H$cÎ`m H$m`m©Z oMaßOrd Pmc.

edQ>r C[gßhmam_‹ gmodÃr]mB© Am[Î`m H$mÏ`m]X≤Xc ocohVmV -

""Oar `mVc WmS>H$ kmZ Pmc

Var `m l_mM Ia MrO Pmc''


Am[U H$cÎ`m H$mÏ`mVyZ g_mOmcm WmS> Oar kmZ o_imc Var Am[Î`m l_mM MrO hmB©c mVyZM

gmodÃr]mB™Mr Z_´Vm, odZ`ercVm oXgyZ V.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr h H$mÏ` OmVramdmß¿`m oZYZmZßVa ocohc. ^maVmMm [´mMrZ H$mim[mgyZMm

gm_moOH$ BoVhmg gmßJyZ À`mH$mim¿`m [mÌd© y_rdaVr OmVramdmßZr H$cc _hmZ H$m © AoVe`

AmpÀ_`VZ oMoÃV H$cc Amh. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m `m H$mÏ`mMr _hVr gmßJVmZm S>m∞. H•$. [ß. Xe[mßS>

ocohVmV - ""`m H$mÏ`mcm Or ^mdaÂ`Vm Amcr Amh, Vr `mV oR>H$oR>H$mUr Ï`∑V PmcÎ`m

OmVramdmß¿`m AmoU À`mß¿`m H$m`m©¿`m Jm°adm_wi$& ‡maß m[mgyZ V AIa[ ™V OmVramdmß¿`mdarc

A[ma ‡_mMr ^mdZm `m H$mÏ`mV XadiV amhV.''26 OmVramdmßZr hmVr KVcÎ`m H$m`m©cm

gmodÃr]mB™Zr Am[c H$m © _mZyZ gd©Òd [Umg cmdc Ag oXgyZ V.

`m H$mÏ`mV gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmßodf`r Ï`∑V H$ccr ‡_mMr ^mdZm, AmXa,

À`mß¿`modf`rMr oZÓR>m hmM H$mÏ`mMm Jm^m Amh. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_Œdmda OmVramdmß¿`m

AmMma-odMmamßMm ‡^md hmVm. À`m_wi gmodÃr]mB™¿`m ˆX`mV OmVramdmßZm _mcmM ÒWmZ hmV.

26

OmVramdmß¿`m]X≤XcMr H•$VkVm H$mÏ`m¿`m gwÍ$dmVrcmM Ï`∑V H$Î`moedm` gmodÃr]mB™Zm ahmdV

Zmhr. OmVramdmßM _mR>[U gmßJV AgVmZmM À`mß¿`m [yduMr XemMr gm_moOH$ [napÒWVr À`m AJmXa

AYmaoIV H$aVmV. "ogX≤YVm' `m ^mJmV Am`m™¿`m AmJ_Zm[mgyZ oedmOr _hmamOmß[ ™V¿`m

BoVhmgmMr Í$[aIm gmodÃr]mB© gm_moOH$ BoVhmgm¿`m —pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ gmßJVmV. oedmOr _hmamOmß¿`m

am¡`H$ma^mamZßVa [edmB©V Va eyX´mß¿`mdarc AÀ`mMma Iy[M dmT>c hmV. `m pÒWVrMhr dU©Z

gmodÃr]mB© H$aVmV. [edmB©¿`m AÒVmZßVa BßJÓmßMr gÀVm pÒWa hmD$ cmJcr AmoU `mM H$mimV

ey–mßZm oejUmMr gßYr ‡mflV Pmcr. oejUmM _hŒd gmßJV AgVmZmM OmVramdmßM H$m © À`m

ZOaAmS> H$arV ZmhrV. OmVramdmß¿`m e°joUH$ gm_moOH$ H$m`m©M dU©Z H$aVmZm OmVramdmßMr

_mZdVmdmXr —ÓQ>r, gm_moOH$ —ÓQ>r, XrZ-XocVmß¿`m _wcmß]X≤XcM À`mßM oZVmßV ‡_, `mM AÀ ßV

gwßXa oMÃU gmodÃr]mB™Zr `m H$mÏ`mV H$cc Amh. À`mM]am]a OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©Vrc ÒdV:Mm

gh^mJhr À`m ghO[U Z_yX H$aVmZm oXgVmV. OmVramdmßM MnaÃ, e°joUH$, gm_moOH$ H$m ©,

À`mßM odMma `modf`r gmodÃr]mB™Zr `m H$mÏ`mV AmoÀ_`VZ ocohcc oXgyZ V.

1.8.3 gmodÃr]mB™¿`m ^mfUmßM ÒdÍ$[ d odf` -

gmodÃr]mB™Zr e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m`© H$arV AgVmZm ^mfUmß¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ

gm_m›ÒZmßM d°MmnaH$ ‡]mYZhr H$c Amh. H$mÏ`cIZm‡_mUM J⁄cIZmVyZhr gm_moOH$

‡]mYZmMm hVy oXgyZ Vm. À`mß¿`m ^mfUmVrc Ame` cjmV KVm [wT>rc odf`mg AoYH$ _hŒd

oXcc oXgyZ V. 1) C⁄mJ, 2) od⁄mXmZ, 3) gXmMaU, 4) Ï`gZ d H$O©. `m ^mfUmßdÍ$Z

gmodÃr]mB© \w$c mß¿`m Ï`p∑VJV OS>UKS>Urda ‡H$me Q>mH$Vm Vm. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m mfUmßodf`r

hna ZaH$ ocohVmV - ""_mVwlr gmodÃr]mB™Mr ^mfU `m [wÒVH$mV C⁄mJ, od⁄mXmZ, gXmMaU,

Ï`gZ, H$O© `m odf`mdarc À`mßMr ^mfU emÒÃr Zmam ]m]mOr _hmKQ> [mZga [mQ>rc `mßZr gß[moXV

H$Í$Z 1892 gmcr dÀgc ‡g, ]S>mXm `WyZ ‡H$moeV H$ccr AmhV.''27 gmodÃr]mB™Zr

XrZ-XocVmßgmR>r, ÒÃr-ey–mßgmR>r H$m © H$arV AgVmZm ^mfUmß¿`m _m‹`_mVyZhr ‡]mYZ H$cc

oXgyZ V.

