Btc Vat Lieu Dai Cuong

7/31/2019 Btc Vat Lieu Dai Cuong

1/71

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Cu hi chng mn vt liu hc i cngI. Cu hi chng 1

A.L thuyt:Cu 1:Th no l lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt ion, lin kt kim lTr li:

a, Lin kt cng ha tr:- Khi nim: Lin kt ny to ra khi hai hoc nhiu nguyn t gp chunhau mt s in t c tm in t lp ngoi cng (in t tr).

- V d: Cl2 ,N2 ,GaASLin kt ng ho tr trong vt rn c thc hin nh s tp th in t gia mt nhm cc nguyn t ln cn.- c im ca lin kt cng ha tr:+Lin kt c tnh nh hng, ngha l xc sut tn ti cc in t thgia lin kt ln nht theo phng ni tm cc nguyn t .

+Cng lin kt ph thuc rt mnh vo c tnh lin kt gia in t ho tr vi ht nhn.+L loi lin kt mnh+Phn loi:Lin kt ng ha tr ng cc: Lin kt ng ha tr c th xy ra gicc nguyn t cng loi (ca mt nguyn t ha hc trong cc nhm tIVA n VIIA) VD:

Lin kt cng ha tr d cc: Lin kt ng ha tr gia cc nguyn tkhc loi (cc nguyn t ha hc nhm IIIA vi VA hoc nhm IIA vVIA). V d GaAs, GaPVD: Cacbon dng th hnh kim cng c lin kt ng ha tr rtmnh v 4 in tch ha tr lin kt gn nh trc tip vi ht nhn =>k
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2/71

cng c nhit nng chy trn 3550 oC.Kim cng cn chu c sut gia 167 v 231 gigaPascal trong nhng t kim tra khc nhaub, Lin kt ion:- Khi nim: l mt lin kt ha hc c bn cht l lc ht tnh in g

hai ion mang in tch tri du.Nguyn t nguyn t kim loi, c m in nh, d mt electron toion dng (anion).Cc nguyn t phi kim c m in ln, d nhn electron to ra im (cation)- c im ca lin kt ion:+ Lin kt khng c tnh nh hng, ngha l xc sut tn ti cc in

t tham gia lin kt theo cc phng khc nhau l nh nhau.+ Tinh th thng khng mu, cng v d v+ Cng lin kt ph thuc rt mnh vo c tnh lin kt gia ccin t ho tr vi ht nhn.+ L loi lin kt mnhV d: NaCl, LiF, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Fe3O4, NiO

VD: Hydro (H) to vi F, Cl, Br, I cc hp cht HF, HCl, HBr, HI bnnng lng lin kt ion tng ng l 5.81 , 4.44 , 3.75 , 3.06 eV/mol.lin kt ion l lin kt khng nh hng.c, Lin kt kim loi:- Khi nim: S lin kt cc nguyn t kim loi nh kh in t t doV d: Cu, Ag, Mg, Ca-c im ca lin kt kim loi:

+ Tnh do, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim+Nng lng lin kt l tng hp lc y v lc ht tnh in gia ccion dng v m my in t t do+To nn t nhng nguyn t c t in t ha tr+Cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng rt cao


3/71

Cu 2: K tn mt s cu trc mng tinh th vt rn. Nu c ichnh ca mng tinh th lp phng tm mt ( A1), mng kimcng ( A4)

Tr li:

a, Mt s cu trc mng tinh th vt rn:-Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin kt kim loi:+ Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi (A2 bcc)+ Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt (A1 fcc)+ Mng tinh th su phng (A3)- Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr+ Mng tinh th kim cng (A4)

+ Mng graphit(than ch)+ Cu trc si cacbon v fullerene+Cc cu trc mng tinh th lin kt ng ha tr khc- Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ion+ Mng tinh th hp cht dngMX+ Mng tinh th hp cht dngMX2 (hoc M2X)

+ Mng tinh th hp cht dngMm Nn Xp- Cu trc Polymer- Dng th hnhb, c im chnh ca- Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt ( A1)+ S lng nguyn t trong 1 s cp l n =1/8*8+1/2*6=4.

+ Ta cc nguyn t gc l [[0 0 0]] [[2

1

2

1

0]] [2

1

0 2

1

]] [[0 2

1

2

1

+ S sp xp ca mng A1 l K=12+ Trong mng A1 phng xp cht l , mt xp cht {1 1 1}+ Quan h bn knh nguyn t r v kch thc c s a l

R=2

2a


4/71

+Trt t xp cht nguyn t trong mng A1 l (ABC)+C hai loi l hng:Bn l hng khi tm mt kch thc 0,414d nm trung tm khi vim gia cc mt bn,

Tm l hng khi bn mt nm trn41 cc ng cho tnh t

nh c kch thc 0,225d.Vd: Cc nguyn t kim loi Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Al c trng bi cu trmng A1.- Mng kim cng ( A4)+Kim cng l 1 dng th hnh ca cacbon.- L mt dng th hnh ca C+ S sp xp K = 4+ c s mng kim cng (hnh 1.14a), c to thnh trn c s cc s A1 c thm bn nguyn t bn trong vi cc ta (xem hnh1.14b): 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 (1); 3/4, 3/4, 1/4 (2); 1/4, 3/4,3/4 (3); 3/4, 1/4, 3/4(4)

+ Khi lng ring ca kim cng l 3,52g/cm.+ Kim cng cn chu c p sut gia 167 v 231 gigaPascal+ Kim cng c rt nhiu mu sc: khng mu, xanh dng, xanh lcy, cam,, ta, hng, vng, nu v c en+ Kim cng c kh nng tn sc tt, do c chit sut bin i nhanhvi bc sng nh sng+ Ngoi tr kim cng xanh dng vn l mt cht bn dn, mi loi

kim cng cn li l cht cch in tt.+ Khng ging nh nhng cht cch in tt khc, kim cng l mtchttruyn nhit tt


5/71

Cu 3: Polyme l g, Phn loi cu trc ca polymeTr li:

a, Khi nim Polyme: Polyme l nhng cht c trng lng phnln v cha nhng nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t lp i lp li. T

cht ban u to nn polyme gi l monome. Nhm nguyn t lptrong Polyme gi l mt xch c s hoc mer.

b, Cu trc ca polyme:+ Theo cu to mch-Polyme mch Carbon: trong mch chnh ch cha cacbonV d: Cu trc mt s vinyl polyme

Polyetylen PEPolyvinyl clorua PVCPolyvinyl alcol PVA-Polyme d mch: c cha cc nguyn t khc (O, N, S, Si ) trongmch chnh.V d: Polyeste (polyuretan)

* O(CH2)4 O C N

O H

(CH2)6

N C

H

*

On

+ Theo cu trc lp th

-Polyme iu ha v khng iu ha lp thiu ha lp th: cc mt xch sp xp trong khng gian theo trt t nnhKhng iu ha lp th: cc mt xch sp xp khng trt t-Cc ng phn cis- trans:

V d: Cao su Isopren


6/71

CH2

CH3

H

CH2

CH2

H

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2

H

CH3

. . . .

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2

H

H

H

. .

. .

ng phn cis-cis ng phn trans- transNu cc gc cng cis, cng trans kt hp: iu ha lp th

Nu cc gc cis, trans kt hp ngu nhin: khng iu ha lp th-Cc ng phn quang hc:ng phn quang hc R, S l do s c mt ca cacbon bt i tro

mch PolymeA

B

R C R'*R, R': hai pha ca mch ni vi cacbon

bt iA, B: hai nhm th

Nu c s lp li chu k trn mch chnh cc nhm A-C*-B cnhau s thu c polyme isotactic: iu ha lp th.

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B Nu cc nguyn t C bt i trn mch chnh c kiu hnh kh

gian i nhau s to polyme syndiotactic: iu ha lp th.

A

B

B

A

A

B

B

A


7/71

Nu cc nhm sp xp khng theo quy lut, thu c polyme atackhng iu ha lp th

V d: Polypropylen c 3 loi isotactic, syndiotactic v atactic


8/71

Cu 4: C my loi sai lch ng trong tinh th. Nu c imca sai lch xon, sai lch bin.

