1

cfb/0fLo bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgLx?,

:yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g uO/x]sf] o; P]ltxfl;s If0fdfg]kfn nf]stflGqs kmf]/d -;fljs dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d, g]kfn-nf]stflGqs_, y?x6 t/fO{ kf6L{ g]kfn, /fli6«o hgd'lQm kf6L{, g]kfn-nf]stflGqs_, blnt hghflt kf6L{, g]kfn / gofF zlQm kf6L{ g]kfnsf];zQm ;d"x_ sf] of] r'gfjL 3f]if0ff kq ;fj{hlgs u/L /xbf ;j{k|yd;+3Lo / ;dfg'kflts ;dfj];L nf]stGqsf] lglDt / jt{dfg cw'/f] tyfwf]sfk"0f{ ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wgsf] nflu dw];, y?x6, cflbjf;L hghflt,d'l:nd, dlxnf, blnt -l;NkL_, cflb cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf Hofgsf] cfx'ltlbg] ;Dk"0f{ aL/ zxLbx?nfO{ >4f / ;Ddfgk"j{s :d/0f ub}{ efjk"0f{>4fGhnL ck{0f ub{5f}+ . ;fy} g]kfnL ;dfhdf laBdfg juL{o, hftLo,If]qLo, ln·Lo, eflifs cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf lje]b\ / pTkL8gsf] la?4hLjg ko{Gt ;+3if{sf] cu'jfO{ ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ cu|hx?k|lt gtd:ts x'Fb} /;Ddfg k|s6 ub}{ Gofo Pj+ ;dfgtfsf] nflu rln/x]sf] of] cfGbf]ngnfO{uGtJo;Dd k'¥ofpg] c7f]6 / k|lta4tf AoQm ub{5f}+ . tL cfGbf]ngsf3fOt], ckf· ePsf lHfpFbf zxLbx?, h]n aGbL / kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{;–;Ddfg :d/0f ub}{ pgLx?sf] Joj:yfkg / k'g:yfkgfsf] nflu k|lta4 /xg] k|0f ub{5f}+ .

;+3Lo / ;dfg'kflts ;dfj];L nf]stGqsf] ;'lglZrttf .clwsf/, ljsf; / e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;g xfd|f] k|lta4tf ..

g]kfn nf]stflGqs kmf]/dsf] k|lta4tf kq:yfgLo tx lgjf{rg – @)&$

2

/fhgLlts tYo / xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f

Gofok|]dL bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgLx?,

@)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] g]kfnsf] tfTsflng ;+ljwfg ;efaf6;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff eO{/xFbf To; sfo{qmddf xfd|f] kf6L{sf] ;+;bLo bnsf]pkl:ylt lyPg / xfd|f ;ef;bx?n] at{dfg ;+ljwfgdf x:tfIf/ u/]gg\ .To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f @)&@ ;fn h]7 @% ut] xfd|f] kf6L{sf g]tf lahos'df/ uR5bf/Ho"sf] kxn / cu'jfO{df k|d'v rf/ kf6L{x? aLr ;DkGg;f]x| a'Fb] ;xdltsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ zfdGtL ;f]r af]s]sf s]xL kf6L{x?af6ul/Psf] lgif]w / pn+3g g} xf] . bf];|f] k|d'v sf/0f tL oyfl:yltjfbL ;f+]r/ lrGtgaf6 u|:t bnsf s]xL g]t[Tjn] lglxt AolQmut :jfy{ kl/k"lt{sf]nflu cfkm\gf] lgjf{rg If]q / lhNnfnfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg p2t eO{klxrfgsf kfFr / ;fdYo{sf rf/ cfwf/df k|b]zsf] l;df°g ug]{cfd;xdltnfO{ v'n]cfd pn+3g ug'{, o;}u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n]g]kfnL gful/snfO{ lbPsf hflto hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ;dfj];Lk|ltlglwTj / /f]huf/L nufotsf] clwsf/nfO{ s'lG7t ub}{ ck'/f] / cw'/f];+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L anh?tL 3f]if0ff u/]sf]n] cfTd3ftL ;+ljwfgdf x:tfIf/ug]{ cj:yf /x]g .

xfdLn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljifonfO{ pRr k|fyldstf;fy ;8s /;bgdf p7fO{ /x]sf], lg/Gt/ cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL /x]sf] / ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wglagf o;sf] sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg] lg:sif{ ;lxtsf] /fhgLlts c8fg;fj{hlgs ?kdf JoQm ul//x]sf] ;j{ljlbt} 5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o /fhgLltclxn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgkl5 r'gfj jf ;+zf]wg lagf r'gfj eGg] ljifodfb'ljwfu|:t cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 .

3

b]zdf dw]zL, cflbjf;L hghflt, yf?, blnt -l;NkL_, d'l:nd,lk58fju{, cNk;+Vos, l;dfGts[t, nf]kf]Gd'v / ;LdfGts[t ;d"x ;fy}If]qLo pTkL8g / lje]b\df kfl/Psf s0ff{nL If]q nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLhgtfx? cfGbf]lnt 5g\, / ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljifonfO{ d'Vo?kdfp7fO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

o:tf] k]lrnf] kl/l:yltdf b]zleq åGå emg rls{g ;Sg] ;Defljt/fhgLlts kl/b[Zoleq at{dfg ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;j{:jLsfo{ agfpg / cfGbf]ng/tzlStx?nfO{ r'gfjdf ;d]6\g ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg clgjfo{ /x]sf] /fhgLltsdt / c8fg xfd|f] kf6L{ ;fj{hlgs ub{5 .

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg gu/L, cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ g;d]6L / /fhaGbLx?nfO{lgzt{ l/xf gu/L d'n's r'gfjdf xf]ldof] eg] emg åGådf km:g] / g]kfnL–g]kfnL aLr dgf]j}1flgs ljefhgsf] vf8n emg km/flsnf] aGb} k|sf/fGt/df o;n] b]znfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd cl:y/tf / c/fhstfsf] e'd/Ldf km;fpg]xfd|f] kf6L{sf] 7x/ 5 .

hftLo, juL{o, If]qLo, ln·Lo, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts lje]b\df kfl/Psfhgtfsf ;fy} ls;fg, dhb"/, e"ldxLg, d'Qm sd}of, sDnx|L, x?jf, r?jf,xlnof, /fi6«;]js -;}lgs, k|x/L / sd{rf/L_ nufot ;a}sf ;d:ofnfO{;Daf]wg gu/L xr'jfsf e/df NofO{Psf] s'g} klg ;+ljwfgn] d'n'snfO{:yfoL ;dfwfg lbg g;Sg] xfd|f] lg:sif{ 5 .