C⁄mJ - `m odf`mdarc ^mfUm_‹ gmodÃr]mB© Amig hm _mUgmMm eÃy AgyZ oXdgâ Z

WH$Vm C⁄mJ H$arV amhU hmM _mUgmMm CŒm_ Y_© AgyZ VmM Iam o_Ã Amh Ag gmßJVmV.

Am[Î`m XemV _yR> a BßJÓ cmH$ Ï`m[mamgmR>r Amc AmoU À`mßZr am¡` ÒWm[Z H$c. À`mß¿`m

]wo’_Œm_wi, C⁄mJercV_wi À`mßZm h e∑` Pmc Amh. À`m_‹ X°dmMm gß]ßY Zmhr. X°ddmXmda

27

odÌdmg R>dUma Amier d o^H$mar Jwcm_oJarV OrdZ OJVmV. Am[Î`m XemMr hrM [napÒWVr

Amh. BßJÓmß¿`m AmJ_Zm_wi d BßJÓr od⁄¿`m ‡^mdm_wi hiyhiy V ‡JVr H$Í$ cmJc AmhV d

À`mßMr dmQ>Mmc [ewÀdmH$Sy>Z _ZwÓ`ÀdmH$S> gwÍ$ Amh. ""gmodÃr]mB™M odMma h EIm⁄m [mH$i

[ßoS>VmM odMma ZgyZ C⁄mJm¿`m EV≤Xer` dmT>rH$naVm BßJÓ gaH$maZ H$m_ H$amd`mg hd h

gmßJ`mBV[V gmodÃr]mB™M Ï`p∑V_Œd ‡^mdr hmV. hM `m ^mfUmdÍ$Z Ò[ÓQ> hmV. "Xdmda d

‡ma„Ymda ^ma Q>mHy$Z oZpÓH´$` ]Zy Z ' hm gßXe gmodÃr]mB™Zr oXcm Amh.''28 Agm Om `m

^mfUmVrc Ame`m¿`m AZwfßJmZ ‡m. Zm. J. [dma `mßZr V[erc _mßS>ccm Amh. Vm IamM Amh.

`moR>H$mUr gm_m›`mßodf`r oZÓR>m AmoU À`mß¿`mV [nadV©Z H$a`mMr B¿N>me∑Vr cjdYr R>aUmar

oXgyZ V.

od⁄mXmZ - od⁄mXmZ `m odMma‡dV©H$ ^mfUmVhr XmZ H$aVmZm V gÀ[mÃr XmZ Agmd. Am[Î`m

XmZ X`mZ Hw$Ur EVImD$ Va ]ZV Zmhr Zm `mMm odMma H$amdm. od⁄mXmZ H$aU hM gd©lÓR> XmZ

Amh Ag À`m gmßJVmV. BßJÓ gaH$maZ kmZXmZmgmR>r emim H$mT>Î`m [U À`m WmS>Ám AgyZ À`m

VdT>ÁmdaM amohÎ`m Va gmam qhXwÒWmZ oeH$ccm hm`mg AmUIr XrS>e df cmJVrc Aer

_mPr R>m_ g_OyV Amh. VarXIrc _r ÂhUV H$s, gaH$maZ oejU‡gmamMm Am[cm dJ dmT>dyZ

gma cmH$ od⁄m oeH$Î`moedm` WyZ OmD$ Z .

gmodÃr]mB™Mr oejUmodf`rMr Vi_i, ÒdVßÃ odMmagaUr, Xya—ÓQ>rM ‡ÒVwV ^mfUmV

‡À``mg V.

gXmMaU - m mfUmVyZ gmodÃr]mB© od⁄M _hŒd odeX H$aVmV. od⁄_wiM _mUgmM Ï`p∑V_Œd

‡JÎ^ hmV d _mUyg gXmMaUr ]ZVm. Agm od⁄M _hŒd gmßJUmam d AmMaUmg ‡mYm›` XUmam

odMma gmodÃr]mB© _mßS>VmV.

Ï`gZ - Ï`gZm_wi gßgmagwImMm H$gm Zme hmVm h gmodÃr]mB™Zr _mo_©H$ d [aIS>[U gmßoJVc

Amh.

H$O© - H$Om©V ]wS>mcÎ`m _mUgmM Ï`p∑VJV d H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ZwH$gmZ H$g hmV `mM gm⁄ßV dU©Z H$O©

odf`mdarc ^mfUmV V.

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m `m ^mfUmß¿`modf`r amOmam_ gy`©dßer ÂhUVmV, ""gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

^mfUmß¿`m_‹ Am[Umg EH$‡H$maMr gwgyÃVm oXgV AmoU À`mVyZM OZgm_m›`mßM ‡]mYZ ghO[U,

gwc^[U gmodÃr]mB© H$aVmZm oXgVmV. gmodÃr]mB™Mr d°MmnaH$ Ò[ÓQ>Vm d oZ`mOZ]’Vm oH$Vr

28

gImc hmVr h hr OmUdV.''29 gmodÃr]mB™¿`m ^mfUmßM odf` h OZgm_m›`mß¿`m OrdZmVrc

oOÏhm˘`mM odf` AmhV. À`mßZr C⁄mJ `m ^mfUmV Zer], X°ddmX, Amig `m JmÓQ>rda ‡hma

H$Í$Z odkmZdmXr AgUmË`m wamo[`Z cmH$mß¿`mgmaI Am[Uhr AIßS>[U C⁄mJr Agc [mohO

VaM Am[U Am[cm odH$mg MmßJÎ`m‡H$ma H$Í$ eH$Vm h gyoMV H$c Amh. od⁄mXmZ h gd©lÓR>

XmZ Amh. _mZdr OrdZ gwIr AmoU g_•’ hm`mgmR>r H$mUH$mUÀ`m JmÓQ>tMr AmdÌ`H$Vm Amh h

gmßJVmZm od⁄mXmZmM _hŒdM À`m AoYH$ Vi_irZ [Q>dyZ XVmV. od⁄m X`mZ dmT>V d KUmamhr

AoYH$ gm_œ ©emcr d ehmUm ]ZVm h XmZ gÀ[mÃr XmZ AgV Ag ÂhUUmË`m gmodÃr]mB©

d°MmnaH$—ÓQ>Ám OdT>Ám ‡JÎ^ hmÀ`m VdT>ÁmM gm_moOH$—ÓQ>Ám gßdXZerc hmÀ`m. À`m_wi

oejUmA^mdr ]h˛OZ g_mOmMr hmUmar AdhcZm À`mßZm [hmdV Zmhr. À`mgmR>r oejU hmM

C[m` Amh h AoVe` H$iH$irZ gmodÃr]mB© gmßJVmZm oXgVmV. ÒdVßÃ[U odMma H$a`mMr

[´d•Œmr, oZU© j_Vm, Xya—ÓQ>r hr od⁄_wiM V d _mUyg gXmMaUr ]ZVm. Ag od⁄M _hŒdhr À`m

