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H o u t r o o k i s e e n o n b e k e n d p r o b l e e m i n N e d e r l a n d . I k h e b h e t v e r m o e d e n d a t h i e r g r o t e b e l a n g e n a c h t e r s c h u i l g a a n .

I n d e b i j l a g e s t u u r i k u w a t i n f o r m a t i e , d i e u k a n h e l p e n o m u w a a n p a k t e g e n H o u t r o o k t e o n d e r s t e u n e n . E e n a f s c h r i f t v a n d e o v e r h e i d s w e b s i t e e m i s s i e r e g i s t r a t i e . n l w a a r i n u k u n t z i e n d a t d e b i j d r a g e a a n f i j n s t o f P M 2 . 5 d o o r H o u t r o o k g r o t e r i s d a n v a n h e t a u t o v e r k e e r . l e d e r e e n w e e t w e l z o ' n b e e t j e d a t h e t a u t o v e r k e e r z o r g t v o o r s c h a d e l i j k e s t o f f e n . E e n o v e r z i c h t v a n d e o v e r h e i d z e l f d a t d o o r h e t v e r b r a n d e n v a n h o u t i n h u i s h o u d e n s m e e r f i j n s t o f v r i j k o m t d a n d o o r h e t v e r k e e r , o p e n t d e o g e n . B i j h e t v e r b r a n d e n v a n h o u t k o m e n v e r s c h i l l e n d e v o o r d e g e z o n d h e i d g e v a a r l i j k e s t o f f e n v r i j , w a a r o n d e r h e t k a n k e r v e r w e k k e n d e f i j n s t o f P M 2 . 5 e n b e n z e e n .

O o k z o r g e n d e o p e n h a a r d e n e n h o u t k a c h e l s v o o r v e l e b r a n d e n , d i e l e v e n s i n g e v a a r b r e n g e n . T w e e w e k e n t e r u g i n S c h a l k w i j k e n v o r i g e w e e k i n V r e e l a n d . E r z i j n w e k e n d a t e r m e e r d a n 5 0 s c h o o r s t e e n b r a n d e n z i j n i n N e d e r l a n d . I n d e p r o v i n c i e U t r e c h t r u k t d e b r a n d w e e r 2 0 0 k e e r p e r j a a r u i t . Z i e : h t t p : / / w w w . r t v u t r e c h t . n l / n i e u w s / 1 3 9 8 9 2 3 / s c h o o r s t e e n b r a n d - b i j - p a n n e k o e k e n r e s t a u r a n t - v r e e l a n d . h t m l

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Woodheater-Car Comparison M a n y p e o p l e t h i n k t h a t cars a r e t h e w o r s t p o l l u t a n t s . S y d n e y h a s l o t s o f cars b u t f e w The NSW Air Emissions Community Web tool (Image, below) shows that residential wood heating w o o d h e a t e r s , s o w e ' d e x p e c t a l l t h e p a s s e n g e r cars i n S y d n e y t o p r o d u c e m o r e t o t a l l s responsible for more PM2.5 emissions In Sydney that all other sources combined p o l l u t i o n t h a n t h e s m a l l n u m b e r o f w o o d h e a t e r s . P M 2 . 5 a r e n o w c o n s i d e r e d t h e m o s t h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s a i r p o l l u t a n t , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a b o u t 10 t o 2 0 t i m e s as m a n y p r e m a t u r e d e a t h s as t h e n e x t w o r s t p o l l u t a n t , o z o n e .

New diesel cars m u s t s a t i s f y s t r i c t E u r o 5 /6 p o l l u t i o n s t a n d a r d s , w h i c h r e q u i r e a n e w car , ý / / / : .

4 W D o r S U V t r a v e l l i n g 2 0 , 0 0 0 k m t o y e a r t o e m i t l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 k g o f P M 2 . 5 . I n c o n t r a s t , t h e N S W E P A e s t i m a t e s t h a t a n e w w o o d h e a t e r w i l l e m i t 9 .8 k g o f h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s P M . 2 5 p e r y e a r . Thus a brand new AS4013 heater emits as many PM2.5 in 10 hours as a new car does in an entire year and a heater burning 2 tonnes of firewood will emit 19.6 kg of PM2.5, as much as 196 diesels and 1000 p e t r o l c a r s !