4

:yfgLo txsf] dxTj

cfb/0fLo bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgLx? M

b'O{ bzskl5 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfn :yfkgf kZrft3f]lift klxnf] cf;Gg :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf];Gbe{df Pp6f P]ltxfl;s lgjf{rg xf] . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txnfO{ljwflosL, sfo{sf/L tyf Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg u/L o;nfO{ cToflwszlQmzfnL agfPsf] 5 . gu/ k|x/L, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, Pkm= Pd= ;+rfng,:yfgLo s/ -;Dklt s/, 3/ jxfn s/, 3/ hUuf /lhi6]«zg z'Ns,;jf/L ;fwg s/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, Joj;fo s/,dfnkf]t_ ;+sng, :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo tYof° / clen]vJoj:yfkg, :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx?, cfwf/e"t/ dfWolds lzIff, cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{, :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg,jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ;Da{4g, :yfgLo ;8s, u|fdL0f ;8s,s[lif ;8s, l;+rfO{sf] pko'Qm Joj:yf, :yfgLo cbfnt, 3/ hUuf wgLk'hf{ljt/0f, s[lif tyf kz'kfng, Ho]i7 gful/s / c;xfox?sf] Joj:yfkg,a]/f]huf/sf] tYof° ;+sng, vfg]kfgL, n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf, j}slNksphf{, ljkb Joj:yfkg, hnfwf/ aGohGt' tyf vlgh kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f,efiff–;+:s[lt / nlntsnfsf] ;+/If0f / :fDj+"{g h:tf Jofks If]qx?nfO{:yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ / st{Josf] If]q leq /fv]sf] 5 . t;y{ o:tfIf]qx?df uxg cWoog, ;f]+r, bvn / cg'ej ePsf OdfGbf/ JolQmx?:yfgLo txdf lgjf{lrt ePdf b]z / ;dfhsf] rdTsfl/s kl/jt{g x'g] xfd|f]lg:sif{ /x]sf] 5 .

5

xfd|f pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lsg <

-!_ xfdLl;t ultzLn g]t[Tj 5 M

xfd|f /fli6«o cWoIf ljho s'df/ uR5bf/ g]kfnL /fhgLltsfcg'ejL / lr/kl/lrt JolQmTj x'g'sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsfcys of]4f x'g'x'G5 . :ki6 b[li6sf]0f ePsf ultzLn tyf dWodfuL{ g]tfx'g'x'G5 . kl/kSj / Jofjxfl/s g]tf x'g'sf ;fy} clxn]sf] r'gf}tLk"0f{/fhgLlts If0fdf t/fO{÷dw];, kxf8 / lxdfnnfO{ ef}uf]lns, hflto, a}rfl/s /efjgfTds ?kdf hf]8g ;Sg] Psdfq g]tf x'g'x'G5 . ;du| d'n'ssf] s'/fug]{ / Gofo, ;dfgtf tyf clwsf/sf] nflu bQlrQ eP/ lg/Gt/ h'emL/xg] OdfGbf/ g]tfsf] ?kdf ;j} e"uf]n / ;d'bfosf g]kfnL gful/sx?n]pxfFdfly e/f];f ub{5g\ .

l;+ufk'/df ln Sjfg o', dn]l;ofdf dxfly/ df]xDdb / blIf0fsf]l/ofdf kfs{ r'ªxLsf] g]t[Tjdf z'? ul/Psf b]z ljsf;sf cleofgsf;kmntf cfh ljZjdf pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf :yflkt 5g\ . b]z ljsf;k|ltsf]:ki6 b[li6sf]0f, cg'ej / b[9 lgZron] ubf{ hgtfsf] dt / ;fy kfP ;d[[4/ ;dfg'kflts g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L g]t[Tj lbg pxfF ;kmnx'g'x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; b]z ljb]zdf 5 .

:yfgLo txsf xfd|f ;a} pDd]bjf/x? kf6L{sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd /k|lta4tfkq cg';f/ hgtfsf] ;]jf, :yfgLo ljsf;, b]zelQm / ;fdflhs;befj k|lt st{Aolgi7 / k|lta4 5g\ . hg;]jfnfO{ ;jf]{k/L 7fg]/ cfkm\gf]kbLo lhDd]jf/Lk|lt ;bf ;dlk{t /xg kf6L{sf] lgb]{zg /x]sf] 5 . x[bodfOdfGbf/L, dl:tisdf ;de\mbf/L / st{Jodf jkmfbf/L sf] ;ky

6

lnP/ ægd:sf/Æ r'gfj lrGx lnO{ 3/b}nf]df cfPsf g]kfn nf]stflGqskmf]/dsf pDd]bjf/ g} tkfO{x?sf] ;jf]{Qd /f]hfO{ / vf]hfO{ x'g' kb{5 eGg]dfxfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ .

-@_ xfdLl;t :ki6 gLlt / b[li6sf]0f 5 M

xfd|f] kf6L{n] nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbnfO{{ d"n /fhg}lts bz{gdfGb5 . ;+3Lo / k|b]zsf] hflto hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf ;dfg'kflts;dfj];L zf;g k|0ffnL / zf;sLo 9fFrfn] hflto, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s,;f+:s[lts n}l°s Pjd jlu{o lje]b\nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ;d"n cGTo ug]{,;+3Lo ;dfhjfbL cy{gLltn] ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, c;dfgtf x6fO{ ;Eo,;d'Ggt / ;d[4 ;dfh :yfkgf x'g ;S5 eGg] xfd|f] 7x/ 5 . ;dfGftfdfcfwfl/t ;d[4 cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ xfd|f] b[9 c7f]6 /x]sf] 5 .

ax'efiff, ax'hflt, ax'wd{, ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / ax';f+:s[lt g]kfnsf]ljlzi6 klxrfg xf] . oxL ljz]iftfnfO{ x[bo·d u/L Psn] csf{sf] cl:tTj:jLsf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ;a} hft hfltsf] efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, k|yfhlgt cEof;/ ;+u7g, cflbsf] ;+/If0f, k|a4{g / ljsf;df yk hf]8 lbOg]5 .

xfd|f] kf6L{n] :yfgLo txnfO{ ef}lts ;'ljwf ;DkGg, cfTdlge{/ /pRr k|ljlwo'Qm agfpgsf] nflu ljz]if hf]8 lbg]5 . ufpFkflnsf,gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltnfO{ zf;gd'vL xf]Og, ;]jfd'vL agfpg]5 .ljZjdf cfO{= 6L= k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} :yfgLo txnfO{ pRrk|fljlws ;'ljwf ;DkGg agfO{ hgtfsf ;]jfx? r':t / b'?:t agfpgrfxG5f}+ .

:yfgLo txdf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfg'kflts–;dfa];Lagfpg]5f}+ . tL;a} hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, k|lta4tf / st{Aok/fo0ftf

7

alnof] agfOg]5 . :yfgLo txnfO{ ultlzn agfpg ;8s, lah'nL / ;+rf/n] hf]8\g rfxG5f}+ . / o;nfO{ rnfodfg / :jLsfo{ agfpg ;a} hflt, ju{,ln+u / If]qnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ / ;Ddfg k|bfg u/L ;befj sfod u/L hf]8\grfxG5f}+ .