odeX H$aVmV. oejUm[mgyZ dßoMV amohcÎ`m AkmZr, AS>mUr g_mOmcm Ï`gZ, H$O© `m[mgyZ

hmUma AZW©hr gmodÃr]mB© Ï`mdhmnaH$ CXmhaU XD$Z g_OmdyZ gmßJVmV. ^mfUm¿`m odf`

oZdS>r[mgyZ V ^mfUmVrc Ame`m[ ™VMr gmodÃr]mB™Mr OmJÍ$H$Vm `m ^mfUmß_YyZ oXgyZ V.

gm‹`m, gmfl`m e„XmßVyZ dm∑`-aMZVyZ Am[Î`m _ZmVrc odMma cmH$mß[`™V [mhMod`mMm

gmodÃr]mB™Mm ‡m_moUH$ ‡`ÀZ oXgyZ Vm. `m gdm™[mR>r_mJ gmodÃr]mB™¿`m _ZmVrc ]h˛OZ

g_mOm¿`m C’mamMr Vi_iM oXgyZ V.

1.8.4 OmoV]mßMr ^mfU - (^mJ 1 V 4 gß[mXH$ gmodÃr]mB©) -

gmodÃr]mB© `m H$di coIH$mM ZÏhÀ`m Va CÀH•$ÓQ> gß[moXH$mgwX≤Ym hmÀ`m. ""OmoV]mßMr

^mfU gmodÃr]mB™Zr gß[moXV H$ccr AmhV. OmVramd eH$S>m g^mßVyZ d [nafXmVyZ odMma‡dV©H$

Aer ^mfU H$aV d cmH$oejU H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aV. OmVramdmß]am]a gmodÃr]mB©hr ]h˛VH$

oR>H$mUr OmV. OmVramdmßM cIoZH$ _hmKQ> [mQ>rc (AmVya) h hr À`mß¿`m]am]a AgV. V OmVramdmßMr

^mfU CVÍ$Z KV. H$mhr _hŒdm¿`m ^mfUmßMr ÒdV: gmodÃr]mB© oQ>[U KV. À`m[°H$s H$mhr ^mfU

À`mßZr gß[moXV H$ccr AmhV.''30 Aer _mohVr S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir `mßZm C[c„Y Pmcr Amh.

‡ÒVwV Mma odf`mßM gß[mXZ gmodÃr]mB™Zr H$c Amh. À`mßM odf` [wT>rc‡_mU AmhV -

1) AoV ‡mMrZ H$mir (‡mMrZ ^maVmMm BoVhmg)

2) BoVhmg (EoVhmogH$ KQ>Zm d ImQ>m BoVhmg ocohUma ^Q>)

29

3) gwYmaUyH$ (Jwcm_oJarMm BoVhmg)

4) Jwcm_oJar (am_Z, A_naH$m BoVhmgmer VwcZm)

OmVramdmßZr _mZdr g_Vm, ›`m`, ÒdmVßÕ` `m _wc yV VŒdmdaVr AmYmnaV Ag oddMZ AoVe`

[aIS>[U `m ^mfUm_YyZ H$cc Amh. _mZdVmY_m©Mm [waÒH$ma, Ï`p∑VÒdmVßÕ`, Jwcm_oJarMm

oZfY `m VŒdmßMm [mR>[wamdm OmVramdmßZr Am[Î`m cIUrVyZ d H•$VrVyZhr H$cm. ÒÃr-ey–mß¿`m

C›ZVrgmR>r amÃßoXdg PQ>V AgVmZm À`mßZr dJdJi C[H´$_ hmVr KVc hmV. À`mMmM EH$ ^mJ

ÂhUyZ ^mfUmß¿`m _m‹`_mVyZhr cmH$OmJ•Vr H$a`mgmR>r OmVramdmßMr YS>[S> Ag. gmodÃr]mB™Zr

À`mVrcM OmVramdmß¿`m Mma ^mfUmßM gß[mXZ H$Í$Z À`mß¿`m odMmamßMm ‡gma ‡m_moUH$ ^mdZVyZ

H$ccm oXgyZ Vm.

gmodÃr]mB© OmVramdmß]am]a g cm d [nafXcm OmV AgV V|Ïhm À`m ÒdV:M ÒdVßÃ[U

odMma _mßS>V AgV. gZ 1890 ZßVa OmVramdmß¿`m _•À yZßVa gÀ`emYH$ g_mOmMr O]m]Xmar

gmodÃr]mB™Zr [ccr. 1890 V 1897 `mH$mimV À`mßZr gÀ`emYH$ g_mOmM ZV•Àd H$c. hr Ywam

gmß miV AgVmZm À`mßZr H$ccr H$mhr ^mfUhr C[c„Y Pmccr AmhV. À`mßM [wamJm_r odMma,

od¤Œmm, ZV•Àd JwU `m ^mfUmVyZ ‡À``mg VmV.

1.8.5 gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmßZm ocohccr [Ã -

gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmßZm ocohccr XmZ [Ãhr S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir `mßZm C[c„Y Pmccr

AmhV. ""VÀH$mcrZ ImOJr [ÃÏ`dhma hm _mS>r oc[rV Ag. hr Xm›hr [Ã Zm`Jmßd Vm.IßS>mim,

oO. gmVmam `m Am[Î`m _mha¿`m JmdmhˇZ ocohccr AmhV. À`m[°H$s [ohc [Ã 10-10-1856

amOr d Xwga 29-8-1868 amOr ocohc Amh.''31 hr Xm›hr [Ã S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir `mßZr Am[Î`m

"H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c'`m JßWmV oXcr AmhV.

28 gflQ>|]a 2006 _‹ ‡H$moeV PmcÎ`m hna ZaH$ `mß¿`m "kmZ¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c'

`m JßWmV gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmßZm ocohccr [Ã hr EHy$U 3 [Ã AgyZ Vr Zm`Jmd AmVyahˇZ

ocohccr AmhV. Agm CÎcI Amccm Amh.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr [ohc [Ã 10-10-1856 amOr Am[Î`m _mhamhˇZ OmVramdmßZm ocohc

Amh. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m _mR>Ám ^mdmZ OmVramdmß¿`m d gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$m`m©]X≤Xc> XyfU oXcr.

