Joao Rocha Graduation Appendix

8/6/2019 Joao Rocha Graduation Appendix

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Graduation Project: Design o a Disaster Preparedness Solution or the Base o the Pyramid Page 1

Make Yoursel ReadyAppendixes

Joo Landeiro Negro Silva Rocha1401971

Delt, 2010


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Joo Rocha | TU Delt, Industrial Design Engineering, IPD2

Joo Landeiro Negro Silva Rocha1401971Integrated Product Design MSc Programme

2010

[email protected] 911 948 596


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Graduation Project: Design o a Disaster Preparedness Solution or the Base o the Pyramid Page 3

5. APX A - Disasters

29. APX D - Shelter

33 APX E - Water

43 APX F - Cooking

53 APX G - Communications

This Appendix is a companion to the full project report and borrows thenames of its appendixes from the original chapters. This is why it mightseem, that some Appendixes are missing from list below.

They are not.

Notice


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1.


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Graduation Project: Design o a Disaster Preparednes Solution or the Base o the Pyramid page 5

Appendinx A

Disaster


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1. Introduction

In this appendix you can nd inorma-tion on the incidence o Disasters byDisaster type.

This additional data helps to under-stand what Disasters are the mostcommon or each region in the world.

All data was collected rom the EM DAT

database [ C1], available at:http://www.emdat.be


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8

2. Hydro-meteorologicaldisasters

Hydro-Meteorological disasters haveincreased in requency more than any

other type o Disaster. [ C2]

Besides physical destruction, thesetypes o Disasters have the potentialto ruin crops and agriculture-basedlively hoods.

Their increased requency, combinedwith their ar-reaching eects caneectively set back a region's develop-ment or several years.

The described Disasters are:

Floods

Slides

Windstorms


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Number of Occurrences of Flood Disasters by Country:

1974 - 2003

Source: EMDAT - Internaonal Disaster Database, 2010

> 60

15 - 60

0 - 15


2.1 Flood

Generically speaking, a food is the(...)signicant rise o water level ina stream, lake, reservoir or coastalregion (...). Floods can be consideredgeneral foods, fash foods orstorm surges along coastal segments[ C3].

General foods are characterized by thegradual rising o water levels inland,caused either by high total depth oprecipitation or snowall. This risingcan reer to overfowing o rivers, ris-ing o ground water table or suddenrelease o large bodies o water (suchas melting glaciers and burst dams).(...)General Floods can be expectedat certain locations (e.g. along rivers)

with a signicantly higher probabilitythan at others.(...).

Flash Floods are more unpredictablethat general foods, in the sense thatthey depend mostly on weather andnot on geographic or topographic char-acteristics. Given the right conditions,(...) A fash food can occur at virtu-

ally any place (...) [ C4]. Flash foodsbuild up very rapidly and are usually

related to intense rainall. Should thishappen in fat terrain, the water levelrises very ast, whereas in slopped ter-rain, the water fows at a high speedand with high destruction potential.

Storm surges happen on coastal areas(including large lakes) and are cre-ated by the mass movement o watertowards the shore, driven by strongwinds. In tide-aected bodies o wa-ter, it can happen that a high tide iscombined with strong winds, resultingin stronger storm surges. This type ofood has the potential to exceed 5mo mean water levels in a very shortamount o time. This type o food a-

ects low-lying coastal areas.


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Number of Occurrences of Avalanche/Landslide Disasters by Country:

1974 - 2005


11 - 35

4 - 10

0 - 3


2.2 Slide

A slide or landslide is (...)any kindo moderate to rapid soil movementincluding lahar, mudslide, debris fow.A landslide is the movement o soilor rock controlled by gravity and the

speed o the movement usually rangesbetween slow and rapid, but not veryslow. It can be supercial or deep,but the materials have to make up amass that is a portion o the slope orthe slope itsel. The movement has tobe downward and outward with a ree

ace. (...) [ C5].

