k!wiezzz ccp

8/8/2019 k!wiezzz ccp

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DATE:

PLACE:

TIME:

CCPPRESENTATION

SUBMITTED BY,Kevin Simon

Reg No:1017227

Section: A


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Presentation on:

Processing

Data


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Introduction

Transformingdata intoinformation

Howcomputersrepresent

data

How

computersprocess data

Factorsaffectingprocessingspeed

Extending the

processors toother devices

CPUs used inpersonalcomputer

CONTENTS


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I

ntroductionIn information processing

, a Data Processing System is a

system whichprocesses data which has been captured

andencodedin aformatrecognizable by the data

processing system or has been created and stored byanother unit of an information processing system

The steps involved in this process are:

Accept the dataProcess the data

Stores the input, instructions ,results

Output in a human desirable manner


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it refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of

variables. Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results of

measurements and can be the basis ofgraphs, images, or observations of

a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level ofabstraction

from which information and then knowledge are derived

it is the collection of data from which conclusions may be

drawn. So, information is the subset of data.Information is obtained from

data and is a result of processing


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Difference between data and information

DATA

Its a collection of

figures,facts,numbers, etc..

Dont convey any meaning.

Computers work with data.

Its unstructured.

Its the representation of

information.

INFORMATION

It is the processed form of

data.

It conveys meaning

Computers wont .

It has specific structure.

Processed data is

information.


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Data Representation

On/OffBinary number system is used

to represent the state of the

circuit


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Bits, Bytes, Words

BIT Binary DigIT

On/off circuit

1 or 0 BYTE

8 bits

Store one alphanumeric character

WORD Size of the register

Number of BITS that the CPU processes as a unit


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The Computer Continuum 3-9

Moving Information

Within the Computer How do binary numerals move into, out of,and within the computer?

Information is moved about in bytes, or multiple

bytes called words.

Words are the fundamental units of information.

The number of bits per word may vary per computer.

A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits:


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Text Codesthe data that we enter from the keyboard is stored in the memory and

are displayed on the screen. The main 3 text codes are:

ASCII Uses one 8 bit byte

28 = 256 possible combinations or characters Virtually all PCs and many larger computers

EBCDIC Uses one 8 bit byte

28 =256 possible combinations or characters

Used primarily on IBM-compatible mainframes Unicode

Uses two 8 bit bytes (16 bits)

216 = 65,536 possible combinations or characters

Supports characters for all the worlds languages

Downward-compatible with ASCII


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Example for ASCII characters


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How computers process data ?

The processing of data is done by using following haarware

units:

Central processing unit.

Memory.


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The CPU


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The CPU

Converts data into information

Control center

Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored

program instructions

Two parts

C

ontrol Unit (C

U) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)


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Control Unit

CU

Part of the hardware that is in-charge

Directs the computer system to execute

stored program instructions

Communicates with other parts of the

hardware


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Arithmetic / Logic Unit

ALU

Performs arithmetic operations

Performs logical operations


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Arithmetic Operations

Addition

SubtractionMultiplication

Division


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Logical Operations

Evaluates conditions

Makes comparisons

Can compare

Numbers

Letters

Special characters


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Memory

It is the place or locations where the data and

the instructions are stored. It is required both for storage and instructions

to achievea specific task done.

It is also required to store the partial orcomplete results during processing.


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Types of Storage

Secondary Data that will eventually be used

Long-term

Memory Data that will be used in the near future

Temporary

Faster access than storage

Registers Data immediately related to the operation being executed

Faster access than memory


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Measuring Storage Capacity

KB kilobyte

1024 bytes

Some diskettes Cache memory

MB megabyte

Million bytes

RAM

GB gigabyte

Billion bytes

Hard disks CDs and DVDs

TB terabytes

Trillion bytes Large hard disks


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Types of memory

Primary storage

Primary memory

Main storage

Internal storage

Main memory


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Main Types of Memory

RAM

Random Access Memory

ROM

Read Only Memory


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RAM

Requires current to retain values

Volatile Data and instructions can be read and

modified

Users typically refer to this type of memory


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Whats in RAM?

Operating System

Program currently running

Data needed by the program Intermediate results waiting to be output


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ROM

Non-volatile

Instructions for booting the computer

Data and instructions can be read, but notmodified

Instructions are typically recorded at factory


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Executing Programs

CU gets an instruction and places it in memory

CU decodes the instruction

CU notifies the appropriate part of hardware to take

action Control is transferred to the appropriate part of hardware

Task is performed

Control is returned to the CU


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28

Instruction Cycle


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Machine Cycle

I-time

CU fetches an instruction from memory and puts it

into a register

CU decodes the instruction and determines the

memory location of the data required


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Machine Cycle

E-time

Execution CU moves the data from memory to registers in the

ALU

ALU is given control and executes the instruction

Control returns to the CU

CU stores the result of the operation in memory

or in a register


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System Clock

System clock produces pulses at a fixed rate

Each pulse is one Machine Cycle

One program instruction may actually be several

instructions to the CPU

Each CPU instruction will take one pulse

CPU has an instruction set instructions that it can

understand and process


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Finding Data in Memory

Each location in memory has a unique address

Address never changes

Contents may change

Memory location can hold one instruction or piece of data

Programmers use symbolic names


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The System Unit

The Black Box

Houses electronic components Motherboard

Storage devices

Connections

Some Apple Macintosh models have system unit

inside monitor


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The System Unit

The Black Box

Motherboard

Microprocessor chip Memory chips

Connections to other parts of

the hardware

Additional chips may be added math coprocessor


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The System Unit

The Black Box

Storage Devices

Hard drive

Floppy drive

CD-ROM drive

DVD-ROM drive


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Microprocessor

CPU etched on a chip Chip size is x inch

Composed of silicon

Contains millions of transistors

Electronic switches that can allow current to pass

through


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Microprocessor Components

Control Unit CU

Arithmetic / Logic Unit ALU

Registers

System clock


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Building a Better Microprocessor

