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32 New Product

94 uGefysLwm owif;ESifh rSwfpk

Mac-World Expo ukefpnfjyyJGrSm

Apple rS aemufqkH;ay: xkwfukefawG

rdwfqufwifjycJh&m Apple &JU aemufqkH;eJY

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13

24

uGefysLwmtufaq;uGefysLwmtufaq;

uGefysLwmtufaq;uGefysLwmtufaq;

uGefysLwmtufaq;

46 uRefawmfESifh iphone okdYr[kwf

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2008 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv? trSwf 168

uGefysLwm*sme,f

50 enf;ynmxl;cRefqk& ypönf;rsm;

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desktop qDokdY rnfonfh data rQ ra&mufrD server based

security software jzifh rdrd\ tifwmeuf qufoG,frI

tm;vkH;ukd filtered vkyfaumif; vkyfaernf jzpfonf/

58 uGefysLwm tEÅ&m,fuif;*gxm

60 avxJrSm vGifhaewhJ armufpf

64 Intel eJY wwd,urÇm

70 rkef;p&maumif;wJh Window Feature-20

Windows version wpfck wpfck xGufay:vmwdkif;

feature topfwpfck ck yg0ifvmpjrJ[k yDpDtoHk;jyKolwdkif;

vufcH em;vnfxm;Muonf/

80 Great Software, Little - 77

92 y&ifwmvkHjcHKrIpepftwGuf enf;vrf;-10

104 pdwf0ifpm;zG,f 0ufbfqkduftnTef;

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197 (c)? yxrxyf? 33 vrf;(txuf)? &efukef/

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EDITOR

OD;aomif;0if; (yef;cs,f&D)

CONTRIBUTORS

OD;rsdK; (tdkifwDtef;wdwf)? armifarmifMuD;?

pkdif;wifhxl;? aZmfrif;ESifh Modula-2

uGefysLwmoifcef;pmuGefysLwmoifcef;pm

uGefysLwmoifcef;pmuGefysLwmoifcef;pm

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

uGefysLwmtaxGaxGuGefysLwmtaxGaxG

uGefysLwmtaxGaxGuGefysLwmtaxGaxG

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

125 Premiere Tutorial

129 PhotoshopTutorial

133 pdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpfp&m Word jyóem

137 Photoshop jzwfvrf;enf;rsm;

140 0if;'dk;pfApfpwm ed'gef;

146 0if;'dk;pf XP twGuf tajccHvrf;nTefrsm;

155 uGefysLwmtar;tajz

170 Java Developer GuideREVIEW

113 Universe at War

116 Unreal Tournament

TECHNOLOGY

120 Physics In Game

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uGefysLwm*sme,f

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OPERATING SYSTEM01

02

2007 ckESpfwGif quad-core rsm;

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PROCESSOR

16

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,cifuxuf ykduJvmcJhonf/

uHtm;avsmfpGm odkrSD;EkdifpGrf;tm;rsm;

onfvnf; 1TB (one-terabyte)

txd &Sdonfh hard drive rsm;udk

2007 ckESpftwGif; xkwfvkyfEkdifcJh

onf/ xkdrQruao;? 2009 ckESpf

avmufwGif ,ck &&Sdxm;aom yrmP

xuf oHk;q av;qcefY jzpfvmvdrhf

rnf[laom owif;pum;udkvnf;

wpfqufwnf; Mum;cJhMu&onf/

rnfodkYyifjzpfap avmavmq,f

umvwGif multiple-smaller-capa-

city drives rsm;jzifh toHk;csae

MuqJ jzpfonf/

04STORAGE

18

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

Oyrmtm;jzifh 500 GB drives ESpfckudk wGJoHk;jcif;onf 1TB hard drive wpfck

0,f,ltoHk;jyKjcif;xuf aps;EIef;oufomaeaponf/ ,aeY uGefysLwmvkyfief;

pOfESifh ywfoufí pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mrsm;udk *½kjyKrljcif;r&SdbJ hard drive

toHk;jyKjcif;tay: jcdK;jcHacRwmraeoifhygay/ Music ESifh Video rsm; odkrSD;vkd

onfhwkdif ,cktcsdefwGif hard drive space taejzifh tenf;qHk; 250 GB rQ

txd &Sdaeoifhonf/ odkYrSom toHk;csaqmhzf0Jy½dk*&rfrsm;udk EkdifEdkifeif;eif;

toHk;csEdkifygvdrhfrnf/ tu,fíom AD'D,dkwnf;jzwfjcif;vkyfief;twGuf rdrdyDpD

udk digital video recorder taejzifh toHk;csrnfqkdygu hard disk space

tenf;qHk; 500 GB &Sdxm;&rnf jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh high-definition t&nf

taoG;jzpfav capacity udk rsm;pGmawmif;cHav jzpfaernf/ Hard drives rsm;

onf speeds trsKd;rsKd;jzifh &SdaeMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; 7200 rpm EIef;xm;jzifh

a,bk,sqefqef wnfaqmufay;rI trsm;qHk;&SdMuonf/ odkYaomf aemufydkif;

wGif 10,000 rpm ESifh 15,000 rpm EIef;xm;&Sdaom hard drives rsm; jrifawGU

vmMu&ygvdrhfrnf/ Drive wpfcktaejzifh jrefqefrI ydkaumif;av gigabyte

wpfcktwGuf usoifhaiG oufomav[k pdwfxJwGif rSwf,lxm;Edkifonf/

odkYtwGuf 10,000 rpm txuf tjrefEIef;&Sdaom models rsm;twGuf capaci-

ties rsm; avQmhcswnfaqmufEkdifzG,f tvm;tvm&Sdonf/ aemufwpfcsuf

pOf;pm;&rnfhudpörSm RAID udpö jzpfonf/ RAID (Redundant Array of

Inexpensive Disks) wkdYonf ,HkMunf pdwfcs&rI tjynfht0jzifh performance

wkd;yGm;vmap&ef yHhydk;aqmif&Gufay;Ekdifonf/ RAID wdkYudk t"du yHkpHESpf&yfjzifh

awGUjrifMu&onf/ Level -0 wGif identical drives ESpfckudk aygif;pnf;ay;í

Level-1 onf disk ysufpD;rI tvGefw&m enf;yg;aponfh identical drives

ESpfckudk mirrors ozG,f vkyfaqmifay;onf/ odkYtwGuf Level- 0 onf per-

formance udk tenf;i,f wkd;jr§ifhay;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ odkYaomf hard drive wpfck

cku csKdU,Gif;rI&SdcJhvQif data rsm; tenf;i,fqHk;½IH;rI &SdEkdifonf/ Level -1 rSmrl

Layer tydkjzifh vHkjcHKrIay;xm;jcif;aMumifh data qHk;½IH;rI tcGifhtvrf; tenf;yg;

qHk; jzpfaponf/ odkYaomf Level 1 \ wefzkd;onf Level 0 \ wefzkd;xuf

ESpfq jzpfaeygvdrhfrnf/

armfawmfum;wpfpD; pufcsKdU,Gif;rI

&Sdonfhtcgwkdif; pufzHk;udkzGifhí jyif&

rnf jzpfaomfvnf; uGefysLwm

twGufrl xkdodkYvkyfudkif&onfh tajc

tae r&Sday/ tu,fí Apple iMac

odkYr[kwf Dell XPS One odkYr[kwf

Gateway One wdkYuJhodkYaom All-in-

One trsKd;tpm; expansion slots

rsm;twGuf pdwfylyefp&m rvkdawmh

ay/ odkYaomf tjcm; devices rsm;ESifh

qufoG,frItwGufrl rnfuJhodkYaom

ports rsm;jzpfonfudk odxm;&ef

vdktyfaeygvdrfhrnf/ uGefysLwm

trsm;pk\ aemufbufwGif USB

ports 6 ckrS 8 cktxd yg&Sdvmwwf

onf/ (¤if;wdYkudk rMumcP jzKwf

jcif;? wyfjcif;? rjyKvkyfonfh

uD;bkwf? armufpfESifh y&ifwmuJhodkY

aom qufoG,frItwGuf toHk;csavh

&Sdonf/) a&SUbufwGif 2 ckcefY yg&Sd

wwfonf/ (¤if;wdkYudk rMumcP

jzKwfjcif;? wyfjcif; jyKvkyf&onfh

iPod rsm;? flash drives rsm;uJhodkY

aom ud&d,m qufoG,frItwGuf

toHk;csavh&Sdonf/) xkdYtwl Fire

Wire ports rsm;vnf; &Sdae&onf/

(¤if;wdkYrSmrl Camcorders uJhodkY

tcsKdUaom devices rsm;twGuf

toHk;csEkdifonf) ,cifu xkdodkYaom

Ports tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk top-end

systems rsm;twGufom yg&Sdvm

wwfaomfvnf; ,cktcg wefzkd;

enf; uGefysLwmrsm;twGufvnf;

tqkdyg tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &SdvmapcJhyg

onf/ xkdYtwl external Serial ATA

[k ac:onfh SATA drive rsm;

twGufvnf; qufoG,fa&; tcGifh

05EXPANSION, INSIDE &OUT

20

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

tvrf;rsm; ay;xm;Muonf/ csJUxGif

vkyfudkifrI vkdvm;onfh Tinkerers

rsm;twGuf drive bays tykdrsm;? ex-

pansion slots rsm;ESifh RAM Slots

rsm;onfvnf; ta&;MuD;aom udpö

wpfcktjzpf ,cktcg xnhfoGif;

pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfvmonf/ Drive

bays rsm;qkd&mü t&G,ftpm; yHkpH ESpf

rsKd;jzifh&SdEkdifonf/ 5 'or 25 vufr

ESifh 3 'or 5 vufr t&G,ftpm;

wdkY jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ t&G,ftpm;

tvkduf bays rnfrQ&Sdonfudk odxm;

&rnf/ xyfrHjznfhwif;&rnhf tajc

taersKd;vnf; &SdEkdifygonf/ þae&m

wGif optical drive

xnhfEkdifrnhfae&m

ESifh card reader

xnhfEkdifrnfh ae&m

twGufvnf; xnhf

oGif; pOf;pm;Mu&

ygvdrhfrnf/ Expan-

sion slots rsm;ESifh

ywfoufí graph-

ics card rsm;?

sound card rsm;ESifh

network card rsm;

xnhfoGif;,lEkdifrnfh

tajctaeudkvnf;

odxm;&ygOD;rnf/

trsm;tm;jzifh ex-

pansion slots 5 ck

xufrenf; vdktyf

vmygawmhrnf/ aemufqHk; pOf;pm;&

rnfhudpörSm RAM Slots rsm;twGuf

jzpfonf/ ,cktcg 2GB txd wkd;

jr§ifhEkdifcGifhrsm;ay;xm;Murnf jzpfaomf

vnf; aemifwGif xkdYxufruaom

wkd;jr§ifh,l&ef vdktyfaumif; vdktyf

vmrnf jzpfonf/ Motherboard

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf RAM Slots

av;cktxd ay;xm;avh &Sdonf/

06GRAPHICS

,aeY mainstream PCs trsm;pkonf

integrated graphics rsm; yg&Sdvm

wwfojzifh armfeDwm

qufoG,fMudK;udk wyfqifvkduf

½HkrQjzifh toHk;jyK&ef tqifoifh

jzpfoGm;aponf/ Integrated

graphics [k qkdaomfjim;vnf; ,aeY aemufqHk;

ay: Aero effect rsm;txdyif cHpm;cGif h &Ekdifygonf/

odk Yaomf tajccH vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;xuf ausmfvGefaponfh

rnfonfhudpörqkd graphics oD;jcm; card rsm; xnhfoGif;wyfqif&ef vdktyfvm

ygvdrhfrnf/ txl;ojzifh 3D t&nftaoG;rsKd;udk &,lvkdygu oD;jcm;

xnhfoGif;&rnhf tajctaevdktyfonf/ ,cktcg motherboards rsm;wGif

omreftm;jzifh PCI Express (PCIe) X16 odkY r[kwf PCIe x 162.0 slots wdkYukd

wyfqif toHk;csMuonf/ tqkdyg graphics cards rsm;onf performance

levels trsKd;rsKd;&Sdaernf jzpfouJhodkY aps;EIef; trsKd;rsKd;vnf; &Sdaernf

jzpfonf/ Hard-Core gamers rsm;twGufrl oD;jcm; pOf;pm;&onf/ Cards

rsm;onf top-end nVidia GeForce 8800 GTX graphics engine odkYr[kwf

AMD \Radeon HD 2900 XT engine wdkY qkdygu Life like Visual qkdonfh

yuwdyHk&dyfrsm;udk xkwfvTwfay;EkdifMuygonf/ odkYaomf wefzkd;rsm;rSm

a':vm400 rS a':vm 1ç000 txd &SdEkdifonf/ xkdYtwl yg0goHk;pGJrIvnf;

ydkwufvmEkdifonf/ tu,fí rdrdtaejzifh desktop graphics performance

txGwftxdyftxdom tvdk&Sdaeygu Cross-Fire multicard arrangement

wpfcktwGif; graphics cards ESpfck? oHk;ck odkYr[kwf av;cktxd csdwfquf

toHk;jyKEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ tqkdyg SLI (Scalable Link Interface) technology

udk avmavmq,fumv wGif ESpfckjzifhom toHk;jyKcGifh &Sdaeonf/ rsm;rMumrD

oHk;cktxd cGifhjyKvm p&mtaMumif; &Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkYukd rMudKufESpfoufao;

ygu nVidia ESifh AMD ESpfckvHk;onf Low-end ESifh midrange cards rsm;

&Edkifygao;onf/ bwf*suf wGufcsuf&olrsm;twGuf nVidia GeForce 8500

ESifh ATI Radeon HD 2400 X T wdkYukd a':vm 100 atmufjzifh 0,f,l

toHk;jyKEkdifygonf/ Radeon HD 2600 X T qkdygu a':vm 150 jzpfjyD;

GeForce 8600 ESifh Radeon HD 3850 odkYr[kwf 3870 wdkYukd a':vm 250

atmufjzifh &Ekdifonf/ tqkdyg aps;EIef;csKdomonfh Cards rsm; taejzifhrl

xdyfwef;t&nftaoG; pGrf;aqmifrIrsKd;vkd ay;pGrf;vdrfhrnf r[kwfay/

txl;ojzifh 3D twGuf arQmfvifhcsuf r&Sday/ odkY&mwGif *drf;upm;&mwGif

vHkavmufaom jznhfwif;rIudkrl ay;pGrf;Ekdifygonf/ tqkdyg cards tm;vHk;onf

Direct X 10 (DX10) udkaomfvnf;aumif;? Vista twGuf vdktyfonfh

tao;pdwf *&yfzpf aqmif&GufrIrsm;udkvnf;aumif; yhHydk;ay;ygonf/

22

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

vGefcJhaom ESpftenf;i,fu

DVD burner qkdonfrSm uGefysLwm

twGuf rvGJraoGwyf&rnf[k rSwf,lcJhMujcif; r&Sday/ ,aeY vuf&Sd

toHk;jyKaeMuolrsm;onfyif DVD burners wyfqiftoHk;jyKol ta&twGuf

tenf;i,fom &SdaecJhonf/ odkYaomf ,cktcg files rsm;? music rsm;? video

rsm;udk trsm;tjym; oyfoyf&yf&yfjzifh ul;,lodrf;qnf;Ekdif&ef DVD burner

vkdtyfvmygonf/ Drives trsm;pku zippy udk vHkavmufpGm vkyf,lEkdifygrnf/

Write taejzifh 18 X odkYr[kwf 20 X [lí wdwdusus&Sd&ef rvdktyfay/ Write

taES;qHk; speeds taejzifh &SdaevQifyif aumif;pGm ul;xnhfEkdifjyD; disc-to-

disc ul;,lEkdifvQifyif ydkí tqifajyoGm;Ekdifapygvdrhfrnf/

odkYaomf tu,fí high-definition video twGuf jzpfvmvQifrl Bluray

odkYr[kwf HD DVD drive vkdtyfvmrnf jzpfonf/ Formats ESpfrsKd;vHk;

toHk;csEkdifonfh drives rsm;vnf; &SdaejyD; jzpfonf/ tqkdyg rsKd;qufopf

Blu-ray odkYr[kwf HD DVD burner rsm;onf avmavmq,f aps;EIef;

MuD;jrifhaeqJ jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif 2008 ckESpftwGif; tqkdyg drives rsm;\

aps;EIef; ododomom usqif;vmEkdifrnf jzpfonfhtjyif high-defintion

formats proliferate taejzifhvnf; &&SdvmzG,f &Sdonf/

tcsKdUaom drives rsm;onf LightScribe odkYr[kwf LabelFlash [k ac:qkd

onfh technologies rsm;udk yHhydk; aqmif&Gufxm;onfudk awGUjrifEkdifygonf/

¤if;wdkYonf Sharpie marker jzifh wpfcgwnf; Labels rsm; wyfay;vkdufEkdif

aom taetxm; &SdMuygonf/

tjcm; removable storage options rsm;vnf; &Sdaeygao;onf/ xkwfvkyfol

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u system rSm multiformat memory card reader rsm;

xnhfoGif;ay;wwfonf/ odkYtwGuf cellphone trsKd;rsKd;rS jzpfap? music

player rsm;rSjzpfap? 'pf*spfw,f uifr&mrsm;rS jzpfap vufcH&,lrI?

vTJajymif;rIrsm; vkyfEkdifygvdrhfrnf/ uGefysLwmay:odkY tqkdyg removable

storage rsm;udk vTJajymif;rIrsm; jyKvkyfEkdif&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm; txl;vkdtyfvm

vsuf &Sdonf/ ,cifu 3-5 inch floppy rsm;udk toHk;jyKMu&mwGif removable

storage taejzifh 0ifqHhrI yrmPenf;enf;jzifhom vufcHaqmif&GufEdkifojzifh

files t&G,ftpm;MuD;MuD; toHk;jyKMucsdefwGif toHk;r0if jzpfoGm;&awmhonf/

odkYtwGuf floppy drive onf oD;jcm;awmif;qkdoltwGufom xkwfvkyfolrsm;

u xnfhoGif;wyfqifay;onf/

tcsKdUaom models rsm;wGif standard DVDs xuf ydkí odkrSD;Edkifaom Media

ESifh Pocket Medai Bays rsm;udk toHk;jyKEkdifapygonf/

enf;ynm wkd;wufjzpfxGef;rIESifh

ywfoufí jyD;cJhaom q,fpkESpf

umvtwGif; sound card rsm;udk

oD;jcm; wyfqif toHk;jyKae&mrS

wpfqifh integrated audio tjzpf

xkwfvkyfrIrsm; wkd;wufcJh&onf/

xkd integrated audio rsm;\ t&nf

taoG;onf ododomomMuD; aumif;

rGef jzpfxGef;vmonf/ ,cktcg

system awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif pyDum

6 vHk;rS 8 vHk;txd wyfqifEkdifaom

built-in jackes rsm; ygcJh&onf/

*drf;udpöESifh 'DAD'DudpöwdkYtjyif

tjcm;toHk;cs aqmhzf0J y½dk*&rfrsm;

twGufyg toHk;0ifvmaponf/

pyDumpepftaejzifh 7.1 [lonfh

8 vHk;yg pyDumwpfpHkpm\ a&mif;aps;

rSm a':vm 100 rS a':vm 200

txd &Sdonf/ tqHk;pGefaom &oukd

&,lvdkygu motherboard wGif

Sound Card jznfhwif;,lEkdif&ef PCI

slot yg&Sdvmwwfygonf/ t&nf

taoG;aumif; Sound Card rsm;

xkwfvkyfrIwGif Creative rS

OD;aqmifvsuf &Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk

a':vm 100 atmufjzifh 0,f,l

&&SdEkdifygonf/ rMumao;rDu

advanced X-Fi chipset rsm;udk

tjcm; ukrÜPDrsm;okdYyg xkwfvkyf

a&mif;csaMumif; awGU&onf/

rnfokdYyifjzpfap Creative taejzifh

aduio ykdif; qkdif&mwGif 15 ESpfwmrQ

a&SUqHk;rS OD;aqmifvmcJhaMumif; awGU&

rnf jzpfonf/

REMOVABLE STORAGE07 08

AUDIO AND SPEAKERS

azazmf0g&D? 2008

23

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

av;eufcufcJaom jyóem

wpfpHkwpf&m r&SdEkdif[k arQmfvifh

xm;onfhwkdif tcgtm;avsmfpGm

yDpDudk tuning vkyf,l&rnf jzpfonf/

uGefysLwm xkwfvkyfol trsm;pkonf

wpfESpf warranty ay;pjrJjzpfaomf

vnf; tcsKdUonf okH;ESpftxd

warranty ay;olrsm;vnf; &Sdaeyg

onf/

odkYaomf taetxm;

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf rdrduGefysLwm

tm; xkwfvkyfrIxJodkY jyefydkYay;jcif;

jzifhom vdktyfonfh jyKjyifrIrsm;?

vJvS,f jyifqifrIrsm;udk vkyfay;avh

&SdMuonf/ odkYaomf extra cost

awmif;cHjyD; tdrfwkdif&ma&muf

service aqmif&Gufay;onfh pepfrsm;

udkvnf; vufcH usifhoHk;wwfMu

ygao;onf/

tenf;qHk; rdrdwdkYtaejzifh online

service jzifh yHhydk;rIudk &,lEkdifMuyg

vdrhfrnf/ Backup Services rsm;

twGuf gigabyte yrmP uefYowf

usifhoHk;rIrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/

xkdYtwGuf uGefysLwm r0,frD

xkwfvkyfol\ warranty odkYr[kwf

service ESifh ywfoufonfh

tmrcHcsufrsm;udk OD;pGm

avhvmxm;oifhonf/ rdrdtwGuf

tm;omcsuf t&EkdifqHk;udk a&G;cs,fjyD;

vufcHMu&rnf jzpfonf/


[Ref:Computers Shopper,Jan 2008]

09DISPLAYS & EXTRAS

10WARRANTY, SERVICE

& SUPPORT

,cktcg desktop uGefysLwm

0,f,lonfhtcg wGif flat.panel

LCD armfeDwmwpfckudk option taejzifh

azmfjyjyD; a&mif;csavh&Sdonf/ Flat.panel LCD armfeDwmrsm;\

aps;EIef;rSmvnf; oddodomomMuD; avsmhusvmvsuf &Sdaejyefonf/ ¤if;wkdYudk

xkwfvkyfa&mif;cs&mwGif trsm;pkrSm wide-screen armf',frsm; jzpfcJh&onf/

t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh 17 vufr? 19 vufrESifh vufr 20 rsm;jzifh

xkwfvkyfrIrsm;&Sd&m bwf*suf wGufcsuf&olrsm;twGuf

17 vufronf vufcHEkdifavmufonfh taetxm;txd toHk;jyKcGifh

&Muonf/ tu,fí omrefuGefysLwm toHk;csrItwGuf xkdYxuft&G,ftpm;

MuD;rm;aom armfeDwm toHk;jyKvdkolrsm;twGuf 1680 x 1050 pixels txd

resolution &Sdonfh 22 vufrt&G,frsm;udkvnf; pwif xkwfvkyf

a&mif;csaeMujyD jzpfonf/

tu,fí rdrdtaejzifh entertainment PC wpfcktjzpf toHk;jyKvkdvQifrl

1920 x 1200 resolution &Sdonfh 24 vufrt&G,fudk tenf;qHk;xm;jyD; 0,f,l

toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ odkYrSom Blu-ray odkYr[kwf HD DVD wdkYjzifh

wGJzufnDoGm;apygvdrhfrnf/ wu,fwrf; vufawGU toHk;csaeMuyHkrsm;udk

avhvmMunhf&m *drf;ESifh azsmfajza&;oufouf toHk;jyKolrsm;onf 2560 x 1600

txd resolution &Sdonf/ vufr 30 t&G,f armfeDwmrsm;udk 0,f,l

toHk;csaeaMumif; awGUae&onf/

rnfokdYyifjzpfap rdrdtvdk&Sdcsuftwkdif;om 0,f,l&ef jzpfonf/ rnfonfh

udpötwGuf tav;ay; vkyfukdifaprnfqkdonfh tcsufESifh bwf*sufoHk;pGJEkdifrI

tajctaeay:wGifom rlwnfí uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &Sdaeygvdrhfrnf/ wpfcsdefwnf;

rSmyif armfeDwm options rsm;&Sd wireless keyboard ESifh mouse udpö?

