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2011A ()

2 : , , , . A

A

=?

?

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Microscopy visualisation

- : ; . .

:F

& : /: . 0.55 .

: : 20 100.000 => /

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:

(4050% 5060% ),

( : )

(5.5 )

( 20% 80% ), . ()

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:

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:

:

DA,

,

(A)

E

DA => ,

A (A A ) (.. ).

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F ( , )

( )

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.

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&

4

6126+ 6 2 6 2+ 6 20 +

2.

:

) C2

)

!

2, A .

.

!

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Reduction and Oxidation

- NAD+ and FADH are co-enzymes very important for cell respiration

- they transfer high-energy electrons to electron transport systems(ETS).

As the electrons move from carrier to carrier, energy is released in smallquantities.

Electron transport system (ETS)

Brief notes: The energy processing in the cell

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, ,

B

2

B

C A

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:

, ;

, ,

.

, , , ;

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,

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:

Glycolysis is a pathway of

ten enzyme-catalyzed

reactions located in the

cytoplasm.

It provides starting

materials for both cellular

respiration and

fermentation.

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Figure 7.7

Part 1

Figure 7.7 Part

E : 2A /

3 .

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Figure 7.7

Part 2

Figure 7.7 Part 2

,

2 AD

4 A .

2 .

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Figure 7.7

Part 3

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:

.

.

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:

(1) , C2 ;

(2)

AD+

+ +;

(3)

+ =

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.

C :

.

: C2, FAD2, AD, A

(

)

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C

C2, FAD2, AD, A

( : A CA )

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Figure 7.11

AD + + FAD2 ( , , )

, AD+

FAD).

.

2 , 2.

: , +

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Figure 7.13

Part 1

: , + C .

E +

,

=> .

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A ,

+ + 2

, ,

, +

.

.

2

, 2.

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Electron Transport Chain

Animation

Electron Transport Chain

Figure 6.12

Intermembranespace

Innermitochondrialmembrane

Mitochondrialmatrix

Protein

complex

Electron

carrier

Electron

flow

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP

SYNTHASE

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Generation of ATP2 ways to generate ATP: Chemiosmosis & Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

a) Chemiosmosis Cells use the energy released byfalling electrons in the ETS topump H+ ions across a membrane

Uses the enzyme ATP synthase.

Brief notes: The energy processing in the cell

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Generation of ATP

a) Chemiosmosis (cont)

Brief notes: The energy processing in the cell

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1

Brief notes: The energy processing in the cell

a) Chemiosmosis (cont)

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E

Brief notes: The energy processing in the cell

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Chemiosmosis (remember ATP synthase)

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Electron Transport System

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Protein complexes of mitochondrial ETC

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A

:

C

( )

A ()

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Fermentation

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Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human genetic disease(Wallace Sci. Amer. 277:40)

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