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Table oof Contents . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii-ii

i-

BibliographyB-

ibliographyr , Bibliography ,. Footnote AbQreviationAbbreviationsAbbreviationAbbreviationa-Text

Abbreviat-ion

.: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiii-Text

b-

iteText SecSequenceequenceuenceEunice . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . ;: . . 1-7171--717-

I

---

! ; : ; ;it I . PSYCHOLOGY ANDA D TIIETHETIEI LEADERh ADEKSADE

.

.

fII-

p 1 . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. . . a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1p!I :

2 . Characteristicsharachara ri5 ic ooFr:' the leaderleader-3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

: 3,; . Peace-timePeacetimePeace4uimePeace-4u-Peace4uJ,; eaC6-eaC6eaC6v.me- v.mevmeme- imedime.&, TrainingJ"r3.I1.IlgJr3I1.IlgJr3I1Ilg" .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (< . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 1t ,

.

:,f IIII . MOhALEMUhALEMohaveUnhealedMOhALE-

I

Mohav-

e

MUhAL-

Emora

MOKALE-

4If

:4 . Importance of-

III

of moramoralee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-

IIIIII . HIHI5TOhICAiHISTOhICAiHistoricalTOhICALEthical, LXIvPLEaLiplessmiX lPLEMlle, LE

tt.-

i

!

ti ( } 5 . AncientAncient Combat . Cannae.aCannaeaCanaanCannaeCannaCannesAnnae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

6 . DiscussionDi'scussion' ,. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . 3

i 7 . Modern Combat . 1stistKist Battalion 3th3fthIthItch? ReserveReserve-German

Res-erveReserve-

GermanRes-erveGerman Infantry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

8s . Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . *. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66-

r

IV . CONG.LUblCONGLUblConglobeCUNCLUbION5CONCLUblONa-

V

CUNCLUbION5-

V

Conclusio-

n

. N

V . MAPSMAP-

Sr

MAPStly-

U

MAP-

S

Aptl-

y

MAPMA.P.&

Diagrammatic Sketch . Cannae-Gener

Cant-een

Cannae-General

CannaeCannesCannae-GeneralGenerGenderGenerall MMaMapppWestWestWest Front .

PatrolsPatrols3'hPatrol , 3'h3h3'h ReseResetReserveve German Infantry , Forges , March , 6 , 19191419-191-

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BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRP.PHYBIBLIOGRPPHYBIBLIOG.PYHYBIBLIOGPYHYBIBLIOG. .' . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Il \.a.y.r.rayr.r.a.y.r.rayrrBarr.\ .. ..a.y.r.rs. , ..... ,.-. .,-.. .'\ss\-. _.. ._.. . . . .. .rr.- w\w-w-

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AAbbreviAbbrevDr.evl-Dr.evlDirelyDr.evlIDerelict-:.= eXxtAbWevYationeAbbreviationatlonsationstalonsactionsatio-nsl

ations.a.-

y.r.r

actio-ns

atlonsFSRWalloons

FSRFRS Field . Service Re-Re-.RegulationsRp.gulatlonsRpgulatlonsReulationsRelations. ulationspulsations ., U . 3S . ArmyArmy-

U

Arm-

y

,.FSRTRFRT 1923 , Pars . 16 , 47 .,

TR 10-5-

Burn

1-0

5B-

urn

10-5105105-

Burns

- TrainingTraininTraining RegulationsRegulat10ns No . 10-5-W 1-0 5-W

10-5105- ,, U . S . ArmyArmy-

John

Bar-

yon

,w . D ., , AugustAu us 10 , 19351835 .

Burns8 PSPPsychologys Oh010eholohollow Y and LeadershipLeadersh1DLeadershi . ByBy-

BurnsJohn HH-

r.

Burns , Captainaptain , Infantry . PubllshePublisherPublishedr : The-Comme

Thr-eesome

The-Command

He-bdomad

TheThe-Command

He-bdomadCommeComeCommandd and General Staff School Press , FortFort-Le

For-te

Fort-Leavenworth

Fort-LepvenworthLeLeavenworthBlameworthyvenworthWentworth , ' KansasK8nsBsKaness , 19541934 . ( LibreryLibre.ryLibrary. ClassificaClassif1ca-Classif1caClassifica-ClassificationClassif1ca-tion

Classifica-tion

Classifica-tion

¬-BurnsDuBurns tionion : BFEF 412 B 69)6989)89) .

An individual study issued , because of-

itsfi-ts ofof-

1tsof-

itsfi-ts1tsits excellenceexcellenoe , by a service school ,.

DDuu Ploq-

Eltinge

Poc-

keting

PicqPloqPicaPlo Battle Studies . By ArdantArdent du PicqPica ( trtr"ns-tr"nstrnstarnstr"ns-lation

trnns--lation

trn-ns lat-ion tar-ns elat-ion"ns-nsns-

lationin-

sulation-

lationelation byy Colonel J . N ,. freelyGreelyGreenly and MMajor? JorJour R . CC-.Cotton

C-Cotton

C-otton

.Cotton ) . Publisher : The McMillanoMillanMacmillanMilan CompanyCompany-New

Comp-any

,New York , 1921 . ( Library Classification ;:U 102 A 7)7) .,

Accepted translationtrsnelation of the work of an-

importantun-

importantenanen-

importantun-

importantan-

importantun-

importantimportant trenchtrenohfrench military writer ,.

EitlnpeEltingeEvilnessBelting The PSiChOlogySinologyPePsychologycholochoom of War . By Leroy EltlngeEltingeBelittlingBeltingEitinge-Publisher

,.Publisher : ArmyArmyrmyarmy Service Schools Press , 1911191-1Library

191-1Library

191-1LibraryEltingeBrlttan1ca

( Library Classification : U 22 E 1)1) ,. LecturesLectures-delivered Lect-ured Lectures-delivered Lect-ured Lectures-delivered Lect-ureddelivered at Command and General StaffStatfStat School ,.

BrittonicaBrlttan1caBritannica EncyclopaediaEncyclopediaEn- .ycloEn- ycloE- ncl. eediamedia BrlttanicajBrittanica-BrittanicaBritannicaBrl-.ttanicaBr- lttanicaBri-tannicaBrittanicaVolumeBritannica.-_ Volume II.-P

II-P

I-III ." '.p 413413"publj413publj. PubJ.lPubJlPubPublisher. shersheersherTsheer: TheTh-e'lshcyclopaediaTh-elshcyclopaediaEncyclopaediaEncyclopedia BriBrieBrittanicaBritannicaBrittanicaC-

ompany Britan-nicaBrittanioaC-

ompany Brita-nniattan1 oaoa-

Companyac-

companyBrlttan1caFoch

Company , Ltd . , LondBlondLondonn , 19691929 .A standard reference work ,.