-#_ xfdL cv08 ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] kIfw/ xf}+

xfdL cv08 ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] kIfw/ xf}+ . o;y{ cfGtl/s/fi6«jfbnfO{ alnof] kfb}{ k|ultlzn /fi6«jfbdf k'Ug] xfd|f] Wo]o xf] . cfly{sc;dfgtfn] o;nfO{ sdhf]/ agfpFb5, t/ ljsf; / ;d[l4n] /fi6«jfbdha'b x'G5 . xfdL ;d'Ggt g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ rfxG5f}+ . / To;/Lt/fO{, dw];, kxf8 / lxdfnnfO{ hf]8\g rfxG5f}+, / efjgfTds PstfnfO{cem alnof] / ljZjfl;nf] agfpg rfxG5f}+ . o;y{ xfdL ;Rrf b]zeQm /kl/jt{gsfdL 5f}+ .

-$_ e|i6frf/df z'Go ;xglzntf, xfd||f] k|lta4tf

e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;g xfd|f] kf6L{sf] d"ndGq x'g]5 . xfdL e|i6frf/dfz'Go ;xgl;ntfsf kIfw/ xf}+ . :yfgLo >f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]uu/L ljsf;sf ultljwLnfO{ bnut :jfy{af6 d'Qm agfpb} lbuf] ljsf;sf]nx/ Nofpg] xfd|f] Wo]o xf] . :yfgLo txsf] ;Dk"0f{ zf;g k|zf;gdfe|i6frf/sf] la?4 o'4 5]8\g' xfd|f] OdfGbf/ k|oTg x'g]5 . ljwfosLo;+rfng / ultljlwdf nf]stflGqs/0f / Goflos If]qsf] kf/blz{tf /hgd'vLs/0f xfd|f] nIo /xg]5 . ljsf; ultljlw / ah]6 lalgof]hgdfb]lvPsf] bnut /fhgLltnfO{ k"0f{tM ;dfKt ub}{ æhxfF cfj:ostf ToxfFnufgLÆ xfd|f] :ki6 gLlt tyf sfo{qmd x'g]5 .

8

-%_ xfdL :yfgLo txdf pTkfbgd'ns If]qsf ] ljsf; u/L/f]huf/Lsf] >[hgf ug{ rfxG5f}+ M

pTkfbg, /f]huf/L / cfo clej[l4nfO{ d"n cfly{s gLlt agfO{ cl3a9fpg]5f}+ . :yfgLo >f]t, ;fwg / /fh:jsf] clwstd pkof]u u/LpTkfbgd"ns sfo{qmdx?df hf]8 lbO{ /f]huf/L / cfo >[hgf u/L j]/f]huf/L /u/LaLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ k"0f{ /f]huf/L agfpg] xfd|f] k|oTg /xg]5 .nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]lzPsf g]kfnL o'jfx?nfO{ g]kfnd}/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ >[hgf u/L :jb]z kmsf{pg] xfd|f] k|d'v nIf/xg]5 . :yfgLo txsf] ;a} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/x?df :yfgLo hflt ;d'bfonfO{;dfg'kflts ;dfj];L cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ gLlt clQmof/ ul/g]5 . cfoftqmdzM 36fpb} cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq agfpgsf] nflu cfoft k|lt:yfkg tyflgof{t k|a4{g ul/g] ljz]if sfo{qmd NofOg]5 .

-^_ cfjZostf / ;Defjgfdf cfwfl/t nufgL

s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df hf]8, s[lif / agdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux?sf]:yfkgf / ;+rfng, :yfgLo >f]t, l;k, k|ljlw / k"FhLsf] kl/rfng u/LpTkfbg j[l4, / cfo clej[l4 x'g] vfnsf] nufgL / k"FhL kl/rfngdf hf]8lbO{g]5 . s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg / e"dLsf] pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 ug{ l;rfO{,ljB't, cfw'lgs dnvfb tyf sL6gfzs cf}ifwLx?sf] pTkfbg / Joj:yfkgtyf s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/l;t hf]8\g k"j{–klZrd, pQ/–blIf0f :yfgLo;8s / k'n k'n];fsf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbO{g]5 . kxf8 / lxdfnsf If]qx?df:yfgLo cfjZostf / ;Defjgfsf] cfwf/df s[lifsf cltl/Qm kmnkm"n tyfh8La'6L pTkfbg tyf Joj:yfkg, ag / vlghdf cfwfl/t pBf]u tyf/f]8f–9'·f, UofF;, k]6«f]lnod cflb hxfF h] 5 To;sf] k|r'/ pkof]u /

9

cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbb} n3' tyf 7"nf l;rfO{ / ljB't pTkfbg s]Gb|x?sf]lgdf{0f, kz'kfng tyf xl/t d}bfgx?sf] ljsf;, wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s tyf;fxl;s ko{6gsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbb} tL 7fpFx?sf] lj:t[t ljsf;–of]hgfagfO{ cl3 a9fpg]5f}+ .

-&_ u|fld0f If]qdf b]lvPsf Jofks j]/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo / ljb]zknfognfO{ lg?T;fxg M

clxn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf lzIfLt / clzIfLt, bIf /cbIf a]/f]huf/L JofKt 5 . ;f]x|b]lv k}lt; aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf a]/f]huf/o'jfx? u|fld0f If]q 5f]8L zx/lt/, ;fgf zx/ 5f]8L 7"nf zx/ //fhwfgLlt/ / nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf b]z 5f]8L ljb]zlt/ knfog eO{/x]sf]tYof° 5 . a]/f]huf/Lsf] of] las/fn ;d:ofnfO{ s]Gb|Lo of]hgf / ljsf;ultljlwn] dfq xn ug{ k|foM c;Dej 5 . o;sf]nflu :yfgLo :t/d}cfly{s ultlalwx? Af9fO{ lzIff / :jf:Yosf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{{:j/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/nfO{ a9fjf lbb} u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx? ;d]tnfO{ gofF–gofF If]qx?sf] ljsf;df ;dfa]; ug]{ xfd|f] kf6L{sf] nIo /xg]5 . a}b]lzs/f]huf/Lsf] qmddf l;s]sf] l;kdf cfwfl/t Joj;fo :jb]zdf ;+rfng ug{sf]nflu cfly{s ;fy} cGo ljz]if lsl;dsf ;x'lnot lbnfpgdf xfd|f] pRrk|fyldstf /xg]5 .

-*_ lak|]if0f -/]ld6\ofG;_ af6 k|fKt cfDbfgLnfO{ pTkfbgd"nsIf]qdf k|jfx M

xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 clxn] b]zsf] s"n /fli6«o cfosf] ;aeGbf7"nf] lx:;f /]ld6\ofG; -lab]zdf sfo{/t g]kfnLn] :jb]zdf k7fpg] /sd_ n]

10

cf]u6]sf] 5 . t/ b]zn] o;/L k|fKt ul//x]sf] cfDbfgLnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns /cfo clej[l4 ug]{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?df nufgL a9fpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .To;sf] clwstd lx:;f b}lgs pkef]udf / cg'Tkfbs If]qdf vr{ eO/x]sf]5 . ctM :yfgLo txsf] If]qflwsf/ k|of]u u/L 7f]; of]hgf agfP//]ld6\ofG;nfO{ pTkfbg / ljsf;sf] If]qdf nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdfxfd|f] kf6L{sf lahoL pDd]bjf/n] ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng]5g\ . / o;af/] 7f];s]Gb|Lo gLlt ;d]t agfpg xfd|f] :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwx?n] /rgfTds tyf;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Ng]5g\ .

