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Ðîññèéñêàÿ ñåòü èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (RRRCN)ÔÃÁÓ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà»

ÔÃÁÓ «Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé áèîñôåðíûé çàïîâåäíèê»Åëàáóæñêèé èíñòèòóò Êàçàíñêîãî (Ïðèâîëæñêîãî) ôåäåðàëüíîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà

ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Ñèáýêîöåíòð)

Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ

ÎÐËÛ ÏÀËÅÀÐÊÒÈÊÈèçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà

20–23 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2013 ã.Åëàáóãà, Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí, Ðîññèÿ

Òåçèñû

Åëàáóãà, 2013

Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà – òåçèñû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè, Åëàáóãà (Òàòàðñòàí, Ðîññèÿ), 20–23 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2013 ã. / ðåä. À.À. Êàþìîâ, È.Â. Êàðÿêèí, Ý.Ã. Íèêîëåíêî, Å.Ï. Øíàéäåð. – Åëàáóãà, 2013. – 76 ñ.

Â ñáîðíèêå ïðåäñòàâëåíû òåçèñû Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè «Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà», ñîñòîÿâøåéñÿ â ã. Åëàáóãà (Ðåñïóáëèêà Òàòàðñòàí, Ðîññèÿ) 20–23 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2013 ã. Îíè îõâàòûâàþò øèðîêèé ñïåêòð âîïðîñîâ ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èçó÷åíèÿ ñòàòóñà ïîïóëÿöèé è ýêîëîãèè ðàçíûõ âèäîâ îðëîâ, ìåòîäàì èññëåäîâàíèé, îõðàíå îðëîâ, à òàêæå ìåæäóíàðîäíîìó ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó â îáëàñòè èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû îðëîâ.

Îðãàíèçàòîðû:Ðîññèéñêàÿ ñåòü èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (RRRCN)ÔÃÁÓ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà»ÔÃÁÓ «Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé áèîñôåðíûé çàïîâåäíèê»Åëàáóæñêèé èíñòèòóò Êàçàíñêîãî (Ïðèâîëæñêîãî) ôåäåðàëüíîãî óíèâåðñèòåòàÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð» (Ñèáýêîöåíòð)

Ïðè ïîääåðæêå:ïðîåêò ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ/Ìèíïðèðîäû Ðîññèè «Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ñèñòåìû è ìåõàíèçìîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ÎÎÏÒ â ñòåïíîì áèîìå Ðîññèè»ÂÎÎ «Ðóññêîå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî»ÎÎÎ «Ãåîëàéí»ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊÐ»è Óïðàâëÿþùàÿ êîìïàíèÿ «Êîìïëåêñíîå ÝíåðãîÐàçâèòèå-Õîëäèíã»

Ôîòî íà îáëîæêå: ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis). Ðåñïóáëèêà Êàëìûêèÿ, èþíü 2013 ã. Ôîòî È.Â. Êàðÿêèíà.

© Ðîññèéñêàÿ ñåòü èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ (RRRCN)© Àâòîðû òåçèñîâ

Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network (RRRCN)FSI National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama”

FSI “Volga-Kama Nature Reserve”Elabuga Institute of Kazan Federal University

IG NGO “Siberian Environmental Center” (Sibecocenter)

International Scientific and Practical Conference

EAGLES OF PALEARCTICStudy and Conservation

20–23 September 2013Elabuga, Tatarstan Republic, Russia

Abstracts

Elabuga, 2013

Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation – Abstracts of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Elabuga, Tatarstan Republic, Russia, 20–23 September 2013 / Eds. A.A. Kayumov, I.V. Karyakin, E.G. Nikolenko, E.P. Shnayder. – Elabuga, 2013. – 76 p.

The collection of papers consists of abstracts of International Scientific-practical Conference on Eagles “Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation”, held in Elabuga (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia) 20–23 September 2013. They cover a wide spectrum of questions on the results of research of the population status and ecology of different eagle species, study methods, conservation of eagles and also international cooperation in study and conservation of eagles.

Organizers:Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network (RRRCN)FSI National Park “Nizhnyaya Kama”FSI “Volga-Kama Nature Reserve”Elabuga Institute of Kazan Federal UniversityIG NGO “Siberian Environmental Center” (Sibecocenter)

With the support of:UNDP / GEF / Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation “Improvement of the mechanisms and management of protected areas in the steppe biome of Russia”The Russian Geographical SocietyGeoline Inc.LLC “Eco-NIOKR”and LLC “Management Company “Integrated EnergoDevelopment-Holding”

Photo on the front cover: Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). Republic of Kalmykia, June 2013. Photo by I. Karyakin.

© Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network (RRRCN)© Authors of abstracts

Introduction 7Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation

INTRODUCTION

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

EARTHLY PROBLEMS OF SKY ARISTOCRATS

ЗЕМНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ АРИСТОКРАТОВ НЕБА

Vladimir M. Galushin (Honorary president, Working Group on North-Eurasian Raptors, Moscow, Russia)

Владимир М. Галушин (Почетный президент Рабочей группы по хищным птицам Северной Евразии, Москва, Россия)

Îðëû, êàê è õèùíûå ïòèöû â öåëîì, îòíþäü íå îáäåëåíû âíèìàíèåì îðíèòîëîãîâ. Ñîçâàííàÿ â Åëàáóãå ñïåöè-àëüíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ – îäíî èç âåñîìûõ òîìó äîêàçàòåëüñòâ. Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ðåàëüíî ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ, ñ ó÷àñòè-åì ñïåöèàëèñòîâ èç ìíîãèõ ñòðàí è îõâàòûâàþùàÿ îãðîìíûé çîîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé ðåãèîí Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè – Ïàëåàðêòèêó. Îðëû, íåñîìíåííî, çàñëóæèâàþò ñòîëü ïðèñòàëüíîå è âñåîáùåå âíèìàíèå. Ïðåæäå âñåãî, êàê óâàæàåìûå âñåìè ñèìâîëû ñèëû, ìîãóùåñòâà, êðàñîòû, êàê ïîäëèííîå óêðàøåíèå ïðèðîäû, òðåáóþùåå îñîáî áåðåæíîãî ê ñåáå îòíîøåíèÿ. Èõ âûñîêèé áèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñòàòóñ îáèòàòåëåé âåðøèí ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïèðàìèä õàðàêòåðèçóåò îðëîâ, êàê èíäèêàòîðîâ ñîñòîÿíèÿ ýêîñèñòåì. Âìåñòå ñ òåì, ýòè ìàëîïëîäîâèòûå äîëãîæèòåëè âåñüìà óÿçâèìû äëÿ ñàìûõ ðàçíûõ ôàêòîðîâ ñìåðòíîñòè, îñîáåííî, àíòðîïîãåííîãî õàðàêòåðà.

Ìíîãîå â æèçíè îðëîâ Ïàëåàðêòèêè äîñòàòî÷íî ïîëíî èçó÷åíî, íî íåìàëî àñïåêòîâ èõ áèîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè, êîòîðûå çàñëóæèâàþò äàëüíåéøèõ ñïåöèàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, â òîì ÷èñëå íà òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè è Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè â öåëîì. Íåêîòîðûå òîìó ïðèìåðû ïðèâîäÿòñÿ íèæå.

Áàçîâûå ïîïóëÿöèîííûå äàííûå, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ ëþáîãî ðîäà ñïåöèàëüíûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ðàçðàáîòêè ìåð ñîõðàíåíèÿ âèäîâ, – àðåàëû, ÷èñëåííîñòü è èõ äèíàìèêà âî âðåìåíè. Òàêèå ñâåäåíèÿ èçâåñòíû ñåé÷àñ äëÿ îðëîâ è áîëüøèíñòâà äðóãèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè òåððèòîðèé èõ îáèòàíèÿ. Â çíà-÷èòåëüíîé ìåðå, – áëàãîäàðÿ îðãàíèçàòîðàì è ó÷àñòíèêàì íàñòîÿùåé Êîíôåðåíöèè. Îòäåëüíûå «áåëûå ïÿòíà» âñå åùå ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ, ê ñîæàëåíèþ, èìåííî â íàøåé ñòðàíå, ãäå òàåæíûå ïðîñòðàíñòâà, íàïðèìåð, Ðîññèéñêî-ãî Ñåâåðà îñòàþòñÿ â ýòîì ïëàíå íåäîñòàòî÷íî èçó÷åííûìè.

Áëàãîäàðÿ àêòèâíîìó èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ñïóòíèêîâîé òåëåìåòðèè ñåãîäíÿ õîðîøî èçâåñòíû ðàçíîîáðàçíûå ïåðåìåùåíèÿ îðëîâ è äðóãèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö Åâðîïû: ïóòè èõ ìèãðàöèé è êî÷åâîê, ìåñòà çèìîâîê. Íî â Ðîññèè òàêîãî ðîäà èññëåäîâàíèÿ, âûïîëíåííûå ïðè ïîääåðæêå çàðóáåæíûõ êîëëåã, âñå åùå ðåäêè è ôðàãìåíòàðíû.