Tr li:a, Cc loi sai lch ng trong mng tinh th:

C 3 loi sai lch ng trong tinh th:Sai lch ng l sai lch c kch thc b theo 2 chiu v ln hn 1chiu- Sai lch bin- Sai lch xon- Sai lch hn hp

b, c im:- Sai lch xon:C th hnh tng tng bng cch trt v p mt phngCt tinh th l tng theo 1 mp P tc dng 1 lc F ln pha trn mp.Pha di mp P tc dng 1 lc F, F v F l 2 lc trc i. Khi mt trp v mt di p lch nhau 1 khong l a gi bng s mng th gi l

lch xon- Sai lch bin:C th hnh tng tng bng cch trt v p mt phng

Ct tinh th l tng theo 1 mp P tc dng 1 lc F ln pha trn mp. Nmt pha trn v mt pha di cu mp P trt v lch nhau 1 khonghng s mng th gi l lch bin. Mp P c gi l mp trt- Lch hn hp: l tng hp ca lch bin v lch xon.

Cu 5:Trnh by sai lch im trong tinh th.


9/71

Tr li:- Khi nim sai lch im:L sai lch c kch thc b theo c 3 chiu- Phn loi

+ Nt trng v nguyn t xen kCc nguyn t trong tinh th lun dao ng nhit. Khi nhit tng, cnguyn t dao ng mnh. Khi tng ti 1 nhit ti hn no ccnguyn t c kh nng bt ra khi v tr nt mng to thnh nt trng v tr nt mng to thnh sai lchNguyn t b bt ra c th to thnh l trng Schottky v Frenkel

Cc nt trng v nguyn t xen k khng ng yn m lun trao

v tr vi cc nguyn t bn cnh theo cc c ch khuch tn trong crn (khuch tn nh cc ion xen k di chuyn v nh s trao i gia nt trng).

+ Nguyn t tp cht

Cc nguyn t tp cht c th thay th nguyn t chnh cc mng hoc xen k gia cc nt mng.Ni chung cc l trng, cc nguyn t xen k, tp cht u lm m

tinh th b x lch to ra cc khuyt tt im.


10/71

Sai hng Schottky Sai hng FrenkelKhi b kch thch, vs cc nguyn t gn st

b mt nhy ln v tr mi to l trng

L trng s to c hi cho nguyn t phatrong nhy ln chim ch => l trng s isu vo trong cu trc1 nt trng cation lun tn ti song song vi1 nt trng anion

Khi b kch thch, ccnguyn t khi di

chuyn ln v tr mi li 1 l trng =>mng k hon ho.V khi cc nguyn tdi chuyn ln v trmi lin tc => to ra


11/71

nhiu l trng

1 cation xen k cnh1 nt trng

Mt sai hng c biu din theo cngthc: n=A.N.e^(-E/kT)Trong : k-hng s Boldzman

t-nhit tuyt iE-nng lng cn thit to lkN-s nt mng trong tinh th

ns=A.N.e^(-Es/kT) nf=A.N.e^(-Ef/kT)


12/71

Cu 6: C my loi sai lch mt tinh th trong mng tinh th. Nc im ca bin gii ht

Tr li:a,Sai lch mt tinh th:

Sai lch mt l loi sai lch c kch thc ln theo hai chiu v nh thchiu th 3. Trong tinh th, sai lch ch yu l bin gii ht, bin giisiu ht, sai lch xp, mt i tinh v mt ngoi tinh th.b,c im bin gii ht:

- K/N: Bin gii ht l vng tip gip gia cc ht trong a tinh th.bin gii ht c cu trc v nh hnhSc cng mt ngoi() : l i lng c trng cho phn gia tng t d

khi c lch- Tnh cht+Ti bin gii ht c nhit nng chy thp hn vng bn trong+Ti BGH d b n mn ha hc+BGH nh hng ln n in tr sut+BG siu ht: l nhng vng tinh th nh c m c ngn cch bi

BGH+ Sai lch xp: l s ph v cht t xp cht ca tinh th+ Mt i tinh l 1 dng ca sai lch xp+ Mt ngoi tinh th


13/71

Cu 7: Th no l n tinh th, a tinh th. Nu c tnh v ngdng ca chng

Tr li:a, n tinh th:

- Khi nim: l vt tinh th c cu trc mng thng nht v cc phnkhng i trong khng gian.- c tnh: tnh d hng ngha l tnh cht vt l hoc ha hc khcnhau theo cc phng khc nhau.- ng dng: Ch yu c s dng trong cng nghip bn dn v vtliu k thut in.b, a tinh th:

- Khi nim: l vt liu gm rt nhiu n tinh th ghp li mi n tth c kch thc c m c gi l ht tinh th mi ht tinh th nyc nh hng khc nhau mang tnh ngu nhin.- c tnh:C tnh cht ng hng, tnh cht vt l ha hc theo cc phng khnhau l nh nhau.

Ngi ta c th ni a tinh th c tnh ng hng ging dng: c dng ch to ra cc li bin th nhm gim tntht in nng.


14/71

B.Cu hi v bi tp:Bi 1: Xc nh ch s phng sau ca cc vct A, B, C, D sau:

a,b,

Li gii:

a,

A X Y Z

Cc hnh chiu3

2

21

0

Quy ng mu s, rt gn 4 3 0


15/71

t trong du ngoc [43 0 ]B X Y Z

Cc hnh chiu32

132

Quy ng mu s, rt gn 2 3 2t trong du ngoc [ 2 3 2 ]C X Y Z

Cc hnh chiu3

1 1 1

Quy ng mu s, rt gn 1 3 3t trong du ngoc [1 3 3 ]D X Y Z

Cc hnh chiu6

1

2

1 1

Quy ng mu s, rt gn 1 3 6 t trong du ngoc [1 3 6]

b,A X Y ZCc hnh chiu 0 1 1Quy ng mu s, rt gn 0 1 1t trong du ngoc [ 0 1 1 ]B X Y Z

Cc hnh chiu 121 1

Quy ng mu s, rt gn 2 1 2t trong du ngoc [2 1 2 ]C X Y Z


16/71

Cc hnh chiu2

1

2

11

Quy ng mu s, rt gn 1 1 2t trong du ngoc [1 1 2 ]

D X Y Z

Cc hnh chiu2

1

2

1 1

Quy ng mu s, rt gn 1 1 2t trong du ngoc [1 1 2 ]


17/71

Bi 2: Xc nh ch s Miller ca cc mt A, B sau:

Li gii:a,Hnh 1-Mt (A1) // vi ( A 1) nn (hkl)A1 = (hkl)A1Mt phng ( A1) Ax + By + Cz= 1 c to thnh bi 3 imM [[0 1 1]] ; N[[2/3 1 1/2]]; P[[0 0 1/2]]


18/71

=

=++

=+

12

1

23

2

1

C

CB

A

CB

=>

=

=

=

2

123

C

B

A

( A1) l: x2

3- y- 2 z = 1

ox

==

0

0

)1(

z

y => x=3

2=> [[ 2/3 0 0 ]]

oy

=

=

0)1(|

0

z

x

= > y = -1 => [[ 0 -1 0 ]]

oz

==

)1(

0

0

y

x

=> z =2

1=> [[ 0 0 1/2 ]]

Lp t l h:k:l

2

11

:1

1:

3

21

= 2:1:2

3 = 3: 2:4

(hkl)A1 = (hkl)A1 = (3 2 4),-Mt (B1)


19/71

( B1) ox = [[ 1/2 0 0 ]]( B1) oy = [[ 0 1/2 0 ]]( B1) oz = [[ 0 0 1 ]]Lp t l h:k:l

11:

2

11:

2

11 = 2:2:1

(hkl)B1 = (2 2 1)b, Hnh 2

-Mt (A2):

(A2) ox =[[2

10 0 ]]

(A2) oy =[[ 0 0 ]]

(A2) oz =[[ 0 032 ]]

Lp t l h:k:l=

2

11

:1

:

3

21

=2:0:2

3= 4:0:3


20/71

(hkl)A1=(403)-Mt (B2):[[ 1 0 0 ]]

[[ 1 12

1]]

[[ 0 1 0 ]]

=

==

=

=

++

=

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

C

B

A

B

CBA

A

(B2) l: x+y-2z=1

(B2) ox = ]]100[[

0

0

)1(

=

=

z

y

(B2) oy = ]]010[[

0

)1(

0

=

=

z

x

(B2) oz = ]]2100[[

)1(

0

0

=

=

y

x

Lp t l h:k:l=1

1:1

1:

2

11

=1:1:2


21/71

(hkl)B2=(112)c, Hnh 3

-Mt (A3):

[[3

10 1 ]], [[ 0

2

11]], [[ 0 0

2

1]]

== =

=

=+

=+

2

23

12

12

13

C

BA

C

CB

CA


22/71

(A3) l: -3x-2y+2z=1

(A3) ox = ]]003

1[[

0

0

)1(

=

=

z

y

(A3) oy = ]]02

10[[

0

)1(

0

=

=

z

x

(A3) oz = ]]2

100[[

)1(0

0

=

=

y

x

Lp t l h:k:l=

3

1

1

:

2

11

:

2

11

=3:2:2

(hkl)B2= (322),-Mt (B3):

[[1 02

1]] ; [[

2

11 0]] ; [[1 1

2

1]]

=++

=+

=+

12

12

12

CBA

BA

CA

=>

==

=

2

0

2

C

B

A

(B3) l: 2x - 2z =1


23/71

ox

==

0

0

)1(

z

y => x =2

1=> [[

2

10 0]]

oy

=

=

0

)1(0

z

x=> [[ 0 0 ]]

oz

==

)1(

0

0

y

x

z = -

2

1=> [[ 0 0

2

1]]

Lp t l:

2

11

:1

:

2

11

= ( 2: 0 : 2) = (1:0: 1)

(hkl)B3 = (1 01

)

Bi 3: Xc nh ch s Miller - Bravais ca mt sau:

Li gii:


24/71

Mt phng (A) oa3 [[ 1 0 0 0 ]

]

Mt phng (A) oa1 [[ 0

2

10 0 ]]

Mt phng (A) oa2 [[ 0 0 1 0 ]]

Mt phng (A) oz [[ 0 0 02

1]]

Lp t l1

1:

2

11

:1

1:

2

11

= 1: 2:1 :2

Ch s Miller (hkil) = (1 2 1 2)

Bi 4: Tnh mt thng ca nguyn t theo phng [110] ca C(Fcc).

Li gii:


25/71

Phng[110] =AC

Ta c: AC = a 2=2

4Rx 2=4R

Mt thng ca nguyn t:

ML = L

l= R

R

4

4= 1= 100 %

cmngx /tu109,32)10.61,3(

2

2a

2=LD)densityLinear(

7

8==


26/71

Bi 5: Tnh mt phng ca nguyn t theo phng [112] ca:

Fe (Bcc) c rFe = 1,241 A0

b) Ni( Fcc) c rNi = 1,245 A0.

.Li gii:Phng [112]= AO


27/71

Chiu di nguyn t l: l= 2RChiu di s cp L= AO

AO= AOAA 22' + = )

2

2(2

2 aa + =a

2

3

a, Mt phng ca nguyn t Fe(BCC)

ML =L

l=

2

3

2

a

R=

23

.3

42

RR

=2

1= 70,712%

b, Mt phng ca nguyn t Ni (FCC)

ML =L

l=

2

3

2

a

R=

23

.2

42

RR

=3

1= 57,735%

Bi 6: Tnh mt phng ca nguyn t theo mt (112)ca: a) F(Bcc) c rFe = 1,241 A0 b) Ni( Fcc) c rNi = 1,245 A0..

Li gii:


28/71

Mt (111)=(ABD)-S nguyn t ng gp

3. 261

.321

=+ ( nguyn t)

- Din tch nguyn t chim ch:s= 2R2

- Din tch c s:

S=2

1AH. BD=

2

1a 2 . )'( )

2

''(

22

ABDB

=21

a 2 . )2( )2

2(

22

aa = 2

32a

a) Fe (Bcc) rFe= 1,241 Ao - mng lp phng tm khiMt phng ca nguyn t:

Ms =S

s=

23

22

2

aR

=

23

.)3

4(

22

2

RR

=34

3= 136,035%


29/71

b) Ni( Fcc) c rNi = 1,245Ao mng lp phng tm mt

Ms =S

s=

2

32

2

2

aR

=

2

3.)

2

4(

22

2

RR

=32

= 90,69 %

a) 1,42. 107 nguyn t / cm b) 2,32. 1077 nguyn t / cm

Bi 7: Tnh mt phng trn (100), (111), ca Pb (Fcc)Li gii:

Mt phng = s nguyn t / 1 n v din tch (mm2 )


30/71

T ph lc rPb = 1,750 Ao

Cch 1 chun:a)Mt ( 100)=(DCCD)S nguyn t ng gp:

4.41 + 1=2

=> s=2R2

- Din tch c s S=a2

=> Mt phng:

Ms = Ss = aR22

2 = )2

4(

2

2

2

R

R

=4=

78, 54%- Mt (111) = ABD

S nguyn t ng gp:

3. 6

1

+ 3. 2

1

=2=> s=2R2- Din tch c s

S= ''.2

1DBAH =

)2 ''()'(.22

1 22 DBABa

= )2

2()2(.2

2

1 22 aaa =

2

32a


31/71

=> Mt phng:

- Ms =Ss

=

2

32

2

2

aR

=

2

3.)

2

4(

22

2

RR

=32

= 90,69%

Cch 2:

aPb = ==2

)750,1(4

2

4r= 4,95 Ao

nS (100) = =+14

4

1x 2 nguyn t

S = a2

PD (100) = 27- )1095,4(

2

mmx= 8,2. 1012 nguyn t/mm2

nS (111) = uyn tu2

13x

6

1ng=

S = 2323.2

21 rrrbh ==

PD (111) =22 )75,1.(3

2

1

32

1

=r

= 0,095 nguyn t / A2 = 9,5. 1012

nguyn t / mm2

Bi 8; Tnh mt xp th tch Mv ca NaCl, bit r(Na+) = 0,98 R(Cl-) = 1,81 Ao

Li gii:


32/71

Cch 1:- S nguyn t trn s cp: 8.

8

1+ 6.

2

1= 4

- Th tch nguyn t chim ch:

v = ( 4.3

4 .R3) + ( 4. 3

4 .r3)= 3

16.(r3+R3)

- Th tch s cp:V= a3= )22(

3Rr+

- Mt xp cht th tch

Mv =V

v=

)22(3

)(163

33

RrRr

++

=)81,1.298,0.2(3

)81,198,0(163

33

++

= 66,262%

Bi 9: Tnh lp li trn phng [211] ca Cu ( Fcc).Li gii:


33/71

lp li theo mt phng l khong cch gia cc nguyn t trnphng .-Cch 1:[ 211]= AO

A =[[0 0 0]]O=[[1

21

21

]]

AO:

- lp li

AO= )'()'( 22 HOHA +

= )2

()()''(2

22 aDHDA ++ = )2

()2

(2

22 a

aa ++ =

2

6a


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- Cch 2:Phng [211]: ng thng ni t gc O n im (1, 1/2, 1/2) : im gia ca mt ABCD.

A B

CD

K

[110]

[211]

A B

CD

M

K

a/2

a/2

a

O

OK2

= OM2

+ MK2

= OA2 + AM2 + MK2

OK =2

6a

4

a

4

aa

222 =++ =

3 61 6

24 43 0

,,= A

Bi 10: Ag ( Fcc) c r = 1,444 A0 . Tnh hng s mng v th tcc s.

