1. fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak; (m) miktplk; - edupub.gov.lk g9t/C21.pdf · 145,ytrg; ghl E}y;...

143,ytrg; ghl E}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

21 <oj;Jr; irt Myaq;fs;<oj;Jr; irt Myaq;fs;<oj;Jr; irt Myaq;fs;<oj;Jr; irt Myaq;fs;<oj;Jr; irt Myaq;fs;

1. fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak;1. fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak;1. fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak;1. fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak;1. fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak;

fpof;fpyq;ifapy;; ,aw;if vopy; kpFe;j fSjhtisg; gFjpapy;

%u;j;jp> jyk;> jPu;j;jk; vd;Dk; %d;Wk; xUq;Nf> ,aw;ifahf mikag;

ngw;w jpUj;jyk; fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak; MFk;.

(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;,t;thyak; kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fj;

njw;Nf> kl;lf;fsg;G - fy;Kid

gpujhd tPjpapy; RkhH 25 fpNyhkPw;wu;

J}uj;jpy; fSjhtisg; gFjpapy;

mike;Js;sJ. ,t;thyak;; fpof;Nf

j P u ;j ;jf ;NfzpiaAk ; > jhkiuj ;

jlhfj;ijAk;> Nkw;Nf kl;lf;fsg;G

thtpiaAk; tay; ntspiaAk;>

Vida ,U jpirfspYk; tay;

ntspfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kUjkuk;>

njd;idF> tpy;tk;> kh vd;gd epiwe;j

Nrhiyapd; kj;jpapy; tpehafg;

ngUkhd; Nfhapy; nfhz;Ls;shu;.

(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW

fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak; goikahd tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;G

kpf;f MyakhFk;. ,t;thyaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp fSNjthyaf;fSNjthyaf;fSNjthyaf;fSNjthyaf;fSNjthyaf;

fy;ntl;Lfy;ntl;Lfy;ntl;Lfy;ntl;Lfy;ntl;L vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ. ,t;thyak; mike;Js;s ,lk;> Kd;du;

mlu;e;j fhl;Lg;gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ. ,q;F Ntlu;fspd; jiytdhd fStd;

vd;gtd; Ntl;ilahLjw; nghUl;L te;jhd;. ntw;wpfs; fpilf;fTk;> fhupak;

epiwNtwTk;> ,iwtdJ Jizia ehb nts;spiyr; rlq;Fnts;spiyr; rlq;Fnts;spiyr; rlq;Fnts;spiyr; rlq;Fnts;spiyr; rlq;F

(ntw;wpiyiaf; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk; rlq;F) nra;tjw;F ,t;tplj;ijj;

njupT nra;jhd;. gpd; rlq;fpid Nkw;nfhz;L mUs; ngw;whd;. ,t;thW

Ntlu; jiytdhd fStd; topgl;l ,lk; fSNjthyak;fSNjthyak;fSNjthyak;fSNjthyak;fSNjthyak; vd miof;fg;

gl;lJ. gpd;du; mr;nrhy; kUtp> fSjhtisfSjhtisfSjhtisfSjhtisfSjhtis vd toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mf;fhyj;jpy; fjpu;fhkj; jpUj;jyj;jpw;F> fhy;eilahf ahj;jpiu nry;Yk;

mbahu;fs; jq;fpr; nry;Yk; ,lkhf ,t;tplk; tpsq;fpaJ. ,t;thW

ahj;jpiu te;j ,U ,ypq;fjhupfs; ,ypq;fj;jpid epyj;jpy; itj;Jg;

g+ir nra;j gpd;du;> ,ypq;fj;ij kPz;Lk; vLf;f Kad;w Ntis ypq;fk;

tsu;e;J fPo; Nehf;fpg;; gutpaJ. mtu;fs; mjid vLf;f KbahJ tpl;Lr;


nrd;wdu;. gpd;du; Cu; kf;fs; xd;W $b> nfhj;Jg; ge;jypl;L topghL

nra;J te;jdu;. ,t;tw;Gj ypq;fj;jpd; kfpikiaf; Nfs;tpAw;w g+ghy

td;dpik vd;gtd;> mr;rptypq;fj;jpy; gps;isahupd; mk;rk; ,Ue;jijf;

fz;L> mjidg; gps;isahuhf topgLkhW kf;fis Ntz;bdhd;. mjdhy;

kf;fs; mj;jpUTUtj;ij> Rak;Gypq;fg;gps;isahu; Rak;Gypq;fg;gps;isahu; Rak;Gypq;fg;gps;isahu; Rak;Gypq;fg;gps;isahu; Rak;Gypq;fg;gps;isahu; vdg; Nghw;wp topgl;L

tUfpd;wdu;.

(,) Mya mikg;G(,) Mya mikg;G(,) Mya mikg;G(,) Mya mikg;G(,) Mya mikg;GfSjhtisr; Rak;Gypq;fg; gps;isahu; Myak; klhyaf;

NfhapyhFk;. fUtiwapy; ,Ue;j Rak;Gypq;fj;ij kiwj;J> gPlk; mikj;J

mjd;Nky; gps;isahu; jpUTUtk; gpujpl;il nra;ag;;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thyak;

cs;Rw;iwAk;> gupthu nja;tq;fSf;fhd KUfd;> ehfjk;gpuhd;> itutu;

Myaq;fisAk;> gypgPlk;> kfhkz;lgk;> tre;j kz;lgk;> ahfrhiy>

thfdrhiy> kzpj;J}z; vDk; mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.

Myaj;jpy;; Kd;gpUe;j gypgPl ee;jpia khw;wp> mt;tplj;jpy; %\pfk;

];jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fUtiwia mLj;Js;s kz;lgj;jpy; cs;sJ.

Myaj;jpd; njd;Nkw;Nf ehfjk;gpuhd; MyaKk; tl Nkw;Nf KUfd;

MyaKk; mike;Js;sd. Mya kz;lg thapypd; ,UGwKk; Jthu

ghyfu; rpw;gq;fSk; Myaj;jpd; jpUf;fjTfSf;F NkYs;s Rtupy; Guhzf;

fijfis tpsf;Fk; rpw;gq;fSk; rptd;> ghu;tjp> tpehafu;> ehuju;>

KUfd; rpw;gq;fSk; cs;sd. ,Ugf;fr; Rtu;fspYk; rka Futu;fshd

rk;ge;ju;> mg;gu;> Re;juu;> khzpf;fthrfu; vDk; ehy;tuJ jpUTUtq;fSk;

rpw;gq;fshf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Myaj;jpy; rptd;> ghu;tjp vOe;jUsp tpf;fpufq;fSk;> tpehafu;

vOe;jUsp tpf;fpufKk;> ts;sp> nja;thid rNkjuuha; tpsq;Fk; KUfd;

vOe;jUsp tpf;fpufq;fSk;; cs;sd. Myaj;jpd; Kd;Gwj;Nj jPu;j;jf;

FsKk;> Rthkp ,isg;ghWk; kz;lgKk; Myaj;jpd; njd; fpof;Nf

ahj;jpupfu; klKk;> fy;ahz kz;lgKk; cs;sd.

(<) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;;G(<) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;;G(<) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;;G(<) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;;G(<) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;;G

fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak; mUshl;rpkpf;f jykhFk;.

mq;Fs;s gps;isahu; ek;gpf;ifNahL jd;id ehb tUNthUf;F

mUs;ghypg;gtuhf tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. ,t;thyaj;jpNy cs;s gps;isahu;

mw;Gjq;fs; gytw;iw epfo;j;jpAs;shu;. Ngrhj gps;isfisg; Ngritj;Jk;>

elthj gps;isfis elf;fitj;Jk;> nrtpLfis Nfl;f itj;Jk; mUs;

Gupfpd;whu;. 1978 Mk; Mz;L tPrpa #whtspapd;NghJ ,t;thyaj;jpidr;

#o ,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fs; ahTk; mopTf;Fs;shfpd. Mdhy;>

,j;jpUj;jykhdJ vJtpj jhf;fKk; ,d;wp fk;gPukhf epd;wik

tpag;Gf;FupaJ. ,J tpehafg; ngUkhdpd; mUNsad;wp Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy.


,tw;NwhL fSjhtis Rak;Gypq;fg; gps;isahupd; mk;rkhf>

gpujhd tPjpapy; epd;W juprpf;Fk; tifapy; kl;lf;fsg;G - fy;Kid

gpujhd tPjpapNy fy;ybg;gps;isahu;fy;ybg;gps;isahu;fy;ybg;gps;isahu;fy;ybg;gps;isahu;fy;ybg;gps;isahu; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tPjpapy; gazk; nry;NthUk; thfdj;jpy; tUNthUk; ek;gpf;ifNahL

Jjpj;J> rpjWNjq;fha; cilj;Jk; fw;g+uk; nfhSj;jpAk; fhzpf;ifr;

nrYj;jpAk; rpj;jpfhuuhfpa tpehafuplk; mUs; ngWfpd;wdu;.

(c) jyr; rpwg;G(c) jyr; rpwg;G(c) jyr; rpwg;G(c) jyr; rpwg;G(c) jyr; rpwg;G,t;thyaj;jpy; ehshe;jk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd mbatu;fs; nghq;fypl;L

jkJ Neu;j;jpf;fld;fis epiwNtw;Wfpd;wdu;. Neu;j;jpf;fldhf ngWkjpahd

nghUl;fis Myaj;jpw;F toq;FtJk;> jhq;fs; Ntz;ba fhupak;

epiwNtwpajd; nghUl;L> 1008 rq;FfSld; $ba rq;fhgpN\fk;> 108

rq;FfSld; $ba rq;fhgpN\fk;> ];egehgpN\fk;> Uj;uhgpN\fk;

Kjyhdtw;iw epiwNtw;WtJk; mbf;fb eilngWk;. mj;Jld;

Foe;ijfisg; ngw;Nwhu; gps;isahuplkpUe;J tpiy nfhLj;J thq;Fjy;>

Foe;ijfSf;F mKJ}l;Ljy; vd;gd ,t;thyaj;jpy; ehshe;jk; kj;jpahdg;

g+irapd;NghJ eilngWfpd;wd. ,t;thyaj;jpd; jytpUl;rk; tpy;t

kukhFk;. ,J Myaj;jpd; tl jpirapy; cs;sJ.

(C) g+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(C) g+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(C) g+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(C) g+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(C) g+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;

,t;thyaj;j py ; epj ;j pa

fpupiafSk;> iekpj;jpa fhkpff;

f pu piafSk; kpfr ; r pwg ;ghd

KiwapNy eilngWfpd ;wd.