TV-tuner toifhyg&SdrI &Sd r&Sd udpö? remote control udpöponfh options

rsm;udkvnf; xnhfoGif; pOf;pm;Ekdifygao;onf/ tu,fí Ethemet Cable udk

rvdkvm;cJhygu 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless card udk xkdufxkdufwefwef toHk;cs

Ekdifonf/ Bluetooth hub wpfcku wireless devices rsm;jzifh uGefysLwmudk

csdwfquftoHk;jyKEkdifcGifh ay;Ekdifygonf/ tcsKdYrSm USB ports rsm;udk toHk;csí

MudK;rJhuD;bkwfESifh aqmhzf0JwkdYudk toHk;cs,lMuonf/

24

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; ESpfopfOD;umvwGif wpfESpfwm umvtwGif;

jzpfxGef;vmEdkifrnfh enf;ynmrsm;udk rSef;q wGufcsuf&onfh tavh

tusihfrsm; &SdcJh&ygonf/ odkYaomf urÇmay:wGif xGef;um; wdk;wufpGmjzifh

ajymif;vJvmcJhaom enf;ynmonf rSef;qxm;onfxuf tpOftjrJ

ydkrdk jrefqefvGef;vSonf/

24

uGefysLwm*sme,f

azazmf0g&D? 2008

25

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

«1»

Smartphone rsm; ydkí

prwfusvmum aps;uGuf

&S,f,m ydkrdk jrihfwufvmzG,f

&Sdjcif;

þtcsufonf Mud K

wif wGufqrItopfwpf&yf

r[kwfay/ jyD;cJhaom 2 ESpf

avmufupí tvm;wl

wGufqrIrsKd;udk xm;&SdcJhMu&

onf/ wGufqonfhtwdkif;

ESpfpOf trSefwu,fjzpfxGef;

cJ honf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap

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25

2008 ckESpftwGuf

26

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«3»

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rdwfqufvmzG,f&Sdjcif;

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28

uGefysLwm*sme,f

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McAfee, Symantec,

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«5»

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aps;uGuf&S,f,monf odod

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vironments rsm;twGif;wGif

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«6»

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ration tools udk t"duxm;

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&Sdygonf/

«7»

jrifuGif; ao;ao;av;rsm;

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«8»

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awmif;qdkvmzG,f &Sdjcif;

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servers rsm;ESifh desktops

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30

uGefysLwm*sme,f

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onf/

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&S,f,m wdk;yGm;

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«10»

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rsm;udk vG,fvihfwul 0,f

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&SdaecJhygonf/


32

uGefysLwm*sme,f

New Products

Lenovo ThinkPad X61 Tablet

,cktcg tvG,fwul o,f,loGm;Ekdifaom yDpDrsm; aps;

uGufwGif convertible tablet PC rsm; ,cifuxuf ydkrkdvTrf;

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onfudk awGUMu&rnfjzpfonf/ taumif;qHk; uD;bkwfESifh

twl tvGefaumif;rGefaom performance xkwfay;Ekdifonf/

ThinkPad X61 Tablet PC udk xkwfay;vkdufaomtcg ydkíyif

xifxifay:ay:jzpfoGm;aponf/ Lenovo taejzifh Tried -

and Ture [lonfhrltwkdif; 'DZkdif;jyKvkyfxm;cJhjcif;aMumifh

vnf; tjynfht0 tmrcHcsufay;EkdifoGm;aponf/ udk,fxnf

udk tvsLrDeD,HowåKa&mjzifh jyKvkyfxm;jcif;aMumifh tyGef;

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t&G,f matte antiglave screen udk wyfxm;jyD; resolution

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recognition taejzifh Vista \ PC Pen

Training application aMumifh yd kíyif

xdyfwef;pm&if;0if jzpfoGm;aponf/ Think

Pad X61 wGif processor twGuf 1.6 GHz

Intel Core 2 Duo 1.7500 udk oHk;xm;jyD;

2GB DDR2 SDRAM wyfqifxm;um

100 GB hard drive udk jznfhqnf;ay;xm;

onf/ *&yfzpfvkyfief;twGuf 385 MB Intel Graphic Media Accelerator X 3400 udk oHk;xm;onf/ Low power

consumption &&Sdap&ef pDrHxm;jcif;aMumifh 5 em&D? 17 rdepfMumtxd wpfqufwnf; toHk;jyKEkdifaMumif; awGU&onf/ HP

Compaq 2710p ESifh EdIif;,SOf prf;oyfMunhf&m pGrf;aqmif csuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif omvGefaeygonf/ Built-in optical

drive ryg0ifaom tajctaewGif 4 'or 4 aygif av;onf/ Optical drive ygaom docking av;jzifh wGJzuf,lygu

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recognition twGuf toHk;cs&ef digital per udk toHk;jyKEkdifygvdrhfrnf/ ThinkPad X 61 Tablet PC wpfvHk; a&mif;aps;rSm

1934 a':vm jzpfonf/

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integrated WWANantenna

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Fingerprintreader

34

uGefysLwm*sme,f

tHhMoavmufp&m aps;EIef;csKdompGmjzifh 0,f,l&&SdEkdifaom DX

10 Graphic Card wpfck jzpfonf/ DX 9 xuf pGrf;aqmif&nf

ydkrdkxufjrufjcif;aMumifh *drf;upm;olrsm; tMudKufjzpfaponf/

rsm;aomtm;jzifh tvm;wl DX 10 pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sd card rsm;\

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MSI VR 321 Notebook

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iphones ESifh freedom.song

aqmif;yg;udk rSDjirf;a&;om;ygw,f/)

50

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2007 ckESpftwGuf PC Magazine \ 24 Mudrfajrmuf ESpfywfvnf

Technical Excellence Awards rsm;udk csD;jr§ihfcJh&m enf;ynmopf

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xm;onf/

50

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54

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uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

54

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uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

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"Yoggie Pico"

azazmf0g&D? 2008

55

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vnf; ac:qdkMuonf/ Dis-

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56

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a,mufvnf;jzpfwJh *Ref'D-

eD*½dkyGefwDyJ jzpfw,f/ b,f

udpörqkd oleJY t&if wkdifyif

avh &Sdw,f/ teD;qHk; tMuH

ay;yk*¾dKvfyJvdkY ajymavh&Sd

wmyg/ wu,fvdkY Intel eJY

OLPC wdkY yl;aygif; aqmif

&Guf&if; ESpfzufpvHk; udk,feJY

qkdif&m MoZm&SdwJhrdwfaqGrsm;

eJY rdom;pkrsm;&JU yHhydk;rIukd &rSm

aocsmvdkY urÇmMuD;twGuf

aumif;aom? r*Fvm&Sdaom

&v'frsm;omay;rSm rkcsjzpf

ygw,f/

70

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

rkef;p&maumif;aom Windows Features-20

NEWS: ANALYSIS

odkY&mwGif ¤if;\ features wdkif;

onf cs D;rGrf;Mobm ay;p&mcsnf;

r[kwfay/ Vista toHk;jyK olrsm;teuf

orm;½dk;us vrf;½dk;MudKufolrsm;tae

jzifh Aero user interface udk vdkvdkvm;

vm; r&SdMuouJhodkY wcsKdUuvnf;

UAC (user access controls) udk pGefY

ypfvdkMuygvdrhfrnf/ þuJhodkYaom tae

txm;rsm;&SdaecJhjcif;onf wu,fwrf;

tm;jzifh topftqef; r[kwfay/ yDpD

toHk;jyKMuolrsm;taejzifh 1985 ckESpf

Windows 1.0 udk Microsoft rS pwif

xkwfvkyfvdkufuwnf;u rjzpfrae

toHk;jyK&onfh Windows tools trsKd;

rsKd;tay: qHyifuGufp&m pdwftaESmihf

t,Sufrsm; cHpm;vmcJhMu&jcif; jzpf

onf/

,cktcg Microsoft [lonf

trnfemrudk atmifyGJcHcJhonfrSm 22

ESpfwif;wif;jynfhjyD jzpfouJhodkY com-

odkrDS;yrmPESifh ywfoufí tera-byte

xuf0ufcefY yrmPcefY &Sdonfh hard

disk wpfck\ wefzdk;onf a':vm 90

cefYom usoihfaom tcsdeftcgwGif

megabyte cefY yrmPavmuf ydkifqdkif

cGihf&jcif;udk arhavsmhxm;vdkufMuawmh

onf/ tav; rrlwwfMuawmhay/

1993 ckESpfwGif DOS 6.0 ESifhtwl

Double Space udkrdwfqufay;cJhonf/

jydKifqdkifbuf Stac Electronics jzifh

patent wpfckudk tay;t,lrQwpGm jzpf

cJhjyD;aemuf windows 95 wGif ¤if;tpm;

Drive Space udk toHk;cscGihf &oGm;

ap&ef pDpOf aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/

Drive Space taejzifh data rsm;

udk disk wpfckay:wGif ae&mESpfqcefY

yd kvmaponftxd n§pfxnfhay;Edkif

onf/ odkY&mwGif tqdkyg data rsm;udk

recover jyefvkyfonfhtcgwGifrl pGefYpGefY

pm;pm; &SdaeMu&onf/ Windows XP

qef;opfvSygonf qdkaom Windows Vista onf Windows XP tm; tqihfjr§ifhwifxm;csuf

awmfawmfrsm; rsm; yg0ifaeygvdrhfrnf/

puting platform rSm pdwfvuf rtD

rom jzpfp&m taMumif;tcsufawGudk

vnf; trSwfw&owdjyKrdonfh tcsuf

aygif; 20 avmuf &SdoGm;cJhjyD jzpfonf/

uav;wpfa,muf\ tqdk;tEGJUrsm;udk

auseyf ESpfodrfhpGm cHpm;rdwwfMuonfh

tvm; windows \ tMuD;rm;qHk;

flops ESifh flaws rsm;udk oabmus ESpf

jcdKufpGmjzifhyif wifjy&awmhrnf jzpf

onf/ tqdkyg trSwfw&jzpfzG,f&m

windows features rsm;udk tedrhfqHk;

tqifhrS pwifum tqihfvdkuf wifjy

ay;vdkygonf/

20 DRIVESPACE

odkrSD;ud&d,mav;awGrSm data awG?

files awGtwGuf ae&mydkrdkzefwD;ay;&ef

compress vkyf,lapaom tool udk

drive space [k ac:a0:oHk;pGJcJhMuonf/

azazmf0g&D? 2008

71

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

rS pí Drive Space udk yHhydk;ay;jcif;

r&Sdawmhay/ xdktcsufudk rnfolrQ owd

rjyKrdvdkufMuay/

19 WINDOWS MOVIE MAKER

xGufay:vmjyD;orQ windows

version rsm;teuf vlwdkif; pdwfwdkif;

rus jzpfMu&onfh version rSm win-

dows Me jzpfonf/ tqdkyg Win-

dows Me wGif Windows Movie

Maker udk yxrqHk; rdwfquf xnfh

oGif;ay;cJhonf/ Apple \ iMovie

video editor udk tm;usí xnfhay;

vdkufonf[k xifjrif,lq&onf/

yDpDtoHk;jyKolrsm;taejzifhrl tqdk

yg windows movie maker tm; bare-

bones y½dk*&rfwpfcktaejzifh tod

trSwf jyKvdkufMuonf/ Titling vkyf

ief;pOfvnf; aqmif&Gufr&? effects

rsm;vnf; xnfhr&? transition effect

yHkpHjyK tjzpfom toHk;csEdkifonf/ ouf

qdkif&m format wpfck abmiftwGif;rS

om video output udk jyKvkyfay;Edkifjcif;

jzpfonf/

wpfzef windows XP wGif Movie

Maker 2.0 udk xnfhay;vmjyefygonf/

Movie Maker 2.0 taejzifh xdkufxdkuf

wefwef toHk;csEdkifonfhtqihf &Sdae

aomfvnf; windows Me wGif yg0ifcJh

onfhtqihfrS plygrif;ac:í ysHwuf

vdkuf,l&ouJhodkY toHk;jyKolrsm; cHpm;

Mu&onf/ odkYaomf Madonna \

Ray of Light aw;oGm;aemufcHESihf

twl ay:xGufvmonf/ Windows

Vista wGifrl Movie Maker 6.0 udk

xnfhay;vmcJhjyefygonf/ Windows

3.0, 4.0 ESifh 5.0 rsm; b,fqDa&mufoGm;

onfrod jzpfMu&onf/

18 WEB TV FOR WINDOWS

Windows version wpfck wpfck

xGufay:vmwdkif; feature topfwpfck

ck yg0ifvmpjrJ[k yDpDtoHk;jyKolwdkif;

vufcH em;vnfxm;Muonf/ Win-

dows 98 wGifrl ouf0ifxda&mufrI enf;

yg;aom Web TV qdkonfh feature udk

xnfhjzpfatmif xnfhay;vdkufonf/

Tuner card wpfckudk wyfqifjyD; ra&

r&m toHk;cscGihf jyKxm;cJhonf/ Intel

\ short-lived intercast service udk

jzwfí web TV rS TV features rsm;udk

interactive jzpfapaomenf;jzifh cGihfjyK

ay;onf/ aES;auG;vSonfhtjyif sta-

ble vnf; rjzpfay/ screen savers

ESifh clash jzpfwwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H

vnfywfae&if; &yfwefYoGm;wwf

onf/ rdrdyDpDtay: hackers orm;rsm;

tm; zdwfac:ay;aeonfhtvm; vHkjcHK

pdwfcs&rI uif;aom tajctaersm; &Sd

aeapcJhonf/

17 SHUT DOWN

yDpD toHk;jyKoltcsKdUonf win-

dows tm; pwif&ef wif,lvdkufonf

ESifh toHk;jyKEdkifonfh tqihfa&muf

onftxd apmihfpm;ae&rItwGuf nnf;

wGm;ajymqdkavh &SdMuonf/ wu,fwrf;

rSmrl vkyfief;rsm;jyD;qHk;í windows

MuD;tm; ydwf,lonfhtcg apmihfqdkif;&

onfh tcsdefu ydkípdwfysufp&m aumif;

vSonf/ odkYtwGuf Microsoft rS

Windows Vista wGifrl shutting

down vkyf&rI ydkí tqifajyvmapyg

vdrhfrnf[k tmrcHcsuf ay;vm&onf/

oHk;Munfhonfhtcg tmrcHcsufESihftnD

,cifu version rsm;xuf tcsdefukef

oufomvmrIudk awGU&onf/ odkYaomf

Windows session wpfckudk ydwf&ef

vkyfenf;vkyf[ef rwlawmhojzihf uod

uatmuf jzpfMu&jyefygonf/

16 PAINT

Paint y½dk*&rfav;onf 1985 ck

ESpf Windows 1.0 version xkwfvkyf

pOfuwnf;u wpdkufrwfrwf yg&SdvmcJh

aom y½dk*&rfav; jzpfonf/ q,fpkESpf

ESpfckausmf jzwfoef;vmcJhjyD; jzpfaomf

vnf; rSwfavmufom;avmufonfh

tajymif;tvJ[lí tenf;tusOf;om

awGUMu&onf/

72

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

Vista wGifrl wu,fh"mwfyHkvkyfief;

ESihf qufET,ftoHk;jyKEdkifonfh features

rsm; yg&SdvmcJhonf/ ¤if;udk windows

photo gallery [k ac:wGifxm;onf/

axmifpkESpful;vmonfhwdkif Paint y½dk

*&rfav;udk þrQ safe bet wpfcktjzpf

cHpm;cGihfrsKd; Microsoft rS ray;tyfcJh

aMumif; ajymEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

15 WINDOWS AERO

Microsoft taejzifh Windows

Vista tm; OS topfwpfcktjzpf xdk;

azmuf ausmfvTm;&mwGif Aero user in-

terface udk t"du aomhcsufwpfcktjzpf

toHk;csum trTrf;wif&if; a&TMudKvkyfcJh

yg onf/ xdk;azmuf jrifawGUapaom

tm½Hkzrf;pm;rIrsKd;ay;aom feature jzpf

onf/

tcsKdU a0zef qef;ppfolrsm;url

Aero \ tm;omcsufESifh [mh'f0J jznfh

wif;&onfh tajctaeESihf rumrd[k

ajymqdkMuonf/ awmif;qdkxm;onfh

[mh'f0J rjynfhpHkygu Aero onf sys-

tem udk qdkYydwfxm;ovdk jzpfapum

*&yfzpfpGrf;tm;udk avsmhenf;oGm;ap

onf[k ajymqdkMuonf/ awmif;cHrI

rjynfhpHkonfESifh rdrdtm; owif;ydkYjcif;

rjyKawmhbJ Aero interface udk ydwf

ypfvdkufwwfonf/

14 ACTIVE DESKTOP

Active Desktop qdkonfrSm end

users awGtaejzifh ouf0if vIyf&Sm;rI

tjynfhjzihf cif;usif;jyorI jyKvkyfEdkif&ef

tvdkYiSm Microsoft \ Internet Ex-

plorer-4 ESihftwl xnfhay;vdkufaom

Feature jzpfonf/ Internet Explorer

4.0 udk Windows 98 \ update tpdwf

tydkif;wpfcktjzpf yg0ifapcJhonf/ ¤if;

onf ¤if;udk,fwdkif auto-update vkyf

vsuf ae&m,lxm;onf/

Yahoo Widget Engine \

tajccHpdwful;ESifh wpfxyfwnf;&Sdonf/

Apple \ Dashboard jzif hvnf;

cyfqifqifwlonf/ ,ckrS ay:xGufvm

onfh Vista \ Gadgets rsm;jzifhyif

tajccH obm0 twlwljzpfonf/ odkY&m

wGif ¤if;wdkYaMumifh yDpDrsm; vkyfief;

aqmif&Guf&mwGif aES;auG;rI &Sdaeap

onfhtjyif tifwmeuf dialup con-

nection rsKd;wGifvnf; aES;auG;oGm;ap

ygonf/ Active Desktop aMumifh

Windows vnfywfrIudk aES;auG;ap

aMumif; toHk;jyKolwdkif; od&Sd em;vnf

xm;jyD; jzpfMuonf/

13 WINDOWS XP SEARCH

,ckawmh Vista udk toHk;jyKcGihf&

aeMujyD jzpfonf/ yDpDtoHk;jyKolrsm;

taejzifh vGefcJhaom av;ESpfavmufu

wnf;u OS rSm yg&Sdvmonfh search

features udk apmihfpm;cJ hMu&onf/

Windows XP Search onf ½IyfaxG;

jcif;? aES;auG;jcif; ponfwdkYuJhodkYaom

[efcsufrIrsm;aMumifh pdwfysufp&m

aumif;vSonf/ tqdkyg udpötwGuf

toHk;jyKoltcsKdU rESpfjrdKUaMumif; od&SdcJh&

onf[k Microsoft ukrÜPDrSyif 0efcH

ajymMum;cJh&ygao;onf/ &SmazGaeaom

acG;uav;udkyif &GHrkef;vmMuonf/

Vista wGifrl acG;uav; ryg&Sdawmhonfh

canine-free zone [kyif tom;ay;

azmfjycJhMu&onf/

12 THE MICROSOFT NETWORK

Windows 95 ESihftwl pwif yg&Sd

vmonfh MSN rl&if; version udk

rnfolrQ toHk;jyKcJhMuonfr[kwfay/

rdrdudk,fudk rdrdjyefvnf qef;ppfMunhf

onfhwdkif toHk;jyKrdjcif; r&SdaMumif;

awGU&ygvdrhfrnf/ Online service udk

windows 95 pwdkif interface wpfck

tjyif MSN 1.0 u o,fvmay;cJh

onf/ AOL acwfaumif;csdefu pre-

web tjzpf jrifawGU&jcif;jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif ¤if;onf tvdkvdk od&SdEdkif

jcif;r&Sday/ cyfusJusJ contents rsm;

&SdaejyD; connection speeds rSmvnf;

tvGefw&m aES;auG;vSonf/ trsm;qHk;