FochOuch TheThe PrinciplesPrinoiples ot.- Waot- Wao- taof. .War'.War . By General FerdinandFarinaFerdinand-

FochFerdinand-

FochFerdinand-

FochFochOuch ., Translated by JJ . decledeclef MorinniMorlnn1Morin , lateleteLethe MajorMejor-C

Major-C

Majorc-a

ejorjourejor-C

jou-rC ,. E . Fr . Publisher ;: H . K . PlyFly Company , New-

YorkNet-

workNewNew-

YorkNet-

workNew-

YorkNet-

workYork 1918 . ( Library ClassificationC1assifioation DC 301 F-

63)F-

63F

63)63) ., Compilation of lecturesleotures given atat-L'Ecole

at-L'Ecole

at-L'Ecole

at-LEcole

a-rticleL'EcoleLEcoleLocale' de Guerre .

176175 Battles 176175 BattlesSattleSeattlethe. ,. By Roger M . Shaw and ColonelColonel-SS . C ., VestalVestal.PublisherVestalPublisheres a . Publisher ;: The Military ServicesServices-Publishing Ser-vices

Services-Publishing Ser-vices

Services-Publishing Ser-vicesPublishing CompanYLCompanYCompanYLHarrisburgCompanyCompanyHarrisburgCompany , Harr-lsburgHarrlsburgHarrisburgHarry- , 1937 . ( LibraryLibrary-Class1fication

Library-Classification

Library-ClassificationClass1ficationClassification D 26202 S 4)4) .

BriefBrietBret synopsis ofot 176175 Important battles by-two

by-word

byby-two

by-word

by-two

by-wordtwo well known ml1ltmilitaryry authors-

jn'4y

authors ,.

. STS ,. uT--TT- - T . .-266 . - .. ' - - - . - .-jn'4yjn'4yjn4y-'Army - ExtensionExtension-ExtensionDaursesExtension- - CoursesCour-seeCourseeDaurses-DaursesCourtDaisesDaursesTextAureate:- ,.- .- SpecialSpeoial Text 1:010NoNo,-266

No-266

: ,.266 , Chaps"CEipsCEipsChipsappalappallappalenappalled" 11 endenen-

S

Jen-s

en-

I

EM-

I

en-

s1

end 77-

11

9 .S

i. .

;..

, '

\

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- - - - ----- .' " .. ,- . -.-. . ' . -- --. . -

' . . .- --

I . PSYCHOLOGYPSYCOLOiY!{ '} AND THE LL-LLADSRLADS-

ADADSRADERADSADLERM R

, . . . . . . . .... - ' . . . . . . .. . , ._ . . . . .. . . . . ' _ H_ ' " . .

.. . , I ' ' . . . . , .. . . . . . . . . . . , or>, _..., ... . .tW. 4 ....< < ,' .:.; -. .-.ll.' .:; " "':; ' .'.:: . ; . . . ." '

- -

1 . INTRODUCTION--ThisINTRODUCTIONThisINTRODUCTION . --Thi8 paperppperDprer makesmp.keempkeemekesampereekes. no effort toto-

define

co-

deine

to-

define

co-

deine

to-

define

co-

deinedefine leadership , nor to deal with the many mechanicalmechanica-

lduties

mecha-nical

mechanical-

dui

mechani-cal

mechanica-

lduties

mecha-nicaldutiesdui i. e s of the leader in combat ,. ItflItAItsFitfulKita purpose is .,, rratherrather-

torath-

ertherether ,

to explore the subjsubsubjectectsect of psychologypsycI-.ologypsycI.ologypsycI.ologyologypsychicoblongcloggy-. andend moralemorelemorel PSs 1itit-

affects

ta-

ffetasIt-

affects

T-

affetas

tt-

affects

a-

ffectsaffects the leader . HistoricalHistoricel examples and references toto-

our

to-

urto-

our

to-

urto-

our

to-

urour owno 'nnm' official texts as well PSs.sss. s to opinions of acceptedaccepted-

f.uthor'l

accepte-

dauthoritiesacc-

eptedaccepted-

puthoritlesacc-

eptedf.uthor'lf.uthorlfuthorlfurtherauthorities. ' t1.est1es. are used to support the conclusions drawndrewndrew .

2 . CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEADER--LEADERLEADERTRLEADERLEADER . -- TR 10-5105- , parpar.-

5

par-

5

.

3 e , states in part as follows : "LeadershipLeadership" Involves possesspossess-possess-

ion

possess-

ion

possess-

ion

¬-

ion of professional qualifications and those personalpersonal-

charaoteristic.s

persona-

lcharacteristics

persona-

lcharacteristic's

persona-

lcharacteristicscharaoteristic.scharaoteristicscharacteristicscharacteristicswhichcharacteristics'. which inspire confidence and loyalloyaltyloyaltyA-

riongfloata-

tionty " ,.

Along1ong the personal characteristicscharact eristicscritics is1s cited , "knowleknowleknow"knowledEeknowledEeknowledge"knowledge-

of

knowledge-

of

"knowledEe-

of

knowled-ge

" gege-

of

Ge-

offof humanhume.nhumenhume. rlnatureat urecure II" . Par ,. 15 , FSRFRS states :

"TheTheliThe" commander must know from personal contact thethe-

mentel

H-emet

the-

mental

H-emet

the-

mental

H-emetmentelmentalmantel moralmorslmorsel and physical state of his troopstroops"-

The

troopsT-

hetroo-

ps. II"I-

IThe

L-

itheThe leader , then , in adad('_action1tionLion to being qualified , professionalprofessional-professional-

ly-¬

ly must be a practicalpraotical psychologistpsycholog1stpsychologists,.