,t;thyaj;jpy; eilngWk; tUlhe;j

kNfhw;rt cw;rtj; jpUtpoh kpfr;

rpwg;ghdJ. tUlh tUlk; Mdp

cj;juj ;j py ; j Pu ;j ;j cw;rtk;

,lk;ngWk; tifapy; xd;gJ ehl;fs; jpUtpoh eilngw;W> gj;jhtJ

ehs; jPu;j;jk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,t;thyaj; jpUtpohf;fis> Myaj;jpid

epUtfpf;Fk; MW FLk;gfspd; jiytu;fshd tz;zf;Fkhu;; Kd;dpd;W

elhj;Jtu;. ,t;thyaj;jpd; jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; Rthkp; tPjp cyh

tUfpd;wik rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,f;fhyq;fspy; Myaj;jpy; rkar;

nrhw;nghopTfs;> $l;Lg;gpuhu;j;jidfs;> Nksf;fr;Nrup Kjyhd epfo;TfSk;

fufk;> ghw;fhtb> gwitf; fhtb Kjyhd fhtb Ml;lq;fs;;> tre;jd;>

Fk;kp> fw;g+ur;rl;b Ve;Jjy;> mq;fg;gpujl;rzk; nra;jy; Kjyhd Neu;j;jpf;

fld;fSk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,it mbahu;fspd; gf;jpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf

mikAk;.


,t;thyaj; jpUtpohf;fSs; xd;gjhk; ehs; eilngWk; khk;goj;xd;gjhk; ehs; eilngWk; khk;goj;xd;gjhk; ehs; eilngWk; khk;goj;xd;gjhk; ehs; eilngWk; khk;goj;xd;gjhk; ehs; eilngWk; khk;goj;jpUtpohjpUtpohjpUtpohjpUtpohjpUtpoh rpwg;GilaJ. jpUtpohtpd;NghJ Mya Kd;wypy; ,lk;ngWk;.~~cyfj;jpw;Ff; fUj;jhthdtu; md;idAk; gpjhTk;|~~cyfj;jpw;Ff; fUj;jhthdtu; md;idAk; gpjhTk;|~~cyfj;jpw;Ff; fUj;jhthdtu; md;idAk; gpjhTk;|~~cyfj;jpw;Ff; fUj;jhthdtu; md;idAk; gpjhTk;|~~cyfj;jpw;Ff; fUj;jhthdtu; md;idAk; gpjhTk;|| vDk; fUj;jpidmbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ehlfk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,e;ehlfk; gf;jpG+u;tkhfebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.

NkYk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; tpehafu; rJu;j;jp> tpehafu; r\;b>Nfjhunfsup> rptuhj;jpup Kjyhd tpujq;fs; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy;mDl;bf;fg;gLk;. mtw;NwhL jpUf;fhu;j;jpif> jpUthjpiu> ijg;gpwg;G>GJtUlg;gpwg;G Kjyhd jpdq;fspYk; tpNrl g+irfs; ,lk;ngWk;. tpehafu;r\;b tpuj Kbtpy; fhg;gWg;G> tpehafu; r\;b tpuj Muk;gj;jpy; fl;bafhg;ig ePf;fp> jPu;j;j khly; jPu;j;Njhw;rtKk;> jpUthjpiu ed;dhspy;rKj;jpuj; jPu;j;Njhw;rtKk; rpwg;ghf ,lk;ngWk;. ,t;thyaj;jpy;ehad;khu;fsJ FUg+irfs; rpwg;ghf eilngWfpd;wd.

(v) Mya gupghydk;(v) Mya gupghydk;(v) Mya gupghydk;(v) Mya gupghydk;(v) Mya gupghydk;kl;lf;fsg;Gj; Njrj;jtupd; rKjha mikg;gpy; jdpj;Jtj;jpw;F

mbg;gilahf FbKiwik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fSjhtisg; gps;isahu;Myaj ;j pYk ; FbKiwfSf ;F mika> tz ;zf ;fu ; k h u ;epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. mt;T+upYs;s MW FbfSf;Fk; jiytu;fshfMW tz;zf;Fkhh;fSld; NrHj;J nkhj;jk; 19 Ngiuf; nfhz;l gupghydrig cs;sJ. mJ Mya gupghydj;ijf; ftdpj;J tUfpd;wJ. MyagupghydkhdJ fpuhkk; rhu;e;jJ> fpuhkj;jpd; flikfs;> Mya epUthfk;>Mya jUkk;> Myaj;jpd; GdUj;jhuzk;> Myaj; jpUg;gzp> Myakhdpak; vd;git njhlu;ghdjhf ,g;gupghydk; mikAk;. ,j;jpUg;gzpapy; fSjhtis kf;fs; midtUk; <Lghl;NlhL nraw;gl;LtUfpd;wdu;.

(V) E}y;fs(V) E}y;fs(V) E}y;fs(V) E}y;fs(V) E}y;fs;;,j;jpUj;jyj;jpd; kPJ mbahu;fs; gy gf;jpg; ghly;fisg; ghbAs;sdu;.

mtw;wpNy fSjhtis Rak;Gypq;fg; gps;isahu; jpUg;nghd;D}Q;ry;;>

fSjhtis Rak;Gypq;fg; gps;isahu; fhtbg; ghly;fs;> fSjhtis

Rak;Gypq;fg; gps;isahu; mUl;ghkhiy KjyhditAk; Rak;Gypq;fg;

gps;isahu; kPJ ghb ntspaplg;gl;l ,Wtl;Lf;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. ,t;thyak;

njhlu;ghf tuyhWfs; gy vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; fSjhtisg; gps;isahu;

Mya tuyhW gw;;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; Kjd;ikahd E}yhf> fSitefu;fSitefu;fSitefu;fSitefu;fSitefu;

fSNjthyaf; fy;ntl;LfSNjthyaf; fy;ntl;LfSNjthyaf; fy;ntl;LfSNjthyaf; fy;ntl;LfSNjthyaf; fy;ntl;L cs;sJ.

(I) r%f> rkag; gzpfs;(I) r%f> rkag; gzpfs;(I) r%f> rkag; gzpfs;(I) r%f> rkag; gzpfs;(I) r%f> rkag; gzpfs;

,j;jpUj;jyk; fSjhtisf; fpuhk kf;fsJk;> ,g;gpuNjr kf;fsJk;r%f> rka tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wp tUfpd;wJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; cau;fy;tp ngWk; khztu;fSf;Fg; Gyikg;guprpy;fis toq;Fjy;> Vio


\ . nraw;ghL . nraw;ghL . nraw;ghL . nraw;ghL . nraw;ghL

♦ fSjhtisg; gps;isahupd; mUs; vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J> tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

♦ khk;goj; jpUtpoh vd;gjd; tpsf;fj;ij vOjp fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

♦ fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myak; %yk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w r%f>

rkag; gzpfis vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

~ ghlr;RUf;fk; ghlr;RUf;fk; ghlr;RUf;fk; ghlr;RUf;fk; ghlr;RUf;fk;

• fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp mwpa cjTk;

E}y; fSNjthyaf; fy;ntl;lhFk;.

• Ntlu;fshy; fSjhtis vd;Dkplj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l nts;spiyr;

rlq;fhdJ> ntw;wpiyiaf; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLtjhFk;.

• fSjhtis Myaj;jpd; xd;gjhk; ehs; jpUtpohtpy; elj;jg;gLk;

khk;gor; rlq;F> gps;isahu; khq;fdp ngw;w epfo;itAk;> ~cyfj;Jf;F

fUj;jh md;idAk; gpjhTk;| vd;Dk; fUj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

• fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;J> mbahu;fs;

topghLfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;.

khztu;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW cjtpfisg; Gupjy;> fSjhtis jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;

FUFyj;jpid ];jhgpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpaJld;; rka mgptpUj;jpf;fhf

mwg;gzpahw;wp tUjy; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,tw;Wld;;> Myaj;jpw;F

fhzpf;ifahf tUk; ngupa Fj;Jtpsf;Ffs; Nghd;w ngWkjpkpf;f nghUl;fis

Vida Myaq;fSf;Fk; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; toq;fp rkak;> gz;ghL> fy;tp

Kjyhdtw;wpd; tsu;r;rpf;;Fj; njhz;lhw;Wfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ~~%u;j;jp

rpwpJ@ fPu;j;jp ngupJ|| vd;gjw;Nfw;g ,t;thyak; Nkw;$wpa gy;NtW

rpwg;Gf;fisAk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tho;tpy; xUKiwNaDk;

,t;thyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W juprpj;J ew;gyd; ngWNthk;.

^ gapw;rpfs; gapw;rpfs; gapw;rpfs; gapw;rpfs; gapw;rpfs;

m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.

1. fSjhtisg; gps;isahu; Myaj;jpd; miktplj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

2. ,t;thyak; fSjhtis Rak;Gypq;fg; gps;isahu; Myak; vd

miof;fg;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?

3. ,t;thyaj;jpd; jy tpUl;rj;jpd; ngaiuj; jUf.

4. ,t;thyaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; jpUtpoh gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.


2. Kd;Nd];tuk;2. Kd;Nd];tuk;2. Kd;Nd];tuk;2. Kd;Nd];tuk;2. Kd;Nd];tuk;<oj;jpy; cs;s Guhjd rptj;jyq;fSs; Kd;Nd];tuKk; xd;whFk;.

%u;j;jp> jyk;> jPu;j;jk; vd;gd Kiwaha; mike;j ,j;jpUj;jyk;

moNf];tuk; vdTk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ

(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;,yq;ifapd ; tlNkw ;Fg ;

gpuNjrj;jpy; rpyhgk; efupypUe;J

fpof;Nf> Rkhu; ,uz;L fpNyhkPw;wu;

J}uj;jpy; Kd;Nd];tuk; vd;Dk;

Guhjd rptj;jyk; mike;Js;sJ.

(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW,j;jyj;ij ,uhku;> tpahru; KjypNahu; topgl;ljhf jl;rzifyhr

Guhzk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Fsf;Nfhl;L kd;dd; mt; Myaj;ijg; Gdu;

epu;khzk; nra;jJld;> mjw;Fg; gy (64) fpuhkq;fis toq;fpajhfTk;

Kd;Nd];tu khd;kpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fsf;Nfhl;L kd;dDf;Fg;

gpd; Nfhl;il murd; Mwhk; guhf;fpukghF (1412 - 1467) ,f;NfhapYf;F

jpUg;gzpfs; nra;jJld; gy fpuhkq;fisAk; khdpakhf mspj;Js;shd;.