A t o t a l o f 5 4 5 7 t o n n e s o f P M 2 . 5 p e r y e a r i n S y d n e y a r e e m i t t e d b y S y d n e y ' s w o o d h e a t e r s , c o m p a r e d t o a t o t a l o f 1 3 5 t o n n e s f r o m t h e e x h a u s t s o f a l l p e t r o l v e h i c l e s , 8 1 3 f r o m d i e s e l v e h i c l e e x h a u s t s a n d 5 9 7 t o n s f r o m r o a d , b r a k e a n d t y r e w e a r . T h i s Z m e a n s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e w o o d h e a t e r m o r e P M 2 . 5 p o l l u t i o n t h a n s e v e r a l h u n d r e d pas senge r ca r s .

S y d n e y h a s l o t s o f ca r s . A r m i d a l e ha s l o t s o f w o o d h e a t e r s . T h e g r a p h b e l o w c o m p a r e s m o n t h l y a v e r a g e P M 2 . 5 n e p h e l o m e t e r m e a s u r e m e n t s , r e c o r d e d b y t h e N S W E P A i n A r m i d a l e i n 1 9 9 6 a n d S y d n e y i n 1 9 9 9 . W h e n w o o d h e a t e r s a r e n o t i n u s e , A r m i d a l e ha s c l e a n e r a i r . B u t as s o o n as t h e w o o d h e a t i n g s e a s o n s t a r t s , A r m i d a l e ' s p o l l u t i o n rises d r a m a t i c a l l y , w i t h o n l y a s m a l l rise i n S y d n e y w h e r e o n l y 4.3*!^ o f h o u s e h o l d s u s e w o o d as t h e m a i n f o r m o f h e a t i n g . T h i s a g a i n s h o w s t h a t t h e a v e r a g e w o o d h e a t e r e m i t s a l o t m o r e h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s P M 2 . 5 p o l l u t i o n t h a n t h e a v e r a g e c a r a n d t h a t t h e o n l y w a y f o r A r m i d a l e t o h a v e w i n t e r t i m e a i r t h a t i s as c l e a n a n d h e a l t h y as i n S y d n e y i s f o r r e s i d e n t s t o u s e n o n - p o l l u t i n g h e a t i n g .

This Is despite being used as the main form of heating by only i.3% of households, ABS data showing the main for of energy used for space heating for 2008 the year the most recent Emissions Inventory was compiled.

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P r o f J o h n T o d d ' s a r t i c l e i n " C l e a n A i r a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u a l i t y " n o t e s t h a t t h e r e has b e e n "only marginal improvement over the past 15 years" i n w o o d h e a t e r e m i s s i o n s . E m i s s i o n s f r o m n e w cars h a v e a l s o i m p r o v e d . A n e w c a r d r i v i n g 1 5 , 0 0 0 k m p e r y e a r e m i t s a b o u t 1 5 0 g o f P M 2 . 5 . W i t h a v e r a g e f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n o f 2 t o n n e s p e r y e a r ( S y d n e y ) o r 4 t o n n e s ( A r m i d a l e ) , a new woodheater will emit 1 3 3 times (Sydney) or 267 times (Armidale) as much health-hazardous PM2.5 pollution as the average new car driving 1 5 , 0 0 0 km per year.

W o o d h e a t e r s a l s o e m i t m o r e g r e e n h o u s e gases t h a n o t h e r f o r m s o f h e a t i n g . M a n y c o u n c i l s o f f e r s u b s i d i e s t o r e p l a c e w o o d h e a t e r s w i t h n o n - p o l l u t i n g h e a t i n g . W o o d h e a t e r o w n e r s w h o a re c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e i r h e a l t h o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t s h o u l d r e m e m b e r t h e a d v i c e o f t h e N S W D E C C "If you can see or smell smoke from your wood heater then you are causing a problem for yourself, your family and your neighbors" a n d c o n s i d e r t a k i n g u p t h i s o f f e r .

Proportion of PM2.5 emissions (the most health-hazardous air pollutant) emitted by residential wood heaters (purple line joining the triangles) in Sydney by month. This graph from N S W E P A w e b s i t e , is from their emissions inventory which shows that more than half of all man-made PM2.5 emissions arc from the small proportion of households using wood heaters. A B S statistics show that only 55Í of Sydney households use wood as the main form of heating.

Other Air Toxics T h e t a b l e b e l o w c o m p a r e s a l l m a j o r p o l l u t a n t s a n d a i r t o x i c s e m i t t e d b y t h e a v e r a g e p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p a s s e n g e r c a r a n d t h e a v e r a g e w o o d h e a t e r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e N S W E P A E m i s s i o n s I n v e n t o r i e s f o r 2 0 0 8 a n d 2 0 0 3 .

