Gtpapay; - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tGr11_TG Geography.pdf · 2017-01-23 · vi Kd;Diu rKjha...

ii

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ii


juk; - 11

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vi

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topfhl;LNthu; Mrpupau;fNs.

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22.09.2015

vii

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viii

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cs;slf;fk;> rhuhk;rk; kw;Wk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fs; rpytw;iwAk;

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ix

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fye;Jiuahly;> rpukjhdk;> RtNuLfs;> gUtfhy rQ;rpiffs; Nghd;w gy;NtW

fUkq;fspy; khztiu <LgLj;jyhk;. mt;thNw ghlk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisj;

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khztuJ jpwd;fis ,dq;fhzYf;Fk; ,jd; %yk; tha;g;G fpilf;Fk;.

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tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;. fy;tpaikr;rpd; ,yf;fk; <B/01/02/02/55AL 2012/05/10 Me;

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toq;Fjy;

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myF 2 ,yq;ifapd; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

myF 3 cyf rdj;njhif

myF 4 ,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhif

myF 5 mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fs;

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myF 10 tupg;glq;fSk; tiuglq;fSk; gad;fs;

01

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xii


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xviii

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cz;ikfisf; fw;wy;

3. jfty; kw;Wk; juTfisr; Nrfupj;jy;> nghUs; tpsf;fk; nra;jy; kw;Wk; Kd;itj;jYf;fhf Gtpapay; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F

gapw;wg;gly;

4. jhk; thOk; cyfpd; gy;tifikia tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L xt;nthUtUlDk; #oYlDk; rftho;it Nkw;nfhs;sg; gapw;wg;gly;

5. ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdpl jiuj;Njhw;wj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; guhkupg;gjw;Fk; cjTk; Neuhd kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;jy;

6. tho;tpd; rthy; kpf;f re;ju;g;gq;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; rpwg;ghd capu;fhg;Gj; jpwd;fis tsu;j;jy;

7. NtiyAyfpy; KOikahfg;gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fis tsu;j;jy;

xix

juk; - 11juk; - 11juk; - 11juk; - 11juk; - 11

11.1 ngsjpf khdpl jiuj;

Njhw;w mk;rq;fs;> mtw;

wpd; ,ay;Gfs; nraw;ghL

fs; njhlu;gpy; tpsf;fj;

Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

11.1.1GtpapYs;s ,aw;if

tsq;fspd; ,ay;igAk;

guk;giyAk; tptupg ;

ghu;.

11.1.1 Gtpapd; ,aw;if

tsq;fs; - mwpKfk;

• ghiwfs;

- jPg;ghiw>

milaw;ghiw>

cUkhwpa ghiw -

vsp ikahd tpsf;fk;

• fdpaq;fs;

- tsk; vd;w tifapy;

,tw;wpd; guk;gYk;

gad; ghLk;

- ,Uk;Gj;jhJ> rpypf;fd;>

fhuPak;

* mjpfkhfg;

gad;gLj; jg;gLk;

fdpaq;fspd;

guk;giy cyfg;

GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy;

Fwpj;Jg; ngauply;

• kz;

- kz; cUthf;fj;jpy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfs;> kz;zpd;

gf;fj; Njhw;wk;

- tsnkd;w tifapy;

kz;zpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• ,aw;if tsq;fs; vd;

gij tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;Jthu;.

• xU tsk; vd;w tif

apy; ghiwfspd; ngWkh

dj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

• fdpa tsq;fspd; guk;

giy tpgupg;ghu;.


apy; fdpa tsq;fspd;

Kf ;f paj ;Jtj;ijAk;

gad;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;F

thu;.

• kz; cUthf;fj;jpy;

gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; fhu

zpfisAk; kz;zpd;

gf ;fg ;ghu ;itiaAk ;

tpsf;Fthu;.


apy; kz;zpd; Kf;fpaj;J

tj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgWfs; ghl

Ntisfs;

xx

• ePu;

- Nkw;gug;G ePu;> jiuf;fPo;

ePu;> ePupay; tl;lk;

- tsnkd;w tifapy; ePupd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• fhLfSk; tdrPtuhrp fSk;

- mad> ,iyAjpu;>

Crpapiyf; fhLfs;

- fhLfs; mUfpr; nry;Y

jy;

- tdtpyq;FfSk; mtw;

iwg; ghJfhj;jYk;

- tsnkd;w tifapy;

fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

* fhLfspd; guk;giy

cyfg; GwTUtg;

glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg;

ngauply;


apy; ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;

ij kjpj;Jg; NgRthu;.

• ePu; tsj;jpd; guk;giy

Ak; ntt;NtW ePu; %yk;

njhlu ;ghd jfty;f

isAk; Kd;itg;ghu;.

• xU tsk; vd;w tifapy;

fhLfspdJk; tdtpyq;F

fspdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;

ij kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jj;

njuptpg;ghu;.

• cyf fhLfspd; guk;g

iyAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;G

fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

• fhLfSk; tdtpyq;F

fSk; vjpu ;Nehf ;Fk ;

gpur;rpidfis tprhupj;

jwpthu;.

• fdpaq;fspd; guk;giy

Ak; fhLfspd; guk;giy

Ak; cyfg; GwTUtg;gl

nkhd ;w py ; Fw pj ;Jg ;

ngaupLthu;.


Ntisfs;

xxi

11.2.1 ,yq;ifapd; ,aw;if

tsq;fspd; gad;ghLk;

ghJfhg;Gk;

• rKj;jpuk; - Njrpa fly;

vy;iy> Ml;Gy vy;iy>

jdpg;gl;l nghUshjhu

tyak;

• epyk; (jPTfs; cl;gl)

• ghiwfs;

11.2.1,yq;ifapd; ,aw;if

tsg;gad;ghLk; ghJfhg;

Gk; njhlu;ghd jfty;

fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

11.2 ngsjpf> khdpl jiuj;

Njhw;wj;ijg; ghJfhg;g

jw;Fk; NgZtjw;Fkhd

Neuhd kdg;ghq;Fld;

ele;J nfhs;thu;. • ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa fly;

vy;iy> Ml;Gy vy;iy>

gpuj;jpNafg; nghUshjhu

vy;iy Mfpatw;iw

Njrg;glnkhd;wpd; Jiz

Ald; tiuaWg;ghu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; ,aw;if

tsq;fisg; ngaupl;L

mtw ;w pd ; guk ; giy

GwTUtg;glj;jpd; Jiz

Ald; tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; epyg;gad;

ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fis vsp

ikahf tpgupg;ghu;.

• epyg;gad;ghL njhlu;

ghd gpur;rpidfisAk;

ghJfhg;G KiwfisAk;

tptupg;ghu;.

• ,yq;ifapy; ghiwfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLkhw;iw

c j h uzq ; fS l d ;

tpgupg;ghu;.

14


Ntisfs;

xxii

• ,yq;ifapy; ghiwfspd;gad;ghL njhlu;ghdgpur;rpidfis tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; gpujhdkz; tiffisg; ngaupLthu;.

• kz; gad;ghL fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfisAk; kl;fhg;GKiwfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,yq;ifapy; gutyhfgad;gLj;jg;gLk; fdpatsq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

• ,yq;ifapy ; fdpatsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk ; NghJ Vw ;gLk ;gpur;rpidfis tpgupg;ghu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; ePu; %yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• ePupd; gad;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

• ePu; %yq;fisf; fhg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Kd;itg;ghu;.

• kz;

• fdpa tsq;fs;

• ePu;


Ntisfs;

xxiii

• fhLfSk; tdrPtuhrpfSk;

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fSk;

• tYr;rf;jp

* ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;

glnkhd;wpy; fly;

vy;iyfisAk; jPT

fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if

tsq;fspd; guk;giy

Ak; Fwpj;Jg;ngauply;

• ,yq;ifapy; fhLfspd;guk;giyAk; mtw;wpd;

,ay;GfisAk; Fwpg;gpL

thu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; ghJfhf;fg;

gl;l tdq;fis tifg;

gLj;jp mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; ghJfhf;fg;

gl;l tdq;fis GwTU

tg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg;

ngaupLthu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; tYr;rf;jp

%yq;fisg; ngaupL

thu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; tYr;rf;jp

%yq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;

gLkhw;iw tpsf;Fthu;.

• tYr;rf;jp ghJfhg;gpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;

Fthu;.


Ntisfs;

xxiv

11.3 ,aw;iff;Fk; r%fj;

jpw;Fk; ,ilNa RKf

khd njhlu;ig tpUj;jp

nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf

Gtp kw;Wk; mjpy; thOk;

kf;fs; njhlu;gpy; rpwg;

ghd Gu pe ;Jzu ;Tld;

nraw;gLthu;.

11.3.1cyf rdj;njhifapd;

g pujhd ,ay;Gfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

11.3.1 cyf rdj;njhifapd;

gz;Gfs;

• gUkd;

• tsu;r;rp

• guk;gy; (rdj;njhif

cau;thd> eLj;jukhd>

Fiwthd)

* cyfg; GwTUg;gl

nkhd;wpy; rdj;

njhifg; guk;giyf ;

Fwpj;Jg; ngauply;.

• cyf rdj;njhifapd;

,ay;ig tptupg;ghu;.

• cyfg ; G wTUtg ; g l

nkhd;wpy; rdj;njhifg;

guk ;giyf; Fwpj ;Jg ;

ngaupLthu;.

• cyf rdj;njhifg;

guk;giy> GwTUtg;glk;

xd ;w pd ; JizAld;

tptupg;ghu;.

• cyf rdj;njhifapd;

tsu;r;rp gw;wpa Gs;sp

tpguj; juTfis tiuG

fs; %yk; tptupg;ghu;.

• cyf rdj ;njhif

guk;gypy; nry;thf;F

nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis

tpsf;Fthu;.

10


Ntisfs;

xxv


jpw;Fk; ,ilNa RKf

khd njhlu;ig tpUj;jp

nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Gtp

kw;Wk; mjpy; thOk;

kf;fs; njhlu;gpy; rpwg;

ghd Gupe ;Jzu;Tld;

nraw;gLthu;.

11.4.1,yq;if rdj;njhif

apd; guk;giyAk; mjd;

r pwg ;g pay ;GfisAk ;

gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.

11.4.1 ,yq;ifapd;

rdj;njhif

• gUkd;

• tsu;r;rp

• guk;gy;

(khtl;l mbg;gilapy;)

• mikTr;Nru;f;if

(kf;fspdq;fs;>

rkaq;fs;)

• fl;likg;G (taJ> ghy;)

• tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;

- kf;fs; njhif

- tNahjpgkiljy;

- ,stajpdu; njhif

Fiwtiljy;

- Copag;gil

Fiwtil jy;

- Mz;> ngz; tpfpjk;

NtWgLjy;

* ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;gl

nkhd;wpy;

rdj;njhifg;

guk;giyf; Fwpj;Jg;

ngauply;

• ,yq ;ifa pd ; rdj ;

njhifapd; ,ay;Gfis

tptupg;ghu;.

• ,yq;if rdj;njhif

apd; guk;giy ,yq;if

G w TUt g ; g l j ; j p y ;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• ,yq;if rdj;njhif

apd; rpwg;ghd ,ay;G

fis cjhuzq;fhl;b

tpsf;Fthu;.

08

ghl

Ntisfs;Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgWfs;

xxvi

11.5 ngsj pf > khd pl

jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;

fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s

cjTk; mbg;gil vz;

zf;fUf;fisAk; Kiw

fisAk ; t prhuiz

nra;thu;.

11.5.1 mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;

gil vz;zf;fUf;fis

EZfpaha;thu;.

11.5.1 mgptpUj;jp

mwpKfk;

• mgptpUj;jpf;

Fwpf;fhl;bfs; (khDl

mgptpUj;jpf; Fwpfhl;b)

• mbg;gil

vz;zf;fUf;fs;

• Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

• mgptpUj;jp vDk; vz;

zf;fUit tiutpyf;f

zg;gLj;Jthu;.

• mgptpUj;jp Fwpfhl;b

fis Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• khdpl mgptpUj;jp Fwp

fhl;bapd; gpujhd $W

fis tpsf;Fthu;.

• mgptpUj;jpia msg;g

jw ;fhf khdpl mgp

tpUj;jpf; Fwpfhl;bia

gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpid

tpsf;Fthu;.

• mgptpUj;jpr ; nrad;

Kiwapd;NghJ Ngz;jF

mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

06


Ntisfs;

xxvii

Ntiy cyfpy; KOik

ahfg; gq;Fgw;wj; Njit

ahd ga pw ; r piag ;

ngWthu;.

11.5.2,yq;ifapd; mz;ikf;

fhy mg pt pUj ;j p

eltbf;iffs; njhlu;

g hd jfty ;fis

EZfpaha;thu;.

11.5.2 ,yq;ifapd; mz;ikf;

fhy mgptpUj;jp eltbf;

iffs;

• cl;;fl;likg;G trjpfspd;

mgptpUj;jp

- tPjpfs;> JiwKfq;fs;>

tpkhd epiyaq;fs;>

kpd;rhuk;

• kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp

- fy;tp

- Rfhjhuk;

• gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jp

- efuq;fs;

- fpuhkq;fs;

• mwpit Kjd;ikahff;

nfhz;l mgptpUj;jp

- jfty; njhlu;ghly;>

njhopDl;g gad;ghLk;

mit rhu;e;j gpur;rpid

fSk;

* ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;

glnkhd;wpy; mgp

tpUj;jp

eltbf;iffs; rhu;e;j

jfty;fisf;

Fwpj;Jg; ngauply;

• ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpnrad;Kiwapy; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfistpUj;jp nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

• kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpvd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJahJ vd tptupg;ghu;.

• kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpKf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

• gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpvd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; gpuhe;jpamgptpUj;jp mk;rq;fiscjhuzk ; fhl ;btpgupg;ghu;.

• mgptpUj;jp nrad;Kiwapy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;n j h o p D l ; g j ; j p d ;tfpghfj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

• ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpeltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis (jpl;lq;fs;) GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

06

ghl


xxviii


jpw;Fk; ,ilNa RKf

khd ,ilj;njhlu;ig

tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;t

jw;fhfg; Gtp kw;Wk;

mjpy; thOk; kf;fs;

njhlu ;g py ; r pwg ;ghd

Gupe;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gL

thu;.

11.6.1cyf pd ; ,aw ;if

,lu ;fspd ; ,ay;ig

tptupg;ghu;.

11.6.1 cyfpd; ,aw;if

,lu;fs;

• G+kp eLf;fk;

• vupkiy ntbg;G

• Rdhkp

• kz;rupT

• #whtsp

• nts;sk;

• twl;rp

• fhl;Lj;jP

- ngUkstpy; Vw;gLk;

gpuNjrq;fs;> Vw;gLtjw;

fhd fhuzq;fs;>

mit fhuzkhf

Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;

* cyfg; GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; ,aw;if

,lu;fSf;F Kfq;

nfhLf;Fk; gpuNjrq;f

isf; Fwpj;Jg;

ngauply;.

• cyfpy; Vw;gLk; gpujhd

,aw;if ,lu;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• ,aw;if ,lu;fs; Vw;

gLk; gpujhd gpuNjrq;

fis cyfg;GwTUtg;

glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf;

fhl;b tptupg;ghu;.

• gpujhd ,aw;if ,lu;fs;

fhuzkhf Njhd;Wk;

gpur;rpidfis tpgupg;

ghu;.

• ,aw;if ,lu;fs; kf;fs;

tho;tpy; Vw;gLj;Jk;

ghjpg;Gf;fis tptupg;ghu;.

08


Ntisfs;

xxix

11.7 tho;tpd; rthy;fis

ntw ;w p nfhs ;tjw ;F

cjTk; rpwg;ghd capu;f;

fhg ; Gj ; j pwd ;fisg ;

gad;gLj;Jthu;

11.7.1,yq;if kPJ nry;thf;

Fr; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;

ghd mwpT+l;lj;Jld;

nraw;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

11.7.1 ,yq;ifapy; ghjpg;Gr;nrYj;Jk; ,aw;ifmdu;j;jq;fs;

• epyr;rupT• #whtsp• nts;sk;• twl;rp• kpd;dy; jhf;fk;• Rdhkp• Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;>

mjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;>mopTfs;

• mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jttl;lk;

• Kd;dhaj;jk; (jtpu;j;jYk; ghjpg;Gf;fisFiwj;Jf;nfhs;sYk;)

• mdu;j;jq;fSf;F Kfk;nfhLj;jy; (nraw;;glNtz;ba tpjk;> vLf;fNtz;baeltbf;iffs;)

• mdu;j;jj;jpd;gpd;duhd topKiwfs;(Gdu;tho; Tk;Gduikg;Gk;)* ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;

glnkhd;wpy; ,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fSf;Fs;sh

Fk; gpuNjrq;fisf;Fwpj;Jg; ngauply;.

• ,yq;if kPJ ghjpg;ig

Vw;gLj;Jk; ,aw;if

mdu;j;jq;fisf; Fwpg;

gpl;L mit Vw;gLtjw;

fhd fhuzq ;fis

tptupg;ghu;.

• mdu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf

Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fisAk;

mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt

topKiwfisAk; tpsf;

Fthu;.

• ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;f

spdhy; ghjpg;GWk; gpu

Njrq;fis ,yq;ifg;

GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpd;

JizAld; tpgupg;gJld;

mjd; jPatpisTfis

Ak; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

8

ghl


xxx

11.8 ngsjpf khdplr; nraw;

ghLfspd; ,ilj;njhopw;

ghLfs; ngsjpf khdplr;

#oy; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk;

ghjpg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; tpsf;

fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

11.8.1 fhyepiy khw;wq;f

Sf;Fk; khDl eltbf;

iffSf;Fk; ,ilap

yhd neUf ;fkhd

njhlu ;ig xg ; g P l ;L

uPjpapy; tpsf;Fthu;.

11.8.1 fhyepiy

khw;wq;fs;

• Vw;gLtjw;fhd

fhuzq;f Sk;

fhyepiy khw;wq;f

spd; tpisTfSk;

• gr;irtPl;L tpisT

- Gtp ntg;gkiljy;>

,tw; wpd; kPJ

ngsjPf> khDl

eltbf;iffspdhy;

Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;Gfs;

• cyf fhyepiy

khw;wKk; mJ

njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr

cld;gbf;iffSk; rk

thaq;fSk; (IPCC)

• fhye piy khw ;wk ;

vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;Jthu;.

• fhyepiy khw;wj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzq;fis

cjhuzq;fhl;b tpgupg;

ghu;.

• fhyepiy khw;wk; fhu

zkhf ngsjPf uPjpapYk;

khdpl uPjpapYk; Vw;gLk;

tpisTfis tpsf;F

thu;.

• fhyepiy khw;wj;ij

,opTg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

cyfshtpa uPjpapy;

vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;if

fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

06


Ntisfs;

xxxi

ghl


11

04

11.9 juTfisAk; jfty;

fisAk; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk;

gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk;

nghUs; tpsf;fk; nra;

tjw;Fk; Kd;itg;gjw;Fk;

Gtpapay; El;gq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

11.10 juTfisAk; jfty;

fisAk; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk;

gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk;

nghUs; tpsf;fk; nra;t

jw;Fk; Kd;itg;gjw;Fk;

Gtpapay; El;gq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jthu;.

11.9.1,yq;if 1:50>000 Njrg;

glq;fspy ; ngsjpf>

gz;ghl;L ,ay;Gfis

tptupg;ghu;.

11.10.1 tiuGfis thrpj;J

jfty;fisg; gFj;jha;

thu;.

11.9.1 ,yq;if 1:50>000

Njrg; glq;fs;

• ngsjpf ,ay;Gfs;

• gz;ghl;L ,ay;Gfs;

• Njrg;glq;fis

tptupj;jy;

• FWf;F ntl;Lf;fis

mikj;jy; (FWf;F

ntl;L Kfk;)

11.10.1 tiuGfspd;

gad;ghLfs;

• juTfis

tiug;glq;fspy; Fwpj;jy;

(tupg;glq;fSk;>

tiug;glq;fSk;)

- Nfhl;L tiuGfs;

- Neu;Nfhl;L tiuGfs;

(vspa ryhif)

- epuy; tiuGfs;

($l;Lepuy;)

- tl;l tiuGfs; (ig

tiuGfs;)

- gy;Nfhl;L tiuG

• Njrg;glq;fs; vd;gjd;

fUjg;gLtJ ahJ vd

tpsf;Fthu;.

• ,yq;if 1:50000 Njrg;gl

nkhd;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s

ngsj pf gz ;ghl ;L

,ay;Gfis tptuzg;

gLj;Jthu;.

• N j r g ; g l nk hd ; w p d ;

ngsjpf ,ay;Gfis

,dq ; f hz ; gjw ; f hf

FWf;F ntl;LKfj;jpid

mikj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

• juTfisf; Fwpg;gpjw;

fhf tup> tiuglq;fis

gad;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fp

aj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

• tup > tiuglq ;fis

thrpj;J mjd; Jiz

Ald; jfty;fisg; gFg;

gha;T nra;thu;.

1

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd

mwpTWj;jy;fs;

2

myF 11.1 Gtpapd; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

1 . Nju;r;rp 11.1 : - ngsjpf khdpl jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fs;> mtw;wpd;

,ay;Gfs; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;

gLthu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.1.1 Gtpapd; ,aw;if tsq;fspd; ,ay;igAk;

guk;giyAk; tptupg;ghu;.

3 . ghlNtisfs; : - 12

4 . fw;ww; NgWfs; : - ,aw;if tsq;fs; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

xU tsk; vd;w tifapy; ghiwfspd; ngWkhdj;ij

tpgupg;ghu;.

fdpa tsq;fspd; guk;giy tpgupg;ghu;.

xU tsk; vd ;w tifapy ; fdpa tsq;fspd ;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; gad;ghl;ilAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

kz; cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfisAk;

kz;zpd; gf;fg;ghu;itiaAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

xU tsk; vd;w tifapy; kz;zpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

xU tsk; vd;w tifapy; ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpj;Jg;

NgRthu;.

ePu; tsj;jpd; guk;giyAk; ntt;NtW ePu; %yk; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisAk; Kd;itg;ghu;.

xU tsk; vd;w tifapy; fhLfspdJk; tdtpyq;F

fspdJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jld; NgRthu;.

cyf fhLfspd; guk;giyAk; mtw;wpd; ,ay;GfisAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.

fhLfSk; tdtpyq;FfSk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis

tprhupj;jwpthu;.

fdpaq;fspd; guk;gy;fisAk; fhLfspd; guk;gy;fisAk;

cyfg; GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

5 . ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

Gtpapd; ,aw;if tsq;fs;> mtw;wpypUe;J njupT nra;j rpy tsq;fspd;jd;ik> guk;gy;> gad;ghL Mfpad gw;wpf; fw;wha;tNj ,e;j myfpd; %yk;vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghiwfs;> njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy fdpaq;fs; (,Uk;Gj;jhJ> fdpanea;> fhuPak;)>kz;> ePu;> fhLfs;> tdrPtuhrpfs; Mfpad njhlu;ghfNt ,q;F ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tsq;fis kdpjdpd; NjitfSld; Neubahfj;njhlu;GWk; kpf neUf;fkhd ,aw;if tsq;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd;guk;giyAk; jd;ikfisAk; fw;wha;tJ Kf;fpakhdJ. ,q;F fw;iff;fhfKd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ie;J (5) tifahd ,aw;if tsq;fisf; fw;wha;tjw;fhfgd;dpuz;L (12) ghlNtisfis xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fdpaq;fs; vDk; ,aw;if

3

tsj;Jf;fhf %d;W ghlNtisfisAk; ghiwfs; vDk; tsj;Jf;fhf %d;WghlNtisfisAk; Vida %d;W tsq;fSf;fhf ,uz;L (2) ghlNtisfs;

tPjKk; xJf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

,aw;if tsq;fs;

,aw;if #oypy; fhzg;gLtdTk; kdpjDf;Fk; gadspg;gitAkhd vy;yhNk

,aw;if tsq;fshFk; vdyhk;.