,jid ,f;Nfhapw; fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; thapyhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mt;thNw>

xd;gjhk; guhf;fpukghF (1506 - 1517) gy fpuhkq;fis ,f;NfhapYf;F

khdpakhf toq;fpaijr; nrg;NgL Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;

Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ~laNfhb nkNyh| vd;gtdpd; jiyikapyhd gilapdu;

1578 ,y; Kd;Nd];tu Myaj;ij mopj;Jr; #iwahbdu;. mj;Jld;

,j;jyj;Jf;F cupj;Jilajhd tsk; kpFe;j epyq;fisAk; mgfupj;jdu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ> Gfo; Fd;wp epd;w Kd;Nd];tu

Myaj;Jf;F> fPu;j;jp = ,uhrrpq;fd; (1747 - 1782) gy;NtW jpUg;gzpfisr;

nra;jhd;. Kd;Nd];tu khd;kpak; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;j mk;kd;dd;

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauhy; mt;thyak; jfu;f;fg;gl;lijf;; Nfs;tpAw;W kdk;

tUe;jpdhd;@ Nrho ehl;bypUe;J rpw;ghrhupfis tutioj;Jj; jpUg;gzp

nra;tpj;jhd;. ,t;thW Myaj;ij ed;dpiyf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJld;>

1753 ,y; Fk;ghgpNlfKk; nra;tpj;jhd;. Myaj;jpy; epj;jpa> iekpj;jpaf;

fpupiafs; nrt;tNd eilngw tpisepyq;fisAk; khdpakhf mspj;jhd;.

,jid 1753 ,y; vOjg;gl;l ,f;Nfhapy; nrg;NgL Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpNy ,t;thyaj;Jf;F cupj;jhfpapUe;j khdpa

epyq;fs; RtPfupf;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk; ,iwaUs; fhuzkhf fhyj;Jf;F

fhyk; Fk;ghgpNlfq;fs; ,lk; ngw;W> ,d;W vt;tpj ,ila+WfSkpd;wp>

irtg; ngUkf;fspd; Gz;zpa jpUj;jykhf tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ.


(,) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;G(,) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;G(,) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;G(,) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;G(,) %u;j;jpr; rpwg;G,t;thyaj;jpd; ,iwtd; ngau; Kd;id ehju;. ,tiur; Rthk;ak;Rthk;ak;Rthk;ak;Rthk;ak;Rthk;ak;

GNt];tuu; GNt];tuu; GNt];tuu; GNt];tuu; GNt];tuu; vdTk; miog;gu;. ,iwtp ngau; tbthk;gpif. ,uhkgpuhidg;

gpbj;jpUe;j gpuk`j;jpahdJ mtu; Kd;Nd];tu jyj;ij rkPgpj;jTld;

ePq;fpaJ. mjdhy;> Mr;rupakile;jhu;. Kd;Nd];tu jyj;jpd; ngUikia

czu;e;J mt;thyaj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W ,iwtidg; gpuhu;j;jpj;J tzq;fp

mUs; ngw;wjhf ifyhr Guhzk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

(<) jyr; rpwg;G(<) jyr; rpwg;G(<) jyr; rpwg;G(<) jyr; rpwg;G(<) jyr; rpwg;GGuhz tuyhWfNshLk;> ,yq;if tuyhw;NwhLk; ,ize;j

Myakhf Kd;Nd];tuk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpahrUf;Fg; ghg tpNkhrdk;

je;j rpwg;Gk;> ,uhkgpuhdJ gpuk`j;jpNjhrk; ePf;fpa rpwg;Gk; ,j;jyj;jpw;F

cz;L. mjdhy;> ,e;jpahtpy; fhrp tp];tehju; Myak; vj;jifa rpwg;G

kpf;fNjh> mj;jifa rpwg;G Kd;Nd];tuk; Myaj;Jf;Fk; cz;L vdr;

rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wtu;. jl;rz ifyha khiyapy;>

~~thuzhrpapy; nra;ag;gl;l ghtk;

KdP];tuj;jpy; ePq;Fk;||

vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik ,jd; ngUikia czu;j;Jk;.

,t;thyaj;Jf;F cs;tPjp> khl tPjp> ,uh[ tPjp vd %d;W tPjpfs;

cs;sd. <oj;jpy; mWgj;J %tu; vOe;jUsp tpf;fpufq;fSk;> rptrf;jp

If;fpa &gkhf cs;s NkU ae;jpuKk; ,j;jyj;jpNy cz;L. rf;jp

gPlq;fs; mWgj;J ehd;fpDs; = yq;fh gPlk; vdf; $wg;gLtJk; ,j;jyNk

MFk;.

(c) jPu;j;jr; rpwg;G(c) jPu;j;jr; rpwg;G(c) jPu;j;jr; rpwg;G(c) jPu;j;jr; rpwg;G(c) jPu;j;jr; rpwg;GKd;Nd];tu Myaj;jpd; jPu;j;jk; rpyhgj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; cs;s

khatd; MW MFk;. mjidj; njJW Xah vdTk; toq;Ftu;. mt;

Mw;wpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; ePu; Cw;Wf;fspy; ,Ue;J ePu; epiwe;J. jPu;j;jkhl

trjpia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. khatd; Mw;wq;fiuapy; nra;Ak; vt;tifg;

Gz;zpaq;fSk;> Nfhb gq;F gyidj; jUk;. mt;thNw> mj;jPu;j;jf;fiuapy;

nra;Ak; gpz;l ju;g;gzk;> gpjpu;fSf;F kpfg;; gpuPjpahFk;.

(C) jytpUl;rk;(C) jytpUl;rk;(C) jytpUl;rk;(C) jytpUl;rk;(C) jytpUl;rk;,t;thyaj;jpd; jytpUl;rk; murkuk;. %d;W tPjpfisf; nfhz;l

,t;thyaj;jpd; Kd;Gwj;jpYs;s jpUf;Fsj;jpd; fiuapy; ,t; murkuk;

cs;sJ.


(v) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(v) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(v) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(v) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(v) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;Kd;Nd];tuu; Myaj;jpd; epj;jpa> iekpj;jpaf; fpupiafs; rpwg;gha;

eilngWfpd;wd. ,t;thyaj;jpd; Kf;fpa kNfhw;rtk; ,Ug;gNjO ehl;fSf;F

eilngw;W Mtzp khjg; ngsu;zkp jpdj;jpy; jPu;j;Njhw;rtj;Jld; KbtilAk;.

,j;jpUtpohf;fSf;F Nfhapypd; Rw;Wg; Gwj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; kpFe;j gf;jpNahL

xj;Jiog;G ey;fp tUfpd;wdu;. ,yq;ifapYs;s rpthyaq;fspy;> irt rkaj;jpd;

epiy Ngw;Wf;fhf> ,iwtdpd; ,Ug;ig ntspg;gLj;jpa 63 ehad;khu;fSf;F

tpoh vLj;Jr; rpwg;gpf;Fk; xNu Myak; Kd;Nd];tu MyakhFk;. ,e;j

tpohtpidg; gf;Njhw;rtk; gf;Njhw;rtk; gf;Njhw;rtk; gf;Njhw;rtk; gf;Njhw;rtk; vd miog;gu;. Kd;Nd];tu Mya kNfhw;rtj;jpy;

,lk; ngWk; Ntl;ilj; jpUtpohTk; Ntl;ilj; jpUtpohTk; Ntl;ilj; jpUtpohTk; Ntl;ilj; jpUtpohTk; Ntl;ilj; jpUtpohTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. md;W khiyapy; Kd;id

ehjg; ngUkhd;> myq;fhuf; Fjpiu thfdj;jpNywp> Ntl;ilahLk; epfo;T

,lk;ngWk;. kNfhw;rt fhyj;jpy; ,d> kj> nkhop NtWghLfspd;wp> gf;ju;fs;

nrd;W> topgl ;L ,d;dUisg; ngWfpd ;wdu ; . Ntz;Ljy;fis

epiwNtw;Wfpd;wdu;.

Kd;Nd];tu Myaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; kw;nwhU cw;rtk; gj;J ehl;fisf;

nfhz;lJ. mjpy; tre;j kz;lgj;jpNy G+ir> Muhjidfs; vd;gd ,lk;

ngWk;. ,t;thyaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWk; ,U kNfhw;rtq;fSld;> rptuhj;jpup>

etuhj;jpup> jpUf;fhu;j;jpif> jpUntk;ghit> MUj;uh KjyhditAk; rpwg;G

tha;e;jit.

(V) E}y;fs;(V) E}y;fs;(V) E}y;fs;(V) E}y;fs;(V) E}y;fs;Kd;Nd];tuj; jpUj;jyj;jpd; kPJ mUshsu;fSk; GyNthUk; ghba

ghkhiyfs; gy cs;sd. mtw;Ws; CQ;rw; gpuge;jq;fshd Kd;dP];tuu;

CQ;ry;> Kd;id ehNj];tuu; jpUT+Q;ry;> = Kd;dehjRthkp tbtofp

mk;ghs; jpUT+Q;ry; vd;gdTk;> KdPRuu; etkzpkhiy> Kd;id ehj

Rthkp Mrpupa tpUj;jk;> tbtofpak;ik Mrpupa tpUj;jk; KjyhditAk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. ,t;thyak; gw;wp tuyhWfs; khd;kpaq;fs; Kjyhdit

vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws;> Kd;Nd];tu Mya tuyhW gw;wpf; Fwp;g;gpLk;

Kjd;ikahd E}yhf> = Kd;Nd];tu khd;kpak; cs;sJ.

(I) r%fKk; MyaKk(I) r%fKk; MyaKk(I) r%fKk; MyaKk(I) r%fKk; MyaKk(I) r%fKk; MyaKk ;; ;; ;Myaj;Jf ;Nf cupa gy jdpj ;Jtkhd kuGfisAk; >

tuyhw;WfisAk; nfhz;l ,t;thyak; jkpo;> rpq;fs kf;fspd; xw;Wikf;Fg;

ghykhfTk; <oj;J kf;fspd; Md;kPf tpUj;jpf;F Kd;NdhbahfTk;

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

Nkw;$wpa gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l ,j;jyj;jpYs;s

khatdhw;wpy; ePuhb> mq;Fs;s ,iwtd; ,iwtpia topgl> ,k;ikapy;

,\;l rpj;jpfSk;> kWikapy; Kj;jpg;NgWk; rpj;jpf;Fk; vd;gJ irt

kf;fspd; ek;gpf;if. Kd;Nd];tuk; nrd;W> tbthk;gpif rNkj

Kd;idehjiug; gf;jpAld;> tzq;fp vkJ ghtq;fisg; Nghf;fp> ew;gyd;

ngWNthk;.