74

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

aysmufaeMuavmufjyD jzpfonf/ 1997

ckESpfavmufu USB udk oHk;cGihf r&&ef

cufcJvSonf/

Windows 95 taejzifh USB

standard acwfOD;udk MudKqdkcJhonf/

Patch wpfckrSwpfqifh xnfhoGif;yHhydk;rI

udk windows 95 OSR 2.1 taejzifh

od&SdMuygvdrhfrnf/ xdkpOfu prf;oyf

toHk;jyKMuaomtcg jywfawmif; jywf

awmif; tajctaersKd;jzihfom vkyfudkif

aqmif&Gufay;aMumif; awGU&onf/

wpfcgwpf&H yDpDvnfywfrIudkyif twm;

tqD; jzpfoGm;apwwfonf/ OSR 2.1

aMumifh Windows 95 jzihf vnfywf

aom uGefysLwm &yfwefYoGm;aponfh

tjzpfrsKd;rsm;vnf; MuHKcJh&onf/

Windows 98 wGifrl built-in USB

support xnfhoGif;vmonf/ odkYaomf

¤if;onfvnf; tH h MoavmufzG,f

aumif;rGefrI r&SdEdkifcJhay/ Bill Gate

udk,fwdkif pifjrihfay:wGif USB scan-

ner jzifh wyfqif prf;oyfjypOfrSmyif

toHk;jyKaom yDpD &yfwefYoGm;&ao;

onf/

WINDOWS GENUINE

ADVANTAGE

Microsoft onf pirates rsm;jzifh

wdkufcdkufae&ygovm;[k ar;cGef;xkwf

vmcJhonf&Sdaomf taotcsm &Sdae

9

14.4 Kbps EIef;xm;om &&Sdonf/ xdk

tcsdefu yJGOD;xGufrSmyif acwfaemufjyef

qJGaprnfh yHkpHrsKd;jzpfum Microsoft

tm; ISP wpfck taejzifhaomfvnf;

aumif;? web services jzefYcsdrI taejzihf

vnf;aumif; jyefvnf wDxGifEdkif&ef

wGef;tm;jyKcJhMu&onf/

11 WINDOWS EXPLORER

tu,fírsm; owd&aeOD;rnf

qdkygu Windows 95 rwdkifrDu Win-

dows \ File Manager udk jyefí yHk

azmfMunhfrdygvdrhfrnf/ roHk;rdolrsm;yif

&Sdaumif;&SdEdkifygonf/ yHkpHwus &Sdaom

documents udk zGihfMunfh&mwGif filter

vkyfay;onfhtaejzifh wildcards rsm;

toHk;jyK&ef pGrf;tm;uJhodkYaom file man-

ager \ taumif;qHk; features tcsKdU

yif windows explorer wGif ryg&SdcJhay/

folder wpfcktwGif; filter rsm;\

pm&if;wpfckudk print xkwf&ef pGrf;&nf

rsKd;uJhodkYaom tcsufrsm; Explorer wGif

vdktyfaeonf/ rMumcPqdkovdk third

party tultnDjzifh aqmif&Guf,l&

wwfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh VCOM \

power desk udk qJGoHk;,lMu&onf/

10 WINDOWS 95 USB

,cktcg USB r&Sdaom b0udk arh

aMumif; csufcsif;ajzMum;rdrnfrSm trSef

yif jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif WGA (Win-

dows Genuine Advantage) onf pi-

racy check tjrJwap vkyfay;aeum

OS copy [k rSwf,lygu nag notes

rsm;jzihf wusnfusnf vkyfaeygvdrhf

rnf/ xdkodkY nagging feature ygonfh

yxrqHk; version wGif security up-

dates ESifh twloGif;xm;jyD; ckd;ul;acG

twGuf Windows \ w&m;0ifaumfyD

rsm; rSm;,Gif;aejcif;twGuf ausmfMum;cJh

onf/

,aeYacwfydkif;wGifrl Firefox rS

wpfqifh Microsoft aqmhzf0Judk down-

load vkyf,l&ef MudK;pm;jcif;onf rouf

rom jzpfMu&onf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap

Microsoft rS WGA a&mif;csjcif;onf

toHk;jyKoltm; cdk;ul;acGudk 0,f,l

toHk;rjyKap&ef pDpOf xkwfvkyfjcif;om

jzpfonf[k ajymMum;cJhonf/

8 END TASK

y½dk*&rfwpfck hangs jzpfoGm;vQif

Ctrl/Alt/Del wdkYudk wGJESdyfvdkufjcif;jzihf

Task Manager xGufay:vmonf/

xdktcg tqdkyg application udk ydwf&ef

twGuf End Task udk click vkyfay;

vdkuf&onf/ tu,fí xdkodkY vkyf

aqmifonfhwdkif xl;jcm;rI r&Sdao;ygu

xyfumxyfum vkyfaqmifay;&onf/

1110

76

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

65

uHaumif;vQif tMudrfenf;enf;jzihf

jyD;oGm;rnfhoabm &Sdonf/

tb,faMumifh OS \ raorcsm

jzpfae&aom tqdkyg tajccHvu©Pm

toGiftjyif jzpfae&onfudk twdtus

rod&aomaMumifh t&nftcsif;rrDouJh

odkY cHpm;Mu&onf/ wpfcsdefwnf; ay:

xGufvmaom Mac OS X \ tvm;

wl feature rSmrl vkyfudkif aqmif&Guf,l

wdkif; pdwfwdkif;us jzpfMu&onf/

7 USER ACCOUNT CONTROL

UAC \ pdwful;&if;udk ajymqdk

jcif; r&SdcJhjcif;onf toHk;rusouJhodkY

jzpfoGm;&onf/ uGefysLwmonf pGefYpm;

vkyfudkif&rnfh tajctaersKd; &SdcJhvQif

rdrdtwGuf ppfaq;csihfcsdef&ef tcGihf

tvrf; &&SdoGm;aponf/

vufawGUoabmt& rnfonfh

tcgwGifjzpfap UAC onf xl;xl;jcm;

jcm;yif tcsufjyay;ygonf/ alarming

screen ESihftwl aysmufoGm;jcif;rsKd;ESifh

pGefYpGefYpm;pm; vkyfudkif&rnfh tae

txm;&SdaMumif; cGih fawmif;csufudk

cryptic dialog box rS ar;jref;jcif;rsKd;

MuHKawGU&rnf/ odkYtwGuf Vista uJhodkY

aom version twGuf UAC udk ydkí

pGrf;pGrf;wrH jyKvkyfvmoih fonf/

taMumif;rSm Vista rS rpGrf;aqmifEdkif

aom puft&nftaoG;twGuf rMum

cP owday;csufrsm;ESifh jynfhESufae

rnf jzpfojzifh pdwftaESmihft,Suf uif;

a0;ap&ef vdktyfaejcif;aMumifh jzpf

onf/

6 WINDOWS UPDATE

Windows XP twGuf software

patches rsm;jzifh csOf;uyf,l&onfh

tajctaetwGuf rnfolrqdk a0zef

ajymqdkp&m wpfyHkwpfyif &SdMuygvdrhf

rnf/ odkYaomf vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk

ar;jref;pHkprf;Munfh&m a,bk,s tus

qHk; complaint onf Windows Up-

date twGuf pop ups box jzifh em;yl

emqmvkyfjcif; jzpfaMumif; od&onf/

xdk dialog box wGif "I'll reboot

when I'm ready" [laom trSwf

tom;jyK cvkwfwpfckvdkaeonf[kyif

MuHrdMuH&m ,lqrdygonf/ Vista qdkygu

tqdkygudpötwGuf tcsdef tawmfMum

ay;&ayawmhrnf/

5 MASSENGER SERVICE

tu,fí aMumfjimwpfckudk Mes-

senger Service [laom acgif;pOfyg

onfh windows av;wpfckjzihf yGihfvm

vQif rdrd system twGuf vHkjcHKrI r&SdEdkif

aom tajctaersm; &S daeaMumif;

oauFwtjzpf em;vnfxm;Mu&rnf/

tcsKdUaom aMumfjimorm;rsm;onf

tifwmeufrSwpfqifh tqdkyg service

udk toHk;csum information vTwfwifrI

rsm; pwif&Sdaewwfygonf/ xdkodkY &Sd

vmygu Adkif;&yfpfwpfckawmh ygvmjyD[k

odxm;vdkufoihfonf[laom today;

aMunmcsuf aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk Mi-

crosoft rS jzefYa0cJhonf/

Windows XP SP2 onf default

jzifh tqdkyg tjcif;t&mrsKd;udk cGihfrjyK

ay/ Vista qdkygu ¤if;udk wpfcgwnf;

&Sif;xkwfypfay;onf/

4 NOTIFICATIONS

"network cable awmh jyKwfae

jyD"? ]]toHk;rjyKaom icons rsm;udk

desktop ay:rS odrf;xm;ay;onf/

]y½dk*&rfwpfckudk oGif;jyD;cgpyJ &Sdao;

onf} ponfjzifh Windows rS rdrdtm;

today;oihforQ tm;vHk;udk tpOf

rjywf owday;aevdrhfrnf/ tqdkyg

owday;csuf\ xdyfwGif abmvHk;

yHkoP²mefav; yg&SdvmpjrJ jzpfonf/

&mEIef; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf

ra&r&m raorcsmEdkifvGef;aom mes-

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form wpfckxJudkyJ uGufjyD;ajymwmyg/ wjcm; Environment

awG? Platform awGvJ &Sdaewm trsm;MuD;ygyJ/ Oyrm server

twGuf NOS yJxkwfwhJ Novel Network, Unix, Linux,

Apple MAC qkdwhJ Operating System awG? Network

Operating System awGvJ &SdMuwmyg/ trsm;MuD;ygyJ/

t"duuawmh 'Dae&mrSm OS wpfck[m wnfaqmufxm;whJ

Hardware awGtay:rSm b,fvkd tvkyfvkyfovJqkdwm

tajccH? tMurf;zsif;od&if &ygjyD/ Operating System Basic

aygh/

aumif;rGefwhJ Hardware awGay:rSm Disk Operating

System wpfckudkpjyD; Install vkyf toHk;jyKjyDqkd&if tJ'D DOS

ay:rSm uRefawmfwkdYawGu tvkyfvkyfzkdY oufqkdif&m Program

awG? Application awGeJY wjcm;aom toHk;cs Software

awGudk toHk;jyKwmvkdYyJ jrifMuygw,f/ 'gawGtjyif wnf

aqmufxm;whJ Hardware ypönf;awGudk Software layer

awGu jyefvJckdif;apwhJtcg toHk;jyKyHkawGuvJ &Sdygao;w,f/

Oyrm Software Layer awG[m Hardware Layer awGudk

toHk;jyKzkdYtwGuf jyefvJjyD; taxmuftyhH ay;&ygw,fvkdY

ajymcsifwmyg/ Storage Media, Memory, System Proces-

sor awG tqifhqifh Layer awGeJY qufoG,fwmygyJ/ wcsKdU

Hardware Layer awGuaejyD; csdwfquf qufoG,fwhJtcg

rSm wcsKdUudkausmfvTm;jyD; csdwfqufwmawGvJ &Sdaewmudk awGU&

ygr,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh wcsKdUaom Hardware awG[m

System awG&JU standard device awGxJrSm ygaevkdYygyJ/

System awG&JU Standard device awG[m System ROM

BIOS awGxJrSm wpfcgwnf;xnhfjyD; aMumfjimxm;wmaMumifh

tJ'D device awG&JU tvkyfvkyfr,fhtqifh (routine) awG[m

wpfcgwnf;ygjyD;om; jzpfaeygw,f/ Layer tqifhqifhuvJ

odaejyD;om;yg/ wcsKdUaom device awGusawmh System

ROM BIOS awGxJrSm rygygbl;/ 'gudk Non-Standard

device awGvkdY ac:ygw,f/ 'D device awGusawmh tqifh

wpfqifhuae aemufwpfqifhudk tvkyfvkyfzkdYtwGuf device

driver awG vkdtyfygw,f/ device driver r&SdchJbl;/ OS u

rodbl;qkd&if tJ'D device awGudk (Hardware) Operating

System awGu oHk;vkdY r&ygbl;/ 'gqkd end user awGvJ

toHk;jyKvkdY r&ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh 'DaeY Windows pepf wpfckck

udk Install vkyfjyD;jyDqkd&if vkdtyfwhJ? wyfqifxm;whJ Hard-

ware awGtwGuf OS uodaeatmif Hardware device

driver awGudk t&ifOD;qHk; Install vkyfay;&ygw,f/ 'grS

omvQif Windows OS awG[m Stable jzpfygvdrfhr,f/

tajccHtm;jzifh Stable jzpfwhJ Windows OS awG[m System

crashes eJY conflict jzpfzkdY tcGifhtvrf; enf;ygw,f/ ysufpD;

rI r&SdoavmufygyJ/ tajccHuswhJ yHkwpfckudk qGJjyxm;ygw,f/

yHkt&qkd&if Hardware Layer awG[m atmufqHk;eJY

tajccH tusqHk;ygyJ/ Hardware pepfawG aumif;rGefrSom

vQif tJ'D Hardware awGay:rSm OS Install vkyfwhJtcg

Stable jzpfygvdrhfr,f/ 'gawmif Mum;cHtaeeJY device driver

awGu taxmuftul? taxmuftyhHay;aewmudk awGU&yg

r,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DtajccH oabmw&m;udk Munhfjcif;tm;jzifh

Hardware ypönf;awGudk aumif; raumif;? tMurf;zsif;

ppfaq;csifw,fqkd&if wnfaqmufjyD;om; Hardware awG

ay:rSm Windows NT Platform pepfwpfckudk Install

vkyfMunhfvkdufyg/ Hardware ypönf;awG wu,faumif;rS

omvQif OS wufygvdrhfr,f/ 'Dae&mrSm jcGif;csuftaeeJY

Windows 9X series awG? Windows 3X series awGeJY

awmh Install rvkyfygeJY? 'D OS awG[m Hardware Error

&SdvJ OS wufygw,f/ Stable om rjzpfwmyg/ NT Platform

awGuawmh Hardware requirement awmif;qkdrIu Strong

jzpfrSqkdawmh Hardware Error enf;enf; &SdwmeJY OS vHk;0

rwufygbl;/ 'D Hardware Level rSmvJ uRefawmfwkdY toHk;jyK

r,fh bmompum;uvJ Machine Language udkyJ toHk;jyK&

ygr,f/ Binary System awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ Machine

Language Instruction awG&JU tm;enf;csufu Function

awGudk toHk;jyKwhJtcgrSm Limited jzpfaewmyJ/ 'gaMumifh

tenf;i,f tenf;qHk; toHk;jyKwhJ Hardware Layer awGrSmyJ

toHk;jyKMuw,f/ toHk;0if oHk;MuwhJ System Level awGrSmyJ

jzpfw,f/ Machine Language awGtwGuf assembler

program awGudk toHk;jyKwm awGU&ygr,f/ Low level pro-

graming vkdYvJ ac:ygw,f/ Hardware Level awGudk udkif

wG,fajz&Sif;wmqkdawmh Program Knowledge todynm

azazmf0g&D? 2008

91

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

uawmh (externely Knowledgeable) programmer wpf

a,muftaeeJY tm;vHk; odjyD;om; jzpfae&ygr,f/ 'DaeYxdvJ

toHk;us toHk;0ifaeqJ jzpfygw,f/ wpfaeYwpfaeY xGufae

whJ Hardware ypönf;awGu enf;rS renf;wm/ 'D Hardware

awGtay:rSm assembler awGudk toHk;csaewkef;ygyJ/ 'g

Hardware level udkajymaewmyg/ olY&JU tm;enf;csufuawmh

Platform trsKd;rsKd;ay:rSm Basic Code awG uGJjym;jcm;em;rI

&Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a&;&wm ½kd;&Sif;whJ (Simple task) tvkyf

qkdayr,fh 'gawGudk wjcm;rwlnDwhJ System awGrSm tvkyf

vkyfckdif;zkdY (translating or Porting) cufcJygw,f/ 'gaMumifh

end user Level awG toHk;jyKzkdYtwGuf High-Level Pro-

gram awGudk oufqkdif&m Platform awGrSm toHk;csvmwmudk

awGU&ygr,f/

'gaMumifh PC wpfvHk;udk pwifjyD; zGifhjyDqkd&if ROM

BIOS xJrSmygwhJ Machine Code Programs awGupjyD;

tvkyf vkyfMuwm? 'D Machine Code awGu qufoG,fxm;

whJ (Directly) Hardware device awGudk system ay:wuf

vmatmif pwifjyD; tvkyfvkyfygw,f/ (aemufykdif;rSm Boot

Process qdkwm enf;enf; &Sif;jyygr,f/) 'Dvkd vufcH&&SdwhJ

Hardware awG[m System Level rSm Programs awGtjzpf

ajymif;vJ (generated) ypfygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdYodxm;whJ

command.com qdkwhJ file ygyJ/ 'g[m system file wpfck

jzpfygw,f/ Command Interpretar wpfckygyJ/ tJ'Dvkd

bmomjyefvkdY&vmwhJ code awGudk process vkyfr,fh oufqkdif

&m processor awGqDudk ydkY&ygw,f/ 'D Level udka&mufjyD

qkdwmu services awGtjzpfeJY toHk;jyK&jyDvkdY ajymwmeJY

twlwlygyJ/ 'Dvkd&vmwhJ Command wcsKdU? Instruction

wcsKdU? Program wcsKdUudk system &JU standard BIOS awG

xJrSm Ready made oGm;jyD; xnhfxm;wmygyJ/ 'gaMumifh

system wpfckpwmeJY System BIOS awGxJu BIOS Routin

awG pjyD; tvkyf vkyfMuygw,f/ BIOS Routin awGu tqifh

qifh ajymif;vJjyD; oufqkdif&m device driver file awGuaejyD;

User interface awGqDudk a&mufvmygw,f/ tajccHMuwhJ

Boot Process (for DOS) udk a&;jyygr,f/ aemufykdif;rSm

System Boot Process qkdwhJ System Routin awGygvmygu

azmfjyay;ygr,f/ tajccHuswhJ Boot Process 7 csuf &Sdyg

w,f/ 1 uawmh Power On Self Test vkdYac:whJ 'POST'

tykdif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtykdif;rSm Power udk ON whJtcsdefrS

Basic Hardware device awGudk ppfaq;whJtvkyfudk vkyfyg

w,f/ Oyrm Keyboard ay:rSm&SdwhJ rD;awG vif;oGm;ygr,f/

Num Lock, Caps Lock rD;awGyg/ Floppy drive awG

rD;vif;jyD; ppfoGm;r,f/ System speaker awG toHxGufvm

r,f/ 'g System Pass jzpfw,fvkdY qkdvkdwmyg/ 2 uawmh

IO.sys vkdYac:whJ Basic Input/Output system file awGudk

memory ay:udk ac:wifygvdrhfr,f/ 'D file [m system

file jzpfygw,f/ Attribute taeeJY Read only, system,

Hidden qkdwhJ Attribute awG &Sdygw,f/ DIR ac:Munhf&if

jrif&rSm r[kwfygbl;/ DIR /A qkdwmeJY ac:rS jrif&ygr,f/

3 uawmh MSDOS.sys file ygyJ/ Microsoft disk

operation system file wpfck jzpfygw,f/ 'D file [mvJ

system file wpfck jzpfwhJtwGuf Attribute awG &Sdygvdrfhr,f/

4 uawmh Config.sys vkdYac:whJ device driver file awGyJ

jzpfygw,f/ system twGuf vkdtyfwhJ device driver awGudk

'D file udk zwfygvdrhfr,f/ 'gaMumifh 'D file awGxJrSm a&;xm;whJ

twkdif; system u vkdtyfwhJ file awGudk storage device

awGrSm &Smygw,f/ location awG rSefuefw,fqkd&if memory

ay:udk ac:wifjyD; p tvkyfvkyfygw,f/ Oyrm Config.sys

file awGxJrSm 'Dvkd a&;&ygw,f/ Device = C:\DOS\

HIMEM.Sys, Device = C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE NOEMS

pwhJ device driver aMumfjimwhJ file awGudk a&;xm;&ygw,f/

'DOyrmrSm a&;xm;wmuawmh system &JU Himemory Area

wpfckudk toHk;jyKr,fhtwGuf Himemory Area device driver

udk 'C' drive &JU DOS directory xJuaejyD; ac:wifjcif;

jzpfygw,f/ 'ghtjyif ¤if;eJY wGJzuftoHk;jyKr,fh Extended

Memory Manager file wpfckudkvJ Memory ay:udk

ac:wifxm;wm jzpfygw,f/ 5 uawmh command.com

vkdYac:whJ bmomjyefr,fh file yJ jzpfygw,f/ oufqkdif&m

OS wpfckqDtwGuf command.com file awG[m &SdjyD;om;

jzpfygw,f/ DOS rSmoHk;whJ command.com udk Windows

9X rSm oHk;vkdY r&ygbl;/ Windows 9X twGuf command

.com oyfoyf &Sdygw,f/ 6 uawmh Autoexec.bat vkdYac:whJ

program awG? Application awGtwGuf vkdtyfwhJ device

driver file yJ jzpfygw,f/ config.sys file eJY oabmw&m;

twlwlygyJ/ 'D file 2 file [m 'C' drive (Root) xJrSm &Sdyg

w,f/ 7 uawmh user interface yJ jzpfygw,f/ tck &Sif;jy

wm[m DOS tajccHqkdawmh User Interface uvJ 'C:\>'

vkdYac:whJ 'C' prompt taeeJY ay:aerSm jzpfygw,f/ Com-

mand Line Interface vkdYvJ ac:ygw,f/ Disk 'A' uaejyD;

Boot vkyfchJ&ifawmh 'A:\>' vkdYac:whJ 'A' Prompt ay:aeygvdrhf

r,f/

(qufvufazmfjyygrnf)

&Jausmfodef; (Compu-Tech)

92

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

y&ifwmvHkjcHKrIpepftwGuf enf;vrf; «10»

y&ifwmrsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif ,cifuxuf security ydkif;qdkif&m taetxm;udk tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&ef

vdktyfvmygonf/ y&ifwmwpfck vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&mü tvkyfvkyfrnfhvkyfief;ESihf oufqdkifonfh data rsm;udk odkrSD;

odrf;qnf;,ljyD;rSom rdrd vkyfaqmifp&m vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;avh&Sdonf/ xdktcg trsm;toHk;jyKvsuf &Sdae&aom

ukrÜPDoHk; y&ifwmrsm;twGuf ydkí tav;xm; aqmif&Gufp&m jzpfvm&awmhonf/ y&ifwmudk toHk;csí printing vkyfief;?

scanning vkyfief;? copying vkyfief;? e-mailing vkyfief;? odkYwnf;r[kwf faxing vkyfief; vkyfaqmifonfhtcg

hard disk rS data rsm;udk qufvuf odrf;avh &Sdonf/ xdktcsufonfyif security hole wpfck jzpfaeaponf/ odkYtwGuf

tqdkyg security holes rsm;udk ydwfay;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazG&ef vdktyfvmcJhonf/