,aw;if tsq;fis ntt;NtW tpjq;fspy; tifg;gLj;jyhk;. gpd;tUk; %d;W

ghFghLfspd; fPo; khj;jpuk; fw;wha;tNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. Kaw;rpapd;wpf; fpilf;Fk; tsq;fSk; Kaw;rpj;Jg; ngw Ntz;ba tsq;fSk;

2. Nja;TWk; tsq;fSk; Nja;Twhj tsq;fSk;> Nja;Tw;w NghjpYk; kPz;Lk;

GJg;gpf;fg;gLk; tsq;fSk;

3. capUs;s tsq;fSk; capuw;w tsq;fSk;

,e;j myfpd; %yk; fw;wha vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; rpy ,aw;if tsq;fs; Nkw;gb

gFg;gha;Tld; nghUe;jpf; fhl;lg;glTs;sd. mJ Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

cjhuzk;:

tsq;fs;

Kaw;rpd;wp fpilf;Fk; tsq;fs;

kio ePu;/ Cw;W ePu;

,aw;iff; fhLfs;

kz;

ghiwfs;

epyj;jpDs; fhzg;gLk; fdpaq;fs;

(fhuPak;> gz;gLj;jg;glhj fdpa

nea;> ,Uk;Gj;jhJ)

Rj;jkhd tsp

ntg;gk;/ #upa xsp

fhw;W

Kaw;rpj;Jg; ngWk; tsq;fs;

Foha; ePu;> ePu;g;ghrd ePu;

nraw;ifahf tsu;f;fg;gLk; fhLfs;

khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l tskhd kz;

jahu;g;gLj;jpa ghiwg;gFjpfs;

mfo;e;njLf;Fk; fdpaq;fs;

Nehahspfs;> RopNahbfs; kw;Wk;

ifj;njhopy;fSf;fhf cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLk; xl;rprd;

Nja;TWk; tsq;fs;

Rj;jkhd ePu;

fhLfs;

tskhd kz;

ghiwfs;

fdpaq;fs;

(fhuPak;> fdpanea;>

,Uk;Gj;jhJ)

Nja;Twhj tsq;fs;

ePu;

ntg;gk;/ #upa xsp

fhw;W

flyiy rf;jp

Nja;Tw;wNghjpYk;

kPz;Lk; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f

tsq;fs;

kPd;fs;

fhLfs;

gapu;fs;

kz; tskhf;fy;

,Uk;Gf; fopTfs;

Nrjd grisfs;

4

jw;fhyj;jpy; xU tskhfg; gad;gLj;jg;glhj xU nghUs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;

njhopDl;g tpUj;jp kw;Wk; gad;gLjd;ik Mfpa fhuzpfspd; tpisthf xU

tskhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl ,lKz;L. mJ njhlu;ghf khztUld;

fye;jiuahLf.

cjhuzk;: Jk;Gr;rf;if> Nrjdg; nghUs;fs;

ghiw vd;gJ>

gjhu;j;jq;fNsJkpd;wp xd;W Nru;e;j gy fdpaq;fspd; Nru;khdNk ghiw

vdyhk;. ghiwfis mit Njhw;wk; ngWk; tpjj;Jf;fika gpujhdkhd

%d;W tiffshf tFf;fyhk;. cjhuzk;:

1. jPg;ghiw

2. milaw; ghiw

3. cUkhwpa ghiw

jPg ;ghiw

Gtpapd; cl;gFjp;apypUe;J ntsptUk; kf;kh vDk; ghiwf; Fok;G Gtpapd;

Nkw;gug;G cl;gFjpapy; neha;jyhd ,ilntspfs; Clhf ntspte;J

Fspu;r;rpaile;J gy;NtW fdpaq;fs; Nru;e;;J ,Wf;fk; miltij jPg;ghiw

vd;gu;.

Gtpapd; cs;Ns fhzg;gLk; ghiwf;Fok;G GtpNkw;gug;gpd; gy;NtW

Jthuq;fspD}lhf epyj;jpd; cl;gFjpfshf ntspg;gLtJk; milgl;L

Fsu;r;rpailtjhy; Njhd;wpa ghiwNa jPg;ghiw vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it

js;sy;> jiyaPl;L jPg;ghiw vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: cl;Gwg;ghiwfs;> fpuidw;W> lNahiul;L> fpg;Nuhg;ghiw> Nkw;gug;Gg;

ghiwfs;> NgNrhyl; ghiw> milaw;ghiw

jPg;ghiwahdJ Gwtpirf;fUtpfshd ePu;> fhw;W miyj;jhf;fk;> gdpf;fl;b

jiuf;fPo;ePu; Nghd;w jpd;dw; fhuzpfs; %yk; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L gbTWk;

ghiwg;gFjpfshFk;.

milaw;ghiw

gpu pifaile;j ghiwg;gFjpfs; gbe;J e Pz;l fhyj;jpd ; gpd ;du ;

milaw;ghiwahf khWk;.

cjhuzk;: fsp> nlhyikw;W> Rz;zf;fy;

mit> Nrjd milaw;ghiw

mNrjd milaw;ghiw

,urhad Kiwapyhd milaw;ghiwvd %d;W tifg;gLk;.

capUs;s tsq;fs;

fhLfs;

(jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fp

(gw;wPupah) Nghd;wd

kPd;

capuw;w tsq;fs;

ePu;

kz;

rfy fdpa tsq;fs;

ghiwfs;

5

cUkhwpa ghiw

jPg;ghiw> milaw; ghiw Mfpatw;wpd; Kjd;ikahd mikg;Gj; jd;ik

khw;wkiltjhy; cUkhwpa ghiw cUthFk;. cau; ntg;gk;> mKf;fk; Nghd;w

fhuzpfspdhy; cUkhwpa ghiw jd;ik ,urhadf; fl;likg;G Nghd;wit

khw;wkilAk;. mit ntg;g cUkhwpa ghiw> mKf;f cUkhwpa ghiw>

gpuNjr cUkhwpa ghiw vdg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: ie];> Fthl;irw;W> ryitf;fw;ghiw

xU tsk; vd;w tifapy; ghiwfspd; gy;NtW gad;fs;

gapu; nra;iff;fhd tskhd kz; Njhw;wk; ngWjy;

fdpaq;fs; ngWjy; fl;ll epu;khzg; nghUs;fshfg; gad;gLj;jy; fl;llj; Jizf;$Wfs; jahupj;jy; myq;fhug; nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy; gy;NtW epu;khzpg;Gf;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jy; jiuf;fPo; ePiur; Nrkpg;gjw;F epug;G tyakhf mikfpd;wJ.

fdpak;

,aw;ifahf cUthtJk; jpl;ltl;lkhd ,urhad fl;likg;igAk; gspq;FUitAk;

nfhz;lJk; jpz;kepiyapy; fhzg;gLtJk; mNrjdr; nrad;Kiwnahd;wpd; topNa

cUthtJkhd xU nghUNs fdpak; MFk;. ,it ngWkjpahdjhfTk;

mUikahdjhfTk; mika ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

fw;wYf;fhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy fdpa tiffs;1. ,Uk;Gj;jhJ2. fhuPak;3. epyf;fup

,Uk;Gj;jhJ

epyj;jpypUe;J mfo;e;njLf;fg;gLk; ,Uk;Gj;jhJ gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;L ntg;gNkw;wg;

gl;L ,Uk;G kw;Wk; cUf;F cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,Uk;Gg; gad;ghLkdpj ehfupfj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F Kf;fpakhd xU fhuzkhf mike;jJ vdf;fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Uk;G> cUf;F Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; fhuzkhf> mitcw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopy;> tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;> Nritfs; ifj;njhopy; Nghd;wnghUshjhuj; Jiwfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sd. cjhuzk;: ,Uk;GUf;Ff;ifj;njhopy;

,Uk;Gj;jhJg; gbTfs; guk;gpAs;s gpuNjrq;fSk; ehLfSk;

tl mnkupf;fhtpd; Ik;ngUk; Vupfisr; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fs;- gpw;];Ngf;> nkhrhkp> Ngkpq;fhk;

cf;Nud;> u\;ahtpy; - F\;ndw;];f; gpuhe;jpak; rPdhtpy; kd;#upah rhq;fp gpuNjrk; gpNurpy; - rhNthNghNyh mT];jpNuypahtpy; - `ku;];Ny If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; njw;F Nty;];> kpl;yd;l; n\gPyl;> Ngu;kpq;`hk;

,e;jpah - jhNkhjugs;sjhf;F ahk;nrl;G+u;> &u;Nfhyh

njd; Mgpupf;fh - Nkw;F fiu

6

N[u;kdp - &u;tyak; Rtpld; - fpUdh

fhuPak;

caupa fhgd; rjtPjj;ijf; nfhz;l fhuPak;> kpfr; rpwe;j ntg;gf;flj;jpahfTk;

kpd;flj;jpahfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Xu; ,aw;if tskhFk;. ifj;njhopy;

%yg;nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fhuPak; gpujhdkhf %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. fhuPak; (kpf caupa ngWkjpAs;s) fhuPa tiffs;

2. Ez;gspq;Ff; fhuPak;

3. ghiwfspy; guk;gpf; fhzg;gLk; fhuPak;

fhuPak; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; gpujhdkhd ehLfs; ,e;jpah JUf;fp nfhupah gpNurpy; ,yq;if jd;rhdpah nkf;rpf;Nfh klf];fhu;

cyfpd; tUlhe;j fhuPa cw;gj;jp Vwj;jho 200000 nkl;upf; njhd; MFk;. mjpy;

Vwj;jho 120000 nkw;wpf;njhd; ,e;jpahtpYk; vQ;rpAs;s mstpd; ngUk;gFjp

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l kw;iwa ehLfspYk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

fhuPak; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Jiwfs;/ ifj;njhopy;fs; ,yj;jpudpaw; ifj;njhopy; mZf;fU Muha;r;rp cNyhf kiwg;G cw;gj;jpj;njhopy; krFnea; cw;gj;jp ngd;rpy; cw;gj;jp epwg;G+r;R cw;gj;jp

fdpaq;fspd; ngWkhdk; fdpa tiffspd; cUthf;fj;Jf;F kpf ePz;l fhyk; nry;fpd;wikahy; mJ

mupjhd kw;Wk; Nja;tilAk; tskhff; fhzg;gLjy; tiuaiwg;gl;l rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; khj;jpuk; fhzg;gly; fdpa tiffSf;fhf mjpf Nfs;tp fhzg;gly; ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;F ,d;wpaikahj Xu; cs;sPlhf ,Uj;jy;Mfpad fhuzkhf fdpaq;fs;> ngWkjp kpf;f tsq;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

kz; - mwpKfk;ghiwfs; thdpyahyoptjhy; Njhd;wpa kPjpfSk; Nrjdg;nghUs;fSk; fyg;gjhy;kz; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. mk;kz;> tskhd kz;zhf khWtjw;F mjDld; kz;zPu;>kz; mq;fpffs;> kz; tsp Mfpa $WfSk; Nru;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

kz; cUthf;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; jha;g;ghiwapd; rpijT fhyepiyapd; (ntg;gk;> Fspupd;) jhf;fk; jiuj;Njhw;wk; Nrjdj; njhFjp fhyk;

7

kz;gilapd; nrOik> fl;likg;G ,urhad ,ay;Gfs; Mfpa ahTk; Nkw;gbfhuzpfshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. kz; cUthf;fj;jpy; ,f;fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;Ak; tpjj;ij vspikahf tpsf;FtJ NghJkhdJ.

kz; gf;fg;ghu;it (Soil Profile)GtpNahl;bd; ntspg;Gwg;gil> kz;gilahFk;. mJ rhu;gstpy; kpf nky;ypa xUgilahFk;. jha;g;ghiw kPJ cUthfpAs;s kz;gil rpy tyaq;fshff; fhzg;gLk;. A - tyak; B - tyak; C - tyak;

,it gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fkspg;gJ NghJkhdJ.

xU tsk; vd;w tifapy; kz;zpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtJKf;fpakhdJ. Xu; ,aw;if tsk; vd;w tifapy; kdpjdpd; ,Ug;G kPJ Neubahfg;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; ,t;tsj;jpd; guk;gypy; gy;NtW kz; tiffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> fl;ll epu;khzKk; Vida gy;NtW epu;khzpg;Gf;fSk;jhtuq;fspd; ,Ug;G> Nkw;gug;G ePu;tbg;G Nghd;wtw;wpd; NghJ kdpjDf;F kz; kpf

Kf;fpakhdjhf mikfpd;wJ.

ePu ;

Gtpapd; ,Ug;Gf;F VJthFk; gpujhd fhuzp ePu; MFk;. Xu; ,aw;if tskhfpa ePu;

kdpjdpd; xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bYk; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth njhlu;GWtJz;L.

Jupjkhd Fbj;njhif tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf ePu; xU tiuaiw nfhz;l tskhf

khwptUfpd;wJ.

ePu; fpilf;Fk; gy;NtW %yq;fs;

rKj;jpuq;fs;

kiotPo;r;rp

cz;zhl;L ePu; epiyfs;

Vupfs;

MWfs;> mUtpfs;

epyf;fPo; ePNue;jpfs; (Aquifers) gdpf;fl;bahW (Glaciers) eP&w;Wf;fs;

Global Distribution: (Source: Environmental Geography - Educational Publication Dept)

cyfpd; ePu; guk;gy;

rKj ;j puk ;

e pyk ;

gd pf ;fl ;b

jiuf ;f Po ;

e Pu ; ;

Nkw ;gug ;G

e Pu ;

cg;NgupfSk;cs ;sfePu ;j ;njhFjpfSk;

MWfs;> mUtpfs;

fhy ;tha ;fs ;tspkz;ly

ePu ; ;

kz; ePu; ;

8

ePupay; tl;lk;

glk; 1.2

xU tsk; vd;w tifapy; ePupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ePu;> Gtpapy; capupd; ,Ug;Gf;F ,d;wpaikahj xU fhuzpahFk;.

tptrha eltbf;iffs;> czT cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;Wf;F ePu; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

ifj;njhopy;fspd;NghJ cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;F ePu; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nghf;Ftuj;J ClfkhfTk; ePu; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

tPl;Lf; fUkq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

kpd; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

nghOJNghf;F/ fspg;g+l;Lk; eltbf;iffSf;fhfj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

#oiy mofhfTk; capNuhl;lkhdjhfTk; NgZtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLfpwJ.

capNuhl;lkhd Rw;Wyhj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;F cjTfpwJ.

Xu; ,aw;if tsk; vd;w tifapy; fhLfs;

,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fSs; kpf Kf;fpakhd xU tskhff; fhLfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

,aw;ifahf cUthfpa fhLfs;> ,aw;iff; fhLfshFk;. eLif nra;J

tsu;f;fg;gLk; fhLfs; nraw;iff;fhLfshFk;. kdpjdpd; Kaw;rp ,d;wp jhkhfNt

kio ntg;gk; kz;zpd; jd;ikf;F Vw;g tsu;rrp miltij ,aw;ifahd

fhLfs; vd;gu;.

fhLfspd; guk;gy;

cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; gy;tifg;gl;lit. mtw;Ws; gpujhdkhf %d;W

tiff;fhLfspy; khj;jpuNk ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fhyepiyiaAk; jiu

mikg;igAk; fhLfisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,g;ghFghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. mad kz;lyf; fhLfs; mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs;/ gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhLfs;2. ,iyAjpu; fhLfs;> ,ilntg;g tyaf;fhLfs;

3. Crpapiyf;fhLfs;

ePuhtp

#upad;Kfpy;fs;

gbT tPo;r;rp

Nkw;gug;G ePu;

epyf;fPo; ePu;

9

1 . mad kz;lyf; fhLfs; mad kz;ly kiof;fhLfs;/ gUtf;fhw;Wf;

fhLfs;.

guk;gy;

kj;jpa Nfhl;bd; ,U Gwj;jpYk; mad kz;lyf; fhyepiy cs;s gpuNjrq;fspy;

,f;fhLfs; guk;gpAs;sd. cjhuzkhf> mNkrd; gs;sj;jhf;F nfhq;Nfh

ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;F> njd;fpof;F Mrpag; gpuNjrq;fs;> gg;Gth epA+fpdp ,e;NjhNdrpa

fhLfs;> tlfPo; mT];jpNuypah> kj;jpa mnkupf;fg; gpuNjrq;fs;> ,yq;if Nghd;w

,lq;fspy; ,f; fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

capu;g;gy;tifik cau;thd mlu;j;jpahd #upa xsp CLUtpr; nry;y

Kbahj fUikahd gr;ir ,iyfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

vd;Wk; gRikahd jhtuq;fs; gutyhf fhzg;gly;.

Neupa jz;Lfisf; nfhz;l caukhd jhtuq;fs;

jhtug;gilaikg;Gf; fhzg;gly; (jl;Lfs;> tpjhdk;) Nknyhl;bj; jhtuq;fSk; VWjhtuq;fSk; fhzg;gLjy;

td tpyq;Ffs;

Nfhupy;yh> gG+d;> mdnfhz;lhTk; Vida ghk;G ,dq;fSk; G+r;rp ,dq;fs;>

fub> GDFG+id> Xzhd; tiffs;> Fuq;Ffs;

2 . ,iyAjpu;; fhLfs; ,ilntg;g tyaf; fhLfs;

guk;gy;

tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpYk; njd;diuf; Nfhsj;jpYk; 300t - 500t mfyhq;FfSf;F

,ilg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; guk;gpAs;sd. cjhuzkhf> tl mnkupf;fhtpd;

fpof;Ff; fiuNahu epyg;gpuNjrk;> Nkw;F INuhg;gpa> kj;jpa INuhg;gpa gpuNjrq;fs;>

kj;jpj;jiuf; fhyepiy fhzg;gLk; gpuNrjq;fs;

fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

mad kz;lyf;fhLfs; Nghd;W mlu;j;jpahf tsu khl;lhJ. rhu;gstpy;

capu;g;gy;tifikAk; FiwthdJ. ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fs;> Nfhil fhyj;jpy;

MtpAapu;g;igf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,iyfis cjpu;f;Fk;. ,f;fhLfspy;

caupa mupkug; ngWkhdKs;s jhtuq;fSk; fhzg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: Xf;> gPr;> nr];el;> vy;lu;> itw;W

td tpyq;Ffs;

Gyp> rpq;fk;> ahid> cf;fpu er;Rj;jd;ik nfhz;l efUapu;fs;> kiu>

gwit ,dq;fs;

3 . Crpapiyf; fhLfs;

guk;gy;

tl miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; mfyf;NfhLfs; 500t - 600t ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l tyaj;jpd;

rpy gpuNjrq;fspy ;,f;fhLfs; guk;gpAs;sd. Fwpg;ghf tl mnkupf;fhtpd;

Nkw;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J fpof;Ff; fiuNahuk; tiuapyhd xLq;fpa gFjpapYk;

tl INuhg;ghtpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J fpof;fhrpaf; fiuNahuk;

10

tiuapyhd xLq;fpa gFjpapYk; ,f;fhLfs; njs;sj;njspthfg; guk;giyf;fhl;b

epw;fpd;wd.

Crpapiyf;fhLfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

u\;ahtpy; ,J ijf;fh vdg;gLfpd;wJ. $upa Kidnfhz;l ,iyfshd $k;G

jhq;fpj;jhtuq;fs; ,f;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;jhtuq;fspd; jz;L NeupajhfTk;

caukhdjhfTk; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; mupkuk; nkd;ikahdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.

cjhuzk;: igdR> /gu;> yhr;R> ];GU];> gu;rp> rPlu; Nghd;w jhtuq;fs;

td tpyq;Ffs;

gz;lhf;fub> JUtf;fub> kiu> eup> gwit ,dq;fs; rPy;kPd;

fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

#oy; rkdpiyiag; ghJf;fhf;f cjTjy;

tdtpyq;Ffspd; ,Ug;ig cWjp nra;a cjTjy;

tspkz;lyj;ijr; Rj;jkhdjhf Ngz cjTjy;

czT> kUe;J tif> mupkuk;> vupnghUs; Nghd;wit ngw cjTjy;

ePu;g;gpupepykhf fhLfs; Kf;fpakhd gq;if Mw;Wjy;.

,aw;if moifg; Ngzptuj;Jizahjy;

tskhd kz; cUthf;f cjTjy;

#oy; rkepiy NgZk; tl;lq;fs; ,aq;Ftjw;F cjTjy;

fhLfSk; td rPtuhrpfSk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSk;

kdpjdpd; NjitfSf;fhf fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLjyhdJ fhLfspd; guk;gYf;Fk;

td rPtuhrpfspd; ,Ug;Gf;Fk; miw$tyhf mikjy; - ,ay;ghd

,lg;ngau;r;rpf;Fj; jilahjy;> czTj;jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLjy;

gy;NtW kdpjj; NjitfSf;fhf td tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLjy;

td tpyq;Ffs; Neha;fSf;Fk; nfhs;is Neha;fSf;Fk; Mshjy;

Nkw;nry; jhtuq;fs; guk;Gjy;

,urhadg; nghUs; gad;glhdJ jhtu> tpyq;Fr; rhfpaq;fsp;d; ,Ug;Gf;F

rthyhf mikjy;

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; gy;NtW njhopw;ghLfs; fhuzkhfTk;

twl;rp> fhl;Lj;jP Nghd;wit mjpfupj;jYk; fhLfs; mopTWjYk;

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

ghlE}y;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;> guk;giyf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;>

Njrg;glg;Gj;jfk; Nghd;wit.

11

7 . fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

jpl;lkpl;L elj;jpa ghlj;ijg; gpd;tUk; epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

,aw;if tsq;fisr; rupahf tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

jug;gl;l ,aw;iff; fdpa tsq;fs; rpytw;wpd; ngWkhdj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

kz ; cUthtj py ; nry ;thf ;Fr ; nrYj ;Jk ; fhuz pfisAk ;

kz;gf;fg;ghu;itiaAk; tpsf;fg;glj;jpd; JizAld; tpsf;Fthu;.

,aw;if tsq;fspd; guk;giy Njrg;glq;fspd; JizAld; tpsf;Fthu;.

fhLfSk ; td t pyq ;FfSk ; vj p u ; Nehf ;Fk ; g p u r ; r pidfs ;

cjhuzq;fhl;btpsf;Fthu;.

12

myF 11.2 ,yq;ifapd; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

1 . Nju;r;rp 11.2 : - ngsjpf> khdpl jiuj; Njhw;wj;ijg; ghJfhg;g jw;Fk;

NgZtjw;Fkhd Neuhd kdg;ghq;Fld; ele;J nfhs;thu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.2.1 ,yq;ifapy; ,aw;if tsg;gad;ghLk; ghJfhg;

Gk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.


4 . fw;ww; NgWfs; : -

,yq;ifapd; Njrpa fly; vy;iy> Ml;Gy vy;iy>

g puj ;j pNaf nghUshjhu vy ;iy Mfpatw ;iw

Njrg;glnkhd;wpd; JizAld; tiuaWg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapd; ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ngaupl;L mtw;wpd;

guk;giy GwTUtg;glj;jpd; JizAld; tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifapd; epyg;gad; ghl;L Nfhyq;fis vspikahf

tpgupg;ghu;.

epyg;gad;ghL njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisAk; ghJfhg;G

KiwfisAk; tptupg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapy ; ghiwfs; gad;gLj;jg ;gLkhw ;iw

cjhuzq;fSld; tpgupg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapy; ghiwfspd; gad;ghL njhlu ;ghd

gpur;rpidfis tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd kz; tiffisg; ngaupLthu;.

kz; gad;ghL fhuzkhfj; Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfisAk;

kl;fhg;G KiwfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifapy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fdpa tsq;fis

ngaupLthu;.

,yq;ifapy; fdpa tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ

Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis tpgupg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapd; ePu; %yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ePupd; gad;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

e Pu ; %yq;fis fhg ;gjw ;fhd eltbf;iffis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapy; fhLfspd; guk;gy;fisAk; mtw;wpd;

,ay;GfisAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,yq;ifapd; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fis tifg;gLj;jp

mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifapd; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fis GwTUtg;glj;jpy;

Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

,yq;ifapd; tYrf;jp %yq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.

,yq;ifapd; tYrf;jp %yq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLkhw;iw

tpsf;Fthu;.

tYrf;jp ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

13


rKj;jpuk;

,jd;fPo; Ml;Gy fly; vy;iy> jdpj;Jtkhd nghUshjhu tyak; vd;gtw;iwg;

gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb mtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila tpN\lkhd vy;iyfs;

njhlu;ghfTk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

fly;rhu; tyaq;fs;

vkJ jPitr; Rw;wp mike;Js;s vkf;F cupj;jhd fly; tyaq;fspd; cupik

gw;wpa rpw;rpy tplq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. 1972 - 1982

tiuapyhd fye;Jiuahly; fhyj;jpd; gpd;du; 1982 ,y; rKj;jpur; rl;lk;

njhlu;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; rigapd; cld;ghL cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjid

133 ehLfs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lNjhL 1994 Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; 16 Me; jpfjpapypUe;J

mJ eilKiwf;Fte;jJ. ,yq;ifAk; mjpy; xg;gkpl;l xU ehlhFk;.

mt;Tld;ghl;Lld; flw;fiu tyak; tiuaiw nra;agl;Ls;sJ.

mbf;NfhLfs;

,J 1:50>000 my;yJ mjpYk; $ba msTj;jpl;lk; nfhz;l Njrg;glq;fspy;

Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jho;kl;lf; NfhlhFk;. mJ EioFlhf;fspdJk;

tpu pFlhf ;fspdJk; jpwe ;j ,lq;fSf;Ff; FWf;fhf tiuag;gl ;l

Neu;NfhLfSlNdNa tiuag;gl;Ls;sJ.

cs;sf ePu;epiyfs;

mbf;Nfhl;Lf;F ,g;ghy; jiug;gpuNrj;jpy; mike;Js;s ePu;epiyfshFk;.

jpUNfhzkiyf; Flh> Gj;jsk;> fldPNuup Ngd;wit rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;.

cs;sff; fly;

,J mbf;Nfhl;bypUe;J 12 fly; iky;fSf;F Nkw;glhj tyakhFk;. xU

fly; iky; 1.852 kPw;wuhFk;. mt;tyaj;jpDs; tsp kz;lyk;> fly; mbj;jsk;>

kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz kz;gil Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa gpuNjrj;jpd; KO

Ra murpay; cupik mt;tuRf;FupaJ. ntspehl;Lf; flw;fyd;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;

,r;rl;lk; nry;YgbahFk;.

may; fly; tyak;

,t;tyak; 24 iky; J}uk; tiu gue;jtyakhFk;. mt;tyaj;jpDs; kPd;gpb

,lk;> Rf eyrl;lj;jpl;lq;fspd; kPwy;fisj; jLf;f murhq;fj;Jf;F Mw;wy;

cs;sJ. rl;lj;ij kPwy; njhlu;ghfj; jz;lid toq;Fk; cupikAk;

mt;turhq;fj;jpw;F cz;L.

jdpj;Jtkhd nghUshjhu tyak;

mbf;Nfhl;bypUe;J 200 fp.kP. fly; ikypypUe;J 370.4 fp.kPw;wu; tiu gutpAs;s

,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; rKj;jpu jiu tpfpjk; 75:1 MFk;. ,t;tyaj;jpy;

mike;Js;s rfy capUs;s kw;Wk; capuw;w ,aw;if tsq;fs;> flyhf

cs;s ePu;> flybj;jsk; Mfpatw;wpd; RahjPd cupik ,yq;iff;FupaJ.