Slides can oten accompany other nat-ural occurrences, rom storms to earth-quakes and volcanic activity. Given the

sudden movement o large amounts omud/snow/rock/debris/volcanic ash, aslide has a very high destruction po-tential, possibly changing topographyo slopes and accumulating debris onthe end o its course. Both natural andbuilt structures can be heavily aectedby landslides and when communitiesare aected, entrapment o victims iscommon.


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> 30

11 - 30

1 - 10

Number of Occurrences of Windstorm Disasters by Country:

1974 - 2003


2.3 Wind storm

Wind storm is a generic term encom-passing diverse types o storm, witha ocus on severe weather conditions.Although a storm can also be char-acterized by its transported content

(such as rain, snow, hail, dust, etc.),the main dening characteristics oa storm are those related to wind.Thereore, wind storm is the chosennomenclature or the general phenom-enon.

Wind storms have very strong windsand a close link with atmosphericactors such as atmospheric pressure,air temperature, humidity and pres-ence o large thermal masses. Wind

storms are oten accompanied byheavy precipitation and temperaturedrops that can lead to other disastersuch as foods, slides and extremetemperatures (cold). Due to its eectson atmosphere, ormation o light-ning is common as is the ormation oclouds. Although the present descrip-tion includes most storms and respec-tive characteristics, or the scope othis project it would be impossible to

describe every single type o storm, itscauses and eects.

What is important to retain is thatstorms have very high destructionpotential and are oten included in abroader picture o adverse weather.


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3. Geological

Although several sub-types o geo-logical disasters exist, the selectedclassiying system groups them in

only three main types (Earthquakes,Tsunamis and Volcanic Activity. Theseexplain most o geophysical gener-ated disasters and simpliy interpreta-tion o current disaster records.

Geological Disasters, although notincreasing in requency, have a largedestruction potential.

Also, given their origin under theEarth's surace, there occurrence isnot liable to be eectively cancelled.

One must prepare or them and, ipossible, set up orecasting and early-warning measures.

The listed Geological Disasters are:

Earthquake

Tsunami

Volcanic Activity


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> 30

11 - 30

1 - 10

Number of Occurrences of Earthquakes Disasters by Country:

1974 - 2003


3.1 Earthquake

An earthquake is the (...)shaking anddisplacement o ground due to seis-mic waves (...) the result o a suddenrelease o stored energy in the Earthscrust that creates seismic waves. They

can be o tectonic or volcanic ori-gin"[ C6].

Although most earthquakes occur close

to ault lines [ C7] the internal stresseso tectonic plates can be maniestedkilometers away rom the ault itsel[ C8].These earthquakes are called intra-plate earthquakes and not only arerarer, they usually release less energy

than inter-plate earthquakes [ C9].

Earthquakes carry large destructivepotential, being especially severe onstructures that cant absorb and dis-sipate their energy. Earthquakes werethe leading cause o Disaster-relateddeath in the decade 2000-2010, accord-ing to the United Nations InternationalStrategy or Disaster Reduction, in

January 2010.[ C10]


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> 2

1 - 2

0

Number of Occurrences of Volcanic Disasters by Country:

1974 - 2003


3.2 Volcanic Activity

Volcanic activity can be (...) rockall, ash all, lava streams, gases etc.Volcanic activity describes both thetransport o magma and/or gasesto the Earth's surace, which can be

accompanied by tremors and erup-tions, and the interaction o magmaand water (e.g. groundwater, craterlakes) underneath the Earth's surace,which can result in phreatic eruptions.Depending on the composition o themagma eruptions can be explosive andeusive and result in variations o rockall, ash all, lava streams, pyroclastic

fows, emission o gases etc.(...)[ C11]

Volcanoes present an impressive dis-

play o Nature's might, but in the last50 years (1960-2010) there were only 4volcanoes that killed more than 1000

people [ C12].

The hardest hitting one, on 13 oNovember 1985 in Ruiz, Colombia,took the lives o 23.080, undoubtedlya large number, but also one dwaredby the death tools o other moreordinary natural disasters, such asweather induced ones.