Áåç ïîçíàíèÿ ñóòè è êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêè ôàêòîðîâ âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè, – êàê ïîçèòèâíîãî, òàê è íåãàòèâíîãî ñâîéñòâà, – íåâîçìîæíî ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü áëèæàéøåå è îòäàëåííîå áóäóùåå îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ è èõ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê. Â ýòîì ïëàíå îñîáåííî çíà÷èìû ôàêòîðû àíòðîïîãåííûå. Çàïðåò èñòðåáëåíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö ïîëâåêà òîìó íàçàä, íåñîìíåííî, ñïîñîáñòâîâàë ñòàáèëèçàöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìíîãèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ è äàæå åå ðîñòó ó îòäåëüíûõ âèäîâ. Ïîïûòêè âîçðîæäåíèÿ îïàñíîé ïðàêòèêè ðåãóëÿöèè ÷èñëåí-íîñòè íåêîòîðûõ ïðîáëåìíûõ âèäîâ íà îòäåëüíûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ òðåáóþò îò ðàïòîëîãîâ îñîáîé áäèòåëüíîñòè. Íåñîìíåííûì óñïåõîì ñëåäóåò ñ÷èòàòü ðàçðàáîòêó è óñòàíîâêó, íàïðèìåð, â Ïîâîëæüå è íà Ñåâåðíîì Êàâ-êàçå, ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ íà ËÝÏ, îãîëîâêè êîòîðûõ – ìîùíûé ôàêòîð ìàññîâîé ãèáåëè ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ è äðóãèõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Ñòîëü æå ïðèñòàëüíîãî âíèìàíèÿ òðåáóþò è èíûå ôîðìû ïðÿìîãî íåãàòèâíîãî âëèÿíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà íà ïîïóëÿöèè îðëîâ è äðóãèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö: íåëåãàëüíàÿ äîáû÷à è òîðãîâëÿ, êîììåð÷åñêàÿ òàêñèäåðìèÿ, ðàçãóë êðîó-êèëëåðîâ è ïðî÷èõ á¸ðä-õàíòåðîâ, èñïîëüçîâàíèå ôîòîãðàôàìè â ìåñòàõ ñêîïëåíèÿ òóðèñòîâ è ò.ï. Âåñüìà æåëàòåëåí ðåãóëÿðíûé ìîíèòîðèíã ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ, ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ è ïîâåäåí÷åñêèõ ðåàêöèé îðëîâ è äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ íà ñîâðåìåííûå èçìåíåíèÿ êëèìàòà è ðàñòèòåëüíîãî ïîêðîâà, à òàêæå íà ìàñøòàáíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ çåìåëü.

Ñåãîäíÿ â Ðîññèè ëèøü ôðàãìåíòàðíî âåäóòñÿ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñâÿçåé õèùíûõ ïòèö, ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîøëè íà íåò êîëè÷åñòâåííûå îöåíêè èõ âîçäåéñòâèÿ íà ïîïóëÿöèè äîáûâàåìûõ âèäîâ. Íàïîìíþ, ÷òî èìåííî òà-êèå ðàáîòû ñôîðìèðîâàëè ïîëâåêà òîìó íàçàä íàó÷íóþ áàçó äëÿ îòìåíû ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé êàìïàíèè èñòðåáëåíèÿ «âðåäíûõ» õèùíûõ ïòèö. Îöåíêà ïðåññà õèùíè÷åñòâà è ñåëåêòèâíîãî âëèÿíèÿ õèùíèêîâ íà ïîïóëÿöèè âèäîâ-æåðòâ òðåáóåò êðîïîòëèâîé ñëàæåííîé êîëëåêòèâíîé ðàáîòû íà ñòàöèîíàðàõ, íî åå ðåçóëüòàòû ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âàæíû äëÿ òåîðåòè÷åñêîé è ïðèêëàäíîé ýêîëîãèè, äëÿ óêðåïëåíèÿ íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííûõ ïîçèöèé çàùèòíèêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö.

Âàæíîå íàïðàâëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèé ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ – âûÿâëåíèå ñïîñîáíîñòè èëè íåñïîñîáíîñòè îòäåëü-íûõ âèäîâ è ìåñòíûõ ïîïóëÿöèé àäàïòèðîâàòüñÿ ê æèçíè â òðàíñôîðìèðîâàííûõ ÷åëîâåêîì ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ âïëîòü äî àãðî- è óðáîöåíîçîâ.

Îáíîâëåíèå ìåòîäè÷åñêîãî àðñåíàëà – çàëîã óñïåøíîñòè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Ýòî íàïðàâëåíèå áóðíî ðàçâèâàëîñü âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ïðîøëîãî âåêà, îñîáåííî â ÷àñòè èçó÷åíèÿ èõ ìè-ãðàöèé è òðîôèêè. Ñåé÷àñ îñîáîå âíèìàíèå óäåëÿåòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêå äèñòàíöèîííûõ ìåòîäîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ, ÷òî âïîëíå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñîâðåìåííûì ïîëîæåíèÿì òîëåðàíòíîé îðíèòîëîãèè è áèîýòèêè.

8 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ââåäåíèå

×òî êàñàåòñÿ ïðîáëåì âûæèâàíèÿ, äëÿ ìíîãèõ âèäîâ îðëîâ è áîëüøèíñòâà äðóãèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö ñåãîäíÿ â Ðîññèè íåò óãðîçû èõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèþ. Íàèáîëåå ñëîæíîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ñòåïíîãî îðëà, ÷èñëåííîñòü êîòîðîãî ïðîäîëæàåò ñîêðàùàòüñÿ. Ãëàâíîé íàøåé áîëüþ è ïðîáëåìîé îñòàåòñÿ ðàçãðàáëåíèå ïîïóëÿöèé íà-øèõ êðóïíûõ ñîêîëîâ – áàëîáàíà è êðå÷åòà, – êîòîðîå âîçìîæíî îñòàíîâèòü òîëüêî ñîâìåñòíûìè óñèëèÿìè îòå÷åñòâåííîé è ìåæäóíàðîäíîé ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé îáùåñòâåííîñòè.

Â XXI âåêå çàìåòíî àêòèâèçèðîâàëàñü ïóáëèêàöèîííàÿ àêòèâíîñòü èññëåäîâàòåëåé è çàùèòíèêîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ïîìèìî ìíîãèõ íàó÷íûõ ñòàòåé â çîîëîãè÷åñêèõ æóðíàëàõ è ñáîðíèêàõ, îïóáëèêîâàíû íåêîòîðûå ðåãèîíàëü-íûå ñâîäêè è âèäîâûå ìîíîãðàôèè, à òàêæå ìàòåðèàëû âñåõ ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûõ êîíôåðåíöèé ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì. Îãîð÷àåò, ÷òî ìû óæå ìíîãî ëåò íå ìîæåì ñîáðàòü îáîáùàþùèé òîì ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì â ñåðèè «Ïòèöû Ðîññèè è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ». Íî ðàäóåò, ÷òî îòå÷åñòâåííàÿ ðàïòîëîãèÿ âûøëà íà ìåæäóíàðîäíûé óðîâåíü áëàãîäàðÿ ðåãóëÿðíûì âûïóñêàì ðóññêî-ÿçû÷íîãî æóðíàëà «Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà» è åãî ýëåêòðîííîé âåðñèè, äîñòóïíûõ îòå÷åñòâåííûì è çàðóáåæíûì êîëëåãàì.

Ðàñøèðÿþòñÿ è êðåïíóò ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ñâÿçè îòå÷åñòâåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé õèùíûõ ïòèö. Îñîáî ïðèâåò-ñòâóåòñÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèå ñîâìåñòíûõ ïðîåêòîâ â ýòîé ñôåðå, ñîàâòîðñêèå ïóáëèêàöèè èõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ, ïðåäñòàâ-ëåíèå îáùèõ ñîîáùåíèé íà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ, çàðóáåæíûõ è îòå÷åñòâåííûõ êîíôåðåíöèÿõ. Çíà÷èìîå â ýòîì ïëàíå ñîáûòèå – Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êîíôåðåíöèÿ â Åëàáóãå «Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà».

* * * *Eagles as all other raptors are always held in respect by ornithologists. The special Conference in Elabuga (Tatarstan, Russia) is one of the good examples. The Conference is actually international with many participants from various countries stretching over the huge zoogeographic region of Northern Eurasia namely Palearctic. Eagles undoubtedly deserve such attention. First of all, as a respected symbol of power and beauty, as brilliants of nature deserved special protection. Their high status of inhabitants on peaks of ecological pyramids determines them as indicators of ecosystem conditions. At the same time due to their longevity and low reproduction they are vulnerable to various, first of all anthropogenic negative factors.

Palearctic eagles are studied well. However, some aspects of their biology and ecology deserve further studies most of all in Russia and Northern Eurasia as well. Some examples of those problems are mentioned below.

Fundamental population data required for any kind of further ecological researches and elaboration of conservation measures are raptor ranges and numbers as well as their dynamics. At presence these evidences are well known for eagle species on major parts of their ranges. Largely thanks to managers and participants of this Conference. Unfortunately some “blank spots” still exist within our country where, for example, vast expanses of Russian taiga remain not adequately explored.

Owing to active use of satellite telemetry movements of European eagles and other raptors are well understood including their migrations and wintering. But in Russia similar joint studies supported by foreign colleagues are yet fragmented and unregularly.

Quantitative analysis of various factors influenced raptor populations, both positive and negative, is very important for prediction of their future. The most significant of them is direct and indirect human pressure. Half a century back mass destruction of raptors was prohibited resulting in population stability and even increasing of some species. However raptologists have to exercise their watchfulness in view of some attempts to renew struggles against so called “vermin raptors”. Unquestionably successful is development and practical use of bird protective devices on very dangerous for eagles and other raptors electric lines, for instance, through forestless plains along the Volga river and at north of the Caucasus. The same attention has to be focused on other extreme cases of direct negative human influence like illegal taking and trade of raptors, commercial taxidermy, violence of crow-killers and bird-hunters, use of eagles and other raptors for photography with tourists, etc. It is desirable to arrange regular monitoring of numerical, ecological and behavioral responses of eagles and other raptors to recent changes in climate and plant covers as well as to large transformation of cultivated fields.

Special studies of predatory pressure and selectivity of raptors upon their prey helped much to develop scientific basis for protection of birds of prey in the second half of XX century. Unfortunately at present such kinds of research are extremely rare and fragmented.

Essential is revealing of adaptive capability or inability of raptors and their local populations to live in habitats changed by humans including agro- and urbocenosys.

Renovation of methodology as a pledge of successful ecological research was active in the past and is in progress now. It concerns, first of all, development of distance research methods which are compatible entirely with ideas of tolerant ornithology and bioethics.

As for problems of survival for many raptor species including eagles (except the Steppe Eagle) they are out of immediate danger of extinction. At the same time our major problem today is a robbery of populations of the large falcons namely the Saker and Gyr. In order to stop or at least significantly soften it we need help of international conservation society.