Computers imprint circuitry onto

microchips Cheaper

Faster

Perform functions of other hardware

Math coprocessor is now part ofmicroprocessor

Multimedia instructions are now part ofmicroprocessor


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Building a Better Microprocessor

The faster the computer runs

The cheaper it is to make The more reliable it is

The more functions that are combined on a

microprocessor:


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Types of Microprocessors

PowerPC

Cooperative efforts of Apple, IBM, and

Motorola Used in Apple Macintosh family ofPCs

Found in servers and embedded systems

Alpha

Manufactured by Compaq

High-end servers and workstations


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Semiconductor Memory

Reliable

Compact

Low cost

Low power usage Mass-produced economically

Volatile

Monolithic

All circuits together constitute an inseparable unit of storage


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Semiconductor Memory

CMOS

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

Uses little electricity

Used in PC to store hardware settings that are

needed to boot the computer

Retains information with current from battery


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RAM

Keeps the instructions and data for current program

Data in memory can be accessed randomly

Easy and speedy access

Volatile

Erased

Written over


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Types of RAM

SRAM

Retains contents as long as power ismaintained

Faster than DRAM


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Adding RAM

Purchase memory modules that are packaged on

circuit boards

SIMMS C

hips on one side DIMMS Chips on both sides

Maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is

based upon the motherboard design


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ROM

Programs and data that are permanently recorded atthe factory

Read

Use Cannot be changed by the user

Stores boot routine that is activated when computeris turned on

Nonvolatile


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PROM

Programmable ROM

ROM burner can change instructions on some

ROM chips


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Bus Line

Paths that transport electrical signals

System bus

Transports data between the CPU and memory Bus width

Number of bits of data that can be carried at a time

Normally the same as the CPUs word size

Speed measured in MHz


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Bus Line

CPU can support a greater number and variety of

instructions

CPU can support a greater number and variety of

instructions

Larger bus width =More powerful

computer

CPU can transfer more

data at a time = Faster computer

CPU can reference

larger memory

addresses=

More memory

available


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Expansion Buses

Connect the motherboard to expansion slots

Plug expansion boards into slots

interface cards

adapter cards

Provides for external connectors / ports

Serial Parallel


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Expansion Buses


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PC Buses and Ports

ISA Slow-speed devices like mouse, modem

PCI High-speed devices like hard disks and network cards

AGP Connects memory and graphics card for faster video

performance

USB Supports daisy-chaining eliminating the need for

multiple expansion cards; hot-swappable

IEEE1394(FireWire)

High-speed bus connecting video equipment to thecomputer

PC Card Credit card sized PC card devices normally found on

laptops


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Speed and Power

What makes a computer fast?

Microprocessor speed

Bus line size

Availability of cache Flash memory

RISC computers

Parallel processing


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Computer Processing Speed

Time to execute an instruction

Millisecond

Microsecond

Nanosecond

Modern computers

Picosecond

In the future


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Microprocessor Speed

Clock speed

Megahertz (MHz)

Gigahertz (GHz)

Number of instructions per second Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)

Performance of complex mathematical operations

One million floating-point operations per second

(Megaflop )


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Microprocessor Speed

Clock speed

Megahertz (MHz)

Gigahertz (GHz)

Number of instructions per second Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)

Performance of complex mathematical operations

One million floating-point operations per second

(Megaflop )


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Cache

Small block of very fast temporary memory

Speed up data transfer Instructions and data used most frequently

or most recently


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Cache

Step 1

Processor

requests data

or

instructions

Step 2Go to address in main

memory and read

Step 3

Transfer to main CPU and cache

Next processor request Look first at cache Go to memory

P

R

O

CE

S

S

O

R

R

A

M

Cache


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Types ofCache

Internal cache Level 1 (L1)

Built into microprocessor

Up to 128KB

External cache Level 2 (L2)

Separate chips

256KB or 512 KB

SRAM technology Cheaper and slower than L1

Faster and more expensive than memory


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Flash Memory

Nonvolatile RAM

Used in

Cellular phones

Digital cameras

Digital music recorders

PDAs


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Instruction Sets

CISC Technology Complex Instruction Set Computing

Conventional computers

Many of the instructions are not used RISC Technology

Reduced Instruction Set Computing

Small subset of instructions

Increases speed

Programs with few complex instructions Graphics

Engineering


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Types ofProcessing

Serial processing Execute one instruction at a time

Fetch, decode, execute, store

Parallel Processing Multiple processors used at the same time

Can perform trillions of floating-point instructions per

second (teraflops)

Ex: network servers, supercomputers


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Types ofProcessing

Pipelining

Instructions action need not be complete before thenext begins

Fetch instruction 1, begin to decode and fetch

instruction 2

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