Volcanoes can have a very destruc-tive potential, completely destroyingentire settlements with its pyroclasticfows, lava streams, alling rock andhot ashes.


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3.3 Tsunami

Tsunami is a (...)is a wave train, orseries o waves, generated in a body

o water by an impulsive disturbancethat vertically displaces the water col-umn. Earthquakes, landslides, volcaniceruptions, explosions, and even theimpact o cosmic bodies, such as me-teorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsu-namis can savagely attack coastlines,causing devastating property damage

and loss o lie. (...) [ C12].

Although not a geophysical disasterper se (in the sense that a tsunami

does not actually occur in the earthscrust), most tsunamis have a geo-

physical origin, roughly 89% [ C13]. Thetriggering geophysical activity can bean underwater earthquake, sudden un-derwater volcanic activity or explosion.

Non seismic origins o Tsunamis aremassive landslides that start inland

and culminate at the sea, underwaternuclear detonations or the collision omassive objects with the sea surace.

These non-geophysical origins are notcommon and do not generate the most

powerul tsunamis[ C14].

Tsunamis can have a devastating e-ect on shore communities, especiallyin low lying lands. Also, Tsunamis arerarely a one time occurrence and onewave is likely to be ollowed by otherswith an interval o minutes or hours.


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Reerences

[C1] United Nations International Strategy or DisasterReduction.2009, "Disaster Occurrence - Trends o theCentury." [online] available at: http://www.unisdr.org/disaster-statistics/occurrence-trends-century.htm[Accessed 02/02/2010]

[C2] EMDAT - International Disaster Database.2009,Explanatory Notes-Glossary-Flood. [online] avail-

able at: http://www.emdat.be/glossary/9#letter[Accessed 02/02/2010].

[ C3] EMDAT - International Disaster Database.2009,Explanatory Notes-Glossary- Flash Flood. [on-line] available at: check http://www.emdat.be/

glossary/9#letter[Accessed 02/02/2010].

[ C4] EMDAT - International Disaster Database.2009,Explanatory Notes-Glossary-Landslide. [online]available at: http://www.emdat.be/glossary/9#letterl[Accessed 02/02/2010]

[ C5] EMDAT - International Disaster Database.2009,Explanatory Notes-Glossary-Earthquake. [online]available at: http://www.emdat.be/glossary/9#lettere

[Accessed 02/02/2010].[ C6] University o Memphis - Center or EarthquakeResearch and Inormation.undated, Public Awareness- Earthquakes Facts & Follies. [online] available at:http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/aware/ollies.html[Accessed 02/02/2010].

[ C7] Gangopadhyay, A.; Talwani, P.. 2003. Symptom-atic Features o Intraplate Earthquakes. Seismologi-cal Research Letters, 74(6), p. 1. [online] availableat: http://www.seis.sc.edu/projects/SCSN/history/Publications/G&T_SRL_2003.pd[Accessed 02/02/2010]

[ C8] University o Cal iornia, Berkeley -Space PhysicsResearch Group. 01/03/1999.Intraplate Earthquakes:

Possible Mechanisms or the New Madrid andCharleston Earthquakes. [online] available at: http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/matt/seismo.html[Accessed 02/02/2010].

[ C9] UNISDR - United Nations International Strategyor Disaster Reduction. 28/01/2010. Press Release - "Earthquakes caused the deadliest disasters in thepast decade". [ online] Available at: http://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/fles/12470_PR20101CREDfgures-FINAL.pd[Accessed 03/02/2010]

[ C10] United States Geological Survey. 2005, U.S.Geological Survey, Circular 1187, Version 1.1. [online],available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1187/#waves[Accessed 03/02/2010]

[ C11] NOAA National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration. undated - Volcano Events (1960-2010;1000 deathss) [online]. [online] Available at: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/idb/struts/results?ge_23=1960&le_23=2010&type_15=Like&query_15=&op_30=eq&v_