14

tuyhw;Wf;flw;gFjp

,t;tyak; kd;dhu; Flh> ghf;F ePupiz> tq;fhs tpupFlh Mrpa tyaq;fspd;

fly; vy;iyfs; ,e;jpahTf;fpilapyhd xg;ge ;jnkhd;wpd ; %yk;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j cld;ghl;bd;gb ,yq;iff;F 1/4 Km kpy;ypad;

fly; mbj;jsk; cupj;jhfpAs;sJ. njd;gFjpapy; 8000 fp.kPw;wu; tiuapyhd

gFjp ,yq;iff;F cupaJ. NkYk; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; rl;lG+u;tkhd fz;l

vy;iyAk; mjpy; mlq;Fk;.

fly;; vy;iy

,t;nty;iy ,yq;iff;Fk; ,e;jpahTf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt

rfy nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSk; ,uz;L ehLfspdJk; ,zf;f cld;ghl;bd;

gbNa eilngWk; MfNt ,e;j vy;iy ,Uj;jug;Gr;rhu;e;jjhFk;.

,yq;ifapd; epyg;gug;G

,yq;ifapd; jiug;gpuNjrk; 65610 rJu fpNyhkPw;wu; MFk;. ,g; gpujhd

jPTld; kd;dhu; jPT Cu;fhtw;Jiw jPT> iedhjPT> fr;rjPT> Gq;FLj;jPT

mdiy jPT> kz;ilj;jPT> vOitjPT Nghd;w gy jPTfSk; ,jpylq;Fk;.

,yq;ifapd; epyg;gad;ghl;Lf; Nfhyk;

,yq;if rpwpanjhU jPthf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; ngsjpf mikg;gpy; gy NtWghLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;Nfw;g epyg;gad;ghLk; NtWgLfpd;wd. ntt;NtW

NjitfSf;fhf epyj;ij gad;gLj;JtNj epyg;gad;ghL vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

FbapUg;Gf;fs;> ghijfs;> tptrha nraw;ghLfs;> ifj;njhopy; eltbf;iffs;

vd;gtw;Wf;F epyk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapd; ngsjpfr; Rw;whlypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW NtWghLfspd;

%yk; kdpj tho;f;if fl;bnaOg;ggLfpd;wJ. mjw;Nfw;g ,yq;ifapd;

epyg;gad;ghl;L Nfhyj;ij ,dq;fhzyhk;.

cjhuzk;:

fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; - kPd;gpb eltbf;iffs;

cyu; tyak; - kioia ek;gpa gapu;r; nra;if> ePu;g;ghrd eltbf;if

efu;Gwq;fs; - ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; Nrit epiyaq;fs;

fpuhkpag; gpuNjrq;fs; - guk;gpa FbapUg;Gf;fs;> tPl;Lj;Njhl;lq;fs;

fdpkg; gpuNjrk; - Ruq;f kWj;jy; njhopy;

kiy ehl;Lg; gpuNjrk; - ePu; epiyfs; mikT> gbf;fl;LKiwg; gapu;r;

nra;if> Njapiyg; gapu;r;nra;if

,yq;ifapd; ,aw;if tsq;fs;

kdpjd; jdJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; Rw;whly;

njhFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w capUs;s> capuw;w tsq;fs; ahTk; ,aw;if

tsq;fshFk;. ,yq;ifapy; ,j;jifa tsq;fs; gy cs;sd. mtw;wpypUe;J

Nju;e;njLj;j tsq;fs; gw;wp khj;jpuk; ,q;F fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;. ghiwfs;>

kz;> fdpg;nghUl;fs;> fhLfs;> ePu;> tdtpyq;Ffs;> fhw;W> #upa xsp vd;gd

,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

15

epyg;gad;ghL njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; rha;thd epyj;jpy; %bapUf;Fk; jhtuq;fis mfw;Wtjdhy; kz;zupg;G

Vw;gly;. fhLfs; moptjdhy; td tpyq;Ffspd; ciwtplk; ,of;fg;gly; fiuNahur; #oy; moptiljy; capupd gy;tifik moptiljy; ePu; Cw;Wf;fs; tw;wptpLjy; mjpfupj;j ,urhad tskhf;fp ghtidahy; epyk; ctu;j;jd;ikahjy; Rj;jkhd FbePUf;Fj; jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gly; vy;iyg; gad; fhuzpfshy; tpisr;ry; Fiwtiljy; ePu;tbe;NjhLk; topfs; milf;fg;gLtjdhy; nts;s mghak; Vw;gLjy; kiyg;ghq;fhd gFjpapy; nghUj;jkw;w kdpj eltbf;ifahy; epyr;rupTfs;

Vw;gly; fhLfSf;Fj; jP%l;Ltjhy; tspkhriljy; kz; fOtpr; nry;yg;gLtjdhy; ePu;epiyfs; J}u;e;J Nghjy;

kl;fhg;G Kiwfs; epyg;ghtid njhlu;ghd nfhs;ifj;jpl;lq;fis tYthfr; nraw;gLj;Jjy; kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;ly; nra;jy; khw;Wj; njhopypy; <LgLj;Jjy; ,aw;iff; fhLfis ruzhyaq;fshf gpufldg;gLj;jy; tdrPtuhrpfspd; ruzhyaq;fs; mikj;jy; epyf;fhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fis tYTld; nraw;gLj;jy; fhL tsu;g;ig tpupTgLj;jy; - tptrha> r%jha fhL tsu;g;G Rw;whly; njhFjpf;F Nerkhd gad;jUk; gapu;fis khj;jpuk; tsu;j;jy;

ghJfhg;G Ntshz;ik

ghiwfspd; gad;fs; Nju;e;njLj;j ghiw tiffspd; gad;fis kl;Lk; tptupj;jy;

c-k;: Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;> nlhyikl;> fpuidl; ghiw Rz;zhk;Gf; fw;fs;

rPnke;J jahupj;jy;> ,Uk;Gj;jhJit cUf;Ftjw;Fgykhd fl;ll epu ;khzj;Jiwfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf ;Fg ; gutyhfgad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

ghiwfis cNahfpf;Fk;NghJ vOk; gpur;rpidfs;- Rz;zhk;G ghiwfis mfo;tjdhy; fiuNahu mupg;G Jupjg;gLj;jg;gLk;.- vy;iyg; gad;jUk; fiuNahuk; nropg;G ,oj;jy;- rpy ghiwfis cilj;J nehWf;Fk;NghJ tspkz;lyk; khRgly;- ghiwfs; mfo;tjdhy; epyk; juq;Fd;Wjy;

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd kz; tiffs;ghiwfs; thdpiy> ,urhad Kiwahy; moptjd; fhuzkhf kz;gilfs;cUthfpd;wd. ,yq;if xU rpwpa ehlhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; gytpjkhdkz; tiffs; gutpAs;sij ,dq;fhzyhk;. nrq;fgpy epwkz; tz;ly; kz; Rz;zhk;gw;w fgpykz; nrhypnlf; kw;Wk; nrNgNgl;]; kz; nrq;fgpy yw;wNrhy; kz;nrk;kQ;rs; yw;wNrhy; kz;

16

kz;izg;gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;

ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; tptrha eltbf;iffs; me;je;j ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

kz;zpd; jd;ikf;F Vw;gj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. mjw;fika ,yq;ifapd; tptrha

eltbf;iffs; guk;gpf;fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

cjhuzk;: kzy; kz; - njd;id

tz;ly; kz; - ney;

kl;fhg;G Kiwfs;

tbfhy; mikj;jy;

Nrhy;l; Kiwfs; (kz; kPl;ly; Kiw) SALTrkTauf; Nfhl;L mbg;gilapyhd fy;Ntyp mikj;jy;

%L gapu; tsu;g;G Kiwfs; vd;wthW kz;fhg;G Kiwfis mwpKfk;

nra;jy;

,yq;ifapy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fdpa tsq;fs;

,yq;if xU rpwpa Gtpapay; gpuNjrkhapDk; mJ gytifahd

fdpg;nghUl;fisj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb

- cNyhfk; rhu;e;j> my;YNyhf rhu;e;jit vd tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.

1. my;YNyhff; fdpaq;fs;

fhuPak;> Nru;Nfhd;> fpupQ;rp> Njhuky;yp

2. cNyhfk; Nru;e;j fdpaq;fs;

- ,y;kidw;W}l;;ily;> kf;idl;

- vkj;dw;W

,yq;ifapy; fdpg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ vjpu ;Nehf;Fk;

gpur;rpidfs;

mfo;tpd; NghJ gy;NtWgl;l ,lu;fs; Vw;gly;

kz; mupg;G Vw;gl;L #oy; ghjpg;G Vw;gly;

Mw;wq;fiuNahuk; ,be;J tPo;jy;

kuQ;nrbnfhbfs; moptiljy;

mUtpfs;> MWfs;> Xilfs; Nghd;wit J}u;e;J Nghjy;

mfo;tpd; NghJ nryT mjpfupj;Jr; nry;yy;

fdpa tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwfs;

jw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfspy; fdpa tsq;fs;

mUfptpLjYk; xd;whFk;. fdpg;nghUs;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpy; ,Uj;jYk;

mtw;iw kPs cw;gj;jp nra;a KbahikANk mjw;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

vdNt jw;NghJ fdpg;nghUs; gw;wp tpN\l ftdk; nrYj;j Neupl;Ls;sJ.

fdpg;nghUl;fs; mfo;jypd;NghJ mJ xU kl;Lg;glj;jg;gl;l tsk; vd;gij

ftdj;jpy; nfhz;Nl> mfOk; fdpg;nghUl;fspypUe;J cr;r gad;

ngwj;jf;fthW nraw;gly;.

tPzhf tpuakhtijj; jtpu;j;jy; xU ifj;njhopypd;NghJ gad;gLj;Jk;

fdpg;nghUl;fs; gf;f tpisTfis kw;Nwhu; ifj;njhopypw;fhd

%yg;nghUshf gad;gLj;jy; NkYk; fdpg;nghUs; mfOk; NghJ tPz;

tpuakhtij jtpu;j;jy;.

fdpg;nghUl;fis kPs; Row;rpg;gLj;jy;

17

,yq;ifapd; ePu; %yq;fs; vkJ ehl;bd; gpujhd ePu; %yq;fshf MWfs;> Xilfs;> mUtpfs;>

eP&w;Wf;fs;> ePu;j;Njf;fk;> epyf;fPo; ePu;> Fsk;> thtpfs;> kiotPo;r;rp Nghd;witFwpg;g;plj;jf;fit.

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,lu;ghLfs;

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Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

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fz;ly; epyj;jhtuq;fs;

18

tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gplq;fs;

Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; - tpy;gj;J> yh`{fy> ahy> Nrhkhtjp N`hl;ld;

rkntsp> t];fKtg;G+q;fh> khJW Xah> cltsit>

Fkzg;g+q;fh

ruzhyaq;fs; - Nahjf;fsk;> tpf;Nlhupah> kL> nfhf;fpsha;>

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ghJfhf;fg;gl;l tdq;fs;/fhLfs;:

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mDkjp ngw;W ,tw;iwg; ghu;itapl KbAk;.

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,yq;ifapd; tdtpyq;Ff; fhg;gfq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

capupay; gy;tifikiag; Ngzp tUjy;

tdhe;ju eP&w;Wf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

kz; tsj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;

tpyq;F tsj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;

Njrpa kuGupikr; nrhj;jhf kjpj;jy;

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,yq;ifapd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 22% kl;LNk fhLfshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdpjd;

,f;fhLfspdhy; ngWk; gad;fs; gythFk;.

19

kiotPo;r;rp fpilg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;

tsp kz;lyj;jpYs;s fhgdPnuhl;irl;bd; rjtPjj;ij Fiwf;fpd;wJ.

tspkz;lyj;ij rkepiyg;gLj;j cjtpahf mikjy;

#oy; khRgLj;jiy jLf;fpd;wJ.

mupkuq;fs;> czT> kUe;J %ypif Nghd;w nghUl;fs; fpilj;jy;

capu;g; gy;tif jd;ikiag; ghJfhj;jy;

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epyf;fPo; ePiug; ghJfhj;jy;

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nts;sg;ngUf;if Fiwj;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW gad;fs; fhLfshy; vkf;Ff;

fpilf;fpd;wJ.

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fhLfs; %yk; ,yq;if gy;NtW gad;fisg; ngWfpd;wJ. ehl;bd; rdj;njhif

tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf fhLfspd; kPjhd kdpjdpd; jhf;fKk; mjpfupj;j

tz;zKs;sJ. ,J fhLfs; mopa fhuzkhfpd;wJ. MfNt fhLfisg;

ghJfhf;Fk; eltbf;iffis vLf;ff;$ba Njit vOe;Js;sJ.

Njrpa fhg;gfq;fs; kw;Wk; ruzhyq;fisg; NgzptUjy;

fhLfs; tsu;j;jy; eltbf;ifis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

tdg;ghJfhg;G je;jpuNuhghaq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

fz;ly; epyq;fisg; ghJfhf;f eltbf;iffs; vLj;jy;

<u epyq;fis ghJfhj;jy;

Nrhy;l; Kiw %yk; fhg;G eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sy; (Slopping Agricul-ture Land Technology)

fhlopg;gp;d; jPa tpisTfisg; gw;wpg; nghJkf;fSf;F mwpT+l;Ljy;

kPs; fhL tsu;j;jy;> rKjha fhL tsu;g;G> tptrha fhLtsu;g;G

tYr;rf;jp

,yq;ifapy; tYrf;jp cw;gj;jpf;fhf ePu; mOj;jk;> fdpa vz;nza; capu;j;pzpT>

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fsdp jp];] kpd; cw;gj;jp epiyak;> Nkyjpfkhf jdpahu; JiwapdUk;

kpd;Dw;gj;jpapy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. epyf;fupia gad;gLj;jp EiuNrhiy

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mk;ghe;Njhl;il> Gj;jsk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fhw;W kpd;Dw;gj;jp epiyaq;fs;

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kpd; cw;gj;jpf;fhf jw;NghJ fdpa nea; ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikahy;

kpd; cw;gj;jp nryT mjpfupj;Js;sJ. MfNt “Rndj;ja” kpd;tY mjpfhu

rig jhgpf;fg;gl;Lg; Gjpa Fiwe;j nrytpy; tYr;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;

toptiffs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

20

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epiyaq;fis jhgpg;gjw;fhd Muk;gr; nryT cau;thdJ. vdpDk; kpd;

cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ #oy; khriltJ kpff;Fiwthf mikAk;. NkYk; ,it

Nja;Twh tskhf ,Ug;gJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.

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1. ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Ml;Gy vy;iy> jdpg;gl;l nghUshjhu tyak;

Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L tptupj;jy;

2. ,yq;ifiar; Nru;e;j jPTfis ,dq;fz;L ngauply;

3. ,yq;ifapd; ,aw;if tsq;fis mtw;wpd; tiffspd; mbg;gilapy;

ml;ltizg;gLj;jYk; gad;fisf; Fwpg;gplYk;

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vjpu;Nehf;Fk;

gpur;rpidfs;

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je;jpNuhghak;

21

9. Nja;TWk; tsq;fspd; jl;Lg;ghL Fwpj;J vLf;ff;$ba gupfhuq;fisf;

fye;JiuahLjy;.

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mtw;wpdhy; ngWk; gad;fisAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

ghlE}y;> ,yq;if Njrpa tiuglg;Gj;jfk; 2007> Njrg;glg;Gj;jfk;

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khztiuf; fzpg;gPl;Lf;Fk; kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fk; cl;gLj;Jf.

22

myF 11.3 cyf rdj;njhif

1. Nju;r;rp 11.3 : - ,aw;iff;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa RKfkhd njhlu;ig

tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf Gtp kw;Wk; mjpy; thOk;

kf;fs; njhlu;gpy; rpwg;ghd Gupe;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.3.1 cyf rdj;njhifapd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.



cyf rdj;njhifapd; ,ay;ig tptupg;ghu;.

cyfg;GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; rdj;njhifg; guk;giy

Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

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23

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs; ,q;F RUf;fkhf jug;gl;Ls;sd. fw;wy; -fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfis my;yJ nghUj;jkhd NtW nraw;ghLfisj; jahupj;Jg;

gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuKk; cq;fSf;F cz;L.

cyf rdj;njhifapd; gUkd; - 2 ghlNtisfs;

cyf rdj;njhif 2014 khu;r; - 7.225 gpy;ypad;

Source: www. geohive.com/ degoult.aspx 2012 khu;r; khjj;jpy; cyf rdj;njhif 7 gpy;ypaidj; jhz;baJ.

fz;lq;fspd;gb cyf rdj;njhif - 2014> xOq;FKiwg;gb

%yk;: www.gcohive.com

cyf rdj;njhifapd; gUkd; - Kjd;iakhd 10 ehLfs; - xOq;F

Kiwg;gb - 2013

%yk;: www.wikilxdia.org

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24

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mz;ikf;fhy tsu;r;rpf;fl;lk;:fp.gp. 1650 njhlf;fk; FWfpa fhyj;Js; Jupj tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;l gUtk; MFk;.

tiuG: cyf rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp jw;NghJ cyf rdj;njhif Mz;Lf;F 84 kpy;ypad; tPjk; tsu;r;rpailfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ Mz;L tsu;r;rp tPjk; 1.2 MFk;. fp.gp. 1800 ,y; xU gpy;ypadhf ,Ue;j cyf rdj;njhif 2012 ,y; 7 gpy;ypadhf

mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; mjhtJ ,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpahFk;NghJ mJ

gjpndhU gpy;ypad; tiu mjpfupf;Fk; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cyf rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp epfo;e;j tpjk; gpd;tUk; Gs;sp tpguq;fs; %yk;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

cyf rdj;njhif tsu;r;rpg;Nghf;F

%yk;: United Nations Population fundkjpg;gPL - 2011.10.31

,ul;bg;Gf;fhyk;

(tUlq;fspy;)

-

127

33

14

13

12

12

14

18

40

rdj;njhif

(tUlk;)

1800

1927

1960

1974

1987

1999

2011

2025

2043

2083

rdj;njhif

gpy;ypad;

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

25

cyf rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp Ntfk; - cyfpd; rdj;njhif cau;thd

ehLfs; 1990 - 2010

%yk;: www.wikilxdia.org/ wiki/ population gradnt

nraw;ghLcyf rdj;njhif tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Lk; tiuGfs;> kw;Wk; cyf rdj;njhif

tsu;r;rpg;Nghf;iff; fhl;Lk; ml;ltizfis cs;slf;fp> jfty; jpul;nlhd;iwj;

jahupf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfNth

FOr;nraw;ghlhfNth jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;. khztuJ Mf;fq;fis

kjpg;gPL nra;J fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epakq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; Gs;sp toq;Ff.

cyfpd; rdj;njhifg; guk;gy;

cyfpy; rdj;njhif cau;thd ehd;F tyaq;fs; cs;sd.

tlfpof;F If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR

tlNkw;F INuhg;gh

njw;fhrpahTk; njd;fpof;fhrpahTk;

fpof;F Mrpah

cyfpd; eLj;ju msthd rdj;njhif nfhz;l tyaq;fs;

tl mnkupf;fhtpd; tl gFjp

njd;dnkupf;fhtpd; mad kz;lyg; gpuNjrq;fs;

INuhg;ghtpd; tlf;Fg;gFjp> Mrpahtpd; tlf;Fg; gFjp

kj;jpa Mrpag; gpuNjrk;

mT];jpNuypahtpd; Nkw;F kw;Wk; kj;jpa gFjpfs;

cyfpy; rdj;njhif Fiwthd gpuNjrq;fs;

JUtq;fis mz;ba gpuNjrq;fs; - tl> njd;JUtk;

cau;e;j kiyg;gpuNjrq;fs; - ,kakiy> nwhf;fpkiy

ghiytdg; gpuNjrq;fs; - rfhuh> Nkw;F mT];jpNuypah

mlu;e;j fhl;Lg;gpuNjrq;fs; - mNkrd;> gg;Gth epAfpdp

ehL

rPdh

,e;jpah

If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR

gpNurpy;

ghfp];jhd;

ie[Pupah

gq;fshNj\;

u\;ah

ag;ghd;

tsu;r ;rp

Ntfk;

17.1%

40.2%

22.5%

30.3%

55.3%

62.3%

41.3%

- 3.6%

- 4.7%

26

cyfpd; rkdw;w rdj;njhifg; guk;gypy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

ngsjpff; fhuzpfs;

fhyepiy

jiuj;Njhw;wKk; kz;Zk;

ePu; trjpfdpa tsg; guk;gy;,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs;

khdplf; fhuzpfs;

tptrhag; guk;gy;

ifj;njhopypd; guk;gy;

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd; guk;gy;

mur nfhs;iffs;

tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;

kdpj ehfupfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik - Fthq;Nfh> iey;ejp

FbNaw;w thj ehLfspd; nry;thf;F - njd;dhrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfs;

INuhg;gpau;fspd; Mjpf;fk;

nraw;ghL cyfpd; rdg; guk;giyj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLjy;.

rdg; guk;gypd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s fhuzpfisg; ngaupLjYk;

mf;fhuzpfis cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.

FOr;nraw;ghl;by; <LgLkhW topg;gLj;jp> tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;J

kjpg;gPl;L epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gs;sp toq;Ff.

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

ghlE}y;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> Njrg;glg;Gj;jfk; (mw;y];)> ,izajsk;

(www.wikipedia.org/ www.geohive.com)


cyf rdj;njhifg; gUkidr; rupahf Kd;itg;ghu;.

cyf rdj;njhifapd; ,ay;Gfis cjhuzq;fSld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

cyf rdj;njhif tsu;r;rpia tiuGfs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

cyf rdj;njhif tsu;r;rpia tiuGfspd; JizAld; tptupg;ghu;.

cyf rdj;njhifg; guk;gy; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis

tpsf;Fthu;.

27

myF 11.4 ,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhif

1. Nju;r;rp 11.4 : - ,aw;iff;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa RKfkhd njhlu;ig

tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Gtp kw;Wk; mjpy; thOk; kf;fs;

njhlu;gpy; rpwg;ghd Gupe;Jzu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.4.1 ,yq;if rdj;njhifapd; guk;giyAk; mjd;

rpwg;gpay;GfisAk; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.



,yq;ifapd; rdj; njhifapd; ,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.

,yq;if rdj;njhifapd; guk;giy ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;

glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

,yq;ifr; rdj;njhifapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis cjhuzq; fhl;b

tpsf;Fthu;.


ve;jnthU ehlbdJk; Fbj;njhif me;ehl;bd; msg;gupa xU tskhFk;. mJkdpj tsk; vd;gu;. ve;jnthU ehl;bdJk; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpr;nrad;Kiwapy; kdpj tsk; Kf;fpakhd xU fhuzpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.kdpj tsj;ijr; rpwe;j kl;lj;jpy; NgzptUjyhdJ ve;jnthU ehl;bdJk;mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. vdNt kdpj tsk; njhlu;ghdrpwe;j Gupjiyg; ngWtjw;fhf mjd; ,ay;Gfisf; fw;wha;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

mjw;fika ,yq;ifapd; Fbrdj;njhifapd; gUkd;> tsu;r;rp> mikTr; Nru;f;if>guk;gy;> Vida rpwg;gpay;Gfs; Mfpad gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij toq;FtNj ,e;jmyiff; fw;gpg;gjd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,jd; nghUl;L> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; vl;Lg; (08) ghlNtisfs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.ghlcs;slf;fj;ijf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L ,g;ghlNtisfisg; nghUj;jkhdthWtFj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

,g;ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLifapy; cq;fSf;Fg; gad;glj;jf;f rpy Gs;sptpguq;fSk;mbg;gilahd ghltplaq;fSk; khj;jpuNk ,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs; RUf;fkhf ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. nghUj;jkhdNtW nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; cq;fSf;F cz;L.vt;thnwdpDk; cj;Njr fw;ww;NgWfs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> Fwpj;jNju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd;ghy; khztiu ,l;Lr; nry;tJ Mrpupauhfpa cq;fsJ

nghWg;ghFk;.