-(_ :yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;df :jb]zL / lab]zL nufgLstf{x?nfO{k|f]T;fxg M

casf] :yfgLo tx lxhf]sf] t'ngfdf a9L >f]t ;fwg ;DkGgx'g]5 . t;y{ :yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu s[lif, Jofkf/ / cf}wf]lusLs/0fdfAofks k"FhL kl/rfng ug{ :jb]zL / lab]zL nufgLstf{x?nfO{ cfslif{tul/g]5 . pgLx?sf]nflu nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f, ;'/Iffsf] Aoj:yf,gfkmfsf] ;'lglZrttf, cflb cfjZos ;j} ;'ljwf / ;x'lnotsf] Aoj:yf ul/g]5 .o;n] :yfgLo txdf ljsf; / nufgLdf a9f]Q/L Nofpg]5 / /f]huf/Lsf]cj;/ k|bfg ug]{5 .

-!)_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]ns"b tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] ljsf;dfljz]if hf]8 M

:yfgLo :t/df z}lIfs qmflGtsf] nx/ >[hgf ug{ of]hgfa4 sfo{qmdx?cl3 a9fOg]5 . ;/sf/L, gLlh / ;xsf/L ltg} If]qnfO{ lzIff If]qdf nufgLug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ a9fO{ :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . lzIffnfO{ul/a;Dd k'¥ofpg laz]if gLlt agfO{g]5 . pTkfbglzn tyf /f]huf/d"ns

11

lzIffdf hf]8 lbb} lzIffnfO{ ljsf;;Fu hf]l8g]5 . k|fljlws l;kd'nsJoj;flos lzIffdf d'Qm sd}of, sDnx|L, xlnof, x?jf, r?jfx?sf] kx'Fr;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

:yfgLo dft[ efiffsf] lzIffnfO{ ljBfno lzIffdf k|fyldstfsf ;fy;dfj]z ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] 1fg / l;k ljBfno tx b]lvg} k|bfg ug]{u/L kf7\oqmd ljsf; ug]{ xfd|f] kf6L{sf] gLlt /xg]5 .

:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;'ne / ;]jfd'vL agfpg] gLlt lnO{g]5 . lzIff /:jf:Yo If]qsf] Jofkfl/s/0fnfO{ lg?T;flxt ul/g]5 . cfd hgtfsf] nflu;'ne / ;:tf] tyf ul/asf] nflu lgMz'Ns / u'0f:tl/o :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfgug'{sf ;fy} Ho]i7 gful/s tyf Psn dlxnf, ckf· / c;xfox?sf] nflu;'ljwfo'Qm :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . lautdf lbO{ cfPsf] dfl;seQfnfO{ t]Aa/ agfOg]5 .

gful/sx?sf] :jf:Yo / o'jfx?sf] v]ns"nk|ltsf] cfsif{0fnfO{Wofgdf /fvL k|To]s ufpFdf slDtdf b'O{ la3fsf] v]ns'b d}bfgsf] Joj:yfu/fpg xfd|f] kf6L{ k|lta4 5 . ;fy} Pp6f lgjf{rg If]qdf slDtdf /+uzfnflgdf{0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] of]hgf NofOg]5 .

:yfgLo txdf ax'eflifs gLltdfly hf]8 lbb} :yfgLo efiff, ;+:s[lt,;flxTo, snf / uf}/jzfnL /Lltl/jfh / rf8 kj{x?sf] ;+/If0f / k|a4{gdfhf]8 lbOg]5 . cj}1flgs ;f]r / lrGtg, Jojxf/ / kmh'n vrL{nfO{lg?T;flxt ub}{ ;+:s[lt, snf, ;flxTo / rf8 kj{x?sf] ;+/If0f, k|a4{g /ljsf; ul/g]5 . :yfgLo :t/df hflto tyf ;fd'bflos ;b\efj, Pstf /efOrf/fdf a9f]Q/L ug]{ gLltx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

12

-!!_ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj/ wd{lg/k]IftfnfO{ ;jnLs/0f M

xfd|f] kf6L{ klxrfg / ;fdYo{df cfwfl/t ;+l3otf / ;dfg'kflts;dfj];L nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ :yfgLo :t/af6 jlnof] / ;+:yfut ug{rfxG5 . ljlzi6 ;xeflutfd"ns ljlwaf6 ;dfhsf ;j} hflto, eflifs /ef}uf]lns ;d"xx?nfO{ uf]na4 u/L nf]stGqnfO{ cfdhgtfsf] ;xeflutf/ clwsf/ l;t hf]8]/ cEof; ul/g]5 . ;dfhsf ul/a, k5fl8 kfl/Psf,ljkGg / sdhf]/ hflto, wfld{s / k]zfut ;d'xnfO{ of] k|lqmofdf ;fd]nu/fpg ljleGg lsl;dsf ljlzi6 gLltx? cjnDag ul/g]5 .

afn >lds, sDnx|L /fVg] sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L, d'n's /;dfhdf afn lzIff / afn d}qL jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{ xfd|f] kf6L{ ;+sNka45 . To:t} r]nLa]6L a]rlavg / dfgj cf];f/ k;f/sf] cGTo ug{ :yfgLolgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOg]5 .

g]kfn kIf/fi6« /x]]sf] cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/ ;DalGw ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ffkq, cflbjf;L hghfltx?sf] af/]df cfO{= Pn= cf]= dxf;GwLg+= !^( tyf k[YjL ;Dd]ng !((@ nufot cGt/\/fli6«o :t/sf ;a} ;lGw,;Demf}tf tyf cle;GwLx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf xfd|f] kf6L{n] ljz]if hf]8 lbg]5 .

t]>f] ln·L ;d'xsf] klxrfg, n}l·s / of}lgs cNk;+Vossf]clwsf/sf nflu sfg"g lgdf{0fdf xfd|f] kf6L{ ;zQm ?kdf k|:t't x'g]5 .

lxGb", af}4, O:nfd, O;fO{, lzv, h}g, ls/fFt, axfO{ nufot ;a};d'bfosf cf–cf?gf wfld{s / ;+:s[lt dfGotfx?sf] kfngf / ;Da{4g ug{tt\ tt\ wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf cg'ofoLx?nfO{ xfd|f] kf6L{n] ;+/If0f / k|f]T;fxgug]{5 . wfld{s / ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod /fVg' xfd|f] kf6L{sf] k|d'v

13

k|fyldstf x'g]5 . cflbjf;L tyf d'l:nd ;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut k|yfhlgtsfg"gx? / k|yfhlgt ;+u7g -pbfx/0fsf] nflu a/3/, eNdG;f, d]Ghg,d'lvof, u'l7of/_ x?nfO{ /fHo4f/f sfg"gL dfGotf lbnfpg xfd|f] kf6L{n]7f]; gLlt tyf sfo{qmd Nofpg]5 .

g]kfnsf cflbjf;L yf? ;d'bfodf dfq b]lvg] l;sn ;]n 6«]6, /f]u //QmcNktf h:tf c;fdfGo /f]usf] cg';Gwfg / lgjf/0fsfnflu :yfgLotx b]lvg} hgr]tgf / :jf:Yo ;'ljwf clea[l4sf nflu xfd|f] kf6L{ ;+sNka4/xg] 5 .