Am[U H$arV Agcc H$m © Y_©]m¯ AgyZ Hw$img ]Q≤>Q>m cmdUma Amh. VÏhm gmodÃr]mB™Zr Am_M

H$m © oH$Vr _mcmM Amh h gmßßJyZ mdmM _V[nadV©Z H$c. "_mPm Zdam Vw¬`mgmaª`m dmaH$Ë`mß‡_mU

30

ZwgV hnaZm_ KV dmË`m H$arV ZgyZ ‡À`j harM H$m_ H$arV Amh. À`mg _r _XV H$aV.' gmodÃr]mB™M

h gd© ]mcU EH$mJ´oMŒmmZ EH$Umar gmodÃr]mB™Mr AmB©hr ^mamdyZ Jcr. OmVramdmßMm Am[Î`m

^mdmH$Sy>Z AZmXa PmÎ`mZßVa À`m ^mdm¿`m ]mc`mMm oY∑H$ma H$aVmV. À`mßZm Pmccr dXZm À`m

[Ãm¤ma OmVramdmßZm H$iodVmV. [w`mgmaIM JmdmH$S>hr Am[Î`m H$m`m©Mm oY∑H$ma H$aUma AmhVM.

Am[U _mÃ Am[c H$m © oZÓR>Z H$arV amhmd. Aer ‡aUmhr OmVramdmßZm [Ãm¿`m edQ>r gmodÃr]mB© XVmV.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmßZm ocohcc Xwga [Ãhr 29-8-1868 amOr Zm`JmdhˇZ _mhamhˇZ

ocohc Amh. 1868 cm gmodÃr]mB© _mhar JÎ`m AgVmZm JUe Zmdm¿`m ]´m˜U o^jwH$mM d

gmaOm Zmdm¿`m _hma _wcrM ‡H$aU [wT> Amc. `m XmKmßZm gmodÃr]mB™Zr gßVflV JmdH$Ë`mß[mgyZ

dmModc AmoU OmVramdmßH$S> [w`mg [mR>odc. hr hoH$H$Vhr gmodÃr]mB© [ÃmZ OmVramdmßZm

H$iodVmV. gmodÃr]mB© _mhamg AmÎ`mZßVahr Am[Î`m H$m`m©Mm dgm gmS>V ZmhrV. OmVramdmß¿`m-

]X≤XcMm AmXa Ï`∑V H$arV Am[c H$m_ MmcyM R>dVmV.

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m oVgË`m [ÃmMr AMyH$ VmarI g_OV Zmhr. [aßVw XwÓH$mim¿`m H$mimV h

[Ã ocohc Agmd Ag [Ãm¿`m d•ŒmmßVmdÍ$Z dmQ>V. _hmamÔ≠>m_‹ [S>cÎ`m XwÓH$mim_wi AmVya

Ow›Za ^mJmVrc eVH$Ë`mßMr oH$Vr X`Zr` AdÒWm Pmccr Amh `mM Xe©Z `m [Ãm_yYZ KS>V.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmßZm ocohcÎ`m `m [Ãm_yYZ À`mH$mimVrc g_Ò`mßM oMÃU,

À`mM]am]a `m g_Ò`m oZdma`mgmR>r Am[U H$cc ‡`ÀZ `m]X≤Xc ocohcc Amh. VgM

OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©]X≤XcMr oZÓR>mhr m [Ãm_YyZ À`m Z_´[U Ï`∑V H$aVmV. gd©gm_m›`mß]X≤XcMr

Vi_i, X`m]w’r AmoU À`mß¿`m oR>H$mUMr Y° ©ercd•Œmr `mßMm ‡À`` m [Ãm_yYZ Vm. OmVramdmß¿`m

g_mO[nadV©Zm¿`m H$m`m©M dV gmodÃr]mB™Zrhr KVc hmV.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmß¿`m ‡aUZ H•$oVerc g_mOH$m`m©Mr dJir dmQ> oZ_m©U H$Í$Z

_mR>_mR>r gm_moOH$ AmÏhmZ [c`mM gm_œ © og’ H$c. ÒÃr-ey–mßgmR>rM e°joUH$ H$m © AZmW

_wcmßZm oXcc oZVmßV ‡_, XwÓH$mimV d flcJ¿`m gmWrV OZgm_m›`mßZm oXccm _XVrMm hmV,

ÒÃr_w∑VrgmR>rMm cT>m `m gdm©[mR>r_mJrc gmodÃr]mB™Mr _mZdVmdmXr _mZdVmY_m©Mr yo_H$m

ghO[U ‡À``mg V. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m ‡_i AmoU X`miy AgUmË`m _Zmcm OmVramdmß¿`m ghdmgmV

AmUIr [°cy [S>c AmoU V Ï`m[H$ _mZdVmdmXmer EH$Í$[ hmD$Z Jc. ÒÃr-ey–mßgmR>r g_mOH´$mßVr

H$aUmar, AÒ[•Ì`Vcm ‡MßS> hmXam XUmar H$mßoVH$mar ÒÃr, AmO¿`m o[T>rgmR>r ZÏ`m AmMma-odMmamßMr

gwÍ$dmV H$aUmar H$_© moJZr ÂhUyZM gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$m`m©Mm odMma H$amdm cmJc.