Visible publication activity is obvious in XXI century. Today raptors are major objects of scientific papers, some regional handbooks and monographs, abstracts of many specialized conferences and workshops. It is a pity that for many years we failed to publish the raptor volume of the Handbook “Birds of Russia and Neighboring Regions”. At the same time an obvious positive event in this field is regular publication of both paper and electronic versions of the two-language scientific journal “Raptors Conservation” which provides good chances for results of national raptor researches to be known by international ornithological society. It certainly strengthens international connections among raptologists.

Joint raptor research projects are very promising as well as joint publications of their results and joint presentations on national, foreign and international conferences, symposiums and workshops. Really significant in this light is this International Elabuga Conference “Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation”.

Plenaries 9Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation

PLENARIES

ПЛЕНАРНЫЕ ДОКЛАДЫ

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON RAPTORS UNDER THE

CONVENTION ON MIGRATORY SPECIES – UNEP / CMS RAPTORS

MOU

МЕМОРАНДУМ О ВЗАИМОПОНИМАНИИ ПО ПЕРНАТЫМ

ХИЩНИКАМ В РАМКАХ КОНВЕНЦИИ ПО МИГРИРУЮЩИМ ВИДАМ

(CMS)

Nicholas P. Williams (UNEP / CMS Raptors MoU, Abu Dhabi, UAE)

Николас П. Виллиямс (Программа ООН по окружающей среде – ЮНЕП / Боннская конвенция – CMS, Абу-Даби, ОАЭ)

Äîãîâîð î âçàèìîïîíèìàíèè (MoU) â âîïðîñå ñîõðàíåíèÿ ìèãðèðóþùèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Àôðèêå è Åâðà-çèè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ñîãëàøåíèå ïîä ýãèäîé Êîíâåíöèè ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ ìèãðèðóþùèõ âèäîâ. MoU êàñàåòñÿ ìèãðèðóþùèõ ïîïóëÿöèé ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ è ñîâîîáðàçíûõ ïòèö, îáèòàþùèõ â Àôðè-êå è Åâðàçèè, è îõâàòûâàåò 138 ãîñóäàðñòâ è ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ òåððèòîðèé. Àãåíñòâî ïî îõðàíå îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû â Àáó-Äàáè ùåäðî ôèíàíñèðóåò è ñîäåðæèò âðåìåííûé êîîðäèíàöèîííûé öåíòð, áàçèðóþùèéñÿ â ÎÀÝ. MoU âñòóïèë â ñèëó 1 íîÿáðÿ 2008 ã. è óæå áûë ïîäïèñàí 38 ãîñóäàðñòâàìè è äâóìÿ ñîòðóäíè÷àþ-ùèìè îðãàíèçàöèÿìè. Ïåðâîå ñîáðàíèå ãîñóäàðñòâ, ïîäïèñàâøèõ Äîãîâîð, äîëæíî ïî ïëàíó ñîñòîÿòüñÿ â êîíöå 2012 ã.

Õèùíûå ïòèöû ÿâëÿþòñÿ âàæíûì èíäèêàòîðîì ñîñòîÿíèÿ ñðåäû: êîëåáàíèÿ â èõ ïîïóëÿöèè ìîãóò îòðà-æàòü îáùåå ñîñòîÿíèå è èíûå ïàðàìåòðû ñðåäû, â êîòîðîé îíè æèâóò. Õèùíèêè òðåáóþò âçàèìîñâÿçàí-íîé ñåòè òåððèòîðèé, ïîäõîäÿùèõ äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ìèãðàöèè è çèìîâîê. Ìèãðèðóþùèå âèäû îñîáåííî ïîäâåðæåíû ðèñêó, êàê âñëåäñòâèå âëèÿíèÿ åñòåñòâåííûõ ôàêòîðîâ, òàê è áëàãîäàðÿ âçàèìîäåéñòâèþ ñ ÷åëîâåêîì. Èç-çà îòíîñèòåëüíî íèçêîé ñêîðîñòè âîñïðîèçâîäñòâà ó õèùíûõ ïòèö âîññòàíîâëåíèå ïîïóëÿ-öèîííûõ ïîòåðü ìîæåò çàíèìàòü äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ.

MoU, êàñàþùèéñÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ ïî Ïðîãðàììå Äåéñòâèé, êîòîðàÿ ðàçâèâàåò ìåæ-äóíàðîäíî-ñêîîðäèíèðîâàííûå ïîäõîäû, íàïðàâëåííûå íà îõðàíó Àôðî-Åâðàçèéñêèõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, âåäó-ùèå ê îáùåé öåëè – âåðíóòü ýòèì ïòèöàì áëàãîïðèÿòíûé îõðàííûé ñòàòóñ (Favourable Conservation Status) è ñîõðàíÿòü åãî â äàëüíåéøåì. Íàøà ïðåçåíòàöèÿ äàñò îáùåå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå îá ýòîì, îòíîñèòåëüíî íîâîì, ìåæäóíàðîäíîì ñîãëàøåíèè è î åãî ðàçâèòèè, è îáîçíà÷èò òå ïðèðîäîîõðàííûå âîçìîæíîñòè, êîòîðûå ýòî ñîãëàøåíèå áóäåò äàâàòü â äàëüíåéøåì.

* * * * *The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia is an international agreement under the auspices of the Convention on Migratory Species. The MoU concerns migra-tory populations of Falconiformes (eagles, hawks, falcons and vultures) and Strigiformes (owls) species occurring in Africa and Eurasia, which encompasses a total of 138 political states and territories. The Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi generously funds and hosts an Interim Coordinating Unit based in the UAE. The MoU came into force on 1 November 2008 and has already been signed by 38 States and 2 collaborating Partner organizations. The first meeting of the Signatory States is planned to take place in late 2012.

Raptors are important biological indicators: fluctuations in their populations can reflect the health, or otherwise, of the environments in which they live. Birds of prey require interconnected networks of suitable habitats for breeding, migration and overwintering. Migratory species are particularly vulnerable to risk due to natural factors and to interactions with man. Due to the relatively slow reproductive rates in birds of prey, recovery from popula-tion losses can take a long time.

The Birds of Prey MoU is implemented via an Action Plan that promotes an internationally co-ordinated approach to the conservation of African-Eurasian birds of prey, with the overall aim being to return and maintain these species in Favourable Conservation Status. The presentation will provide an overview of the development of this relatively new international agreement and will highlight the conservation opportunities it presents for the future.

10 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ïëåíàðíûå äîêëàäû

PROJECT EURAPMON AND INVENTORY OF RAPTOR MONITORING

SCHEMES IN EUROPE

ПРОЕКТ EURAPMON И ИНВЕНТАРИЗАЦИЯ СХЕМ МОНИТОРИНГА

ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ В ЕВРОПЕ

Al Vrezec (National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia)Maja Derlink (Scotland, Slovenia), Chris Wernham (Scotland, United Kingdom), Alessandro Andreotti (Italy), Irena Bertoncelj (United Kingdom, Slovenia), Ian Burfield (United Kingdom), Guy Duke (United Kingdom), András Kovács (Hungary), Paola Movalli (Netherlands), Luis Palma (Portugal), Pertti Saurola (Finland), Janusz Sielicki (Poland), Ülo Väli (Estonia)

Ал Врежек (Национальный институт биологии, Любляна, Словения)Майя Дерлинк (Шотландия, Словения), Крис Вернхам (Шотландия, Великобрита-ния), Алессандро Андреотти (Италия), Ирена Бертончели (Великобритания, Словения), Ян Бурфилд (Великобритания), Гай Дьюк (Великобритания), Андрас Ковач (Венгрия), Паола Мовалли (Нидерланды), Луис Палма (Португалия), Пертти Саурола (Финляндия), Януш Силиский (Польша), Юло Вяли (Эстония)

Êàê âåðøèíà ïèùåâîé ïèðàìèäû, õèùíûå ïòèöû ÿâëÿþòñÿ êëþ÷åâûìè âèäàìè â ýêîñèñòåìàõ è ìîãóò áûòü õîðî-øèìè èíäèêàòîðàìè ñîñòîÿíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, â øèðîêîì ñìûñëå. Ïîýòîìó ìîíèòîðèíã õèùíèêîâ ìîæåò îáíàðóæèòü èçìåíåíèÿ ýêîñèñòåì è óãðîçû, èìåòü çíà÷èòåëüíûå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå, ñîöèàëüíûå è ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïîñëåäñòâèÿ. Îäíàêî õèùíèêè, êàê ïðàâèëî, ïëîõî ïîêðûâàþòñÿ ìóëüòè-âèäîâûìè ó÷åòàìè ïòèö. Ñõåìû ìîíè-òîðèíãà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íîñÿò ðàçíîîáðàçíûé õàðàêòåð è ðåäêî èìåþò öåíòðàëèçîâàííóþ êîîðäèíàöèþ, ìîíèòîðèíã âåäåòñÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ìàñøòàáàõ è ðåäêî ñòàíäàðòèçèðîâàí â ïîäõîäàõ. Ïîýòîìó â äåëå óêðåïëåíèÿ íàöèîíàëüíûõ èíèöèàòèâ, íåîáõîäèìî óñòðàíåíèå ïðîáåëîâ è óëó÷øåíèå êîîðäèíàöèè. Ýòî îòíîñèòñÿ êàê ê ìîíèòîðèíãó ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïîïóëÿöèé õèùíûõ ïòèö, òàê è ê ìîíèòîðèíãó, â êîòîðîì õèùíèêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ èíäè-êàòîðàìè ñîñòîÿíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. EURAPMON – ñåòåâàÿ èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ ïðîãðàììà Åâðîïåéñêîãî íàó÷íîãî ôîíäà (http://www.eurapmon.net) èíèöèèðîâàëà èíâåíòàðèçàöèþ ñóùåñòâóþùèõ ñõåì ìîíèòîðèíãà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, îõâàòûâàþùèõ 40 åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàí (90%) – íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü âûÿâëåíî 1016 ñõåì. Èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ ðàññìàòðèâàåò øèðîêèé êðóã âîïðîñîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå ðàçìíîæåíèå è ìèãðàöèè â ïîïóëÿöè-ÿõ, óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, ïàðàìåòðû ñîñòîÿíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, îáçîðíûå è àíàëèòè÷åñêèå ìåòîäû (â òîì ÷èñëå îòäåëüíûå ìåòîäû èäåíòèôèêàöèè), à òàêæå áàçû äàííûõ. Ìîíèòîðèíã ñîâ ðàñïðîñòðàíåí çíà÷èòåëüíî ìåíüøå, ÷åì äíåâíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ñàìûé ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé ìîíèòîðèíã áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) ñðåäè õèùíûõ ïòèö (â 40% ñòðàí) è ôèëèíà (Bubo Bubo) ñðåäè ñîâ (â 30% ñòðàí). Â äîêëàäå ïðèâåäåíû íåêîòîðûå õàðàêòåðíûå ðåçóëüòàòû ôèíñêîé ñõåìû ìîíèòîðèíãà, èëëþñòðèðóþùèå õîðîøóþ ìåòîäîëîãèþ, êîòîðîé ïðî-òèâîïîñòàâëÿþòñÿ ðÿä ïîäõîäîâ ñî âñåé Åâðîïû. Â äîêëàäå ïðåäñòàâëåíû ðåçóëüòàòû, îáîáùàþùèå ñîñòîÿíèå äåë è ïîä÷åðêèâàþùèå ñòîÿùèå çàäà÷è.