\ nraw ;ghLfs; nraw ;ghLfs; nraw ;ghLfs; nraw ;ghLfs; nraw ;ghLfs;

♦ ~Kd;Nd];tu Myaj;jpd; rpwg;G| vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; ciur;rpj;jpuk;

xd;iwj; jahupj;J tFg;gpy; nra;J fhl;Lf.

♦ Kd;Nd];tu Myaj;jpy; epfOk; gf;Njhw;rtk;> Ntl;ilj;jpUtpoh

vd;gd njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J> tFg;giwapy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.



1. Kd;Nd];tu Myaj;jpd; miktplj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

2. Kd;Nd];tu Myak; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; rhd;Wfisg;

gl;baw;gLj;Jf.

3. Kd;Nd];tu Myaj;jpd; jPu;j;jj;ijAk;> mjd; rpwg;GfisAk;

vOJf.

4. ~gf;Njhw;rtk;| vd;gjd; nghUisf; $Wf.

~ ghlr; RUf;fk; ghlr; RUf;fk; ghlr; RUf;fk; ghlr; RUf;fk; ghlr; RUf;fk;

• Kd;Nd];tu Myak; %u;j;jp> jyk;> jPu;j;jk;> jy tpUl;rk;

Kjyhd rpwg;Gfis cilaJ.

• ,t;thyak;> njhd;kq;fNshLk; gokuGf; fijfNshLk;>

tuyhw;NwhLk; njhlu;Ggl;lJ.

• ,yq;ifia Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fs; gyu; Kd;Nd];tu

Myaj;Jf;F khdpaq;fis toq;fpAs;sdu;. ,jidr; rhd;Wfs;

Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

• ,t;thyaj;jpd; kNfhw;rtk; Mtzp ngsu;zkpf;F Kd;Ds;s

28 ehl;fSf;F eilngWk;.

• ,t;thyaj;ijj; juprpg;gjd; %yk;> Kj;jp fpl;Lk; vd;gJ irt

rkaj;jtu;fspd; ek;gpf;if.


3. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak;3. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak;3. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak;3. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak;3. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak;

,yq;ifapy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w mk;kd; Myaq;fspy; eapid ehfG+rzp

mk;kd; Myak;> njy;ypg;gio Ju;f;if mk;kd; Myak;> khj;jis

Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak; vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. mtw;Ws; njy;ypg;gio

Ju;f;if mk;kd; Myak; gw;wp Kd;ida tFg;gpy; fw;wPu;fs;. ,q;F

khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak; gw;wp fw;Nghk;.

(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;,yq;ifapd; kj;jpa kiy ehl;bd; tlf;F thry; vdr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;

$wg;gLk; vopy; epiwe;j efuk; khj;jis. ,J kiyfshy; #og;gl;L>

ePu; tsKk; epy tsKk; kpf;fjha; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. me;efupd;> RJfq;ifr;

rhuypy;> VO mUtpfs; ePiuf; nfhl;Lk; moFkiyf; Fd;WfSf;Ff;

fpof;Nf> vopy; kpF gpuNjrj;jpy; khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak;

mike;Js;sJ.

(M) gokuGf; fij(M) gokuGf; fij(M) gokuGf; fij(M) gokuGf; fij(M) gokuGf; fij,d;W khj;jis vd;Dk; ngauhy; toq;fg;gLk; ,e;j efuk;> Kd;G

gd;dhfk; gd;dhfk; gd;dhfk; gd;dhfk; gd;dhfk; vd;Dk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. gy; + ehfk; gd;dhfkhFk;.

gd;dhfj;jpy; gy jiyfis cila xU ehfk; ,t;tk;kidg; G+rpj;J

topgl;ljhf gokuGf; fij $WfpwJ. ,JNt ,g;ngau; Vw;glf; fhuzk;

vd;gu;. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;Jld; njhlu;Gila kw;nwhU

fijapidAk; ,q;F fw;Nghk;. Kj;Jkhupak;kd; rpWkpahfTk;> gy;NtW

jpUf;Nfhyq;fspYk; fhl;rp nfhLj;J> jhd; mt;tplj;jpy; vOe;jUsp> mUs;

nra;jjhfTk;> jdf;Ff; Nfhapy; mikf;Fk;gb $wpajhfTk; gokuGf;fij

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjdhy;> rpWFby; mikj;J> mjpy; mk;kDf;F topghbaw;wpdu;.

(,) Mya tuyhW(,) Mya tuyhW(,) Mya tuyhW(,) Mya tuyhW(,) Mya tuyhW

go kuGf; fijfNshL Njhw;wk; ngw;w khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd;

Mya tuyhW gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J tsu;r;rp ngw;W tUfpd;wJ.

Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapy; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;iff;fhfj; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;

,Ue;J jkpou;fis mq;F mtu;fs; mioj;J te;jdu;. mt;thW te;j kf;fs;

gd;dfhkk; gd;dfhkk; gd;dfhkk; gd;dfhkk; gd;dfhkk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; jq;fp ,Ue;jdu;. mt;Ntis> rpWFbypy; ,Ue;j

Kj;Jkhupak;kid ek;gpf;ifNahL topgl;Lte;jdu;. mjd; gpd;du; jpU.

Rg;igahgps;is vd;gtu; Rw;wp ,Ue;j epyj;ij thq;fp1852 ,y; ,f;NfhapYf;F

khdpakhf tsq;fpdhu;. NkYk; Nfhapiyf; fl;b epj;jpa> iekpj;jpa g+irfs;

rpwg;ghf eilngwTk; cjtp nra;jhu;. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Mya

tsu;r;rpapy; jpU. Rg;igah gps;isf;F cjtpahf> ,e;jpa tzpfr;

nrl;bkhu;fSk;> aho;g;ghz tu;j;jfu;fSk; xj;Jiog;G ey;fpdu;. tUle;NjhWk;

gy jpUg;gzpfisf; fz;l ,t;thyak;> 1958 ,y; GdUj;jhuzk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

1960 ,Yk;> gpd;du; 1968 ,Yk; Fk;ghgpNlfq;fs; ,lk; ngw;wd. 1958 f;Fk;

1973f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyq;fspy; ,t;thyak; gy;NtW tsu;r;rpg; gbfisf;

fz;lJ.


(<) Mya mikg;G(<) Mya mikg;G(<) Mya mikg;G(<) Mya mikg;G(<) Mya mikg;Gkhj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myak; tlf;F Nehf;fpajhf

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thyak; fu;g;gf;fpUfk;> kfh kz;lgk;> mu;j;j kz;lgk;>

tre;j kz;lgk; vd;gtw;iwAk;> uh[ NfhGuj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

fu;g;gf;fpUfj;jpy; Kj;Jkhupak;kd; tPw;wpUe;J mUs; Gupfpd;whu;. Myaj;jpDs;

re;jpuNruUf;Fk; rz;Nl];tup mk;kDf;Fk; jdpj;jdp Myaq;fs; cs;sd.

khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;jpd; cs;Ns MidKfd;> gQ;rKf tpehafu;>

,ypq;fk;> KUfg; ngUkhd;> tp\;Z> ru];tjp> Ju;f;if >kfhyl;Rkp> eluh[g;

ngUkhd;> kPdhl;rpak;ik> itutu;> ee;jp etf;fpufq;fs; Kjypa

nja;tq;fSf;Fk;> ehd;F ehad;khu;fSf;Fk; re;epjhdq;fs; cs;sd. khj;jis

Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;jpd; cs;Ns> Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nja;tq;fSf;Fupa

re;epjhdq;fs; Nghd;W> ehl;lhu; nja;tq;fshd fUg;gz;zrhkpf;Fk; kJiu

tPuDf;Fk; re;epjhdq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j MyakhdJ Mfk>

rpw;g rhj;jpu tpjpKiwf;Fl;gl;l> jd;ik Mfk rpw;g rhj;jpu tpjpKiwfSf;F

cl;glhj jd;ik vd;w ,uz;L jd;ikfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

(c) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(c) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(c) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(c) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;(c) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;tUle;NjhWk; khrp kfj;jpy; Myaj;jpy; gQ;ruj cw;rtk;

eilngwf;$bajhf> ,t;thyaj;jpd; nfhbNaw;wk; ,lk;ngWk;. ,t;thyaj;jpy;

kNfhw;rtk; ,Ugj;njhU ehl;fSf;F epfOk;. nfhbNaw;wj; jpUtpohtd;W

fhiyapy;> Myaj;jpd; nfhbr;rPiyia ahidNky; itj;J Cu;tykhf

RJfq;if Mw;Wf;F vLj;Jr; nry;tu;. mjd; gpd;du; mq;fpUe;J RJfq;if

fhsp NfhapYf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W topghlhw;Wtu;. kPz;Lk; mf;nfhbia

khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;Jf;F nfhz;L tUtu;. mjd; gpd;dNu

nfhbNaw;wk; epfOk;. khrp kfj;Jld; $ba ,Ugj;Njhuhk; ehs; fhiy Kjy;

tpNrl topghLfs; eilngw;W> ,utpy; ngsu;zkpj; jpdj;jpy; rpj;jpuj; Nju;fs;

Ie;Jk; mire;J tUtJ fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahFk;. mk;ghspd; ngupa

,ujj;jpidg; ngz;fNs tlk; gpbj;J ,Oj;J tUtJ rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. cw;rt

fhyq;fspd; ngsj;j kf;fSk; ,q;F te;J> Neu;j;jp itj;J> fhzpf;if

nrYj;jp topghL nra;J> tUfpd;wdu;. ,uj gtdp KbTw;wJk; kWehs;

fhiy jPu;j;j cw;rtKk;> mjidj; njhlu;e;J G+q;fhtdj; jpUtpohTk;

eilngWk;. cw;rt fhyq;fspy; fjhg;gpurq;fk;> nrhw;nghopT> fiy

epfo;r;rpfs; Kjyhdit ,lk;ngWk;.