30=&type_16=Like&query_16=&op_29=eq&v_29=&type_31=EXACT&query_31=None+Selected&le_17=&ge_18=&le_18=&ge_17=&op_20=eq&v_20=&ge_7=&le_7=&bt_24=1000&st_24=&type_25=EXACT&query_25=None+Selected&bt_26=&st_26=&type_27=EXACT&quer

y_27=None+Selected&type_12=Exact&query_12=&type_11=Exact&query_11=&t=102557&s=50&d=50.[Accessed 03/02/2010]

[ C12] National Geophysical Data Center. 2009, GlobalTsunami Sources 1650 B.C. to A.D.2008 rom Earth-quake, Volcano, Landslide and Other Causes [online]available at: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/data/publications/tsunami_posteroct08.pd[Accessed 03/02/2010].

[ C13] University o Washington - Earth and Space Sci-ences - Tsunami!, 23/03/2005, The Physics o Tsunamis- How do landslides, volcanic eruptions and cosmiccollisions generate tsunamis? available at: http://www.geophys.washington.edu/tsunami/general/phys-ics/characteristics.html[Accessed 03/02/2010].

[ C14] University o Washington - Earth and SpaceSciences - Tsunami!. 23/03/2005, The Physics o Tsuna-mis. [online] available at: http://www.geophys.wash-ington.edu/tsunami/general/physics/physics.html[Accessed 03/02/2010].


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Appendinx D

Shelter


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1. Introduction

On this Appendix, it is possible tosee a more thorough description owhat techniques were suggestedor shelter abrication.

The accompanying pictures arerom my own experiences.


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2. Fire Plastic Bag Fusing

Just as I used an Wok to carry thehot coals and press down the plas-

tic, other containers can be used.This technique can be replicatedwith dierent materials (ulll-ing same unctions), but my usedmaterials will be listed betweenbrackets.

The objective o this study is to de-ne the minimum material require-ments or Plastic Bag Fusing.

Material Requirements:

Heat-resistant pressing container(1X Wok)

Heat-resistant protection romsticking(30cmX30cm Oven paper)

Fixtures or Oven Paper

Advantages o Wok Plastic BagFusing:

Creates sturdy, waterproo sheltermaterial

Requires very simple materialsand supplies

Allows or simple adaptation

(4X Key rings)

Pressing Plate(50cmX40cm Metal sheet)

Plastic Bags(3x60l Garbage bags/m2)

Fuel(1,5Kg coal/m2)

Disadvantages o Wok Plastic BagFusing:

It is dicult to maintain constanttemperature and pressure

Results are uneven

Released umes (rom coal andplastic) are unpleasant and mighthave long-term health eects.

Open heat source is dangerous


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How to do it:

1. Take the Wok and place it abovethe oven paper, measuring theneeded quantity o paper to cover

bottom and wrap around border.Cut the needed paper and keep itaside. One layer is enough.

2. Put hot coals in the Wok andstart a re. Do not place ovenpaper yet.

3. While coals heat up, place thepressing plate on an even, heatresistant surace. A good work-ing height is important. I plateis wider than surace, bend downsharp corners.

4. When coals are hot (white) andno big fames exist, place the Wokon top o the paper cut in step 1.Stretch paper over the border andx it with the key rings.

Conclusion:

Fire Plastic Bag Fusion (FPBF)requires little starting materialinvestment and creates satisactoryresults. In specially poor communi-ties, it can be used.

On the other hand, it requires abig time investment (2m2/h) . Thiscreates problems or long time e-ciency, as uel costs start to mount.

5. Place the plastic bags (2 to 4layers at a time) on the pressingplace and with the Wok, press

down on it. Do not press or toolong (more than 5 seconds)

This works better with ew layers.As the number o layers increases,the more dicult it is or the heatto reach the bottom layers ,in themeanwhile, the top layers will melt.