28

,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp

1871 njhlf;fk; 2012 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; Fbrdj;

njhifahdJ 2.5 kpy;ypadpypUe;J 20.2 kpy;ypad; tiuapy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; Fbrdj;njhif tpUj;jpapd; rpy fl;lq;fis ,dq;fhz

Kbfpd;wJ.

%yk; : njhifkjpg;G> Gs;sptpgutpay; jpizf;fsk; 2012

1871 njhlf;fk; 1946 tiuapYs;s Fbrdj;njhif ke;jkhd tsu;r;rpaile;j

fhyg;gFjp

1946 njhlf;fk; 2000 tpiuapy; Fbrdj;njhif rhu;gstpy; Ntfkhf

tsu;r;rpaile;j fhyg;gFjp

2001 njhlf;fk; ,w;iw tiu kPz;Lk; tsu;r;rp Ntfk; gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J

nry;Yk; fhyg;gFjp

,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhifg; guk;gy;

gpujhdkhf rkdw;w guk;giyNa fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; gpujhdkhf khfhz uPjpapYk; khtl;l uPjpapYk; kf;fl;

guk;gypy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

<utyag; gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpf kf;fl; njhifapdu; nrwpthff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wik xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

35 rjtPjkhd <u epyg;guk;gy; nrwpthff; 65 rjtPjkhd kf;fs; tho;jy;

65 rjtPjkhd cyu; tyaj;jpy; 35 rjtPjkhdtu;fs; tho;jy;

Fbrd kjpg;gPl;L

Mz;Lfs;

1871

1881

1891

1901

1911

1921

1931

1941

1953

1963

1971

1981

2001

2011

rdj;njhif

(Mapuk;)

2400.4

2759.8

3007.8

3566.0

4106.4

4479.9

5306.9

6657.7

8097.9

10582.0

12689.9

14846.8

18797.3

20263.7

Mz;L tsu;r;rp

Ntfk;

-

1.4

0.9

1.7

1.4

0.9

1.7

1.5

2.8

2.6

2.2

1.7

1.2

0.71

29

,yq;ifapd; Fbrdj;njhif ,dg; guk;gy; - khtl;l mbg;gilapy;

%yk;: njhif kjpg;G> Gs;sptpgutpay; jpizf;fsk; 2012

,yq;ifapd; kf;fspd; rkaf; fl;likg;G 2012


Fbrdj;njhifg; guk;gypd; Fwpfhl;bahfg; gad;gLtJ Fbj;njhif

mlu;j;jpahFk;.

ahNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;l epyg;gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ ehl;by; xU rJu fPNyh kPw;wupy;

trpf;Fk; kf;fl; njhifNa Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jp vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fbrdj;njhif Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jp =

epyj;jpd; gug;gsT (rJu fpNyh kPw;wu;)

,yq;ifapd; ruhrupf; Fbalu;j;jp xU rJuf;fpNyh kPw;wUf;F 323 Ngu; Mtu;.

Nky; khfhzj;ijr; Nru;e;j> nfhOk;G> fSj;Jiw> fk;g`h khtl;lq;fspNyNa

cau;thd Fbalu;j;jp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kd;dhu;> Ky;iyj;jPT> nkhduhfiy

Mfpa khtl;lq;fs; Fiwthd mlu;j;jp nfhz;litahFk;. rkdw;w

Fbrdg;guk;gypy; ghy;> ngsjpf> r%f> khdplf; fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wd.

kf;fspdk;

rpq;fstu;

,yq;ifj; jkpou;

,e;jpaj; jkpou;

,yq;if Nrhdfu;

gwq;fpau;

kyhau;

gpw

rjtPjk;

74.9

11.2

4.2

9.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

rkaq;fs;

ngsj;jk;

,e;J

,];yhk;

cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;

fpwp];jtk;

gpw

rjtPjk;

70.2

12.6

9.7

6.1

1.3

1.0

30

,yq;ifapd; Fbalu;j;jp 2012 (xU rJu fpNyh kPw;wUf;F)

khtl;l mbg;gilapy;

nfhOk;G 3417 Ky;iyj;jPT 38

fk;g`h 1711 fpspnehr;rp 94

fSj;Jiw 773 kl;lf;fsg;G 201

fz;b 715 mk;ghiw 154

khj;jis 247 jpUNfhzkiy 150

Etnuypah 414 FUzhfy; 348

fhyp 655 Gj;jsk; 264

khj;jiw 637 mDuhjGuk; 129

mk;ghe;Njhl;il 239 nghyd;dWit 131

aho;g;ghzk; 628 gJis 288

kd;dhu; 53 nkhduhfiy 81

tTdpah 92 Nffhiy 497


,yq;ifapd; Fbrdj;njhiff; fl;likg;G

taJg; gpuptpd; mbg;gilapYk;> ghy; mbg;gilapYk; Fbrdj; njhifia

tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtNj Fbrdj;njhiff; fl;likg;G vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

taJg;gpuptpd; mbg;gilapy; Fbrdj;njhiff; fl;likg;G 2012

taJ 15 tUlq;fspYk; Fiwe;Njhu; 25.8%taJ 15 - 59 tUlq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;Nlhu; 62.0%taJ 60 tUlq;fSf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; 12.2%

,yq;iff; Fbrdj;njhifapd; Mz; - ngz; fl;likg;gpd; gb ngz;fspd;

njhif fzprkhd msT $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

Mz; - ngz; fl;likg;G 2012

Mz; 48.5% ngz; 51.5%

,yq;if Fbrdj;njhifapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

,yq;iff; Fbrdj;njhifapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfshfg; gpd;tUtdtw;iw

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Fbrdj;njhifapd; taJ mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yjy;.

,stajpdu; njhif Fiwtile;J nry;yy;

Copag;gil Fiwe;J nry;yy;

Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; khw;wkiljy;

Nkw;gb vy;yh ,ay;GfSk; Fbrdj;njhif gpukpl;L tiugpdhy;

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

31

ehl;bd; Fbrdj;njhifia> taJg;gpupTf;Fk; Mz; - ngz;

fl;likg;Gf;Fk; Vw;gf; fhl;Lk; tiuNg Fbrdj;njhif gpukpl;L

vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fbrdj; njhifapd; taJ mjpfupj;jy; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ 59

taJf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhupd; vz;zpf;if gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;Jr; nry;yy;

MFk;.

gpwg;G tpfpjk; Fiwtiljy;> MAs; vjpu;ghu;g;G mjpfupj;jy; Mfpa

fhuzpfs; Fbrdj;njhifapd; taJ mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhd

fhuzq;fshFk;.

cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspw; Nghd;Nw ,yq;ifapYk; Fbrdj;

njhifapy; cau; taJg; gpupTfisr; Nru;e;Njhupd; njhif mjpfupj;jy;

mjhtJ Fbrdj;njhifapd; taJ mjpfupj;jyhdJ xU gpujhd

gz;ghf cs;sJ.

Mz;L NjhWk; 0 - 14 tUl taJg; gpupitr; Nru;e;Njhupd; njhif

Fiwtile;J nry;tNjhL 64 tUlq;fSf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; njhif

mjpfupj;Jr; nrd;w tz;zKs;sJ.

rdj;njhifapd; taJ mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tjdhy; Vw;gLk; kw;WnkhU tpisT>

Copag;gilapd; njhif gbg;gbahff; FiwtiljyhFk;.

Mz; - ngz; tpfpjk; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; ,yq;ifapd;

rdj;njhif njhlu;ghf xU rpwg;gpay;ghf cs;sJ.

Mz; - ngz; tpfpjg;gb ngz;fspd; njhif gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;Jr;

nry;tJk; xU tpNrl ,ay;ghFk;.

nraw;ghLfs;

nraw;ghL 1

jdpahs; nraw;ghL

,yq;ifapd; Fbrdj;njhifapd; gUkidAk;> tsu;r;rpiaAk; tpupthff; fhl;b

mjidf; nfhz;L> Fbrdj;njhif tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;if ,dq;fhzy;.

Fwpj;j Gs;sp tpguq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp tiuig mikf;FkhWk;

mjw;fika Fbrdj;njhif tsu;r;rpapd; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fz;L gjpT

nra;AkhWk; khztiu topg;gLj;JtNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;. tiuig

mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd tiuGj;jhs;fisAk; Vida cgfuzq;fisk;

nfhz;L tUkhW Neufhyj;Jld; mwptpg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. kjpg;gPl;L

epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gs;sp toq;Ff.

32

nraw;ghL 2

Kd;itg;G (Presentation) fzpdpapd; JizAld; my;yJ gpup];ly; ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp

jfty;fis Kd;itj;jy;.

,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf xOq;F nra;J nfhs;f.

,yq;iff; Fbrdj;njhifg; guk;gy; - khtl;l mbg;gilapy;

kf;fspdq;fs;> rkaq;fspd; gb Fbrdj;njhiff; fl;likg;G

taJg;gpupTfspd;gb Fbrdj;njhifapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

Nkw;$wg;gl;Ls;s 3 jiyg;Gf;fisAk; FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; xg;gilj;J> jfty;

Nrfupj;J mtw;iw xOq;F nra;J> tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;J

,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPl;L

epakq;fspd;gb Gs;sp toq;Ff.

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

ghlE}y;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;iffs; (2010 - 2012)

njhifkjpg;G Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fs mwpf;iffs;

tiuGfs;> Njrg;glq;fs;


,yq;if rdj;njhifapd; msitr; rupahf Kd;itg;ghu;.

,yq;if rdj;njhifapd; guk;giyg; glkhf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifapd; Fbalu;j;jp $ba> Fiwe;j khtl;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,yq;ifr; rdj;njhifg; guk;gypd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s

fhuzpfis tptupg;ghu;.

,yq;ifr; rdj;njhifapd; fl;likg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifr; rdj;njhifapd; taJg;gpupTf; fl;likg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifr; rdj;njhifapd; Kd;Ndw;wfukkhd ,ay;Gfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

33

myF 11.5 mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fs;

1 . Nju;r;rp 11.5 : - ngsjpf> khdpl jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;s cjTk; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;

KiwfisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.5.1 mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fis

EZfpaha;thu;.



mgptpUj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUit tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;Jthu;.

mgptpUj;jpf; Fwpfhl;bfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

khdpl mgptpUj;jpf; Fwpfhl;bapd; gpujhd $Wfis

tpsf;Fthu;.

mgptpUj;jpia msg;gjw;fhf khdpl mgptpUj;jpf;

Fwpfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

mg pt pUj ;j p r ; nrad ;Kiwa pd ;NghJ Ngz ;jF

mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.


mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij toq;fp mjd;fPo;

mgptpUj;jp vd;gjd; vspikahd fUj;ij rpy tiutpyf;fzq;fisj;

Jizahff; nfhz;L tpsf;Fjy; Kf;fpakhdJ. mgptpUj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUit

tpsf;Fk; NghJ nghUshjhuk;> r%fk;> gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Mfpa

mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij toq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. mgptpUj;jpia

msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Rl;bfis Fwpfhl;bfisr; RUf;fkhf mwpKfQ;

nra;J khdpl mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;bapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s

$Wfs; Mfpad njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspg;gJ mtrpakhFk;. mjd; topNa

mgptpUj;jpia msf;Fk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapd; mtrpaKk; mjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpad Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;;jpf; Fwpj;j fw;wy; NgWfis

Nehf;fp khztiu ,l;Lr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. fw;ww; NgWfis miltjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfis ePq;fs; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sy;

Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jkhd epajpfspd; fPo; fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

,t; myfpd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpLtjw;F

Kf;fpakhditahf mikaj;jf;f ghlcs;slf;fKk; Vida tplaq;fSk;

Mrpupau; gad;ghl;Lf;fhf fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

mgptpUj;jp - vz;zf;fU mwpKfk;

ahNjDk; ehl;bd; tWik xopj;J> njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfupj;J tUkhdk;

gpupe;J nry;tjpy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; ePq;Fkhapd; mJ mgptpUj;jpahFk;.

(ll;yp rpau;];)

34

mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ cyf kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;JjyhFk;.

(Kjyhk; mgptpUj;jp jrhg;jk; 1960 - 1970 I.eh. mikg;G)

mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ kf;fl; njhif> r%fk;> gz;ghL> ey;nyhOf;fk; Mfpa

fhuzpfis cs;slf;fpa khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd xU

nrad;KiwahFk;. (%d;whtJ mgptpUj;jpj; jrhg;jk; 1981 - 1990 If;fpa

ehLfs; mikg;G)

ve;jnthU ehl;bYk; nghUshjhu> mgptpUj;jpAld; $lNt r%f

mgptpUj;jpAk; Vw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. czTk; Nghrhf;Fk;> Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp>

ciwtplk;> r%fg;ghJfhg;G> Milazpfs;> Xa;T> khdpl Rje;jpuk; Mfpa

mk;rq;fspy; r%f mgptpUj;jp ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. (1978 - And];nfh

gpufldk;)

1970 Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; gpd;du; nghUshjhuk; rhuhj epakq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;

r%f Nkk;ghL njhlu;ghfTk; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhz

Kbfpd;wJ.

1980 Mk; jrhg;jj;jpy; cyf nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fl;likg;G uPjpahd

khw;wq;fs;> fdpa vz;iz tpiy cau;T> fld;fs;> cs;ehl;L Nkhjy;fs;

Mfpad fhuzkhf Rw;whly; ghJfhg;G> #ow;fhg;G Mfpad njhlu;gpy;

ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Fiwtile;jik.

$lNt #oypd; juk; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> 1990 Mk; jrhg;jj;jpy;

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd;ghy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;lik

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapd;NghJ nghUshjhuk;> r%fk;> #oy; Mfpa mk;rq;fs;

Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;jp> mt;tk;rq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs;

mgptpUj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fk; <u;f;fg;gl;lik. mjw;fika 1940

Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; gpd;du;> tsu;r;rpaile;j mgptpUj;jp vz;zf;fUthdJ

me;jf; fhyg;gFjpapy; khw;wkile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;. mgptpUj;jpia

msg;gjw;fhfg; gy;NtW msTNfhy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikiaAk; mit

ghuk;gupakhd msTNfhy;fs;> etPd msTNfhy;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;

gLfpd;wikiaAk; Kd;itj;jy;.

ghuk;gupakhd msTNfhy;fs;

cjhuzk; - nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp

- nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapd; tsu;r;rp Ntfk;

- nka;ahd nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp

etPd mstPLfs;

cjhuzk; - ngsjpf tho;f;ifg; gz;Gr;Rl;b

- kdpj mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;b

- kdpj tWikr; Rl;b

- kdpj mOj;jr; Rl;b

Nkw;gb Rl;bfspy; kdpj mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;b njhlu;ghf tpsf;Fjy;.

2010 ,w;F Kd;du; kdpj mgptpUj;jp Rl;bia jahupf;Fk;NghJ gpwg;gp;d;

Nghjhd MAs; vjpu;ghu;g;G> vOj;jwpT> nfhs;tdT rf;jp Mfpatw;wpd;

mbg;gilapyhd jdpahs; nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp vd;gd Fwpj;J ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;sg;gly;.

jw;fhyj;jpy; kdpj mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;biaj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ kdpj gpwg;gpd;

Nghjhd MAs; vjpu ;ghu ;g ;G> fy;tp> nfhs;tdT Mw;wypd ;gb

nghUe;jpaikf;fg;gl;l jdpahs; nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp vDk; Jizr;

Rl;b gad;gLj;jg;gly;.

35

,e;j Rl;bfspd; mbg;gilapy; cyf ehLfs; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

mjd;gb mjpcau; kdpj mgptpUj;jp nfhz;l ehLfs;> cau; kdpj

mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;bf;;F cupik NfhUk; ehLfs;> eLj;ju mgptpUj;jpr;Rl;bf;F

cupik NfhUk; ehLfs;> jho; mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;bf;F cupik NfhUk;

ehLfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gly;.

vkJ ehL 2012 Mk; Mz;by; 0.715 Rl;bg;ngWkhdj;ijiag; ngw;W 92

Mk; ,lj;ij mile;J cau;thd khdpl mgptpUj;jp nfhz;l xU ehlhff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapd; mtrpak; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;.

mgptpUj;jp vz;zf;fU rhu;ghf nghUshjhu mk;rq;fspd;ghy; $Ljy;

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfs;

- tsq;fspd; kpif Efu;T

- tsq;fspd; rkkpd;ik

- kdpjd; #oy; kPJ fupridfhl;lhik

- tsq;fs; Nja;TWjy;

- Rw;whly; khriljy;

- ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; mjpfupj;jy;

- fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;

Mfpa fhuzq;fspdhy; kdpjdpd; mgptpUj;jp mZFKiwapy; FiwghLfs;

cUthfpAs;s tpjk; Fwpj;J khztuJ ftdj;ij <u;j;jy;.

mjd;gb mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghl;bDhlhf #oy; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

mgptpUj;jp Kfhikj;Jtk; Mfpatw;iw xd;wpizj;jy;; Ngz;jF

mgptpUj;jpapdhy; nra;ag;gLjyhFk;.

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ vjpu;fhyj;ijf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L kdpj

tho;f;ifapd; ,Ug;igAk; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;.

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ xU ,yf;fhFk;. mjd;NghJ #oYf;Fj;

jPq;F tpistpf;fj;jf;f tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;jpd;ghy; kdpjd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;

fhl;Lthd;. kdpjdpd; tWik epiy kw;Wk; nry;te;j epiy fhuzkhfj;

Njhd;Wk; #ow; ghjpg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J mjpf ftdQ; nrYj;jf; fhyk;

fdpe;Js;sJ. cyfpy; rfy ehLfsJk; muRfSk; nghJkf;fSk;

Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu; fshfTk; cyfpd; #oiiyg; ghJfhf;Fk;

nrad;KiwAld; Neubahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jNy Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapd;

%yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

mjd;gb mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ #oy; Njitfs;> r%fj;

Njitfs;> nghUshjhuj; Njitfs; Mfpatw;wpdbg;gilapy; mgptpUj;jp

Kfhikia newpg;gLj;JtNj Ngz;jF mgtpUj;jp mZFKiwapd; %yk;

vjpu;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

36

nraw;ghLfs;

mg pt pUj ;j p vDk ; vz ;zf ;fUit t psf ;Ftjw ;fhfr ; r py

tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf fUj;Jj; jpul;ly; -

fye;Jiuahly; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jf.

mgptpUj;jp vz;zf;fUtpd; tsu;r;rp vDk; jiyg;gpy; FOr;nraw;ghl;by;

<LgLj;jp> tpsf;fk; ngwr;nra;f.

mgptpUj;jpia msg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; etPd

mstPLfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp mtw;Ws; rpytw;iwj; njupT nra;J

,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jp kl;lk; Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

jw;fhy cyf kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s rpy gpur;ridfis mbg;ilahff;

nfhz;L Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd; mtrpaj;ijf;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;>

kdpj mgptpUj;jpr; Rl;bia msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; mk;rq;fisf;

fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

ghl E}y;> kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;if 2011 - 2013> 2014 cyf mgptpUj;jp

mwpf;if> Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa mwpf;if> ,izaj;jpypUw;J

ngw;w jfty;fs;.


mgptpUj;jp vz;zf;fUtpd; tiuaiwfis ntt;NtW %yhjhuq;fspd;

JizAld; rku;g;gpf;Ff.

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp vd;gij tpsf;Ff.

mgptpUj;jpia msg;gjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; mstPLfs; ahit?

cyfpd; mgptpUj;jpaile;j ehLfs; gw;wp jfty;fis Kd;itf;f

kdpj mgtpUj;jp Rl;b vd;gij mwpKfq; nra;f.

kdpj mgptpUj;jp Rl;bia msg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; $Wfis tpsf;Ff.

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapd; Njitia cWjp nra;af;$bathW tptupf;Ff.

37

nraw;ghLfs;

Nju;r ;rp : - ngsjpf> khdpl jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fis tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;s cjTk; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;

KiwfisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - mg pt pUj ;j pa pd ; mbg ; gil vz ;zf ;fUf ;fis

EZfpaha;thu;.

Neuk; : - 80 epkplk;

fw;ww; NgWfs; : -

mgptpUj;jp vDk; vz;zf;fUit tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;Jthu;.

mgptpUj;jpf; Fwpfhl;bfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

khdpl mgptpUj;jpf; Fwpfhl;bapd; gpujhd $Wfis

tpsf;Fthu;.

mgptpUj;jpia msg;gjw;fhf khdpl mgptpUj;jp

Fwpfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.

mg pt pUj ;j p r ; nrad ;Kiwa pd ;NghJ Ngz ;jF

mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

nraw;ghL : - “Ngz;jF cyiff; fl;bnaOg;GNthk;”

juTs;sPLfs; : -

mofpa #ow; fhl;rpfslq;fpa xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNah

fhl;rpfs;

khrile;j #oiiyf;fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf;

fhl;rpfs;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lit rhu;e;j nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;>

rQ;rpiffs;> fl;Liufs;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:

gb 1:

#oypd; moiff;fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;/ tPbNahf; fhl;rp khrile;Js;s

#oiyf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;/ Rtnuhl;b Nghd;wtw;iw tFg;gpy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mit njhlu;ghf tpdtpg; gpd;tUkhW fye;JiuahLf.

#oiy mofhfg; Ngzptu ePq;fs; tpUk;GfpwPu;fsh?

#oiy mofhfg; NgzptUtjhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs; ahit?

#oy; khrile;jpUg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;s fhuzpfs; ahit?

#oy; khrilTf;F tif $w Ntz;ba jug;gpdu; ahu;?

gb 2:

khztiur; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfisf; FOTf;F xd;W tPjk;

toq;Ff.

Njitahd jfty;fisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; toq;fp topfhl;Lf.

38

gb 3:

khztuJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

gb 4:

khztuJ Kd;itg;Gf;fis kjpj;Jg;ghuhl;b> Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapy;

ftdQ; nrYj;Jtjd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;Jf.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

jw;fhy cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; mgptpUj;jp rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfis tpsf;Fthu;.

mgptpUj;jp rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; Njhw;Wtjpy; kdpjdpd; ftdaPdkhd

nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhfpAs;sikiaf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

FO Kd;itg;Gf;fhfr; nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpf;fhf vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd

gpNuuizfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

juTfs;> jfty;fisj; Njbawpa Kw;gLthu;.

,izg;G 1

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fSs; xd;iwj; njupT nra;J mJ njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jj;

njuptpg;gNj cq;fsJ FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.

FbePu;;j; jl;Lg;ghL

Mgpupf;f ehLfspy; gutyhff; fhzg;gLk; czTj;jl;Lg;ghLk; Nghrizf;

FiwTk;

Gtp ntg;gkiljy; fhuzkhf fly; ePu;kl;lk; cau;jy;

G+Nfhskakhjypd; tpisthf tsu;Kf ehLfs; nghUshjhu mOj;jj;Jf;F

cs;shjy;

,t;ntht;nthU jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghfTk; fUj;Jj; njuptpf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk;

tpdhf;fspd; topNa fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.

1. ,t;thwhdnjhU gpur;rpid cUthfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

2. ,g;gpur;rpid fhuzkhf mOj;jj;Jf;F MshfpAs;Nshu; ahtu;?

3. ,g;gpur;rpid fhuzkhf Vw;gl;Ls;s ghjfkhd tpisTfs; ahit?

4. ,g;gpur;rpid fhuzkhfj; Njhd;wpAs;s ghjfkhd epiyikfis

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs; ahit?

39

1 . Nju;r;rp 11.5 : - Ntiy cyfpy; KOikahfg; gq;Fgw;wj; Njitahd

gapw;rpiag; ngWthu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.5.2 ,yq;ifapd; mz;ikf;fhy mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;

njhlu;ghd jfty;fis EZfpaha;thu;.


4 . fw;ww; NgWfs; : - ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfis tpUj;jp nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp vd;gjdhw; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ vd

tptupg;ghu;. kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;. gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jp vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;. ,yq;ifapd; gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jp mk;rq;fis cjhuzk;

fhl;b tpgupg;ghu;. mgptpUj;jpr ; nrad;Kiwapy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;

njhopDl;gj;jpd; tfpghfj;ij tpgupg;ghu;. ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fis (jpl;lq;fs;)> GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.


,yq;ifapy; Njrpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf

mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; Nk;wnfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s rpy eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;J ,e;j

Nju;r;rpkl;lj;jpd; %yk; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw;

nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ fsg;gpuahzq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs;> jfty;fslq;fpa

ntspaPLfs;> nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;> xspg;glq;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; tpla cs;sf;fk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

mtw;iwAk; Jizahff; nfhz;L nghUj;jkhd xU Kiwiaf; ifahz;L

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;AKiwia newpg;gLj;Jf. mr;nraw;ghLfis fzpg;gPL

kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

ahNjDk; ehnlhd;wpd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Njrpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis

mgptpUj;jp nra;tJ mj;;jpahtrpakhFk;. mJ njhlu;ghf murhq;fk; tpNrl

ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffis tsu;g;gJ njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk; mNj rkak;

kdpju;fspd; tho;f;ifj;ju khw;wnkhd;Wk; mjd; %yk; Vw;gLk;.