Li gii:


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Ta c: Mng lp phng tm mt c hng s mng

a =2

4=

2

444,1.4= 4,084 A0

Th tch c s:

V= a3= )4,084( 3= 68,117 A0

Bi 11: ng (Fcc) c bn knh nguyn t l 1,278 Ao. Tnh khi lnring ca Cu v so snh vi s liu trong ph lc ( Theo ph lc dCu =8,96 g/cm3 )

Li gii:- Cu (Fcc) mng lp phng tm mt

S nguyn t/ 1 c s = 4+ Hng s mng 61.3

2

278.14

2

4

4

2====

xra

ar Ao

+ Th tch c s : V= a3= )3,614(3= 47,202 Ao

+ Khi lng ring ca Cu:

'dCu

= VN

Mn A.

=202,47

10.023,6

5,63

.4 23

= 8,934.

1024

(g/ Ao)Ta c 1 Ao = 10 8 cm=10 24 cm3

'dCu =8,934.10 24 (g/ Ao)= 8,934.10 24 (g/cm3)

Theo ph lc dCu = 8,96 g/cm3

=> 'dCu < dCuBi 12: Au ( Fcc) c a = 4,078 A0 , nguyn t lng 197. Tnh khlng ring ca n.

Li gii:


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Au (Fcc) mng lp phng tm mt+ Th tch c s : V= a3= )4,078(

3= 67,817 Ao

+ Khi lng ring ca Cu:

'dAu

= VN

Mn A.

=67,817

10.023,6

197

.4 23

= 1,929.

1023

(g/ Ao)

Bi 13: Zn ( Hcp) c c = 4,94 A0 , khong cch gia tm 2 nguyt k nhau trn mt y c s l 2, 665 A0 . Tnh : a) S nguyt trn c s b) Th tch c s c) Tnh khi lng ring.

Li gii:


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Zn (Hcp) hnh lc gic

a, S nguyn t trn c s: n=12.61 +2.

21 +3=6

b, Th tch c s:

V= 6.2

1a.h.c=6.

2

1a. )

2(

22 aa .c = 3.a. a

2

3.c= 3.

2

3. )665,2( 2 .4,94


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V=91,153 A0= 9,153.10-23 cm3c, Khi lng ring

dZn

= VN

Mn

A

.

= VN

Mn

A

.

= 91,15310.023,6

65.6

23

=7,104 g/ A0= 7,104.

1023

g / cm

Bi 14: Nguyn t lng ca Na l 22,990 v Cl l 35,453 .Nu klng ring l 2,165 g/cm3 . Tnh: a) Hng s mng a b) ncho mt c) ng cho khi ca c s NaCl

Li gii:


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Ta c:

dNaCl= V

NMn

NMn

A

ClClA

ClNa +.

= 2,165

=> V= d

NM

nNM

n

NaCl

A

ClCl

A

ClNa +.

= 165,2

10.023,6453,35

410.023,6

990,22.4

2323+

=1,793.1022 )(

3cm =179,3 A

0

a, Hng s mngC V=a3=> a=3 3,179 =5,639 A0

b, ng cho mt ca c sDC= a 2=5,639. 2=7,97 A0

c, ng cho khi ca c sBD= a 3=5,639. 3= 9,767 A0

Bi 15: St thay i t Bcc sang Fcc 9100 C. nhit ny, bknh nguyn t ca st trong hai cu trc l 1,258 A0 (Bcc) v 1,2A0 (Fcc). Tnh % th tch thay i

Li gii:


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C s tnh : 4 nguyn t Fe, hoc 2 c s ca(n / c s = 2)hoc 1 c s ca Fe (Fcc) (n / c s = 4)- Th tch ca Fe (Bcc)

i vi Bcc V0 = a3 = [3R.4 ]3= [

3258,1x4 ]3 = 24,521 A0

- Th tch ca Fe (Fcc)

Fcc V1 = a3 = [2

R.4]3= [

2

292,1x4]3 = 48,8 A0

V = %013,99%100x24,521

24,5218,48%100.0

01 ==V

VV

Bi 16: Hp kim cha 80% khi lng Al v 20 % khi lng MTnh % nguyn t mi loi.

Li gii:Gi s ( mAl+mMg) = 100 g


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Theo bi ta c:mAl= 80 gmMg= 20 g S nguyn t ng gp

nAl=Mm

Al

Al=

2780 = 2,963

nMg=M

m

Mg

Mg=

24

20= 0,833

=>NAl=nAl.NA= 2,963. 2310.02,6 = 1,785. 1024

NMg=nMg.NA= 0,833. 2310.02,6 = 5,019. 1023Tng s nguyn t = 1,785.1024+ 5,019. 1023=2,2869. 1023

% nguyn t Al =102,2869.101,785.

23

24

x 100% = 78,05%

% nguyn t Mg =

102,2869.

105,019.23

23

x 100% = 21,19%

Bi 17: Trong cu trc MgO, cc ion Mg2+ b thay th bi Fe2+ tht l Mg2+ / Fe2+ = 17 / 10. Tnh t s khi lng MgO / FeO.

Li gii:Xt cu trc hp chtMgO =Mg +2 +O 2


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FeO =Fe +2 +O 2

Nh vy c mi 1 mol MgO thu c 1 molMg +2

c mi 1 mol FeO thu c 1 molFe +2

Mt khc theo bi

10

172

2

=+

+

Fe

Mg=> =

n

n

FeO

MgO=10

17

=> T s khi lngFeO

MgO

m

m

FeO

MgO

= )1656.(10

)1624.(17

+

+

=720

680

=18

17

Vy t s khi lngFeO

MgOl

m

m

FeO

MgO=

18

17

II.Cu hi chng 2Cu 1: Trnh by cu trc vng nng lng trong cc vt rn.

Tr li:-Trong mi nguyn t tn ti cc mc nng lng gin on. Cc t xp thnh cc tng(Cng vi cc s lng t chnh n=1,2,3,.)v


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lp c ch bi cc ch s, p, d, f (ng vi cc s lng t qu l=0,1,2 v 3,). Trong mi lp li c tng ng 2l+1=1,3,5 hoc 7 qo khc nhau.-Khi cc nguyn t cng xch li gn nhau th cc in t cng b k

thch bi cc in t v cc ht nhn ca nguyn t ln cn. nh hlm cho mi trng thi in t ca nguyn t nm st nhau hnh thnn vng nng lng in t. S gin n t mt mc nng lng intrng nguyn t thnh mt vng nng lng trong vt rn ty thuc khong cch gia cc nguyn t. trong mi vng, cc mc nng lny l gin on, tuy nhin khong cch gia cc mc k nhau l ht nh. khong cch nguyn t cn bng, s to thnh vng nng l

c th xy ra vi cc lp in t gn ht nhn nht. Gia cc vngnhau tn ti khe nng lng(vng cm): bnh thng th cc inkhng c chim lnh.- 0 k tn ti bn kiu vng nng lng khc nhau:+Th 1: vng ha tr ch b lp y mt phn. nng lng cao nhtchim d 0 k l E Fermi -> cu trc im hnh ca kim loi.

+Th 2: Vng ha tr b lp y v cn ph ln vng dn -> cng thyowr kim loi.+Th 3,4: Hai cu truc ny tng t nhau. mi cu trc th tt cacr trng thi trong vng ha tr b chim d hon ton. Tuy nhin ko cn dnh vi phn cn trng nn to khe nng lng. S khc nhgia hai vng l rng ca khe nng lng. E Fermi nm chnh gkhe.

-V th vt liu dn in l vt liu c in t d vt qua vng nlng Fermi. Vt liu ko dn l vt liu c nng lng vng cm rt n mc in t khng th no vt qua E Fermi.