3 . PEACE-TIMEPEACETIMEPEACETIMEPEACE - TIME TRAININItTRAINING--ItTRAININGItTRAININGTRAININ .--ItIt--It is1s unfortunate that inin-

our

In-

oue

in-

our

In-

oue

in-

our

In-

oueour peace time training we are unable to simulate thethe-

psyoholog1cal

the-

psychological

the-

psychologicalpsyoholog1calpsychological effectsetfects ofot battle . The fact remains , howeverhoweve-

rthat

howe-ver

,

that we cannot . As a result we are prone to disregarddisregard-

psychologydisre-

gardsdisregard-

psychologydisre-

gardsdisregard.-

psychology

disregard-

psychologydisre-

gards.

psychology and limit ourselves to the inculcal1nculcGtinculcatinculcate: 1bb--n1bbnJ bh-nbhnh'nhn:-':- '- andand-

study

ban-

dstand

and-

study

ban-

dstand

and-

study

ban-

dstandstudy ofot the mathematical aspects ofot combat . (1)1( ) We loselose-

sight

flos-

singlose-

sight

flos-

singlose-

sight

flos-

singsight ofot the facttact that the infantry leader,-. deslsdealsdellsdee Is withwith-

individuals

with-

individuals"

individuals who possess allotall of the foibles and instinctsinstincts-

thatinstin-

ctsinstincts-

thatinstin-

ctsinstincts-

thatinstin-

ctsthat are mantesmantesSmanteSman ' s ._S

.. T . 22666, . Chapter I , Par-ParParIParisPar ,. .- IiIihasIxias1I ,, hasthehastehas the-the--thefollowtheology- followfollow-follow-

ing

follow-

ing

follow-

ing

¬-

ingKing to say In this connectionconneotion :

"ItItlItNIt" has been wisely said that the tacticstactic. ofot intantryinfantryInfantry-

are

intantry-

areInfant-

ryare based , on nature and human.naturehumannaturehumanitieshuman ,. nature , not on mechanics or-

I

Hor-

i

orI

\ ----------------------------i.\

.\

.. _ " . . . .(1)1( 1.1).loch1.loch1loch) . . 'JToohI'oobIoobToothOb , pp9p-9p9p-pp-

I

,..-. ".-99-& . . . . . . ' . " . " . -

.. ..-. - .- .J ---- - --. - .- -- . .- . . .- ..-. . .. . . . . -_-'" . - .- ' " . . .

. ,. . '-1----1- 1-

I

--- '-----LL-

1

. . - ' . "

-4--44-

'I.t

"- '

. . . . . . . . . .. . ' ' . , .. .. . . . . . .."..

.. . .: :

. . . . .. . . , . . .. . . " ' * < ' ''l'tlt''I.tI.tIt' '. ' . . : . ,, ., " . ' .II. , i. . . ' II" .II. . , . .

' If f("'( 'H'lHl' >

peometrlcfilgeometricalpedometereometrlcgeometric l perfectionperfectionlI."perfectionlI-

In

perfectionis-

m

, "

In sls"J.tesJ.tesJtesitespjsp!; ) ."

. te ofot that we accept as fact In peacepeace timetime-

treln1ng

time-

training

ing-

rainingtim-

etraining

ing-

rainingtreln1ngtraining; ththptthatt tenacitytenecity In defense andend aggressivenessaggressiveness-

In

aggressivene-ssin the attack are natural sndandsand thetthattheft control , althoughalthoug-

hdifficultalth-

oughalthoug-

hdifficultalth-

oughalthoug-

hdifficultalth-

oughdifficult , Is not Impossible1mposs1ble ,. SvenEven an unimaginativeunimaginativ-

evisualizat10n

unimaginativ-

evisualization

unimag-inative

unlmaglnetlv-

evisualizationvisualizat10nvisualization ofot combat will show that such assumptionsassumptions-

are

assumptio-

nsassumptions-

are

assumptio-

nsare erroneous ,. (2)2( ) Once the maneuver islA endedHndedHanded e.ndende.n-

dthe

me-

nthe

end-

the

me-

nthe

.end-

the

me-

nthethe action is begun control willw1ll be Impossible for all butbut-

the

bu-

ttebut-

the

bu-

ttethe squad leader and even he may be able to control onlyonly-

those

poly-

thene

only-

those

poly-

thenethose two or three men in hishiehide immediateimmec1ie.teimmec1iete. vicinivicinityvicinityty ., In oom-oomcom-comboomoo-

mbat

com-

bat

com-

bat

comcom-

bat

¬-bat the individual feels thatthettheft death is in the air , invisibleinvisible-

and

invisib-le

,

and that hishiehide contest is withw1th fate rather thanthen with man . AtAt-

such

Ts-

uchiya

At-

such

Ts-

uchiya

At-

such

Ts-

uchiyasuch time , when moral pressure is1s at a maximummax1mu and controlcontrol-

atcontr-

ol

control-

atcontr-

ol

control-

atcontr-

olat a minimum he must go forward in attack or ststpndstandstipendnd to hishis-

post

hip-

poshis-

post

hip-

poshis-

poet

chi-

psetpost in defense In the face ofot hiehishide instinctive1nstinctive urge to-

fly

tot-

ally

to-

fly

tot-

ally

toto-

fly

tot-

allyfly .

II ., MORALE

4 ., IMPORTANCE OFor MORALE--WhatMORALEWhatMORALE . --What ie1sis it that foroesforcesforgoesforoes-

the

forest-

edforces-

the

forest-

edforces-

the

forest-

edthe individual forward in1n attack and holds him to his posi-posipositposi-

tion

posi-

tion

posipositposi-

tion

¬-tionion in defense . The answer may be found in paraparagraphraphgraph 4747-

FSR

,

rSRFSRRRFRS , which statesstateslstatesl.-

Infantry

:

"InfantryInfantry.Infantry". fighting power rests upon a basis ofot moralemorale.-

Superior

morale-

Superiormo-

rale.

Superior momoraleale turnsheflturnlshefurnishesturns! the impulse that carriesoarriesovaries the in-inin-

tantryin-

fantry

in-

fantryinin-

fantry

¬-

fantrytantrygantrypantry forward in attack and . the stayingstay1ng power that holdshold-

sit

hol-ds

hold-

sit

hol-ds

hold-

sit

hol-dsit in positions in defensedefense.11defense11detense.NdetenseNdetentsdefense.11-

In

detense.N-

In

deten-ts

. w--

In

I-

n-

In support of thisth18 samelame theorytheor1 General FochroohOuchooh once saidlsailsaidl-

'Viotory

said(:

"'"VictoryVictory'ViotoryViotory in1n combatoombat is18 a purelypurel)' moralresultmoralemoral -result-result andand-

theories

ad-

heresand-

theories

ad-

heresand-

.theories

and-

theories

ad-

heres.

theories ofot war based upon mathematical conceptionsoonceptions are en-enen-

tirelyen-

tirelyenen-

tirely¬-

tirelytiredly wrong . ". (3)3( )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ,. . ._ . __ . .ftft. " " .-. -- - . .