«1» toHk;jyKonfhtcsdefwGif

hard disk udk overwrite vkyf,ljcif;

y&ifwmwpfckonf hard drives

twGif; apcdkif;aom tvkyfESihf oufqdkif

onfh data rsm;udk vufcH odkrSD;jyD;rSom

tvkyfvkyfay;avh &Sdonf/ print vkyf

onf jzpfap? scan vkyfonfjzpfap? fax

odkYr[kwf e-mail ydkYonfjzpfap? rdwåL

qJG ,l onf jzpfap? odkrSD;jyD;om; jzpf

aeonf/ wpfcg

wpf& H addi-

tional data

rsm;udkyif odrf;

qnf; odkrSD;xm;

wwfonf/ rdrd

vkyfaqmifp&m

vkyfudkifjyD;onfESifh rdrdtaejzifh tqdkyg

hard drive wpfckvHk;udk overwrite vkyf

,lEdkifaprnfh option wpfckudk vdktyfae

rnfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf/ jyefodrf;jyD;

azsmufzsufypfjcif; &Sdr&Sd aocsmrI&Sdap&ef

wpfMudrfxufru overwrite vkyf,lEdkif

aom feature yg&Sdoifhonf/

«2» csufcsif; overwrite vkyfjcif;

wpfcgwpf&H y&ifwmvkyfief;pOf

rsm;tm;vHk; jyD;pD;oGm;í ydwf&ef jyifqif

csdeftxd rapmihfqdkif;EdkifbJ csufcsif;

overwrite vkyf,l&ygvdrhfrnf/ txl;

ojzifh tvGefta&;MuD;aom sensitive

information rsm;udk y&ifhxkwfjyD;aemuf

odkrSD;onfhae&mwGif qufvuf &Sdrae

oihfay/ vkyfief;&yftvdkuf? u@

tvdkuf tumtuG,fjyK,ljcif;onf

pdwftcs&qHk; jzpfonf/ odkYtwGuf

printing, scanning, copying, faxing

ESifh e-mailing vkyfaqmifjyD;onfESifh

csufcsif;qdkovdk overwrite vkyfvdkuf

&ygrnf/

«3» Drive tm; encrypt jyKvkyfay;

jci f ;

y&ifhxkwfonfh vkyfief;tm;vHk;

jyD;pD;jyD;aemuf y&ifwmudk overwrite

vkyfcJhonfhwdkif jyefvnf tvG,fwul

y&ifhxkwfEdkif&eftwGuf ¤if;tay:wGif

additional information rsm; odkrSD;xm;

wwfygao;onf/ tu,fí rdrdtae

azazmf0g&D? 2008

93

uGefysLwmtaxGaxG

jzifh tvGefta&;MuD;onfh information

rsm;qdkygu drive udk administrator-

supplied passward wpfckESifh encrypt

vkyfxm;vdkygvdrhfrnf/ password udk

razmfxkwfEdkifolrsm;twGuf rnfonfh

data udkrQ zwf,lEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay/

y&ifwmrS drive udk jzKwf,loGm;onfh

wdkif vHkjcHKrI&Sdaernf jzpfonf/

«4» wu,fwrf; encrypt vkyfEdkifjcif;

encryption schemes rsm;tm;vHk;

onf wlnDrI r&SdMuay/ drive udk en-

crypt vkyf&ef&Sdvmygu rdrdy&ifwm

onf encryption security tqihf

rnfrQtxday;xm;onfudk taotcsm

avhvm oHk;oyf&rnf/ Microsoft

Word documents rsm; uJhodkYaom

encryption schemes rsm;onf off-

the-shelf aqmhzf0JESifh tvG,fwul

azmuf,lEdkifonf/ odkYtwGuf y&ifwm

toHk;jyK&mwGif scheme tajc taeudk

vufawGUusus vkyfEdkifjcif; &Sdr&Sd *½kjyK

aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfonf/

«5» memory rS y&ifhvkyf,ljcif;

tcsKdUaom y&ifwmrsm;onf hard

disk udk bypass vkyfum RAM rS vHk;

vHk; wm0ef,lapjyD; y&ihfxkwfcdkif;rIrsm;

&Sdwwfonf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh

y&ifhxkwfrIEIef;xm; avsmhusoGm;ap

wwfonf/ odkYaomfjim;vnf; hard

disk ay: oGm;jcif;r&Sdojzifh informa-

tion rsm; usef&pfcJhp&m taMumif; r&Sd

awmhay/

«6» Passwords ESihf vHkjcHKpGm y&ifhxkwf

jci f ;

y&ifwmrsm;twGuf a,bk,s

tusqHk; security feature rS pass-

word udk toHk;csí vkyfief; vkyfudkifap

jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY password jzifh

oGif;um vkyfudkif

aqmif&Gufjcif;

onf rdrd y&ifh

xkwfxm;aom

pm&Guf pmwrf;

rsm;udk tjcm;ol

wpfO D;O D ; jri f

awGUoGm;Edkifjcif;rSwpfyg; pdwftcs&qHk;

jzpfonf/

«7» Cards rsm;jzifh y&ihfxkwfjcif;

vHkjcHKa&;udpötwGuf uRrf;usif

ynm&Sifrsm;\ tqdkt& smart cards

rsm;jzifhy&ifhxkwfjcif;onf passwords

ESifh y&ifhxkwfjcif;xuf vHkjcHKpdwfcsrI &Sd

onf[k ajymqdkMuonf/ Passwords

udk rarhavsmh&ef rSwfom;xm;olrsm;

twGuf tjcm;olrsm; tvG,fwul

toHk;csoGm;Edkifaponf/ tu,fí y&if

wmudk 0,f,l toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu

smart-card reader ESihftwl secure-

print feature jzifh xdef;csKyfEdkifjcif; &Sdr&Sd

avhvm Munfh½Ioihfonf/

«8» Biometrics udk toHk;csjcif;

vQKdU0Sufaqmif&GufrIESifh ywfouf

í tjcm; vHkjcHKa&;pDrHcsuf tpDtrHrSm

bio-metric devices wpfckudk toHk;cs,l

jcif; jzpfonf/ ¤if;twGuf vufaAGjzifh

ppf aq; cGihfjyKjcif; jzpfojzihf y&if

wmwGif fingerprint reader wpfck

&Sdae&rnfjzpfonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap

vufaA Gy H kp Honfvnf; twk jzi h f

aqmif&Guf vkyfudkifEdkifonfh tajctae

rsm; &Sdaeygonf/ xdkYtwl toHk;jyKonfh

olrsm;\ vufaAGyHkpHrsm;udk odkrSD; odrf;

qnf;,ljcif;onfvnf; oufaomihf

oufomjzpfjcif; r&Sday/ Konica Mi-

nolta rS MFPs (multifunctional

Peripherals) udk biometric authen-

tication unit ESihf wGJzuf toHk;jyKap

onf/ ¤if;onf vufacsmif;tpm; aoG;

aMumyHkpHudk zwf½I,laponf/

«9» vHkjcHKrIt&SdqHk; y&ifhvkyfief;

password udktoHk;jyKonfjzpfap?

card udk toHk;jyKonfjzpfap odkYwnf;

r[kwf biometric pepfudk toHk;csonf

jzpfap? xdkufoifhaom vHkjcHKrIrsm;udk

udk,fpD udk,fpD

aqmif&Guf ay;

Edkif Mu onf/

taumif;qHk;rSm

¤if;wdkYudk wpfck

csif; t oHk; jyK

jcif;rvkyfbJ ESpf

rsKd;aygif;? oHk;

rsKd;aygif; toHk;jyKjcif;u vHkjcHKrIpepf\

tjrihfqHk;jzpfoGm;aponf/

«10» tppt&m&m udpötwGuf vHkjcHKrI

&S dapjcif;

,cktcg y&ifwmwdkYonf y&ihf

xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;wpfckom aqmif

&GufMuonf r[kwfawmhbJ all-in-one

y&ifwmrsm;udk toHk;csvmMu&onf/

odkYtwGuf printing udpö? scanning

udpö? e-mailing udpö? copying udpöESifh

faxing udpö

r s m ; tw Gu f

sensitive in-

formation ESifh

yw foufvm

vQif vH k jc H Kr I

pepfud k pepf

wus toHk;cs,loihfonf/ taMumif;

rSm rnfonfhvkyfief;udk cdkif;aponf

jzpfap? vkyfief; vkyfaqmifay;&ef

twGuf y&ifwmrS vkyfief;tpwGif in-

formation rsm; odkrSD;xm;,lavh&Sdjcif;

aMumifh jzpfonf/

Ref : eweek, Nov-5, 2007

94

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmowif;ESifhrSwfpk

,cif Macromedia

ydkif? ,ck Adobe ydkif? Flash

aqmhzf0Jenf;ynm[m tif

wmeuf0ufbfqdkufawGay:u

vIyf&Sm;yHk&dyfeJY ouf0ifwHkYjyef

rIawGtwGuf yvufazmif;

ozG,f MuD;pdk;vTrf;rdk;xm;

w,f/ Media content awG

azmfxkwf xdef;odrf;jzefYa0zdkY

&m server bufykdif; taeeJY

Adobe Flash MediaServer udk oHk;&jyD; client

browser bufrSm Munfh½IzdkY

&m tcrJh download vkyf

,lEk di fwJ h Adobe Flash

PlayeroHk;&ygw,f/Adobe

&JU aemufqHk; tqifhjr§ifhay;cJh

r IaMumif h Adobe Flash

Player 9 Update 3 aqmhzf0J

[m H.264 standard pHEIef;

AD'D,dkaxmufyHhrIawG &&Sdvm

ygawmhr,f/ Blu-Ray eJY

HD-DVD hi-def AD'D,dkzGifh

pufeJY High Efficiency

AAC (HE-AAC) audiotoHpGrf;aqmifrI taxmuf

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oef; jzKef;wD;&zG,f&SdaMumif;

od&w,f/ 'gaMumihfyJ txl;

jyK specialized search

vendors awG x<u tm;

aumif;vm&jcif; jzpfw,f/

100

uGefysLwm*sme,f


Google [m AOL &JU

a&yef;pm; vloHk;rsm;vSwJh

AIM instant- messagingservice udk ¤if;&JU 0ufbf

tajcjyK tD;ar;vf client

wpfckjzpfaom Gmail xJ

aygif;pyfxnfhoGif;ay;vm

w,f/ 2006 ckESpf azazmf

0g&Dv uwnf;u tcrJh

ay;urf;cJhwJh Gmail + Gtalk

0efaqmifrIudk urÇmwpf0ef;

vHk;omru uRefawmfwdkYqD

rSmvnf; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY

pGJrufpGm oHk;pGJMuw,f/ ,ck

tcgrSm Gmail users awG

[m Gmail Web page rSchat drop-down menuuaejyD; AIM udk a&G;cs,f

qufoG,f

EkdifpGrf; &Sd

vmr, f /

AIMcontact eJY

Gmail

chat wd k Y

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wJh menu

tay:r Sm

twlwl &SdaeMur,f/ olwdkY

qDrSm ½kkwfjcnf; owif;wdk

ydkYvTwfjcif; IM udk vkyfief;

cGiftqifhxd tav;teuf

tonf;toef oHk;pGJMuol

rsm;&JU 75 &mckdifEIef;u AIM

'grSr[kwf AIM enter-

prise product udk oHk;Mu

rdkufu½dk y½dkqufqm

twGif; cores rsm;pGm quf

oG,fay;wJh vQyfppf0kdif,m

qufoG,frIae&mrSm tvif;

vdIif;jywfawG oHk;jcif;jzifh

2020 jynfhESpfta&mufrSm

plyguGefysLwmawG&JU t&G,f

tpm;udk laptop t&G,fodkY

csKHU,lEkdifr,fvdkY IBM rS arQmf

rSef;,HkMunfvsuf&S dw,f/

vQyfppftcsufjyrS tvif;

wef;odkY ul;ajymif;ay;wJh

electro-optic modulatortm; multi-core CPU

twGif; 0ifqHhatmif csKHU,lEkdif

r,fhenf;vrf;udk IBM rS

&SmazGawGY&SdcJhwm[m wu,fh

azmufxGufatmifjrifrIMuD;

jzpfygw,f/ pGrf;tifoHk;pGJrIeJY

tylxkwfvTwfrIudk MuD;rm;pGm

jzwfawmufavQmhcsay;r,f/

,aeY dual- core eJY quad-

core t&G,f chip wpfck

wnf;ay:rSm core aygif; &m

axmifcs D 0ifqH hvmr,f/

Optical modulators u

cores awGtMum;qufoG,f

rI jrefEIef;udkvnf; jr§ifhwif

ay;w,f/ 0dkif,mawGxuf

tqwpf&mydkjrefjyD; yg0g

pm;oHk;rI 10 qydkenf;w,f/

tqdkyg silicon nanopho-

tonics enf;ynm[m umv

&Snf okawoe ya&m*suf&JU

&v'fjzpfjyD; aemuf 10 ESpfrS

12 ESpftwGif; chips awGrSm

CHIP wpfckwnf;tay: 0ifqHh r,fh SUPER COMPUTERvufawGYoHk;vmEkdifr,fvdkY

qdkw,f/ 'Dvdklight- driven

chips awG aps;uGufxJ

a&mufzdkY MuD;rm;wJhjyóem

u xkwfvkyfa&;tykdif;jzpfyg

w,f/ q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm jzpf

xGef;vmcJh&wJh ,aeY puf

ypönf; ud&d,meJY enf;pOfawG

rSm aMu;eDtoHk;jyKrItay:

tajccHw,f/ tvif;enf;

ynm rdwfqufxnfhoGif;zdkY

qdk&if pufypönf; ud&d,m

topfawGeJY tptqHk;topf

jzpfaom xkwfvkyfykH enf;

vrf;awG vdktyfygw,f/

GOOGLE GMAIL rSm AOL &JU AIM aygif;pyfxnfhoGif;

w,fvdkY qdkw,f/ 'gaMumifh

ck aygif;pyf oHk;pGJvmEdkifrIu

enf;enf;aemaem udpöMuD;

r[kwfyg/ Gmail user awG

[m rdwfaqGawG? rdom;pk

awG? vkyfazmfukdifzufawGeJY

enf;vrf;wpfckxufydkjyD; ydkí

us,fjyefYpGm ajymqdk quf

oG,fvmEkdifMuygawmhr,f/

azazmf0g&D? 2008

101

uGefysLwmtbd"mef

character set . Character rsm;tjzpf udk,fpm;jyKonfh

t&mtm;vHk; yg0ifonfh tkyfpktjynfhtpHkwpfck jzpfonf/

Character set wGif

Ä tu©&mpmvHk;rsm;

Ä binary digit rsm; jzpfMuonfh 0 ESifh 1 rsm;

Ä morse code wGif toHk;jyKonfh singal twGJ tjynfhtpHk

Ä ASCII character 128 vHk;wdkY yg0ifMuonf/

a,bk,stm;jzifh character set wpfckonf pmvHk;rsm;?

*Pef;rsm; punctuation mark rsm;ESifh uGefysLwm odkYr[kwf

peripheral rsm;u rSwfrdtoHk;jyKEkdifonfh oauFwrsm;ukd

&nfñTef;onf/ Set wpfcktwGif;rS character toD;oD;udk

single byte jzifh ukd,fpm;jyKEdkifonfh numeric code wpfckodkY

0 rS 225 txd code vkyfxm;aom character rSm trsm;qHk;

256 vHk;txd &SdcGifhjyKonf/

toHk;trsm;qHk; coding pepfrSm American Standard

Code for Information Interchange odkYr[kwf ASCII jzpf

onf/ ]]Standard}} [kac:onfh ASCII onf byte wpfckpD\

yxr 7 bit ukdom toHk;jyKonf/ 0 rS 127 txd character

128 vHk;ygaom range udk owfrSwfjy|mef;onf/ IBM PC

ESifh Mecintosh architercture ESpfckpvHk;wGif standard

r[kwfaom tydk character 128 vHk;udk 128 rS 255 txd

extended ASCII character set wpfcktjzpf owfrSwf

jy|mef;xm;onf/ rnfokdYqkdapumrl map vkyfxm;onfh

character tppfrsm;onf platfrom ESpfcktMum; (IBM ESifh

Macintosh tMum;) twkdif;twm BuD;BuD;rm;rm; uGJjym;

jcm;em;rI &Sdonf/

yHkpHcsif;wlaomfvnf; qufET,frIr&Sdonfh coding pepf

wpf&yfrSm EBCDLC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code) jzpfonf/ tufbfqD;'pf[k toHxGuf

onf/ EBCDLC onf ppfrSefonfh 8 bit coding pepfwpfck

jzpfNyD; tajccHtm;jzifh IBM rdef;z&drf uGefysLwmrsm;ESifh

,if;wkdYESifhqufoG,fonfh ud&d,mrsm;Mum;wGif awGU&Sd&onf/

,if;wkdYESifhqufoG,fonfh oabmw&m;wpf&yfrSm

symbol set jzpfonf/ ,if;udk owfowfrSwfrSwf toHk;csrI

wpf&yfjzpfatmif yHkoGif;Ekdifonfh uGefysLwm\ tajccH

character set tajymif;tvJwpf&yftjzpf ½IjrifEkdifonf/

toHk;trsm;qHk;erlem wpf&yftaejzihf (t*Fvdyf r[kwfonhf)

EkdifiHjcm;bmompum; oauFw set wpfckukd Oyrm Munhf½I

Ekdifonf/ ,if; symbol set wGif set \ punctuation

rsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; pufukdtoHk;jyKrnfh

EkdifiHESifh oifhawmfatmif aiGaMu;oauFw? av,lavodrf;

ygonfho&rsm; ponfwkdYukdvnf; tpm;xkd; xnfhoGif;xm;

onf/ Symbol set rsm;udk Internation Standards Organi-

zation u owfrSwfjy|mef;NyD; ISO–57 uJhodkY standard

designtional rsm; yl;wGJowfrSwfay;xm;wwfonf/ uGefysL

wmtoHk;csrIrSm urÇm&yf&yfwGif wkd;wuf rsm;jym;vmjcif;

aMumifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onfh symbol rsm; aemufxyfzefwD;zkdY

vkdtyfvmaponf/ odkYjzifh xHk;xrf;pOfvmt& 8 bit coding

pepfrsm; jynfhpHkvHkavmufrI r&Sdawmhay/ vuf&SdtcsdefwGif

symbol set tajymif;tvJrsm;pGmudk vkyfaqmifvsuf&Sdonf/

ASCII Character Set

102

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtbd"mef

change directory. DOS wGif rdrd\ zkdifrsm;ukd pkpnf;&ef

disk wpfckay:wGif directory rsm;udk zefwD;Ekdifonf/

ay;xm;onfh directory rsm; (rdwåLul;yg? azsmufzsufyg?

zkdifukda&TUyg ponf) xJwGif&Sdonfh zkdifwpfckESifh tvkyf vkyf

vkdonhftcgwGifrl trdefY (command) ukd oHk;NyD; ,if;

directory odkY ajymif;vJ&onf/

cd \ directory

md \ directory

rd \ directory

þae&mwGif cd \ onf change directory odkY com-

mand ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ Diretcory qkdonfrSm rdrdajymif;a&TU

aqmif&Guf vdkonfh directory jzpfonf/

md \ directory onf make directory, rd \ directory

onf remove directory twGuf command rsm; jzpfMu

onf/ Directory wpfckudk z,f&Sm;jcif; rjyKrD? twGif;&Sd

memory directory zkdifrsm; memeory sub-directory rsm;udk

t&ifqHk; &Sif;vif;ypf&onf/

change drive. IBM ESifhwGJpyf toHk;jyKEkdifaom uGefysLwm

rsm;wGif disk drvie wpfck odkYr[kwf wpfckxufykdí yg&Sd

Muonf/ Drive wpfckpDonf disk wpfckrS owif; tcsuf

tvufrsm;udk zwf½IEkdifonf/ odkYjzpfí rdrd\uGefysLwmrS

owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;udk tqifhqifh toHk;csEkdifNyD; ,if;

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh tvkyfvkyfí&vmonf/ Disk

wpfckay:rS y½dk*&rfwpfckjzifh tvkyfrvkyfrD odkYr[kwf disk

ay:&Sd zkdifwpfckudk rzGihfrD dirve udk disk &Sdonfhae&mudk t&if

a&TUajymif;ay;&onf/ (txufwGif azmfjycJhovdkyif directory

rsm;udkvnf; ajymif;vJxm;Ekdifonf/) DOS wGif atmufwGif

azmfjyxm;onfh command udk ½dkufESdyfNyD; Ender udk ½dkufESdyf

jcif;jzifh drive rsm;udk ajymif;vJEkdifonf/

d:

þae&mwGif d onf drive twGuf pmvHk;jzpfonf/

,if;aemufrS ]] : }} ukd xnfhay;&onf/ A pmvHk;onf yxr

floppy disk drive udk udk,fpm;jyKonf/ (oif\ uGefysLwm

wGif floppy drive ESpfck &Sdygu) B onf 'kwd, floppy

hard drive udk ukd,fpm;jyKonf/ C onf yxr hard drive

udk ukd,fpm;jyKonf/ D, E, F ponfjzifh tykd drives rsm;

twGuf toHk;jyKEkdifonf/ (path udk Munfhyg/)

chart recorder . rSwfwrf;wifud&d,mwpfckjzpfonf/

atmufbuf&Sd pm&Gufwpf&Gufu vm;&mwpfzuftwkdif;

a&GUvsm;aepOf rifwHwpfacsmif;u b,fnma&GUvsm;jcif;jzifh

*&yfyHkrsm; a&;qGJonf/ Plotter ESifh EIdif;,SOfMunfhyg/

chassis. uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\owåKz&defabmifukd ac:onf/

Chassis owåKtcGHxJwGif motherboard, power supply

unit, disk driver tp&SdonfwkdYukd csdwfquf xnfhoGif;

xm;&Sdonf/

chat. tifwmeufay:wGif

tjcm;aomolrsm;ESifh message

udk avmavmvwfvwf tjyef

tvSefay;ydkY vufcHqufoG,f

jcif; jzpfonf/ xkdvkyfaqmif

csuf &&S d&eftwGuf txl;

aqmhzf0JwpfrsKd; vdktyfonf/

check box. y½dk*&rfrsm;pGmwGif message rsm;udk azmfjyNyD;

tydkowif;tcsuftvufrsm; xyfjznfhay;&ef rdrdtm;

awmif;cHonfh dialog box rsm;udk MuHKawGYzl;vdrhfrnf/ Dialog

box wGif check box option rsm; okdYr[kwf radiobutton

option rsm; okdYr[kwf ,if; option ESpfrsKd;vHk; yg0ifaeEkdif

Muonf/ Radio-button option jzifhqkdygu tkyfpkwpfckxJrS

option wpfckudkom a&G;cs,fEkdifonf/ tjcm; option wpfckukd

a&G;cs,fvdkufonfhtcgwGif vuf&Sda&G;cs,fxm;onfh option

rSm ab;z,fNyD;om; jzpfoGm;onf/ Check box option rsm;

jzifh tqkdygtkyfpkxJrS option rsm;ukd wpfckxufykdí a&G;cs,f

Ekdifonf/ Option wpfckudk a&G;cs,fvkdufonfhtcgbox xJwGif

X odkYr[kwf ppfaq;rItrSwftom;wpfck ay:vmonf/ ,if;

tcsufu option zGifhxm;aMumif; ‘ñTefjyonf/ Option udk

ydwf&ef option udk jyefNyD; a&G;cs,f&onf/

check digit. udef;*Pef;wpfck\ rl&if; digit rsm;rSaeí

wGufcsufxm;onfh tykd digit wpfckjzpfNyD; ,if;udef;*Pef;\

aemuf qHk;ae&mwGif xm;&Sdonf/ vufjzifhjzpfap? vQyfppfBudK;

jzifhjzpfap tcsuftvufrsm; vTJajymif;ay;aepOfwGif tajymif;

tvJrsm; vHk;0rjzpfay:aMumif; twnfjyK&ef toHk;jyKonf/

,if; digit onf BudKwifqHk;jzwfx;onfh udef;*Pef;wpfck

jzifh pm;xm;í &&Sdaom digit uJhokdY ½dk;½kkd;wGufcsufí&&Sdaom

&v'fwpfckvnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ xkdYaemuf rl&if; udef;*Pef;\

aemufqHk;ü xm;&Sd&rnfh digit udk wGufcsuf&ef t<uif; rSeforQ

udk toHk;jyKonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh pm;udef; 7 udk toHk;jyKNyD;

azazmf0g&D? 2008

103

uGefysLwmtbd"mef

63360 twGuf check digit udk &Smrnfqkdygu

63360

7

rSaeí t<uif; 3 &&Sdonf/ okdYjzifh 3 ausmfonfhudef;wpfckckudk

7 jzifh pm;í jywfonf[k ñTefjyEkdif&ef tqHk;wGif tydk digit

4 udk xnfhvkdufonfhtcg 7 jzifh pm;rnfqkdygu t<uif;

r&Sdawmhay/ odkYjzpfí 63360 udk 633604 tjzpf code

vkyfvkdufonf/ 4 onf check digit jzpfonf/ ppfaq;NyD;

onfhaemufwGif þudef;*Pef;ukd twGuftcsufwpfcktwGuf

toHk;jyKrnfqkdygu 4 ukd jzKwfypf&rnf/ okdYaomfvnf; tpdwf

tydkif;wpfck odkYr[kwf oP²mefwltñTef;udef;jzpfaeygu

xkd 4 udk xnfhxm;Ekdifonf/ Code vkyfxm;onfh *Pef;wkdif;

onf (rSefuefonfh*Pef; a&;oGif;xm;ygu) pm;udef;jzifh

pm;ygu t<uif;r&Sd jywf&rnf/ qnDudef;jyKxm;onfh check

digit (weighted check digit) uJhokdY ydkrdk½IyfaxG;onfh twGuf

tcsufrsm;udkvnf; toHk;jyKEkdifonf/ þae&mwGif udef;

