Break Out Sessie:Meerjarigheid en multifunctionaliteit van natuurlijke graanakkers

Door Mariska Slot en Kees van Veluw (WUR, Farming Systems Ecology)Mariska.slot@wur.nlKees.vanveluw@wur.nl28 november Congres Van Akker naar Bos

Over:- Doornik Natuurakkers- Meerjarig graan- Alley cropping- Varkens op de akker en het bos- Mark Shepard’s farm- Boomgaard ontwerpen

GMO-soya teelt

Feedlot in the US

Graanakkers van Louis DolmansDoornik Natuurakkers (De Woerdt)

Doornik Natuurakkers

32 ha totaal, 17 ha akkers, 3000 kg/ha, kosten minimaal, opbrengsten eenkoorn1.20 Euro per kg, 65 broedvogels, heel veel wandelaars en bezoekrs

From annual to permanent agriculture

indicator annual agriculture permanent agriculture

above biodiversity max 10 annual crops 20 permanent trees

1-2 livestock types 10 annual crops

10 livestock species

underground biodiversity low high

production layers 1 layer monocultures upto 7 layers and climbers:

polycultures

fossile fuel input high: ploughing, sowing low: less ploughing,

mainly permanent crops

chemical pest and disease control high low: natural anemies

fertilieser input high low: recycling, legumes,

some micro nutrients

effect on climate large emission of ghg absorption of ghg in trees

organic matter

effect on groundwater risk on pollution clean purified groundwater

production high but bulky: grains, soy higher and more divers: upto

maize, rice, milk, meat eggs 40 food products + biomass

and medicines

Inspiratie voorbeelden

• Meerjarig graan / Perennial grains

• Alley Cropping: stroken teelt met afwisselendegewassen en of bomen en struiken

• Varkens integreren in de akkerbouw/bosbouw

• Mark Shepard’s bedrijf

• Boomgaard ontwerpen

Perennial grains

Louis Dolmans discovered that his old wheat variety(eenkoorn) survived the harvesting and started to regrowth

More Info: https://landinstitute.org/our-work/scienceArticle: INCREASED FOOD AND ECOSYSTEM SECURITY VIA PERENNIAL GRAINS, Science 25 June 2010: Vol. 328 no. 5986 pp. 1638-1639DOI:10.1126/science.1188761

Seasonal development of annual winter wheat (left of each panel) and its wild perennial relative, intermediate wheatgrass (right of each panel). Plant breeding programs are working to domesticate intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) and to develop perennial wheat by crossing it with wheat

Info on Perennial grains

- Perennial grains use power to grow roots and stolones to survive

- Annual grains use power to produce seeds

- Sown in autumn; yields later then annual wheat in late summer

- Potential Yield level: 1000 kg/ha (40 bushels)

- Could be grazed late autumn and early spring (1000 kg dm as fodder?)

- Grazing does not effect grain yield

- Perennial = 3-5 years

- Yield in second year more than first year

- Roots go 1-2 meters deep: preventing mineral leaching and increasing soil organic matter

Sources:1. https://landinstitute.org/about-us/annual-report-20142.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:LbZAg6vDzS0J:foodsystems.msu.edu/uploads/files/E-3208.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=nl

Idea: use wintergrainsfor grazing

Joost van Strien: Rows of crops

Sierd Deinum, Pure Graze farmer: strips of pasture for resowing

Bloemenstroken middenin

F. van Alebeek - PPO-agv

www.bloeiendbedrijf.nl

Verschillende rassen in stroken

Stroken positieve combinaties

Black Walnut Orchard; Retirement crop for farmers

0 10 20 30 40

years

All crops andgrasses up to7 years: no impact of juglone

Juglone tolerant crops:- Onions- Alfalfa- Sugarbeets- Alnus trees for N-fix

- Poultry and Cattlegrazing

Juglone resistant crops:- Red & white clover- Timothy grass- Currants- Mulberry- Raspberry (shade!)

Harvests:- Nuts from

year 7- Wood after

40 years.

Juglone accumulatesin the soil -> after 7 years impact on crops

Distance between rows: 7 meters, between rows: 5 meters -> ca 400 tree/ha

- Black walnut has astrong taproot -> nocompetition

- C storage in deep soillayers: climate neutralfarming

- Animals have a niceniche after year 7

Based on: R.Scott et al. 2007, Agroforestry Systems 71: 185-193

Watergaard / Waterboerderij

Waterboomgaard / Waterbos / Waterlandbouw met- In het water: vis, eenden, Amerikaanse rivierkreeft, paling, - watergroente: waterkastanjes, watersla, azolla- Op de oevers: lisdodde ( voor isolatiemateriaal en de scheuten zijn eetbaar.- Op trellies boven het water: druiven, kiwis, komkommers etc.- Op de rabatten: fruitbomen, cranberries, elzen (natte bosbouw)- Recreatie, Educatiekanoen