. ..'ff' "- -- - - -- p1e.l'- c-ece-ej-gltingeejgltingegluttingejgltingeprjiggling-11t111t1p1e,. ,-p1-e--------------p1e-';-prpr- -r-rr(-3)

" - - ---- - -

J. .

.ll

. -_ . , -_ .= .=-(3)(3)3-" ( 3 ) PoohroohFoohooh , p . 9'-

f

9-

F

9.

IFII

.

. .. . _ , . . .. , . .,.. M.v.1R\Mlr/r1RMlrrMr.'\_/ . . .rr. Iw." ...- .-- .--+.. i

.- - - tojMoo\tojMootomfooltojMoo-

j

tojMoo.-

I

tomfoo-

l

,) \ % *woI8iLsl.

_ ,.. . .. ., . .. -... ..

_ ';: .WIWI:..WI.rweir.... ,._< -.r.r-..uu. .. ..8iLs-8iLs- ;.- .: ;- " wv+I ht

l ,.-;.<. . .- "_- ., * "_" r' . ._-".,-. - .-- I'.

;..sasa':. : < - .i--

.- i.i.u.uuI j

j

i\iIii-

i

\

' . ' .- . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .

- . ,' ." , - . . .. . .

. ' ..- . . , --. . - . . . .

These quotationsquotat1ons , it1t maym y be thought , are overover-over-

statements

overI-I

ove-r

¬-.. II ." . .. . .. . " . . . . J ..,_ .... _ . .. . . .. .. ..._. . ._ . . .. . . . . . . . , " ' " . . , . . .- .-- . : -: . : . . .

. . . -

statements for the purpose of emphasis and as suchsuohsough should.-

be

should-

be

should-

er

shouldshould-

be

should-

er

should-

be

should-

er

.

be accepted withw1th a proingrainprobing of salt . Or. , on thethAthan oti-erotierotherof-erofOtis}-_ hhnd-

perhaps

Ho-

nduras

hlilldh-ridridhrid<:-shieldhorrid-n-

dperhaps

nd-

perhaps

di-

pterans

- ,

perhaps you v-'illv'illillwill-' accept them on faith plonelonealone stat their faceface-

valuefa-

cialface-

valuefa-

cialface-

valuefa-

cialvalue . NeitherN81ther course is1s necessary . We mpy'gompygomey'gomeygompgmeg' to historyhistory-

where

hist-ory

history-

where

hist-ory

history-

where

hist-orywhere we may findf1nd the basisbesis for them ,.

MeMeFHISTOR.IIII . HISTOF.ICHISTOFICFHISTOR.IFHISTORIHISTORICHISTORICAL.. CrLCarlljljEjAlviFLESjellifies, EjAlviFLESEXA1LESEXJEXEXJPLES-

5

( -PLES-

5

PLES-

5

-

5 ,. ANCIENT COMBAT-CAUKAECOMBATCAUKAECOMBAT-CANNCANNCOMBAT-CANNAECANNAECAULKEDANNCANNES- . ( DiagrammaticDlagremmatic Sketch No-

.l

No-

lNo .

l--ThelThe1)--The1)1The) ,. --The first example selected isi s thatthRtthirst militprymilitAry classic-

the

class-ic

c1assioclassic ,

the battle of CannaeCannes , in vwhichv'hiehvhiehvie' lchlich a CarthaginianCRrthagin1Carthaginitnann Army led byby-

Hann1bal

by-

Hannibal

by-

HannibalHann1balHannibal defeateddeteateddetested a Roman Army of twice its number . (4)4(4)-

The

(4)-

The

(4)-

The

4T-

he( )

The Romans formed for battle in1n a deep ' wedge vrlthwithvarlet the smallersmaller-

point

sma-ller

smaller-

point

sma-ller

smaller-

point

sma-llerpoint toward the enemy . HannibalsHann1balsHannibals forces formed in1n a w1dewidew1d-

eshallow

wide-

shallow

Wh-

itehallwide-

shallow

Wh-

itehallshallow line whichwh10h was slightlys11ghtly greater in1n depth on thethe-

wings

he-

wing

the-

wings

he-

wing

the-

wings

he-

wingwings . As the RomansRomrrns advanced the CarthaginianCarthag1nian center-

broke

cen-ter

centercenter-

broke

cen-ter

center-

broke

cen-terbroke as Hannibal had warned hish1s troops it would . Th-

eCarthaginian

T-earstain

TheTh-

eCarthaginian

T-earstain

Th-

eCarthaginian

T-earstainCarthaginian wingswingetwinge , however , moved forward , effecting a-

double

d-

ouble

aa-

do

a-

double

d-

oubledodoublele envelopment of the Roman mass . The CarthaginianCarthaginian-

center

Carthagi-nian

Carthaginian-

center

Carthagi-nian

Carthaginian-

center

Carthagi-niancenter was reformed and returned to battle and an extensionextension-

of

extension-

ot

extensio-

notof the envelopment resulted In1n the RomansRomams being surroundedsurrounded-

and

surround-

edsurrounded-

and

surround-

edsurrounded-

and

surround-

edand routed with tremendous loss .

6e . DISCUSSION.TheDISCUSSION--TheDISCUSSIONTheDISCUSSION ., --.The.TheThe- --. author of one of the manyman-

ystudies

mag-

nitudes

man-

ystudies

mag-

nitudes

man-

ystudies

mag-

nitudesstudies ofot this battle says : "HannlbalsHannlbals"HannibalsHannibals"HannibaleHannibaleHannibal" tacticstactiostractions were brilliant-but

brillia-nt

bri1l1antbrilliantbri1l1ant-

but

brilliant-but

brillia-ntbut simple . IIN" (5)5( ) The simplicitys1mplioity ofot the plan is1si s apparent but-

as

bu-

ts

butbut-

as

bu-

ts

but-

as

bu-

tsas to its brilliancebr1llianoe there may be some question . A doubledouble-

envelopment

double-

envelopment

double-

envelopmentenvelopment ie1sis at bestbeet a dangerous undertakingundert&klngundertklng& . A doubledouble-

envelopment

double-

envelopment

double-

envelopmentenvelopment ofot a superiorsup.er1orsuper1or. foroetoroeforceforetore sseems_ em8 suicidalsuic1dal . To whatwha-

tfactor

cha-

racter

wha-

tfactor

cha-

racter

wha-

tfactor

cha-

racterfactor , then , can we attribute thisth1s brilliant victoryviotory ?' TheThe-

&newer

The-

answer

Te-

aserThe-

answer

Te-

aser&newerneweranswer& iIs1ss to be foundtOWldtOld in gogoT8I . T1' . 266 , Chap . 6 , paragraph 227? ,." ,.(,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . .(4)4( 4 ) Du PloqPioqPloPico , p . 108-

.es108-

es108

" (5)5( 5 ) 175 BattlesBattles. ,. p . 1616-

3I -3-3-.3-.3-. 3-

These

.3t-

o

-:..

