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By: Shefali Nikyta Garima Aashish Rahul Nikhil

Tanmay

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Definitions.

Ecology- It is the studyof our earth, it'srelationships with

organisms and theirenvironment, and howthose relationshipsaffect the planet.

There is a lot we can doas a species to help ourenvironment sustainitself.

http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~e118/wsahara/2002results/environment/nbp2500004.jpg

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The issues

Overpopulation Pollution Thinning ozone layer Global warming Land degradation Renewable energy Loss of biodiversity

Climate change

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s overpopu at on, t e root cause or aenvironmentalissues?

Interplay betweenpopulation growth andresource depletion.

Overpopulation- a causefor concern in developingcountries.

World population estimated

to cross a whooping 11billion mark by 2050.. Application of concept of

Sustainable development.

J-curve

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Pollution Types of Pollution-

Air-motor vehicles,factories.

Water-biological,chemical, radioactive

Land-garbage,hazardous

Major Sources Industrialization Urbanization

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Caused by high SO 2 emissions

from coal combustion. A growing volume of traffic

results in growing NO x emissions

Industrialization , increasedpower generation greatly adding

to pollution levels. China is responsible for 36% of

worldwide pollutant emissions

Air Pollution

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Carbon emissions

Carbon emissions - aserious threat for peopleand environment.

For, regulation ofincreased emissions,countries have nowsigned Kyoto ProtocolAgreement .

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Water PollutionSOURCES:

INDUSTRYDirect disposal of wasteEmission of toxic fumes into the aircauses acid rain which contaminateslocal waterways.

Oil spills

AGRICULTURE

Fertilizers (nitrogen)and otherchemicals soak into the undergroundwater supplies.

DOMESTIC

Sewage: Human waste disposedof sewers into Rivers

http://www.water-pollution.org.uk/sewageandwastewater.html

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Effects Spread of diseases

(cholera, typhoid,diarrhoea) bymicrobial pollutants

from sewage. Harms the Aquatic

Life Causes algae in

water which depletesoxygen from thewater

Harms animals

Pollution in Yamuna

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Coral reefs in danger On coral reefs, eutrophicationcauses seaweed to grow and

smother the corals.

Excessive richness ofnutrients in a lake or otherbody of water, frequently dueto runoff from the land ,causes a dense growth ofplant life and death of animallife from lack of oxygen

Careless development alongcoastlines and in river basinsleads to soil erosion and thetransport of heavy loads of siltand clay, which settle on thecorals and smother them.

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Land pollution

Land Pollution:Waste generation Intensive use of chemical fertilizers Intensive land exploitation (deforestation &urban development)

Wastes from Agriculture: Waste matter produced bycrop, animal manure, and farm residues.

Wastes from Mining: Piles of coal refuse and heaps of

slag.Wastes from Industries: Include paints, chemicals, andso on.

Garbage: Decomposable and not decomposable such asglass, metal, cloth, plastic, wood, paper, and so on.

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Effects Land pollution can affect wildlife, plants, and humans in a number of

ways, such as: Cause problems in the respiratory system Cause problems on the skin Lead to birth defects Cause various kinds of cancers

The toxic materials that pollute the soil can get into the human bodydirectly by coming into contact with the skin Being washed into water sources like reservoirs and rivers

Eating fruits and vegetables that have been grown in polluted soil Breathing in polluted dust or particles

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Depletion of Ozone Layer

Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. Ozone ispresent in the stratosphere. The ozone layer is located between 10 and 50 kmabove the Earth's surface.

How are we depleting it? Releasing CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons . CFCs were used in refrigerators, plastic foam, and

throwaway food containers.

In the stratosphere, the chlorine atom is removed from the CFC and attracts one of the threeoxygen atoms in the ozone molecule. The process continues, and a single chlorine atom candestroy over 100,000 molecules of ozone.

Long term consequences Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B is able to reach the surface of the

planet UV-B radiation causes skin cancer May result in increased global warming . The life cycles of plants will change, disrupting the food chain Climate change

The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the mid-

1980s.In 1984, the ozone layer hole was discovered over Antarctica.

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The Greenhouse Effect

The carbon emissionsin the atmosphere areresponsible for the

increase oftemperature. Actually,these gases cause thegreenhouse effect orglobal warming.