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Cu 2: Da vo khi nim linh ng ca in t v cu trcvng nng lng hy nu c im ca in tr kim loi, in trca bn dn tinh khit

Tr li:a, c im ca in tr kim loi:


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Tnh cht dn in, hay cn tr in ca nhiu vt liu c th giithch bng c hc lng t. Mi vt liu u c to nn t mng lcc nguyn t. Cc nguyn t cha cc electron, c nng lng gn kvi ht nhn nguyn t nhn cc gi tr ri rc trn cc mc c nh. C

mc ny c th c nhm thnh 2 nhm: vng dn v vng ha tr,vng ha tr thng c mc nng lng thp hn vng dn. Cc electc nng lng nm trong vng dn c th dy chuyn d dng gia ccmng li nguyn t./Khi c hiu in th gia 2 u ming vt liu,mt in trng c thit lp ko theo cc electron vng dn dychuyn nh lc Coulumb to ra dng in. Dng in mnh hay yu pthuc vo s lng electron cng dn/Cc electron ni chung sp s

trong nguyn t t mc nng lng thp n cao, do vy hu ht nmvng ha tr. S lng electron nm vng dn ty thuc vo vt liuiu kin kch thch nng lng (nhit lng , bc x in t t mitrng). Chia theo tnh cht cc mc nng lng ca electron c 3 lovt liu chnh sau:

Trong kim loi lun c sn electron nm cng dn. Trn thc t hc khong cch gia vng dn v vng ha tr, v c th coi 2 vng

mt i vi kim loi/Kim loi c vng dn v vng ha tr ph lnnhau(khng c vng cm) do lun c in t trn vng dn v th mkim loi lun lun dn in Mng li ca kim loi thc t hok honho: cc ch b st m trong mng li tn x electron, gy nn s ctr vi s dy chuyn ca electron(in tr). Khi nhit tng, ccnguyn t dao ng mnh hn v d va chm vo cc electron hn kh


46/71

in tr tng theo. Vt dn in cng di, s lng va chm ca electrtrn ng y cng tng.b, c im in tr ca bn dn tinh khit:Trong bn dn v cch in cc nguyn t tng tc vi nhau khin c

khong cch nng lng gia vng dn v vng c ha tr ln, hu hcc electron khng nm vng dn. c electron dn in, cncung cp nhu nng lng cho e nhy ln vng dn, v d nhit nng hquang nng. Mt hiu in th ln ch to c dng in yu do c iin t dn in, do cht bn dn v cht cch in c in tr sucao.Trong bn dn khi tng nhit , cc e c th nhn nhit nng nhy

ln vng dn. Hiu ng ny mnh hn hiu ng cn tr do dng daong mng, khin in tr gim khi nhit tng.. tng t c th chnh sng hay bc x in t ni chung vo mt s cht bn dn truyn nng lng cho cc e(sau khi hp th cc photon) nhy ln vndn v tng tnh dn in nh trong CCD ca camera hay pin Mt TrC th thay i kh nng dn in ca cc cht bn dn bng vic pha

thm tp cht la chn c bit to ra cc li trong mng tinh th ctha e t do(bn dn loi n). Nng tp cht quyt nh s l trng hin t t do trong vt liu, do quyt nh tnh dn in ca vt liCc cht bn dn c vng cm c 1 rng xc nh. 0 tuyt K), mc Fermi nm gia vng cm, c ngha l tt c cc in t tti vng ha tr, do cht bn dn khng dn in. Khi tng dn nh, cc in t s nhn c nng lng nhit( l hng s

Boltzmann) nhng nng lng ny cha vt qua vng cm nin t vn vng ha tr. Khi tng nhit n mc cao, s c ms in t nhn c nng lng ln hn nng lng vng cm v nnhy ln vng dn v cht rn tr thnh cht dn in. Khi nhit ctng ln, mt in t trn vng dn s cng tng ln, do tnh dnin ca bn dn tng dn theo nhit (hay in tr sut gim dn th


47/71

nhit ). Mt cch gn ng c th vit s ph thuc ca in tr chbn dn vo nhit nh sau:

Vi Ro l hng s, l rng vng cmNgoi ra tnh dn ca cht bn dn c th thay i nh cc kch thchnng lng khc, v d nh nh sng. Khi chiu sng cc in t s hth nng lng t photon v c th nhy ln vng dn nu nng lng ln. y chnh l nguyn nhn dn n s thay i v tnh cht cbndn di tc dng ca nh sng(quang-bn dn)

Cu 3: Nu v gii thch tnh cht dn in ca bn dn tp chtloi p.

Tr li:Xt bn dn nguyn t silic. Mt nguyn t silic c 4 in t vng

ngoi mi in t ny lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t silic ln cGi s 1 nguyn t tp cht c ha tr 3 c thay th vo( nguyn tnhm III A: Al, B, Ga). Ta ly bo.Mt trong cc mi lin kt ng h


48/71

tr xung quanh mi nguyn t ny s b thiu 1 in t. Ch thiu cth xem nh 1 l trng lin kt yu vi nguyn t tp cht. C th giphng l trng ny khi nguyn t tp cht bng cch l in t v ltrng i ch cho nhau. Mt l trng chuyn ng c coi nh l

trng thi kch thch. Vy trong trng hp ny tp cht bo lm cho ltrng trong tinh th tng ln rt nhiu: ch cn mt s nguyn t tp chbng mt phn triu s nguyn t bn dn tinh khit cng lm cho s trng tng ln hng vn ln, do dn in ca bn dn c tp chln hn dn in ca bn dn tinh khit hng vn ln.Mi 1 nguyn t tp cht a vo khe cm mt mc nng lng nm pha trn nh ca vng ha tr. Mi l trng s c to ra trong vn

ha tr khi kch thch nhit 1 in t chuyn t vng ha tr ln trthi in t tp cht.

Vi 1 chuyn di nh th ch c 1 ht ti (1 l trng) c sinh ratrong vng ha tr m khng c in t t do no c to ra hoc mc tp cht hoc trong vng dn. Tp cht ny c gi l acxept(tp cht nhn). bi v n c kh nng nhn in t t vng ha tr v

li 1 l trng .i vi bn dn tp cht loi ny, l trng c mt vi nng cao hnhiu so vi in t (p>>n) v trong trng hp vt liu c gi cht bn dn loi p bi v tnh dn in ch yu do cc in tch dnm nhim. L trng c gi l ht ti a s, in t l ht ti thiu Cu 4: Nu v gii thch tnh cht dn in ca bn dn tp chtloi n.

Tr li:Xt bn dn nguyn t silic. Mt nguyn t silic c 4 in t vngngoi mi in t ny lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t silic ln cGi s 1 nguyn t tp cht c ha tr 5 c thay th vo( nguyn tnhm V A: P, As, Sb). Ch c 4 trong 5 nguyn t tp cht ny c ththam gia vo lin kt. Mt in t tha ra ch nh 1 cch lng lo xun


49/71

quanh nguyn t tp cht bi lc ht tnh in yu nng lng lin kca in t ny tng i nh (0,01 eV) =>d b tch khi nguyn t cht =>n tr thnh in t t do (tc in t dn). Nh vy, trongtrng hp ny (tc ) lm cho s in t t do trong bn dn tng ln

nhiu. V ch cn mt s nguyn t tp cht bng mt phn triu snguyn t bn dn tinh khit cng lm cho s in t tng ln hng vln, ngha l dn in ca bn dn c tp cht ln dn in cabn dn tinh khit hng vn ln.

Mi in t lng lo chim mt mc nng lng ng nm tronkhe cm v ngay di y vng dn. kch thch in t nhy t 1trong cc trng thi (mc) tp cht ny ln 1 mc trong vng dn i

1 nng lng tng ng vi nng lng lin kt trong in t. C mln kch thch s cp 1 in t n vo vng dn. Tp cht loi ny gl n (tp cht cho).Bi mi in t n c kch thch t 1 tp chnn khng to ra l trng trong vng ha tr do trong bn dn c cht mt in t rt ln so vi mt l trng. V l bn dn ctp cht c gi l bn dn in t hay bn dn loi n. Trong bn d

loi n cc in t l nhng ht ti a s, cn l trng l nhng ht tithiu s.

Cu 5:Nu c ch dn nhit ca vt liu. T gii thch tnh chdn nhit ca kim loi, gm v polyme

Tr li:

a, C ch dn nhit ca vt liuTrong cc vt liu rn,nhit c truyn bi c song dao ng mng vin t t do. dn nhit ton phn l tng ca 2 thnh phn theo 2ch .