-!@_ dxfe"sDk, af9L, cfunfuL, cflb k|fs[lts k|sf]k M

@)&@ ;fndf uPsf] dxfe"sDkdf k/L xhf/f}+n] hLpHofg u'dfP,nfvf}+sf 3/;DklQ Wj:t eP / v/af}+sf] cfly{s gf]S;fgL eof] . o;sf]k'g:yfkgf / k'gMlgdf{0fsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] sfo{z}nL/ cfly{s ;xof]u ck"0f{ / cj}1flgs 5 . ctM pQm If]qsf] hfltoa;f]af;, klxrfg, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, x:tsnf, cflbnfO{ ;+/If0f ub}{kof{ko{6gnfO{ k|a4{g ug]{ u/L e"sDk k|lt/f]wL 3/ lgdf{0fdf laz]if hf]8 lbO{kSsL af6f], vfg]kfgL, ;+rf/, :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff ;]jfn] hf]l8g] of]hgf agfOg]5 .sdhf]/ kxf8nfO{ cfhsf] pGgt k|ljlw k|of]u u/L ;DdkmfF6 agfO{ e'sDkk|efljt If]qdf slDtdf %) j6f pRr k|ljlwo'Qm :df6{ l;6L agfO{ e"sDklkl8tx?nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbO{ k'g:yfkg ug{ xfd|f] kf6L{ k|lta4/xg]5 .

g]kfndf aif]{gL aiff{ z'? eP;Fu} af9L / klx/f]n] lakb Nofpg] ub{5 .af9L nufotsf k|fs[lts ljkbaf6 t/fO{sf k|foM ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfdf Wj:t;+/rgfsf] k'glgdf{0f, Ifltk"lt{ / k|efljt hgtfx?sf] rfxgf cg'?k k'g:yfkgf

14

sfo{ b|"t ultdf cufl8 a9fpg'sf ;fy} eljiodf To:tf ljkbx?sf] ;fdfgfug{ ljz]if sf]if, ;+oGq / sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{5f}+ .

hnjfo' kl/j{tgsf sf/0f ePsf] ;'Vvf, v8]/L / cl;gf kftn] u/]sf]hgwgsf] IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f / k|efljt hgtfsf] k'g:yfkgfdf xfd|f] hf]8/xg]5 . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ /f]Sgsf] nflu hgr]tgf / jftfj/0f;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd :yfgLo txsf] cu'jfO{df ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

-!#_ kof{ko{6gdf hf]8 M

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;'Gb/ ljljwtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL du/, yf?,tfdf·, g]jf/, u'?ª, /fO{, lnDa', v;, cfo{, dw];L, blnt, cflb hfthfltsf] P]ltxfl;s yfFtynf], uf}/jdo Oltxf;, k/Dk/f, ;+:s[lt, x:tsnf,vfglkg, cflbnfO{ ;+/If0f, k|a4{g / Aofkfl/s/0f ug{sf] nflu kof{ko{6gdfhf]8 lbOg]5 . o;sf]nflu :yfgLo txaf6 ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf /gu/kflnsf If]qleq kof{ko{6sLo If]q tf]sL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, Ifdtf ljsf;tflnd, cflbsf] Joj:yf ug{ u/fpg hf]8 lbOg]5 .

-!$_ /Hh'dfu{ / ?nfO{ cf]e/ dfu{ M

;8s ;'ljwfsf] kx'Fr gk'u]sf] lxdfnL / kxf8L If]qdf /Hh'dfu{,k'/} g]kfnnfO{ /Qm ;+rf/ ;/L lkmhfpg k"j{ klZrd / pQ/ blIf0f hf]8\g],lxdfn / kxf8df cfjfudg ;xh agfpg ;'?· dfu{ o;}u/L ;x/L If]qsf]c:tJo:t ;8s / 6«kmLs hfd x6fO{ ;'Gb/tf a9fpg ?nfO{ cf]e/ dfu{agfpgsf] nflu :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo txsf] ;xof]u / ;dy{gh'6fpg xfd|f] kf6L{ k|lta4 5 . t/fO{ l:yt g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] x'nfsLdfu{sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ tf]lsPsf] b'O{ aif{leq ;DkGg ug{ u/fpg lqmofl;n

15

e"ldsf v]Ng] / oxfFsf ;a} af6f]df u|fe]n, k'n k'n];f / sfnf]kq] ug{u/fpg ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 .

-!%_ d'Qm sd}of, sDnx|L, x?jf, r?jf, xlnof, cw]/jf ;DaGwdf M

d'Qm sd}of, sDnx|L, x?jf, r?jf, xlnof, cw]/jf ju{sf nflug]kfn ;/sf/n] k'g:yfkgfsf] ;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdfsfof{Gjog u/fpg lqmofl;n e"ldsf v]Ng] . o;}u/L 5'6 ePsfnfO{ kl/rokq pknAw u/fpg ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ bafa lbg] . kl/ro kq k|fKt;a}nfO{ tLg sf]7] kSsL 3/ agfO{ pknAw u/fOg]5 . ;x/L If]qdf 7"nf7"nf xfphL· lgdf{0f u/L hUuf, cfjf; gePsfx?nfO{ tLg tLg sf]7fpknAw u/fO{ ;x/sf] lzIff / /f]huf/Ldf kx'Fr a9fpg] xfd|f] Wo]o x'g]5 .

-!^_ :df6{ ufpF -Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg_ M

k|To]s ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] ufpFsf hgtfsf] OR5f, k|fyldstf,Joj;flostf / ;DefJotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :df6{ ufpF agfOg]5, h:t}s'v'/f ufpF, a+u'/ ufpF, v;L ufpF, kz'kfng ufpF, ufO{ ufpF, t/sf/L ufpF,cfn' ufpF, pv' ufpF, :ofp ufpF, ;'Gtnf ufpF, cfFk ufpF, s]/f ufpF, kmnkm"nufpF, cflb agfOg]5 . pQm Joj;fo ug{sf] nflu :yfgLo txaf6 ljz]ifcfly{s / k|fljlws ;Nnfx / ;x'lnot pknAw u/fpg xfd|f] cu|0fL kxnx'g]5 . o; k|sf/sf] ufpFsf] o'jfx?sf] nflu k|mL jfO{kmfO{ hf]g agfOg]5,;'ljwf ;DkGg ;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

  -!&_ laxf/, u'Daf, b]jyfg, dlGb/, dlZhb, rr{, lbgfeb|L :yn,l8xjf/ yfg, u|fd yfg, ;Nx]; k'hg :yn, cflb lgdf{0f M

k|To]s ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf If]qdf slDtdf Ps :yfgdft/fO{df kfFr la3f / kxf8df #) /f]kgL hUuf :yfgLo txsf] kxndf

16

Joj:yf u/L ;a} hflt / wd{sf] klxrfg emlNsg] u/L laxf/, u'Daf, b]jyfg,dlGb/, dlZhb, rr{, lbgfeb|L :yn, l8xjf/ yfg, u|fd yfg, ;Nx]; k'hg:yn, cflb agfpg] xfd|f] k|fyldstf /xg]5 .