31

1.9 gmodÃr]mB™¿`m "H$mÏ`\w$c' odf`r dmX AmoU [S>gmX :

AmO gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odVZ _amR>r gmohÀ`m¿`m Xa]mamV Am[c EH$ dJi ÒWmZ oZ_m©U

H$cc Amh. [aßVw gmodÃr]mB™¿`m EHy$UM cIZmMr H$odVMr _amR>r gmohpÀ`H$mßZr XrK©H$mi C[jmM

H$cr hmVr. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZ H$m`m©daVr ‡H$me Q>mH$Umam "H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© OmVramd

\w$c' hm JßW 1980 _‹ ‡H$moeV Pmcm AmoU À`mVrc gmodÃr]mB™Mr H$odVm dmMZmV AmÎ`mZßVa

oV¿`mda Q>rH$Mr PmS>M CR>cr. ‡W_V: 3 _ 1981 ¿`m "_hmamÓQ≠> Q>mB©Âg' _‹ ‡og’ PmcÎ`m

cImVyZ gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odV¿`m Ia[Umodf`r eßH$m KVcr. À`mZßVa g. J. _mce mßZr oXZmßH$

7/2/1982 ¿`m _hmamÓQ≠> Q>mB©Âg_‹ M gmodÃr]mB™M H$mÏ` h _amR>r gmohÀ`mVrc VmV oJar d

]ZdoJar dmQ>V Ag ÂhQ>c AmoU S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir `mßZr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mß¿`m]X≤Xc H$cc

gßemYZM ImQ> R>aodc. g.J. _mce `mß¿`m `m Amam[mßZm oX. 18/4/1982 ¿`m _hmamÓQ≠>

Q>mB©Âg¿`m cImV S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir mßZr gS>VmS> Ag CŒma oXc hmV. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odVodf`rMm

dmX XrK©H$mi gwÍ$M amohcm hmVm. "gßemYZ : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU [’Vr' `m [wÒVH$m¿`m ‡ÒVmdZV

lr. gw. am. MwZH$a `mßZr Va ""gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mß¿`mgß]ßYrM gßemYZ ÂhUO T>iT>irV ImQ>

gßemYZ ÂhUyZ H$g [wT> _mßS>c OmV AmoU og’ [aß[am, BoVhmgM H$gm odH•$V H$a`mMm AQ≤>Q>mhmg

H$cm OmVm `mM h EH$ VmO CXmhaU S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir `mßM "H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c' h

MnaÃ. gmodÃr]mB© \w$c `mß¿`m Zmdmdarc "H$mÏ`\w$c' h H$odVmßM [wÒVH$ AmoU `m H$mÏ`mMr

g_rjm H$aUma S>m∞. H•$. [ß. Xe[mßS> `mßM "ApΩZ\w$c' h [wÒVH$. hm gJimM ‡H$ma Aem VWmH$oWV

"gßemYZm'Mm Amh. Ia Va hr gßemYZm¿`m jÃmVrc Jw›hJmar Amh.''32 Ag ÂhQ>c Amh.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr H$edgwVmß[ydu gw_ma 30 df AJmXa oZgJ©dU©Z[a, gm_moOH$, AmÀ_[a Aem

Ame`mMr H$odVm ocohccr AgVmZmhr À`mßZm "Adm©oMZ _amR>r H$odVMr OZZr' _mZm`cm Q>rH$mH$ma

V`ma ZÏhV. [aßVw 1988 _‹ "_hmamÓQ≠> am¡` gmohÀ` AmoU gßÒH•$Vr _ßS>im' Z ‡H$moeV H$ccm d

S>m∞. _m. Jm. _mir `mßZr gß[moXV H$ccm "gmodÃr]mB© \w$c g_J´ dmL≤>_`' hm JßW ‡og’ Pmcm

AmoU `m JßWm_wi gmodÃr]mB™¿`m gmohÀ`m]X≤Xc¿`m gd© dmXmdaM [S>Xm [S>cm. gmodÃr]mB©

e°joUH$, gm_moOH$ H$m © H$arV AgVmZm OmVramdmß¿`m ghdmgmZ, odMmamZ, d°MmnaH$—ÓQ>Ámhr

AoYH$ g_•’ hmV JÎ`m AgmÏ`mV AmoU OrdZmZw d KV AgVmZmM H$mÏ`oZo_©Vr Pmcr Agmdr.

À`mH$mimV ocohcÎ`m gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odVVyZ ÒÃrgwc^ ^mdZm Ï`∑V PmcÎ`m oXgyZ VmV.

À`mM]am]a gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmVrc ododY [°cyhr Ï`∑V Pmcc AmhV Ag OmUdV.

32

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$mÏ`\w$codf`r Ag dmXi oZ_m©U Pmc AmoU V dmXi AmVm e_cchr

Amh. gwÍ$dmVr¿`m H$mimVrc gmohÀ`oZo_©VrMm gmodÃr]mB™Mm ‡`ÀZ AgyZhr Vr aMZm À`mßZr

H$crM Zmhr. Xwga Hw$UrVar H$mÏ` ochˇZ À`mß¿`m Zmdmda I[odc Agmd Ag ÂhUyZ gmodÃr]mB™M

gmohÀ` jÃmVrc H$m ©M Xwc©oj`mMm Pmccm ‡`ÀZ hmVm. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$mÏ`mdaVr Aem‡H$maMr

Q>rH$m Pmcr Varhr gmodÃr]mB™¿`m dmL≤>_`rZ Ï`p∑V_Œdmcm Y∑H$m [mhmMV Zmhr. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

H$m`m©M _hŒd H$_r hmD$ eH$V Zmhr AgM _cm dmQ>V.

1.10 g_mam[ :

gmodÃr]mB™Zr 19 Ï`m eVH$mV H$cc e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m © _hŒd[yU© R>acc Amh.

¡`mH$mim_‹ oejUmMm ‡gma OmÒV Pmccm ZÏhVm À`mH$mimV ÒdV: oejU KD$Z XrZXocV d

ÒÃrey–mßgmR>r gm_moOH$ H$m © H$a`mg À`m Kam]mha [S>Î`m h H´$mßoVH$mar AgM [mD$c hmV.

]mchÀ`m ‡oV]ßYH$ J•h, odYdmoddmh, H$ed[Z ]ßXr `mgmaª`m gwYmaUm H$aVmZm gZmV›`mß¿`m

‡Ia odamYmcm d N>imcm gm_ma Omd cmJc Varhr Z S>J_JVm H$m`m©darc AT>i oZÓR>_wi

`eÒdr cT>m oXcm. gmodÃr]mB™Zr ^maVmVrc [ohcr ^maVr` oeojH$m, _wª`m‹`mo[H$m, ÒÃr-ey–

d AZmWmßMr _mVm AmoU ÒÃr_w∑Vr AmßXmcZm¿`m ‡UÀ`m ÂhUyZ H$cÎ`m H$m`m©Z maVm¿`m BoVhmgmV

EH$ Zdm AmXe© oZ_m©U Pmcm Amh.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m`m©]am]a Am[Î`m ‡oV ¿`m ]imda J⁄-[⁄

Aem ÒdÍ$[mM _hŒd[yU© cIZhr H$cc Amh. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odV¿`m oZo_ŒmmZ `m[ydu dmX

PS>cc AmhV. [aßVw `m[jm gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odVVyZ Ï`∑V hmUmar gm_moOH$ OmUrd _hŒdmMr

Amh. gmodÃr]mB™Mr J⁄-[⁄ aMZm h ey–moVey–mß¿`m OmJaUmM gmYZ hmV. C[ojV g_mOm¿`m

H$Î`mUm¿`m ‹`mgmVyZ oZ_m©U Pmcc h cIZ hmV AgM ÂhUmd cmJc. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m cIZmMr

^mfm AoVe` ‡dmhr d gwQ>gwQ>rV Aer Amh. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_Œdm¿`m AZH$ [°cyßM Xe©Z

À`mß¿`m gm_moOH$ d dmL≤>_`rZ H$m`m©_YyZ oXgyZ V.