,t;thyaj;jpy; epj;jpa G+irfs; rpwg;ghf ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,tw;iwj;

jtpu> ijg;nghq;fy;> ijg;G+rk;> etuhj;jpup> fe;jr\;b Kjyhd fhyq;fspy;

rpwg;ghf G+irfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

(C) E}y;fs;(C) E}y;fs;(C) E}y;fs;(C) E}y;fs;(C) E}y;fs;khj;jis Kj;J khupak;kd; Myaj;jpd; kPJ gy mbatu;fs;

ghly;fs; ghbAs;sdu;. mtu;fSs; KUNfrk;gps;is vd;gtu; ghba


khj;jis gd;dfhkk; mUs;kpF = Kj;J mk;ghs; gjpfKk;> me;jhjpAk;

CQ;rYk; vd;w E}y; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

(v) r%fKk; MyaKk;(v) r%fKk; MyaKk;(v) r%fKk; MyaKk;(v) r%fKk; MyaKk;(v) r%fKk; MyaKk;<oj;jpy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gf;jpiaAk; Njrpaj;ijAk; tsu;g;gjpy;

,t;thyak; Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wJ.

Nkw;$wpa gy;NtW rpwg;gk;rq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s khj;jis

Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;Jf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F eilngWk; kNfhw;rtj;jpy;

gq;F nfhz;L mk;kd; mUisg; ngWNthk;.


• ,yq;ifapYs;s rf;jp Myaq;fspy; khj;jis Kj;J khupak;kd;

MyaKk; xd;whFk;.

• khj;jis> gd;dhfk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.

• tUle;NjhWk; khrp kfj;jpy; khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;jpy;

Nju; cw;rtk; eilngWk;.

• khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;jpd; Nju; cw;rtj;jpd;NghJ Ie;J

Nju;fs; gtdp tUfpd;wd.

• ,t;thyak; <oj;jpy; thOk; gy;NtW rkaj;jtu;fshYk; topglg;gLk;

rpwg;G tha;e;jJ.


(m) gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.(m) gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.(m) gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.(m) gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.(m) gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJf.

1. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;jpd; miktplj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

2. khj;jis> gd;dhfk; vd miof;fg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzj;ij

tpsf;Ff.

3. khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;jpYs;s ehl;lhu; nja;tq;fspd;

ngau;fis vOJf.

\ nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL

• ~khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Mya kNfhw;rtk;| vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;

%d;W epkplg; Ngr;R xd;wpid epfo;j;Jf.

• khj;jis Kj;Jkhupak;kd; Myaj;jpd; Nju;j;jpUtpoh njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J> Mf;fk; xd;wpidj; jahupj;J> tFg;giwapy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. mjid Neu;Kf tu;zizahfr; nra;f


4. = nry;tr;re;epjp KUfd; Myak;4. = nry;tr;re;epjp KUfd; Myak;4. = nry;tr;re;epjp KUfd; Myak;4. = nry;tr;re;epjp KUfd; Myak;4. = nry;tr;re;epjp KUfd; Myak;

<oj;J KUfd; Myaq;fspy; kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;j Myaq;fspy;

xd;whf tpsq;FtJ = nry;tr;re;epjp KUfd; MyakhFk;. ,e;j KUfd;

Myak; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; njhz;lkhdhW vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; MWk;

flYk; rq;fkpf;fpd;w vopy; epiwe;j ,aw;ifr;#oypy; mike;Js;sJ.

(m) Mya tuyhW(m) Mya tuyhW(m) Mya tuyhW(m) Mya tuyhW(m) Mya tuyhWKUfg;ngUkhd; kUju; fjpu;fhku; vd;w KUf gf;jUf;F

Mw;wq;fiuapy; rpWtdhf fhl;rp nfhLj;j mt;Ntis jdf;Fg;grpahf

,Ug;gjhff; $wp jdf;Fk; jd;Dld; tUfpd;w 63 NgUf;Fk; mKJ

gilf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. ,jw;fpzq;f kUju; fjpu;fhku; Myk;

,iyfspy; mKJgilj;J topgl Muk;gpj;j MyaNk = nry;tre;epjp

KUfd; MyakhFk;. ,d;Wk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; mWgj;J %d;W Myk;

,iyfspy;jhd; ieNtj;jpak; gilf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ Neha; jPu;f;Fk;

mKjhf cs;sJ.

(M) Mfk tpjpf;Fl;glhj Myak(M) Mfk tpjpf;Fl;glhj Myak(M) Mfk tpjpf;Fl;glhj Myak(M) Mfk tpjpf;Fl;glhj Myak(M) Mfk tpjpf;Fl;glhj Myak ;; ;; ;,t;thyak; Mfk tpjpf ;Fl ;glhj MyakhFk;. kUju ;

fjpu;fhkUila guk;giuapdu; fjpu;fhkj;J fg;Gwhisfs; Nghd;W ke;jpuk;

vJTk; XjhJ jkJ thapid nts;isj;Jzpapdhy; fl;b nksdkhfNt

G+ir nra;J tUfpd;wdu;. G+ir Kiwfspy; kl;Lkd;wp cw;rtj;jpd;NghJ

filgpbf;fg;gLk; rlq;Ffs; rk;gpujhaq;fspYk; fjpu;fhkf;fe;jd;

Myaj;jpw;Fk; njhz;lkhdhW nry;tr;re;epjp Myaj;jpw;FkpilNa

neUf;fkhd xw;Wikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; tl gFjpapy; ,Ue;J

fjpu;fhkj;Jf;F jyahj;jpiu nry;Yk; mbahu;fs; nry;tr;re;epjp

Myaj;jpypUe;Nj jkJ jyahj;jpiuia Muk;gpg;gJk; toikahd

eilKiwahFk ;.

(,) rpj;ju;fSk; NahfpfSk;(,) rpj;ju;fSk; NahfpfSk;(,) rpj;ju;fSk; NahfpfSk;(,) rpj;ju;fSk; NahfpfSk;(,) rpj;ju;fSk; NahfpfSk;rpj;ju;fSk; NahfpfSk; ,t;thyaj;jpYk; Myar;#oypYk; jq;fp

tho;e;J tUtjdhYk; ,t;thyak; rpwg;Gk; kfpikAk; ngw;W

tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. vkJ ehl;ilr;Nru;e;j Qhdpfs; kl;Lkd;wp NtW ehLfisr;

Nru;e;j QhdpfSk; ,q;Nf jt tho;f;if tho;e;Js;sdu;. ,yq;iff;F

Nrhy;gup ahg;ig toq;fpa Nrhy;gup gpuGtpd; kfdhd gpupj;jhdpa ehl;ilr;

Nru;e;j N[.vr;. ,uhk;]; Nghjk; Midf;Fl;b Rthkp vd;w ngaupYk;

kw;Wk; N[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j eupf;Fl;br; Rthkpfs; Nghd;wtu;fSk;

,t;;thyar; #oypy; rpWnfhl;by;fs; mikj;J mq;Nf jttho;f;if

tho;e;Js;sdu;. ,Nj Nghd;W vkJ ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j flTs; Rthkp>

eluhr Rthkp> jpUthrfr;Rthkp> riltujRthkp> KUNfR Rthkpfs;

Nghd;w Rthkpfs; ,q;Nf tho;e;Js;shu;fs;. jw;nghOJk; mUs;

epiyf;Fl;gl;l gyu; ,q;Nf tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.


(<) md;djhdq;fs;(<) md;djhdq;fs;(<) md;djhdq;fs;(<) md;djhdq;fs;(<) md;djhdq;fs;= nry;tre;epjp KUfid md;djhdf;fe;jd; vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg;ngau;

nfhz;Lk; miog;gu;. ,q;Nf topgl tUfpd;w mbatu;fSf;F md;djhdk;

toq;FtJ vd;gJ xU rpwg;ghd nraw;ghlhFk;. 1970 Mk; Mz;L

fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; ,q;Nf 40 f;F Nkw;gl;l md;djhd klq;fs; nraw;gl;Ls;sd.

,d;W re;epjpahd; Mr;rpukk; cl;gl xU rpy klq;fNs nraw;gl;lhYk;

rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; md;djhdr; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wd.

Mw;wpy; %o;fp vOe;J re;epjpahid kdKUfp topgl;L mjd; gpd;

md;djhd klj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W grp Mwpr; nry;tnjd;gJ kdjpw;F

epiwitj;jUk;

(c) topghl;L Kiw(c) topghl;L Kiw(c) topghl;L Kiw(c) topghl;L Kiw(c) topghl;L Kiwre;epjp KUfd; kPJ mbahu;fs; neUf;fkhd gf;jp nfhz;Ls;shu;fs;.

rpyu; mikjpahd Kiwapy; nksdkhfTk; mlf;fkhfTk; topghL

nra;thu;fs;. ,d;Dk; rpyu; KUf ehkq;fis cr;rupj;Jk; Njthu

jpUthrfq;fis XjpathWk; topgLthu;fs;. NtW rpyu; cupikAld;

fijj;J fz;zPu;tpl;L jkJ Jd;gq;fis xg;Gtpj;J czu;Tg+u;tkhf

topghL nrYj;Jthu;fs;. ,d;Dk; rpyu; ,ijtpl xUgb NkNy nrd;W

re;epjp KUfDld; tha;tpl;Lg;Ngrp> Njit Vw;gbd; mjl;b kpfTk;

neUf;fkhd cwTf;fhuUlNdh my;yJ ez;gUlNdh ciuahLtJ

Nghd;W jkJ gf;jpia ntspg;gLj;JtjidAk; ehk; fhzKbAk;.

re;epjpahd; ,tu;fs; vy;NyhuJ topghLfisAk; mfkfpo;Tld;

Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mtu;fSf;F mUs;ghypj;J tUfpd;whd;.

(C) mw;Gjq;fs;(C) mw;Gjq;fs;(C) mw;Gjq;fs;(C) mw;Gjq;fs;(C) mw;Gjq;fs;re;epjp KUfdplk; jq;fis KOikahf mbikahf;fp mtd;

kPJ J}a;ikahd topghl;il nrYj;jp tUfpd;w mbahu;fSf;F

fypAff;fe;jdhd KUfg;ngUkhd; fhl;rpfs; %yk; gytpj mw;Gjq;fis

epfo;j;jp mtu;fis gutrkilar; nra;Ak; epfo;TfSk; ,q;Nf ,g;nghOJk;

,lk;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,e;j Myaj;jpy; vg;nghOJk;

mbahu;fs; $l;lk; epiwe;Nj fhzg;gLk;.