-!*_ ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg / cf7 k|b]zsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf

cfGbf]ngdfkm{t p7fOPsf Gofok"0f{ dfu d'2f ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg ug]{ u/fpg] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] Ph]08f xf] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdfxfdL ;lqmo ;xefuL lyof}+ . ul0ftsf] dftdf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ffePsf] lbgb]lv xfdLn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] s'/f p7fO{/x]sf 5f}+ . ;+ljwfgsfof{Gjog x'g ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg cfjZos 5 .

;f]x| aF'b] ;xdltsf] Pp6f a'Fbf b]zdf cf7 k|b]zsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgflyof] . Tof] cf7f}+ k|b]z eg]sf] emfkf, df]/·, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf /pbok'/ ldnfO{ Pp6f k|b]z jgfpg] s'/fsf] ;xdlt lyof] . Tof] cf7 k|b]zdfs}nfnL / s~rgk'/nfO{ y?x6 k|b]zdf /fVg] ;dembf/L ;d]t lyof] . t/tL;j} ;xdlt / ;Dembf/LnfO{ pNn+3g u/]/ k'/fgf bnx? / ljz]if u/Lsf+u|]; / Pdfn]n] h]/L DofG8l/· -3'dfp/f] / if8oGqsf/L_ tl/sfaf6 ;+3Lo9fFrf lgdf{0f u/]sf]n] b]zdf cfh of] eofjx eL8Gt / åGåsf] l:ylt sfodePsf] 5 . xfdL clxn] klg eG5f}+, ;+3Lotfsf] ljifo l5gf]kmfgf] ug{ cf7k|b]zsf] k|:tfj Pp6f cr"s pkfo xf] .

-!(_ s[lif If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfsf] If]q 3f]if0ff u/L laz]if sfo{qmdx?NofOg] M

xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] s[lif If]qsf] j}1flgsLs/0f u/L pTkfbg /pTkfbsTj a9fpg], s[lifsf] Jofkfl/s/0f / Joj;flos/0fdf hf]8 lbg], s[lifpkhnfO{ ahf/;Fu hf]8\g], s[lif If]qdf ljB'tLs/0f / h}ljs dnsf] k|of]udf

17

hf]8 lbg], l;rfO{ / l;te08f/ -sf]N8 :6f]/_ sf] pko'Qm Joj:yf u/L o;If]qnfO{ ljsl;t / ;d[4 t'Nofpg cfj:os ;a} sfo{x? ub}{ cfufld kfFraif{leq b]znfO{ vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg] nIo /flvPsf] 5 .

-@)_ cf}Bf}lus qmflGtdf hf]8 M

xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qdf ;fgf / d‰of}nf:t/sf s[lif / agdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux?sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]5 . h8La'6LpBf]ux?sf] ljsf;, of;f{u'Daf pTkfbgnfO{ Jojl:yt ub}{} o;df s/ 5'6sf]Joj:yf ug]{ / o; Joj;fodf ;+nUg larf}lnofx?sf] cGTo ub}{ …a'4lrQdfnfpTkfbg / o;sf] Jofkf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|oTgl;n /xg]5 .

-@!_ ;8s ;+hfnsf] ljsf;df hf]8 M

xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] k|To]s gu/kflnsf If]qleq rqmkyx?sf]lgdf{0f ug]{ cfj:ostfx?sf] s]jnsf/x?sf] lgdf{0f ub}} hfg], k|To]slhNnfx?df ljdfg :ynsf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg], ;fOsn / df]6/ ;fOsnn]gx?sf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbb} 6«flkms hfdsf] cJoj:yfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{,cGt/\/fli6«o ;Ldf gfsfx?sf] ;8s lgdf{0f / :t/f]Ggltdf hf]8 lbg],emf]n'·] k'nx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, ljleGg ufpFx?nfO{ hf]8\g k'nk'n];f, sNe6x?sf]lgdf{0f ug]{, cflb :yfgLo cfj:ostf cg';f/ ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;DkGgug{ u/fpg k|oTgl;n /xg]5 .

-@@_ lj1fg k|ljlwsf] pkof]udf hf]8 M

xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] :yfgLo :t/df l8lh6n k|0ffnLsf] pkof]udfhf]8 lbg], OG6/g]6 ;]jf pknAw u/fpg], Olen]hsf] lgdf{0f ug]{, g]kfnsf]cfkm\g} ;]6]nfO6 lgdf{0fdf hf]8df k|oTgl;n /xb} u|fdL0f e]ssf hgtfnfO{;x/ ahf/, /fhwfgL / ljb]zl;t ;d]t hf]8\b} 3/ 3/df la1fg k|ljlwsf]Jofks pkof]udf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

18

-@#_ ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf ;8s qmflGt M

xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfufld bz aif{leq ufpFkflnsf leqsf];Dk"0f{ ;8snfO{ u|fe]n u/L hf]8\g] / ;Dk"0f{ gu/kflnsfsf ;8sx? /ufpFkflnsfsf] k|d'v ;8snfO{ sfnf]kq] ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 .

-@$_ hnlB't pTkfbgdf ljz]if hf]8 M

lautsf sf+u|]; / Pdfn]sf ;/sf/x?n] o; If]qdf vf;} pNn]vgLosfo{ ug{ g;s]sf] j:t'ut w/ftndf 6]s]/ ca xfd|f] aGg] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qx?df ;fgf / dem\of}nf :t/sf hnljB''t u[xx?sf]lgdf{0f u/L cfufld kfFr aif{leq 3/ 3/df lah'nL k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 ./ cfufdL bz aif{leq bz xhf/ d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ug]{ nIo/flvPsf] 5 .

-@%_ ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 M

xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|To]sk/Dk/fut k|of;x?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} o; If]qdf u'0ffTds km8\sf] :j?kxf]d :6]x?sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg], s}nf; dfg;/f]a/ k'¥ofpg g]kfn leqs}af6f] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg], ;fxl;s ko{6g, ;f+:s[lts ko{6g, wfld{s ko{6g,k|fs[lt ko{6g, P]ltxfl;s If]q ko{6g, cflb k|To]s If]qdf ko{6sx?sf]a9f]Q/Lsf] nflu ljz]if of]hgf / sfo{qmdx? Nofpgdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

-@^_ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts If]qdf ljz]if sfo{qmdx?

xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] :jR5 vfg]kfgL pTkfbg / cfk"lt{df hf]8lbg], blnt, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf hflt ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft u/L lzIff, :jf:Yo

19

/ cfo clea[l4sf] If]qdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? Nofpg], a[4 eQfnfO{ t]Aa/a9f]Q/L ug]{, bx]h k|yfsf] pGd'ngsf] nflu lg/Gt/ sfo{qmdx? ;+rfngdfNofpg], u|fdL0f e]ssf hgtfnfO{ 3'lDt :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg], ;x/LIf]qsf] w'Fjf w'nf] ;d:ofnfO{ cGTo ub}{ :jR5, ;kmf / x/fe/f ;x/lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg], ;x/x?df 7"n7"nf kfs{x? / lrN8«]g kfs{x?sf] lgdf{0fug]{, ;fd'bflos 3/x?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, 5'jf5'6 / c? ;a} k|sf/sf hfltolje]b\ / 3[0ff hufpg] ;f]+r / Jojxf/x?sf] la?4 lg/Gt/ hghfu/0fkm}nfpFb} To;sf] cGTosf] nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug]{,ul/aL pGd'ngsf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]huf/d"ns cfly{s lqmofsnfkug]{df hf]8 lbg]5 . ;fy} z}lIfs a]/f]huf/L cGTosf] nflu lzIffsf] k|df0fkqsf]cfwf/df lgAof{hL C0f pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd NofOg]5 .