. ____...- . "

._"

_.

.

. . _ _ .___.

_.

.

. '

'

.

_ .AA. ... . . .... ... . _ . . ... . . ._

. . . .. . . _ ._. .. . .. . . . . ,._ . . . _. ._ ,. ., .. .. .. ._ _

... . _ _ . _ __.._. ._ . . . . ... . --.-- ...

. .. .. - . . . . . .. . . -- .

it

!r

.

L_ _ . . . . .. " . . - ... ..;.* * . .* to .:.1-ltW1ltWalt.14-.14-..14.ii.i!. ,"'--* - . . . . . ,;.la. ,.j-jji.;.- " ..ii.i--ii.i.ii.iiii.ii.i.JS.. i :"d.f'jMd.fjMdfjMFM" .. :':;.-;.;::.- . _ . : -; ;.; ;;.::.-_ :;

:-. . . . .. . - - - .

: _. . .:;.; . . , ._ . , ._ . . _ ... . , . ._ _ _ . . _ .."! ' ' ' _ - .. .__ _ . ... .. .-.JS.JS- . . .J-

S3

. . .,...

. . . . . .- . .. -. - . . - . . . - - . - . .-- .. ----- . . . - ..- . . . . . . - "

. .- -

. - . .. - - - . . - . -. . . . . . . . . . . .--- .- - .

.. - . ..

.-. . . .

- -. . .

. . . - _ . . ..nn

,:

. . . . .. . ,. .,.... . ,

. . .. . , . . . . . .-- -. ..,. . .. , .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .MA.wh\.ch-MAwh.ch.MA.whMAwh.chchmaw..MA.wh.ch'-

This

_... . ._ . ..JfclQh-JfclQhJCLJfclQhwpa\. -- . wpapa ;:,. . -. . . ,. . ._. . .- - >\ .

"ThisThis'This"'* form of attackattaok ( the <doubleloublelobule envelopment ) l"tqI111'esltqI111esraquiresrequiresraquires-

farreacqui-

res"requires-

farrequir-

es;: '

far greater superiority in at least one of several factors :

moralemora.le. , numbers , auxiliary arms , mobility or terra.interrainterrain.nterrainnterrainterrain.n-

Obviously

. . "

Obviously , HannibalHa.1'1n1balAHa.11n1balAHa11n1balAHannibals.' a superiority lay in his correctcorrect-

evaltlation

corre-ctively

correct-

evaluation

corre-ctively

correct-

evaluation

corre-ctivelyevaltlationevaluation of tlththe1!': psychologicalpsychologioal factors involved , and in1n hishisl-

t1111ngness

his-

willingnessin-

stillinghis-

willingnessin-

stilling\lt1111ngnesslt1111ngnesswillingness\ to risk a8 . decision on that evaluation . (6)6(6)-

In

(6)-

In

(6)-

In

6I-

n( )

In allnl1alll factors other than morale the CarthaginiansCarthaginianeCarthaginian werewer-

einteriorw-

riterwer-

einferior

her-einafter

wer-

einferior

her-einafterinteriorinferior or only slightly superior .* IntheIntecIn the.the-the.- words of GeneralGeneral-

Foch

Gene-

ralGeneral-

Poch

Gene-

ralG-eneral-

Foch GeneralF-

och

gene-

ral-

FochPochOuchPooch the victory was "purelypurelyIIpurelyImpurely" a mormoormoralal reresult."resultG 1.11111. t ,. n" The direotidiureticdirectiondirection-

of

directio-n

onon-

ot

O-

nootof the attack was not the secret ., The Roman maniple WasWa-

sthe

Wa-

ste

was-

the

wa-

ste

was-

the

wa-

stethe most flexible organization ever devised . It could faceface-

in

faceti-

ng

face-

in

faceti-

ng

face-

in

faceti-

ngin anyenydeny directiondireotion to fight . Each Roman could be faced byby-

only

br-

yony

by-

only

br-

yony

by-

only

br-

yonyonly one Carthaginian at a time and.hadandhadhandheldand .,,, had they stood andand-

fought

ha-

ngdog

and-

foughtthe

and-

foughtthefoughtfoughtthefought, the battle could have ended only in defeat forfor-

Hannibal

fo-

raminafor-

Hannibal

fo-

raminafor-

Hannibal

fo-

raminaHannibal . The moralmQral pressure resulting fromtromtromp the suddensudden-

change

sud-den

sudden-

change

sud-den

sudden-

change

sud-denchange ofor successfulsuocessful attackattaok into defense on flpnfltn1flapflanks? s and-

rear

an-

drea

andllndLelandand-

rear

an-

drearear was too muchmuohmouth to withstand ,.30.{

7? . MOMODERN COMBAT ,. (06th06th( 6thSeth dermanGermenGermanderma Reserve Infontry-

Maps

Infantry-

man

Infantry-

Maps

Infantry-

man

InfantryInfontryInfantry-

Maps

Infantry-

man( Maps 2 and 3)--Modern3)3Modern3)3) . --Modern combatoombat will also support F9RFSRFRS oon-ooncon--cononoon-

oern1ng

con-

oerning

con-

cerning

concon-

cerning

-¬--

cerningoern1ngoerningcorning the importanceimportanoe of morale . The example seleotedselectedseleoted-

ooourred

selected-

occurred

electr-ocuted

selected.-

occurred

selected-

occurred

electr-ocuted

.

ooourredoccurred during the GtermanGerman offensive against Verdun inin-

Maroh

Ci-

marron

in-

March

in-

arching

in-

March

in-

archingMarohMarchMarco , 191 . ( See Map No.2No2No . 2 . ) The 1st BattalionBatta11on , 3)fth3fth33th3)fth-