JiwKfk;> tpkhd epiyak;> ghijfs;> Gifapuj ghijfs;> ePu;g;ghrdk;>

rf;jp tY> ePu;ghrdk;> efu mgptpUj;jp Mfpa Jiwfspd; kPJ tpNrl ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2012 Mk; Mz;by; Njrpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd;; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf murhq;fk;

nrytpl;l njhif gpy;ypad; &gha; 388 MFk;. ,J nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapd;

5.1% Mf tpUe;;jJ.

40

jw;NghJ k`pe;j rpe;jidapd; vjpu;fhy Nehf;fpd; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

gQ;r tY ikaq;fs; vDk; vz;zf;fU Njrpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd;

mgptpUj;jpapy; Kjd;ik epiyia tfpj;jy;.

1. ghij mgptpUj;jp

ghij mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

- cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpapd; tpidj;jpwid ,af;Ftjw;fhf ghij tiyaikg;ig

Gduikj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

- murhq;fj;jpdhy; Gjpa ghijfis mikj;jy;

- ghij kw;Wk; nghUs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;fhd trjpfis Vw;gLj;jy;

- gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj; njhlu;Gfis mjpfupj;jy;

ghij mgptpUj;jpf;fhf murhq;fj;jpdhy; Njrpa ghij jpl;lnkhd;W mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik. Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij cyf toq;fy; rq;fpypAld;

xd;wpizg;gjw;fhf ehl;bDs; guk;gyile;Js;s ghij tiyaikg;ig

jhgpg;gjpy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ

Nghf;Ftuj;J tiyaikg;ig NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;f mjpNtf

ghijfisAk; mjpNtf kpd;rhu Gifapuj ghijfs;> efuq;fSf;fpilapyhd

mjpNtf ghijfis> ghukw;w Gijapuj ghijfs; kw;Wk; fhe;j tpirapdhy;

nraw;gLk; Gifapujg; ghij Nghd;w Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiwfspy; jdpahupd;

gq;fspg;Gld; Muk;gpf;f murhq;fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapd; ghij njhFjp> tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigapd;

Nkw;ghu;itapd;fPo; cs;sJ. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;.

- mjpNtfg; ghijfs; (E juk;)- Njrpag; ngUe;njUf;fs; (A kw;Wk; juj;ijr; Nru;e;jit)

- khfhzg; ngUe;njUf;fs; (C kw;Wk; D juj;ijr; Nru;e;jit)

- khfhz epUthfj;jpw;Fupa tifg;gLj;jg;glhj ghijfs; kw;Wk; Vida

ghijfs;

2012 Mk; Mz;by; tPjp mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig guhkupj;j Njrpa ghijfs;

kw;Wk; Vida ghijfs; fpNyh kPw;wu; 12>165 MFk;. mNj rkak; khfhz

epUthfj;jpd; fPo; fpNyh kPw;wu; 16>000 msT guhkupf;fg;gl;lJ.

2014 Mk; Mz;lhFk;NghJ nfhOk;G khj;;jiw> nfhOk;G fl;Lehaf;f> nfhOk;G

Gwr;Rw;Wtl;lg; ghij Mfpa mjpNtfg; ghijfis Kjw;fl;lk; epUkhzpj;J

Kbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fz;b - nfhOk;G> khj;jiw - mk;ghe;Njhl;il mjpNtf

ghijfspd; fl;Lkhdg;gzpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ghij mgptpUj;jpapd; fPo; tl gFjp ghijfis kWrPuikf;Fk; gzpfs;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. fz;b- aho;g;ghzk;> gue;jd; - G+efup > khq;Fsk;>

nts;shd;Fsk;> kl;lf;fsg;G - jpUNfhzkiy> fiuNahug; ghijfs; cl;gl

cl;gpuNjr ghijfs; gyTk; Vw;fdNt jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

mjw;F Nkyjpfkhf ghij vOr;rp (kfneFk) epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; fpuhkpag;

ghijfs; gyTk; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

Gifapujg; ghij mgptpUj;jpAk; Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. njd;gFjp Gifapujg;

ghijia mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; tlgFjp Gifapujg; ghijia kPsikj;jy;

Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahFk;.

41

2. JiwKf mgptpUj;jp

mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd xU

je;jpNuhghakhFk;. ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpia ciog;gjw;fhd xU

Kf;fpatopahf ,jidf; fUJtu;. JiwKf Nrit mgptpUj;jpf;fhf cU

FizapypYs;s khfk;Gutpy; k`pe;j uh[gf;\ JiwKfk; jhgp;f;fg;gl;;Ls;sJ.

nfhOk;G njw;F JiwKfj;ij epUkhzpj;jy;> xYtpy; JiwKfj;ij

epUkhzpj;jy; ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhd jpl;lq;fshFk;.

,g;gpujhd JiwKfq;fis mz;b JiwKf efuq;fs; cUthfpAs;sd.

JiwKfj;jpDs; njhopw;rhiyfis epWTjy;> ,wq;F Jiwfis epWTjy

Mfpad njhlu;gpy; Kf;fpa ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. tpkhd epiyaq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.

tpkhd khu;f;fq;fspd; kj;jpa epiyakhf ,yq;ifia mgptpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhd nraw;wpl;lq;fs; rpy eil Kiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

kj;jy k`pe;j uhIgf;\ ru;;tNjr tpkhd epiyaj;ij epUkhzpf;fg;

gl;Ls;sik ,tw;Ws; xd;whFk;.

fl;Lehaf;f gz;lhuehaf ru;tNjr tpkhdepiyaj;ij tpupthf;fy; kw;nwhU

nraw;wpl;lkhFk;.

cs;ehl;L tpkhepiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; JiwKfq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.

tpkhdepiyaq;fis mz;b Gijapujg; Nghf;Ftuj;J cl;gl Vida

cl;fl;Lkhd trjpfs; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

,uj;kyhd tpkhd epiyak; efu;g;Gw tpkhd epiyakhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpfpupah> fz;b> kl;lf;fsg;G mk;ghiw> nfhf;fy>jpUNfhzkiy>

Etnuypah> gyhyp> Mfpa efuq;fspy; 8 cs;ehl;L tpkhdepiyaq;fis

mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.

4. kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp

kdpj tsq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.

Gtpapy; thOfpd;w cau; csrf;jpAila mq;fp kdpjdhthd;;.

,d;iwa cyfpd; gz;ghl;Lr; Rw;whliy KOikahff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jgtd;

kdpjdhthd;.

kdpjdpd; Ez;zwpTj; jpwd;fspDhlhfg; ngsjpfr; Rw;whlypYs;s tsq;fis

gad;gLj;jp Gj;jhf;fq;fisAk;> cw;gj;jpfisAk; nra;fpd;whd;

MfNt vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd Ngz;jF cyif epUkhzpf;f kdpjd; cly; cs

uPjpahf tYg;gLj;jg;gly; Kf;fpakhFk;.

njhopDl;g mbg;gilapy; kpfTk; cau;epiyia mile;Js;s cyfj;jpYs;s

vy;yhg; gpuirf;Fk; Fwpj;j jpwd;fis ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; vkJ flikahFk;.

mjd; %yNk G+uzkhd MSikiaf; fl;b vOg;g KbAk;;. me;j MSikapy;

njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;Nw tpOkpaq;fs;> ed;newpfs; Mfpa

kdg;ghq;FfSk;> kdpjNeak; Nghd;w cau; gz;GfSk; tsu;f;fg; gl Ntz;Lk;.

kdpj ts mgptpUj;jp vd;gjd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ egu;fspd; Mw;wy;fs;>

jpwd;fs;> nfl;bj;jdq;fs;> ty;yikfs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw

gapYtJk;> Fzeyj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJk; mjd;%yk; G+uz MSikAs;s

ciof;Fk; tskhf mtid khw;WtJkhFk;.

42

kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpf;fhd fy;tp

ehl;bd; kdpjtsj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf cgNahfpf;Fk; gpujhd fUtp

fy;tpahFk;;.

rfyUf;Fk; fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;> jukhd fy;tpia

toq;Fjy;> khWk; Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; Njitahd cau;fy;tp> njhopDl;g

kw;Wk; njhopy;rhu; fy;tpia toq;fy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

mjw;fhf Muk;g> ,ilepiy>%d;whk; epiy fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fis tpupTgL;j;j

eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb>

5000 Muk;gg; ghlrhiyfisAk; 1000 ,ilepiyg; ghlrhiyfisAk;

etPdkag;gLj;jy;.

murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfspy; fzpdp trjpfisAk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly;

njhopDl;g fy;tp trjpfisAk; tpupTgLj;jy;;.

cau;fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis tpupTgLj;jy;. mjw;fhf 6 gy;fiyf;fofq;fis

ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpyhd fy;tp epWtdq;fshf khw;wpaikj;jy; kw;Wk; jdpahu;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fis epWt Cf;Ftpj;jy;;

njhopDl;g kw;Wk; njhopy; fy;tpf;fhd gapw;rpj; Jiwfis Nkk;gLj;j gy

eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jha;nkhopf;F Nkyjpfkhf rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfis

mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Rfhjhuk;

ehl;il mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;; gzpapd; NghJ fy;tp Nghd;Nw Rfhjhuj; Jiw

mgptpUj;jpAk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

Rfhjhuj; Jiw mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghfg; gy eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg; gl;Ls;sd.

rfyUf;Fk; rktha;g;Gf;fis toq;fpg; gpuNjr NtWghLfis ePf;f eltbf;if

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njhw;W Neha;fs;> njhw;wh Neha;fs; guTtijf; Fiwj;jy; %yk;> MAs;

vjpu;ghu;g;G mjpfupj;Js;sJ. NkYk; jLf;ff;$ba Neha;fisf; Fiwg;gjd;

%yk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy; ehl;bd; Rfhjhuf; nfhs;ifahf

khwpAs;sJ. ,jw;fhf mwpTWj;Jk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; gpuNjr uPjpapy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

kf;fSf;Fr; rpwe;j Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; kf;fs; gq;fspg;ig

tYg;gLj;jy;> Nrit toq;fiy mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;> tsg;gfpu;it Nkk;gLj;jy;

Mfpad njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

5. gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp

gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp vd;gij tiuaiw nra;jy;.

gpuNjrk; vDk; Gtpapay; vz;zf;fUit gy;NtW nfhs;iffspDhlhfTk;epajpfspDhlhfTk; vLj;Jf; fhl;l KbAk;;. mit nghUshjhu> rKf> murpay;>epUthf kw;Wk; Gtpapay; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; mikaf;$Lk;. ahjhapDk;ehnlhd;wpy; Nkw;gb tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L gpuNjrq;fs; myFfshfg;gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjd;gb mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ Njrpa kw;Wk;gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

43

me;je;jg; gpuNjrq;fspy; cs;s Nghl;biaAk; rkepiyahdJk; mD$ykhdJkhdepiyikfisAk; gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtij gpuNjrmgptpUj;jp vdyhk;. mt;thNw mjd;Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf gy;NtW mgptpUj;jpmk;rq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;glf; $Lk;. ,yq;ifapd;mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapy; Nky; khfhzk; Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; mjp$bagq;fspg;ig toq;FfpwJ.

mjd;gb> Nky;khfhzj;jpw;Fr; rhu;ghf Vida vy;yh khfhzq;fSk; nkhj;jNjrpa cw;gj;jpapy; Fiwthd gq;fspg;igNa toq;Ffpd;wd. MfNt gpuNjrmgptpUj;jpapd; Njitia ,jd; %yk; njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. ,jd;gbmgptpUj;jpapy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis njspthff; fhzyhk;. MfNt gpuNjrmgptpUj;jpia Kjd;ikahff; fUJk; Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapd; Njit vOe;Js;sJ.G+Nfhskakhjypdhy; gpuNjr Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; ed;F ntspg;gLtjhy; gpuNjrj;jpy;Nghd;Nw gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilapYk; Vw;wj; jho;Tfis njspthf ,dq;fhzyhk;.gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fiwf;fg; ngUthupahd jpl;lq;fs;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp

efu mgptpUj;jp

mur ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; efu mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; fPo; efu mgptpUj;jp

nraw;ghLfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;fPo;> nfhOk;G > = [atu;jdGu

Nfhl;il> fz;b> fhyp Mfpa ngUk;ghyhd efu;g;Gwg; gpuNjrq;fspy; efu;g;Gw

ghijfs;> eilghijfs;> re;ijfs;;;;;> tPLfs;> nghOJNghf;Fg; G+q;fhf;fs;> Mfpad

etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

efu;g;gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpAld; fpuhk gpuNjrq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghfTk;

ftdk; nrYj;jp mjw;fhd cghatopfs; gy vLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,jd; fPo;

(kf neFk)ghij mgptpUj;jp> tho;tpd; vOr;rp (jptpneFk) nraw;wpl;lq;fs;>

fpuhkpa kpd;tpepNahfj; jpl;lq;fs;> rpwpa ePu;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs; kf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ePu; toq;fy; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;w rpwpa mstpyhd

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd; mgptpUj;jpfs; gy nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,tw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf nghUshjhu kw;Wk; njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf tpjhjh

kj;jpa epiyaq;fs;> fpuhk vOr;rp (nfkpjpupa) epfo; ;r ;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk;

nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

6. mwpit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopEl;gk;

ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ jfty; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; %yk;

fpilf;fpd;w gq;fspg;G kfj;jhdJ vd tpsf;Fjy;.

,yq;ifapd; jfty; kw;Wk; njlu;ghly; njhopDl;g gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdj;jpd;

(ICTA) %yk; mr;Nrit toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nerdy kj;jpa epiyaq;fspDhlhf jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; NritfSf;F

Njrpa mZFKiwia toq;fy;.

2012 Mk; tUlj;jpy; jPT KOJk; 60 nerdy kj;jpa epiyaq;fis epWtpg;

gpd;du; mjd; njhifia 694 tiu mjpfupj;jy;.

44

,tw;wpd; %yk; fpuhkpa kf;fSf;Fk; jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;

njhopDl;gk; njhlu;ghd Nritfisg; ngw Kbjy;.

kpd; mQ;ry; kw;Wk; njhiyj;njhlu;Gfs; njhlu;ghd Mizf;FO

,r;Nritfs; njhlu;ghd njhopypy; Njitahd khw;wq;fisAk;;

etPdkag;gLj;jy;fisAk; nra;tjw;F trjpfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.

mur Nritfis tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;f < = yq;fh nrad;Kiw

cjTfpwJ

,jd; %yk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; Vida epWtdq;fSf;Fk; mur

epWtdq;fSld; ,yFtpy; njhlu;Gw tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jd;gb mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf ,j;Jiwfs;%yk; Mw;wg;gl;Ls;s

Nritfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.

njhopDl;g ghlj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf 2014 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J

Gjpa njhopDl;gtpay; ghlg;gpupit ghlrhiyj; njhFjpapy; cau; ju

tFg;Gf;fSf;F mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

nraw;ghLfs;

rpe;jidf; fpsu;r;;rp mbg;gilapyhd fye;Jiuahlypd; JizAld;

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis mgptpUj;jpnra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

tpsf;Fjy;.

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ ghijfis

mgptpUj;;jp nra;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rtu;g; glk; xd;wpd; %yk;

tpgupj;jy;.

,yq;ifapd; khjpupj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; Gjpjhf epWtg;gl;Ls;s mjpNtf

ghijfisAk; V juj;jpyhd ghijfisAk; tiue;J ngauply;.

,yq;ifapd; ghij mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisf; fhl;Lk; ifg;gpuRunkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;

,yq;ifapd; khjpupj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd

JiwKfq;fs; kw;Wk; tpkhd epiyaq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpj;Jg;

ngauply;.

kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mwpQu;fs; nfhz;l rigapd;

fye;Jiuahlypd; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;ly;;.

kdpj ts mgptpUj;jpapd; NghJ fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhuj; Jiwfis

mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf vLj;Js;s nraw;ghLfs; cs;slq;Fk; jftw;

Nfhitnahd;iwj; jahupj;jy;;

,yq;ifapd; gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhf vLj;Js;s nraw;ghLfisg; gj;jpupif

kw;Wk; nra;jp mwpf;iffspypUe;J gpupj;njLj;j gFjpfis cs;slf;fp

rpwpa ife;E}nyhd;iw Mf;Fjy;.

mgptpUj;jpapd; NghJ jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;jpd;

tfpghfj;ijf; FOf;fspd; rku;g;gpj;jyhf tpsf;Ff.

45

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

cyf mgptpUj;jpapd; mwpf;if - 2014>

Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp jfty; cs;slq;Fk; E}y;fs;> gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif>

jfty;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mwpf;if 2012> 2013>2014>

nghUshjhu Ma;T rQ;rpif 2013 (ngg;utup> khu;r;) gUtk;

Fwpg;G 2013 Nk - A+d; tyak; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp

,yq;ifapd; Gjpa mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;wpl;lq;fspd; jfty; mwpf;iffs;

cs;slq;Fk; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> Gj;jfq;fs;


NkNy fhl;lg; ;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfspy; my;yJ ePq;fs; epUkhzpj;j

nraw;ghLfspd; my;yJ kjpg;gPl;L fUtpfspd; cjtpAld; nghUj;jkhd

epajpfis cUthf;fp fzpg;gPl;ilAk; kjpg;gPl;ilAk; nra;Aq;fs;.

46

myF 11.6 cyfpd; ,aw;if ,lu;fs;

1 . Nju;r;rp 11.6 : - ,aw ;iff ;Fk ; r%fj ;j pw ;Fk ; ,ilNa RKfkhd

,ilj;njhlu;ig tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhfg; Gtp kw;Wk;

mjpy; thOk; kf;fs; njhlu;gpy; rpwg;ghd Gupe;Jzu;Tld;

nraw;gLthu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.6.1 cyfpd; ,aw;if ,lu;fspd; ,ay;ig tptupg;ghu;.



cyfpy; Vw;gLk; ,aw;if ,lu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,aw;if ,lu;fs; Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fis cyfg;GwTUtg;

glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;b tptupg;ghu;.

gpujhd ,aw;if ,lu ;fs ; fhuzkhf Njhd ;Wk ;

gpur;rpidfis tpgupg;ghu;.


Gtp Njhd;wpajpypUe;J mq;F ,lk;ngWk; ngsjpfr; nraw;ghLfspd; tpisthf

,aw;if ,lu;fSk; epfoj;njhlq;fpd. mtw;wpd; ,ay;G> mit epfOk; gpuNjrq;fs;

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fshy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; Mfpad Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ;

nrYj;Jtjd; mtrpak; czug;gl;Ls;sJ. cynfq;Fk; gutyhf epfOk; ,aw;if

,lu;fs; gw;wpf; fw;wha ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ghlj;jpw;fhf

MWghlNtisfis xJf;fpf;nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkhdJ.

ghlj;ij tsu;j;Jr; nry;yg; nghUj;jkhd %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

nraw;ghLfis Mrpupau; xOq;fikj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ghltplaq;fspd; cs;slf;fk;

gw;wpa vspikahd mwpKfk; khj;jpuNk ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

,aw;if ,lu;fs; njhlu;ghd vspikahd tpsf;fk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Lg; nghJthf

mit kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,aw;if ,lu;fspd; ,ay;G> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Mfpad Fwpj;Jr; nraw;ghl;L

khjpupnahd;W ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

khztu;fs; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij mile;Js;sduh vd;gij fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;L

epakq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

,g;ghlj;Jf;fhfg; gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fisAk; NtW nghUj;jkhd

%yhjhuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jf.

,lu;fs;:

,aw;if fhuzq;fspdhy; kf;fSf;F> nrhj;Jf;fSf;F my;yJ Rw;whlYf;F

jPq;F Vw;gLfpd;w #o;epiyia ,lu; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,j;jifa ,lu;;fs;

gy;NtWgl;litahFk;. ,it gy;tif ,lu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tyaq;fspy;

eilngWgit vd;Wk; ve;j xU tyaj;jpYk; Vw;glf; $bait vd;Wk;

tifg;gLj;Jtu;. ,jd;gb ve;j xU ,lUk; ,aw;ifahd Njhw;wg;ghlhf

cUthfpd;w xd;whFk;.

47

mdu;j;jk;,aw;if ,lu; fhuzkhf kf;fSf;F> nrhj;Jf;fSf;F my;yJ Rw;whlYf;FjPq;F Vw;gLkhapd; mjid mdu;j;jk; xd;whf mwpKfg;gLj;Jtu;. mt;thwhdmdu;j;jj;jpd; ,ay;G fhuzkhf mJ kdpjnraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhfTk; eilngwf;$Lk;. mNj Nghd;Nw mdu;j;jq;fspd; jPtpuj; jd;ikia mjpfupf;fTk;> kdpjfhuzq;fs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;. cyifg; ghjpf;Fk; mdu;j;jq;fs; gythFk;.mtw;Ws;>- G+kpajpu;r;rp- twl;rp- #whtsp- vupkiy- fhl;Lj;jP- Rdhkp

Mfpad gpujhdkhditahFk;.

G+kpajpu;r;rp ; :Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; ,Wf;fkhd ghiwfspd; fPo; cs;s jl;Lf;fs; fPo; cs;sgFjpfs; ntg;gk; fhuzkhf jput epiyapy;; ,Uf;Fk;. mNj rkak; mjpYs;srf;jp Gtpj; jl;Lf;fspd; vy;iyfspDhlhf Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpw;F rLjpahfntsptplg;gLk; NghJ G+kpajpu;r;rp Vw;gLk;.

G+kpajpu;r;rp Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;:gRgpf; tyak;> Mgpupf;fg; gs;sj;jhf;F> ,khya tyak;> kj;jpa rKj;jpu tyak;Mfpad mitahFk;.

G+kpajpu;r;rp fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;:G+kpajpu;r;rp fhuzkhf nghUl; NrjKk; capu;r; NrjKk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. Rw;whlYf;Fk;ghupa ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gLk;. rKj;jpuj;jpd; mbapy; Vw;gLfpd;w G+kpajpu;r;rp fhuzkhfRdhkp epiy Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. mjdhy; Vw;gLk; Rdhkp Nguiyfs; fhuzkhfflw;fiug; gpuNjrq;fs; mope;J ehrkilaf;$Lk;. flyupg;G Vw;gly;> kiyg;gpuNjrkhapd; kiyfspy; epyr;rupT Vw;gly; Mfpad eilngWk;. MWfshapd;Mw;wq;fiufs; cilg;ngLj;J nts;sk; Vw;gly;> kdpj capu;fs; ghjpf;fg;gly;>cjhuzk;:- 1970 ngU ehl;by; Vw;gl;l G+kpajpu;thy; 70 000 Ngu; ,we;jik>cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; efuq;fs; Mfpad mope;J ehrkile;jd.

Rdhkp:GtpapYs;s jl;Lf;fs; xd;wd; kPnjhd;W tOf;fpr; nry;tjhy; fPo; Nehf;fpr; nry;fpd;wjl;bd; Nky; mike;Js;s ePu; jpz;L jpBnud NknyOtJk; mjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wmiyfs; Ntfkhf flw;fiuia Nehf;fp gazpf;Fk;. ,jid Rdhkp vd miog;gu;.rKj;jpuj;jpd; mbapy; Vw;gLfpd;w G+kpajpu;r;rp vupkiy ntbj;jy; Nghd;wfhuzq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; typikahd miyfs; %yk; fly; miyfs; NknyOtJk;mit mjp Ntfkhf fiuia Nehf;fp tUtJk; eilngWk;. ,jidr; Rdhkpvd miog;gu;.

G+kpajpu;r;rp Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fis mz;b Rdhkpg; Nguiyfs; Njhd;wy; ntFthfeilngWk;. mtw;Ws; ag;ghd;> Rkhj;jpuh> rpyp Mfpa ehLfspd; flw;fiufs;

gpujhdkhditahFk;.

48

Rdhkp ,lupdhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gf;fSk; ,og;Gf;fSk; tUkhW. flw;fiuia

mz;ba gpuNjrk; ehrkiljy;> capu; kw;Wk; nrhj;jpog;G cl;fl;Lkhdq;fs;>

gapu;epyq;fs; mopTwy; Mfpad ,lk;ngWk;.

twl;rp:

kio NghjpasT fpilf;fhikahy; kf;fspd; md;whlj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;

n;fhs;sf; $basT ePupy;yhky; Nghjy; twl;rp vdg;gLk;.Nghjpasthd kio

tPo;;r;rp fpilf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk; twl;rp thdpiyahy; Vw;gLk;; twl;rp vd;gu;.

gUtj;jpy; kio fpilf;fhik> fhlopg;G> Fiwe;j kiotPo;;r;rp kw;Wk; cau;

Mtpahjy; Mfpad twl;rpf;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

twl;rp Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;:

kj;jpa Mgpupf;f gpuNjrq;fs;> rhn`y; (Sahel) cl;gl;l kj;jpa ,e;jpa gpuNjrq;fs;>

mT];jpNuypah

twl;rpahy; Vw;gLfpd;w ghjpg;Gf;fs;

FbePu; gw;whf;Fiw> njhw;W Neha;fs; guty;> ntg;gk; fhuzkhf Neha;fs;

Vw;gly;>gapu;; mopT Mfpad ,tw;why; Vw;gLk; rpy ghjpg;Gf;fshFk;.

kz; tsq;Fd;wpg; Nghjy;> kz;zpd; tsk; mUfpg; Nghjy;> capupay; gy;tifik

ghjpf;fg;gly;> ,aw;ifapd; tdg;G mw;Wg;Nghjy;> tsp khriljypdhy; kdpjDf;Fg;

ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gly; Nghd;wd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.