I no electrical power is available,this technique can be used, butits results and long term operating

costs are not the best possible


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3. Electric Plastic Bag Fusing

The technique as Ruby Sprengleinitially explained it to me, ElectricPlastic Bag Fusing (EPBF) is muchmore ecient than FPBF, both intime and running costs. For a ull

account o said increased eciencysee chapter 7.3 o this section, "Op-erating Costs Comparison).

I've used a1000 Watt clothes ironon the *** setting (< 200 C).

The advantages o constant tem-perature, less warm up time, gener-ally more pleasant ergonomics, allcontribute to a more eective way

o using plastic bags together.Also the traditional delta shapeo an iron allows or more precisework. This is important or repairingo small holes or working the usedplastic bags into specic shapes(e.g. water bags or reinorcements).


Clothes Iron

(1000W)Heat-resistant protection romsticking(30cmX30cm Oven paper)

Pressing Plate(Ironing board)

Plastic Bags

Allows or simple adaptation

Is easier to control

Allows or precise controlResults are very even

Does not release coal umes

Disadvantages o Electric PlasticBag Fusing:

Requires electrical power supply

(3X60l Garbage bags/m2)

Fuel(0,022kWh/m2)

Advantages o Electric Plastic BagFusing:

Creates sturdy, waterproo sheltermaterial

Requires simple materials andsupplies


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How to do it:

1. Take Plastic Bags and placethem on ironing board. Measureneeded Oven paper over plastic

bag, making sure that there is nodirect contact between bag andiron. Cut paper.

2. Set Iron on the *** (< 200 C)setting and wait until it warms up.This should take one minute.

3. Placing cut oven paper on topo plastic, start pressing on thecorners and edges and move ina pattern that squeezes out airpockets. Do not press or too long(2 seconds).

Oven paper lasts or much longerwith iron use and can be almostundenetly used (olds and crimpsdo aect results).

Conclusion:

Electrical Plastic Bag Fusing isdenitely the most appropriate

technique or plastic bag using. Itis aster, has lower running costs,creates less mistakes and is gen-erally more comortable than thetested Fire Plastic Bag Fusing.

Its tarp production output is4,5m2/h.

Its only disadvantage is the needor electrical power, that might notbe available at an household level.

This might be overcome with somedegree o centralization o thePlastic Bag Fusing activities, on anelectrically supplied institution.The ast operation allows or quickabrication o shelter material ormany.


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3.Connections

The described cover making tech-niques allow or virtually any sizeand shape o cover material to be

made, but this does not helpad-hoc modication o shelter.

For that purpose, I describe theollowing connections systems toconnect dierent shelter tarps andpitching lines.

Like most o suggested solutions,these are simple implements, easyto understand and build upon,made rom waste material.

3.1 Connecting dierent tarps:

When conditions call or a dierentuse o existing material, it is use-ul to have ways o adapting saidmaterial. In this case, connectingdierent tarps allows or the mak-ing o larger pieces o shelter cover.

The Inner and the Outer cap havedierent sizes, with the Outer capbeing bigger, to avoid the inltra-

tion o water through the connec-tion hole. Furthermore, the ropeknots soak in the water that mighttrickle in.


1X Inner cap

(bottle cap)1X Connection(10 inches woven Nylon Rope)

1X Outer cap(bent can top)

Tools(Nails; Scissors; Pliers)

The Inner and the Outer cap havedierent sizes, with the Outer capbeing bigger, to avoid the

inltration o water through theconnection hole. Furthermore, therope knots soak in water that mighttrickle in.


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Advantages o Tarp-to-TarpConnection:

Allows or adaptation o existingshelter material

Keeps draining water outside

Requires very simple materialsand supplies

Is very simple

Is undoable and reusable

Gaps between points double asventilation or closed shelter

Disadvantages o Tarp-to-TarpConnection:

Does not create water tight,continuous connection

Requires several connection pointsor long stretches o connected

material (every 40 to 50cm)

Overlap o material is necessary toensure water prooness.