* * * * *As top predators, raptors are key species in ecosystems and can be good indicators of the state of wider biodiversi-ty. Raptor monitoring can therefore detect ecosystem change and particular threats, all of which can have significant environmental, social and economic impacts. However, due to specific survey protocols, raptors are often poorly covered by multi-species bird censuses. Raptor monitoring schemes are diverse in nature, rarely centrally coordi-nated, conducted at different scales, range from academic research to citizen science, and are rarely standardised in approach. Hence there would be great benefit in reinforcing national initiatives, addressing gaps and improving coordination. This applies to monitoring of both the state of raptor populations, and to what raptors can tell us about the environment. EURAPMON, a Research Networking Programme of the European Science Foundation (http://www.eurapmon.net) has initiated an inventory of existing raptor monitoring schemes covering 40 European coun-tries (90%) with 1016 schemes detected so far. The inventory considers a wide range of issues, including breeding and migratory populations, breeding success, environmental parameters, survey and analytical methods (including individual identification techniques) and data applications. Owls are much less monitored than diurnal raptors with the most monitored species being the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) among diurnal raptors (40% of the coun-tries) and the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) among owls (30% of the countries). Some representative outcomes from the Finnish schemes are presented to illustrate good practice and are contrasted with a range of approaches from across Europe. This talk will present results, summarise the state of play and highlight future challenges.


MONITORING DIURNAL AND NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY IN

FINLAND: METHODS AND POPULATION TREND

МОНИТОРИНГ ДНЕВНЫХ И НОЧНЫХ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В

ФИНЛЯНДИИ: МЕТОДЫ И ПОПУЛЯЦИОННЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ

Pertti L. Saurola (Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland)

Пертти Л. Саурола (Финский музей естественной истории, Хельсинки, Финляндия)

Â Ôèíëÿíäèè ìîíèòîðèíã ïîïóëÿöèè õèùíûõ ïòèö áûë îñíîâàí íà ðàáîòå êîëüöåâàòåëåé-äîáðîâîëüöåâ. Ñ 1970-ûõ ãã. íà òåððèòîðèè âñåé ñòðàíû âåäåòñÿ Êîìïëåêñíîå Èññëåäîâàíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïëîäîâèòîñòè îð-ëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla), áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos), ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus), ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrines) è êðå÷åòà (Falco rusticolus), öåëüþ êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ åæåãîäíàÿ ïðîâåðêà âñåõ èçâåñòíûõ ãí¸çäî-âûõ òî÷åê. Ìîíèòîðèíã ïðî÷èõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö âåä¸òñÿ ïî ïðîåêòàì «Ñåòü õèùíèêîâ» ñ 1982 ã., è «Àíêå-òèðîâàíèå î õèùíèêàõ» ñ 1986 ã. Ïðîåêò «Ñåòü õèùíèêîâ» äà¸ò åæåãîäíûå ïîïóëÿöèîííûå èíäåêñû, êîòîðûå áàçèðóþòñÿ íà äàííûõ, ñîáðàííûõ ñ èññëåäóåìûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ðàçìåðàìè 10×10 êì (n=ca. 130/ãîä). Ýòîò èíäåêñ õîðîøî îòðàæàåò åæåãîäíûå èçìåíåíèÿ â ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèè è äîëãîñðî÷íûå òåíäåíöèè äëÿ ñåìè äíåâ-íûõ è øåñòè íî÷íûõ âèäîâ õèùíèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â þæíîé ÷àñòè Ôèíëÿíäèè. Äëÿ ïðî÷èõ âèäîâ, êîòîðûå ëèáî äîñòàòî÷íî ðåäêè íà âñåé òåððèòîðèè ñòðàíû, ëèáî ãíåçäÿòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Ôèíëÿíäèè, çà ïðåäåëàìè ó÷àñòêîâ, èññëåäóåìûõ â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà «Ñåòü õèùíèêîâ», âûâîäû î ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ èçìåíåíèÿõ áàçèðóþòñÿ íà îáùåì ÷èñëå çàíÿòûõ òåððèòîðèé è çàíÿòûõ ãí¸çä, îò÷¸òû î êîòîðûõ åæåãîäíî ïðåäîñòàâëÿþòñÿ â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà «Àíêåòèðîâàíèå î õèùíèêàõ». Íàèáîëåå çíà÷èòåëüíûå íåãàòèâíûå òåíäåíöèè çà ïîñëåä-íåå äåñÿòèëåòèå íàáëþäàþòñÿ â ïîïóëÿöèÿõ îáûêíîâåííîãî îñîåäà (Pernis apivorus), îáûêíîâåííîãî êàíþêà (Buteo buteo), ôèëèíà (Bubo bubo) è ìîõíîíîãîãî ñû÷à (Aegolius funereus).

* * * * *In Finland, population monitoring of birds of prey has been based on fieldwork by voluntary ringers. Since the 1970s, numbers and productivity of Haliaeetus albicilla, Aquila chrysaetos, Pandion haliaetus, Falco peregrines and Falco rusticolus have been monitored by country-wide Comprehensive Surveys, where the aim is to check all known nest sites of these species every year. Monitoring of other birds of prey has been carried out by the Raptor Grid (1982–) and Raptor Questionnaire (1986–) projects. The Raptor Grid project produces annual population indi-ces, which are based on the data from 10×10 km study plots (n = ca. 130/year) and which reflect well the annual population fluctuations and long-term trends of seven diurnal and six nocturnal species of birds of prey breeding in the southern part of Finland. For the rest of the species, which are either rare all over Finland or breed mostly in the north, outside the distribution of Raptor Grid study plots, conclusions on population changes are based on total numbers of occupied territories and active nests reported annually by the Raptor Questionnaires. The most dramatic negative population trends during last decades have been detected in Pernis apivorus, Buteo buteo, Bubo bubo and Aegolius funereus.

12 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ïëåíàðíûå äîêëàäû

EAGLES IN THE ALTAI-SAYAN REGION: DISTRIBUTION, NUMBERS,

THREATS, AND TRENDS

ОРЛЫ АЛТАЕ-САЯНСКОГО РЕГИОНА: РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ,

ЧИСЛЕННОСТЬ, УГРОЗЫ, ТРЕНДЫ

Elvira G. Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia)Igor V. Karyakin (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia)

Эльвира Г. Николенко (МБОО «Сибэкоцентр», Новосибирск, Россия)Игорь В. Карякин (Центр полевых исследований, Нижний Новгород, Россия)

Â Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíå îáèòàþò 4 âèäà íàñòîÿùèõ îðëîâ – áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos), ìîãèëüíèê (A. heliaca), ñòåïíîé îðåë (A. nipalensis), à òàêæå áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (A. clanga), ìîíèòîðèíã êîòîðûõ âåä¸òñÿ ñ 1999 ã.

Ìàêñèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà äî 4,2–13,8 ïàð/100 êì2 íàáëþäàåòñÿ â Þãî-Âîñòî÷íîì Àë-òàå (ãîðíî-ñòåïíàÿ çîíà íà âûñîòå 2000 ì í.ó.ì). Íà ýòîé æå òåððèòîðèè ãíåçäèòñÿ áåðêóò (0,8–1,4 ïàð/100 êì2, äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ïàðàìè â ñð. 6,1 êì, ìèí. – 1,85 êì). Ïðè ýòîì ñðåäíÿÿ äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ñîñåäÿìè ðàçíûõ âèäîâ ñîñòàâëÿåò íåñêîëüêèì ìåíåå 1 êì, à ìèíèìàëüíàÿ – 420 ì.

Äðóãîé «î÷àã» ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëîâ ëåæèò â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì Àëòàå, â ëåñî-ñòåïíîé çîíå, íà âûñîòå îêîëî 1000 ì í.ó.ì. Çäåñü ñàìûé ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé îð¸ë – ìîãèëüíèê (1,0–13,8, â ñðåäíåì 5,5 ïàð /100 êì2). Ïëîò-íîñòü ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà è áåðêóòà – 0,9–6,6 è 0,7–1,4 ïàð/100 êì2 ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Ñðåäíÿÿ è ìè-íèìàëüíàÿ äèñòàíöèè ìåæäó áëèæàéøèìè ïàðàìè ìîãèëüíèêà – 2,8 è 0,8 êì, ñòåïíîãî îðëà – 2,8 è 0,9 êì, áåðêóòà – 7,6 è 3,4 êì ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ìåæäó ðàçíûìè âèäàìè – 0,6 êì è 120 ì.

Òðåòèé «î÷àã» îáèòàíèÿ îðëîâ – Ìèíóñèíñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà. Çäåñü ïëîòíîñòè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà, áåðêóòà è ñòåïíîãî îðëà íåñêîëüêî íèæå, ÷åì òàêîâûå â Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîì Àëòàå, íî îñîáåííîñòè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ àíàëîãè÷íû.