1.11 oZÓH$f© :

1.11.1 gm_moOH$ Ï`p∑V_ŒMmMr KS>U -

gmodÃr]mB™¿`m OrdZH$m`m©Mm odMma H$aVmZm gmodÃr]mB™M Ï`p∑V_Œd EH$ H´$mßoVH$mar

Ï`p∑V_Œd hmV mV eßH$mM Zmhr. ¡`mH$mim_‹ oejUmMm OmÒV ‡gma Pmccm ZÏhVm. À`mH$mimV

ÒdV: oejU KD$Z XrZXocV d ÒÃrey–mßgmR>r gm_moOH$ H$m © H$a`mgmR>r À`m Kam]mha [S>Î`m h

33

H´$mßoVH$mar AgM [mD$c hmV. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m gm_moOH$ Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMr OS>UKS>U H$er hmV Jcr

`modf`rM oZÓH$f© [wT>rc‡_mU Zm|XodVm Vrc.

1. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m Ï`p∑V_Œdm¿`m OS>UKS>UrV ]mc[Um[mgyZ PmcÎ`m gßÒH$mamMm _mR>m

dmQ>m Amh. _mUgmß¿`m]am]a _mUwgH$sZ, Am[wcH$sZ dmJ`mMr JmaJna]mßZm _XV H$a`mMr

arV À`mß¿`m Kar hmVr. h gd© gßÒH$ma ]mc[Um[mgyZM gmodÃr]mB™¿`mdaVr Pmcc hmV.

2. gmodÃr]mB© cæ hmD$Z OmVramdmß¿`m Kar AmÎ`mZßVa gJwUm]mB™M (AmD$) _mZdVmY_m©M

gßÒH$mahr À`mß¿`mda Pmc. À`mM]am]a OmVramdmß¿`m AmMmaodMmamZhr À`m ‡^modV PmÎ`m

AmoU OmVramdmß¿`m ghdmgmV g_mO[nadV©Zm¿`m H$m`m©V gmodÃr]mB™Zr ÒdV:cm PmHy$Z oXc.

3. ¡`mH$mimV pÒÃ`mßZm oejU oXc OmV ZÏhV À`mH$mimV OmVramdmßZr ÒdV: oeH$V

AgVmZmM _yi¿`mM h˛ema, ‡kmdßV AgUmË`m gmodÃr]mB™Zm oejUmM YS> oXc.

gmodÃr]mB™Zr Am[c oejU [yU© H$c AmoU OmVramdmßZr 1848 _‹ gwÍ$ H$cÎ`m _wct¿`m

emiV oeojH$m ÂhUyZ ZmH$ar H$Í$ cmJÎ`m. hr EH$ wJ‡dV©H$ AerM KQ>Zm hmVr.

4. oeojH$M, _wª`m‹`mo[H$M oZarjH$ ÂhUyZ H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm gmodÃr]mB™Zm AZßV

AS>MUtZm Vm|S> ⁄md cmJc. ÒdV: AmoW©H$ Pi gmgyZ g_mOmMm amf [ÀH$Í$Zhr gmodÃr]mB©

Am[Î`m H$m`m©darc AT>i oZÓR>_wi YramXmŒm[U H$m_ H$arV amohÎ`m.

5. gZmV›`mß¿`m odamYm_wi ÒdV:M Ka gmS>`mMrhr À`mß¿`mdaVr di Amcr. VÏhm oOX≤Xr

d H$amar Òd^mdm¿`m gmodÃr]mB™Zr g_mOgd¿`m H$m`m©gmR>r J•hÀ`mJhr H$cm.

6. gmodÃr]mB™Zr oeojH$m ÂhUyZ H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm od⁄mœ`m™Zm H$di [wÒVH$s kmZ Z XVm

Ï`mdhmnaH$ —pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ À`mßM OrdZ KS>od`mMm [`ÀZ H$cm. oejU KVmZm _wc g_mOmMm

_mZdVmdmXr —•pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ H$gm odMma H$aVrc `mH$S>M gmodÃr]mB© OmÒV cj H|$oX´V

H$arV AgV. `mdÍ$Z gmodÃr]mB© EH$ CŒm_ oeojH$m hmÀ`m Ag oXgyZ V.

7. oejUm¿`m jÃmV ‡`mJ H$Í$Z oejUm¿`m ‡JVrgmR>r [aß[am d [napÒWVrhr H$maUr yV

AgV Aghr _yc yV VŒd _mßS>c. À`m_wi oejUjÃmVrc EH$ odMmadßV, oejUV¡k

ÂhUyZ gmodÃr]mB™M Ï`p∑V_Œd odMmamV ø`md cmJV.

8. \w$c Xmß[À`m¿`m H$m`m©Mr [´JVr ghZ Z hmD$Z gZmV›`mßZr À`mßZm _maH$ar KmVc. `m

_maH$Ë`mßZmhr gmodÃr]mB© YramZ gm_mË`m JÎ`m. À`m‡gßJr oXgyZ Umam gmodÃr]mB™Mm

YraJß ra[Um d H$m`m©darc AodMc oZÓR>m cjmV K`mgmaIr Amh.

34

9. odYdm pÒÃ`mßMr cmH$oZßXVyZ _w∑VVm H$a`mgmR>r "]mchÀ`m ‡oV]ßYH$ J•h d ‡gwoVJ•h'

ÒWm[Z H$c d odYdmß¿`m [wZod©dmhmgmR>r "odYdm [wZod©dmh gßÒWm' ÒWm[Z H$cr. pÒÃ`mß¿`m

_w∑VVgmR>rMm hm gmodÃr]mB™Mm ‡`ÀZ g_mOKS>Urg _hŒd[yU© R>acm.