*Pef;ukd aygif;jcif;? pm;jcif;? code vkyfjcif;rjyKrD rnfuJhodkY

ajr§muf&rnfudk udef;*Pef;twGif;&Sd digit toD;oD;\ tae

txm;u qHk;jzwfonf/ odkYjzifh udef;*Pef;trSm;rsm; xnfh

oGif;rdrnfh tEÅ&m,fudk aemufxyf avsmhenf;oGm;aponf/

(weighted check digit wGif Munfhyg/)

check sum.

trSm;&SmazGonfh enf;vrf;wpf&yfjzpfonf/

Modem qufoG,fa&;wGif &Hzef&Hcg toHk;jyKonf/ ,if;enf;

vrf;t& ay;ydkYonfhtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh vufcH&&Sdonfh

tcsuftvufrsm;udk EIdif;,SOfNyD; tcsuftvufrsm; zvS,f&m

wGif ysufpD; xdcdkufrI &Sd r&Sd qHk;jzwfonf/ tcsuftvuf

ay;ydkYonfh uGefysLwmonf tcsuftvuf,lepfwpfckxJrS bit

ta&twGufukd aygif;ay;NyD; pkpkaygif;ta&twGufukd check

sum wpfckxJwGif odrf;qnf;ay;onf/ Check sum qkdonf

rSm tcsuftvufrsm;\ tydk ]]pum;vHk;}} wpfck jzpfonf/

vufcHonfh uGefysLwmwGif tcsuftvuf,lepfxJrS bit

ta&twGufudk aygif;NyD; pkpkaygif;ta&twGufukd check

sum ESifh wkdufqkdifppfaq;onf/ pkpkaygif;ta&twGuf trSef

ESifh check sum ta&twGuf udkufnDjcif;r&SdyguvufcHonfh

uGefysLwmu ay;ydkYonfh uGefysLwmtm; tcsuftvufrsm;

aemufwpfMudrf xyfydkY&ef awmif;qkdonf/ (parity bit ESifh

stop bit udk Munfhyg/)

child. Disk wpfckay:rS sub-directory wpfcktm; &nfnTef;

&mwGif oHk;avhoHk;x&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif root directory

udk parent directory [k ac:NyD; sub-directory udk child

[k ac:Muonf/

child window. t"du main window twGif;wGif azmfjy

aom window ti,fav;udk ac:onf/ Oyrm font udk

ajymif;vJ&mwGif odkYr[kwf spelling check jyKvkyf&mwGif

a&G;cs,fEkdifaom option rsm;udk child window jzifh azmfjy

Ekdifonf/

chip. pkaygif;"mwfpD;ywfvrf;udk ac:qkdonfh emrnfwpfck

jzpfonf/ Chip udk qDvDuGefyHkaqmifcJ odkYr[kwf tjcm;ypönf;

rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;onf/ wlnDaomvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef

tDvufx&Gefepf tpdwftydkif;rsm; (x&efppöwm? &Dppöwm

ponf) ukd &mvdkuf?axmifvdkuf? oef;vkduf yHkpHjyK xkwfvkyf

xm;onfhypönf; jzpfonf/ ]BuD;rm;onfh} chip wpfckonf

rdrdwdkY\ vufonf;tcGHt&G,f &SdEkdifonf/ Chip rsm;onf

tvGefao;i,fNyD; tvGef tpGrf;aumif;aomaMumifh ,cktcsdef

wGif uGefysLwm

xkwfvkyfolrsm;

onf pm;yJGwpfvHk;

ay: wifxm;Ekdif

aom odk Yr[kwf

vufqJG om;a&

tdwfwpfvH k ;xJ

xnfhoGif;xm;Ekdif

aom pGrf;yum;

a u m i f ; o n f h

uGefysLwmrsm;ukd

xkwfvkyfEkdifMuNyD

jzpfygonf/

chooser. (1) Mac \ vkyfaqmifrIpepf (System) jzifh

Apple Computer u jznfhqnf;ay;onfh Macintosh

desktop accessory (DA) wpfck jzpfonf/ Chooser onf

printer jzifh qufoG,fa&;udk xdef;csKyfonfh y½kd*&rfrsm;

jzpfonfh printer driver rsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfonf/ Chooser

onf System floder xJwGif wyfqifxm;onfh printer

drive rsm;\ icon rsm;udk azmfjyonf/

DOS application ESifh Macintosh vkyfaqmifrIpepf

tMum; t"dujcm;em;rIrSm Macintosh u Mac applica-

tion wkdif;ESifh tvkyfvkyfonfh printer driver rsm;udk jznfh

104

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmtbd"mef

qnf;ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ Mac \ OD;aqmifrIaemufydkif;wGif

Microsoft Window onf ,if;\ graphical user inter-

face (GUI) \ tm;omrIudk &,ltoHk;jyK&ef 'DZkdif;xkwfxm;

onfh y½dk*&rftm;vHk;twGuf printer driver rsm;udk jznfh

qnf;ay;onf/

(2) Network device rsm;udk toHk;jyK&mwGif odkYr[kwf

Apple Talk uGef&ufay:wGif qufoG,f&mwGif ,if;uGef&uf

tquftoG,frsm;udk set up vkyf&mwGifvnf; chooser udk

toHk;jyKonf/

circular reference. pm&if;Z,m; y½dk*&rfwpfckwGif

tuGuf A1, A2, ESifh A3 \ pkpkaygif;wefzkd;udk tuGuf A4

xJwGif ½dkufESdyf&vdrfhrnf/ wGufcsuf&mwGif yHkaoenf;onf

,if;\udk,fydkif cell address udk toHk;jyKygu ,if;wGif

circular reference wpfck yg0ifaeonf/

Oyrm tuGuf A4 xJwGif A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 [k

½dkufESdyfvdkufygu circular reference wpfckudk zefwD;NyD;om;

jzpfoGm;onf/ pm&if;Z,m;y½dk*&rfu &v'fudk wGufcsufonfh

tcgwGif trSm;wpf&yf ñTefjyvmvdrfhrnf/

tcsKdUpm&if;Z,m; y½dk*&rfrsm;wGif circular reference

udk BudKwif&nf&G,fcsufjzifh toHk;jyKwwfMuonf/ Oyrm

tBudrfukdvdkufí wdk;yGm;vmrnfh wkd;yGm;rIudk qHk;jzwfonfh

tcgrsKd;wGif yHkaoenf;u wGufcsufay;apvdkonfh tBudrf

ta&twGufudk owfrSwfay;&onf/ xkduJhodkY owfrSwfray;

ygu pm&if;Z,m; y½dk*&rfonf yHkaoenf;udk wpfoufvHk;

qufwGufay;aevdrhfrnf/

CISC. Complex Instruction Set Computer udk Munfhyg/

circuit board. yvwfpwpf odkYr[kwf zkdifbmuwfjym;

wpfcsyf jzpfonf/ ,if;tay:wGif tDvufx&Gef;epf tpdwf

tydkif;rsm; qufoG,fwyfqifxm;onf/ Circuit board onf

tDvufx&Gefepfypönf;rsm;ukd pkaygif;xm;onfh ,lepfwpfck

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jcm; uGJxGufaooyfwJhtzGJY factions

oHk;ckygw,f/ Hierarchy walkers vdkY

ac:wJh ,lepfawGudk xdef;csKyf&wmyJ

jzpfjzpf? jzdKcGJypfcs&wmyJjzpfjzpf aysmf&Tif

p&maumif;w,f/ vltrsm; ,SOfjydKif

upm;&wJh online mode u azmufcGJ

auseyfzG,faumif;w,fqdk;w,f tcsuf

awGu ppfajrjyifudk jrif&zdkY uifr&mudk

aemufodkY qGJ,lvdkYr&bl;/ txdef;yHkpH

nHhzsif;w,f/ Direct X 10 vkyfaqmif

rIu qdk;qkd;0g;0g;udk nHhzsif;ygw,f/

Universe at War:Earth Assault

[m 'DESpf&JU Rise of Nations: Rise of

legends vdkY ajymEkdifw,f/ tjcm; wpf

enf;vSnfhajym&&if a&S;a[mif;yHkpHus

RTS *drf;udk r,HkEkdifavmufzG,f xl;jcm;

tqifuGJxGufwJh tzGJYoHk;zGJY jcH&Hxnfh

oGif;ay;xm;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ Alien

races rsKd;jcm; j*dK[fom;tzGJY oHk;zGJYMuD;

rsm;awmif xnfhxm;&mrSmESpfrsKd;uawmh

t&ifb,f RTS *drf;rSmrS rMuHKzl;cJhovdk

rsKd; cHpm;&apr,f/

'Dj*dK[fom; usL;ausmfrI yHkjyifZmwf

vrf;rSm vlom;rsKd;EG,f&JU taetxm;

u aemufwef;odkY a&mufapcJhw,f/

Hierarchy vdkYac:wJh pdwfoabmxm;

qdk;npfaom alien race [m urÇmajrodkY

usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmjyD;aemuf aexkdif

olawGeJY ydkifqkdif&mawGtm;vHk;udk ukef

Murf;ypönf;awGodkY ajymif;ypfzdkY&m MuH

pnftm;xkwfaew,f/ arQmfvifhcsuf

tm;vHk; aysmufqHk;&awmhrvdkygyJ/ 'D

aemufrSmyJ Novus vdkYac:wJh tm½HkcHpm;

odpdwf&Sdaom pufrsm; a&muf&SdvmjyD;

Hierarchy awGeJY wkdufyGJqifETJw,f/

olwdkY&JU wkdufckdufrIu urÇmajrxJ ykef;

atmif;aewJh ESpfy&dapä' MumjrifhvSjyDjzpf

aom Masari rsKd;EG,fpkudk Edk;xapcJh

w,f/ 'Dawmh . . . 'Dawmh . . . urÇm

ajr&JU rsufESmjyif[m *vufZDrsKd;EG,fpk

rsm;Mum; r[mppfyGJMuD;awG&JU aemufcH

ppfajrjyifMuD; jzpfvmawmhwmaygh/

Factions oHk;ckMum; uGmjcm;csuf

awGu euf½dIif;ygw,f/ Novus awGu

ajryHk wpfckvHk; jzefYMuufxm;wJh uGef&uf

pHkyGdKifh network node awG wnfaqmuf

Ekdifw,f/ rsufpdwpfrSdwftwGif;rSm tif

tm;pkudk vsifjrefpGm ydkYaqmif a&TUajymif;

Ek difw,f/ Hierarchy awGusawmh

obm0w&m;&JU tzsufpGrf;tm;awGvdk

yJ/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqdkawmh olwdkY&JU &dwf

odrf; pkaqmif;puf harvesters awGu

ajryHkay:u ukefMurf;awG w&Murf; 0g;

rsKdEkdifjyD; olwdkY&JU av;wGJMuD;rm;wJh vrf;

avQmuf walker war machines awG[m

ukef;ay:u zsufoabFmMuD;awGvdkyJ/

aemufwpfrsKd; Masari usawmh 'DoHk;

rsKd;xJrSm orm;½dk;ustqefqHk; tiftm;

MuD; tajcpdkufpcef;eJY umuG,fa&; de-

fenses awG wnfaqmufrItay: tajc

jyKvdkYygyJ/ 'gayr,fh *drf;twGif; pGrf;

tm;tMuD;qHk;eJY aps;tMuD;qHk;,lepfawG

&Sdwmu Masari / jyD;awmh olwdkYu

modes yHkpHESpfrsKd; tvif;eJYtarSmif light

eJY dark tMum; ajymif;vJEkdifpGrf;&Sdw,f/

tom;us usifhom;& oGm;wJhtcg

faction wpfckqDu oifhudk aysmfarGY

zG,f&mawG rsm;pGm ay;qyfvdrfhr,f/

(REVIEW)

azazmf0g&D? 2008

115

Oyrmtm;jzifh oifu Hierarchy jzpf&if

oifh&JU &efolawGudk walkers awGoHk;jyD;

acsrIef;&wm &TifjrL;p&maumif;vSw,f/

'gayr,fh oifu Masari bufu

upm;wmqdk&if xdkwlnDaom walkers

rsm;yJ oifh&JU tvTmvkduf tqifhqifh&SdwJh

umuG,fa&;vkdif;twGif; aoG;½l;aoG;

wrf; ajy;ukefwmudkMunfh&wm t&om

&SdvSygw,f/

Universe at War &JU Zmwfvrf;

*drf;tykdif; single-player campaign

[m yxrawmh RTS trsm;pk&JU orm;

½dk;us ZmwfnTef;cs scripted cam-

paigns twkdif;yJoGm;w,f/ oif[m

Novus taeeJY pwifjyD; *drf;&JU ppfeJY

opömazmufrI ZmwfaMumif; yGifhusvmwJh

tcg Hierarchy bufodkY a&TUajymif;&

w,f/ wwd,tykdif; t&Sdef&vmjyD;

aemufrSmawmh Masari udk udkif&wJhtcg

ajymif;vJrIawG &Sdvmw,f/ ZmwfaMumif;

jyef scripted storyline r[kwfawmhbJ

MuD;rm;wJh ajryHkay: r[mAsL[m qifETJ

csrSwf&wJh global strategic meta

game jzpfvmw,f/ ,cif ajryHktay:

tefpmwHk;acguf upm;&wJh Risk *drf;

tMuD;pm;rsKd; jzpfvmw,f/ aemuf

wpfcsDrSm b,fe,fajrudk usL;ausmf&

r,fvdkY qHk;jzwfjyD;wJhtcgrS real time

taotaus wkdufyGJ qifETJ&ygw,f/

txl;wvnf euf½dIif;vSaom AsL[m

tvTmawmh r[kwfbl;/ 'gayr,fh azmfjrL

vmudk twefi,f vIyfcgxm;w,f/

ppfqifa&;jyD;wJhtcg global meta

game twGif; oifhudk enf;trsKd;rsKd;

upm;cGifhay;wJh Zmwfvrf;pOf scena-

rios trsKd;rsKd;&Sdvmw,f/ 'grSr[kwf

oif[m system eJY qefYusifjyD; yHkrSef

skirmish mode xJ ckef0ifEkdifygw,f/

*drf;u multiplayer e,fajrtwGif;

vnf; awmufyw,f/ vlom;jydKifbuf

awG[m faction wpfckcsif;pD&JU tusKd;

tjrwfawGudk tpGrf;ukef n§pfxkwf

toHk;csEkdifw,f/ oif*½kwpdkuf trI

rxm;&if single-player *drf;twGif;

ÓPf&nfwk AI u oifhudk tvJxdk;

tEkdif,loGm;Ekdifw,f/ 'gayr,fh trsm;

tm;jzifhawmh tactics trsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJ

upm;Ekdifwmu vlom;yJ &Sdygw,f/

txl;ojzifh tckvdkyHkpHuGJjym; resource,

tactics trsKd;rsKd;ay;xm;wJh *drf;rsKd;rSm

aygh/

tckajymaewJ h multi-player

modes qdkwm LAN eJYwifrubJ

tifwmeuf tGefvkdif;ay: csdwfxm;wJh

online mode udk ajymwm/ arQmfvifh

xm;ovdkyJ oifh&JU &rSwftqifh rank

udk rjywf xdef;odrf;EdIif;,SOfwJh stand-

ard ranked a&m rrSwfwJh unranked

skirmish modes awG yg&Sdw,f/ *drf;&JU

&nfrSef;csufMuD;rm;vSwJh conquer-

the-world mode u aooyfusejyD;

(REVIEW)

116

uGefysLwm*sme,f

oifhtaeeJY urÇmMuD;wpfckvHk; atmifEkdif

zdkY&m vrf;zGifhay;xm;w,f/ Multi-

player xJu wpfa,mufa,mufeJY

wkdufyGJqifETJjyD; j*dK[furÇmay:u e,fajr

wpfckcsif;qD atmifEkdif odrf;ydkufzdkY&m

MudK;pm;Ekdifw,f/ oifEkdif&if *drf;twGif;

xdk e,fajrudk odrf;ydkuf xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdif

w,f/ 'Dupm;uGif;rSm 0ifygzdkYuawmh

Games for Windows Live Gold

member 0ifjzpfzdkY vdkygvdrfhr,f/ (Xbox

360 ykdifjyD; Xbox Live Gold account

&Sd&ifvnf;&w,f/)

*drf;udk load vkyfpOf pyD;bwf&JU

War of the Worlds ½kyf&SifeJY rSm;avmuf

p&m at;puf aoG;ysufzG,f ½kyf&Sif cin-

ematics scene eJY jyow,f/ vlom;

ajcvsif ppfom;awGu toem; tn§m

wmuif;rJhaom? &yfwefYr&Ekdifaom al-

ien war machies awG&JU okwfoifjcif;

cHae&wmawG jyow,f/ uHraumif;pGm

jzifh umwGef;qefaom pum;ajymawG

aMumifh scene jrifuGif;&JU tone tqifh

udk vsifjrefpGm tm;aysmhoGm;apw,f/

aq;jyif;vdyfcJxm;wJh vlom;Zmwfvkduf

uawmh a,musfm;yDoygayw,f/ No-

vus &JU tm½HkcHpm; odjrifEkdifaom puf

,EÅ&m;awG[m Star Trek: The Next

Generation [m Data vdk cspfpzG,f

aumif;w,f/ Hierarchy acgif;aqmif

awGu qdk;npfwJh[ef&SdjyD; Masari awG

u udef;pOfMuD;aom jrifhjrwfolawG&JU

[ef &Sdw,f/ 'gav;awGu jidwG,f pGJjid

p&mav;awGay;wJh personality av;

awGyJaygh/ aw;*Dwvnf; tvm;wlyg

yJ/ t&yfom;awG aMumufvefYwMum;

xGufajy;MuyHk sound effects awG

vnf; aooyfusepGmygao;&JU/

Universe at War rSm 'ku©ay;wJh

udpöawGvnf; &Sdw,f/ owdjyKrdp&m

taumif;qHk;uawmh jrifuGif;csKHUcsJU

zoom level yJ/ r&SdoavmufbJvdkYawmif

ajymvdkY&w,f/ Screen tay: oifh

rsufESmudk vufr tenf;i,ftuGmu

pD;rdk; upm;&wJh yHkpHrsKd; xifjrif rSef;q

Munfhvkdufyg/ avmavmq,frSmawmh

Universe at War udk cHpm;&wm xdkyHkpH

rsKd;ygyJ/ Hierarchy walker wpfaumif

wnf;eJY screen wpf0ufpmavmuf

jynfhaewmrsKd;u pdwf½Iyfp&m aumif;vS

w,f/ ppfajrjyif tuGuftuGif;udk jrif

&zdkY&m tqifrajyygbl;/

xl;jcm;wJh rsKd;EG,fpk races awGu

vGJjyD; universe at war u 'D RTS

genre twGif; bmtopftqef; wpfck

rS rdwfquf xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; r&Sdbl;/

Command & Conquer pwkdif tvGef

orm;½dk;usqefaom RTS *drf;rsKd;ygyJ/

*drf;azmfxkwfol Petroglyph u rlv

C & C rS 0g&ifhynm&SifawGeJY zGJYpnf;xm;

wmjzpfvdkY odyftHhMop&mawmh r&Sdbl;/

em;rvnfp&maumif;wmu 'Dvd k

vlrsKd;awGvufu xGufvmwJh*drf;[m

qef;opf xl;jcm;rIawG aysmufqHk;ysuf

uGufaewmygyJ/ uifr&mudk ta0;MuD;

odkY qkwf,ljyD; ppfajrjyifudk us,fjyefYpGm

MunfhEkdifpGrf;vdk concept topf rsKd;awG

aygh/ 'gaMumifh Universe at War rSm

MudKufESpfoufp&mawGygovdk rMudKuf

csifp&mawGvnf;ygygw,f/

(REVIEW)

azazmf0g&D? 2008

117

Unreal Tournament III qdkwm

tjcm;t&mawmh r[kwfyg/ olY&JU xkwf

ukef rsKd;EG,fquffranchise udk opöm

&SdpGm rajymif;rvJ qufí azmfaqmif

xm;aomt&mrQomyJ/ ,aeY aemufqHk;

xkwf b,f FPS eJYrqdk ,SOfEkdifwJh jyif;

xefMurf;wrf;rI? aoG;pufpuf,dk ble-

eding-edge aemufqHk;ay:*&yfzpf? wef

eJYcsD yg0ifaom gameplay mode, jref

qef oGufvufvGef;aom online tjyif

off-line twGuf tMurf;wrf;qHk;aom

AI bots rsm;/

'gayr,fh UT3 udk &uf tenf;

i,f upm;jyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh ar;cGef;

wpfcku wpmpm vkyfvmvdrfhr,f/ odyf

trsm;MuD; ckefysH ajymif;vJoGm;wm

r[kwfbJeJYrsm; 'D*drf;udk jyKvkyfzd k Y

bmaMumifhoHk;ESpfcGJMuD;rsm;awmif tcsdef

,lcJh&wmvJ/ ajryHktopfawG? *&yfzpf

ykdif; tptqHk; rGrf;rH tqifhjr§ifhrIawGu

vGJjyD; q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; taumif;

qHk;aom multiplayer games rsm;xJu

wpfckjzpfwJh Unreal Tournament 2004

&JU aemufrSm UT3 u tajymif;tvJrS

r&Sdwm/ wpfckawmh aumif;ygw,f/

,cif &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifjyD; ESpfjcdKuf pGJjid

p&m em;vnf&vG,fwJh gameplay

modes awG qufvufyg&SdqJjzpfr,fqdk

wmawmh ,HkMunfpdwfcsxm;Ekdifwmaygh/

Unreal Tournament III u

wu,fawmh 'DpD;&D;twGif; pwkw¬

ajrmuf*drf;yg/ 'III' qdkwm UT *drf;&JU

wwd, rsKd;qufqdkwmudk OD;nTwf &nf

nTef;xm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/ (UT 2003

eJY UT 2004 ESpfckpvHk;u 'kwd,rsKd;quf

Unreal engines titles awG jzpfyg

w,f/) UT *drf;pD;&D;qdkwm single-

player action ykdif;udk eufeufeJeJ b,f

wkH;urS tav;ay;cJhwm r[kwfbl;/

rygbl;vdkYawmh r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayr,fh

UT &JU *kPf&Sdefudk multi player online

gameplay eJYyJ wnfaqmufcJhwm jzpfyg

w,f/

xdwfxdwfMuJ FPS awGxJrSm

Doom pD;&D;u single-player story

bufudk tav;ay;w,f/ Quake u

yl;wHkcGmwHk/ Single-player tav;ay;rI

wpfvSnfh/ Multi-player wpfvSnfh/

aemufqHk; Doom 3 &JU tif*sif,loHk;

xm;wJh Enemy Territory: Quake

Wars uawmh multiplayer buf jyef

vSnfhvmw,f/ uGefysLwm yDpD *drf;

avmurSm 3D graphics eJY multi-

player awGudk vHIYaqmfwGef;tm;ay;cJh

wmuawmh xdk FPS rsm;yJ jzpfygw,f/

(REVIEW)