#whtsp:

mad kz;ly gpuNjrq;fspy;; jho; mKf;f ikak; cUthfp #whtsp

cUthFk;.Nkw;gb Ropf;fhw;W fhuzkhd #whtsp Vw;gLk;. #whtsp fhuzkhf

kf;fs; ,ay;G tho;f;if ngupJk;ghjpg;gilAk;. #whtspAld; fLk; kio Vw;gl;L

nts;s epiy Njhd;wf; $Lk;. mJ khj;jpuky;yhJ kdpj tho;f;if fl;llq;fs;

mbj;js trjpfs; Nghd;witAk; ghjpg;gilAk;.

#whtsp Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;.

mad kz;ly tyaj;jpd; gpuNjrq;fshFk;.,e;NjhNdrpah> If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd;

njd; gFjp> tq;fhs tpupFlhit mz;ba gpuNjrq;fs;

vupkiy ntbj;jy; kf;fspd; ,ay;G tho;f;ifapy; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk;

tpjk;.

vupkiy ntbg;G vd;gJ Gtp kj;jpapYs;s mjpf ntg;gepiy fhuzkhfj; jput

epiyapYs;s kf;kh vdg;gLk; ghiwf;Fok;G GtpNkw;gug;gpYs;s gytPdkhd

,lnkhd;wpDhlhf my;yJ jl;nlhd;wpd; tpspk;gpD}lhf ntsp tuy; MFk;.

vupkiyfspy; rpy capu;g;Gld; nraw;gLgitahFk;. Vida rpy nrayw;w

epiyapYk; ,Uf;Fk;.

vupkiyfs; gutpf;fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;

- kj;jpa rKj;jpu gpuNjrk;

- jl;Lf;fs; mkpOk; gpuNjrq;fs;

- jl;Lf;fspd; vy;iyfSf;F ntspapYs;s gpuNjrq;fs;

49

fhl;Lj;jP

fhl;Lj;jP Vw;gly;> kpd;dy; jhf;fk; my;yJ kuq;fs; xd;Wld; xd;W cuha;tjhy;

my;yJ jPitg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;ghd tpisthFk;.

fhl;Lj;jP guTk; gpuNjrq;fs;

rPdh> ,e;NjhNdrpah> mT];jpNuypah> If;fpa mnkupf;fh> fdlh> kj;jpa Mgpupf;fh

Nghd;w ehLfs;.

fhl;Lj; jP kdpj tho;f;ifapy; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.

tsp kz;lyj;jpy; fhgdPnuhl;irl;LthA xd;W NrUtjhYk; Gif rhk;gy; Mfpad

fhuzkhfTk; kdpj tho;f;;iff;Fg; ghjpg;ghf mikAk;.

nraw;ghL

FOr; nraw;ghL rhu;e;j xU ghlNk ,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlrhiyapy;

cs;s khztu; njhif> fhzg;gLk; tsq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;wthW NtW

KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,r;nraw;ghl;Lf;F ,uz;L ghlNtisfis xJf;fpf;

nfhs;syhk;.

nraw;ghl;bd; Xu; ,liuNah gytw;iwNah cs;slf;fyhk;. Fwpj;j ,lu; my;yJ

,lu;fs; njhlu;ghd tptuzq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;> gpuRuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; Njbg;ngw;W

tUkhW nraw;ghL elj;jg;gLk; jpdj;Jf;F Kd;dNu khztu;f;F mwpt+l;lk; nra;f.

FOf;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g ,lu; tiffis FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; gfpu;e;jspj;J

Fwpj;j ,lupd; jd;ik> mJ kf;fs; tho;f;if kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs;> vd;gtw;iwj;

Njbawpe;J Fwpg;ngOjr; nra;tNjhL mt;tplu;fs; epfOk; rhj;jpag;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l

gpuNjrq;fis cyfg; GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;LkhW topg;gLj;Jjy;

Ntz;Lk;. Fwpj;j Neu Kbtpy; tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;J

typT - eypTfisf; fye;Jiuahb> ,lu;fs; njhu;ghd njspthd tpsf;fjij

khztu;f;F toq;fp Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd;ghy; mtu;fis ,l;Lr; nry;yyhk;.

rpj;jpuk;> Rtnuhl;b> rpw;NwL> RtNuL jahupj;jy;> fzpdp top Kd;itg;Gr; nra;jy;

Nghd;w Kiwfis ,jw;fhf khztu; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,t;thwhfj; jahupj;J

Kd;itf;Fk; Mf;fq;fis ghlrhiyapy; Vida khztu;f;Fk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jyhk;.

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

cyfg; GwTUtg;glq;fs;> gpup];ly; ml;ilfs;> cl;gl ,lu;fs; rhu;e;j

xspg;glq;fs;> Vida nghUl;fs;> ,lu;Kfhik njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf thrpg;G

E}w;nwhFjp

50


,lu;> mdu;j;jk; Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il

tpsf;Fthu;.

cyfpy; epfOk; ,aw;if ,lu;fisg; ngaupl;L tpsf;Fthu;.

,aw;if ,lu;fshy; ghjpf ;fg ;gLk; gpuNjrq;fis cyfg; Gw

cUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLthu;.

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf> Vw;glj;jf;f gpur;rpidfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Kd;dhaj;jk; nra;Jnfhs;thu;.

nghUj;jkhd %yhjhuq;fisAk; rhjdq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

rupahd ghltplaq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itg;ghu;.

cupa Neuj;Js; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

51

myF 11.7 ,yq ;if k PJ ghj pg ; Gr ; nrYj ;Jk ; ,aw ;if

mdu;j;jq;fs;

1 . Nju;r;rp 11.7 : - tho;tpd; rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; rpwg;ghd

capu;f; fhg;Gj; jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.7.1 ,yq;if kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;if

mdu ;j ;jq ;fs ; njhlu ;ghd mwpT +l ;lj ;Jld ;

nraw;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.



,yq;if kPJ ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis

Fwpg;gpl;L mit Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

mdu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fisAk; mdu;j;j

Kfhikj;Jt topKiwfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; ghjpg;GWk; gpuNjrq;fis

,yq;ifg; GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpd; JizAld; tpgupg;gJld;

mjd; jPatpisTfisAk; Fwpg;gpLthu;.


,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; ,yq;ifkPJ ghupa mstpy; ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; epiyfhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mz;ikf;fhykhf vkJ ehL gy;NtW ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisvjpu;nfhz;Ls;sJ. nts;sk;> #whtsp> kz;rupT> twl;rp> Rdhkp Nghd;witmtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit. mad kz;lyj;jpy; mike;Js;sik> xU jPthff;fhzg;gLfpd;wik Mfpad ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLjy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;rpy fhuzpfshFk;. vdNt ,t;thwhd ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspd; jd;ik Fwpj;Jmwpt+l;lk; ngWtJ fhyj;jpd; NjitahFk;. mdu;j;jk; fhuzkhf Vw;glj;jf;f,og;Gf;fisf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mdu;j;j Kfhikf;Fk; mJ JizahFk;.

,e;j myifg; gapy;tjd; %yk; ,yq;ifkPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;ifmdu;j;jq;fspd; jd;ik> mit epfOk; gpuNjrq;fs;> mtw;iw Kfhik nra;jy;Mfpad njhlu;ghf khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;tjd; %yk; mtu;fisf; Fwpj;jNju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd;ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;yyhk;. NkYk; ,yq;ifapy; epfOk; ,aw;ifmdu;j;jq;fis Kfhik nra;tjw;Fk; mJ JizahFk;. ,e;j Nju;r;rpkl;lj;Jf;fhf vl;Lg; ghlNtisfs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhdthWgpupj;Jf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwiaj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.

epyr; rupT

mjpf kiotPo;r;rpapd;NghJk; fLk; twl;rpf;Fg; gpd;duhd kioapd; NghJk;

kz;> ghiwg;gFjpfs; cl;gl NtW gy;NtW nghUl;fs;> kiyr;rupTfspd; topNa

nkd;ikahd kz;izf; nfhz;l ghjhsr; rha;Tfspd; topNa fPo;Nehf;fp

mirtjhy; ghupa kz;jpzpTfs; Ntwhfpr; nry;tNj epyr;rupT vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

52

,yq;ifapy; gutyhf epyr;rupT epfOk; gpuNjrq;fs;

fz;b> Etnuypah> gJis> khj;jis> Nffhiy> ,uj;jpdGup> fhyp> fSj;Jiw

Mfpa khtl;lq;fs; gpujhdkhdit.

#whtsp

,J njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs; 6.1 Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

nts;sk;

Mw;W ePu; toikf;F khwhf Mw;wpd; fiufis Nktpr; nrd;W tbepyq;fspy;

ghAk;ePupd; cauk; mjpfupj;J me;ePu; Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffspd; ,UGwq;fspYk;

mike;Js;s Mw;Wr; rkntspfisr; nrd;wiltNj nts;sk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

,J jtpu ePu; nry;Yk; fhy;tha;fs; jilg;gLtjdhYk; jpBu; nts;sg; ngUf;F

Vw;gl ,lKz;L.

nts;sk; gutyhf Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;

fsdp fq;if> fS fq;if> epy;ts fq;if> [pd; fq;if> kfhtyp fq;if

Nghd;w Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;Ffis mz;ba nfhOk;G> fSj;Jiw kw;Wk; ,uj;jpdGup>

khj;jiw> fhyp> nghyd;dWit Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fs; Kf;fpakhdit.

twl;rp

,J njhlu;ghd tptuq;fs; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

twl;rpapdhy; ngUkstpy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;

mk;ghe;Njhl;il> mDuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit> kl;lf;fsg;G Nghd;w cyu; tya

khtl;lq;fs; gpujhdkhdit.

kpd;dy; jhf;fk;

ntJntJg;ghd epiyaw;w> <uypg;ghd tspkz;ly epge;jidfspd; fPo; cUthFk;

kpf cauj;jpy; mike;Js;s jpuz;kio Kfpy;fspd; NkhJif fhuzkhf kpd;dYk;

,bAk; Vw;gLk;. Nkw;fhTifr; nrad;KiwAld; Jupjkhf epfOk; ,ilg;

gUtf;fhw;Wf;fhyj;jpy; nghJthf ,yq;ifapd; vy;yhg; gpuNjrq;fspYk; kpd;dy;

jhf;fj;jpdhy; tpgj;Jf;fs; gutyhf ,lk;ngWtJz;L.

Rdhkp

,J njhlu;ghf tptuq;fs; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

Rdhkp mdu;j;jk; gutyhf Vw;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;

,yq;if xU jPthifahy; mjidr; #oTs;s tlf;F> fpof;F> njw;F> Nkw;F

fiuNahug;gFjpfs; Rdhkp mdu;j;jj;Jf;F Mshfj;jf;fitahFk;.

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; epfOtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfs;

mad kz;lyj;jpy; epyTk; cau;thd ntg;gepiy

epyf;fPo; ePu; mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;

,ilg;gUtf;fhw;W kio fpilf;Fk; fhyq;fspy; jpwe;j ntspahd ,lq;fspy;

rQ;rupj;jy;

kiotPo;r;rpr; nrwpT

53

mjpf kiotPo;r;rp fhuzkhf> Nkw;gug;gpy; ePu; tbjy; mjpfupj;jy;

mwpT+l;lk; Nghjhik

Kd;dhaj;jkpd;ik

jho;epy kPl;G

Mw;wq;fiufspy; Kiwaw;w nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;

vt;tpj jpl;lkplYkpd;wpr; nra;ag;gLk; fhzpg;gad;ghl;L eltbf;iffs;

tPLfspy; kpd;rhjdq;fisf; ftdaPdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

,aw;ifahd ePu;toq;fy; fhy;tha;fs; jilg;gLjy;

fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs;> tPLfs; kw;Wk; fl;llq;fs; epu;khzpj;jy;

Mgj;jhd gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs; mt;tplq;fis tpLj;J NtW

,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;ghik

cau; epyq;fspy; rQ;rupj;jy;

kz;zPiu mjpf mstpy; mfj;JwpQ;Rk; Gifapiy Nghd;w gapu;;fisr;

nra;if gz;zy;

fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; epyj;ij kiwj;J tsu;e;Js;s jhtuq;fis mopj;jy;

Mgj;J mwptpg;Gr; rkpf;iQfs;> FwpaPLfs; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jhikAk;

nghJ rdj;njhlu;G Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jhikAk;

mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; cupa juj;Jf;F mikar; nra;ag;glhik

fhlopg;G

ePiu msTf;fjpfkhfTk; Kiwaw;w tifapYk; gad;gLj;jy;

mdu;j;j Kfhikf;fhf> ,yq;ifapy;> Rdhkp mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;du;> mdu;j;j

Kfhikj;Jt mikr;R jhgpf;fg;gl;L mdu;j;j Kfhik epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;L

mjd;%yk; mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

mjw;fika>

1. Kd;dhaj;jk;

2. vjpu;tpidf;fhl;Ljy; my;yJ Jyq;Fjy;

3. ,ay;Gepiyg;gLj;Jjy;

4. ,opthf;fy; Fiwj;jy;

Mfpa gbKiwfspd;fPo; mdu;j;jKfhik Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd

tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nraw;ghL

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;glj;jf;f gpuNjrq;fs;> ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;

Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;> mdu;j;j Kfhik Mfpad njhlu;ghfg;

nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghnlhd;wpidj; jahupj;J fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwia

eilKiwg;gLj;Jf. ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfshf ngsjpff; fhuzpfs; gw;wpAk; khdplf; fhuzpfs; gw;wpAk;

jfty;fis Kd;itj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf.

Nkw;gb ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; epfoj;jf;f gpuNjrq;fis ,yq;ifg;

GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLtjw;F Vw;w nraw;ghnlhd;wpidj;

jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

,yq;ifkPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis Kfhik

nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghnlhd;W ,q;F

jug;gl;Ls;sJ. cq;fsJ fUj;Jg;gb nghUj;jkhd NtW ahNjDk;

54

Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;jpAk; khztiuf; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd;ghy;

,l;Lr; nry;yyhk;.

mdu;j;j Kfhikapd; ehd;F re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; gpd;tUk; gbKiwfSld;

nghUj;jpf;fhl;LkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

1. mwpT+l;lk; nra;jy;

2. mdu;j;jj;jpw;F cs;shfpa kf;fspd;ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;j Mtd nra;jy;

3. vr;rupf;if tpjpj;jYk; fhg;ghw;WjYk;

4. epthuz cjtpfs; toq;Fjy;

5. vr;rupf;if rkpf;iQ Kiwikfisj; jhgpj;jy;

6. epWtdq;fSf;F tYt+l;ly;

7. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; kdepiyia ,ay;G epiyg;gLj;j Mtd nra;jy;

8. mdu;j;jj;jpd; Kd;dwpFwpfis ,dq;fhZk; jpwid toq;Fjy;

9. tpgj;Jf;F cs;shNdhUf;F kUj;Jt cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;

10. fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; jLg;Gr;Rtu; mikj;jy;

11. ,ul;il tuk;G Ntyp Kiwia mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

12. ePu;%yq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

13. gbKiwapy; gapu;nra;jy;

14. capiuf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J ntspNawy;

15. Rj;jkhd FbePu;> czT> Rfhjhu trjpfs; toq;Fjy;

16. rkTauf;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; tbfhy;fs; mikj;jy;

17. caukhd kuq;fs;> kpd; fk;gq;fs; Nghd;wit mw;w jho;thd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F

tpiue;J nry;yy;

18. mtru mdu;j;j cjtp cgfuzj;njhFjpnahd;iwj; jahu;g;gLj;jp

itj;jpUj;jy;

19. cldbahf caukhd Xu; ,lj;Jf;Fr; nry;yy;

20. fhLfs; tsu;j;jy;

21. fiuNahug;gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J mg;ghw; nry;yy;

22. epyg;gad;ghl;il Kiwikg;gLj;jy;

23. tPLfspd; $iufis cWjpkpf;fjhf epu;khzpj;jy;

24. Nrhy;l; gapu;r; nra;if Kiwiaf; ifahs;thu;.

25. ePu;j;jl;Lg;ghL fhzg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fSf;F ePiuj; jpUg;gpaDg;Gjy;

26. caukhd fl;llq;fspy; kpd;dw;flj;jpfs; nghUj;Jjy;

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

ghlE}y;fs;

mdu;j;j Kfhik njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}y; njhFjp nts;sk;>

epyr;rupT> #whtsp> G+kp eLf;fk;> kpd;dy;jhf;fk;> Rdhkp

Rtnuhl;bfs;

nra;jp mwpf;iffs;> fl;Liufs;

55


ePq;fs; jpl;lkpl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW

epakq;fisj; jahu;g;gLj;Jf. mjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk; Jizahff;

nfhs;f.

nraw;ghl;Lf;Fupa Kd;dhaj;jk;

%yhjhuq;fisj; Njbg;ngWjy;

ghl tplaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gk; nrk;ikAk;

nray;uPjpahd gq;Nfw;G

J}a;ikAk; Fwpj;j Neuj;Jf;Fs; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;jYk;

56

nraw;ghL

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.7.1 ,yq;if kPJ ghjpg ;Gr ; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;if



fw;ww; NgWfs; : -








nraw;ghL : - mdu;j;jj;ij ,dq;fhz;Nghk;


juTs;sPLfs; :-

bik fljhrpfs;

gpup];ly; ml;ilfs;

mdu;j;jk; njhlu;ghd %yhjhuq;fs;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw

,yq;ifkPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;jj;jf;f gy;NtW mdu;j;jq;fs; Fwpj;J ,r;nraw;ghl;bd;

%yk; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jug;gl;l mdu;j;jq;fs; epfOtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;Ak; fhuzpfis fw;wha;tNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mf;fhuzpfs;

,aw;ifahditahfNth nraw;ifahditahfNth ,Uf;f ,lKz;L. ,jidf;

FOr; nraw;ghlhfNth jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfNth eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

gb 1:

mdu;j;jnkhd;wpidf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glnkhd;iwf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mJ njhlu;ghf

tpdtp nraw;ghl;il Muk;gpf;fyhk;. khztiuf; FOf;fshg;gpupj;J

mdu;j;jq;fs; epfOtjd; kPJ gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wikiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;iwj; Njbawpa topg;gLj;Jjy;.

gb 2:

FOf;fSf;F Njly; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuq;fisAk; ,izg;Gf;fisAk;

toq;Fjy;. mq;F jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jjy;

mjw;fika Njly; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;s ml;ltizia ,izg;gpy;

jug;gl;Ls;stw;iwf;nfhz;L G+u;j;jp nra;AkhW mwpTWj;jy;

57

gb 3:

khztu; G+u;j;jp nra;j ml;ltizfis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;> xt;nthU

FOTk; jkf;Fupa mdu;j;jk; epfOtjw;F VJthFk; fhuzq;fis

Kd;itj;jYk; Vida FOf;fs; mit Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jYk;.

gb 4:

mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfis kPl;lha;T nra;jy;

my;yJ fUk;gyifapy; nghopg;ghf;fp Kd;itj;jy;

gb 5:

khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; NtisapYk; mtu;fs; mwpf;if

Kd;itf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jjy;

cjhuzk;:

jho;epy kPl;G fhuzkhf Vw;glj;jf;f mdu;j;jq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;

,yq;if kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; mdu;j;jq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fSf;F VJthFk; ngsjpff; fhuzq;fisAk;

khdplr; nraw;ghLfisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

cupa Neuj;Js; ntw;wpfukhf Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

Neu;j;jpahfTk; xOq;fhfTk; Kd;itg;ghu;.

NtW %yhjhuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;JtNjhL jUf;f uPjpapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.

Njly; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ,yq;ifapy; Vw;glj;jf;f mdu;j;jq;fSf;F

VJthFk; fhuzq;fis ngsjpf fhuzq;fs; kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfs;

fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; fhuzq;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lf.

mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

mad kz;lyg; gFjpapy; epyTk; caupa ntg;gk;

epyf;fPo; ePiu mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jy;

kio tPo;r;rpapd; nrwpT mjpfupj;jy;

mjpf kiotPo;r;rp fhuzkhf ePu; tope;Njhly; mjpfupj;jy;

mwpT+l;lk; Nghjhik

jho;epy kPl;G eltbf;if

Kd;dhaj;jkpd;ik

mdu;j;jk;,aw;iff;

fhuzq;fs;

(ngsjpf)

khdplf; fhuzpfs;

58

Mw;wq;fiufspy; Kiwikf;F Gwk;ghf nghUshjhu eltbf;ifs;

Nkw;nfhs;sy;

vt;tpjj; jpl;lkplYkpd;wpr; nra;ag;gLk; fhzpg;gad;ghL

tPLfs;> fl;blq;fspy; kpd;rhjdq;fis ftdaPdkhfg; gad;gLj;jy;

,aw;ifahd ePu; topfs; jilg;gly;

fiuNahuq;fspy; tPLfs; fl;blq;fs; epu;khzpj;jy;

kz;zPiu mjpfstpy; mfj;JwpQ;Rk; Gifapiy Nghd;w nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffs;

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspd; ePu;j;jhioj;jhtuq;fis mopj;jy;

mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lq;fs; cupa juq;fspy; mikahik

fhlopg;G eltbf;iffs;

ePiu msTf;F mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwaw;w gad;ghLk;

Mgj;jhd gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs; mt;tplq;fis tpl;L ntspNaw

tpUk;ghik

59

nraw;ghL 2

Nju;r;rp 11.7 : - tho;tpd; rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F cjTk; rpwg;ghd

capu;f; fhg;Gj; jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.7.1 ,yq;if kPJ ghjpg ;Gr ; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;if



fw;ww; NgWfs; : -








nraw;ghL : - mdu;j;jj;ij mwpT+l;lj;Jld; vjpu;nfhs;Nthk;


jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :-

bik fljhrpfs;

gpup];ly; ml;ilfs;

mdu;j;jk; njhlu;ghd %yhjhuq;fs;


mdu;j;j Kfhik njhlu;ghd ,e;jg; ghl myF njhlu;ghf cldb Maj;jkpd;wpa

Cik ebj;Jf;fhl;ly; %yk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy elj;JtNj vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mjw;fika mdu;j;jnkhd;wpd;NghJ cldbahf nraw;gLk; my;yJ vjpu;tpid

fhl;Lk; tpjj ;ij Ck ebj;Jf;fhl;ly ; %yk; Kd;itj;jy; ,q;F

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztiuf; FOthfNth jdpj;jdpahfNth ,r;nraypy;

<LgLj;jyhk;. nraw;ghl;Lf;F cupa 80 epkplq;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW gpupj;Jg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

gb 1:

,aw;if mdu;j;jnkhd;wpidg;ghu;j;j xU re;ju;g;gk; njhlu;ghf tpdtpf;

fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpf;fyhk;. ,q;F mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf jkJ

mDgtq;fis khztu;fs; Fwpg;gpLthu;. mjw;fika mdu;j;j Kfhik

Fwpj;Jf; fye;Jiuahb ghlj;ij mZfp> tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.

60

gb 2:

khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J mdu;j;j Kfhik njhlu;ghf NkYk;

%yhjhuq;fis toq;fp> tplaq;fisj; Njbawpa topg;gLj;Jjy;. ,q;F

nghJthd mdu;j;j Kfhik njhlu;ghfNt ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLk;.

gb 3:

FO cWg;gpdu; xUtiu tFg;gpd; Kd;Nd mioj;J vOkhwhf Xu; mdu;j;jf;

fUg;nghUisj; njupT nra;a topg;gLj;Jf. jkf;Ff; fpilj;j

fUg;nghUspd;gb cldbahf vjpu;tpid Jyq;fy; fhl;Lk; tpjj;ij Cik

ebj;Jf;fhl;ly; %yk; Kd;itf;FkhW topg;gLj;Jf.

gb 4:

khztu; Kd;itj;j ebj;Jf;fhl;ly;fspd; typT eypTfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b

ghlj;ij NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhdthW fye;Jiuahliy

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; khztuJ fUj;Jj; njuptpg;Gf;F

Kjd;ikaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gb 5:

mdu;j;j Kfhik njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rfy tplaq;fisAk; kPl;lha;f.

mwpit NkYk; tsu;j;Jr; nry;tjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;Ff.

gb 6:

fye;JiuahLk; NtisapYk; ebj;Jf;fhl;ly;;fis Kd;itf;Fk; NtisapYk;

fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jjy;> FOtpy; nray;uPjpapy; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;wikiaAk;

fzpg;gPL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


,yq;if kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

,yq;if kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf cldbahf

vjpu;tpid my;yJ Jyq;fisf; fhl;Lk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

FOtpy; xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

Fwpj;j Neuj;Js; ntw;wpfukhf Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbg;ghu;.