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê âñòðå÷àåòñÿ âåçäå â ðåãèîíå ïî ñòåïíûì êîòëîâèíàì è êðóïíûì äîëèíàì ðåê, íî íå ôîð-ìèðóåò ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê è âûáèðàåò ñîâåðøåííî èíûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, ÷åì äðóãèå îðëû ðîäà Aquila.

Íà áîëüøåé òåððèòîðèè Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé îðëîâ ñòàáèëüíî. Ðåçêîå ïàäåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîãèëüíèêà, ñòåïíîãî îðëà è áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà îòìå÷åíî â 2002–2003 ãã. ëèøü â Òûâå, âåðîÿòíî èç-çà îòðàâëåíèÿ áðîìäèàëîíîì íà ìèãðàöèè ÷åðåç Ìîíãîëèþ. Òóâèíñêèå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè ýòèõ âèäîâ ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñ÷åçëè íà 5–7 ëåò, íî â 2010–2013 ãã. íà÷àëîñü èõ áûñòðîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå.

* * * * *Four species of eagles that inhabited Altai-Sayan region are Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperieal Eagle (A. he-liaca), Steppe Eagle (A. nipalensis), and Greater Spotted Eagle (A. clanga). These species are under observation since 1999. Three breeding areas with the highest density of all four kinds of eagles were located. They are:

1. Southeast Altai is a mountain-steppe region, 2000 meters above sea level. Here a maximum density of Steppe Eagle’s nests (4.2–13.8 pairs/100 km2) and Golden Eagle’s nests (0.8–1.4 pairs/100 km2) was observed. The distance between the nesting sites of Golden Eagle in average is 6.1 km, while the minimum distance is 1.85 km. The average distance between the nearest nests that belongs to different species is less than 1 km, minimum – 420 m.

2. Northwest Altai is a forest-steppe region, 1000 m above sea level. The most numerous eagle species here is an Imperieal Eagle (1.0–13.8 on average 5.5 pairs/100 km2). Nesting density of Steppe Eagle and Golden Eagle is 0.9–6.6 pairs/100 km2 and 0.7–1.4 pairs/100 km2 respectively. Average and minimum distances between the nesting sites of Imperieal Eagle are 2.8 and 0.8 km. For Steppe Eagle these values are 2.8 and 0.9 km, for Golden Eagle – 7.6 and 3.4 km. Distances between the nests of different species are 0.6 km and 120 m for average and minimum distances respectively.

3. Minusinsk Hollow is a forest-steppe zone, 300–500 m a.s.l. In this area, the density of nests of Imperial, Steppe and Golden Eagles is slightly lower than those in the northwest Altai, but the features of distribution are similar.

Greater Spotted Eagle could be found everywhere in Altai-Sayan region along the large river valleys and in the steppe depressions, but it does not form breeding groups, and chooses a completely different habitats than the other species of Aquila eagles.

The status of the eagle populations is stable in most part of Altai-Sayan region. Dramatic decreasing of number of Imperial Eagle, Steppe Eagle and Spotted Eagle was observed in 2002–2003 only in Tuva Republic, probably due to poisoning of bromdialon during migration through Mongolia. Breeding groups of these species virtually disappeared for 5–7 years in Tuva, but in 2010–2013 their rapid recovery began. The other negative factors that are common for all eagle species in the region are high death rate via electrocution on power lines both in the breeding areas and during migration, increased stress level during the breeding season caused by human distur-bance, and losses of the nest-bearing trees because of commercial deforestation.


STELLER’S SEA EAGLE HALIAEETUS PELAGICUS MONITORING AT

THE NORTH OF THE OKHOTSK SEA: BIRDS, PEOPLE, TECHNOLOGIES

МОНИТОРИНГ БЕЛОПЛЕЧЕГО ОРЛАНА (HALIAEETUS PELAGICUS)

НА СЕВЕРЕ ОХОТОМОРЬЯ: ПТИЦЫ, ЛЮДИ, ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

Irina G. Utechina (State Reserve “Magadansky”, Magadan, Russia)Eugene R. Potapov, Michael J. McGrady, David Rimlinger (USA)

Ирина Г. Утехина (ФГБУ «Государственный заповедник «Магаданский», Магадан, Россия)Евгений Р. Потапов, Майк МакГради, Дэвид Римлингер (США)

Ìîíèòîðèíã áåëîïëå÷åãî îðëàíà (Haliaeetus pelagicus) áûë íà÷àò â 1991 ã. íà òåððèòîðèè Êàâà-×åëîìäæèí-ñêîãî ó÷àñòêà çàïîâåäíèêà «Ìàãàäàíñêèé». Â ïîñëåäóþùèå ãîäû ìîíèòîðèíã áûë ðàñïðîñòðàíåí íà òåððèòî-ðèþ ßìñêîãî ó÷àñòêà çàïîâåäíèêà è íà ïîáåðåæüå ñåâåðíîãî Îõîòîìîðüÿ â ïðåäåëàõ Ìàãàäàíñêîé îáëàñòè è Õàáàðîâñêîãî êðàÿ. Äëÿ ó÷åòîâ ìû ïðèìåíÿëè òðàäèöèîííûå ìåòîäû îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ñ ìîòîðíîé ëîäêè ñ ïðè-ìåíåíèåì ãèðîñêîïè÷åñêîãî áèíîêëÿ è îáëåòû íà ñâåðõ-ëåãêèõ ëåòàòåëüíûõ àïïàðàòàõ (äåëüòàëåòàõ). Ñ 2012 ã. äëÿ ïðîâåðêè ãíåçä ìû íà÷àëè èñïîëüçîâàòü áåñïèëîòíûå ëåòàòåëüíûå àïïàðàòû (ÁÏËÀ). Â ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûå âûâîäû, îñíîâàííûå íà ðåçóëüòàòàõ äîëãîñðî÷íîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà îðëàíîâ, à òàêæå îáñóæ-äàþòñÿ ëè÷íûå è ñåìåéíûå òðóäíîñòè, êîòîðûå èñïûòûâàþò èññëåäîâàòåëè ïðè ïðîâåäåíèè ñòîëü äëèòåëüíîãî ïðîåêòà â óñëîâèÿõ ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ðåàëèé ïîñò-ñîâåòñêîãî âðåìåíè.

* * * * *Monitoring of the Steller’s Sea Eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus at the Kava – Chelomdja portion of the Magadan State Nature Reserve started in 1991. In the later years it was extended to the Yama portion of the Reserve and to the coastline of the northern portion of the Sea of Okhotsk within Magadan and Khabarovsk administrative districts. We surveyed the eagles with traditional methods using motorboats and gyroscopic binoculars and using ultralight weigh-shift planes. From 2012 we deployed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for checking inside of the nests. The paper deals with the results of the long-term monitoring of the Steller’s Sea Eagles, as well as personal and family challenges faced by the researchers engaged in the project, which was carried out during the financial and infrastructural collapse of the country.

14 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ñåêöèîííûå äîêëàäû

SECTIONS

СЕКЦИОННЫЕ ДОКЛАДЫ

SECTION 1. PROTECTION OF EAGLES

СЕКЦИЯ 1. ОХРАНА ОРЛОВ

THE EAGLE COVERING PROJECT – A MECHANISM TO PROTECT

BIRDS FROM ELECTROCUTION ON POWER LINES

ПРОЕКТ «СОПРОВОЖДЕНИЕ ОРЛОВ» КАК МЕХАНИЗМ ЗАЩИТЫ

ПТИЦ ОТ ГИБЕЛИ НА ЛЭП

Andrew V. Saltykov (Russian Bird Conservation Union, Ulyanovsk, Russia)

Андрей В. Салтыков (Союз охраны птиц России, Ульяновск, Россия)

Ïðîåêò «ÑÎÏÐîâîæäåíèå îðëîâ» ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòüþ öåëåâîé Ïðîãðàììû «Ïòèöû è ËÝÏ», ðåàëèçóåìîé Ñîþçîì îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, êîòîðàÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé êîìïëåêñ íàïðàâëåíèé äåÿòåëüíîñòè è ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðåäîò-âðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ïòèö îò ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî òîêà íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÂËÝ) ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè. Öåëüþ «ÑÎÏÐîâîæäåíèÿ îðëîâ» ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíèöèèðîâàíèå â òð¸õëåòíèé ïåðèîä (2011–2013 ãã.) ðàáîò ïî îáåñïå-÷åíèþ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ýëåêòðîñåòåâîãî õîçÿéñòâà Ðîññèè íà îñíîâå ìîäåðíèçàöèè óñòàðåâøèõ ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêèõ îáúåêòîâ è ïðèìåíåíèÿ íà íèõ ñîâðåìåííûõ ñðåäñòâ è òåõíîëîãèé çàùèòû ïòèö.

Ïðîâåäåíèå ðàáîò ïî óêàçàííîìó ïðîåêòó â þæíûõ ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè ïîçâîëèëî:- îïðåäåëèòü ïðèìåðíûå ìàñøòàáû ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ëîêàëèçàöèþ îðíèòîöèäíûõ ýëåêòðîóñòàíîâîê ýëåê-

òðîñåòåâîãî êîìïëåêñà; - îöåíèòü òåõíè÷åñêîå ñîñòîÿíèå «ñîâåòñêîãî» ïàðêà ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ñðåäñòâ, ðàçìåù¸ííûõ íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ

âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ïðîøëîãî, 20-ãî âåêà, è ïîëó÷èòü öåííóþ èíôîðìàöèþ î ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè ïòèöåçà-ùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ íîâîãî ïîêîëåíèÿ – ïîëèìåðíûõ èçîëèðóþùèõ êîæóõîâ;

- âûÿâèòü î÷àãè àíîìàëüíî âûñîêîé ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ îðëîâ è öåëîãî ðÿäà äðóãèõ âèäîâ ïòèö;- ïîëó÷èòü íåîñïîðèìûå äîêàçàòåëüñòâà ãðóáîãî íàðóøåíèÿ ìíîãèìè âëàäåëüöàìè ËÝÏ òðåáîâàíèé çàêîíî-

äàòåëüñòâà â ñôåðå îõðàíû îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà;- èíèöèèðîâàòü âûïîëíåíèå ýêñòðåííûõ è ïëàíîâûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè ðåäêèõ õèù-

íûõ è èíûõ ïòèö îò ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì íà ËÝÏ.* * * * *

The Eagle Covering Project is an integral part of a special-purpose program “Birds and power lines” implemented by the Russian Bird Conservation Union, aiming at undertaking the activities and measures to prevent bird deaths from electrolocution on overhead power lines of average power. The purpose of the Eagle Covering Project is to initiate a three-year period (2011–2013) large-scale works to ensure the ornithological safety of the Russian electricity supply network through the modernization of the outdated electrical objects and introducing the modern technology of the bird protection.

