1. MK Botum = Pendahuluan 2013

8/13/2019 1. MK Botum = Pendahuluan 2013

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Oleh : Ir. Ellis Nihayati, MS2013

BOTANI

1. PENDAHULUAN

an introduction to botany

Plant, Scientific study, Concepts


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Botany

Botany is the scientific study of plants.

Concepts "plants" and "scientific study."

What is a plant ? Plants have so many types and variations that

a simple definition has many exceptions, and a

definition that includes all plants and excludesall nonplants may be too complicated to be

useful


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What is a PLANT?

Most plants have green leaves, stems, roots, and flowers .

(Fig.

1.1).

Conifers such as pine, spruce, and fir have

cones rather than flowers (Fig. 1.2), and

many cacti and succulents do not appear tohave leaves.


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Is it a plant ?


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. Conifers and cacti are obviously plants because they

closely resemble organisms that unquestionably are

plants

Ferns have several features in common with

flowering plants; they have leaves, stems, and roots.

However, they never produce seeds, and they have

neither flowers nor wood Fungi, such as mushrooms , were included in the

plant kingdom because they are immobile and

produce spores, which function somewhat like seeds

Algae are more problematical. One group, the green

algae , are similar to plants in biochemistry and cell

structure, but they also have many significant

differences.


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What is a Scientific Method ?

The concept of a scientific study can be

understood by examining earlier approaches

to studying nature.

Until the 15th century, three principal

methods for analyzing and explaining


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Starting in the 1400s several

fundamental tenets were established:All accepted information can be

derived only from carefully

documented and controlled

observations or experimentsOnly phenomena and objects that

can be observed and studied are

dealt with;

All proposed explanations of naturalphenomena must be tested and

verified;


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Scientific studies

Begin with a series of observations, followed

by a period of experimentation mixed with

further observation and analysis.

At some point, a hypothesis, or model, is

constructed to account for the observations


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misalnya

The experimental testing may involve the

comparison of several plants outdoors, some inlight and others heavily shaded, or it may involve

several plants indoors, some in the normal gloom

and others illuminated by a window or a skylight. Such experiments give results consistent with

hypothesis 1; hypothesis 2 would be rejected

A pair of simple alternative

hypotheses: (1) Plants need light togrow. (2) Plants do not need light to

grow.


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Fundamental concepts of Plant

1. Plant metabolism is based on the principles of chemistry and

physics2. Plants must have a means of storing and using information

3. Plants reproduce, passing their genes and information on to

their descendants

4. Genes, and the information they contain, change

5. Plants must survive in their own environment

6. Plants are highly integrated organisms

7. An individual plant is the temporary result of the interaction

of genes and environment

8. Plants do not have purpose or decision-making capacity


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A plant produces numerous offspring, many of which resemble it strongly (b). Mutations may

occur that cause, for instance, leaves to be malformed and poorly shaped for photosynthesis

(c); most or all of these mutants die and do not reproduce. The normal plants continue to

reproduce (b and d), but another mutation may occur that causes the leaves to be larger and

more efficient at photosynthesis (e). These may grow so well that they crowd out the original

parental types, and the plant population finally contains only the type with large leaves.


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DIVERSIFICATION OF PLANT

STUDY

Plant anatomy, which is concerned chiefly

with the internal structure of plants, was

established through the efforts of several

scientific pioneers

Plant physiology, which is concerned with plant

function . including how plants conduct materials

internally; how temperature, light, and water areinvolved in growth; why plants flower; and how plant

growth regulatory substances are produced, to

mention just a few.


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Plant taxonomy (also calledplant

systematics), which is the oldest branch of

plant study, began in antiquity. Plant

taxonomists often specialize in certain groups

of plants.