How to do it:

1. Take can top and bend its sidesinwards, to avoid sharp edges.

2. Take Inner and Outer cap andmake a hole through the middle.

3.Overlap one piece o sheltermaterial over the other. The idea isto have the higher piece over thelower piece. The over lap shouldbe o around 5 inches. Pass 10

inches o rope through both holesand the material and tie a knot onthe inside

4. Tie another knot on top o theouter cap, as tight as possible.Leave excess rope hanging on theoutside. This allows or reuse.

3.2 Connecting tarp and pitchingline

Connecting pitching lines to tarpsat the edge o those should be noproblem and puncturing the mate-rial or this possibility does notreduce the sheltering unction othe material.


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Connecting the material to othercomponents in the middle o thetarp, however, calls or a techniquethat does not permanently dam-age the shelter material. Any holes

would reduce the water tightnesso the material and should beavoided

For this I suggest a common camp-ing trick that requires minimalmaterial.


1X Round, smooth piece o material

1X rope or the pitching line

Advantages o Tarp-to-LineConnection:

Allow or non-damaging adaptationo shelter material

Very simple

Is undoable and reusable

Disadvantages o Tarp-to-LineConnection:

Not as strong as pre-madesystems

Might be dicult to make withthicker shelter material

Crumples material around it


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3.3 Connecting two tarpstemporarily

Although no set shelter congura-tion is suggested, the ability o

closing a shelter can improve itsquality and comort. Openings/Closures diverge rom connectionsin the sense that they allow orrepeated cycles o operation.

Openings/Closures can be devisedwith an adaptation o the Tarp-to-Line connection and some rope,allowing even or indoor/outdoorequal operation.

An entrance done with this tech-nique might require several closingpoints, much like a shirt is closedby several buttons.

For each closing point, the ollow-ing material is needed.


2X Round, smooth piece o mate-

rial2X Connection(7 inches o rope)

1X Between-Points-Connection(25 inches)

Advantages o Opening/Closures

Better separate user rom outside

Allow or some degree o Climatecontrol within shelter

Require very simple materials andsupplies

Are very simple

Are undoable and reusable

Disadvantages o Openings/Closures

Do not create water tight, continu-

ous connectionRequire several connection pointsor long stretches o connectedmaterial (every 40 to 50cm)

Overlap o material is necessary toensure water prooness.


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How to do it:

1. On the outside o the mov-able door (that overlaps the xed

shelter wall), make one Tarp-to-Line(TTL) anchor point and do the sameon the outside o the xed wall.

Leave a clearance o roughly 10inches around anchor points

2. Take the Between-Points-Connec-tion and make one loop on eachside. Attach each loop to each TTL,

making sure it is stretched.


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1. Introduction

This appendix contains the descrip-tion o the water treatment tech-

niques suggested in "Make YourselReady".

It includes both the more thorough-ly instructions on water treatmenttechniques, described in somedetail and more general advice onSanitation and Hygiene


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Heat resistant container

Source o heat

FuelWay o handling container (op-tional)

Advantages o Boiling:

Most certain way o killing all pos-sible microbes

Easy and simple to understand

Requires no special materials

Disadvantages o Boiling:

Water will taste fat i not aerated

Requires plenty o uel

Requires constant attention

Creates risk o burning

How to do it:

1.collect water as clear, tastelessand odorless as possible

1.ltrate or decant i

necessary2. making sure there is somedistance between water leveland container border (1 inch), llcontainer

3. cover container

4. expose to heat

5. supervise the process to avoiddying o fames, re or injury

6. when boiled, remove rom heatsource or simply stop eeding re

7. allow or cooling down

2. Boiling water

Boiling is the recommended meth-od by a ew major organizations[H9] as an emergency water purica-

tion technique. Its eectivenessin killing micro-organisms is onlyshadowed by its high resourcesrequirement.