(v) jytpUl;rk;(v) jytpUl;rk;(v) jytpUl;rk;(v) jytpUl;rk;(v) jytpUl;rk;IuhtR vd;w Kdptu; jtkpUe;J Kj;jpaile;j ,lj;jpy; tsu;j;Js;s

G+tur kuNk ,t;thyaj;jpd; jytpUl;rkhFk;. G+tur kuj;jpd; fPo;

mbahu;fs; nksdkhf ,Ue;J topghL nra;J mikjpAk; rhe;jpAk;;

ngw;W tUfpd;wdu;.

(V)(V)(V)(V)(V) G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;G+irfSk; tpohf;fSk;Myaj;jpy; epj;jpa iekpj;jpa G+irfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. tha;fl;b

ke;jpuq;fs; ,d;wp 63 Myk; ,iyfspy; nghq;fy; gilj;J epj;jpa g+ir

eilngWk;. Mtzpg; ngsu;zkpad;W jPu;j;jk; tUkhW kNfhw;rtk;

eilngWk;.



♦ ~~njhz;lkhdhW nry;tr;re;epjp Myak;|| vd;w jiyg;gpy; Ie;J

epkplkstpy; Ngr;R xd;iw epfo;j;Jf.

(I)(I)(I)(I)(I) E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;E}y;fs;mUl;ftp rP. tpehrpj;jk;gp vOjpa nry;tr; re;epjpjyGuhzk;>

Mw;wq;fiuahd;> re;epjpr; nry;tk;. jpUg;gs;sp vOr;rp> jpUT+Q;ry; nry;tr;

re;epjp mfty;> jpUr;re;jpg;gjpfk;> jpUr; re;epjp Njhj;jpu khiy vdg; gy

E}y;fs; KUfd; Gfo; Nghw;Wfpd;wd.


• aho;g;ghzj;jpd; tlf;Nf njhz;lkhdhw;wpy; mike;j KUfd;

Myak; nry;t re;epjpahFk;.

• ,t;thya G+rfu; thia Jzpahy; fl;b 63 Mykpiyapy; mKJ

gilj;J G+irfs; nra;fpwhu;.

• fjpu;fhkj;jpypUe;J nfhz;L te;j nts;spNty; %y];jhdj;jpy;

cs;sJ. mjdhy; rpd;df;fjpu;fhkk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

• IuhtR jtkpUe;J topgl;l goikahd G+turkuk; jytpUl;rkhFk;.

• Mtzp ngsu;zkpapy; jPu;j;jk; eilngWKfkhf 15 jpdq;fs;

kNfhw;rtk; eilngWk;.

• md;djhdf;fe;jd; vd;gjw;Nfw;g gy md;djhd klq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.



(1) nry;tr;re;epjp Myak; vq;Nf mike;Js;sJ?

(2) nry;tr;re;epjp Myaj;Jld; njhlu;Gila KUfd; Myak; vJ?

(3) ,j;jyj;jpypUe;J jttho;f;if Nkw;nfhz;l Nky; ehl;ltu; ahtu;?

(4) ,j;jyj;jpYs;s gpujhd Mr;rpukk; ahJ.

(5) ,j;jyj;jpy; mbahu;fs; topgLk; ,uz;L Kiwfisj; jUf.


5. ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Mayk;5. ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Mayk;5. ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Mayk;5. ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Mayk;5. ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Mayk;

nry;tr; re;epjp KUfd; Myak; gw;wp fw;w ehk; ,q;F ntUfy;

rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Myaj;jpd; gy;NtW rpwg;gk;rq;fisAk; fw;Nghk;.

,e;j Myak; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa

,uz;L khtl;lq;fSf;Fk; vy;iyf; Nfhapyhf mike;Js;sJ.

(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;(m) miktplk;ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Myak;> kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd;

tl vy;iyapy; kfhtyp fq;ifapd; xU fpisahd ntUfy;

Mw;wq;fiuapy; mike;Js;sJ. tay;ntspfSf;F kj;jpapy; ,aw;if

vopy; epiwe;j ,lj;jpy; ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Myak; mike;Js;sJ.

Myaj;jpd; vjpNu jhkiuj; jlhfKk;> Myaj;ijr; #o My;> tpy;it>

kJiu> ,Yg;ig Kjyhd tpUl;rq;fSk; cs;sd.

fjpu;fhkj;Jf;Fg; ghj ahj;jpiu nry;Nthu; jq;fp> juprpj;Jr; nry;Yk;

jykhf ,t;thyak; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fjpu;fhkj;jpy; khzpf;f fq;if>

fjpiukiy> ts;spkiy vd;gd mike;jpUg;gJ Nghy> ,q;Fk; ntUfy;

fq;if> ntUfy; kiy> gbntl;L kiy vd;gd mike;Js;sJ. ,J

fjpu;fhkj;ij epidT+l;Ltjdhy;> ,j;jyj;ij ~~cga fjpu;fhkk;|~~cga fjpu;fhkk;|~~cga fjpu;fhkk;|~~cga fjpu;fhkk;|~~cga fjpu;fhkk;|| vd

kf;fs; Nghw;wp topgLfpd;wdu;.

(M) %u;j;jp> jPu;j;jk;-(M) %u;j;jp> jPu;j;jk;-(M) %u;j;jp> jPu;j;jk;-(M) %u;j;jp> jPu;j;jk;-(M) %u;j;jp> jPu;j;jk;-

,t;thyaj;jpd; ,iwtd; ts;sp> nja;thid rNkj rpj;jpu NtyhAj

Rthkp. ,t;thyaj;jpd; jPu;j;jk; ntUfy; (fq;if) MW MFk;.

(,) fu;z guk;giuf; fij(,) fu;z guk;giuf; fij(,) fu;z guk;giuf; fij(,) fu;z guk;giuf; fij(,) fu;z guk;giuf; fij

,t;thyaj;jpd; tuyhW gw;wpa fu;z guk;giuf; fijfs; ,jd;

njhd;ikiaf; fhl;Ltjhf cs;sd. mt;thwhd fijnahd;wpid ,q;F

Nehf;FNthk;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAj Rthkp Myak;

jw;NghJ cs;s ,lj;jpy; Xu; Mykuj;jbapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk;> me;j

Mykug; nghe;jpy; Nty; xd;W ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. me;j

NtYf;F kf;fs; G+ir> topghLfisr; nra;Jte;jdu;. jdJ Neha;

ePq;Ftjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;J ,g;ghij topNa fjpu;fhkj;Jf;F

ahj;jpiu nrd;whu; nrl;bahu; xUtu; topgl;L te;j nrl;bahu; xUtu;

Nty; ,Ue;j Mykuj;jpd; epoypy; fisg;ghy; epj;jpiuahfp tpl;lhu;.

mg;NghJ fdtpy; fjpu;fhkf; fe;jd; Njhd;wp> mt;tplj;jpy; jdf;F Xu;

Myak; mikf;Fk;gb mUshizapl;lhu;. mjd;gbNa nrl;bahu; mq;F

Myaj;ij mikj;jhu;.


Myak; mikg;gjw;fhd jputpak; mq;Fs;s fy;kiy fy;kiy fy;kiy fy;kiy fy;kiy vd;w ,lj;jpy;

,Ug;gjhf nrl;bahu; mwpe;J mk;kiyapypUe;j jputpaj;ijg; ngw;whu;.

mjidf; nfhz;L fu;g;gf;fpUfk;> mu;j;jkz;lgk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l

Myaj;ijf; fl;bKbj;jhu;. mjd; gpd; ,e;ehl;L kd;ddplk; ,Ue;J VO

khzpf;ff; fw;fisg; ngw;whu;. mtw;iw mt;thyaf; fUtiwapy;

ae;jpuj;jpd; fPo; itj;J> KUfg; ngUkhidg; gpujpl;;il nra;J> topgl;L

te;jhu;. ,t;thW Myaj;ij mikj;jtu; ey;iyehjr; nrl;bahu; vd

mf;fijapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Myaj;jpd; jpUg;gzpia epiwNtw;wpa

nrl;bahu; Fk;ghgpN\fk; nra;tpj;jNghJ> khzpf;ff; fw;fisf;

nfhLj;Jjtpa kd;didAk; mjw;F mioj;jpUe;jhu;. kd;dd; tUk;

topapy; new;fjpu;fshy; ge;jy; mikj;J tuNtw;whu;. me;j ,lj;jpw;Ff;

fjpu;ntsp fjpu;ntsp fjpu;ntsp fjpu;ntsp fjpu;ntsp vdg; ngau; #l;lg;gl;lJ. ,g;NghJ mr;nrhy; kUtp fjpiuntsp

vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

,f;fijapd; %yk; ,t;thyak; xU tzpfr; nrl;bahuhy;

mikf;fg;gl;lnjdyhk;. mjw;F mDruizahf ntUfy; gjpf;F

mz;ikapy; ,yq;ifj;Jiw Kfj;Jthuk; mike;jpUg ;gJk;>

mj;JiwKfj;Jf;F tzpff; fg;gy;fs; te;J nry;tJk; rhd;whfpd;wd.

mjd; fhuzkhfNt> Mjpapy; ,j;JiwKfk;> ~yq;fh gl;bdk;| yq;fh gl;bdk;| yq;fh gl;bdk;| yq;fh gl;bdk;| yq;fh gl;bdk;| vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ.

(<) Mya tuyhW(<) Mya tuyhW(<) Mya tuyhW(<) Mya tuyhW(<) Mya tuyhWjpUNfhNz];tuj;jpw;Fj; jpUg;gzp nra;j Fsf;Nfhl;l kd;dd;

fe;jsha;f; Fsj;ijf; fl;bg; gy Vf;fu; tp];jPuzKs;s fhzpfSf;F ePu;g;ghrd

trjpia Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. ,t;thW cUthf;fpa gpuNjrk; nfhl;bahuknfhl;bahuknfhl;bahuknfhl;bahuknfhl;bahuk; vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ. mk;kd;dd; mq;F tptrhak; nra;a rpe;J ehl;bypUe;J

Fbfisf; nfhz;Lte;J jk;gyfhkk; Kjy; ntUfy; tiu Fbaku;j;jpdhd;.

,e;jpahtpypUe;J Fsf;Nfhl;L kd;ddhy; mioj;J tug;gl;l jdpAz;zhg;

G+ghytd;dpad; ,g;gFjpia Nkw;ghu;it nra;jhd;. ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju;

Myaj;ijg; guhkupf;Fk; nghWg;G mtdplNk tplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,t;thyaj; jpUg;gzpapy; gy;NtW gpuNjrj;jtu;fs; njhlu;Ggl;bUe;jdu;.