118

uGefysLwm*sme,f

Online multiplayer gameplay

mode rSm

- Death match / Team Death match

- Capture the flag (CTF)

- Warfare qdkwJh trsKd;tpm;awG &Sd

w,f/

Doom *drf;udk John Carmack eJY

wGJzufazmfxkwfcJhwJh John Romero [m

FPS deathmatch arG;zGm;vmyHkeJY ywf

oufvdkY atmufygtwkdif; rSwfcsuf cscJh

zl;w,f/

]]raumif;qkd;0g; monsters awG

ypfcwf&wm taotcsmudk

aysmf&TifzG,f aumif;ygw,f/

'gayr,fh tqHk;pGefrSmawmh olwdkYu

uGefysLwmeJY xdef;csKyfwJh pdwf0dnmOf

uif;rJhaom owå0gawGrQomyg/

tckqdk&if *drfrmawGu

vlom;tcsif;csif; xdyfwkduf

&ifqkdifypfcwfEkdifjyD; pOf;pm;wwfwJh?

enf;AsL[mcswwfwJh? atmfwwfwJh

jydKifbufawG? uRefawmfwdkYawG

wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf

ypfcwf,SOfjydKifEkdifjyD/ 'gudk

uRefawmfwdkYvkyfjyD;oGm;&ifawmh

orkdif;wpfavQmufvHk; jrifzl;cJhorQ

j*dK[furÇmay:u

aomufusKd;enf;aumif;wJh*drf;

jzpfvmvdrfhr,f/}}

Doom twGuf LAN multi-

player mode azmfaqmifpOf umv

twGif; ajymcJhwmyg/ uGefysLwm bot

wpfa,mufu owfvdkYao&wmxuf

rcHcsifatmif jyHK;jzJjzJMunfhaewJh vlom;

jydKifbuf&JU vufcsufaMumifh ukd,fh*drf;

Zmwfaumifao&wmu ydkjyD; pdwfvIyf

&Sm; cHpm;p&maumif;w,f r[kwfvm;/

'DvdkeJY Quake eJY Unreal Tournament

pD;&D;awG&JU multiplayer mode awG

acwftqufquf tqifhjr§ifh jzwfoef;

csDwufvmMuwm online (LAN r[kwf?

wpfurÇmvHk; jzefYMuufwJh tifwmeuf

tGefvkdif;) ay: a&mufvmwJhtxdygyJ/

Deathmatch qdkwm a0g[m&

taeeJY pdrf;aumif;pdrf;r,f/ Gameplay

t&awmh &Sif;w,f/ Map vdkYac:wJh *drf;

0ef;usifurÇmtwGif; upm;olawG

spawn xGufvmw,f/ ajryHktESHY vuf

eufcJ,rf; power ups awG vkdufvH

pkaqmif;&if; tjcm;upm;ol jydKifbuf

awG Mudrfa&rsm;EkdiforQ rsm;rsm; ypf

cwfowfjzwf&w,f/ frags vkyfw,f

vdkY ac:w,f/ ta&twGuf frag limit

wpfck a&mufoGm;wJhtcg? 'grSr[kwf

tcsdeftwkdif;twm time limit wpfck

a&mufoGm;wJhtcg jydKifyGJjyD;qHk;w,f/

Frags trsm;qHk;&wJholu tEkdif&ol jzpf

ygw,f/ udk,f frag vkyfcH&wJhtcg dis-

play u arSmifusroGm;bl;/ tjrJtm;

jzifhawmh upm;olawGu csufcsif; re-

spawn vkyf jyefí pwifupm;Ekdifyg

w,f/ *drf;tvkduf uGmjcm;rItenf;eJY

trsm;awmh &S dEk difw,f/ 'gayr,fh

wu,fpupm;jzpfwJhtcg bmvkyf&r,f

qdkwm odjrifem;vnf& tvGefvG,fyg

w,f/

Team deathmatch rSmawmh upm;

olawGudk ESpfzGJY 'grSr[kwf ESpfzGJYxuf

ykdwJh tzGJYawG zGJYay;xm;w,f/ tzGJY

wpfckqDrSm ukd,fykdif frag count &Sdr,f/

tcsif;csif; ypfrdwmawGu *drf;tvkduf?

pnf;rsOf;tvkduf damage jzpfapwm

(REVIEW)

azazmf0g&D? 2008

119

vnf; &Sdr,f/ rjzpfapwmvnf;&Sdr,f/

tjrifhqHk; frag-count &wJhtzGJYu tEdkif

&ygw,f/

Capture the Flag (CTF) rSmawmh

tzGJYwpfzGJYqDrSm tvH flag wpfckpD&Sdr,f/

jydKifbuf&JU tajcpkdufpcef;u tvHudk

xkd;azmuf0ifa&muf&,ljyD; ukd,fhpcef;qD

jyefo,fvmjyD;wJhtcg tEkdif&w,f/

Deathmatch eJYpm&if CTF Zmwfvrf;

cGifrSm ydkí jrefjrefoGm;vmp&m trans-

portation tool wpfrsKd;rsKd; xnfhxm;

ay;wwfygw,f/

UT3 &JU Warfare mode rSm

atmifEkdifoltjzpf aMunmEkdifzdkY zsufqD;

ypfzdkY&mvdkaom power core ygwJh base

wpfck toif;wpfckpDrSm&Sdw,f/ Power

core [m ajryHktwGif; ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;

u tjcm; nodes awGeJY link csdwfxm;

w,f/ jydKifbuftoif;eJY a&SUwdk; aemuf

qkwf tm;jydKif&if; node awG odrf;ydkuf

xdef;csKyfum link csdwf&r,f/ ukd,fu

ajryHktay: MuD;pkd;odrf;ykdufEkdifvmjyD; jydKif

buftay: tompD;&um power core

udk azmufcGJEkdifwJhtcg tEkdif&ygw,f/

Unlinked nodes awG odrf;ykdufEkdif&if

awmhtzGJYtaeeJY a&SUodkYcsD&m spawn

points eJY vehicle ,mOfawG &&Sdvm

r,f/ Count down node vdk[mrsKd;

xdef;csKyfEkdifwJhtcgrSmawmh &efol core

u energy udk jyKef;wD;avQmhcsapEkdif

w,f/

FPS awGtaMumif; ajymwJhtcg

¤if;rSmygwJhvufeufawG? ,mOfawG

taMumif; rajym&&if jyD;rSmr[kwfyg

bl;/ ,cif*drf;awGrS trSwf&p&m AV

Ril, Flak Canon, Link Gun awG?

Rhock Rifle, Sniper Rifle eJY Re-

deemer awG? aemuf qef;qef;jym;jym;

oHk;p&m Impact Hammer.

Vehicle awGtaeeJY [dkAm;c&yf

&Syfajy;,mOf Manta avaMumif; wkduf

ckdufa&; Raptor, ayghyg;tMurf;cH,mOf

Scorpion oHcsyfum*spf Hellbender,

ESpfa,mufpD;avaMumif;,mOf Hellfire

SPMA, Paladin eJY Goliath vdkY tank

awG yg0ifygw,f/

UT3 rSm oHk;xm;wJh Unreal En-

gine 3 u Gears of War rSmoHk;wJh tajc

cH tools set eJY twlwlygyJ/ tqifhjrifh

pufawGrSm wu,fhudk Munfhaumif;

w,f/ oifhyDpDu xdyfwef;rSm r&Sd&if

vnf; upm;vdkY jzpfEdkifavmufatmif

pau;csay;w,f/ *drf;&JU Textures

(REVIEW)

120

uGefysLwm*sme,f

rsufESmjyifom;? Zmwfaumif charac-

ter models eJY vIyf&Sm;yHk animation

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umjym;awGeJY pyf[yf rGrf;rHvdkY&w,f/

tcsKdU levels awGu a&awG ajy;oGm;yHk

rsKd;rSm Munfhaumif;wJh water effects

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qDavsmfrI &Sdygw,f/

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vmavh &Sdw,f/ level topfawG? con-

tent topfawG jznfhwif;ay;w,f/ *drf;

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map jzpfygw,f/ Ageia &JU physics

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aemufcHbuf*a&mif; levels awG

u sci-fi eJY gothic architecture

rsm;pGm yg0ifw,f/ aMurGysufpD;aewJh

jrdKUawG? cHwyfawG? j'yfqGJtm;0ef;usif

axGjym;aom spaceship tmumo

,mOfuJhodkY qef;qef;jym;jym;ae&m rsm;

yg0ifygw,f/ Single player story

ykdif;u yDjyif oyf&yfvGef;vSw,fvdkY

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wlyJ jzpfygw,f/ UT3 [m azmfjrLvm

udk MuD;MuD;rm;rm; tajymif;tvJ vkyf

rxm;ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh jrefqef aysmfarGY

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cHpm;&ygr,f/

(REVIEW)

azazmf0g&D? 2008

121

(TECHNOLOGY)

AD'D,d k*drf;awGtwGif; ½lyaA'

bmom&yf physics oHk;pGJrIu topf

tqef;awmh r[kwfyg/a&S;a[mif;

ay:OD;p *drf;upm;zl;cJholawG[m Lu-

nar lander eJY Marble Madness awG

jrwfEdk;pGmeJY trSwf&rdMuvdrfhr,f/ tJ'D

*drf;rsKd;&JU gamepaly rSm j'yfqGJtm;eJY

wHkYjyefjcif; obm0awG tjynfhtpHkyg0if

w,f/ ,aeY enf;ynmajz&Sif;csufopf

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aom mass-market *drf;awGtwGif;

tqifhjrifh ½lyaA'qkdif&m pDrHuGyfuJrIjzpf

wJh advanced management of phys-

ics awG yg&Sdvmwwfygw,f/

Physics management u wGuf

csufrIqkdif&m pGrf;tm;ykdif;rSm awmif;qdkrI

tawmfav; MuD;rm;w,f/ multicore

CPU awGwkd;í a&mif;csvm&jcif;eJY

Ageia rS oD;oefYtxl;jyK physics

cards awG &&SdvmEkdifwJhtcg *drf;rsm;

twGif; physics toHk;csrI trsm;MuD;

ydkí tav;uJ oHk;pGJzdkY&mudpöu pOf;pm;

p&mtcsufjzpfvmw,f/ 'D&if;jrpftopf

eJY uRefawmfwdkY bmawGvkyfMur,fqdkwJh

ar;cGef; ay:xGufvmw,f/ tckxdawmh

vIyf&Sm;rItom;ay; action games rsm;

twGif; physics toHk;csrI[m rsufjrif

toGiftjyif cosmetic effect rSmyJ uefY

owfcHxm;&w,f/ *drf;urÇmtwGif;

wu,fvdk obm0uspGm epfarsmcHpm;&

apzdkY 'gawGu ta&;MuD;wmrSefayr,fh

gameplay udk trSefwu,f ajymif;vJ

ypfjcif;awmh r&Sdao;bl;/

'gaMumifh tckjzpfay:vmwJh ar;

cGef;u gameplay tykdif;eJY ywfoufvdkY

b,fvdktoHk;csrIrsKd; jzpfvmEkdifovJ qdk

wJh ar;cGef;opfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ *drfrm

awGudk awGYMuHK cHpm;&rItopfawG

b,fvdk axmufyHhay;&rvJ qdkwmrsKd;

aygh/ 'DtawG;tjrifopfawG[m Game-

co Graphics studio taeeJY Unreal

Tourmament 3 mod u CTF-Tor-

nado multiplayer map udk 'DZkdif;jyK

&if;&&Sdvmwm jzpfygw,f/

zGifhqdkcsuftenf;i,feJY pwif&

atmif/ Physics &JU e,fy,ftus,f

t0ef;u j'yfqGJtm; gravity simula-

tion eJY 0w¬Krsm; ½dkufcwfjcif; colli-

sion rSmwifuefYowfcHxm;&wm r[kwf

ygbl;/ atmufygtoHk;csrI yHkpHrsm;vnf;

yg0ifygw,f/

- t&nf 'grSr[kwf taiGYyg0ifwJh

aiGY&nfvIyf&Sm; ajymif;vJrI fluid dy-

namics

- tarG;trSifvdk aysmhaysmif;wJh 0w¬K

rsm; odkYr[kwf ow¬Kjym;eJY acgif;

ayguf ypönf;rsm;vdk t&m0w¬Krsm;\

yHk,Gif;ysufrI

- yGwftm;ESifh ap;yspfrIudk oGifwljyK

jcif;

PHYSICS IN GAMES

122

uGefysLwm*sme,f

(TECHNOLOGY)

- a&rS a&cJ ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;uJhodkY

½kyftajcajymif;vJyHkrsm;

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awGY&wJhtwkdif; physics &JU toHk;

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udk *drf;twGif; b,fwkH;urQ xnfhroHk;

cJhMuzl;bl;/ oHk;EkdifwJh tvm;tvm e,f

y,fu MuD;rm;w,f/ 'gayr,fh devel-

opers awG &ifqkdif MuHKawGYp&m jyóem

pdefac:rIawGuvnf; ¤if;ESifhqwl vkduf

jyD; MuD;rm;vmMuygw,f/

*drf;twGif; physics oHk;pGJ&mrS jzpfvm

wJh pdefac:rIawGu

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uaomif;ueif;½Iyf½IyfayGayG obm0

&JU qDavsmftyfpyfjcif; r&SdrIawG jzpf

ygw,f/

1. THE REQUIREMENTS IN TERMS

OF COMPUTING CAPACITY

Physics management [m MuD;

rm;vSaom wGufcsufrIpGrf;&nf vdktyf

ygw,f/ Havok vdk aumif;rGefwJh

physics engine aqmhzf0Jay:cJhwm ESpf

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jyefY roHk;Muwm[m rawmfwqr[kwf

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vuf&Sd*drf;awGrSm CPU pGrf;tm;&JU

tvGefao;i,fvSaom tykdif;av;udk

om physics udpötwGuf cGJa0csxm;

ay;w,f/ single core wpfckpD&JU 10 rS

25 &mckdifEIef;udkom csay;avh&Sdygw,f/

EkdYayr,fh wu,fh wu,frSmu phys-

ics [m resources rsm;pGm vdkygw,f/

t&m0w¬Krsm; xd½dkufrdjcif;udk ukdifwG,f

&wJh ½dk;pif;aom udpöav;udkyJ pOf;pm;

Munfh&atmif/

vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJaeaom 0w¬K

wpfckcsif;pD&JU a&GUvsm;rIudk xdef;nd§udef;

parameters rsm;pGmeJY wGuf,l&w,f/

(OD;wnfbuf? jrefEIef;? 0if½dk;rsm;tay:

vnfywfrI) ½kyfxGufwpfckcsif;pDtwGuf

xyfcgxyfcg jyefwGuf&zdkY &Sdw,f/ jyD;

awmh dynamic objects rsm;tMum;

wHkYjyefrIawGudkvnf; wGuf&r,f/ wpfck

eJYwpfck >ywfodyfaewJh dynamic ob-

jects q,fcktwGuf wGuf&wm[m

wpfckeJYwpfck xduyfaewJh q,fckpm

wGuf&wmxuf trsm;MuD; ydkvdkw,f/

enf;ynmqkdif&m ajz&Sif;csufESpfckawmh

&&SdaeygjyD/

Multi-core CPU awG a&muf&Sdvm

wJhtcg CPU pGrf;tm;udk yrmPMuD;rm;

pGmjzifh axmufyHhr,f/ Dual- cores u

tm;enf;aewkef;yJqdk&if quad-cores

u physics application twGuf

vdktyfaom MuD;rm;vSwJh pGrf;tm;udk

pwifay;urf;Ekdifvdrfhr,f/ 'geJYwifa&m

avmufyghrvm;/ aoawmh raocsm

ao;bl;/ Quad-cores u vuf&Sd uRef

awmfwdkY&Sdwmxuf trsm;MuD; ydkrdkomvGef

aom pGrf;tm;udk axmufyHhay;Ekdifyg

w,f/ 'gayr,fh game engine vdktyf

csufawGuvnf;vkdufjyD; wdk;vmrSmjzpf

vdkY physics applications twGuf tydk

pGrf;tm; b,favmufusefr,fqdkwm

tmrcHcsufr&Sdbl;/ eight-core proc-

essors udk apmifhaumif; apmifh&p&m

vnf;&Sdw,f/

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xkwfwJh oD;oefY dedicated physics

cards rsKd; oHk;zdkYygyJ/ Hardware topf

rsm;enf;wl vHIYaqmf Edk;qGwJh applica-

tions awG vHkavmufpGm &&SdvmrSom

t&Sdef&vmygvdrfhr,f/ xdktcgrSom

wpfcgwnf; xnfhoGif; wyfqifay;rI

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Physics udkoHk;pGJjcif;aMumifh CPU

azazmf0g&D? 2008

123

(TECHNOLOGY)

[m ¤if;twGuf tjyif tydktvkyfawGyg

vkyfvm&w,f/ *drf;urÇm0ef;usifu yHkpH

aor[kwfawmhbJ tjyifrSmvdk tae

txm;awG ajymif;vJukefEkdifvdkYyJ jzpfyg

w,f/

Physics oHk;pGJvkdufwJhtcg vrf;

aMumif;&Sm path finding AI twGuf

ydkí ½IyfaxG;vmapw,f/ tajctae

taetxm;ajymif;vJukefaom 0ef;usif

eJY qDavsmfatmif on- the- fly nd§,lEkdif

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*drf;&JUÓPf&nfwk AI u 'gudk xnfh

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wJh AI [m 0w¬Kudk a&SmifuGif;oGm;wm

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jyKwmrsKd; vkyfEkdif&r,f/

tvif;eJYt&dyf lights and shad-

ows awGvnf; vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJí dy-

namic jzpfvm&r,f/ 0w¬KawGae&m

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tcg? MudKwifwGufcsufxm;wJh t&dyfeJY

tvif;awG roHk;Ekdifawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh

dynamic lighting oHk;pGJzkdY r&Sdrjzpf vdk

tyfvmw,f/ jywfom;xif& Sm;r I

contras+ edrfhwJh 0ef;usifrsKd; a&G;cs,fjyD;

a&Smif&Sm;vkdYawmh&w,f/ 'gayr,fh map

ajryHk&JU *&yfzpft&nftaoG; xdckduf

cHpm;&Ekdifw,f/

2. THE CHALLENGE POSED IN

MULTIPLAYER GAMING

Gameplay ½Iaxmifhu Munfh&if

multiplayer *drf; twGif; physics

toHk;jyKrIu pdwf0ifpm;p&mawG jzpfap

w,f/ *drfrmawG[m ajrjyiftaetxm;

awG jyKjyifajymif;vJypfjyD; olYtwGuf

tusKd;tjrwf&atmif jyKvkyfEkdifvdkYyJ/

'gayr,fh single player *drf;eJY ,SOf

MunfhwJhtcg multiplayer *drf;u

xyfaqmif; wif;usyfrIeJY csKyfxm;ao;

w,f/ tifwmeuftay:upm;wJh ses-

sions twGuf &Ekdifaom bandwidth

eJY latency yJjzpfygw,f/ pdefac:rIu

awmh pufrsm;tm;vHk;ay:u game-

play tay: wkduf½dkuf ½dkufcwfrI&Sdaom

tjzpftysuf events awG jydKifus syn-

chronize jzpf atmifvkyfzdkY jzpfygw,f/

tckxdawmh *drf;trsm;pkrSm *drfrm

awG&JU wnfae&meJY OD;wnfa&GUvsm;rIudk

om synchronize vkyfp&mvdkw,f/

Physics rS game-play tay: ½dkufcwf

rI jzpfapzdk Yqdk&if physics events

tm;vHk;udkvnf; synchronized jydKif

usjzpfatmif vkyf&vdrfhr,f/ taumif

txnf&Sd ypönf;awGomrubJ jrifuGif;

uG,fapwJh trIefxkrsKd; xdckdufysufpD;rI

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uHraumif;pGmeJY 'Dwif;usyf csKyf

xdef;rI[m *drf;puf&JU wGufcsufrI pGrf;

tm;rS MuD;rm;pGm uif;vGwfaew,f/

'gayr,fh multiplayer session wpfck

twGif; physics toHk;jyKrItwGuf ajz

&Sif;csufrsm;pGm &Sdygao;w,f/ enf;

AsL[muawmh vufcH client machines

tay: tm½HkpkdufwJh synchronization

rqdkpavmufbJvdkwJh physics imple-

mentation jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY

gameplay tay: ½dkufcwfrI&SdwJh MuD;

rm;vSaom t&m0w¬K (pufrsm;tm;vHk;

tay: synchronize vkyfzdkYvdkwJh t&m

rsKd;) ta&twGufudk uefYowfxm;&yg

r,f/

tjcm;wpfzufrSm trIefrsm;eJY vkyf

wJh wdrfwkdufxk? ao;i,faom0w¬Kav;

rsm;[m pufrsm;tm;vHk;tay: jyD;jynfhpHk

wJh synchronization rvdktyfygbl;/

wdrfwkdufxk&JU wnfae&meJY ¤if;u jzpf

apwJh xdckdufysufpD;rI t0ef;t0kdif;

xkxnfavmufudkom jydKifus syn-

chronize vkyf½HkeJYwif vHkavmufygjyD

qdkygawmh/ uif;arQmfpifwpfck jydKvJus

rIudk synchronizing effects vkyfwJh

tcg pufrsm;tm;vHk;tay: jydKifus

atmif vkyfoifhwJh t&mawGu tysuf

124

uGefysLwm*sme,f

(TECHNOLOGY)

tpD; tpte usqif;rIeJY qufET,f&m

damage volume yJjzpfygw,f/ tysuf

tpD; tpte debris awG udk,fwkdif

twGufqkd&if odyfrsm;oGm;vdrfhr,f/

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rdrdpuftwGif; physics eJYyJ udkifwG,f

oGm;zkdYyg/

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tcg puwnf;udku 'Dvdkwif;usyf csKyf

xdef;rIrsm; xm;&r,f/ ½kyfykdif; ouf

a&mufrIqkdif&m trsm;qHk;aom udpö&yfudk

locally ukdifwG,fEkdifzdkYeJY synchronize

vkyfp&m0w¬Kud k bwf*sufeJ Y cG Ja0

uefYowfzdkY jzpfygw,f/

3. THE INCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN

THE SCRIPTED DIMENSION OF

CERTAIN GAMES AND THE CHAOTIC

NATURE OF PHYSICS

wpfyH kp Hwnf;aom (b,fEScg

jyefupm;upm;) awGYMuHKcHpm;rIay;wJh

*drf;tm;vHk;[m taumif;qHk;aom tm½Hk

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azmfxkwfrI p&dwf taMumif;aMumifh

tJ'Dvdk*drf;rsKd;rSm wpfajzmifhwnf;oGm;

linear level design udk ay;urf;w,f/

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vrf;pOf tuGufcsxm;aom scripted

combat wdkufyGJ yHkpHawG MuHKawGY&apzdkY

aocsmapw,f/ Linear level design

u *drf;&JU Zmwf&Sdeftwuftusudkvnf;