E x h a u s t e m i s s i o n s f r o m p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p a s s e n g e r ca r s i n S y n d e y h a v e f a l l e n f r o m 7 9 7 t o n n e s P M 2 . 5 p e r y e a r , t o 8 8 t o n n e s , w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c t i o n s i n a l l m a j o r p o l l u t a n t s . I n c o n t r a s t , w o o d h e a t e r e m i s s i o n s h a v e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 4 5 0 3 t o n n e s t o 7 3 5 9 t o n n e s , a l m o s t 10 t i m e s m o r e t h a n a l l t h e p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p a s s e n g e r cars i n S y d n e y .

T h i s i s d e s p i t e t h e f a c t A B S e s t i m a t e s s h o w a d e c l i n e i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f h o u s e h o l d s u s i n g w o o d as t h e m a i n f o r m o f h e a t i n g i n N S W ( f r o m 11 .S"A 2 0 0 2 t o IŬ.3% i n 2 0 0 8 ) .

B e c a u s e o f t h e b i g r e d u c t i o n i n e m i s s i o n s p e r v e h i c l e ( f r o m 0 . 4 4 k g p e r y e a r t o 0 . 0 5 k g ) , a h e a v i l y u s e d w o o d h e a t e r i n S y d n e y c a n e m i t o v e r 1 , 0 0 0 t i m e s as m u c h P M 2 . 5 ( t h e m o s t h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s p o l l u t a n t ) as t h e a v e r a g e p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p a s s e n g e r f a r . I n g e n e r a l , w o o d h e a t e r s e m i t m o r e t o x i c p o l l u t a n t s - a b o u t 4 4 t i m e s as m a n y P A H as t h e a v e r a g e car , 12 t i m e s as m u c h b e n z e n e a n d o t h e r V O C ( v o l a t i l e o r g a n i c c o m p o u n d s ) a n d 6 6 t i m e s as m u c h f o r m a l d e h y d e .

C o m p a r i s o n o f a i r p o l l u t i o n e m i s s i o n s f r o m w o o d h e a t e r s a n d p e t r o l - f u e l l e d p a s s e n g e r c a r s i n S y d n e y i n 2 0 0 8 a n d 2 0 0 3

2008 Emissions - Sydney Cars Woodheaters Ratio

Ambient A O N E P M Mn Uti/vchiclf t/vr ks/heater woodheafer/car

PM2.5 88 0.05 5457 51.43 1059.66 V O C (ozone precursor) 7789 4.30 5952 56.10 13.04

C O 75067 41.45 40034 377.32 9.10

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NOx 21575 11.91 601 5.66 0.48

s o 2 144 0.08 96 0.90 11.38 Air toxics N E P M t/vr e/vehicle t/vr g/heater woodheater/car

Benzene 382 211 274 2582 12.2 Toluene 712 393 76 716 1.8 Formaldehyde 117 65 454 4279 66.2 Xylene 589 325 42 396 1.2 PAH 39 22 100 943 43.8

For both tables, emissions per vehicle and per wood heater were calculated by dividing total emissions (NSW DECC Emissions Inventory, Tables ES4 in the domestic-commercial and on-road emissions in the 2008 inventory, ES4 and and ES1.4 in the 2003 inventory) by the number of woodheaters ( 106,100) and passenger cars (1.811 million in 2007) in Sydney.

2003 Emissions - Sydney Cars Woodheaters Ratio

Ambient A O N E P M t/yr kg/vehicle t/vr kg/heater woodheater/car

PM2.5 797 0.44 4503 42.44 96.39 V O C (ozone precursor) 26066 14.39 9524 89.76 6.24 C O 323953 178.88 27889 262.86 1.47 N O x 38175 21.08 361 3.40 0.16 S 0 2 645 0.36 73 0.68 1.92

Air toxics N E P M t/vr E/vehicle t/vr s/heater woodheater/car Benzene 1217 672 463 4364 6.49 Toluene 1311 724 148 1395 1.93 Formaldehyde 340 188 777 7323 38.95 Xylene 1815 1002 71.9 678 0.68 PAH 120 66 69.2 652 9.82