-@&_ gful/stf ;DalGw ;+j }wf lgs Joj:yfnfO { Aojxf/dfsfof{Gjog u/fpg] M

xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfd g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;/n / ;'netl/sfn] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg ;+lawfgdf /x]sf ;a}k|fjwfgx?nfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" u/fpg lg/Gt/ lqmofl;n /xg]5 .

20

xfd|f pDd]bjf/x?sf k|ltj4tf / c7f]6

cfb/0fLo bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgLx?,

xfd|f] kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/x?, kf6L{sf lzif{g]tf tyf g]t[Tj k+lQm ;+3Lo;dfhjfbL nf]stGqsf] nflu, klxrfg / ;fdYo{df cfwfl/t clwsf/ ;DkGg;+l3otfsf] nflu, ;dfg'kflts–;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] nflu, s]Gb|df ;femfzf;g / :yfgLo txdf :j;f;gsf nflu, ax'eflifs gLltsf nflu, b]zdfcfly{s tyf ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf nflu, ljsf; / e|i6frf/d'Qmzf;g k|zf;gsf nflu / ;j} lsl;dsf lje]b\ / pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{ Gofo/ ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;d[4, ;Dd'Ggt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ k|ltj4 5g\ .

/fhg}lts bnx?af/] xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f

g]kfnL s+fu|]; af/] M

of] kf6L{ g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] ;aeGbf k'/fgf] kf6L{ ePsf] sf/0fcfk"mnfO{ Psdfq ;Rrf k|hftGqjfbL egL :j3f]if0ff u/] klg o;sf]gLltdf slxNo} :ki6tf / l:y/tf cfPg . hlxn] klg å}w / 9'nd'n]rl/q k|bz{g u/L cfPsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ g]kfnL /fhgLlt hlxn] klg cl:y// cGof}n /xg] u/]sf] 5 . @)$( ;fndf of] kf6L{n] :yfgLo lgsfosf]w]/} 7fpFdf lht]sf] lyof], t/ hgtfn] rfx] / cfzf u/] cg';f/ sfd ug{slxNo} ;s]g . d'n'snfO{ ck]Iffs[t ljsf;sf] af6f]df cl3 a9fpg ;s]g/ e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbof] . ul/jsf] kf6L{ slxNo} ag]g, / aGg klgrfx]g . cflbjf;L hghflt, yf?, dw];L, d'l:nd, lk58fju{sf] pTyfgsfnflu s'g} gLlt sfo{qmd Nofpg rfx]g / g rfxgf 5 . oxL kf6L{sfg]tfx?n] gLlhs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] gfddf sfuh, sk8f, 5fnfh'Qf, r'/f]6, cflb ;/sf/L pBf]u a]r], t/ /f]huf/L >[hgf ug]{ pTkfbgd"ns

21

Pp6f klg pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;s]gg\ . @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhg}ltskl/jt{gkl5sf] @* aif{sf] cjlwdf clwsf+z ;do ;Qfdf /x]/ d'n's /g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] nflu ljsf; lgdf{0f / zf;g k|zf;gdf pNn]Vok|ult Nofpg ;s]g, pN6} dfcf]jfbL lab|f]xsf] ;'qkft eof], cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw];L, yf?, dlxnf, blnt, d'l:nd nufotn] ;8s cfGbf]ngug'{kg]{ l:yltsf] >[hgf eof] . ca klg k]ml/ tkfO{ ;r]t gful/sx?n] oxLkf6L{nfO{ dt lbg' eof] eg] g b]zdf ck]lR5t ljsf; x'G5, g /fHo ;+oGqe|i6frf/d'Qm x'G5, g ;dfh zf]if0faf6d'Qm x'G5 .

g]skf Pdfn] af/] M

g]skf Pdfn] clxn]sf] s]Gb|Lo /fhgLltdf ;aeGbf a9L cg'bf/ /oyfl:yltjfbL b]lvPsf] 5 . of] kf6L{ rsf]{ ?kdf ;+3Lotf, ;dfg'kflts;dfj]lztfsf] la?4df vlgPsf] 5 . t/fO{ dw]z / kxf8sf] aLrdf ljefhgNofpg vf]Hg] / d'n'sdf /fhgLlts, hflto / ef}uf]lns åGå / eL8Gtrsf{pg] kf6L{sf] ?kdf of] cl3 cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] lj?4df /g]kfnL hgtfsf] klxrfg / clwsf/sf] lj?4df nfu]sf] 5 . o;n] lht]df g of]gofF ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog x'G5, g d'n'sdf ;d'bflos, If]qLo / hflto;b\efj sfod /xG5 . s]jn åGån] k|>o kfpFb5 . @)%$ ;fnsf]:yfgLo lgjf{rgdf ;fd, bfd, b08, e]b ;a}sf] k|of]u u/L of] kf6L{n] lgs}7fpFdf hLt xfl;n u/]sf] lyof] . t/ o;sf k|ltlglwx?n] s'g} pNn]vgLosfd ug{ ;s]gg\ . o;}sf] zf;g sfndf htftt} ah]6 lk|mh ePsf],;+:yfut e|i6frf/ / r'xfj6nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf], o;}u/L ljsf; lgdf{0f,cbfnt, lghfdlt ;]jf / k|x/L k|zf;gdf bnut /fhgLlt k|j]z u/fO{;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ s'hf] agfOPsf] 5 . laut Ps bzsb]lv lg/Gt/ b}lgs

22

c7f/ 306f;Dd gSsnL nf]8;]l8ª u/fO{ lgbf]{z g]kfnL hgtfnfO{cWoFf/f]df a:g afWosf/L cj:yfsf] >[hgf u/fO{ ;f]nf/ kfj/ nufotsfj}sNkLs phf{sf sDkgL / ljB't k|flws/0faf6 c/af}+ sldzg s'DNofpg]k|a[lQsf] ;+/Ifs / of]hgfsf/ log} bnsf] 5q5xf/Ldf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf]kf6L{n] k'gM df}sf kfPdf hgtfsf] dt / efjgfsf] pkxf; x'g]5 . d'n'sbL3{sflng åGådf km:g] kSsf 5 .