,jidg; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e ;j ,t;thyaj;jpd; rhrdk;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Myaj;jpd; tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; E}y;fspy;

jk;gyfhkj;ijr; Nru;e;j tPuf;Nfhd; vd;Dk; Gytu; ghba ghly;fs;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. mg;ghlypy;>

• G+ghy td;dpad; Myaj;Jf;F toq;fpa ed;nfhil

• fz;b efu; kd;dd; fdfKbuhrd; ,t;thyaj;ijj; juprpj;jik

• rpj;jpu NtyhAj Njtd; nra;j njhz;L

• nrl;b tk;rj;jpYs;s gpujhdpfs; nra;j njhz;Lfs;

• ey;iy ehjr; nrl;bahu; Myaj;ij moFwr; nra;jik

• Fsf;Nfhl;ld; nra;j njhz;Lfs;


Nghd;w tplaq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd Fsf;Nfhl;ld; jpUg;gzpf;Fg; gpd;>

,t;thyak; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk;; Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;ag;gl;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ.

(c) Mya mikg;G(c) Mya mikg;G(c) Mya mikg;G(c) Mya mikg;G(c) Mya mikg;G,t;thyaj;jpd; fUtiwapy; ts;sp> nja;thid rNkj rpj;jpuNtyhAjg;

ngUkhd; gpujp;;l;il nra;ag;gl;Ls;shu;. kfh kz;lgj;jpy;> cs;s kfhty;yp>

f[ty;yp rNkjfuhf MWKfg;ngUkhd;> cikak;ik rNkj re;jpuNrfuu;

%u;j;jq;fs; njw;F thry; Nehf;fp kA+uk;> gypgPlj;Jld; ];jk;g kz;lgk;

cs;sJ. gupthu %u;j;jpfshd tpehafUk; igutUk; jdpf;Nfhapy;fspy;

gpujpl;il nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdu;.

rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Myaj;jpd; njd;Gwj;jpy; tpNrlkhf mikf;fg;gl;l

fjpu;fhk Rthkp Nfhapy; cs;sJ. mjd; %y];jhdj;jpy; KUfd; jpUTUtNkh>

NtNyh gpujpl;il nra;ag;glhJ> ml;ru ke;jpuk; vOjp itf;fg;gl;l Ngio

gpujpl;il nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;NfhapYf;Fr; rw;Wj; J}uj;jpy; fhtbg;gps;isahu;

Nfhapy; cs;sJ. Nfhapypd; fpof;Fj; jpirapy; tPugj;jpuu; Nfhapy;> jhkiuf;Fsk;>

#ud; Nfhl;il vd;gd mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

(C) G+irfSk;> jpUtpohf;fSk;(C) G+irfSk;> jpUtpohf;fSk;(C) G+irfSk;> jpUtpohf;fSk;(C) G+irfSk;> jpUtpohf;fSk;(C) G+irfSk;> jpUtpohf;fSk;,t;thyaj;jpy; epj;jpa> iekpj;jpa G+irfs; rpwg;ghf eilngw;W

tUfpd;wd. tUlhe;j cw;rtk; Mtzp cj;juj;jpy; nfhbNaw;wj;Jld;

Muk;gkhfp 18 ehl;fs; jpUtpoh eilngWk;. ,Wjpj; jpUtpohthd

Ntl;ilj;jpUtpoh nrl;bkhu;fshy; elhj;jg;gLtjhy;> ~nrl;bj; jpUtpoh| vd;gu;

mjw;F mLj;j ehs; ~jPf;Fspg;G|~jPf;Fspg;G|~jPf;Fspg;G|~jPf;Fspg;G|~jPf;Fspg;G| vd;Dk; jPg;gha;jYk; mjid mLj;J

ntUfy; ejpapy; jPu;j;Njhw;rtKk; eilngWk;. ,t;thya tpohf;fhyq;fspy;

%tpd kf;fSk; gf;jpAld; fye;J nfhz;L topghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wdu;.

kNfhw;rtj;ijg; Nghd;W> tpNrl jpdq;fshd ijg;nghq;fy;> rptuhj;jpup>

rpj;jpiug; Gj;jhz;L> itfhrp tprhfk;> Mb mkhthirj; jPu;j;jk;> fe;jr\;b>

jpUf;fhu;j;jpif tpsf;fPL> jpUntk;ghit Nghd;wdTk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; rpwg;ghf

,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

(((((v) Mya epUthfk;v) Mya epUthfk;v) Mya epUthfk;v) Mya epUthfk;v) Mya epUthfk;Fsf;Nfhl;L kd;ddpd; fhyj;J Vw;ghLfSf;F mikaNt ,d;Wk;

,t;thyaj;jpy; epUthfKk; njhz;LfSk; eilngWfpd;wd. Nfhtpy;

tpjhid> fq;fhzk;> cz;bay; fq;fhzk; vd;Dk; Kfhikahsu;

gz;ila epUthf Kiw ,d;Wk; ,t;thyaj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

(V) E}y;fs;(V) E}y;fs;(V) E}y;fs;(V) E}y;fs;(V) E}y;fs;ntUfyk;gjp jyj;jpd; kPJ gy Gytu;fs; ghly;fs; ghbAs;sdu;.

mtw;Ws; jk;gyfhkj;ijr; Nru;e;j tPuf;Nfhd; vd;Dk; Gytu; ghba ~~ntUfy;

rpj;jpu NtyhAju;|| vDk; gjpfk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. cga fjpu;fhkk; vd;W

rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gLk; ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Myaj;ijj; juprpj;J>

,iwaUs; ngWNthk;.


^ gapw;rpfs;gapw;rpfs;gapw;rpfs;gapw;rpfs;gapw;rpfs;


1. ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Myaj;jpd; miktplj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

2. ,e;j Myaj;Jld; njhlu;Gila fijapidr; RUf;fkhf jUf.

3. ,e;j Myaj;jpd; %u;j;jp> jPu;j;jk; vd;gtw;iwj; jUf.


• ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Myak;> cgafjpu;fhkk; vdTk;

Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.

• kfhtyp fq;ifapd; fpisejpahd ntUfy; fq;ifapd;

fiuNahuj;jpy; ntUfy; rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Myak; mike;Js;sJ.

• ,t;thyaj;ij Kjypy; mikj;jtu; ey;iy ehjr; nrl;bahuhtu;.

• Fsf;Nfhl;L kd;dd; ,t;thyaj;jpd; Nkw;ghu;itg; gzpiaj;

jdJ gpujpepjp %yk; nra;jhd;.

• ,t;thyaj;jpd; rpwg;gpid> ,t;thyaj;Jld; njhlu;Gila rhrdk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

\ M. nraw;ghLfs M. nraw;ghLfs M. nraw;ghLfs M. nraw;ghLfs M. nraw;ghLfs;; ;; ;

• ,t;thyak; ~cga fjpu;fhkk;| vd miof;fg;gLtjw;fhd

fhuzq;fisj; Njb> Mf;fk; xd;iwj; jahupj;Jf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.

• ~rpj;jpu NtyhAju; Mya kNfhw;rtk;| njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;>

glq;fisr; Nrfupj;J tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.


6. nghd;dhiy tujuhrg; ngUkhs; Myak6. nghd;dhiy tujuhrg; ngUkhs; Myak6. nghd;dhiy tujuhrg; ngUkhs; Myak6. nghd;dhiy tujuhrg; ngUkhs; Myak6. nghd;dhiy tujuhrg; ngUkhs; Myak;;;;;fhj;jy; flTshfpa kfhtp\;ZTf;F gy

Myaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy; ty;ypGu

Mo;thu; Myak;> tz;iz ntq;fNlr tujuhrg;

ngUkhs; Myak;> nghd;dhiy tujuhrg; ngUkhs;

Myak; vd;gd rpwg;ghdit. ,tw;wpy; nghd;dhiy

tujuhrg; ngUkhs; Myak; gw;wp ,q;F gbg;Nghk;.

(m) miktplk(m) miktplk(m) miktplk(m) miktplk(m) miktplk ;; ;; ;aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F tlNkw;Nf Vwf;Fiwa 20 fpNyh

kPw;wu; njhiytpy; nghd;dhiy vd;D%upy; nghd;dhiy

tujuhrg; ngUkhs; Myak; mike;Js;sJ.

(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW(M) Mya tuyhW,t;thya tuyhW gw;wp jl;rpz ifyha Guhzj;jpNy nghd;dhiy

ngUik ciuj;j glyj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kd;NdhU fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpud;

JUthr Kdptupd; rhgj;ijg; ngw;whd;. ,jdhy; Jd;gg;gl;l ,e;jpud;

JUthr Kdptiu ,ue;J rhgtpNkhrdk; Nfl;l NghJ JUthru; eP

,yq;iff; flw;fiuapy; tiyQdhfg; gpwg;gha;. ehuhazd; mUshy;

rhgk; ePq;Fk; vd;whu;. ,e;jpud; nghd;dhiyg; gFjpapy; tiyQdhfg;

gpwe;jhd;. xUehs; nghd;dhiyf; flypy; tiytPrpa NghJ tiyapy;

Xu; Mik mfg;gl;lJ. mt; Mikiaf; iffshy; njhl;l NghJ

rhgtpNkhrdk; ngw;whd;. kfpo;r;rpNahL mt; Mikiaf; fiuf;F nfhz;L

tu Kaw;rpj;jhd;. Kbatpy;iy. mUfpy; epd;w tiyQu;fis mioj;J

fiu Nru;f;f Kw;gl;l NghJ Mikf;F NkNy thdj;jpy; nghd;ndhsp

tPRk; tpkhdk; xd;W fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpud; mt;tpkhdk; %yk; Njt

cyif mile;jhd;. ,t;thik fy;yhfp tpl;lJ. ,t;tjpraj;ijg; ghu;j;j

vy;NyhUk; tpag;gile;jhu;fs;. ,t;thik ehuhazpd; mtjhuk; vd;W

czu;e;J mf;fy;iyf; fiu Nru;j;J ehuhazDf;F Myak; mikj;J

topglj; njhlq;fpdhu;fs;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; ,t;thyaj;ij cilj;J Cu;fhtw;Wiwf;

Nfhl;il> rq;fhidf; Nfhl;il vd;gtw;iw mikj;jhu;fs; vd;gjpypUe;J

fp.gp 15Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;l Myak; vd;gJ mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ.