Reserve

33th-

Reserve

3/th3th3th-

Reserve

)/Reserve German Infantry was attacking south toward . Forges-

on

Forg-es

ForgesForsesGorsesForgesffo-

n

Forge-s(f-

fonf-

ondon MarchMarohMarco 6 , 1914191-1911914-19141914The191The; - The 4th CompanyOompany was the leftlettlet assaulto-

ompany

ass-ault

assaultc-

ompany

ass-ault

assaultassaultc-

ompany

ass-aultcompanyoompany . On the leftlettlet of the battalion was the 2d BattalionBattalion-

51st

Battalion-

61st51stlstlast Reserve Infantry . The 1stlot Battalion advancedadvSD.cedadvSDced. to a l1neline-lineline-

along

life-

longline-

along

life-

long

.-

. along ForgeiPorgeForgesForgePore. Brook and was held up by firet1re from the easteast-

The

Est-

her

*.,

The 2d24 BattalionBattal10n 81st6l.t6ltSlit. InfantryIntantrJInstant wawas. held up at the roadroad-

junotion

gra-

duation

road-

junction

pro-

duction

road-

junction

pro-

duction;

f.' junotionjunction northnOl'thnOlthnotch' ofot 'Forges'orgesorges by firef1re from the town . Sergeantti 69646696. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. . .

I (6)6(8)8( ) Du PioqP1oqPicoPi oq , p . 106108101.11011. .

i. - ,- . . . . . . .

_ .. . . . .- ...

.jILjail ' - "

, - . .

'

I -_. - "'. " _ .LL. . . - ' . . ..__ ____ ., .M <Mr-MrMrKSrWMarks.,, -. . 11"KS-rWKSrW.:-,.",". . . . . ."." .

. . . _.I-A.IA.IIA. -.-O-OO-

.n

- " : . . . ., ..--..

,..,. . .

. . . . . - - -. . _ .. . .- - . - - . .- - ..- . . .. . - - .- .- .. . . - , . - . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . _ . . .. ._ _ .- . - -- - . .. .__ _ _ _" r

i . . " :-' .. ,:: '.. . . .. . ,

. . .nn. . R . . . . . A . w . rtrtMtM+/MM/ . . . . . . w . L.MLM. . w.MwM. + .r.Mr.MrM. . w'w.www.wwwww'w.w.w. ' . ! . -.w.w- .. M .ww. . ... v.rvr. .. ... . . . R.RRR.. . . Ia.. .+ .w.rrw.rrwrrrr. . . w .... . + w .. . r . s.IsI. IIrII . .. .rMarMaIrma. r.wrw. .wrwr. . . .+ . . . . . ra..R-wRw. ..- .. .. ii.r. -.r.r-. ... . . . .. . . ._ . . . . . .

.. . . .

._ . .. .. .. . ._ . .. .

_._. .. . _ . .. . . . _._ ._ .... . .

. . . ,. . o-.ro.ro.rr-. . " " ' _ " . .. " ,,. . . . . ." '. .' .AAK,. '. I>. 9M-i<. r,.rw7M-vI!'rr'. Ifi.Ii< > ". 'ii' mfttmitt-.* < i <-.JJ > - .00 :! < ."o .otot>. <t<<Wt <

GHodecksGlodeoksGlodeeksHoecakesGoddess , with three men , wwass on the right ofot and slightlyslightly-

separatedslig-

htlyslightly-

separatedslig-

htlyslightly-

separated

slig-htlyseparated, from the 4th CoiimanyCoLnilanyCaimanColonialCOlnColin )any . A f.few" 'ff'1 fraf.tfraftfruitraftfrat.. t trees affordedafforded-

him

afford-ed

afforded-

him

afford-ed

afforded-

him

afford-edhimhim--himconcelnlentinconvenientconcsclmentconcerlmentconce-lnlentconcelnlentconcealmentsconcelenient- fro-PfroPfroTIfroitfrontfruit- . tthee directiondireotion of ForcesForgesFor es . He observedobserved-

thatobser-

ved

observed-

thatobser-

ved

observed-

thatobser-

vedthat the machine-gunmachinegun- fire which was directeddireoted at the 4th4th-

Company

4th-

Company

4th-

CompanyCompany was comingoomingbooming from the group of houseshouseS southw--.tsouthw.tsouthw.ttsouthti.tsouthwestsouthSOllSOlsouthtiSoutht ..ww.!.wt.-:_ -tt-.t.t:-:'- :.-. ofof-

Forges

af-

forest

of-

Forges

af-

forest

of-

Forges

af-

forestForges and decided to infiltrate forward and take the gungun-

from

gun-

rooms

gun-

from

gun-

roomstromfromtromp the rear . He Informed his meninenlinen ofof.thioofthiosoftie., thisthisplanthespian-plan-planlan and thethe-

patrol

th-

eatrethe-

patrol

th-

eatrepatrol rushed forward to the stream . Fording the Icyioyirony streamstream-

they

strat-egy

stream-

they

strat-egy

stream-

they

strat-egythey crawledorawledbrawled forward past the hohousese and reached thethathan rearrear-

unobserved

ren-

umberedr arar-

unobserved

h-

arnesserar-

unobserved

h-

arnesserunobserved . They then threw grenades and rushed the househouse-

Their

hors-

ehair

,.

Their attack surprlsurplussurprised.eded.endand captured 20 frenchmen ,.

Sergeant 0-lodecks0lodecksGlodeckslodeGoddess- and his patrol taking their prisonersprisoners-

with

prison-ers

prisoners-

with

prison-ers

prisoners-

with

prison-erswith them then adv8.nadv8nadvanced. cedaced ttoo Forges vherewherehere they captured iinn tumturnTumstum-

groups

ung-

rouped

turn-

groups

turn-

arounds

turn-

groups

turn-

aroundsgroups of 1318 and 130 prisoners . The results of their aotionsactionsabortionsactions-

enabled

aton-eable

actions-

enabled

aton-eable

. ,-

enabled both the 1st Battalion.thBattalionthBattalionBattelionBattelion3Batta.1ionBatta1ionBattalion.,.-33-_. ' th InfantryInf8.ntryInf8ntry. andB.ndBndBand. the Sd2d Bat-BatBa-

ttalion

Ba-

ttalion

BatBa-

ttalion

¬-

taliontalon 51st Infantry to advance ,.