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r,f/

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wJh >cif;csuf rsm;pGmvnf; &Sdawmh&Sdyg

w,f/ RPG trsm;pkeJY Far Cry vdk

outdoor jyify 0ef;usifrSmjzpfaewJh ac-

tion games rsKd;awG jzpfygw,f/ 'gay

r,fhvnf; action/ adventure *drf;

trsm;pku tpOfvdkuf wpfajzmifhwnf;

oGm; linear 'grSr[kwf semi-linear ar-

chitecture udkyJ axmufyHhw,f/

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ics toHk;jyK&mrSm level designer u

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gent gameplay vdkY ac:ygw,f/

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jyóem trsKd;tpm;[m multiplayer

maps awGrSmvnf; jzpfEkdifw,f/

tusKd;quftaeeJY trsKd;rsKd;aom

ajz&Sif;csufawGudk azmfxkwfxnfhoGif;

ay;xm;&w,f/ oGm;vmzdkY&m vrf;

aMumif; ta&twGuf xyfwdk; xnfhay;

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vrf;azmufzdkYygyJ/

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azazmf0g&D? 2008

125

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

Effect 9: Karaoke Titling

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vHk; tao;pdwfa&;&ef rjzpfEkdifonfhtwGuf Happy Birth-

day oDcsif;pmom;jzifh simple vkyfjyoGm;rSm jzpfygonf/

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click ESdyfyg/ New dialog box rS preset wGif NTSC

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tents wGif Transparent udk a&G;í OK jzifh xGufyg/

layer udk 1 (Red) [k trnfay;yg/ pmwef;xkd;&mwGif

ta&mifESpfck vkdtyfaomaMumifh yxrpmaMumif;udk

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jyD;vQif ctrl + J ESdyfí Layer Copy ul;yg/ Layer Name

ukd 1 (Blue) [k trnfay;í pmrsufESmrS text pmom;udk

tjyma&mif (B-255) ajymif;ay;yg/

2/ Tools bar xJrS Text Tool udka&G;í 'Happy Birthday

to you' pmom; ½kdufxnfhay;yg/ jyD;vQif ta&mifudk

teDa&mif ajymif;xm;ay;yg/ Layer palette xJrS Text

4/ usefaom oDcsif;pmom;rsm;udkvnf; txufygtwdkif;

pmwpfaMumif;udk copy ul;í ta&mifESpfckajymif;jyD;

½kdufay;&rSm jzpfygonf/ 'kwd,pmom;udk qufvuf

jyKvkyfygrnf/

5/ Tool Box xJrS Text tool ukda&G;í 'Happy birthday

to you' aemufwpfaMumif; xyf½kdufay;yg/ ta&mifudk

teDa&mif (R-255) xm;ay;yg/ Layer Palette xJrS

Layer name udk 2 (Red) [k trnfay;xm;yg/ aemuf

126

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

okdY qGJxnhfxm;ay;yg/ Happy Birthday oDcsif; file

udk Audio 1 xJokdY qGJxnhfxm;yg/

wpfqifhtwGuf tqifh (3) rSmtwkdif; copy ul;í

ta&mif ajymif;xm;ay;yg/

rSwfcsuf/ / usefaomoDcsif;pmom;tm;vHk;udk txuf

ygtwkdif; ½kdufoGm;ay;yg/ Layer rsm;rS pmvHk;rsm; rxyf

&eftwGuf eye icon wGif on/off vkyfí tqifajyovkd

pmom;rsm; ½kdufoGm;Ekdifygonf/ jyD;vQif Photoshop

format (.psd) jzifh odrf;xm;ay;yg/ pmrsm;½kdufjyD;vQif

photoshop xJrS xGufay;yg/

6/ Adobe premiere 6.5 xJokdY0ifí New project wpfck

,lxm;ay;yg/ File > import jzifh pm½kdufxm;aom .psd

file udk select vkyfí open wGif click ESdyfay;yg/ xyfus

vmaom dialog box xJrS choose layer wGif 1 (Red)

ukd a&G;í OK wGif click ESdyfyg/ txufygenf;twkdif;

photoshop xJrS 1 (Blue) layer ukd ac:xnhfxm;ay;yg/

xkdYaemuf aemufcHtoHk;jyKrnhf Happy Birthday oDcsif;

file ukdvnf; ac:xnhfxm;ay;&ygrnf/

7/ teDa&mifxnhfxm;aom pmom;udk Timeline xJrS Video

1 A xJodkY qGJxnhfay;í tjyma&mifpmom;udk video1B

8/ pmom;ajy;&eftwGuf video transitions xnhfMunfhyg

rnf/ Window > Show Transitions ukda&G;í Tran-

sitions box udk zGifhcsxm;ay;yg/ Transitions box xJrS

wipe folder udka&G;í wipe transition udk video 1 A

ESifh video 1 B Mum;&Sd Transition ae&modkY qGJxnhfay;yg/

9/ Preview Munhf&eftwGuf project > project settings

> keyframe and Rendering wGif click ESdyfyg/ usvm

aom dialog box xJrS Real Time Preview pmom;a&SU&Sd

check box wGif trSefjcpfxm;í OK wGif click ESdyfyg/

jyD;vQif Enter acgufí preview Munhf Munhfyg/ oDcsif;

toHa&m Karaoke pmwef;xkd;yHkpHa&m jrifawGU&ygrnf/

rSwfcsuf/ / wpfcgwpf&H xnhfxm;aom transition tae

txm;ESifh oDcsif;rSm uGufwdjzpfwwfjyD; rjzpfygu tran-

azazmf0g&D? 2008

127

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

sition udk oDcsif;ESifhvkdufí n§day;&ygrnf/ t&ifOD;qHk;

oDcsif;\ yxrwpfaMumif; tptqHk;udk Timeline

xJwGif Enter acgufí oDcsif; tp^tqHk; ae&mudk

rSwfom;xm;í pmom;ESifh Transition udk vkdovdk n§dí

xm;ay;jcif;jzifh tqifajyEkdifygonf/ oDcsif;aES;vQif

Transition udk csJUxm;ay;í oDcsif;jrefvQif Transi-

tion csKHUí toHk;jyKay;&rSm jzpfygonf/ pmom; wpf

aMumif;vHk; r[kwfbJ pum;pkwpfpkpDtwGuf em;í

xkd;csifvQif atmufygtwkdif; qufvuf jyKvkyfygrnf/

Happy Birthday pmom; to ae&mwGif qGJíjyD;rS you

okdY qufoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh to ae&mwGif

cPxdef;jyD; you ae&mokdYoGm;&ef jyKvkyfMunfhygrnf/

10/Timeline xJrS wipe transition ay:wGif ESpfcsufESdyfay;

yg/ Start = 0 % ESifh End = 100 % jzpfaeí pmom;wpf

aMumif;vHk; xkd;oGm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ Show Actual

surcer ae&mwGif trSefjcpfxm;yg/ pmwef;xkd;&mwGif

to pmom;xd jzpf&eftwGuf End pmom;atmufwGif

&Sdaom slider bar wHk;rSwpfqifh ta&mifqHk;csifaom

pmvHk;txd csdefay;&rSm jzpfygonf/ yHkwGif to pmvHk;xd

ta&mifa&mufzkdYtwGuf End wefzkd;udk 48 &mckdifEIef;

xm;ay;&ygrnf/

csJUay;jyD; csdefn§dEkdifygonf/ yHkwGif pmwef;xkd;aES;aeí

Transition udk csKHUxm;ay;ygonf/

11/Timeline xJwGif Enter acgufí pmom;ESifh oDcsif;

ukdufnDrI &Sd r&Sd preview Munhfay;yg/ pmwef;xkd;um

aES;aevQif wipe Transition ukd csKHUay;í? jrefaevQif

12/ You pmvHk;xd tjynhfjzpf&eftwGuf qufvufjyKvkyf

Munhfygrnf/ Wipe transition ay:wGif Right click

ESdyfí copy ukd a&G;yg/ ab;xGufonfhae&mwGif right

click > paste udk a&G;ay;yg/ Transition pmom; &Snf

aevQif jyefcsKHUxm;ay;yg/

13/ 'kwd, wipe transition wGif ESpfcsufESdyfyg/ start wefzkd;

48 &mckdifEIef;ESifh End wefzkd; 100 &mckdifEIef;pD a&TUxm;

128

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

ay;yg/ jyD;vQif OK wGif click ESdyfí dialog box rS

xGufay;yg/ preview Munhf Munhfyg/

14/ pmom;aemufwpfaMumif;tm; Transition tjynhfjzifh

qufvuf vkyfaqmifMunhfygrnf/ File > import jzifh

'kwd, toHk;jyKvkdaom file udk a&SUutwkdif; ac:xnhf

xm;ay;yg/

16/ pmwef;xkd;jyD;om; pmom;rsm;ESifh video file ESpfck aygif;yHk

udk qufvuf jyKvkyfygrnf/ Time Line Tools box rS

Block Select Tool udk a&G;yg/ jyD;vQif pmwef;xkd;xm;

aom pmom;rsm; tprStqHk; Drag qGJí mouse ukdzdjyD;

video 2 track xJokdY qGJxnhfxm;yg/

15/ 'kwd,pmom;ESpfckudk video 1 A ESifh video 1 B xJokdY

qGJxnhfxm;ay;yg/ jyD;vQif Transition panel xJrS wipe

> wipe transition udk video 1 A ESifh 1 B Mum;&Sd tran-

sition ae&mokdY qGJxnhfay;yg/ taES;tjref rnDygu

txufygtwkdif; Transition wefzkd;rsm;jzifh vkyfaqmif

Munhfyg/ usefpmom;rsm;twGufvnf; þenf;twkdif;

yif qufvuf jyKvkyfay;&rSm jzpfygonf/

17/toHk;jyKvkdaom Video file udk file > import jzifh ac:xnhf

xm;yg/ Copy taejzifh ,lxm;aom virtual clip

atmuf&Sd Video 1 A track xJokdY xkd video file udk

qGJxnhfay;yg/ Video 2 track wGif&Sdaom virtual clip

ay:wGif right click > video option > transporcency

usvmaom dialog box wGif Alpha channel ukda&G;í

OK wGif Click ESdyfyg/ Preview Munhfí toHk;jyKEkdifygjyD/

18/Movie wpfckvHk;taejzifh Export xkwfvkdygu Virtual

Clip file udk select vkyfxm;csdefwGif Home Key wpfcsuf

ESdyfyg/ (Alt+{) ESdyfí Workarea udk prSwf owfrSwfyg/

End key ESdyfyg/ (Alt+}) ESdyfí qHk;rSwf owfrSwfyg/

jyD;vQif File > Export Timeline > Movie udka&G;í

toHk;jyKvkdaom video format udk Export vkyfEkdifygonf/

VCD, DVD format ukd toHk;jyKvkdygu Export Timeline

rS Adobe MPEG Encoder udka&G;í toHk;jyKEkdifygonf/

rsKd;rif;xGef;

azazmf0g&D? 2008

129

tqifh (1)

tqifh (2)

500 x 200 pixel t&G,f 72 dpi eJY zdkiftopf

wpfck zGifhyg/ Background udk black color

xm;xm;w,f/ Layers palette u Create a

new group button udkESdyfjyD; layer set topf

wpfck jyKvkyfyg/ ,ck Rounded Rectangle

Tool (U) udka&G;yg/ Options palette u ra-

dius rSm 20 px xm;yg/ Color tuGufudk uvpf

ESdyfjyD; dark green (# 004653) a&G;yg/ Option

palette u Mu,fyHkav;ab;rS atmufpdkufjrm;

udk ESdyf&if Rounded Rectangle Options xGuf

vmr,f/ Fixed size &JU W ae&mrSm 126 px, H

ae&mrSm 26 px xm;yg/ Canvas tay: uvpf

wpfcsufEdSyfyg/ ay:vmwJh Shape 1 Layer

tuGuftay: right-click ESdyfjyD; Resterize

Layer udk a&G;yg/

Layer palette atmufajcu Add a layer

style button udk ESdyfyg/ Drop Shadow eJY

stroke styles awGrSm atmufyg settings rsm;

twkdif;xm;yg/

Photoshop Tutorial

Web page

awGrSm

awGY&avh&SdwJh

om;em;

awmufyaom

navigation

design button

av;wpfck

vkyfMunfh

Muygr,f/

Gradient drop down rSm uvpfwpfcsuf

ESdyfjyD; color start, color stop aq;yHk;awGtay:

uvpfESdyf ta&mifa&G;wmawG tqifhqifh vkyf

p&m &Sdw,f/

130

uGefysLwm*sme,f

Photoshop Tutorial

tao;pdwfajymrjyawmhygbl;/ 'Davmufuawmh prf;vkyf

&if; &oGm;rSmyg/

tqifh (3)

tqifh (4)

tqifh (3)u vkyfcJhwJh layer tay: Add a layer style

button uvpfESdyfjyD; Drop shadow, Gradient overlay eJY

Stroke blending options &JU settings awG atmufygtwkdif;

ay;yg/

Select > load selection udkoGm;yg/ Setting awG de-

fault twdkif;xm;jyD; OK udk uvpfESdyfyg/ Layers palette

u Create a new layer button udk ESdyfyg/ Edit > Stroke

udk oGm;jyD; width udk 4 px, color code udk #004653, loca-

tion udk inside rSmxm;yg/

azazmf0g&D? 2008

131

tqifh (6)

tqifh (7)

tqifh (5)

oifh&JU'DZkdif;u tck 'DyHkpHtwkdif; jzpfae&r,f/

oifh&JU tjzLa&mif polygon layer tay: Drop

Shadow, Inner Shadow eJY Gradient Overlay blending

options layer styles awG&JU settings awGudk atmufyg

twkdif;xm;yg/

tck Polygon Tool udk a&G;yg/ Side rSm 3 udk xm;yg/

Polygon option &JU smooth corners rSm check trSwfay;

yg/ Layer topf jyKvkyfjyD;wJhaemuf yHkrSm jyxm;wJhtwkdif;

tjzLa&mif polygon udk qGJyg/ rqGJcif path taetxm;u

Fill pixels a&G;xm;wm aocsmygap/ Layer tuGufrSm

Resterize layer vkyf&wm wpfqifh oufomygvdrfhr,f/

132

uGefysLwm*sme,f

tqifh (8)

tqifh (9)

Polygon layer udk right click ESdyf duplicate yGm;yg/

Edit > Transform > Flip Horizontal udk oGm;yg/ atmufyg

yHkpHtwkdif; &atmifa&TUyg/

Tools palette uaejyD; Horizontal Type Tool (T) udk

a&G;yg/ Font family udk Eurostile, bold, 18 pt, strong eJY

color code # BDE7EF xm;yg/

Layer topf jyKvkyfyg/ tjzLa&mif rounded rectan-

gle udk 104 x 24 px t&G,feJYqGJyg/ Layer Style rSm Gradi-

ent Overlay blending options awGudk atmufygtwkdif;

ay;yg/ (Layer blend mode rSm linear Burn rSm xm;yg/)

tqifh (10)

Photoshop Tutorial

azazmf0g&D? 2008

133

Word Annoyance

pdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpfp&m Word jyóem

Outline View rS y&ifhxkwfjcif;

AnnoyanceOutline format rSm &Sdaeaom documents udk y&ifh

rxkwfwwf jzpfae&ygonf/

FixPrint dialog box twGif;rS Outline qdkwhJ option udk

yxrqHk; &Sm,l&rnf/ pDpOfvsmxm;aom jrifuGif; csJUum;oGm;

jcif;ESifh jydKvJysufjym;oGm;jcif;udpöudk aqmif&GufpOfutwkdif;

rdrd xkwf,lvkdonhf levels rsm;udk jyay;ygvdrhfrnf/ xkdtcg

File rS print udk a&G;jyD; yHkrSeftwdkif; y&ifhxkwfvdkuf½Hkom

&Sdonf/

Shortening pages rsm;rS Print Layout view udk

&yf jcif;

AnnoyanceWord 2003 wGif print Layout view udk toHk;cschJ&mwGif

pmrsufESmt&G,ftpm;ESifh rudkufnDaom cGwD;cGusyHkpHrsKd;jzifh

xGufvmygonf/ pmrsufESm\txufykdif;? atmufykdif;rsm;wGif

wpfvufr\ av;yHkoHk;yHkavmuftxd vGwfaeygawmhonf/

FixWord rS toHk;rjyKonhf tjzLom;ae&mrsm; zHk;ay;xm;

wwfonf/ document udk yDyDoo jrifawGUapvkdonhf

oabm jzpfonf/ tqkdyg tjzLom;ae&mrsm;udk restore

vkyf&eftwGuf Tools udka&G;um Options okdYoGm;jyD; View

tab udk click vkyfvkduf&ygonf/ jyD;vQif 'White space

between pages (print view only)' \ box av;wGif check

trSwftom;jyay;vkduf½Hkom jzpfonf/

Print Preview twGif; wnf;jzwfjcif;

AnnoyancePrint Preview xJwGif edit vkyfír& jzpfaeygonf/

FixPrint Preview toolbar ay:rS Magnifier cvkwfudk

click vkyfí aqmif&Guf,lEkdifygonf/

,ckuhJokdY editing vkyfvkdvQif rdrdtaejzifh editing

mode twGif; Print View udk tvkdtavsmuf yGifhapvdkrnfrSm

trSef jzpfonf/ Macro wpfckudk toHk;jyKjcif;jzifhom jyKvkyf

Ekdifygonf/ tao;pdwf vkyfukdifyHkudk tcef; (8) wGif azmfjyay;

ygrnf/

Selecting Text and ObjectsWord \ automatic selection udk qifojcif;

AnnoyanceText rsm;udk mouse jzifh select vkyf,l&mwGif rdrdtvkd&Sd

aom pum;vHk;rsm;xufykdí ½kwfw&uf zrf;,lwwfonhf

tajctaersKd; &Sdaeygonf/

FixWord \ pepfusvSaom a&G;cs,fa&; toGiftjyifudk

rSm;,Gif;pGmjzifh vnfywf vIyf&Sm;oGm;apjcif;aMumifh jzpfygvdrhf

rnf/ xkdokdYaqmif&Guf&ef Tools rS Options a&G;,ljyD; Figure

3.3 wGif jrifawGU&ouhJokdY ay:vmjyD;aemuf Edit tab udk

click vkyf,l&ygonf/ xkdae&mwGif When selecting, auto-

matically select entire word ESifh Use smart paragraph

selection wkdYudk check trSwftom; jyKvkyfay;&onf/ Un-

check trSwftom;jyxm;pOfu tajctaeESifh rwlawmhaom

tajctae ajymif;vJoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/

tcef; (3) tykdif; (2)

pdwftaESmifht,Sufjzpfp&m Word jyóem

134

uGefysLwm*sme,f

tu,fí yxr box wGif 'when selecting, auto-

matically' [lonhftcsufudk check trSwftom; jyKvkyfxm;chJ

vQkif rdrdtaejzifh tjcm;pmvHk;wpfckudk a&G;cs,fjcif;tprS csuf

csif;aumuf,ljyD; tvkdtavsmuf extend vkyfoGm;wwfyg

onf/ rdrdtvdk&Sdaom pmvHk;udk at;at;rSefrSef drag vkyfonhf

wkdif xkdokdY jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf/ Extend vkyfrIonf aemufxyf

pmvHk;ESpfvHk;rS oHk;vHk;txd ygoGm;Ekdifonf/ okdYtwGuf xkd

tajctaersKd;wGif pmvHk;wpfvHk;csif; aumuf,l&rnhftajc

tae jzpfoGm;aponf/

tu,fí 'kwd, box twkdif; 'Use smart paragraph

selection' [lonfhtcsufudk check trSwftom; vkyfxm;chJ

vQifrl paragraph mark ESifh paragraph minus wpfckvHk;udk

a&G;cs,f,l&ef txl;*½kpkduf&onf/ pmvHk;rS paragraph mark

udk rnfokdYyifjzpfap vSrf;qGJ,lrnhfoabm &Sdonf/ Word

taejzifh vkdtyfovkd tvG,fwul vkyfudkifEkdif&ef &nf&G,fpDpOf

xm;chJaomfvnf; toHk;jyKol awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk uod

uatmuf jzpfaeapawmhonf/ (tu,fí xkdokdYaom para-

graph mark udk rrSm;,Gif;ap&eftwGuf jrifawGUvkdvQif stan-

dard toolbar ay:rS show/Hide qkdonhf cvkwfudk click

vkyfjyD; Tools ukda&G;um Options udk oGm;&onf/ xkdYaemuf

View tab udk click vkyf,lum box rS 'paragraph marks' udk

check trSwftom;jyxm;ay;&onf/

nTef;

vuf

wkdY

t

Word 2000 wGifrl smart paragraph selection jzpfap?