The carried out work in the southern regions of Russia enabled for:- determining the approximate expansion and the location of the ornithotcidous (bird destructive) electric power

supply devices;- evaluating the technical condition of the “Soviet time” bird guard facilities, installed on the power line poles

in the second half of the 20th century, as well as gaining valuable information on the functioning of BPDs (bird protection devices) of the new generation – the polymer insulating shrouds;

- identifying the areas of abnormally high death toll of eagles and many other species of birds on power lines;- obtaining the conclusive evidence of gross violations of the legislative requirements in the field of wildlife

protection by many owners of power transmission lines;- initiating the implementation of emergency and planned measures in preventing the deaths of rare birds of

prey and other species from electrocution on power lines.

Sections 15Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation

THE SCOPE OF DEATH OF EAGLES ON POWER LINES IN WESTERN

KAZAKHSTAN

МАСШТАБЫ ГИБЕЛИ ОРЛОВ НА ЛИНИЯХ ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ В

ЗАПАДНОМ КАЗАХСТАНЕ

Anatoly S. Levin, Kurkin G. A. (JSC “KazEcoProect”, Almaty, Kazakhstan)

Анатолий С. Левин, Куркин Г. А. (ТОО «Казэкопроект», Алматы, Казахстан)

Èññëåäîâàíèå ïðîâåäåíî â ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû «Îöåíêà âîçäåéñòâèÿ âîçäóøíûõ ñåòåé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè íà îðíèòîôàóíó Ìàíãèñòàóñêîé îáëàñòè», âûïîëíåííîé ïî çàêàçó îáëàñòíîé àäìèíèñòðàöèè. Öåëü äàííîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ – âûÿñíåíèå ìàñøòàáîâ ãèáåëè ïòèö íà ÂËÝ 6–10 êÂ íà òåððèòîðèè äàííîé îáëàñòè è ðàçðàáîòêà ðåêîìåíäàöèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ìèíèìèçàöèþ âîçäåéñòâèÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ëèíèé íà îðíèòîôàóíó ðåãèîíà. Â ïåðèîä ñ 12 ïî 26 ìàÿ 2013 ã. íà èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè ïðîâåä¸í îñìîòð âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è íàïðÿæåíèåì 6–10 êÂ (ÂËÝ 6–10 êÂ), èäóùèõ âäîëü íåôòå- è ãàçîïðîâîäîâ, âûÿâëåíû ó÷àñò-êè ëèíèé ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷, íà êîòîðûõ îòìå÷åíà çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ãèáåëü õèùíûõ ïòèö. Îáùàÿ èõ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 1355,7 êì. Ïîä îïîðàìè ýòèõ ëèíèé áûëè îáíàðóæåíû îñòàíêè è òóøêè 91 ïòèöû, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê 13 âèäàì. ×àùå äðóãèõ íà ÂËÝ 6–10 êÂ ïîðàæàþòñÿ òîêîì îðëû, ñîñòàâëÿþùèå â îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè 81,4 % âñåõ ïîãèáøèõ ïòèö. Íàèáîëåå ìíîãî÷èñëåííîé æåðòâîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, íà äîëþ êîòîðîãî ïðèõîäèòñÿ 57,4 % îò ÷èñëà îïðåäåë¸ííûõ äî âèäà ïòèö. Íà âòîðîì è òðåòüåì ìåñòàõ ïî âñòðå÷àåìîñòè íàõîäÿòñÿ áåðêóò (19,6 %) è êóðãàííèê (8,7 %). Âñå îñòàëüíûå âèäû õèùíûõ ïòèö ïðåäñòàâëåíû îäèíî÷íûìè îñîáÿìè. Èç 13 çà-ðåãèñòðèðîâàííûõ ïîä îïîðàìè ÂËÝ âèäîâ, 5 (áåðêóò, ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, ñòåðâÿòíèê, áàëîáàí è ôèëèí) çàíåñåíû â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Êàçàõñòàíà.

* * * * *The study was carried out within the framework of the project “Impact assessment of the overhead medium power transmission networks on the bird fauna of Mangystau Province” which was commissioned by the provincial administration.

The purpose of the study is understanding the extent of the bird deaths on power lines (6–10 kV) in this area and developing the recommendations aimed at minimizing the impact of the dangerous power lines on birds in the region.

During May 12 to May 26, 2013 the power lines (6–10 kV) along the oil and gas pipelines in the area were inspected and the sections of the lines with high occurrence of dead birds of prey were identified. Total length of inspected lines was 1355.7 km. Under its transmission poles the remains and carcasses of 91 individuals belonging to 13 bird species were found. The most frequently electrocuted raptors on the HVTL 6–10 kV were eagles which amounted to 81.4 % of the total number of perished birds. The Steppe Eagle was the most numerous victim accounting for 57.4 % of the identified species of birds. The Golden Eagle (19.6 %) and Long-Legged Buzzard (8.7 %) ranked at the second and third place respectively. All other birds of prey were represented by single individuals. Among killed raptors there were 5 species listed in the Kazakhstan Red Data Book, namely Golden Eagle, Steppe Eagle, Egyptian Vulture, Saker, and Eagle Owl.


ON SOME RESULTS OF THE BIRD PROTECTION ACTIVITIES IN

KALMYKIA

О НЕКОТОРЫХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТАХ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ПТИЦЕЗАЩИТНЫХ

МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ В КАЛМЫКИИ

Ruslan A. Mejidov (UNDP / GEF / Russian Ministry of Nature Project “Improvement of the Mechanisms and Management of Protected Areas in the Steppe Biome of Russia”, Elista, Russia)

Руслан А. Меджидов (Проект ПРООН/ГЭФ/Минприроды России «Совершенствование системы и механизмов управления ООПТ в степном биоме России», Элиста, Россия)

×èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà â Êàëìûêèè è â öåëîì â Ðîññèè ñèëüíî ñíèçèëàñü. Îäíîé èç êëþ÷åâûõ ïðè÷èí ýòîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãèáåëü ïòèö íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è (ÂËÝÏ). Ðåøåíèå ýòîé ïðîáëåìû, íàðÿäó ñ äðóãè-ìè çàùèòíûìè ìåðàìè, ïîçâîëèò ñîõðàíèòü ýòîò óíèêàëüíûé âèä ñòåïåé è ïîëóïóñòûíü.

Â Êàëìûêèè â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ áîëåå 10 òûñ. êèëîìåòðîâ ÂËÝÏ íàïðÿæåíèåì 10 êÂ. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå ëèíèè ïîñòðîåíû íà æåëåçîáåòîííûõ îïîðàõ ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì íåèçîëèðîâàííûõ çàçåìë¸ííûõ ìåòàëëè÷åñêèõ êîí-ñòðóêöèé è øòûðåâûõ èçîëÿòîðîâ.

Êàëìûöêèå ýíåðãåòèêè, â ñîäðóæåñòâå ñ èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèìè èíñòèòóòàìè, äî íà÷àëà 1990-õ ãã. ïðîâîäèëè ðàáîòû, íàïðàâëåííûå íà çàùèòó ÂËÝÏ îò ïòèö, à ïîçæå è ñàìèõ ïòèö. Èõ èíòåðåñ áûë îñíîâàí íà íåîáõîäè-ìîñòè çàùèòû ëèíèé îò êîðîòêèõ çàìûêàíèé è îòêëþ÷åíèé â ðåçóëüòàòå ãèáåëè ïòèö èëè çàãðÿçíåíèÿ àðìàòóðû ïòè÷üèì ïîì¸òîì. Êðèçèñ íà÷àëà 1990-õ ãã. âûíóäèë ýíåðãåòèêîâ ñâåðíóòü ýòè ðàáîòû èç-çà îòñóòñòâèÿ ôèíàí-ñèðîâàíèÿ.

Â 2003–2004 ãã. áûëè ïðåäïðèíÿòû ïîïûòêè çàùèòèòü ïòèö íà íàèáîëåå îïàñíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ÂËÝÏ ñ ïîìî-ùüþ ñàìîäåëüíûõ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ (ÏÇÓ). Áûëè îòðàáîòàíû ðàçëè÷íûå ñõåìû èçîëÿöèè òîêîíåñóùåãî ïðîâîäà è òðàâåðñ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîëèìåðíûõ òðóáîê è ÏÝÒ-áóòûëîê. Íåêîòîðûå ïðèìåí¸ííûå âàðèàíòû ïîêà-çàëè õîðîøèé ðåçóëüòàò, íî 100 % ãàðàíòèè îò ãèáåëè íå äàâàëè.

Â 2010 ã. íà îäíîì èç ó÷àñòêîâ ÂËÝÏ, ãäå áûëà âûÿâëåíà ìàññîâàÿ ãèáåëü ñòåïíîãî îðëà, áûëè ñìîíòèðîâàíû ïðîìûøëåííî èçãîòîâëåííûå ïëàñòèêîâûå ÏÇÓ. Ïîñëåäóþùèå îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè âûñîêóþ ýôôåêòèâ-íîñòü ýòèõ óñòðîéñòâ. Çà 3 ãîäà íàáëþäåíèé íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå íå áûëî çàôèêñèðîâàíî ãèáåëè ïòèö.

* * * * *The population of the steppe eagle in Kalmykia in particular and in Russia as a whole has dramatically dwindled down. One of the chief reasons for that is birds dying when landing on overhead power transmission lines. Coming up with a solvation to this problem in conjugation with additional protection measures will allow to preserve this unique type of steppes and semi-deserts.