Mf;fG+u;tkhf ebj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

61

myF 11.8 fhyepiy khw;wj;Jf;Fk; khdplr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

1 . Nju;r;rp 11.8 : - ngsjpf khdplr; nraw;ghLfspd; ,ilj;njhopw;ghLfs;

ngsjpf khdplr; #oy; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; ghjpg;Gj; njhlu;gpy;

tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.8.1 fhyepiy khw;wq;fSf;Fk; khDl eltbf;if

fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd njhlu;ig xg;gPl;L




fhyepiy khw;wk; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

fhye piy khw ;wj ;ij Vw ; gLj ;Jk ; fhuzpfis

cjhuzq;fhl;b tpgupg;ghu;.

fhyepiy khw;wk; fhuzkhf ngsjpf kw;Wk; khdpl uPjpapy;

Vw;gLk; tpisTfis tpsf;Fthu;.

fhyepiy khw;wj;ij ,opTgLj;Jtjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f

eltbf;iffis EZfpahuha;e;J Kd;itg;ghu;.


ehk; thOk; #oypy; gy;NtW ,aw;if epfo;Tfs; epfo;e;jtz;zKs;sd. #upa

xsp fpilj;jy;> ePu; Mtpahjy;> kio nga;jy;> fhw;W tPRjy; Nghd;wit ehshe;jthdpiy kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; rpy ,aw;ifj; Njhw;wg;ghLfshFk;. ehshe;jthdpiyapd; ePz;lfhy uPjpahd khw;wNk fhyepiy vdg;gLfpd;wJ. cyfpd;xl;L nkhj;jf; fhyepiy gy;tifg;gl;lJ. mjw;F Vw;g ,irtile;jjhtur;rhfpaKk; tpyq;Fr; rhfpaKk; khdplr; rhfpaKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.fhyepiyf; fhuzpfspd; NtWghl;Lf;Nfw;g khdplr; nraw;ghLfSk; NtWgLfpd;wd.cynfq;Fk; ,lk;ngWk; #oy; Neakw;w rpy khDlr; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk;,aw;ifahd epfo;Tfs; fhuzkhf thdpiyapYk; fhyepiyapYk; gy;NtWkhw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jtz;zKs;sd.

,jd; tpisthfg; GtpapdJ tspkz;lyj;jpd; fl;likg;gpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;fhuzkhfg; G+Nfhsj;jpd; fhyepiyapy; khw;wNkw;gl ,lKz;L. mt;thwhdxU khw;wj;ijf; fhyepiy khw;wk; vdyhk;. fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhdfhuzq;fs;> fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf> ngsjpfr; #oypYk; Vw;gLk;jhf;fq;fs;> G+Nfhs fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;> G+Nfhs uPjpahd ,zf;fg;ghLfSk;cld;ghLfSk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;feltbf;iffs; Mfpad Fwpj;J mwpT+l;lk; nra;tNj ,e;j Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd;%yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;. ,jw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl;L khztiuj; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; ghy; topg;gLj;Jf.

62

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;

Gtpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpy; nghJthd fhyepiyf; Nfhyj;jpy; FWfpa fhy uPjpapNyh

md;Nwy; ePz;lfhy uPjpapNyh Vw;gLk; Fog;gq;fisAk; khw;wq;fisAk; fhyepiy

khw;wq;fs; vdyhk;.

gr;irtPl;L tpisTfs;

#upadpypUe;J GtpkPJ gjpAk; rpw;wiyr; #upaf; fjpu;fis GtpNkw;gug;gpYs;s

capuw;w capUs;s mk;rq;fshy; cwpQ;rg;gLtNjhL gpd;du; nel;liyfshf

kPz;Lk; tspkz;lyj;jpd; cau;thd gFjpf;F mDg;gg;gLk;. ,J ,aw;ifahf

epfOk; xU Njhw;wg;ghlhFk;. vdpDk; tspkz;lyj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s gr;ir

tPl;L thAf;fs; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,aw;ifahd Njhw;wg;ghl;bd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;JtJz;L. mjd; tpisthf tspkz;lyj;jpd; Nkw;gFjpia Nehf;fpr;

nry;y KidAk; ntg;gk; mjhtJ nel;liyfs;> gr;irtPl;L thAf;fspd;

nry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhf mt;thW nry;yhJ Gtp tspkz;lyj;jpd; fPo;g;gFjpapNyNa

Njq;Fk;. ,JNt gr;irtPl;L tpisT vdg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf Fspu;g;gpuNjr

ehLfspy; gapu;fis> ehw;Wf;fis tsu;g;gjw;fhf mikf;Fk; gr;ir tPLfis

,jw;fhd Xu; cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fz;zhbapdhy; my;yJ

gpshj;jpf;fpdhy; kiwj;J mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s miwapYk; #upadpypUe;J fpilf;Fk;

ntg;g rpw;wiyfs; cwpQ;rg;gLtNjhL> Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ntg;gk; ePuhtp

miyfs; fz;zhb gpshj;jpf;F kiwg;gpd; Clhfr; nry;yhJ cs;Nehf;fp kPz;Lk;

kPz;Lk; njwpg;giltjhy; ntg;gk; mt;tiwapDs;NsNa Njq;Ftjhy; gr;irtPl;L

tpisT Vw;gLk;. Gtpapd; tspkz;lyj;jpYk; ,t;thwhf xU nrad;KiwNa

epfOk; mjhtJ toikia tpl GtpNkw;gug;gpy; ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; Xu;

epfo;tpidf; Fwpf;Fk;.

gr;irtPl;L tpisT fhuzkhf capupdq;fspd; ,Ug;Gf;Fr; rhjfkhd tspkz;lyk;

cUthfpAs;sJ. Gtpapd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho 150C MFk;. ,aw;ifahd

gr;irtPl;L thAf;fspd; nrwpT fhuzkhfNt Gtpf;F ,t;ntg;gepiy fpilj;Js;sJ.

vdNt ,aw;ifahd gr;irtPl;L tpisit xU rhjfkhd Njhw;wg;ghlhff;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

vdpDk; kdpjdpd; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhfg; GtpapdJ tspkz;lyj;jpy;

gr;irtPl;L thAf;fspd; msT mjpfupj;Js;sJ. mjd; tpisthfg; gr;ir tPl;L

tpisT Vw;gl;L> G+Nfhs ntg;gk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,J ,aw;ifahd

capupdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; kPJk; khdplr; nraw;ghLfs; kPJk; nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

gr;irtPl;L thAf;fs;

fhgdPnuhl;irl;L

nkNjd;

iejuR xl;irl;L

FNshNuh GNshNuh fhgd;fs; CFC ePuhtpAk; Vida thAf;fSk;

63

gr;irtPl;L tpisT Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

,aw;iff;fhuzpfs;

vupkiy ntbg;G> ,aw;ifahd rJg;G epyq;fs;> fhl;Lj;jP> Gtpapd; xOf;fpy;

Gtp nry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;> #upag; Gs;sp efu;T

gdp cUFk;NghJ ntsptUk; nkNjd; thA

khdplr; nraw;ghLfs;

capu;r;Rtl;L vupnghUs; jfdk;> fhLfs; Jupjkhf mopjy;> ,iukPl;b

cz;Zk; tpyq;Ffis tsu;j;jy;> ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fy;> jP%l;Ljy;>

tptrhaf; ifj;njhopy;> Fg;ig $sq;fisf; Ftpj;jy;> capu;Rtl;L

tYr;rf;jpia kpifahfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> Jupj efuhf;fj;jpd; tpupTfs;

G+Nfhs ntg;gkakhjy; (Global warming)gr;ir tPl;L thAf;fspd; rjtPjk; mjpfupg;gjhy; GtpapdJ tspkz;lyj;jpd;

ruhrup ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jNy Gtp ntg;gkiljy; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;

ghjpg;Gfs;

rKj;jpu ePupd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupj;jYk; mjd; tpisthf rKj;jpuj;jpy;

thOk; capupdq;fs; kPJ ghjfkhf tpisTfs; Vw;gLjYk;

JUtg; gpuNjr gdpf;fl;bg;gilfSk; gdpf;fl;b MWfSk; cUFjy;

c-k;: me;jhl;bf; gdpftpg;G

fly; ePu; kl;lk; cau;jy;

fhyepiy tya vy;iyfs; khw;wkiljYk; tyaq;fs; khw;wkiljYk;

fly; ePu;kl;lk; cau;tjhy; fldPNuupfs; mopjYk; ePupd; ctu;j;jd;ik

mjpfupj;jYk;

capupdq;fspd; ,dtpUj;jp tyaq;fs; khw;wkiljy;

Neha; fhtpg; G+r;rpfspd; Fbj;njhif mjpfupj;jy;

tptrhag; gapu;fspd; tpisr;ry; Fiwtiljy;

rpy jhtuq;fs; kpif tsu;r;rpiljy;

rKj;jpu Nkw;gug;G ntg;gepiy cau;tjhy; #whtspf;fhw;W cUthjy;

c-k;: vy;epNdh> yhepNdh

,aw;ifj; jhtu tu;f;fq;fs;/ fz;ly; epyj;jhtuq;fs; mopjy;

tpyq;fpdq;fs; mope;JNghFk; Mgj;ij vjpu;nfhs;sy;

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf khdplr; nraw;ghLfs; kPJ Vw;gLk;

ghjpg;Gf;fs;

kPd; mWtil Fiwtiltjhy; kPdtu;fspd; tUkhdk; Fiwtiljy;

epyk; ctu;j;jd;ikailtjhy; gapu; epyq;fspd; tsk; Fd;wpg;Nghjy;

Neha;f;fhtpg; G+r;rpfspd; ngUf;fk; fhuzkhf Neha;j; jhf;fq;fs; mjpfupj;jy;

tptrhag; gapu;fspd; cw;gj;jp Fiwtiljy;.

,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; mjpfupj;jy; #whtsp> twl;rp> mjpf kio tPo;r;rp

kiotPo;r;rpf; Nfhyk; khw;wkiltjhy; gapu;r; nra;if eltbf;iffs;

ghjpf;fg;gLjy;

jho;epyq;fs; Fiwtiltjhy; FbapUg;Gf;fs; ,of;fg;gly;

FbePu; khriljy;

64

fhyepiy khw;wq;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;

gr;irtPl;L thAf;fis rhu;gstpy; Fiwthf ntsptpLk; tYr;rf;jp %yq;fis

mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f tYr;rf;jp Kjy;fspd; gad;ghl;il Cf;Ftpj;jy;

tpUj;jpAw;w efuq;fspy; fhw;Wr; rPuhf;fpfisg; nghUj;Jjy;

jpz;k epiyf; fopTg; nghUl;fis Kfhik nra;jy;

nghJg;Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;

fhL tsu;g;ig tpupTgLj;Jjy;

gy; gapu;r; nra;if Kiwiaf; ifahsy;

nkNjd;> iej;jpu xl;irl;L Mfpa thAf;fs; ntsptplg;gLtij ,opthf;fj;jf;f

gris tiffis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;

cz;zhl;L cw;gj;jp czT tiffspd; Efu;it mjpfupj;jy;

fhye piy khw ;wq ;fis ,opthf ;Ftjw ;fhf cyfshtpa u Pj pa py ;

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;

cyf fhyepiy khw;wq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; capu;g;gy;tifik

njhlu;ghd upNah b n[dpNuh khehL 1992 A+iy 03 njhlf;fk; 14 tiuapy;

,yq;if cl;gl 172 ehLfspd; jiytu;fsJ gq;Fgw;WifAld; elj;jg;gl;lJ.

,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;Lf;fhd Rw;whly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd cyf

Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W mq;F Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. mJ gpujhdkhd ,uz;L

,zf;fg;ghLfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;.

tspkz;lyj;Jld; NrUk; rpy thAf;fs; fhuzkhf gr;ir tPl;L tpisT

Vw;gLtijAk; mjd; %yk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtijAk; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf

kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf er;R thA tiffs; tspkz;lyj;jpy;

Nru;f;fg;gLtij jtpu;g;gjw;F ,zf;fj; njuptpf;Fk; cld;ghL.

jhtuq ;fisAk ; t pyq ;FfisAk ; ghJfhg ; gjd ; %yk ; cyf>

capu;g;gy;tifikiag; ghJfhj;jy; njhlu;ghd ,zf;fg;ghL

upNah khehl;bd; ,Wjpapy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l ,zf;fg;ghLfSk; gpufldq;fSk;

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd ,zf;fg;ghL

capu;g; gy;tifik njhlu;ghd ,zf;fg;ghhL

rfy tiff;fhLfSf;Fkhd G+Nfhs Kfhik> fhg;G kw;Wk; Ngz;jF

mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd gpufldk;

65

nraw;ghLfs;

gpd;tUk; cj;Njr nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisj;

jpl;lkpl;L> epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gs;sp toq;Ff.

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; njhlu;ghd

FOr; nraw;ghLfs;

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf> ngsjpf> khdplr; #oy;fspy; Vw;gLk;

jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghd jdpahs; nraw;ghLfs; RtNuL> rpj;jpuk;> Rtnuhl;b

fhyepiy khw;wq;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;

njhlu;ghd FOr; nraw;ghLfs;

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

ghlE}y;

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa rpWgpuRuq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs;

,izaj;jsq;fs;


fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; vDk; vz;zf;fUitr; rupahf tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;Jthu;.

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

gr;ir tPl;L tpisitr; rupahf tpsf;Fthu;> tiug;glk; %yk; tptupg;ghu;.

Gtp ntg;gkiljy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

Gtp ntg;gkiltjhy; #oypy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fis tptupg;ghu;.

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; kdpjdpd; nry;thf;Ffis tptupg;ghu;

fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf kdpjd; kPJ Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

fhyepiy khw;wq;fis ,opthf;Ftjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffis

cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.

66

nraw;ghL

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.8.1 fhyepiy khw;wq;fSf;Fk; khDl eltbf;if

fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd njhlu;ig xg;gPl;L


fw;ww; NgWfs; : -

fhyepiy khw;wk; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

fhyepiy khw ;wj ;ij Vw ;gLj ;Jk ; fhuzq;fis

cjhuzq;fhl;b tpgupg;ghu;.

fhyepiy khw;wk; fhuzkhf ngsjPf uPjpapYk; khdpl

uPjpapYk; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis tpsf;Fthu;.

fhyepiy khw;wj;ij ,opTg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cyfshtpa

uPjpapy; vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffis Kd;itg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL : - “#oiy Nerpg;Nghk;”



ehlf ghlq;fs;> ghlE}y;

jftw; gj;jpuq;fs;> tPbNah fhl;rpfs;

xspg;glq;fs;


gb 1:

gdpkiyfs; cUfpr; nry;yy;> nts;sk;> epyr;rupT> fhl;Lj;jP> mkpy kio>

ePu;j;jl;Lg;ghL> twl;rp> gapu; epyq;fs; mopjy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; tPbNahf;

fhl;rpfs;> xspg;glq;fisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp> mt;thwhd epiyikfs; cUthtjpy;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; fhuzpfis rpe;jidf;fpsu;T (Brainstroming) %yk;

ntspf;nfhzu;f.

gb 2:

khztiur; rpy FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

FOTf;F xd;W tPjk; jiyg;Gf;fis toq;fp mf;fUg;nghUSf;F mikthf

tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jnyhd;wpid Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. ,izg;G 1

,y; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.

Ke;jpa jpdj;jpy; FOf;fis mikj;J> jiyg;Gf;fis toq;fp> Mf;fq;fis

Neufhyj;Jld; Maj;jQ; nra;J nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

gb 3:

khztuJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

67

gb 4:

khztuJ Kd;itg;Gf;fis kjpj;Jg;ghuhl;b> Gtp ntg;gkiltJ njhlu;gpy;

Vida fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtij tpsf;fp typAWj;Jf.


G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkiljy; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

kdpjdpd; ghjfkhd nray;fs; fhuzkhf G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkilAk; tpjj;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Mf;fG+u;tkhd tifapy; ebj;jypy; <LgLthu;.

ghltplaq;fis Mf;fG+u;tkhd tifapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.

G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkiltij ,opthf;Ftjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

,izg;G 1 gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fSs; xd;iwj; njupT nra;J tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jnyhd;iw

Kd;itg;gNj cq;fsJ FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.

G+Nfhsk; ntg;gkiltjw;F ,t;tplaq;fs; VJthFk; tpjk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;

gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,jw;fhf nghUj;jkhd xU FOitj; njupT nra;J fye;Jiuahly; elj;jp

Mf;fj;ijj; jahu;g;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

ghj;jpuq;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW njupT nra;jy;.

Njitahd MNyhridfisg; ghl MrpupauplKk; mofpaw; ghl MrpupauplKk;

ngWq;fs;.

fUg;nghUs;

tPl;by; nghypj;jPd; gpshj;jpf;F tptrhaf; fopTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw vupg;gjd;

tpisthf Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fjy;.

fhLfis mopj;jy;> Nrid epyq;fspy; jP %l;Ljy; Mfpad fhuzkhf

Vw;gLk; jPa tpisTfis tpsf;Fjy;.

moF rhjdg; G+r;R tiffs; kw;Wk; eWkzg; nghUl;fs; gad;ghL Nkhl;lhu;

thfdg; gad;ghL Mfpad fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfis

tpsf;Fjy;.

kpd; cgfuzq;fis kpifahfg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; tYr;rf;jp tpuakhjy;.

tPLfspypUe;Jk; njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;Jk; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; jpz;kf; fopTg;

nghUl;fs;> khrile;j ePu; Mfpad fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfis

vLj;Jf; $Wjy;

68

myF 11.9 Njrg;glg; gad;ghL

1. Nju;r;rp 11.9 : - juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; gFg;gha;T

nra;tjw;Fk; nghUs; tpsf;fk; nra;tjw;Fk; Kd;itg;gjw;Fk;

Gtpapay; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.9.1 ,yq;if 1:50>000 Njrg;glq;fspy; ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L

mk;rq;fis tptupg;ghu;.



Njrg;glq;fs; vd;gjdhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ vd tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;if 1:50 000 Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s ngsjpf

gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.

Njrg;glnkhd;wpd; ngsjpf mk;rq;fis ,dq; fhz;gjw;fhf

FWf;Fntl;LKfj;jpid mikj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.


,yq;if 1:50>000 ,ltpsf;ftpay; glq;fspd; JizAld; ngsjpf> gz;ghl;Ljiuj;Njhw;wq;fis ,dq;fhZk; tpjk;> kw;Wk; ,ltpsf;ftpay;>Njrg;glnkhd;iwr; rupahf thrpf;Fk; tpjk;> Nju;r;rpia tpUj;jp nra;jy;vd;gd ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jw;fhfg; 10 Me; juj;jpy; fw;w 1: 50>000 ,ltpsf;ftpay; Njrg;glq;fspd;

Rw;way; jfty;fs;> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l FwpaPLfs;> epwq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk;mbg;gilahff; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j myiff; fw;gpg;gjw;fhf> Njrg;glq;fisg; guprPypj;jy;> Njrg;glq;fisthrpj;jy;> cjhuzk; fhl;ly; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfisr; nra;a Ntz;Lkhjyhy;,e;j Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s 14 ghlNtisfs; Kjypuz;LjtizfspYk; guk;gpaikAkhW xOq;F nra;J nfhs;sy; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.xU jtizapy; 7 ghlNtisfs; tPjk; guk;gpaikAkhW cq;fsJ Neu#rpiamikj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,e;j Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;fhf 1:50>000 ,ltpsf;ftpay; Njrg;glq;fiscrhTtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J njupTnra;j 1:50>000 ,ltpsf;ftpay; Njrg;glg; gFjpfisNah my;yJ mtw;wpd;JizAld; mr;rpl;l rpwpa Njrg;glg;gFjpfs; rpytw;iwNah crhTtjw;Fkhztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

1:50>000 Njrg;glq;fspy; rkTauf; NfhLfisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L gy;NtWngsjpf jiuj;Njhw;wq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mf;NfhLfshy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;scauj;Jf;F mika> cz;ikahd jiuj;Njhw;wj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;sj;JizahFkhW cUthf;f Kg;gupkhz jiuj;Njhw;wj;ij cUthf;fkhztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

NkYk; me;je;jg; ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fSf;Fupa cjhuzq;fisj;Njrg;glj;jpypUe;J Njbg;ngw;W> mtw;iwr; Rl;bf; fhl;Ltjw;F khztu;f;Fr;re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. jiuj;Njhw;wj;jpd; cz;ikahd jd;ik gw;wpAk; gy;NtWFwpaPLfs; gw;wpAk; khztu;fs; vspjhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s ,it JizahfmikAk;.

69

ngsjpf mk;rq;fs;

1:50>000 ,ltpsf;ftpay; Njrg;glq;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;s ngsjpf mk;rq;fisg;

gpujhdkhf ehd;F tiffshfg; ghFgLj;jyhk;.

jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fs;> tbfhy; mk;rq;fs;> fiuNahu mk;rq;fs;> ,aw;ifj;

jhtuq;fs; vd;gitahFk;.

jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fs;

1. rkntsp 2. njhluiy epyk; 3. Nkl;L epyk;

4. gs;sj;jhf;F 5. RtL 6. Fd;W

7. kiyj;njhlu; 8. $k;Gf; Fd;W 9. jdpf;Fd;W

10. nkd;rha;T 11. Fj;Jr;rha;T 12. rupTr;rha;T

13. FtpTr; rha;T 14. FopTr; rha;T 15. fztha;

,it jtpu ,lj;jpd; cauk; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; njhlu;gpy; khztiu

mwpT+l;lk; nra;f. ,lj;jpd; cauk; vd;gJ Xu; jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rkd;W.

khwhf mJ rkntspg; gpuNjrnkhd;wpd; cauk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngWtjw;Fj; Jizahfj; jf;f Xu; mstPl;Lf; Fwpg;ghFk;.

tbfhy; mk;rq;fs;

1. gpujhd MWfs; 2. fpisahWfs; 3. ePNue;Jg; gpuNjrk;

4. ePu;gpup epyk; 5. Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;F 6. ePu;tPo;r;rp

7. fq;fz tbfhy; 8. Miuepfu; tbfhy; 9. kuepfu; tbfhy;

10. kpahe;ju; tisT 11. Mw;wpilj;jPT 12. gpd;dpa MWfs;

13. rJg;G epyk; 14. gug;Gq; fpisahWfs;

15. fopKfk; 16. mspailg;G tbfhy;

fiuNahu mk;rq;fs;

1. fldPNuupAk; fsg;Gk; 2. Flh 3. Kid

4. kzw;wil 5. Mw;WKfk; 6. jPT

7. njhk;gNyh

,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs;

1. gw;iwf;fhLfs; (Gju;f;fhLfs;) 2. fhLfs; 3. Gd;dpyk;

gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;

ngsjpfr; #oypy; kdpj jiyaPLfspd; tpisthf cUthf;fg;gLgit

midj;Jk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; MFk;.

cjhuzkhf ePu;g;ghrdk;> gapu;fs;> vy;iyfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J topfs;> tpNrlkhd

fl;llq;fs; Rw;Wyhj;jyq;fs; Nghd;wit ,q;F Kjd;ikahditahFk;.

ePu ;g ;ghrdk;

1. Fsk; 2. Fsf;fl;L 3. ePu;g;ghrdf;fhy;tha;

gapu ;fs;

1. ney; 2. Njapiy 3. ,wg;gu;

4. njq;F 5. Vida gapu;fs; 6. tPl;Lj;Njhl;lq;fs;

70

new; gapu; epyq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gr;ir epwKk; Vida gapu;fSf;fhf

kQ ;rs ; e pwg ; g pd ;dzpa py ; ,Lk ; ntt ;NtW Fw pa PLfSk ;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mf;FwpaPLfspd; gUkd; gw;wpAk; ftdQ; nrYj;JtJ

mtrpakhFk;.

vy;iyfs;

- fpuhk mjpfhup gpupT

- gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupT

- khtl;l vy;iy

- khfhz vy;iy

- ghJfhf;fg;gl;l fhL> ruzhyak;

rfy epUthf vy;iyfSk; rptg;G epwj;jhy; fhl;lg;gLk;. mjw;fhf ntt;NtW

FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; ghijfs;

- mjpNtfg; ghijfs; (E1, E2, E3 ... ) vd;wthW- gpujhd tPjpfs; A ju> B ju tPjpfs;- Vida tPjpfs;/ gpw tPjpfs;/ rpW tPjpfs;- tz;bg;ghij/ [Pg; tz;bg;ghij/ kz;ghij

- xw;iwabg;ghij (eilghij)

- Gifapujg; ghij

mjpNtfg; ghijfs; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpNyNa mikf;fg;gl;ld. jw;fhyj;jpy;

gad;ghl;by; cs;s Njrg;glq;fspy; mtw;iwf; fhz KbahJ. vjpu;fhyj;jpy;

jahupf;fg;gLk; Njrg;glq;fspy; mjpNtfg;ghijfSk; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.