Smart-cut-and-paste settings jzpfapcGifhjyKxm;jcif;

r&Sday/

Smart-Cut-and-Paste settings rsm;tm;

xdef;csKy f,ljcif;

AnnoyancepmvHk;azmfjyrI rSm;,Gif;í taygufzmax;ouhJokdY tjcm;

pmvHk; jznhfoGif;,l&mwGif cut and paste pepfudk toHk;jyK&ef

vkdtyfonf/ Word XP wGifrl tqkdygvkyfief;pOftwGuf

upgrade vkyfxm;ay;onf/ jzwfvkdonhfae&mwGif jzwfxkwf

vkdufaomfvnf; ¤if;jyKwfxGufoGm;aom pmvHk;ae&mxuf csJU

um;um ae&m ykdcsefay;vkdufao;onf/ xkdtcg xyfjznhfoGif;

jyD;onhfwkdif ae&mykd usef&pfaechJonf/

FixxkdtajctaersKd;udk oabmrwlygu smart-cut-and-

paste qkdonhf feature \ tqHk;tjzwfudk vufrcHonhf

oabm jzpfaeygvdrhfrnf/ odkYtwGuf Tools udka&G;um

Options udkoGm;jyD; Edit tab udk ESdyf,l&onf/ Box rS smart-

cut-and-paste [lonhf tcsufudk uncheck trSwftom;

jyay;vkduf½Hkom &Sdonf/ odYkwnf;r[kwf Setting cvkwfukd

ESdyfjyD; xGufay:vmaom Setting dialog box rS Figure 3-4

twkdif; Options rsm;udk toHk;csEkdifygao;onf/

azazmf0g&D? 2008

135

rSmMum;xnhfoGif;aom Text wdwdusus a&G;,ljcif;

Annoyance*Pef;ta&twGufpm&if; odkYr[kwf aMumfjimudk pm&if;

Z,m;yHkpHjyK pmvHk;awGudk a&G;cs,f aumuf,laomtcg

jyóem rMumcP MuHKawGU&onf/ pmykd'fwpfydk'f\ aemuf

qHk;rSpmvHk;udk a&G;cs,f,lvkdufonfhtcgwkdif; aemufpmykd'f\

tpykdif; character tcsKdUyg ygvmwwfonf/ xkdokdYjzpfvm

onfhtcgwdkif; armufpfudk jyefa&TU,l&jcif; okdYr[kwf uD;bkwf

rS b,fbufjyjrm;udk toHk;cs,ljcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&avh&Sdygonf/

FixOptions dialog box \ Edit tab ay:&Sd 'Use smart

paragraph selection' [lonfh feature onf wu,fwrf;

tm;jzifh ,ckudpötwGuf trSefwu,f tultnDay;Edkifyg

onf/ jyóemrSm List style twGuf vkdif;vGwf usef&pfae

wwfonf/ taMumif;&if;rSm rawmfwq pmydk'ftrSwftom;

List item \ tqHk;wGif jzwf&mü y,fzsufvkdufrdjcif;aMumifh

jzpfwef&monf/

pmvHk;ydk ryg&Sda&;twGuf atmufygenf;rsm;udk toHk;cs

Edkifonf/

uD;bkwf

Extend selection mode onf armufpfESifh drag vkyf

jcif; okdYr[kwf shift ESdyf,ljcif; uif;apjyD; a&G;cs,frI wkd;csJU

,lEkdif&ef pDpOfxm;onfh Feature wpfck jzpfonf/ Extend

selection mode udk zGifh,l&eftwGuf status bar ay:&Sd EXT

oauFway: double-click vkyfíaomfvnf;aumif;? F8 udk

ESdyfíaomfvnf;aumif; vkyf,lEkdifonf/ rdrd csJUum;,lvkdaom

a&G;cs,frIae&mwGif click vkyfí jzpfap? csJUum;,lvkdaom

a&G;cs,fcsufudk arrow key udk toHk;csíjzpfap vkyfEkdifonf/

Extend Selection mode udk jyefydwf&eftwGuf Esc cvkwf

udk ESdyfíaomfvnf;aumif;? EXT oauFwudk wpfzefjyefí

double-click vkyfíaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEkdifonf/

armufpf

Text rsm;udk drag vkyf,ljcif;xuf Left margin twGif;

drag vkyfjcif;u ykdítqifajyaponf/ «xkdtcsdefwGif armufpf

ydGKifhwm\ jrm;vm;&mrSm ajrmufESifh ta&SUajrmuf vm;&m

twkdif; &Sdaevdrfhrnf/»

uD;bkwfESif h armufpf

rdrd a&G;cs,fvkdaom text \ tpykdif;ae&mwGif insertion

point udk click vkyfjyD; &nfrSef;xm;onfh tqHk;ydGKifhae&mtxd

scroll vkyf,l&ygonf/ xkdpOfwGif shift udk ESdyfxm;jyD; csxm;

rnfhae&mwGif click vkyfvkduf&onf/

Click and Type ckdif;aprIudk ydwfxm;jcif;

AnnoyanceWord document wpfcktwGif;&Sd vdkif;vTwfwpfae&m

wGif double-click vkyfvkdufaomtcg Word rS tab cha-

racters ESifh paragraph marks twGJvkdufMuD; xnfhay;vkduf

onf/ jyóemrSm a&SUbufodkY,l&ef document ay:okdY click

vkyfaepOf rMumcPqkdovkd jyefay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfonf/

Fixwpfckodxm;&efrSm application wpfckrS wpfckkqDokdYjzpfap

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136

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137

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

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tqihf «1»

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Photoshop

jzwfvrf;enf;rsm;

jzwfvrf;enf;rsm;

tqihf «2»

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jyefac:oHk;&r,f/ vkyfief;pOf acsmarGY jrefqefatmif trick

138

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

av;wpfck ajymjyygr,f/ Layers palette u yGm;xm;wJh

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document topfwpfck &vmr,f/

tqihf «3»

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ajymif;yg/

tqihf «5»

Filter >Blur > Gaussian Blur odkYoGm;jyD; Blur wefzdk;

ay;zdkYvnf; vdkaumif;vdkr,f/

tqihf «6»

tck halftone screen twHk;awG &atmif Image >

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tqihf «4»

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vdkygvdrfhr,f/

tqihf «7»

Resolution tydkif;&JU output rSm yHkESdyftwGufqdk 300,

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tqihf «8»

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wefzdk;udk a&G;cs,fupm;zdkYyJ? dot MuD;MuD; uGJuGJjym;jym; vdkcsif

azazmf0g&D? 2008

139

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

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tqihf «9»

tck rlvyHkqD jyefydkY&r,f/ Image>Mode> Grayscale

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odkYr[kwf CMYK color odkY ajymif;yg/

tqihf «10»

rl&if;yHkeJY color mode jyefwloGm;&if rl&if;yHktay:

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tqihf «11»

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tqihf «12»

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ity udk upm;Munfhyg/

140

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

A PROLOGUE TO WINDOWS VISTA

0if;'dk;Apfpwm ed'gef;0if;'dk;Apfpwm ed'gef;

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Getting Stuff Into and Out of Your ComputerrdrdyDpDuGefysLwmrsm;wGif 'pf*spfw,fobm0tm;vHk;jzifh odrf;qnf;

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azazmf0g&D? 2008

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uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

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Troubleshooting your printer

142

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

download vkyf,l&onf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom y&ifwm

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&ef txl;ojzifh Inkjet printers rsm;twGuf ydwfxm;&ef

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aqmif&Gufay;onf/ Apfpwm\ fax program udk jzwfí

fax wpfapmifukd y&ifhxkwfay;&ef ajymMum;ay;vdkufonfESifh

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Fax ESifh ywfoufí vufcH,ljcif;? ay;ydkYjcif;vkyfief;pOf

rsm;udk 0if;'kd;ApfpfwmESifhvkyf&ef tvdkYiSm atmufygtcsuf

4 csufudk od&Sdem;vnfxm;&rnf jzpfonf/

Ä A modem with faxing capabilities - Cable mo-

dems ESifh DSL modem wkdYonf faxes rsm;udk ray;ydkY

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Ä A dial - up phone line - qJvfzkef;rsm; raqmif&Guf

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Ä Vista's fax program - Apfpwmrsm;xJrS Home Ba-

sic ESifh Home Premium wkdYwGif Fax and Scan pro-

gram ryg0ifay/ Business, Enterpries ESifh Ultimate

version rsm;om cGifhjyKxm;cJhonf/

Ä A scanner - Fax ay;ydkY&eftwGuf scanner wpfck &Sdxm;

&ygvdrhfrnf/ ¤if;twGuf uGefysLwmxJwGif ryg0ifay/

uGefysLwmxJwGif &Sdaom files rsm;udk ay;ydkYjcif;twGufrl

scanner toHk;jyK&ef rvkdtyfay/

ta&;MuD;onf/ zGifhxm;rdcJhygu pufzGifhxm;aom

tylcsdefjzifh rifrsm; cef;ajcmufoGm;apEkdifygonf/

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tydwf cvkwfwpfck toHk;csí roHk;onfhtcg ydwfxm;&

rnf/ xkdYtjyif cartridges rsm;taejzifh home posi-

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tu,fí rdrdvkyfief;twGuf fax scanner wpfckjzifh

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Widnows XP professional twGuf Microsoft

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onf/ odkYaomf Windows XP Home pD'Day:wGif

uninstalled bonus rsm; item wpfcktaejzifh xm;cJhonf/

xkdodkYaom ykHpHrsKd;jzifh Vista Home Versions wGifvnf;

&SdEdkifonf/

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ay;ydkYonfh tcgwkdif; &ufpGJrsm;? fax numbers rsm; ponf

jzifh tuGufcs jyifqifrIrsm; tptqHk; jyKvkyf&avh&SdonfrSm

ysif;&dzG,f&m jzpfaponf/ 0if;'dk;Apfpwm\ virtual machine

jyifqifonfhtcgwGifvnf; xkdenf;ESifESif fax account wpfck

udk setting vkyf,l&onfrSm ysif;&dzG,f aumif;vSonf/

Windows XP \ fax program ESifh Vista \ fax

program wdkY rwlnDMuay/ ApfpwmwGif fax pro-

gram ESifh scanning program wdkYudk aygif;pyf

toHk;jyKxm;ay;onf/ taMumif;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh scan

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XP y½dk*&rfxuf Apfpwm\ y½dk*&rfu ydkjyD; ukd;½dk;um;&m;

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Sending a fax directly from a programApfpwm\ fax program udk y&ifwmwpfvHk;taejzifh

rSwf,lxm;&onf/ pmwpfapmifjzpfap? ajryHkjzpfap? yHkwpfyHk

azazmf0g&D? 2008

143

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jzpfap? pm&if;Z,m;jzpfap odkYwnf;r[kwf Web Site axmifh

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xJrS file wpfckudk vufcHol\ fax machine rS xkwfay;aom

cGufxJodkY pm&GuftoGifjzifh a&muf&SdoGm;ygvdrhfrnf/

1/ Document udk zefwD;,ljyD; y½dk*&rf\ File menu rS Print

udk a&G;,lvdkufonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh rdrdpmpDpm½dkufvkyfxm;aom pmwpfapmifudk

fax ydkY&eftwGuf print udk a&G;vdkufonfESifh yDpDrS y&ifwmqD

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Fax Windows av;onf tD;ar;vfwpfapmif\ at-

tach ment window av;ESifh yHkpHwljyD; xkdodkYyif vkyfudkif

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udk Figure 7.1 wGif jrifawGUEkdifygrnf/

* Recipient vufcHrnfhol\trnfESifh fax number udk rdrd

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rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udk fax tjzpf ay;ydkYa&;twGuf pwif

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aqmifvdkolrsm;twGuf ApfpwmrS fax vkyfief;pOfudk csKHUí

vkyfukdifcGifhudkvnf; ay;xm;ygonf/

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menu rS Sender Information udk a&G;,lvkduf&rnf/

jyD;vQif rdrd fax twGuf cover letter yHkpHay:vmonfh

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rnf/

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tvkdtavsmuf ajzMum;ay;&ef fax udk ajymxm;ay;Ekdif

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azazmf0g&D? 2008

145

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aqmif&Guf,l&ef cufcJaeygvdrhfrnf/ xkdtajctaersKd;wGif

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twkdif; pDpOfaqmif&Gufxm;Ekdifonf/

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options onf uGefysLwmem;wGif tpOfrjywf &Sdaeol

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6.1 JAVA AWT COMPONENTS (CONTAINERA CLASS)

Chapter (6)

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Container Classes• A container class is a sub-class of component

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wJh method uawmh AWT components awGudk ac:,l

toHk;cs&if toHk;jyK&wJh method ygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/

'Dawmh 'D program rSm pmzwfol em;vnf oabmayguf

jcif; r&SdwJh code_line r&Sdawmhbl;aemf/ Event Hand-

Ling eJY ywfoufwJh taMumif;t&mawGuawmh oD;oefY

jynfhjynfhpHkpHk &Sif;jyrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf csefvSyfxm;cJhwmyg/

uJ 'Dawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY 'D code_line awGudk

Start→ All Programs→ Accessories → Note Pad xJudk

oGm;jyD;awmh ½dkufoGif;vdkufygOD;/ wu,fvdkY pmzwfoltaeeJY

r½dkufoGif;csif&ifawmh uRefawmfh&JUpmtkyfeJY twlygvmwJh

code_file CD xJuae chapter [ ] oifcef;pm folder

atmufuae ul;,lvdkufygvm;/ jyD;&ifawmh tJ'D ½dkufoGif;

xm;wJh code_ file udk C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin qkdwJh folder

atmufrSm oGm;jyD;awmh save vkyfvkdufyg/ ul;,lxm;wJh file

qkd&ifvnf; tJ'D directory atmufrSm ae&mcs paste vkyf&

rSmygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/

ay;&r,fh File_Name uawmh AWTFrame.java vdkY

trnfay;jyD;awmhrS save vkyf&rSmyg/ Code_File CD xJrSm

awmh AWTFrame.java qkdwJhemrnfeJY yg0ifjyD;om;yg/ uJ

'Dawmh code a&;om;jyD;awmh save vkyfxm;yHkudk pmzwfol

taeeJY avhvmvdkY&Ekdifatmif Figure 6.1 taeeJY a&;om;azmfjy

ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/

uJ tckazmfjycJhwmuawmh AWTFrame.java qkdwJh

source code_file udk Notepad xJrSm a&;om;xm;wJhyHkyJ

jzpfygw,f/ tckazmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif; code_file udk a&;om;

jyD;oGm;jyDqkd&ifawmh 'D code_file udk Compile & Run vkyf&

rSmyg/ t&ifqHk; Start All Programs Accessories

Command Prompt udk 1-Click acgufjyD;awmh zGifhvdkufyg/

Command Prompt (or) Command Line InterfaceyGifhvmjyDqkd&ifawmh atmufyg command eJY DIR ajymif;vkduf

yg/

CD C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin ↵

'DtcgrSmawmh Command Prompt xJrSm ay:aewJh

Prompt oauFw[m C2\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin> qkdwJh Prompt

oauFwtjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;ygjyD/ 'Dawmh atmufyg

command_line udk toHk;jyKjyD;awmh AWTFrame.java pro-

gram code_flie udk compile vkyfvkdufyg/

javac AWTFrame.java ↵

uJ compile vkyfvkdufvdkY Error &Sd&ifvnf; &Sif;ayghaemf/

Line_No eJYwuG jyay;rSmyg/ wu,fvdkY Error r&Sdbl;

qkd&ifawmh atmufyg command eJY wpfcgjyefjyD;awmh Run

vkyfvdkufyg/

java AWTFrame ↵

'gqkd&ifawmh AWTFrame.java qkdwJh program [m

pmzwfol&JU computer screen &JU tv,fruswusavmuf

ayghaemf/ twdtusajym&&ifawmh x ,y coordinate system

&JU owfrSwfae&mjzpfwJh X = 200, Y = 200 qkdwJhae&mrSm

Output jzpfwJh Frame_Window [m vmjyD;awmhrS azmfjy

ay;aerSmygyJ/ uJ t&ifqHk; AWTFrame.java program udk

Compile & Run vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 6.2 rSm a&;om;azmfjy

ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/

Figure 6.1 Write the program code_line in theNotepad, AWTFrame.java Figure 6.2 Compile & Run of the AWTFrame.java

174

uGefysLwm*sme,f

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

'gqkd&ifawmh AWT Components awGudk toHk;jyKjyD;

awmh (wpfenf;ajym&&if java.awt.*; package udk toHk;jyK

jyD;awmh) Sample taeeJY a&;jyxm;wJh AWTFrame.java

qkdwJh program udk pmzwfoltaeeJY tvG,fwul em;vnf

oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ qufvufjyD; java.awt.*; package

atmufrSm yg0ifaewJh AWTComponents awGudk qufvuf

jyD;awmh avhvmMu&atmifvm;/

t&ifqHk; qufvuf &Sif;jyvdkwmuawmh toHk;jyKcJhwJh

Frame_Class eJY ywfoufjyD;awmhrSygyJ/ Swing package

javax.swing.*; udk ac:,ltoHk;jyKpOfuawmh JFrame Class

ygyJ/ [kwfw,faemf/ AWT Comporant tykdif;rSmawmh

Frame Class vdkYyJ ac:a0:ygw,f/ 'Dawmh Frame Class eJY

ywfoufwmudk avhvmMunhfvdkufygOD;/

Frame Class, java.awt.*; package• A Frame is a window with window-manager type

features such as title, border and menu bar.• Frames provide the basic building block for screen-

oriented applications.

• Frame constructor ( ) method - public Frame ( ) (or)public Frame (String title) are used. These methodsare overloading method.

uJ Frame Class wpfenf;ajym&&if java.awt.*; pack-

age atmufrSmyg0ifwJh Frame Class taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;

ydkYcsay;jyD;jyDqkdawmh Listing 6.1 rSm toHk;csoGm;wJh meth-

ods awG wpfenf;tm;jzifh API methods awGudk atmufrSm

a&;jyay;xm;ygw,f/ Javax.Swing.*; udk import &

Declare vkyf&if &vmr,fh Swing Components qkdif&m

methods awGeJY uGJjym;jcm;em;w,fqkdwmudk odapcsifw,f

vdkYygyJ/ avhvmMunhfyg/

• public String setTitle (String title);example :SetTitle ("Sample Frame Using AWT Components");

Double quote Mum;rSm yg0ifvmwJh pmom; String [m

Frame &JU Title Bar rSm yg0ifvmrSmyg/

• public Void SetResizable (boolean resizable)example :

setResizable (false);

boolean type aMumifh ture (or) false argument wpfckck

ukdom vufcHjyD;awmhrS qHk;jzwfay;rSmyg/ True udk argument

xm;cJh&ifawmh windows_frame &JU t&G,ftpm;udk csKHU csJU jyKvkyf

vdkY &ygw,f/ Argument udk false xm;cJh&ifawmh frame &JU

t&G,ftpm;udk csKHU csJU jyKvkyfvdkY r&Ekdifawmhygbl;/ Title Bar rSm

yg0ifvmwJh oauFw Maximize button uukd fail jzpfjyD;awmh

rS yg0ifvmwmyg/

• public void SetBounds (int x, int y, int width, int height)

x, y coordinate system

trSwfrsm;

Frame \ width

Frame \ height

'D method udkawmh program udk Analysis vkyfpOf

uwnf;u aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jycJhjyD;om;yg/ rdrday:apcsifwJh

ae&mrSm x,y values awGudk xnfhoGif;vdkuf&if coordinate

system &JU owfrSwfae&mrSm vmay:rSmyg/

Figure 6.3 Run the AWTFrame.java

tckazmfjyxm;wmuawmh uRefawmfa&;jyxm;wJh com-

mand awGudk toHk;jyKjyD;awmh Compile & Run vkyfxm;

wmygyJ/ uJ atmufrSm azmfjyxm;wJh Figure 6.3 uawmh

AWTFrame.java qkdwJh program udk Run vkyfaewJh tajc

taeygyJ/ avhvmMunhfyg/

>

azazmf0g&D? 2008

175

uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

3rd & 4 th argument jzpfwJh Width, Height uawmh

Frame &JU t&G,ftpm;udk rdrdpdwfMudKuf owfrSwfEkdifzdkYtwGuf

ygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/

• Public Void SetVisible (boolean visible)'D method uawmh Visual Basic Language udk toHk;

jyKaeMuwJh programmer awGtaeeJY xnhfoGif;jyD;awmh toHk;

cszl;rSmyg/ wu,fawmh Frame udk Output display taeeJY

azmfjyay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf SetVisible ( ) method udk xnhfoGif;

toHk;jyK&wmygyJ/ OyrmtaeeJY a&;jy&r,fqkd&if

setVisible (true);

qdkjyD; a&;&rSmyg/ [kwfjyDaemf/

'g[m Frame udk display vkyfay;EkdifzdkYtwGufyg/

wu,fvdkYrsm; tJ'D

setVisible (true);

qkdwJh Code_Line wpfaMumif;vHk;udk jzKwfxm;&ifyJjzpfjzpf

'grSr[kwf setVisible ( ) method &JU arguments ae&mrSm

False xm;cJh&ifyJjzpfjzpfayghaemf/ bmjzpfvmrSmvJ/

javac AWTFrame.java ↵java AWTFrame ↵

qkdjyD;rS Compile & Run vkyfvkduf&if puúefYtenf;i,fMum

wJhtcgrSm C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin > qdkwJh Prompt oauFw

[m jyefay:vmrSmygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/ 'g[m setVisible

(false); xm;cJhvdkYyJjzpfjzpf? SetVisible ( ) method wpfck

vHk;udk jzKwfxm;cJhvdkYyJjzpfjzpf awtpackage xJrSm yg0ifwJh

Frame udk display vkyfray;EkdifwmygyJ/ [kwfjyDaemf/ pmzwf

oltaeeJY ydkjyD;awmh em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;atmif avhvm

MunhfvkdufygOD;/

• addWindowListener ( ) method

'D method eJY ywfoufjyD;uawmh vmr,fh oifcef;pmawG

rSm Event-Handling Methods qkdjyD;awmhrS oD;oefY Event

Listeners eJY ywfoufwmawGudk &Sif;jyay;xm;ygw,f/ tck

addWindowListener ( ) method uvnf; WindowEvent

Object &JU method wpfckygyJ/ tvG,fyJ &Sif;jy&&ifawmh

WindowEvent qkdwm[m Window udk opend, closed,

iconified, deiconified, activated or deactivated tp&SdwJh

vkyfaqmifcsufawGudk HandLing vkyfay;EkdifwJh Event

method awGyJ jzpfygw,f/

'gaMumifh oufqkdif&m oifcef;pmusrSom jynfhjynfhpHkpHkeJY

pepfwus avhvmMuwmaygh/ uJ 'Dawmh java.awt.*; pack-

age udk toHk;jyKjyD;awmhrS zefwD;vdkufwJh Frame eJY javax.

swing.*;package udk toHk;jyKjyD;awmhrS zefwD;vdkufwJh

JFrame [m bmawGrsm;uGmjcm;ovJ rodbl;aemf/ tck vuf&Sd

oifcef;pmeJY chapter (3) Index 3.1 eJY EIdif;,SOfjyD;awmhrS

avhvmMunhfygvm;/ uGmjcm;csufudk od&wmayghaemf/

Javax.Swing.*;package udk toHk;jyKjyD;awmhrS program

a&;om;&if java.awt.*;package udkyg xnhfoGif; declare

vkyf&ygw,f/ 'g[m Swing Components awGxJrSm ryg0if

wJh [AWT Components xJrSmom yg0ifwJh] tcsKdUaom

methods awGudk jznhfoGif; toHk;jyKcsifvdkYygyJ/ Java.awt.*;

package udk import & Declare vkyfjyD;awmh toHk;jyKr,f

qkd&ifawmh Javax.swing.*;package udk ac:p&mrvdkbJeJY

'D package wpfckwnf;eJYwif standalone vkyf a&;om;vdkY&

Ekdifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh AWT Components pack-

age [m Swing Package xuf Components Tools awG

trsm;tjym; yg0ifygw,f/ Package (2) ckpvHk;udk import&

Declare vkyfcJh&ifvnf; &ygw,f/ vdktyfwmudk vkdovkd

qGJjyD;awmh toHk;jyKayghaemf/ [kwfjyDvm;/ uJ qufvufjyD;

awmh 6.2 Using the AWT Components Buttons udk

qufvuf avhvmMuwmaygh/

KYAW ZAYAR LAY [ IT ENGINEERING ]

uGefysLwm*sme,f

197 (c)? yxrxyf? 33 vrf; (txuf)?

ausmufwHwm;jrdKUe,f? &efukef/

2008Feb

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