At the present time there are over 10.000 kilometers of overhead power transmission lines in Kalmykia with most of them resting on reinforced concrete poles with the usage of non-isolated ungrounded metal constructions and pin-line insulators.

Up until the 1990s power engineers in Kalmykia in tandem with several research institutes had conducted studies aimed at protecting overhead power transmission lines from birds and later on the birds themselves. Their interest was reinforced by the need of precluding transmission lines from short-circuiting and shutting down and ensuring against birdlime on the carcass. The financial crisis which struck in the early 90’s forced the power engineers to discontinue the work due to lack of financing.

Over the period of 2003 and 2004 there were attempts to protect birds in the most dangerous areas along the power transmission lines with the use of handmade bird-protecting devices. Various patterns of current-carrying wire isolation and cross arms with the usage of polymer pipes and PET-bottles were explored. Some of the pattern did yield good results but none of them absolutely ensured against bird deaths.

In 2010 industrially manufactured plastic bird-protecting devices were installed at a section of the transmission lines where numerous deaths of steppe eagles had occurred. A subsequent analysis of the devices pointed to their high efficiency as no bird deaths have been observed at this very section in the past three years.


Â ôàóíå ðåãèîíà 5 âèäîâ îðëîâ. Êðàéíå ðåäêî ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ îòäåëüíûå ìèãðèðóþùèå îñîáè åù¸ îäíîãî âèäà – ñòåïíîãî îðëà (A. nipalensis). Ýòîò îð¸ë åù¸ ãíåçäèëñÿ â íåêîòîðûõ ðàéîíàõ þãà Õàðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè â êîíöå ÕIÕ âåêà, íî èñ÷åç èç-çà òîòàëüíîé ðàñïàøêè ñòåïåé è âûìèðàíèÿ ñóñëèêîâ âî ìíîãèõ ðàéîíàõ.

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) – äîñòàòî÷íî îáû÷íûé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä. ×èñëåííîñòü â ïðåäåëàõ Õàðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè ìîæåò ñîñòàâëÿòü 90–100 ïàð (âûÿâëåíî 69 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ).

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) ÿâëÿåòñÿ çèìóþùèì âèäîì. Â ðàçíûå ãîäû îòìå÷åíî îò 2–3 äî 10 îñîáåé. Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ âåêà áûë î÷åíü ðåäêèì ãíåçäÿùèìñÿ âèäîì. Íà çèìîâêå ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ìîçàè÷íûå ëàíäøàôòû.

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (A. clanga) – î÷åíü ðåäêèé âèä, èçâåñòíî íåðåãóëÿðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå 2–3 ïàð. Ïðåäïî÷èòàåò îëüõîâûå è âëàæíûå äóáîâûå ñòàðîâîçðàñòíûå ïîéìåííûå ëåñà øèðîêèõ ðå÷íûõ äîëèí.

Ìàëûé ïîäîðëèê (A. pomarina) – ìàëî÷èñëåííûé âèä ñ ïîëîæèòåëüíûìè ïîïóëÿöèîííûìè òðåíäàìè. Íîâûé ãíåçäîâîé âèä ðåãèîíàëüíîé ôàóíû. Ïåðâîå äîñòîâåðíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå îòìå÷åíî â 2007 ã., à ïåðâûå òåððèòîðèàëüíûå ïàðû â ãíåçäîâûõ áèîòîïàõ – ñ 2005 ã. Ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ðàçëè÷íûå ïîéìåííûå ëåñà è íàãîðíûå äóáðàâû. Çàíèìàåò áûâøèå ó÷àñòêè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ çàìåùåíèå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà ìàëûì. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 7–8 ïàð.

Ìîãèëüíèê (A. heliaca) – íàèáîëåå îáû÷íûé èç êðóïíûõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ïðåäïî÷èòàåò áàéðà÷íûå äóáðàâû ñòåïíîé çîíû è áîðû. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü â ïðåäåëàõ ðåãèîíà ñîñòàâëÿåò îêîëî 50 ïàð. Ïëîòíîñòü â íàèáîëåå áëàãîïðèÿòíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ äîñòèãàåò 2,16 ± 0,39 ïàð / 100 êì2, à ñðåäíåå ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó ãí¸çäàìè ðàâíî 10,5 ± 5,5 êì.

* * * * *As part of Kharkov regional fauna are considering 5 modern Eagles species and one species – Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis), which may nest in the historical period in the southern – the steppe regions, but had disappeared by the beginning of XX century, is now rare stray during migration.

Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus). Relatively the most numerous nesting Eagle species in Kharkov region. We have found 69 nesting sites and territories. The total population in the region, taking into account the unsurveyed suitable for this species nesting areas is 90–100 pairs.

Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) may have been a nesting bird species in the steppe districts of Kharkov region in the XIX century. At the present time – a very rare vagrant species in time of spring migrations.

Golden Eagle (A. chrysaetos). In the 1920–1930th marked one pair nesting in a large array of upland oak forests in central part of Kharkov region. Our days it can be named as wintering, rare migrant and rare irregular summering. During winter, birds prefer landscapes where sections fields and other open areas are combined with forests.

Lesser (A. pomarina) and Greater Spotted Eagles (A. clanga). The first record of nesting pairs of Lesser Spotted Eagle was in 2007. During the 2007–2010’s, the number increased to 8 pairs. Nest in the forests bogs of the river valleys, and in the forests on the hills. Preference is given to upland oak forests. Hunting birds most commonly seen on the meadows, lakes and forests, floodplains, as well as over the upland meadows. He traced the multiplication of pairs who have each had one fledglings.

Eastern Imperial Eagle (A. heliaca). The most common of the large Raptor species in Kharkov region. The total number of about 50 pairs. The average density of breeding and territorial pairs in the valley of the Seversky Donets river is 2.16 ± 0.39 km2 pairs / 100, the distance between adjacent pairs of residential sockets are, on average, twelve measurements, 10.5 ± 5.5 km. As their nest biotopes prefer to occupy oak forests in steppe zone and pine forests on second river terrace.

SECTION 2. EAGLES IN THE REGIONS

СЕКЦИЯ 2. ОРЛЫ В РЕГИОНАХ

ON THE STATUS OF STAY AND THE BIOLOGY OF EAGLES AQUILA,

HIERAAETUS IN THE KHARKOV DISTRICT, UKRAINE

О СТАТУСЕ ПРЕБЫВАНИЯ И ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ БИОЛОГИИ ОРЛОВ

(AQUILA, HIERAAETUS) В ХАРЬКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, УКРАИНА

Stanislav G. Viter (National Natural Park “Gomolshansk forests”, Kharkov, Ukraine)

Станислав Г. Витер (Национальный природный парк «Гомольшанские леса», Харьков, Украина)


Áåðêóò. Äî íåäàâíåãî âðåìåíè ïîïóëÿöèÿ áåðêóòà â Áåëàðóñè îöåíèâàëàñü êàê ñòàáèëüíàÿ, ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ 25–35 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (ÊÊ ÐÁ, 2004). Â 2007–2008 ãã. â ðàìêàõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ïðîãðàììû ìîíèòîðèíãà áûë ïðîâåä¸í öåëåíàïðàâëåííûé ïîèñê ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð â ïÿòè ðàéîíàõ Âèòåáñêîé îáëàñòè, ãäå ðàíåå îòìå÷àëîñü èëè ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ìàêñèìàëüíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âèäà. Çà 2 ãîäà èññëåäîâàíèé áûëî âûÿâëåíî 4 ïàðû áåðêóòîâ. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ îöåíêà ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â ñòðàíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 4–5 ïàð (Äîìáðîâñêèé, Èâàíîâñêèé, 2009) èëè 10–15 ïàð (Èâàíîâñêèé, 2012).

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê. Ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2000–2003 ãã. îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â Áåëàðóñè îöåíèâàëàñü â 150–200 ïàð. Ïðè÷¸ì, îêîëî ïîëîâèíû áåëîðóññêîé ïîïóëÿöèè íàñåëÿëî òðàíñôîðìèðîâàííûå õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ ÷åëîâåêà òåððèòîðèè (îñóøåííûå íèçèííûå áîëîòà, òîðôîðàçðàáîòêè, ðûáõîçû è ò.ï.). Â 2009–2010 ãã. ïîäîðëèêè áûëè îáíàðóæåíû òîëüêî íà 50 èç 75 âûáîðî÷íî ïðîâåðåííûõ èçâåñòíûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â ýòèõ òèïàõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé. Â 2013 ã. ó÷¸òû âèäà â çàêàçíèêå «Îëüìàíñêèå áîëîòà» – êðóïíåéøåì â ðåãèîíå ñëàáîíàðóøåííîì ãíåçäîâîì ëîêàëèòåòå áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (18–20 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð) – ïîêàçàëè ñòàáèëüíóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü â ñðàâíåíèè ñ 2002 ã.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â òå÷åíèå 10 ëåò îòìå÷åíû ðàçíûå òåíäåíöèè ÷èñëåííîñòè â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ óãîäèé: ñíèæåíèå íà 33 % â òðàíñôîðìèðîâàííûõ è ñòàáèëüíîñòü â åñòåñòâåííûõ èëè ñëàáîíàðóøåííûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â Áåëàðóñè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 120–160 ïàð, âêëþ÷àÿ ñìåøàííûå ñ ìàëûìè ïîäîðëèêàìè ïàðû.

Ìàëûé ïîäîðëèê. Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì ó÷¸òîâ 2000–2003 ãã. ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìûì îáû÷íûì èç ðåäêèõ è îõðàíÿåìûõ âèäîâ ðåñïóáëèêè, ñ ÷èñëåííîñòüþ 3200–3800 ïàð (Dombrovski, Ivanovski, 2005). Ìîíèòîðèíã ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà ïðîâîäèòñÿ íåðåãóëÿðíî è íà îãðàíè÷åííîì ÷èñëå ñòàöèîíàðîâ (Dombrovski, 2012). Èìåþùèåñÿ äàííûå óêàçûâàþò íà ñòàáèëüíóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ ÷àñòè ïîïóëÿöèè âèäà çà ïîñëåäíåå äåñÿòèëåòèå, íî îíè íåäîñòàòî÷íî ðåïðåçåíòàòèâíû äëÿ àäåêâàòíîé îöåíêè òåíäåíöèé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà ïî ñòðàíå â öåëîì.