1. ghyk; 2. kjF 3. Ruq;f top

4. Xlj;Jiw 5. Gifapuj epiyak; 6. Gifapujj;jupg;gplk;

tpNrl fl;llq;fs;

1. fl;lg;gl;l gpuNjrk; 2. fl;llq;fs;

3. mQ;ry; mYtyfk; 4. nghyp]; epiyak;

5. ePjpkd;wk; 6. ngsj;j/ ,e;J Nfhapy;

7. fpwpj;jt Njthyak;/gs;spthry; 8. fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;/ ntspr;rtPL

9. ghlrhiy 10. itj;jparhiy

Nkw;gb fl;llq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd;

epwk; gw;wpAk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Rw;Wyhj;Jiw jfty;fs;

Rw;Wyh tpLjp thb tPL

N`hl;ly; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;JtKila ,lq;fs;

Njrg;gl tptuzk;

Njrg;glnkhd;iw thrpj;J> glkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrj;jpd; ngsjpf mk;rq;fs;

gw;wpAk; mtw;NwhL ,ize;j gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk; vspikahd

71

rpy fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L

mk;rq;fSf;fpilNa njhlu;Gfis vspikahf tpsf;FtNj ,jd; %yk;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzk;: njhlu;Gfisf; fhl;lj;jf;f jfty;fs;

Nkl;L epyg; gpuNjrq;fspd; jiuj;Njhw;wKk; gpujhd tPjpfSk;

tbfhyikg;Gk; gapu; epyq;fSk;

fiuNahu mk;rq;fSk; Rw;Wyh Kf;fpaj;JtKila ,lq;fSk;

kiyg; ghq;fhd gpuNjrq;fspy; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; rhu;e;j FbNaw;wq;fs;

jiuj;Njhw;w Ntw;WikAk; ePu; toq;fYk;

jho; epyf; FbapUg;Gf;fspd; guk;gy;

glkhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspd; ,t;thwhd njhlu;Gfis rpy cjhuzq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njbawpa topg;gLj;Jjy; NghJkhdJ.

1:50 000 Njrg;glg; gFjpfisj; njupT nra;jy;

Njrg;glg; gFjpfisj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fis

khztu;fs; ,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd gFjpfisj;

njupT nra;f. mt;thwhd vspikahd rpy Njrg;glq;fs; tUkhW>

,j;Njrg;glq;fspypUe;J ngsjpf gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

cjhuzq;fisj; Njbg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. me;je;jj; Njrg;glj;jpd; rpy

rpwg;gk;rq;fs; khj;jpuk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.

jho; epyg; gpuNjr ,ltpsf;ftpay;

55 kfpaq;fid67 mtprhtis83 fjpu;fhkk;77 Gj;js

Nkl;L epyg;gpuNjr ,ltpsf;ftpay;

54 fz;b62 `q;Fuhq;nfj;j68 Etnuypah69 gJis

ePu;g;ghrdKk; new;nra;ifAk;

09 ,uizkL31 mDuhjGuk;32 fTLs;is71 nghj;Jtpy;

fiuNahu ,ltpsf;ftpaYk; jho;epy tbfhyikg;Gk;

79 mOj;fk59 ePu;nfhOk;G

28 jpUNfhzkiy

91 khj;jiw

72

FWf;F ntl;LKfk;

Njrg;glnkhd;wpd; ahNjDk; ,uz;L ,lq;fisj; njhLj;J Nfhnlhd;wpd; topNa

mjd; jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghLfisf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; msTj; jpl;lg;gb tiuAk;

glNk FWf;Fntl;LKfk; vdg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf

nghUj;jkhd ,uz;L ,lq;fisj; njupT nra;jy;

mt;tpuz;L ,lq;fisAk; xU Nfhl;bdhy; njhLj;jy;

msTj;jpl;lg;gb jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;

rkTauf;NfhLfs; ntl;lg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; cauj;ijf; Fwpj;jy;

FWf;F ntl;Lf; Nfhl;il tiujy;

ngauply;

Mfpa gbKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

cj;Njr nraw;ghLfs; rpy gpd;tUkhW

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfis Fwpj;j ghlj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW

FOr; nraw;ghLfshfNth jdpahs; nraw;ghLfshfNth xOq;F nra;J

nfhs;syhk;.

1:50 000 Njrg;glq;fis thrpg;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f FwpaPLfs;>

epwq;fis cs;slf;fpa glf;Fwptpsf;fj;ijj; jahupj;jYk; tFg;gpy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jYk;

ntt;NtW ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fSf;Fupa cjhuzq;fis ntt;NtW

Njrg;glq;fspypUe;J Njbawpe;J mit njhlu;ghd Mtznkhd;W

jahupj;jy;

fspkz;> fsp> fljhrpf; $o; Nghd;w %yg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

ntt;NtW jiuj;Njhw;w mk;rq;fisf; fhl;Lk; Kg;gupkhz khjpupAUf;fs;

jahupj;jy;

ngsjpf mk;rq;fSf;Fk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

njhlu;igf; fhl;Lk; rpwpa Njrg;glg; gFjpfisg; gpupj;njLj;J tiue;J

fhl;LjYk; mit gw;wpr; RUf;fkhd tptuq;fis Kd;itj;jYk;

Rw;Wyhf;fspd;NghJ ntt;NtW ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis mtjhdpj;J

mwpf;if jahupj;jy;

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

92 gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l ,yq;ifapd; 1:50 000 Njrg;glj;jpypUe;J njupT

nra;ag;gl;l rpy gFjpfs; tUkhW

,yq;if epy msitj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; mr;rplg;gl;Ls;s 1:50 000 rpwpa

Njrg;glg; gFjpfs; (k`paq;fid> mDuhjGuk;> mg;Gj;jis> khj;jiw)


nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfis ,yFthf fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gLj;jyhk;.

mjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd xU jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f. cj;Njr

epajpfspypUe;J ghlj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPl;L epajpfisj; njupT nra;J

nfhs;f.

rkTauf;NfhLfs; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.

rkTauf;NfhLfspd; guk;gypd;gb jiuj;Njhw;w NtWghLfis ,dq;fz;L

ngaupLthu;.

73

,lj;jpd; cauj;ijf; Fwpg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

tbfhyikg;Gf; Nfhyq;fs;> ntt;NtW tbfhyikg;G ,ay;Gfisj;

Njrg;glq;fspy; ,dq;fz;L tptupg;ghu;.

fiuNahu ,ltpsf;ftpay; mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L tpsf;Fthu;.

gpujhd ,aw;ifj; jhtu tiffs; guk;gpAs;s ,lq;fis ,dq;fz;L

ngaupLthu;.

ntt;NtW gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis ,dq;fz;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisf; fhl;Lk; Rl;bnahd;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ntt;NtW jiuj;Njhw;wq;fisf; fhl;Lk; Njrg;glg; gFjpfisg; gpupj;njLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

gpujhd jiuj;Njhw;wg; gFjpfspd; khjpupAUf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.

ngsjpf mk;rq;fSf;Fk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

njhlu;Gfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;Wf;Ff; fhuzq;fhl;Lthu;.

vspikahd Njrg;gl tpsf;fj;ij Kd;itg;ghu;.

FWf;Fntl;LKfk; xd;iw mikj;J mJ gw;wpa vspikahd tpsf;fj;ij

Kd;itg;ghu;.

Njrg;glk; tiuAk; jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

njspT> Neu;j;jp Mfpa tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.

74

nraw;ghL 1

Nju;r;rp 11.9 : - juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; gFg;gha;T

nra ;tjw ;Fk ; nghUs; t psf ;fk ; nra ;tjw ;Fk ;

Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; Gtpapay; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.9.1 ,yq;if 1:50>000 Njrg;glq;fspy; ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L

mk;rq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs; : -

Njrg;glq;fs; vd;gjd; %yk; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ vd

tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;if 1:50>000 Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s ngsjpf

gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL : - Njrg;glg;gFjpfs; rpytw;iwg; gpupj;njLj;Jf; fhl;LNthk;


juTs;sPLfs; :-

1:50>000 ,yq;if ,l tpsf;ftpay; glg;gFjpfs; rpy

,izg;G 1> 2

epwg;ngd;rpy;fs;> ngd;rpy;> msTNfhy;> fljhrp> gpup];ly; ml;ilfs;


gb 1:

tFg;G khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

,izg;G 1> ,izg;G 2 Mfpatw;wpd; gpujpfis vy;yhf; FOf;fSf;Fk;

toq;Ff.

nghUj;jkhdthW njupT nra;j 1:50>000 ,ltpsf;ftpay; Njrg;glg;gFjpfis

xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Ff.

gb 2:

tFg;G khztUld; fye;Jiuahly; elj;Jf.

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug ;gl ;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy ;fspd ;gb 1:50>000

Njrg;glq;fspypUe;J rpW gFjpfisj; njupT nra;Jnfhs;SkhW

mwpTWj;Jf.

njupT nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfis> Fwpj;j epwq;fisAk; FwpaPLfisAk;

gad;gLj;jpg; gpupj;njLj;Jf; fhl;Lk; tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs; njhlu;ghfTk; khztUf;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f.

gb 3:

Njrg;glg;gFjpfisj; njupT nra;AkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

,ltpsf;ftpay; ,ay;Gfs; rpy cs;slq;FkhW Njrg;glg;gFjpfisj; njupT

nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf khztu;f;F topfhl;Lf.

FOf;fspd; mUNf nrd;W MNyhrid toq;Ff.

75

gb 4:

njupT nra;ag;gl;l Njrg;glg; gFjpfisg; gpupj;njLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;F

FOf;fSf;F topfhl;Lf.

Fwpj;j epwq;fs; FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

gb 5:

khztuJ Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

me;je;jj; Njrg;glg;gFjpfspy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; ,ay;Gfs; njhlu;ghd tptuj;ij

FO cWg;gpdu;fs; Kd;itf;fr; nra;f.

epajpfspd;gb fzpg;gPL elj;jpg; Gs;sp toq;Ff.

juTs;sPLfs;

ghlE}y;fs; juk; 10> juk; 11

1:50>000 ,ltpsf;ftpay; Njrg;glg;gFjpfs;

fljhrp

ngd;rpy;;> epwg;ngd;rpy;fs;


jug;gl;l ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis 1:50>000 ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj;jpypUe;J

rupahfj; njupT nra;thu;.

epwq;fisAk; FwpaPLfisAk; rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

,ltpsf;ftpay; ,ay;Gfisr; rupahf tptupg;ghu;.

KOepiwT Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jthu;.

FOtpy; xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

,izg;G 1

cq;fsJ FOtpd; Ntiyfisg; gpd;tUkhW xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

gpur;rpidfisj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf FOepiyapy; fUj;Jg;gupkhwpf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;. Njitg;gLk; Ntisfspy; Mrpupaiu ehb top fhl;liyg;

ngWq;fs;.

cq;fsJ FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s 1:50>000 ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glg;gFjpia

fw;whAq;fs;.

,izg;G 2 ,d;gb cq;fsJ FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s ,ay;Gfis cs;slf;fpa

rpwpa Njrg;glg;gFjpfis> Nkw;gb Njrg;glq;fspypUe;J njupTnra;J

nfhs;Sq;fs;.

cq;fsJ FOTf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s ,ay;GfSs; rpy cs;slq;FkhW Njrg;glg;

gFjpfisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.

njupT nra;ag;gl;l Njrg;glg;gFjpfisg; ngd;rpyhy; tl;lkpLq;fs;. Fwpj;j

,ay;G vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLk; tifapNyNa Njrg;glg; gFjpfspy; ePs> mfyk;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

njupT nra;ag;gl;l Njrg;glg;gFjpfisg; gpwpnjhU fljhrpapy; my;yJ gpup];ly;

ml;ilapy; gpupj;njLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

gpupj;njLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; NghJ Fwpj;j epwq;fisAk; FwpaPLfisAk; rupahfg;

gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.

cq;fsJ FOtpd; Mf;fj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

Fwpj;j ,ay;Gfs; njhlu;ghd RUf;fkhd tptuj;ij tFg;gpy; Kd;itAq;fs;.

76

,izg;G 2

FO 1

gs;sj;jhf;F> RtL> Fd;Wj;njhlu;> kiy cr;rp> $k;Gf;Fd;W> nkd;rha;T>

FtpTr;rha;T> FopTr;rha;T

FO 2

gpujhd MW> fpisahW> kpahe;ju; tisT> gug;Gq;fpisahW> gpd;dpa

MW> kuepfu; tbfhy;> Miuepfu; tbfhy;

FO 3

fldPNuup> Flh> Kid> kzw;wil> Mw;WKfk;> jPT

FO 4

ntt;NtW rkaj; jyq;fs;> mQ;ry; mYtyfk;> nghyp];> ePjpkd;wk;>

ghlrhiy> itj;jparhiy> thbtPL Mfpad cs;slq;FkhW re;jpf;

FbapUg;Gf;fs; rpy

77

nraw;ghL 2

Nju;r;rp 11.9 : - juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; gFg;gha;T



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.9.1 ,yq;if 1:50>000 Njrg;glq;fspy; ngsjpf> gz;ghl;L

,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.

fw;ww; NgWfs; : -

Njrg;glq;fs; vd;gjdhw; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ vd tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;if 1:50>000 Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s ngsjpf

gz;ghl;L ,ay;Gfis tptuzg;gLj;Jthu;.

Njrg;glnkhd;wpd; ngsjpf ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhff;

FWf;Fntl;LKfj;jpid mikj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

nraw;ghL : - FWf;F ntl;L Kfnkhd;iw tiujy;



,izg;G 1

,izg;G 2

epwg;ngd;rpy;fs;> ngd;rpy;

MrpupaUf;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :-

,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf xOq;F nra;J nfhs;tJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ.

FWf;F ntl;LKfk; tiujypd; xt;nthU gbKiwnjhlu;ghfTk; khztu;

xt;nthUtiuAk; topg;gLj;j tha;g;Gf;fpilg;gNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khztUf;F MNyhridfs; toq;Ff.


gb 1:

,izg;G 1> ,izg;G 2 Mfpatw;wpd; gpujpfis vy;yhf; FOf;fSf;Fk;

toq;Ff.

gb 2:

tFg;G khztUld; FWq; fye;Jiuahly; elj;Jf.

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jf.

- gpuNjrj;jpd; cauk;

- msTj;jpl;lg;glk;

- fpilAk; epiyf;Fj;Jk;

- FWf;Fntl;Lf; Nfhl;il tiujy;

- epwe;jPl;ly;> ngaupLjy;

78

gb 3:

,izg;G 2 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s msTj;jpl;lg; glj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp

FWf;Fntl;il tiutjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

A - B Nfhl;bd; topNa rkTauf;NfhLfspd; mikitAk; cauj;ijAk;

fljhrpapy; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;f.

mjw;fika msTj;jpl;lg; glj;jpy; mt;tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

me;j ,lq;fis ,izf;Fk; FWf;Fntl;Lf; Nfhl;il tiujy;.

gb 4:

fgpy epwj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; FWf;Fntl;il epwe;jPl;Lf.

nghUj;jkhfg; ngaupLkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

gb 5:

khztuJ Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

mt;thf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf kPl;lha;f.

epajpfspd;gb fzpg;gPL elj;jpg; Gs;sp toq;Ff.


FWf;F ntl;Lf; Nfhl;bd; guk;giyr; rupahf tiuthu;.

kpf caukhd> kpfj; jho;thd ,lq;fisr; rupahff; Fwpg;ghu;.

rupahd epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; FWf;F ntl;Lf;F epwe;jPl;Lthu;.

rupahfg; ngaupLthu;.

KOepiwT Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ; nrYj;Jthu;.

,izg;G 1

nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

,izg;G 2 Njrg;glj;jpy; A - B apy; jiuNjhw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; FWf;F

ntl;LKfj;ij mikf;Ff.

FWf;F ntl;Lf;fhfj; jug;gl;Ls;s mstpilg; glj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jf.

FWf;F ntl;by; epiyf;Fj;J> fpil mstpilfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

FWf;F ntl;Lg;glj;ijr; rupahfg; ngaupLf.

79

,izg;G 2

80

myF 11.10 tupg;glq;fSk; tiuglq;fSk;

1 . Nju;r;rp 11.10 : - juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; gFg;gha;T



2 . Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : - 11.10.1 tiuGfis thrpj;J jfty;fisg; gFj;jha;thu;.



juTfisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf tup> tiuglq;fis gad;

gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

tup> tiuglq;fis thrpj;J mjd; JizAld; jfty;fisg;

gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.


Gtpapaw; ghlj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisj; jpl;ltl;lkhff; fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; Gs;sptpguq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L. ahNjDk; Fwpj;j jfty;njhFjpnahd;wpid msTuPjpapy; fhl;Ltjw;fhfr; rpj;jupg;G Kiwiag;gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,t;thwhd juTfis ,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhftiuGfspy; fhl;lyhk;.

Gs;sptpguj; juTfis vspikahd tiuGfshff; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; tiuGfisthrpj;J mtw;wpy; cs;slq;fpAs;s jfty;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;gupr;raj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNj ,e;j myfpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

Nfhl;L tiuGfspd; fPo;> vspa Nfhl;L tiuG> epuy; tiugpd; fPo; gy; epuy;tiuG> tl;l tiugpd; fPo; gpupf;fg;gl;l tl;l tiuG Mfpad njhlu;ghf,q;F ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. xd;gjhe; juj;jpy; vspikahd epuy;tiuG gw;wp khztu;fs; fw;Ws;sikahy; ,q;F gd;dpuy; tiuG njhlu;ghfNtftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;j myFf;Fupa ehd;F ghlNtisfisAk; %d;whe; jtizapy; xOq;Fnra;J nfhs;tJ nghUj;jkhdJ.

vspa Nfhl;L tiuGfs; mikg;gJ khj;jpukd;wp thrpj;J tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJk; ,yFthdjhifahy;

gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

Neuj;Jf;F mika NtWgLk; juTfisf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.cjhuzk;: ntg;gepiy> tspkz;ly mKf;fk;> rdj;njhifapd; fhy

uPjpahd Nfhyk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhl;Ljy;. tiugpy; tif Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lk; NghJ ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

- nghUj;jkhd Xu; msTj;jpl;lj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;- fpil mr;rpy; Nfhyj;ijAk; epiyf;Fj;J mr;rpy; Fwpj;j khwpg;

ngWkhdq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;.- %yg;Gs;spapd; ngWkhdk; G+r;rpakhf (0) ,Uj;jy;- jiyg;igAk; Rl;biaAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;- nghUj;jkhd epwq;fisAk; FwpaPLfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy;

81

vspa Nfhl;L tiuGfspd; gad;fs;

khwpapd; NtWgLk; jd;ikia ,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wik

cau;T - ,opT epiyikfis ,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wik

gd;dpuy; tiuG (gy;ghu;)

vspa/ ,ul;il epuy; tiugpd; tpupthf;fkhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Neuj;Jf;F/ fhyj;Jf;F mika NtWgLk; juTfis xg;gpLtjw;fhf ,t;tiuigg;gad;gLj;jyhk;.cjhuzk;: fle;j rpy Mz;Lfspy; ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd gapUw;gj;jp

Vw;Wkjp msTfs; (Njapiy> njd;id> wg;gu;> gpw)

tiugpd; tif Fwpj;jypd;NghJ ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

- fpil mr;rpy; Neuj;ijAk;/ fhyj;ijAk; epiyf;Fj;J mr;rpy; msitAk;

Fwpg;gpLjy;

- %yg;Gs;spapd; ngWkhdk; 0 Mf ,Uj;jy;

- Fwpj;j Xu; Mz;Lf;Fupa epuy;fis xd;Wlndhd;W xl;bapUf;FkhW tiujy;

- xNu tiff;Fupa epuy;fis xNu epwj;jpy; fhl;Ljy;

- jiyg;Gk; Rl;bAk; ,Ljy;

- nghUj;jkhd epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

gad;fs; xNu epw epuy;fis xg;gpLk; trjp ,Uj;jy;

epiyf;Fj;J epuy;fshfTk; fpil epuy;fshfTk; mikf;Fk; trjp ,Uj;jy;

fhyj;Jf;F mika khwpapd; Nghf;if ,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf

,Uj;jy;.

gpupf;fg;gl;l tl;l tiuG (rpy;Y tupg;glk;)

ehnlhd;wpd; kf;fspdf; fl;likg;G> rkaq;fSf;F mikthf fl;likg;G>Vw;Wkjpg;gz;lf; fl;likg;G Nghd;w jfty;fis tif Fwpg;gjw;fhf gpupf;fg;gl;ltiuGfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

nkhj;j msT KO glj;jpdhy; fhl;lg;gLtNjhL mjd; $Wfshy; mjhtJgpupTfshy; fl;likg;G fhl;lg;gLk;.

gpupf;fg;gl;l tl;l tiugpd; tif Fwpj;jypd;NghJ ftdQ; nrYj;j

Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

- nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifia 360 ghifahff; fUjp gpupTfSf;Fupa Nfhzj;jpd;

msitf; fz;lwpjy;. (rjtPj mbg;gilapy;)

- tl;lj;jpd; kj;jpapypUe;J tlf;fhf xU Neu;NfhL tiue;J mjid Muk;gf;

Nfhlhff; fUJjy;.

- cupa gFjpfspd; gUkd; xOq;Fg;gb Nkw;gb Muk;gf;Nfhl;bypUe;J

tyQ;Ropahf Nfhz ,ilntspfis tiujy;.

- gpw my;yJ Vida vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ahNjDk; gFjp cs;sjhapd;

mjid ,Wjpapy; ,Ljy;.

- ntt;NtW epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

- jiyg;Gk; Rl;bAk; ,Ljy;

82

gad;fs;

fl;likg;gpd; gFjpfspd; msit ,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.

vspikahdJ> tiutJ ,yFthdJ.

cj;Njr nraw;ghLfs;

me;je;j tiuG tiff;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd juTfs; rpytw;iwj; jpul;bf;

nfhs;f. ,jw;fhf Kd;du; fw;w myFfspy; ,lk;ngw;w Gtpapay; juTfisg;

gad;gLj;jyhk;.

cjhuzk;:

- vspa Nfhl;L tiuGf;fhd Etnuypah efuj;jpd; khjhe;;j ntg;gepiyj;

juTfs;

- gd;dpuy; tiuGf;fhf 2008 njhlf;fk; 2013 tiuapy; ,yq;ifapd; gpujhd

tptrhaj;Jiwj; juTfs; (Njapiy> wg;gu;> njd;id> gpw)

- gpupf;fg;gl;l tl;l tiuGf;fhf ,yq;ifapd; kf;fspdf; fl;likg;G - 2013

(rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> K];ypk;fs;> gpw)

- ,tw;iwj; jdpahs; nraw;ghLfshf xOq;F nra;J nfhs;syhk;. tiuG

tiua Kd;du;> me;je;j tiuG tif mikg;gJ njhlu;ghf khztupd;

ftdj;ij <u;j;J tpsf;fkspf;Ff.

- tiuGfis tiutjw;F khztu;f;F topfhl;Lf.

- khztu; tiue;j tiuGfs; Fwpj;J kPl;lha;T elj;Jf.

- tiugpdhy; ntspf;nfhzuj;jf;f jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;f;Fr;

re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

6 . juTs;sPLfs;

10 Me; ju> 11 Me; ju Gtpapaw; ghlE}y;fs;

kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;iffs;

njhif kjpg;G> Gs;sptpgutpay; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s Gs;sp

tpgu mwpf;iffs;


nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfis ,yFthf fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL nra;ayhk;. mjw;fhfg;

nghUj;jkhd xU jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f. cj;Njr epakq;fspypUe;J

ghlj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPl;L epakq;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;f.

vspikahd Nfhl;L tiuGfs;> gd;dpuy; tiuGfs;> gpupf;fg;gl;l tl;l tiuGfs;

Mfpatw;iw mikg;ghu;.

juTfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd msTj;jpl;lq;fisj; njupT nra;J

nfhs;thu;.

msTfisf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhf rupahd epuy;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;thu;.

nghUj;jkhd epwq;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;thu;.

FwpaPLfisr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

juTfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd tiuG tifiaj; njupT nra;thu;.

tiuGfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

njspT> Neu;j;jp Mfpa jd;ikfisg; NgZthu;.

KOepiwit kjpg;ghu;.

83

ml;ilg;glk;jpU. utPe;jpu NjDtu tpupTiuahsu;> mofpaw; fy;tpj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fzpdp tbtikg;GjpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Vida cjtpfs;nry;tp. V.vy;.v];.gP. mj;jgj;J r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Nj.f.ep.

jpU. gpajpyf;f gu;zhe;J r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Nj.f.ep.

Gtpapay; - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tGr11_TG Geography.pdf · 2017-01-23 · vi Kd;Diu rKjha...

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Transcript of Gtpapay; - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tGr11_TG Geography.pdf · 2017-01-23 · vi Kd;Diu rKjha...