Bringing water to a rolling boil isuseul in the sense that it clearlysignals a known temperature thatis above the instant pasteurizationtemperature (70C). Besides that,the gradual raise o temperature

up to boiling point (and aterwards,down to drinking temperature)means that water is likely to beabove at an high temperature orsome time (e.g. 15min or 65C)becoming pasteurized.


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3. Bleach(Chlorine)

Chlorine is a cheap, ast and e-ective method o puriying large

quantities o water (above 5 liters).Its draw backs are mostly the tasteo the treated water (not harmuul)and Chlorines tendency to evapo-rate.


Chlorine source (e.g. Household,non-scented, non-colour-ast astbleach)

Eyedropper or equivalent

Container

Advantages o Chlorine Treatment:


Requires only simple and cheapmaterials

Can be used or long term

Disadvantages o Chlorine

Treatment:

Water will taste chlorinated

Is less eective than Iodine basedtreatments

Household Chlorine loses eectas time goes by (non-including

closed storage)

How to do it:



necessary

2.check or Chlorine concentrationin bleach

3.add recommended drops towater

4.mix

5.cover container

6.wait 30 minutesAvailable Chlorine

1% 10/litre

4 - 6% 2/litre

7 - 10% 1/litre

Drops perlitre of clearwater


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4. Tincture of Iodine(Iodine)

Iodine is a very eective desinec-tant, already used or water or a

long time.Like Chlorine, it can treat largequantities o water relatively cheap-ly and ast, but its prolongued usedas a sole water treatment tech-nique is advised against. The samegoes or pregnant women

For 2% Tincture o Iodine, therecommended disinection doseis 4 drops per liter o water to be

treated. Like with Chlorine, Iodinedoses should be doubled i the wa-ter to be treated is murky, cloudyor very cold.

Disadvantages o IodineTreatment:

Should not be used by somepersons (pregnant women and

people with thyroid problems)Should not be used or extendedperiods o time

How to do it:


1.ltrate or decant inecessary

2.add recommended drops towater

3.mix

4.wait 30 minutes


Iodine source (e.g. 2% tincture oIodine rom rst aid kit)

Eyedropper or equivalent

Container

Advantages o Iodine Treatment:


Requires only simple and cheapmaterials

Highly eective

Water has less noxious taste thanChlorinated water


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5. Solar Disinfection (SODIS)

SODIS is a valid water treatmentsystem that relies only on the cor-rect exposure o water to sunlight.

The system advises or the use oPET bottles, clearly identied withthe 1 symbol, over other plas-tic bottles (e.g. PVC) because PETbottles do not release additivesinto the water, even ater exposuretimes. Furthermore, PET bottles donot taint the favour o the waterand contribute to the acceptance othe method.

Disadvantages o SODIS Treatment:

Requires sunlight and time

Populations tend to doubt its e-cacy

Requires plenty o bottles (around2X2l bottles per person,daily, as-suming weather is avourable)


PET water bottles (2 l soda bottlesare recommended, bigger willinterere with eectiveness o

system; bottles must have nolabel and as clear as possible withno residues rom previous drinks,milk and juices are not sanitary)

shade-ree surace where to laybottles (preerably refective)

Advantages o SODIS Treatment:


Requires only simple and cheap

materials

Highly eective

Does not change taste o water oradds chemicals

Requires no uel and bottles canbe re-used

How to do it:



necessary2.ll bottle up to 3/4, close it andshake vigorously or 20 seconds,aerating water

3.open bottle and ll rest o water,close

4.place horizontally in shade-lessplace (making sure that as thesun moves, no shade covers the

bottle)5.wait

-6 hours in sunny, clear day-2 ull days in =/>50% skycloudiness-1 hour at 50 C (water hasto reach and maintain suchtemperature).


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Appendinx F

Cooking


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1. How to make the stove:

A Rocket Stove can be made inseveral ways, as long as the prin-ciple o the insulated chimney isobserved.

These are the instructions to as-

semble a Rocket stove similar tothe one I used or testing purposes.