A B C N e w s A p r i l 2 0 0 8 ; W o o d s m o k e w o r s e t h a t c a r e x h a u s t s " I n t h e l i m i t e d a m o u n t o t s t u d i e s t h a t h a v e b e e n d o n e s o t a r t h a t h a v e d i r e c t l y c o m p a r e d s m o k e from fires w i t h t h e s a m e l e v e l o f p a r t i c u l a t e s a n d s m o k e f r o m ca r e x h a u s t , i n d u s t r y h a v e a l l t e n d e d t o s h o w t h a t t h e e f f e c t s f r o m t h e w o o d s m o k e a r e a c t u a l l y w o r s e f o r l u n g c o n d i t i o n s t h a n a s i m i l a r a m o u n t f r o m , say , ca r e x h a u s t s " N o r w e g i a n S t u d y c o m p a r i n g g e n e t i c d a m a g e f r o m w o o d s m o k e a n d t r a f f i c i n h u m a n c e l l linĊSt "In conclusion, woodsmoke. particulate matter (WSPM) generated more DNA damage than tra ffic-generated PMper unit mass in human cell lines, possibly due to the high level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in WSPM. This suggests that exposure to WSPM might be more hazardous than PM collected from vehicle exhaust with respect to development of lung cancer.'

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USEPA-certified stoves T h e a v e r a g e n e w E P A - c e r t i f i e d s t o v e e m i t s a n e s t i m a t e d 9 7 lbs ( 4 4 k g ) o f P M 2 . 5 per y e a r M e a s u r e d e m i s s i o n s f r o m g a s o l i n e - f u e l l e d c a r s ( P V - S , in F i g 7 b e l o w ) a v e r a g e a b o u t 1 m g / k m , i m p l y i n g t h a t a s m a l l p e t r o l ( g a s o l i n e ) - f u e l l e d v e h i c l e t r a v e l l i n g 2 0 , 0 0 0 k m per

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y e a r w i l l e m i t 2 0 g r a m s o f P M 2 . 5 . A U S E P A - c e r t i f i e d w o o d s t o v e i s t h e r e f o r e a s p o l l u t i n g a s 2 , 2 0 0 p a s s e n g e r a u t o m o b i l e s f u e l e d b y g a s o l i n e .

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The graph above (from the s e c o n d n a t i o n a l i n - s e r v i c e emissionş.study ( N I S E 2 ) ) shows Ín-service PM2.5 emissions for petrol vehicles The 2006-07 average PM2.5 emissions of 1 mg/km implies that a vehicle travelling 20,000 km will emit just 20 grams of PM2.5, less than the average domestic wood heater in the first hour afíer lighting ,

The abbreviations in the key: PV-S, PV-M and PV-L denote small, medium, large passenger vehicles; SUV-C and SUV-L denote compact and large SUV; LVC denotes light commercial vehicles.

For diesel cars, the Euro-5 limit is 5 mg/km {0.005 g/km). This is a more than 990

7o reduction compared to emissions of pre-1989 diesels, as discussed on page 3 of the peer-reviewed research paper: A i r p o l l u t i o n i n A u s t r a l i a : r e v i e w of c o s t s , s o u r c e s a n d p o t e n t i a l s o l u t i o n s

In contrast, real-life emissions of new stoves are little different from 1989. In 2013 Oregon, New York and five other states sued the USEPA because their" 2 5 y e a r s o f i n a c t i o n o n w o o d s t o v e e m i s s i o n s t a n d a r d s v i o l a t e s t h e C l e a n A i r A c t i ". However, progress has been slow. The n e w s t a n d a r d s reduce emissions to 4.5 g/hr in 2015 and 2.5 g/hr in 2020. However, the certification process is based on a correctly-operated stove burning seasoned wood. Real-life emissions are often much higher.

A r e p o r t p u b l i s h e d i n 2 0 0 0 compared real-life and EPA-certified emissions for 16 stoves installed in Portfand, Oregon and Klamath

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Falls. EPA-certrfication values of non-catalyöc stoves averaged 4.2 grams/hour, much lower than average real-life emissions of 9.7 grams/hr. EPA-certification values of catalytic stoves averaged 3.5 grams/hour, much lower than average real-life emissions of 13.8 grams/hr. As shown in the graph (left), there is little or no relationship between real-life emissions and those from the EPA-certification test. This is particularly true for catalytic stoves where the stove with the lowest EPA-certified emissions (1.6

grams/hr) had the real-life emissions of 24.1 g/hr.

6 v a n 6 2 8 - 9 - 2 0 1 5 1 4 : 0 2