Let us digress fortortore a moment and suppose trthatt this isis-

a

Li-

sa

is-

a

Li-

sa

is-

a

Li-

saa peacepeaoe time maneuver instead1nstead of war . As a battalion oror-

company

C-

orcoran

or-

company

C-

orcoran

or-

company

C-

orcorancompany commander defending Forges you are informed that aa-

patrol

a-

pparel

a-

patrol

a-

pparel

a-

patrol

a-

pparelpatrol ofot fourtour men has succeededsuooeeded in Infiltrating throughthrough-

the

thoug-

htthrough-

the

thoug-

htthrough-

the

thoug-

htthe line . What would your reaction be ?" It is unlikely thattha-

tit

th-at

tha-

tit

th-at

that-

itth-

atit would be stronger than a- 'teelinga- teelings- teelinga'* feeling ofot amused in differenoedifferencedifference-

Yet

differen-ce

,.

Yet , in actualaotual combatoombat , four men not only turned , a possiblepossible-

oos

possib-

lepossible-

costly

poss-ible

possible-

costly

poss-ibleoososcostly11 defeatdeteatdetest into cheapoheapheap victory fortortore two battalions but inin-

doing

un-

doing

in-

doing

un-

doing

in-

doing

un-

doingdoing so captured 42 times their oimownaim numberngmber in prisoners ,.

The basis fortortore this militarymil1tarr miracle was morale ., With-WithWith-

out

WithWith-

out

¬-.out superior morale iitt iis11s inconceivableinoonceivable that a small groupgroup-

would

gro-up

group-

would

gro-up

group-

would

gro-upwould undertake suchsuohsough a dengerodangerdangerous. missionmiss10n on its own initiativeinitiative-On

initiativ-e

,.

On the other handhendend , the trenchfrench were demoralized by the suddensudden-

change

sud-den

sudden-

change

sud-den"

! ohangechange In the trend , of thetbetube actionaotionabortion and felltell an easearseasy, prey toto-

a

toa-

d

t o-

aa. foetoe with superiorluperior morale ,titi

f . . . . . . ., ' ""*" *.-''" ----.A.A-.," . ----. . ..iw.u-iw.u-iw.uirLJ. ..- irL-JirLJgirlirLJ-

x.x'o.ll

, . _. .. . .. . __ ._ :- .iiiiii. i .niw.iniw.iniwinitwit. . ' '

' " " ' ' ' """ " '" " ""-"" ""'1,111, (.

1 11

.

11 11 " i i x- 'Tx-T; ? 7-77.A'.:" - -

I

,t-tto-

hange

t-

hane

-._ ..x.x'o-.llxxo.llx.x'oxxo.llllExxon_. ' -.-_iy\iyiy.ii.n\<.ii.nii.niinicingin.. . .ii. . _ .._. <. .,.,-_U . <U ( .'_<MIIMIMI'* >-. . , .- .

. . . '-,\-. .-> nuiui ,11, ,_

Mr .t"**"_ ." . . . ." .,-' ---_. . ...,> . .. ". . .._... . .. . _y. -- , -iif-ff-.;,;, , ,

.

i

. - -. . .. . - - -- - . - . . , - - - - .-- - . ; \.. , .

- .

.

'. "

.

, u- n. ". . .. .MMMM. ",- . .rr_. . ,. ". . . . .. . ' , " ". . " .. .. . . .. . . .ww. .. . r- w-. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .

. . a.< r-r._-.Ma ' -.V1V1- ws-k-kk.- r- - .. . . . . ..-.rr. -. . . ..ru_ .. .. u , w.

r

I

8 . DISCUSSIONAlthoughDISCUSSION--AlthoughDISCUSSIONAlthoughDISCUSSION . "- -AlthoughAlthough- widely seseparatedted by time-r

time-"'-'-- "_

" "_H ' . .- - '. . .. . ,. .,. . ,_. . . ." " "'' '' \ Mr/'iMr'ii/' <\; " -tw < , -. , ..'.. rwnrnr of' w.ewe' . . . . . , .

as wewell11 as bby manyri other'acotheracotherother'ac-similarity

othertherrherrj 'a Et r'ifrifrifeI<'s'' " t1rm-i's-ht1rmi'sisht1rmi'shrTT8!® -i'<'y- ar's'fcsfcscd' H 'ii'> dArttg-dArttgdartdArtt-

gsimilarity

; i'tit"' S--SS-

sL

Si-

sal

-- -' '--..--

similarity

s-

imilarity-_ ' _._ . . .. . . "

sLsimilarityllarltyclarity between the two examples discusseddlscusaed . BothBoth-

Be

Both-

er

Both-

ac

Bot-

hBoth-

ac'iona

Bot-

haciona

Not-

ationalBeac t,1011At1011Ar.icrlisricrlisprickliest',. were based upon plans which , from a purelypurely-

mechanical

purely-

mechanical

purely-

mechanicalmechanical point of view , were unsound . At CannaeCannesCannae-

Hannibal

,

Hannibal made a double envelopment of a vastly supersuper-super-

ior

super-

ior

super-

ior

¬-

iorIgor force . At Forges , SgtSt . GlodecksGoddess and his patrol ofof-

three

N-

otreof-

three

N-

otrethree men aattackedttackelattackeItackle( superior forces while hampered wiwithwith-

prisoners

with-

drawnness

with-

prisoners

with-

drawnness

th

prisoners who outnumberedoutnwnbered them 5 to I1 *. NeiNeilNeithertherether solutionsolution-

would

solut-ion

solution-

would

solut-ion

solution-

would

solut-ionwould be satisfactory in a field or map exercise . InIn-

war

In-

ward

In-

war

In-

ward

In-

war

In-

wardwar , both were rewarded by marked success .

A close scrutiny of military history will revealreveal-

that

rev-eal

reveal-

that

rev-eal

reveal-

that

rev-ealthat many of the most decisive tactical victories ofof-

history

of-

history

of-

historyhistory were based upon plans that we consider unsoundunsound.-

The

unsound-

The

unsou-

nd

.

The number of tactically unsound plans used with suc-sucsuchsuc-

cess

suc-

cess

sucsuchsuc-

cess

¬-

cess by the great and near great leaders of history isis-

to

it-

o,

to say the least , astonishing . There is one factorfactorh-

oweverfac-

tor,

however , which is generally common to those plans . InIn-

almost

In-

famous

In-

almost

In-

famous

In-

almost

In-

famousalmost every case success can be traced to a correctcorrect-

evaluation

corre-ctively

correct-

evaluation

corre-ctively

correct-

evaluation

corre-ctivelyevaluation of the psychological factors Involved . InIn-

that

In-

tactIn-

that

In-

tactthat masterpiece , CannaeCannes , Hannibal used the known weakweak-

morale

evap-

orable

weak-

morale

evap-

orablemorale of the troops in his center to his advantageadvantage.-

The

advantage-

The

advanta-ge

.

