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1E. Westreich, ‘Historical Landmarks of the Moroccan Jewish Family LawTradition: The Case of Levirate Marriage’, The Jewish Law Association

Studies, 17 (2007), pp. 279-322.

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8E. Westreich, ‘Levirate Marriage in the Era of the State of Israel: EthnicEncounter and the Challenge of Modernity’, Israel Law Review, 37

(2003-2004) pp. 427-500.

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