Gebaseerd op Paludicultuurhttp://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCYQFjAAahUKEwjS3oyd05zJAhXCdA8KHaeeDd0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-ware.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublicaties%2FFritz%2520et%2520al%25202014%2520Paludicultuur%2520VNBL.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHcuWeHHg4d89ocGothTlKYbE5uWg

Kippen in de boomgaard

Maart 2013

Sept 2013

http://www.bomenvoorbuitenkippen.nl/sites/default/files/Fotoverslag%20wilgen%20en%20fruit.pdf

3 meter tussen de rij, 2 meter in de rij, struikbomenKippen gebruiken nu het hele perceelBij planten 1.5-2 m groot; gaven direct appels1.5 ha appelboomgaard: € 20.000,- investeringZorgboeren voor arbeid

Varkens

Varkens in het bos

Varkens op wintergraan

Identify your biome and keystone plant communities

Establish edible woody polycultures

Build fences & roads, utilities, pipelines

Transition using Agroforestry practices

Manage for eternity!

Earthworks/ water management

The Restoration Agriculture process:

Mark Shepard’s Farming Method

New Forest FarmViola, Wisconsin

Acorn Squash alleys between Hazelnut rows

Dog

Cowies

Silvopasture: managed integration of livestock and woody crops…

Alley cropping may develop into Silvopasture

Food production level

Mark Shepard, New Forest Farm, prod. /ha:

1150 kg Chestnuts8000 kg Red currents2250 kg Asparagus5 Beef cattle10 Pigs25 TurkeysAnd:- 1 pair of Linnets (Kneutjes)- a nest of Weasels and- 3 plant species of the red list

Source: Mark Shepard, Herstellende landbouw, 2013, page 275

Ecovrede ontwerp

Cider Boomgaard

Mark Shepards Methode

• Niets in de natuur heeft 1 Functie

• Observeer Natuurlijke Productie Systemen

• Immiteer dat op je landbouwbedrijf om het

Multifunctioneel, Biodivers en Hoog

Productief te maken

• Massaselectie: STUN: shear total utter neglect

• Begin met kleine experimenten zoals varkentjes in 1 ha -> observeer en leer en schaal op

• Combineer natuur met voedselproductie en educatie enbeleving en……denk groot (>moestuinnivo)

tijd: onderzaai

Na laatste wiedgang

Witte klaver

Stoppel/stro latenstaan/liggen

Huidige diverisiteit

Genen:• Veel graan rassen• Heggen• FABTijd:• Rotatie van granen• Zekere

bedrijfsopvolgingRuimte:• Kleine velden

Design: De volledige ruimte benutten

SpaceTim

e

Verdere verhoging diversiteit

SpaceTim

e

Wppresearch.org

S

a

1995

2009

Photo Credit: John Liu

Genen: bomen en dieren

DSV zaden

http://cornellforestconnect.ning.com/

Oak, Chestnut

Apples

Hazelnut

Prunus: Almonds, Cherries

Plums, apricots, peaches

Alpricots etc

Raspberries, grapes,

Currants, gooseberries

Fungi, Forage, ANIMALS!

SamenlandFarm of Taco Blom

- Fruit and nut trees, permanent vegetables, annual trees

- 4.2 ha food delivered to 280 people

- Could grow to 500 people

- Income 29.000 euro/ha

- 4.2 ha could provide 3 jobs

Ketelbroek

FOOD FORESTS

• After few years high production of edible fruits, nuts, leaves, shoots, tubers and flowers

• Farming can gradually shift form annual to perennial crops

• Production will increase in time

Ground Zero – Food Forest Ketelbroek 2009

Dairy agro-ecosystem in 1974 and 2015

- Biodiversity goes down (meadow birds, grassland species, soil life, insects etc. - Ecosystems full with empty niches!- To keep production going it needs: NPK-fertilizers, neonicotinoides, pesticides,

gmo’s, fossile fuels, irrigation etc. -> results in non sustainable systems

The challenge is: can we build sustainable production systems based on biodiversity, natural processes and selforganization in stead of external inputs? -> Permaculture helps!

New Forest Farm

Wisconsin, North

East USA

For Temperate Climate:

1. Oak, Chestnut

2. Apples

3. Hazelnut

4. Prunus: Almonds, Cherries

Plums, apricots, peaches

Alpricots etc

5. Raspberries, grapes,

Currants, gooseberries

6. Fungi, Forage, ANIMALS!

Water movement before

Keyline Patterning & Terraces

Water movement

After Keyline patterning

Terraces & ponds

Silvopasture