The Roman demoralization due to beingattackedbeing attacked inin-

flank

in-

flame

in-

flank

in-

flameflank was greater than if they had not gained initialinitials-

uccessinit-

ialsInitials-

uccessInit-

ialssuccess in the center . At Marathon the withdrawal ofof-

the

of-

ten

of-

the

of-

ten

of-

the

of-

tenthe center was intentional and the result the same .

A mathematical formula for success in war cancan-

no

Ca-

no

can-

no

Ca-

no

can-

no

Ca-

no,

,

no more be found than cancan-canonecan-onecanonecanoe- one for success in art-art.-

The

art-The

eart-

hen

.:<

iI'.The sculptor and the leader of troops both mustmuetmet havehave-

a

hav-

e!

a sound groundworkkroundwork in the use ofor their respectiverespective-

tools

respect-ive

respective-

tools

respect-ive

respective-

tools

respect-ive

iiI

iII tools *. Only'theOnlythePolytheneOnly

'

the hackhaokhook stops once that groundwork has beenbeen-

acquired

bele-

aguered

been-

acquired

bele-

aguered

been-

acquired

bele-

agueredIiI acquired *. The true artist must delve into the ' realm otofot-

the

ot-

her

of-

the

of-

ten

of-

the

of-

tenI

I .

the intangibleIntanslble that lies11es beyondbe7ond *.

...-. '-.- 4 .' . . .._.. . ._ _ . . . ...-_

.....w.ww.www"'._..... ..ww:., . ... . ., . . . . ...., w.www.: " -.wra-.wrap .. .. . .wt-.M.wMw "' .M'III.MIIIMIII' ... ,_. .. _._.. . . .,. .. .

.r.urr.urrurRuhr"., u .A/.A.AP'1/ P'1P1'"' ' ._V " . . ..

MhM\SMhMSHmM-,,\,\ ML.I'ILQN_LAN.4'h\\.4h.4'h4hrAYYrAY.4'h-4

,.' . .1/.1..1f.M1w.gvf.O{,/ ., f.M1w.gvf.OfM1wgvf.OfM1wgvfO_. "_ .. . .. . . .._ .__ _ _ _ . . _ _ . _ . . . _ , _ :___--4------4- . - 4-

.I--.:--- ..:_" . _ --_'- II'IVRRJ.YAw-

RA_'.- .- - - - - - . _--- .- .- ' ru. wwL.I' \.\L.IL.I\&

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IIVV9V9CONCLUSIONS. CONCLUSIONS-

m

CONCLUSION-

S

CONCLUSIONS

. . . .._ .. .. .._._ ....JE ..®.. .Q.QllQ.JJl.e-'loQQllQJJl.elo.Q.QllQ.JJl.eQQllQJJle'lolo,..QPW3Jl...-'JOJ29-9-9totjns-.t.b.e.t.mastbet.mas.t.b.e.t.matbetmastemmabema< -..tot-jntotjn.-.yJ.Qa-.Qa.-.Qaawn&& awn?m .-ftMna- Ymm tthisthl-sthlshlh i-sis- '- studystudy-

erestud-

ier

estudy-

erestud-

iert udyJudy . . -_-

ere few in number but ofot preatgreatpeat Importanceimportanoe to the leaders ofof-

ellf-

ellof-

&11

of-

11ell& 11 uniteun1tpunits .,

1 . TtThef. lee-cl.erleecl.erleecl.ercleri.eac1.erieac1.erieac1erlevelerclear3ea. - <?.er , 3nIn hiphiFMEiF: EtuEtuiEtude-EtudeEtudecfEtudestud . ;"- cf the-thettetretotetarethenctherctjtrencher- rrc.thenllttcclrrcthenllttcclrr.trrrtrart:n-ctherctjnctherctjcither-, ;. etratierratic: _ calcal-

and

cala-

ndo

cal-

and

cala-

ndoand. geometrical aspects ofot combat , must bear in mind thatthat-

always

hall-

waysthat-

always

hall-

waysthat-

always

hall-

waysalways he must deal with (raenaenravenamenen ,.

2 ., All tactlnstD.ctlcstDctlcstacticstactlessdactylics. are based ultimately upon psyohologioalpsychologicalpsyohologioa-

lfactors

psycholo-gical

psychologica-

lfactors

psycholo-gical

psychologica-

lfactors

psycholo-gicalfactors ,.

3 . The or1criticalticaltidal t-.estt-esttest.

for a tacticaltaotical plan Is , "vr111vr111"v'illvillvilla"vr11-

1it

"v'il-

lit

"rill-

itrill-

itrel-

it" '

it result inn the greatgreatestst possible demoralizing effect onon-

the

M-

onte

on-

the

M-

onte

on-

the

M-

ontethe enemy and the least poss1possiblebleable on my o.vnovno-.Ino.Ino.InInovencoinO ',.-.rn troopstroops ."

4 . Historical solutions are Inapplicableinapplioable and ottenoftengottenotten-

m1sleading

often-

misleading

often-

misleadingm1sleadingmisleading unless the psychologicalpsychologioal factorfaotor is evaluated ,.

5 . The leader must know the status of morale in hishis-

unit

dis-

unite

his-

unit

dis-

unite

his-

unit

dis-

uniteunit in order correctlycorreotly to assign missions and . make plan-

s'f

plansplane ,.

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L.OCATIOI9I4-IdI9I4IdI9I4Id-

LOCATION-. .c. .

L.OCATIOLOCATIOLOCATION. N OF UNITSUNITS-STUPENT

UNITS-STUpE

Un-its r.STUPENTSTUDENTSTUpEStumped NT TOPICS .I \

0-00-kM060- - . . . 60 . . . 104104125-125125-

'125-

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- / . . . . .. . . ..mDel . . . . . . . .

kMM ' / -

,at In , ..,h R . , .

I .ff. .

P.tr-olP.trolP.trPtrolPatrolPtPr. - 33t"" GatGaitGe '". R.aRaResRees. . Ira-IraInfInfoIr-

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