K=Kl +KeKl: dn in bi dao ng mng


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Ke: dn in bi dao ng in t-Thng thng th 1 trong 2 thnh phn chim u th.nng lngnhit cc phonon,tc l song mng c truyn i theo hng chuynng ca chng.

-Thnh phn Kl gy bi chuyn ng thun ca cc phonon t vngnhit cao ti vng c nhit thp trong vt th.-Cc in t t do cng tham gia dn nhit. vng nng ca vt liuin t t do c ng nng ln hn,chng di chuyn n nhng vnglnh hn vaf1 phn ng nng c chuyn b thm cho cc nguyn tnh l kt qu cc va chm vi phonon hay l vi khuyt tt mng.Phng gp tng i ca Ke tng theo nng in t t do v c nhi

in t hn tham gia vo qu trnh dn nhit.

b, Gii thch tnh cht:- Kim loi:+Trong kim loi vi sch cao,c ch in t vn chuyn nhit c th hn phn ng gp ca photon v in t khng d b tn x nh

photon v c tc ln hn.Kim loi l cht bn dn ht sc tt do clng kh ln in t t do tham gia dn nhit. dn nhit thng dca kim loi l vo khong:20-40 w m.K.+v in t t do chu trch nhim c dn nhit v dn in trong kimloi tinh khit,biu thc:L=k TL:Hng s L=2,44.10 ^-8 W/(k^2)

T:Nhit tuyt i: dn nhit+Tp cht trong kim loi lm gim dn nhit,c th l trong ccnguyn t tp cht,c bit l trong dung dch rn hot ng nh nhntm tn x,h thp hiu qu ca chuyn ng in t.V vy thp khnd dn nhit km hn st hoc thp hp kim thp


51/71

- Gm:+ Cc vt liu phi kim loi u l nhng cht cch nhit v chng khc nhiu in t t do.Nh vy,phonon chu trch nhim ch yu trondn nhit: K rt nh so vi K.phonon vn chuyn nng lng nhit

khng hiu qu nh in t t do,do phonon b tn x rt mnh bikhuyt tt mng.+ dn in ca 1 s vt liu gm nm trong khong 2->50W/m.K nhit phng .Thy tinh v cc gm v nh hnh khc c dn ithp hn gm tinh th v tn x phonon mnh hn nhiu khi cu trcnguyn t c mc khng trt t cao.+Tn x ca cc dao ng nhit tr nn ni bt hn khi nhit tng.

vy, dn nhit ca a s vt liu gm bnh thng u gim dn dkhi nhit tng,t nht l nhit tng i thp.+L xp trong vt liu gm c th gy nh hng mnh n dnnhit trong a s trng hp,s tng th tch l xp lm gim dnnhit.Trong thc t:nhiu gm s dng lm vt liu cch nhit u cxp cao.S truyn nhit qua cc l xp l chm v khng c hiu

qu.Cc l xp bn trong cn cha khng kh,kh ny c dn nhitcc k thp,khong 0,02W/m.K.Hn na s i lu kh trong cc l xcng khng c hiu qu ng k.- Polyme:+a s cc polyme l vo c 0.3 wm.K.i vi vt liu ny,nng ltruyn theo dao ng,tnh tin v quay ca cc phn t mch. ln c dn nhit ph thc vo mc kt tinh:Polyme c cu trc tinh th

v trt t cao s c dn nhit ln hn so vi cc vt liu v nh htng ng. l dao ng hiu dng hn ca cc mch phn t trng thi tinh th.+Polyme thng c ng dng lm cht chs nhit nh c dn nhthp,tnh cc nhit ca chng cng nh ca gm,c th c nng caohn bng cch a vo nhng l xp nh,thng c to ra bng c


52/71

khuy bt trong khi polyme ha.Polystryren to bt c dng phbin dng lm cc ung v hp cch nhit.

III.Cu hi chng 3Cu 1: Th no l cht thun t, nghch t, st t, phn st t, fet. Nu c im ca chng:

Tr li: ng cong t ha


53/71

a, Thun t, nghch t:- Thun t:

l nhng cht c t tnh yu (trong ngnh t hc xp vo nhm phi tngha l cht khng c t tnh). Tnh cht thun t th hin kh nnhng ng thun theo t trng ngoi, c ngha l cc cht ny c

mmen t nguyn t (nhng gi tr nh), khi c tc dng ca t trnngoi, cc mmen t ny s b quay theo t trng ngoi, lm cho cmng t tng cng trong cht tng ln.-c imVt liu t khng vnh cuCc vc t momen lng cc t cng chiu


54/71

momen t qu o (L )ng gp l chnht c ng dngXm 10 6 n 10 5

-Nghch t:

c cu to t mt loi phn t khng c t tnh. Khi t vo t trngoi trong cc phn t s xut hin dng in ph v to ra t trngph ngc chiu t trng ngoi (v vy c tn l cht nghch t).Do cm ng t tng cng nh hn cm ng t ca t trng ngoi (


55/71

l cc cht c t tnh mnh, hay kh nng hng ng mnh di dng ca t trng ngoi, m tiu biu l st (Fe), v tn gi "st c t cho nhm cc cht c tnh cht t ging vi st. Cc cht sc hnh vi gn ging vi cc cht thun t c im hng ng ththeo t trng ngoi.- c im:L vt liu t vnh cuCc momen lng cc t cng chiu vecto ngoiMomen t S ng gp l chnhc s dng nhiu trong li bin th, lm nam chm inXm105 n 106

T bo ha:

Loi 1: Vt liu t cngLoi 2: Vt liu t mmc,Phn st t:- nh ngha:l nhm cc vt liu t c trt t t m trong cu trc gm c 2phnmng t i song song v cn bng nhau v mt gi tr.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_t%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%87u_t%E1%BB%AB&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%ADt_t%E1%BB%B1_t%E1%BB%AB&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_m%E1%BA%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_m%E1%BA%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_songhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_t%C3%ADnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%87u_t%E1%BB%AB&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%ADt_t%E1%BB%B1_t%E1%BB%AB&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_m%E1%BA%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A2n_m%E1%BA%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_song


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S sp xp cc momen t trong v

liu feri t khi T < TN khi khng c t trng ngoi- c im:

+C ch ca tnh phn st tvt liu c trt t t.l vt liu phi t bi t tnh ca chng cng yu.Tnh cht phn st t bt ngun t tng tc trao i gia cc spinPhn st t l tng tc trao i m, lm cho cc spin phn song songvi nhau.+Cc tnh cht c bn

khng tuyt i (0 Kelvin), cc spin ca vt liu phn st t spxp i song song nhau nn t .Nhit tng dn dn n vic ph v trt t t kiu phn song songlm tng t ha (v cm t, ) ca vt liu phn st t.T trng ngoi cng l nguyn nhn ph v trt t phn song song cvt liu.d, Feri t:- nh ngha:l tn gi chung ca nhm cc vt liu c trt t t m trong cu trc ca n gm 2 phn mng i song song nhng c ln khc nhau.Ferri t cn c gi lphn st t b tr khng hon ton.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c_trao_%C4%91%E1%BB%95ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_t%E1%BB%AB_h%C3%B3ahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BA%A3m_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%ADt_t%E1%BB%B1_t%E1%BB%AB&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_songhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_s%E1%BA%AFt_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c_trao_%C4%91%E1%BB%95ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_t%E1%BB%AB_h%C3%B3ahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_c%E1%BA%A3m_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_li%E1%BB%87uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%ADt_t%E1%BB%B1_t%E1%BB%AB&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_songhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_s%E1%BA%AFt_t%E1%BB%AB


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S sp xp cc momen t trong v

liu feri t khi T < TC

- c im:+ Cu trc ca feri tFeri t t c tn gi xut pht t nhm vt liu ferrite ,l nhm cc vliu gm c cng thc ha hc chung l: XO.Y2O3X l mt kim loiha tr 2,Y l kim loi ha tr 3 .+ Tnh cht ca feri t

Feri t c 2 phn mng t b tr khng hon ton, nn n c t tpht v t ny c b tr t mmen t ca 2 phn mng: .MA ).MBMA, MB ln lt l mmen t ca 2 phn mng A v B, l t phn gia 2 phn mng.Nhn chung, tnh cht t ca feri t gn ging vi st t,im khc bit c bn nht l do n c 2 phn mng ngc chiu

C mt nhit m ti mmen t t pht ca 2 phn mng b b trnhau gi l "nhit b tr".Nhit b tr thp hn nhit Curie (i khi nhit Curie ca fet cng c gi l nhit Nel, trn nhit Curie cht b mt trt t v tr thnh thun t
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BB%91mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_%C4%91%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_%C4%91%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_s%E1%BA%AFt_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BB%91mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8Bhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_%C4%91%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_%C4%91%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_s%E1%BA%AFt_t%E1%BB%ABhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%AB


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Cu 2:Hy nu ngun gc momen t ca vt liu.Nu c im cvt liu t cng.