10. XrZ-XocVmß¿`mgmR>r ew–mßgmR>r 1868 _‹ Am[Î`m KaMr [m`mMr odhra \w$c Xmß[À`mZ

Iwcr H$Í$Z oXcr. g_mOOmJ•VrM d AÒ[•Ì`Vm oZdma`mM À`mßM h H•$oV w∑V H$m © VÀH$mcrZ

H$mim¿`m [mÌd© y_rda H´$mßoVH$mar R>aV.

11. gZ 1876-77 _‹ AmoU gZ 1896 _‹ _hmamÓQ≠>mV ^rfU XwÓH$mi [S>ccm AgVmZm

gmodÃr]mB™Zr _mZdVmdmXr —pÓQ>H$mZmVyZ AoVe` YmS>gmZ cmH$ohVmM H$cc H$m © Ao¤Vr`

AgM Amh.

12. 23 _mM© 1890 _‹ Zmo^H$ ]mßYdmßMm gß[ KS>dyZ AmUcm. gmodÃr]mB™Zr H$mUÀ`mhr

OmVr[mVrMm odMma Z H$aVm pÒÃ`mß¿`m XmÒ`_w∑VrgmR>r hm cT>m oXcm.

13. OmVramdmß¿`m _•À wZßVahr gmodÃr]mB™Zr IMyZ Z OmVm OmVramdmß¿`m H$m`m©Mr Ywam AoVe`

oOX≤XrZ gmß micr. gÀ`emYH$ g_mOmM AmoU BVa gd© gßÒWmßM ZV•Àd gmodÃr]mB™Zr

H$c.

14. 1897 cm _hmamÓQ≠> a flcJ¿`m gmWrZ Yw_mHy$i KmVcm AgVmZm gmodÃr]mB™Zr flcJZ

[N>mS>cÎ`m XrZ-XocVmßZm _XV H$cr. flcJ¿`m ÈΩUmßZm XdmIm›`mV AmyUZ ÒdV: À`mßMr

gdmgwlwfm H$cr. flcJ¿`m ÈΩUmcm [mR>rdaVr KD$Z XdmIm›`mH$S> C[MmamgmR>r ZV

AgVmZmM gmodÃr]mB©Zm flcJMm gßgJ© Pmcm AmoU AIa¿`m Ìdmgm[ ™V OZgdm H$aV

H$aVM gmodÃr]mB© H$mim¿`m [S>⁄mAmS> JÎ`m. Aem ododY [°cyßZr gmodÃr]mB™¿`m

gm_moOH$ Ï`p∑V_Œdm¿`m OS>UKS>UrMr H$Î[Zm cjmV KVm V.

1.11.2 dmL≤>_`rZ Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMr KS>U -

gmodÃr]mB©Zr J⁄ d [⁄ Aem ÒdÍ$[mM cIZ H$cc Amh. gmodÃr]mB© H$do`Ãr hmÀ`m.

VgM CŒm_ J⁄coIH$mhr hmÀ`m. À`mß¿`m `m cIZmM oZÓH$f© [wT>rc‡_mU Zm|XodVm Vrc.

1. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m "H$mÏ`\w$c' `m H$mÏ`gßJ´hm_YyZ oZgJ©, À`mßMr l’mÒWmZ, H$dr AmoU

H$mÏ` `modf`rM odMma, AmÀ_[a d ]mY[a, gm_moOH$, [´mgßoJH$$ Ag ododY odf`

H$mÏ`m_YyZ Ï`∑V Pmcc AmhV. `m H$mÏ`gßJ´hmVrc H$odVm gßª`Z H$_r AgyZhr

H$mÏ`odf`mV _mÃ ododYVm oXgyZ V.

35

2. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m `m gßJ´hmVrc H$odVmß_‹ gm_moOH$ d ]mY[a H$odVm AoYH$ AmhV.

À`mdÍ$Z À`mß¿`m d°MmnaH$ —•ÓQ>rM [naoecZ H$a`mg _XV hmV. gmodÃr]mB™Zr Am wÓ`^a

e°joUH$ d gm_moOH$ H$m © H$c. XrZ-XocVmß¿`m]X≤XcM ‡_, oejUmodf`rMr AmÒWm,

ÒÃr-ey–mßZm oejU oXc [mohO hmM ‹ dmX `m_wi gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odVV gm_moOH$,

]mY[a odf` AoYH$ Amcc oXgyZ VmV. OmVramdmß¿`m AmMma-odMmamß¿`m ‡^mdm_wi

À`mß¿`m H$odVmß_YyZ _mZdVmY_©, _mZdr OrdZmVrc emÌdV gÀ`, _mZdr OrdZmM VŒdkmZ

`mgmaI odMma Ï`∑V Pmcc oXgyZ VmV.

3. "H$mÏ`\w$c'Vrc gmodÃr]mB™¿`m H$odVm ghO, gm‹`m, gmfl`m [U ‡mgmoXH$ d ag[yU© Aem

H$odVm AmhV. gmodÃr]mB™¿`m ÒdVßÃ ‡oV Mm AmodÓH$ma `m H$odV_YyZ oXgyZ Vm.

4. "]md›ZH$er gw]mY aÀZmH$a' `m H$mÏ`m_‹ gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmß¿`modf`r Ï`∑V

H$cÎ`m ^mdZmM _hŒdm¿`m AmhV. OmVramdmßM MnaÃ, e°joUH$, gm_moOH$ H$m ©, À`mßM

odMma, À`m H$mimV OmVramdmßZr H$cÎ`m _hZr` H$m`m©]X≤XcMr Am[wcH$sM gmodÃr]mB™Zr

`m H$mÏ`mVyZ Ï`∑V H$ccr oXgyZ V. À`m_wi OmVramdmß¿`m H$mhr _hŒd[yU© [°cyßM Xe©Z

KS>od`mg `m H$odVMr _XV Z∑H$rM hmV.