(,) mikg;G(,) mikg;G(,) mikg;G(,) mikg;G(,) mikg;G

fUtiw> mu;j;jkz;lgk;> kfhkz;lgk;> tre;j kz;lgk;> cs;tPjpr;

Rw;Wg; gpufhuk;> ntsptPjp vd ,U tPjpfisAk; nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ.

ntsptPjpf;F ntspNa md;djhd klq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.


fUtiwapy; %y%u;j;jpahf G+kpNjtp> =Njtp rNkjuuhf

tujuhrg;ngUkhs; mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. Rw;Wg;Gwq;fspy; gupthu

%u;j;jpfshf kfhyl;Rkp> G+kpnyl;Rkp> fUlho;thu;> ehfjk;gpuhd;> ,uhkd;>

rPij> ,yl;Rkzd;> re;jhd Nfhghyu;> etf;fpufk;> MQ;rNeau;> mde;j

rad %u;j;jp> (= uq;fehju;) vd;gd mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kfhkz;lgj;jpy;

kPdtdpd; tiyapy; rpf;fpa Mikf;fy; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

(<) %u;j;jp(<) %u;j;jp(<) %u;j;jp(<) %u;j;jp(<) %u;j;jp,e;jpuDf;F rhgk; ePq;fp tuk; nfhLj;jikahy; ,t;thya %u;j;jp

tujuhrg; ngUkhs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;. fUtiwg; Nghd;W tre;j

kz;lgj;jpYk; =Njtp G+kpNjtp rNkjuuhf tujuhIg; ngUkhs; vOe;jUsp

%u;j;jpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. ty;ypGu Mo;thu; Nfhapy; kr;r (kPd;)

mtjhuj;NjhL Muk;gkhfpaJ Nghy ,t;thyak; $u;k (Mik)

mtjhuj;NjhL Muk;gkhdJ.

(c) jyk;(c) jyk;(c) jyk;(c) jyk;(c) jyk;Gd;id kuq;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gl;likahy; Gd;dhiy vd;Wk;>

ehuhazd; ,e;jpuDf;Fg; nghd;kakhd tpkhdj;ijf; fhl;baikahy;

nghd;dhyak; vd;Wk; nghd; vd;Dk; ngaUila ,yf;Fkp G+rpj;j

jykhifahy; nghd;dhiy vd;Wk; ngau; ngWfpwJ. Mtzp fpU\;z

gl;r ml;lkpj; jpjpahfpa fpU\;z gfthd; mtjupj;j jpdj;jpy;

nghd;dhyaj;jpy; thrk; nra;Ak; tujuhrg; ngUkhid ahnuhUtu;

md;Gld; juprdk; nra;fpd;whNuh mtUila ghtq;fs; vy;yhk;

mg;gpwtpapNyNa ePq;fptpLk;. mtu; ,g;gpwg;gpNyNa vy;yh eyd;fisAk;

mile;J kfpo;e;J kWikapy; itFz;l Nyhfj;ij mile;J ,d;gkhf

tho;thu; vd;W ,j;jyj;jpd; ngUikia jl;rpzifyha Guhzk;

$Wfpd;wJ.

(c) jPu;j;jk;(c) jPu;j;jk;(c) jPu;j;jk;(c) jPu;j;jk;(c) jPu;j;jk;jpUtb epiy vd;Dk; flw;fiuNa ,t;thyaj;jpd; jPu;j;jkhFk;.

Myaj;jpw;F tlf;Fg; gf;fkhf xU fpNyh kPw;wu; njhiytpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kfhtp\;Z ,e;jpudpd; rhgk; ePf;fp mtDf;F ,e;jpug;

gjtpia kPz;Lk; toq;fpa fhyj;jpy; jpUkhypd; jpUtbr;RtL gjpj;j

fhuzj;jhy; ,t;tplk; ~jpUtb epiy| vdg;ngau; ngWfpwJ. ,j;jPu;j;jj;jpy;

gyu; jPu;j;jkhbg; ghtk; Nghf;fp tUfpd;wdu;.

(C) tpUl;rk;(C) tpUl;rk;(C) tpUl;rk;(C) tpUl;rk;(C) tpUl;rk;,j;jyj;jpd; jytpUl;rk; td;dpkukhFk;. Mya cs;tPjpapy;

tlf;fpYk;> njw;fpYk; ,uz;L td;dp kuq;fs; topglg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

(v) epj;jpa G+ir(v) epj;jpa G+ir(v) epj;jpa G+ir(v) epj;jpa G+ir(v) epj;jpa G+ir,t;thyaj;jpy; itfhrd Mfk Kiwg;gb jpdKk; %d;W Ntis

G+ir eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. khiyapy; epj;jpa cw;rtk; eilngWfpd;wJ.


(V) iekpj;jpf G+irfs;(V) iekpj;jpf G+irfs;(V) iekpj;jpf G+irfs;(V) iekpj;jpf G+irfs;(V) iekpj;jpf G+irfs;Qhapw;Wf; fpoikfspy; tpNrl G+irfs; eilngWfpd;wJ.

khje;NjhWk; tsu;gpiw> Nja;gpiwapy; tUk; ,uz;L VfhjrpapYk; tpNrl

G+ir> cw;rtk; eilngWfpd;wJ. khrp khjj;jpy; kfel;rj;jpuj;ij

,Wjpahff; nfhz;L gjpndhU jpdq;fs; ,yl;rhu;r;rid eilngw;W

tUfpd;wJ. rpj;jpiuapy; kfhetkp. Mdp khjj;jpy; kzthsf;

Nfhyj;jpUtpoh> Mbg; G+uj;jd;W ehyhapuj; jpt;tpag; gpuge;jg; ghly;

Kw;Nwhjy; gd;dpU Mo;thu; cw;rtKk;> tuyf;Rkp tpujg; G+ir> etuhj;jpup>

tp\;Z Mya jPgk; vd;gd iekpj;jpa cw;rtkhf eilngWfpd;wd.

(I) kNfhw;rtk;(I) kNfhw;rtk;(I) kNfhw;rtk;(I) kNfhw;rtk;(I) kNfhw;rtk;,t;thyaj;jpy; xU tUlj;jpy; ,uz;L kNfhw;rtq;fs; eilngw;W

tUfpd;wd. KjyhtJ ,jpNy tpNrl tpohf;fshf Mtzp khjj;jpy;

Mtzp Nuhfpzpad;W Nju;j;jpUtpohTk; mikAk; Kfkhf 18 ehs;

kNfhw;rtk; Ie;jhk; ehs; rg;gwj; jpUtpoh gj;jhk; ehs; Gd;id kuj;

jpUtpoh> khiy kQ;rj; jpUtpoh> gjpNdohk; ehs; Nju;j;jpUtpoh md;W

ez;gfy; fpU\;zd; Mau;ghbapy; ntz;nza; cz;likia

Qhgfg;gLj;Jk; cwpab cw;rtk; vd;gd eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.

gjpNdl;lhk; ehs; fhiy jpUtb epiyapy; jPu;j;Njhw;rtKk; ,uT

nfhbapwf;fKk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. kWjpdk; fhiy 1008 rq;fhgpN\fk;

eilngw;W khiy Rthkp G+e;jz;bifapy; gtdp> tUthu;. gpd;

jpUf;fy;ahzk; eilngWk;

kw;iwa kNfhw;rtk; khu;fop khjj;jpy; tsu;gpiw Vfhjrp md;W

Nju;j;jpUtpohTk; kWjpdk; jPu;j;jj;jpUtpohTk; eilngWk; tifapy; gj;Jj;

jpdq;fs; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. Vfhjrpad;W itFz;l Rtu;f;f thapy;

jpwe;jpUf;Fk; vDk; ek;gpf;ifNahL gy mbatu;fs; epj;jpiu tpopj;J

topghL nra;tu;. mjpfhiyapy; jpUtb epiyj; jPu;j;jj;jpy; ePuhb ghuiz

nra;J tpujj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;tu;. ,uT nfhbapwf;fy; cw;rtk; eilngWk;.

(((((x) klq;fsx) klq;fsx) klq;fsx) klq;fsx) klq;fs ;; ;; ;cw;rt fhyq;fspy; Myaj;jpw;F tUk; mbatu;fSf;F md;dk;

ghypf;f 5 klq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd fz;zd; klk;>

ethypahu; klk;> nghd;Dj;Jiu klk;> 10Mk; jpUtpoh klk;> 12Mk;

jpUtpoh klk; vd;gdthFk;.

(X) E}y;fs;(X) E}y;fs;(X) E}y;fs;(X) E}y;fs;(X) E}y;fs;njl;rpiz ifyha khd;kpak; nghd;dhiy = tujuhrg; ngUkhs;

gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. mUs; eykpf;f nghd;dhiy = tujuhrg; ngUkhs;

Ngupy; ghba NkYk; fPu;j;jidfs; cs;sd.


~ ghlr;RUf;fk; ghlr;RUf;fk; ghlr;RUf;fk; ghlr;RUf;fk; ghlr;RUf;fk;

• aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Nkw;Fj;jpirapy; nghd;dhiyapy; mike;Js;s

tp\;Z Myak; MFk;.

• ,e;jpudpd; rhgk; ePf;fpa kfhtp\;Zitg; Nghw;wp tujuhrg;

ngUkhs; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

• kfhtp\;Ztpd; mde;j radf; fhl;rp ,t;thyaj;jpy; rpwg;ghff;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

• ,t;thyaj;jpy; xU tUlj;jpy; ,uz;L Kiw kNfhw;rtk;

eilngWfpd;wJ.

• Mbg;G+u ehis ,Wjpahff; nfhz;L 4000 jpt;tpag;gpuge;jg;

ghly;fs; KOtijAk; Mz;LNjhWk; ghb Kbj;J topghL

nra;fpd;wdu;.

• kfhtp\;Ztpd; jpUtbr;RtL gjpj;j jpUtb epiy flw;fiuNa

,t;thyaj;jpd; jPu;j;jk; MFk;.

^ gapw;rpfs;gapw;rpfs;gapw;rpfs;gapw;rpfs;gapw;rpfs;

m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.m. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil jUf.

1. ,t;thya miktplj;ijf; $Wf.

2. ,t;thyak; rk;ge;jkhd E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

3. ,t;thya kNfhw;rtk; gw;wp RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLf.

4. jpUtb epiyapd; rpwg;G ahJ?

5. nghd;dhiy vd;gjd; fhuzq;fis RUf;fkhfj; jUf.


♦ ~~nghd;dhiy tujuhrg; ngUkhs; Myak;|| vd;w jiyg;gpy;

Ie;J epkplkstpy; Ngr;nrhd;iw tFg;giwapy; epfo;j;Jf.

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