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Global Warming Too many greenhouse gases (CO2, ozone, CFC, water) warm

Earths temperature

Consequences: global climate change (ocean temperature), severeweather conditions, melting polar ice caps

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The energy problem Fossil fuels-85%

From dead stuff Non-renewable pollution

Alternatives Solar Geothermal Nuclear

Wind hydroelectric Vehicles

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The fossil fuels One of the causes

of carbonemissions are the

fossil fuels:petroleum and hisderivatives, coaland methane .

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Nuclear Energy

EFFECTS

Release of radioactive particles

Rise in water temperature

Nuclear waste (plutonium waste)

Greenhouse gas emissions

RISKS

Threat of Nuclear Terrorism

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Accidents ( Fukushima,Chernobyl, Three Mile Island)

Risk of cancer

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Ecological Imbalance

Not only humans would be losing mostly due totheir own disregard for the surroundings so muchof the awe-inspiring diversity of nature, massextinctions like this would cause a seriousimbalance in the worlds food chain

.When a predator disappears, the prey will multiply.When prey dies out, the predator will see its ranksdecrease as well. This, explains the phenomena ofEcological Imbalance.

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Loss of Biodiversity

The continuous decrease in animal andplant populations results in a loss of geneticdiversity

Global biological diversity is decreasing,due to direct and indirect human activity:hunting, loss of natural habitat (deforestation,desertification), etc.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hedweb.com/animimag/panda.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hedweb.com/animimag/panda.htm&h=419&w=292&sz=55&tbnid=GpyXUmzz4MMJ:&tbnh=122&tbnw=85&start=10&prev=/images?q=panda&hl=en&lr=

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Animals and Birds under Threat

Panda Koala Indian tigers

African and Asiaticelephant

Orangutan American Alligator Pygmy Hippopotamus Black Rhinoceros

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Sustaining the Planet

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Takes actions

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Various activities relating to wildlife conservation :

Enforcement of Wildlife Protection Act,1972 andExport-Import policy

Indian Board For Wildlife (IBWL)National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP)Development of National Parks and Sanctuaries

Wildlife Institute of India (WII)Central Zoo Authority

Continued..

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Renewable energies We have to use

renewable energiesbecause they are

inexhaustible, they dont pollute and they will beavailable for the futuregenerations.

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Solar energy :The energy that usesthe heat of the sun.

Windenergy :

The energythat uses the

power of thewind.

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Hydroelectric energy :The energy whichproduces electricity using

the power of water.

Marine energy :The energy that uses thepower of the sea water

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VALDEZ

1948: Declaration of human rights1961: WWF, amnesty international1970s: Environmental movements1980s: 1984: Bhopal; 1986: Chernobyl; 1989: ExxonValdez 2002: Enron, WorldCom

Increased awareness

http://www.exxon.com/index.html

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Different initiatives which were takenat International level to promoteawareness about environment issuesare-

United Nations Conference onHuman Environment,1972

General Assembly's Resolution

,1972

Earth Summit,1992

Johannesburg Summit,2002

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SarbOx

The search for solutions is happening on a global scale and isbeing led by both public institutions and as part of privateinitiatives. Solutions include new legislation, stakeholderpartnerships, voluntary agreements, codes of conduct,multilateral agreements, interdependent actions, etc.

Global frameworks and initiatives

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What do the three R's mean?Reuse stands for using something again.

Recycle means if some thing wasrecycled and somebody made it intosomething else.

Reduce means when you put a thing inthe right place.

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Recycling

Collecting raw materials issomething we can doto help our planet,because we canreduce litter, wasteand pollution.

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Waste

An unusable / unwantedsubstance or material.

Rejected as worthless.

Example -Rubbish, trash,garbage or junk

Waste Management

Collection source separation

storage transportation transfer processing

treatment disposal of waste

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Methods of Waste ManagementDisposal Methods :

Land fills Incineration

Recycling Methods :

1. Biologicalreprocessing

2. Energy recoveryPyrolysis

Gasification

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Ways to save our planet

Set your refrigerator temperature at 36 to 38 and yourfreezer for cooling from 0 to 5.Use compact fluorescent light bulbs to save money andenergy.Learn about alternatives to household cleaning itemsthat do not use hazardous chemicals.

AT YOUR HOME

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AT YOUR OFFICE

Use recycled paper.Use a ceramic coffee mug instead of a

disposable cup.Copy and print on both sides of paper.Reuse items like envelopes, folders and

paper clips.

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IN YOUR YARD

Leave grass clippings on the yard- theydecompose and return nutrients to the soil.

Use only the required amount of fertilizer.Put leaves in a compost heap instead of

burning them or throwing them away.Water grass early in the morning.

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THANK YOU