5. gmodÃr]mB™Zm gm_moOH$, e°joUH$ H$m © H$arV AgVmZm gd©gm_m›`mßM Xw:I, Xmna–`,

emfUmgmaI AgUma AZH$ ‡ÌZ S>gmdV AgV. m ‡ÌZmßMr Z_H$s H$maU_r_mßgm H$Í$Z

V ‡ÌZ g_mOm[wT> oZ © [U _mßS>`mM YmS>g gmodÃr]mB™Zr Am[Î`m ^mfUmß_YyZ H$c

Amh. OZgm_m›`mßM ‡]mYZ hm À`mß¿`m ^mfUmßMm _hŒdmMm odef oXgyZ Vm.

6. gmodÃr]mB© `m H$di coIH$mM ZÏhÀ`m Va CÀH•$ÓQ>> gß[moXH$mgw’m hmÀ`m. gmodÃr]mB™Zr

OmVramdmß¿`m 4 ^mfUmßM gß[mXZ H$cc Amh. OmVramdmßM odMmma g_O`mg hr ^mfU

C[`mJr AmhV. OmVramdmßM odMma g_mO_Zm[ ™V [mhmMod`mMm gmodÃr]mB™Mm ‡m_moUH$

‡`ÀZ oXgyZ Vm.

7. gmodÃr]mB™Zr OmVramdmßZm ocohcÎ`m [Ãmß_YyZ OZgm_m›`mß]X≤XcMr Vi_i, X`m]w’r

AmoU À`mß¿`moR>H$mUMr Y° ©ercVm ‡À``mg V.

8. gmodÃr]mB™Zr hr [Ã gm‹`m, gmfl`m ^mfV ocohcr AmhV. [aßVw À`mV agmiVm AmoU

d°MmnaH$Vm `mßMm gßJ_ oXgyZ Vm. gmodÃr]mB™Zr `m [Ãmß_YyZ g_mO_ZmMm dY KVccm

oXgyZ Vm. gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$s Om[mgUmË`m H$cmdßVmM Xe©Z À`mß¿`m cImZmVyZ [Xm[Xr

OmUdV amhV.

36

1.12 gßX © :

1. _mir (S>m∞.) _m. Jm. "H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', Amem [´H$meZ,

JmaJmQ>r, o¤Vr`md•Œmr, 3 Eo‡c 1981, [•. 2

2. Jma ‡_m "Wma g_mOgodH$m gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', lrod⁄m ‡H$meZ,

[wU, o¤Vr`md•Œmr 1989, [•. 11

3. gy ©dßer amOmam_ "od⁄Mr Xdr `wJÒÃr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', gÀ`emYH$

N>Ã[Vr kmZ[rR>, Ywi, ‡W_md•Œmr, Am∑Q>m|]a 2003,

[•.29

4. VÃ°d [•. 35

5. Jma [_m "Wma g_mOgodH$m gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', CoZ., [•. 15

6. _mir (S>m∞.) _m. Jm. "H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', CoZ., [•. 2

7. _wQ>Hw$i Ama. [r. " wJÒÃr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', _hVm [p„cqeJ hmD$g, [wU,

o¤Vr`md•Œmr, 1989, [•. 54

8. Jma [_m "Wma g_mOgodH$m gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', CoZ., [•. 21

9. H$sa YZßO` "_hmÀ_m OmVramd \w$c', [m∞fl`wca ‡H$meZ, _wß]B©,

‡W_md•Œmr, 1968, [•. 301

10. Jm`H$dmS> (S>m∞.) oXZH$a "[m°oU©_m' (gmodÃr]mB© \w$c odf`H$ cIgßJ´h),

H$Î`mUr

(gß[m.) q‡Q>g©, oZam, ‡W_md•Œmr, OyZ 1998, [•. 6

11. _mir (S>m∞.)_m. Jm. "H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', CoZ., [•. 70

12. VÃ°d [•. 94

13. PmS>J gm°. \w$cdßVm]mB© "H$mßoVXdVm gm‹dr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', Jm_am¡` ‡H$meZ,

[wU. 1966, [•. 18


37

15. gy ©dßer amOmam_ "od⁄Mr Xdr wJÒÃr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', CoZ., [•.94

16. _mir (S>m∞.)_m. Jm. "H´$mßoV¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', CoZ., [•. 75

17. Jm`H$dmS> (S>m∞.) oXZH$a "[m°oU©_m' (gmodÃr]mB© \w$c odf`H$ cIgßJ´h), CoZ.,

(gß[m.) [•. 59

18. Xe[mßS> (S>m∞.) H•$. [ß. "Aoæ\w$c : gmodÃr]mB© \w$c mßMr H$odVm : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU

g_rjm' ZyVZ ‡H$meZ, [wU, ‡W_md•Œmr, 27 Am∑Q>m|]a

1982, [•. 52

19. PmS>J gm°. \w$cdßVm]mB© "gmflVmohH$' JmdJmS>m, H´$mßoV odefmßH$, [wU, 1976,

[•.30

20. _mir (S>m∞.) _m. Jm. "gmodÃr]mB© \w$c g_J dmL≤>_`', _hmamÓQ≠> am¡` gmohÀ`

AmoU gßÒH•$Vr _ßS>i, _wß]B©, MVwW© Amd•Œmr, Am∑Q>m|]a

2006,[•. 19


g_rjm' CoZ., [•. 58

22. [dma Zm. J. "gmodÃr]mB© \w$c : AÓQ>[°cy Ï`p∑V_Œd', [X≤_JßYm

‡H$meZ, [wU, ‡W_md•Œmr, 25 \$]wdmar 2004, [•. 82


g_rjm', CoZ., [•. 65

24. [dma Zm. J. "gmodÃr]mB© \w$c : AÓQ>[°cy Ï`p∑V_Œd', CoZ., [•. 77



g_rjm' CoZ., [•. 94

27. ZaH$ hna "kmZ¡`mVr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c' ZmJ-ZmcßXm ‡H$meZ,

BÒcm_[ya, ‡W_md•Œmr, 28 gflQ>|]a 2006, [•. 22

38

28. [dma Zm. J. "gmodÃr]mB© \w$c : AÓQ>[°cy Ï`p∑V_Œd', CoZ., [•. 118

29. gy ©dßer amOmam_ "od⁄Mr Xdr wJÒÃr gmodÃr]mB© \w$c', CoZ., [•.124


31. VÃ°d [•. 85

32. MwZH$a gw. am., [R>ma aßJZmW "gßemYZ : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU [’Vr' oejU ‡gmaH$ gßÒWm

Y_© oXcr[ (gß[mXH$) gßJ_Za, ‡W_md•Œmr, 29 ZmÏh|]a 1983, [•. 25, 26

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