Stove casing(2 small empty paint buckets)

Long chimney section(two 1l tin cans)

Short uel eeding port

(small 0,5l can)Fueling tray(tin rom 0,33l beverage can)

Fixtures(wire)

Insulation(aluminium oil)

Tools(marker; can-opener, tins nips; pli-

ers; nails)


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7. Take the cut bottom o thebucket and make several radial 1inch cuts on it. Also, make a cen-

tral hole, one inch tighter than thechimney. Bend the cuts inside, 90degrees and try the tting on topo the chimney.

(This helps ocusing the fames in-side chimney and greatly improvesperormance. I learned this whiletesting the stove)

10. Using the big chimney sectionas a measurement and adding aninch to its height, cut the stove

casing. The objective is to have acasing that is one inch higher thanthe chimney.

11. Using the small tube can, markits circumerence on the side othe stove casing. Do this 2 inchesrom the bottom (allowing or oneinch o clearance between "L" sec-

8. Take the other paint bucket thatstill has a bottom and make 8 1inch cuts downward on its rim.

9. Using pliers, bend inwards onecorner o each cut section. Thisshould result in a tapered shape,that ts well with the inverted"tube bucket". Putting these twotogether results in the stove cas-ing

tion and bottom o casing)

12. As done in step 3, cut themarked circumerence into the

stove casing. Test i small can tsinside. This concludes the stovecasing.


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13. Take the chimney put it insidethe lower hal o the casing. Alignboth side holes and insert thesmall tube can through both.

14. Cover chimney with the fameocusing cover made in step 7 andput top hal o casing in place.

15. Take 0,33l can and cut bothends and longitudinally, endingwith a sheet o metal.

16. Using inside o small can tubeas reerence, bend the sheet metalso that it will stay inside the tube,roughly at mid height.


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2. How to use the stove:

The rocket stove is quite simpleto operate, but regardless o that,here you can nd the method usedto experiment with the built stove.

1. Take assembled stove (notorgetting the moveable uel tray)and put some wood shavings orsplinters in the top o the tray onthe side can (the uel port). Usingpaper or dry leaves start the reon the top tray and blow air to ac-celerate combustion.

2. As uel gets used, insert morerom the uel port. This requires

some attention because famesare usually out o sight, due toclosed nature o the design.

3. Place pot or pan on top, takingcare to leave some open space orair to escape. This is important tocreate the much needed upwardsdrat that sucks in more air.

4. Move pot to cover top or reduceuel to control the combustion.

To avoiding the blackening o pots,one can coat them with some sorto soap or nonfammable grease.This will protect the pot rom there's black soot.


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1. Lifeline Energy

Internet address:http://lielineenergy.org/

E-mail addresses:General:[email protected]:[email protected]

United Kingdom:

Lieline Energy71 Gloucester PlaceLondonW1U 8JWUnited Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0) 207 935 5350

Fax: +44 (0) 207 487 1328

South Arica:

Postal Address:

Lieline EnergyP O Box 652156Benmore, 2010JohannesburgSouth Arica

Physical Address:

Lieline EnergySandhurst Oce ParkGround Floor, Block DCorner Katherine St &Rivonia RdSandton, JohannesburgSouth Arica

2. Send a Radio(an initiative of FEBA)

Internet address:http://sendaradio.org/

E-mail address:

[email protected] Kingdom

Ivy Arch RoadWorthingWest SussexBN14 8BXUnited Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0) 190 323 7281

3. Ears to our World

Internet address:http://earstoourworld.org

E-mail address:[email protected]

United States o AmericaPO Box 3230CullowheeNC 28723-3230USA

Tel: +1 828 226 0770

4. Farm Radio International

Internet address:http://www.armradio.org

E-mail [email protected]

Canada1404 Scott StreetOttawa, OntarioCanada, K1Y 4M8

Tel: +2 613 761 3650

Fax: +2 613 798 0990

Toll-Free: +2 1 888 773 7717


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Joao Rocha Graduation Appendix

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