g]skf dfcf]jfbL -s]Gb|_ af/] M

of] kf6L{;Fu :yfgLo lgsfo ;+rfngsf] cg'ej 5Fb}5}g . hgo'4sfndf of] kf6L{n] kl/jt{gsf] nflu P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf v]n]sf] bfaL u/] klgul/a hgtf hxfFsf] ToxL /x] . rf/ lzif{ g]t[Tjsf] JolQmut :jfy{dfkf6L{nfO{ lr/f lr/f kf/]/ xhf/f}+ zxLbsf] alnbfgLnfO{ w'nf]df6f] r6fPsf5g\ . !) aif]{ o'4sfndf sl/j !& xhf/ g]kfnLsf] /ut / kl;gfsf] l;9LpSn]/ ;/sf/L pRr cf]xbfdf k'uL ;Qf / eQfsf] :jfb rfv]/ lakGghgtfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] 6fpsf]df r9L xyf}8f lxsf{pb}5g\, ul/ax?sf]sfFwdf r9]/ 9f8df ah| d'Ssf k|xf/ ub}{5g\ / cfd g]kfnLsf] sfFwdf aGw's/fv]/ htftt} k8\sfpb} 5g\ . o;} kf6L{sf] b'O{ lzif{ g]t[Tj kfn}kfnf] tLgk6s sfo{sf/L k|wfgdGqL eP/ klg hgljb|f]xdf ;fy / ;dy{g ug]{ ul/ahgtfsf] kIfdf l;Gsf] klg efFRg g;s]sf] Jofks hgu'gf;f] /x]sf] 5 .kl5Nnf] r/0fdf cfP/ o; kf6L{sf] s'g} :ki6 l;4fGt / b[li6sf]0f b]lvb}g .dfcf]jfb / ;fDojfbn] k"FhLjfbsf] dGb laifkfg u/L ;s]sf] 5 . b|"t ultdfof] kf6L{ Pdfn]s/0f eO{ /x]sf] 5 . Pdfn]s/0f x'gaf6 cfkm"nfO{ hf]ufpg;s]g eg] o;sf] lj36g cjZoDefjL 5 . of] kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj r/d 9'nd'n]b]lvPsf] 5, slt a]nf s] af]N5, s] ;f]+R5 / s] u5{, To;sf] cfFsng;Ddklg ug{ ufx|f] 5 . t;y{ o:tf] k|j[ltnfO{ dt lbP/ cfkm\gf] v'§fdf cfkm}aGr/f] lxsf{pg] uNtL ug'{ x'Fb}g .

23

/fk|kf af/] M

of] kf6L{n] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o hgfj/ æufO{Æ r'gfj lrGxsf] gfhfohkmfObf p7fP/ ?uf -?v / ufO{_ / ;'uf -;"o{ / ufO{_ sf] hf]8anaf6;+;bdf rf}yf] bhf{ k|fKt u/] klg larf/ / Ph]08fsf] lx;fjn] cg'bf/jfbL/ oyfl:yltjfbL 5 . ablnbf] kl/j]zdf hgtfsf] kIfdf cfkm"nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{c;dy{ b]lvG5 . kl/jt{gsf Ph]08fx?nfO{ cfTd;ft / :jLsf/ ug{g;s]sf]n] of] kf6L{nfO{ dt lbP/ cd"No dtsf] b'?kof]u gu/f}+ .

/fli6«o /fhgLltdf g]kfn nf]stflGqs kmf]/d

/fli6«o /fhgLltdf g]kfn nf]stflGqs kmf]/dsf] Pp6f ljlzi6 klxrfg/ :yfg :yflkt ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{ x/]s lsl;dsf cltjfb /oyfl:yltjfbsf] lj?4 plePsf] kl/jt{gsf] Ph]08f af]s]sf] Pp6f dWodfuL{kf6L{sf] ?kdf /fli6«o /fhgLltdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{n] dfq;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ Psh'6 ug{ ;Sg] / kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;Sg] kf6L{sf]?kdf klxrfg agfpg ;kmn /x]sf] 5 . k'/fgf kf6L{x?n] af/Daf/ ulNtu/]sf 5g\ t/ xfd|f] kf6L{n] af6f] la/fPsf] 5}g . g xfdLn] ;f]x| a'Fb] ;xdltu/]/ uNtL u¥of}+, g ;+ljwfgdf x:tfIf/ gu/]/ . a? k'/fgf kf6L{x?n]g]kfnL gful/sl;t ljZjf;3ft / a]OdfgL u/]sf 5g\ h;sf] b'Mv clxn] b]z/ ;dfhn] ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . xfdL b]zdf juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, ln·Lo,eflifs, ;f+:s[lts cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf lje]b\ / pTkL8gdf kfl/Psfg]kfnL hgtfnfO{ pgLx?sf] klxrfg, cfTd;Ddfg, Gofo, clwsf/ /ljsf; lbnfO{ b]znfO{ Ps l9Ssf agfP/ g]kfnnfO{ ljsl;t / ;d[4agfpg rfxG5f}+ .

24

cfb/0fLo bfh'efO tyf lbbL alxgLx?,

cGTodf, ljutsf ;Dk"0f{ alnbfgL tyf uf}/jzfnL cfGbf]ngx?sf];Demgf ub}{, tL lab|f]x / cfGbf]nx?df zxfbt k|fKt ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ zxLbx?k|lt cg'u|lxt xF'b}, klxrfg, clwsf/ / cu|udgsf] ;fy} e|i6frf/d'Qmk|zf;gsf nflu o; :yfgLo txsf] P]ltxfl;s r'gfjdf xfd|f] kf6L{sf]tk{maf6 v8f ePsf ;a} pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ ægd:sf/Æ r'gfj lrGxdf 5fknufP/ cToflws dtn] ljho u/fO{ cfkm\gf] cd"No dtsf] ;b'kof]u ug{xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5f}+ .

xfd|f gLlt / larf/x?, xfd|f d'2f / dfGotfx?, b[li6sf]0f tyfnIo :ki6 / ;xL 5g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{sf /fli6«o cWoIf laho s'df/ uR5bf// s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tj k+lQm kl/kSj cg'ejL, lgi7fjfg / jlnbfgL efjgfaf6cf]tk|f]t 5g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{n] kl/jt{gsf] Ph]08f af]s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txdfe|i6frf/ d'Qm k|zf;g, ;'zf;g tyf ljsf;nfO{ bnut /fhgLltaf6 cnu/fvL ljsf;sf] nx/ Nofpg] / s]Gb|Lo /fhgLltdf dWodfuL{ ;Gt'ngsf/Lwf/ af]s]sf] kf6L{ ePsf]n] tkfO{sf] x/]s dtn] xfdLnfO{ pQm Ph]08fdfcys / clj/n ?kdf cl3 a9g xf};nf k|bfg ug]{5 eGg] ljZjf; xfdLn]

lnPsf 5f}+ . wGojfb .

;dfKt

g]kfn nf]stflGqs kmf]/dsf] r'gfjlrGx æægd:sf/Ædf cToflws dt lbO{ ;a}

pd]b\jf/x?nfO{ ljhoL u/fcf}+