Tr li:

a, Ngun gc momen t ca vt liu:+ Vt liu c cu to t cc nguyn t, mi nguyn t c cu tocc in t chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn v ht nhn.+ Mi in t trong mt nguyn t u c cc momen t vi hai ngugc:-Mt lin quan n qu o ca n chuyn ng quanh ht nhn-Mi in t cn c mt chuyn ng ring l chuyn ng xung quan

trc ca bn thn ( gi l spin)T trng tng:

+ Momen t n v l Magneton Bohr( 9,27.10-24 A.m2 )+ i vi mi in t trong nguyn t- Momen t spin ch c th nhn mt trong 2 gi tr ( cng cho spinhng ln v tr cho spin hng xung).


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- Cn momen t qu o th bng l s lng t t ( s lng tkhng gian) ca in t.+ i vi mt nguyn t c cc lp in t hon ton y, momentng ca n b trit tiu => khng th b t ha vnh cu. v d cc kh

tr ( He, Ne, Ar.) cng nh nhiu vt liu in khc.+ Trong vt liu tn ti cc dng t tnh sau: Thun t, nghch t, v st.

Ngoi ra phn st t v feri t c xem l nhng dng ph cast t

b, Nu c im ca vt liu t cng:

Vt liu t cng l vt liu st t, kh kh t v kh t ha,c lc kht caoc cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng km hn so vi cc vt liu tmm, chng c d hng t tinh th rt ln.-Lc khng t.k hiu l Hc l i lng quan trng c trng cho tnh t cng ca v

liu t cng.-Tnh nng lng t cc iL i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca vt t, c c trng bnng lng t cc i c th tn ti trong mt n v th tich vt t.lng ny c c n v l n v mt nng lng J /m^3-Nhit kuriey l nhit m ti vt liu b mt t tnh, tr thnh cht thut t

Mt s vt liu t cng c dng trong cc nam chm hot ng nhit cao nn n i hi nhit crrie rt cao. Loi vt liu t cc nhit curie rt cao hin nay l nhm cc vt liu trn nn SmConhit curie t 500-1000 c-ng dng :dng ch to cc nan chm vnh cu hoc c s dnlm vt liu ghi t trong cc a cng, cc bng t


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Cu 3: Th no l vt liu t mm, nu tnh cht, c im ca vliu t mm

Tr li:a, khi nim:

Vt liu t mm l vt liu st t, "mm" v phng din t ha v kht, c ngha l d t ha v d kh t.b, Tnh cht:Vt liu p in c t trng bo ha v t ha ch ph thuc vothnh phn ca vt liu.H s t ha v kh t ca Hc li ph thuc vo cu trc ca vt lich khng phi thnh phn ca vt liu.

Tn hao nng lng t ph thuc vo in tr sut v n th l nghchvi in tr sut.c, c im:C t thm caoC kh t thp.C tn hao nng lng t tr thp.

D b t ha.


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Cu 4: Gii thch ng cong t tr thng qua khi nim doment.So snh s ging v khc nhau gia vt liu t cng v vt lit mm

Tr li:

ng cong t ha ban u v ng cong t tr ca vt liu st t

- Khi nim: l nhng vng th tch nh trong vt liu y. Trong vnny cc vec t momen lng cc t sp xp theo 1 trt t nht nh.Vng th tch gi l domen t hay min t ha t nhin.Trong 1 vt liu t gm rt nhiu cc domen t , cc domen t ngncch nhau bi vch domenMi vt liu st t v feri t nhit di Tc c cu to bi nhn

vng th tch nh, trong tt c cc momen lng cc t u nhhng song song vi nhau vi t ha t bo ha.Mi vng gi l mt min t (men) mt min t ha t nhin.Cc men ln cn phn cch nhau bi cc vng bin hay vch.- Qu trnh t ha: l qu trnh xoay v dch cc vch domenNu (Ho , P) thnh gc nhn th tch domen m rng


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Nu (Ho , P) thnh gc t th tch domen gim bt

- Kch thc v hnh dng ca ng cong t tr ca cc vt liu st tv feri t c tm quan trng, Din tch bn trong vng t tr biu th t

hao nng lng trong mt n v th tch vt liu, trong mt chu trnhha kh t.- Tn hao nng lng c tnh bng lng nhit sinh ra trong vt liv lm tng nhit ca n.- Cc vt liu st t v feri t c phn ha thnh vt liu t mn hovt liu t cng ty theo c tnh t tr ca chng


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Cu 5: Nu c im ca siu dn, ng dng ca siu dnTr li:

a, c im:

-Vt liu siu dn c in tr bng 0-Nu vt liu siu dn c dng in chy qua th dng in ny c thduy tr lu sau khi b ngun in ib, ng dng:-Ch to nam chm in c cun dy bng vt liu siu dn, to ratrng mnh m khng hao ph nng lng v ta nhit- To ra cc vt liu siu dn nhit cao. c bit ngi ta to

c hp ct c nhit Tc = 134 k


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IV.Cu hi chng 4Cu 1: Laser l g, ng dng ca laser. Nu s b cu to my phlaser

Tr li:

a, Khi nim:Laze l mt ngun sng pht ra mt chm sng cng ln da trnvic ng dng hin tng pht x cm ng.b, ng dng:+ Thng tin lin lc v tuyn (nh truyn thng thng tin bng quang, v tuyn nh v, iu khin con tu v tr, ...)+ Y hc dao m trong phu thut mt, cha mt s bnh ngoi

(nh tc dng nhit), ...+ Dng trong cc u c a CD, bt ch bng, ch bn , dng trcc th nghim quang hc trng ph thng, ...+ Dng khoan, ct, ti, ... chnh xc cc vt liu trong cng nghipc, Cu t o my pht laser:Rubi (hng ngc) l Al2O3 c pha Cr2O3.

Laze rubi gm mt thanh rubi hnh tr. Hai mt c mi nhn vugc vi trc ca thanh. Mt (1) c m bc tr thnh gng phng (c mt phn x quay vo pha trong ( phn x 100%). Mt (2) l mt bm, tc l m mt lp mng cho khong 50% cng chm schiu ti b phn x, cn khong 50% truyn qua. Mt ny tr thgng phng (G2) c mt phn x quay v pha G1. Hai gng G1 vsong song vi nhau.

Dng n phng in xenon chiu sng rt mnh thanh rubi v mt s ln ion crm ln trng thi kch thch. Nu c mt ion crm bx theo phng vung gc vi hai gng th nh sng s phn xphn x li nhiu ln gia hai gng v s lm cho mt lot ion crpht x cm ng. nh sng s c khuch i ln nhiu ln. Chmlaze c ly ra t gng bn m G2.