For example,pteridologists specialize in the

study of ferns, while bryologists study mossesand plants with similar life cycl


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Plant geography, the study of how and why

plants are distributed where they are

Plant ecology, which is the study of the

interaction of plants with one another and

with their environment

Plant morphology,the study of the form and

structure of plants,


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Genetics, the science of heredity, was founded

by the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (1822

1884), who performed classic experiments

with pea plants. Today, various branches of

genetics includeplant breeding, which has

greatly improved yields and quality of crop

plants, and genetic engineering


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Economic Botany and ethnobotany, which

involve practical uses of plants and plant

products, had their origin in antiquity as

humans discovered, used, and eventually

cultivated plants for food, fiber, medicines,

and other purposes


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Summary

1. It is difficult to define a plant. It is more important

to develop a familiarity with plants and understand

how they differ from animals, fungi, protists, and

prokaryotes. The differences are presented in laterchapters.

2. The scientific method requires that all information

be gathered through documented, repeatable

observations and experiments. It rejects anyconcept that can never be examined, and it requires

that all hypotheses be tested and be consistent with

all relevant observations.


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UTS

Cel dan Jaringan tanaman

Batang, akar,daun,bunga ,buah,biji

Taksonomi

UAS

Chemestri of life,mitosis miosis, Genitic,plantevolution,population,ecosystem and habitat


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1.2 DEFINISI : LINGKUNGANHUBUNGAN ANTARA BOTANI DENGAN BERBAGAI ILMU TERKAIT

GenetikaFisiologi

Ekologi

Morfologi

Anatomi

Histologi

Sitologi

Taksonomi

Botani lapangan

Kehutanan

Perikanan

Botani ekonomi

BOTAN

I


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2.1. FUNGSI Sebagai ILMU DASAR

Contoh 1 :

dengan Fisiologi

Pengetahuan morfologi dan anatomi daun digunakansebagai dasar mempelajari fisiologi proses fotosintesis didaun. Ketika klorofil menyerap cahaya untuk sintesis

karbohidrat


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2.2. FUNGSI Sbg KESEIMBANGAN LINGKUNGAN

Contoh 1 : Gymnospermae denganAngiospermae

dengan


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2.2. FUNGSI Sbg KESEIMBANGAN LINGKUNGAN

Contoh 2 :

Tanaman Kering (Dryland plant) dengantanaman Basah (Wetlandplant)

dengan


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. .

Contoh 3 : Modifikasi organ pada perbanyakan vegetatif


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. .



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. .



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. .

Contoh 4 : Tanaman epifit dan parasit


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Contoh 5 : perbedaan warna / degradasi stomata akibat pengaruh

naungan

1. Pengamatan 0 minggu setelah transplanting




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Contoh 5 : perbedaan warna / degradasi stomata akibat pengaruh

naungan





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. .

Contoh 6 : Etiolasi akibat pengaruh naungan


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. .

Contoh 7 : perbedaan kerapatan stomata akibat pengaruh naungan

2 3 FUNGSI EKONOMIS


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2.3. FUNGSI peran EKONOMIS

Contoh 1 :Lingkarantahunpada

batang untuk menentukan

umur pohon

Contoh 2 :

Perempesan cabang padatanamanjatiuntuk

meningkatkan nilai jual


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1. BOTANY, An Introduction on Plant Biology,1974

By : T. Elliot Weles, C. Ralph Stocking and

Michael G. Barbour2. BOTANY, Principle and Problems, 1976

By : Edmuno W. Sinnot andKatherine S. Wilson

3. BOTANI UMUM : 1, 2, 3 (1985)By : Prof.Dr.Ir.H. Siti SutarmiTjitrosoma, M.Sc

4. MORFOLOGI TUMBUHAN, 1986

5. BIOLOGI: 1, 2, 3 (2003)


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Mauseth, J. D. 1998. Botany : An Introduction to

Plant Biology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Inc.

Stern, Jansky, Bidlack. 2003. Introductory Plant

Biology, Ninth Edition.The McGrawHill Companies Lack, A.J. and D.E. Evans. 2005. Plant Biology

instants note. BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.

Campbell, N. A. 2008. Biology, Eight Edition. Pearson

Education, Inc.

1. MK Botum = Pendahuluan 2013

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