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Cu 2: Nu tnh cht quang hc ca vt liu phi kim loi. Trnhby c ch pht quang ca vt liu

Tr li:a, Tnh cht quang hc ca vt liu phi kim loi

-c trng cu trc vng nng lng ca in t, cc vt liu phi kimth trong sut vi nh sng kh kin-Ch trng n cc hin tng phn x, hp th, khc x, truyn qua-Khc x l khi nh sng i vo vt liu b gy b mt v thay i vtc trong vt liu ch s khc x (chit sut n)

n=

v

c=

oo

=

rr

- Hng s in mi - t thm- Phn x l khi nh sng i vo vt liu c mt phn b phn x tr lmt phn cch (thm ch khi c 2 vt liu l trong sut) phn x

l t s cho bi (viI0 vIR l cng chm tia ti v chm tia phx)

R=II

O

R

- Khi chm sng chiu ti l bnh thng (trc giao)

R= )12

12(

2

nn

nn

+

n1 v n2 l chit sut ca 2 mi trng- Khi chm sng chiu ti l khng bnh thng,R s ph thuc vo gchiu ti. Khi nh sng chiu vo mi trngs-Hp th - cc vt liu phi kim c th dng c khng cho nh sngi qua. Nu trong sut, chng thng c mu sc


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-Bc x nh sng c hp th theo 2 c chHp th do phn cc in t ng vai tr quan trng tn s nh sngln cn tn s hi phc (relaxation) ca nguyn tHp th do s chuyn mc in t t di ha tr v di dn - ph thu

vo cu trc di nng lng ca vt liu-Hp th ca photon nh sng c th xy ra khi to s kch thch in gn di ha tr c in y i qua vng cm ln ti trng thi trn di dn to thnh in t t do di dn v l trng di ha tr-Nng lng kch thch Elin quan ti tn s photon hp th E= hS kch thch hp th ch xy ra khi nng lng photon ln hn nnglng vng cmEg

- Vi bc sng kh kin cc tiu (min) khong 0.4m, bit c v hxc nh nng lng vng cm cc iEg(max) c th hp th nh skh kin l

- Vi bc sng kh kin cc i (max) khong 0.7m, bit c v hxc nh nng lng vng cm cc tiuEg(min) c th hp th nh s

-Hp th photon do kch thch in t t di ha tr ln di dn vi mtp cht nm trong vng cm (a), S pht x ca 2 photon vi in tu tin nhy xung mc tp cht v sau mi nhy xung mc trnthi nn (b) v s sinh cp photon khi in t nhy xung mc nnglng tp cht v sau nhy xung mc trng thi nn (c)


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Cu 3: Nu tnh cht quang hc ca kim loi, gii thchTr li:


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Hy kho st s vng nng lng in t kim loi minh ha trn h5.3a v5.3b:trong c hai trng hp u c mt vng nng lngcao ch mi b cc in tchim mt phn .Bc x nh sng ti s kchthch cc in t chuyn ln trng thi nnglng cha b chim nm trn

mc Fermi,nh cc biu th trn hnh 5.58a kt qu l nhsng ti b hp thph hp vi biu thc (5.56).Chnh v vy m kim loi l c.S hpthon ton ch xy ra trong mt lp mt ngoi rt mng thngthng nh hn0,1m:nh vy ch c nhng mng kim loi mng hn0,1m mi c kh nng truyn nhsng nhn thy .Kim loi hp th c mtn s ca nh sng nhn thy bi v lin tc c nhngtrng thi in t cntrng ,chng cho php chuyn ri cc in t nh ch trn hnh 5.59a.Thc ra

cc kim loi u c i vi tt c cc bc x in t vng tn s thp capht sng v tuyn in ,qua hng ngoi ,nh sng nhn thy cho n khongia bc x tngoi .cc kim loi u trong sut i vi tt c cc bc x c s cao(Tia Rnghen vtia gamma).Phn ln bc x b hp th s c thpht b mt di dng nh sng nhn thyc cng bc sng,ta c sng phn x .S chuyn ri in t c trn hnh5.59b.

phn x cu phn ln cc kim loi nm gia 0,90 v 0,95 ,mt phn nnnglng ca qu trnh ny nhy xung ca in t b chuyn thnh nhit .Bi v cc kim loi u c v phn x mnh nn mu cm nhn r ca chncxc nh phn b bc sng ca chm tia phn x .S xut hin ca mbc khi chiu nhsng chng t kim loi c phn x mnh trn ton bgii ph nhn thy .Ni cch khc,i vi chm tia phn x ,thnh phtn s v s lng photon th pht ny cng gnging nh i vi chm

tia ti .Nhm v bc l hai kim loi c tinh phn x nh vy .Cnng v vnli th hin hai mu -da cam v mu vng bi v c mt phn nng lnggvi cc photon nh sng c bc sng ngn khng c th phtCu 4: Tng tc nh sng vi vt rn

Tr li:


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Khi anh sng i t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc (chng hn t khnkhvo vt rn )th mt s bc x nh sng c th truyn qua mi trng .mb hp th vmt s b phn x trn b mt phn cch gia hai mi trng.cng Io ca chm sngtruyn qua .hp th v phn x tng ng l IT,

v IR .tc lI0= IA+IT+IR .Trong T,A,R tng ng biu din truyn qua (IT/I0), hp th(IA/I0) v phn x (IR /I0).tc l nhng t phn ca nh sng ti ctruyn qua ,phn x v hp th bi vt liu . Nhng vt liu c kh nng truysng vi hp th v phn x tng i nh lnhng vt ph trong sut.ngi ta c th nhn qua chng .Nhng vt trong m l nhngvt liu m kh

nh sng i qua chng s b tn x vo trong vt liu n mc m khi quammu vt liu th khng phn bit r rng c i tng .Cn nhng vtkhng chonh sng nhn thy truyn qua gi l vt c .Cc kim loi khi c vi ton b ph nhn thy c ,ngha l tt c bc xnh sng b hoc l hp th hoc l phn x.Mt khc ,cc vt liu cch in cth lm trong sut .Ngoi ra mt s vt liu bn dn l trong sut cn s kh

l c

Cu 5: Tng tc nguyn t v in t


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Cc hin tng quang hc xy ra bn trong vt rn u c lin quann nhngtng tc gia bc x in t v nguyn t ,ion v in t.Hai hitng quan trng nhttrong nhng tng tc ny l s phn cc in t v schuyn ri nng lng in t.

Phn cc in tMt trong hai thnh phn ca song in t l in trng bin thin nhanh .phmvi tn s thy c in trng ny tng tc vi am myin t bao quanh trngnguyn t v gy ra s phn cc in t .Cmi ln thnh phn in trng thay ihng l mt ln lm lnh mmy in t so vi ht nhn nguyn t ,nh biu th trnhnh 5.28a .Hai hqu ca s phn cc ny l 1)mt phn nng lng bc x b hp th v2) s

nh sng b chm li khi i qua mi trng .H qu th hai biu hin s khcs tho lun trong mc 5.4.3aChuyn di in tS hp th v pht x in t c th gy nn s chuyn di cc in t t trnthiny sang trnh thi nng lng khc . d tho lun ta xt ring mnguyn t , th nng lng nguyn t ca n c biu din trn h

5.58.Mt in t c th b kchthch chuyn t mt trng thi chimmc nng lng E2ln mt trng thi nm mc nng lng cao hn ,E4chng hn bng ch hp th mt photon nng lnghv=Trong l hiu nng lng gia hai mc . y c mt s khi

nim quantrng cn lu :-Th nht ,cc trng thi ca nguyn t l gin onn ch tn ti nhng khongcch ring gia cc mc nng lng :nhvy ch c nhng photon no c tn stng ng vi nhng cho p th mi c hp th bi cc chuyn di in t.Hn na ,trong mln kch thch .phi l tt c (ch khng th mt phn ) nnglng photon c hp th-Th hai:in t ny khng th lu li v thi h


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trng thi kch thch :sau mtthi gian ngn ,n li nhy tr v trng thibn ca mnh hoc mt mc nng lngthp hn v pht x in t(thut ng bc x gi l s th pht ).c th c nhiu conng nhy v ,nhng trong bt c trng hp no cng phi c s bo ton

nnglng cho cc chuyn di in t hp th v pht x . Nh s trnh bysau ,cc c tnh quang hc ca vt rn lin quan n hp th v pht x it u c gii thch nh cu trc vng nng lng in t ca vt lvcc nguyn l lin quan n s chuyn di in t nh nu trn

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