* * * * *Golden Eagle. Up until recently the Golden Eagle population in Belarus was deemed to be stable with 25–35 nesting pairs (Belarus Red Data Book 2004). Over the period of 2007–2008 as part of the state monitoring program a special search for breeding pairs was arranged in 5 districts of Vitebsk Province. Earlier these districts were supposed to be the area with maximal number of nesting sites of the species. Our two–year research showed up 4 pairs of Golden Eagles. Thus the number of the species in Belarus is currently estimated at 4–5 pairs (Dombrovski, Ivanovski 200) or 10–15 pairs (Ivanovski 2012).

Greater Spotted Eagle. As per the censuses of 2000–2003 the overall number of the species population was estimated at 150–200 pairs nationwide. About half of them was inhabiting the areas transformed by human activities (dried lowland bogs, peat fields, fish farms, etc.). In 2009–2010 only 50 out of 75 selectively examined breeding sites in these habitats were found to be occupied. In 2013 the censuses of Greater Spotted Eagle were performed in the “Olmanskie Bolota” Sanctuary, the largest undisturbed nesting locality of the species in the region. The results indicate the number is stable as compared to 2002 and counts 18–20 breeding pairs.

Thus in various habitat types different trends were occurred over the last decade: decline by 33% in transformed habitats and stability in natural and slightly transformed habitats. The current species population in Belarus is estimated at 150–200 pairs including mixed pairs formed by Greater Spotted Eagles and Lesser one.

Lesser Spotted Eagle. As per the results of the 2000–2003 censuses the Lesser Spotted Eagle is the most common of the rare and protected species in the Republic with a population number 3200–3800 pairs (Dombrovski, Ivanovski 2005). Monitoring of the species is not regular and is performed by a limited number of stations (Dombrovski 2012). The data at our disposal suggests stable numbers of the breeding part of the species population over the last decade. This data however is not representative enough for an appropriate assessment of the trends in Lesser Spotted Eagle numbers in the country as a whole.

RESULTS OF THE MONITORING OF EAGLE NUMBERS IN BELARUS

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ ОРЛОВ В БЕЛАРУСИ

Valery Ch. Dombrovski (Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus)

Валерий Ч. Домбровский. (Национальная академия наук Беларуси, Минск, Беларусь)


Ñêîïà. Íàáëþäàåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè ïî ïîáåðåæüÿì Ãîðüêîâñêîãî âäõð., ð. Êëÿçüìà è èõ ïðèòîêîâ, ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íîâûå ìåñòà îáèòàíèÿ, âñåãî 20–25 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð.

Çìååÿä. ×èñëåííîñòü íåñêîëüêî âîçðîñëà è äîñòèãàåò 5–7 ïàð. Êëþ÷åâîå ìåñòî îáèòàíèÿ – Áàëàõíèíñêàÿ íèçèíà.

Îð¸ë-êàðëèê. Èçðåäêà îòìå÷àþòñÿ îäèíî÷íûå ïòèöû áåç ïðèçíàêîâ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ïîéìå ð. Êëÿçüìà è ð. Ëóõ íàáëþäàåòñÿ íåêîòîðîå óâåëè÷åíèå

÷èñëåííîñòè. Íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ãíåçäèòñÿ äî 20 ïàð.Ìàëûé ïîäîðëèê. Íà òåððèòîðèè ðåãèîíà èçâåñòíî ãíåçäîâàíèå 3–5 ïàð. Ïîñåëåíèÿ ìàëûõ ïîäîðëèêîâ â

Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè – ñàìûå âîñòî÷íûå èç èçâåñòíûõ. Áåðêóò. Íà òåððèòîðèè Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè îáèòàþò îäèíî÷íûå ïàðû – â äîëèíå ð. Ëóõ, íà Ãîðüêîâñêîì

âäõð. Òåððèòîðèàëüíàÿ ïàðà íàáëþäàëàñü â Áàëàõíèíñêîé íèçèíå, ïîñëå ïîæàðîâ 2010 ã. íå ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò. ×èñëåííîñòü ïîñòåïåííî âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ, îòìå÷àåòñÿ íà Ãîðüêîâñêîì âäõð. è åãî

îòðîãàõ, ðåêàõ Êëÿçüìà, Ëóõ, íà Ìîðêóøñêîì è Óâîäüñêîì âäõð. – âñåãî 5–7 ïàð îðëàíîâ. Ñàïñàí. Ðåãóëÿðíûå âñòðå÷è â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ïîçâîëÿþò ïðåäïîëîæèòü ãíåçäîâàíèå åäèíè÷íûõ ïàð.Ôèëèí. Âñåãî íà òåððèòîðèè Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàëè â 10–15 ïàð. Â Áàëàõíèíñêîé

íèçèíå âûÿâëåíî 5 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, íî ïîñëå ïîæàðîâ 2010 ã. âèä òàì íå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ.Áîðîäàòàÿ íåÿñûòü. ×èñëåííîñòü íåñêîëüêî âîçðîñëà, îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â îáëàñòè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 50

ïàð.* * * * *

Osprey. There has been an increase in the number of this species along the coasts of the Gorky Dam(mojet but luchshe pisat water reservoir instead of Dam), the Klyaz’ma river and its tributaries; new habitats are appearing, with the total of 20–25 breeding pairs observed in the area.

Short-toed Eagle. The number has slightly increased, reaching 5–7 pairs. The main habitat is Balakhninskaya depression.

Booted Eagle. Single birds are occasionally observed with no signs of nesting.Greater Spotted Eagle. A slight increase in the number of the species is currently observed in the flood basin of

the Kliazma and the Luh rivers. Up to 20 pairs are nesting in the region.Lesser Spotted Eagle. The nesting of 3–5 pairs is currently known in the region. The habitation of the Lesser

Spotted Eagle in the Ivanovo region is the easternmost of all the known for the species.Golden Eagle. Single pairs are known to inhabit the Ivanovo region in the valley of the Luh river, at the Gorky

Dam. The territorial pair was observed in the Balakhninskaya depression. However, the pair is it not reported to be seen after the fires in 2010.

LARGE BIRDS OF PREY OF THE IVANOVO DISTRICT

КРУПНЫЕ ПЕРНАТЫЕ ХИЩНИКИ ИВАНОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Vladimir N. Melnikov (Ivanovo State University, Ivanovo, Russia)

Владимир Н. Мельников (Ивановский государственный университет, Иваново, Россия)


Â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè ãíåçäèòñÿ 6 âèäîâ êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, çàíåñ¸ííûõ â Êðàñíóþ êíèãó Ðîññèè: áåðêóò, ìîãèëüíèê, áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê, îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò, çìååÿä, ñêîïà. Öåëåíàïðàâëåííîå âûÿâëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ýòèõ ïòèö âåäåòñÿ ñ 1983 ã. Äëÿ âñåõ âèäîâ óñòàíîâëåíû ðàçìåùåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ÷èñëåííîñòü è å¸ äèíàìèêà. Ïðèíöèïèàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ ýòèõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ èìåëè ïðèìåíåíèå ÃÈÑ–ìåòîäîâ è êðóïíîìàñøòàáíîå ñòðîèòåëüñòâî èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä. ×èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà âîçðàñòàëà îò 1–3 ïàð â 1980–1990-å ãã. äî 20–25 ïàð ê 2006 ã., çàòåì ñíèçèëàñü âñëåä çà ïàäåíèåì ÷èñëåííîñòè æåðòâ. Ìîãèëüíèê, âåðîÿòíî, èñ÷åç íà ãíåçäîâàíèè âìåñòå ñ äåãðàäàöèåé ïàñòáèù è ïîïóëÿöèé êðóïíûõ ãðûçóíîâ â ðåçóëüòàòå óãàñàíèÿ ïàñòáèùíîãî ñêîòîâîäñòâà. Îáëàñòíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà – 25–30 ïàð, èìååò òåíäåíöèþ ê ðîñòó. ×èñëî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð îðëàíà–áåëîõâîñòà âîçðîñëî îò 4–7 â íà÷àëå 1980-õ ãã. ïî÷òè äî 50 â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ. ×èñëåííîñòü ñêîïû óâåëè÷èëàñü îò 10–15 ïàð â 1980-å ãã. äî 45–50 ïàð â 2012 ã. Â ðåãèîíå ñòàáèëüíî ãíåçäèòñÿ 15–20 ïàð çìååÿäîâ. Äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ áåðêóòà è ñêîïû ðåøàþùåå çíà÷åíèå èìåëè èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà, êîòîðûå èñïîëüçóþò 50 % ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð áåðêóòîâ è 30 % ïàð ñêîï. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàñøèðåíèÿ â 1980–90-å ãã. îáëàñòíîé ñèñòåìû ÎÎÏÒ êëþ÷åâûå ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ ðåäêèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö îáåñïå÷åíû òåððèòîðèàëüíîé îõðàíîé.

* * * * *Six species of large birds of prey listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation nest in Nizhny Novgorod district, namely the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga), White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Short-Toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), and the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus). Since 1983 up until now special search for breeding sites has been conducted in the region which gives one a clear understanding of the location of nesting sites for each species, its numbers and behavior. Implementation of GIS methods and extensive construction of artificial nests have greatly contributed to these results. Golden Eagle number rose from 1–2 pairs in the 1980–1990’s to 20–25 pairs in 2006 and then declined due to the decrease in prey availability. Breeding population of Imperial Eagle probably disappeared as a result of pasture degradation and collapse of the large rodent populations resulting from the decline of pastoralism. Greater Spotted Eagle number in the region are estimated at 25–30 pairs and going up. The number of White-Tailed Eagle breeding pairs jumped from 10–15 in the 1980’s to 45–50 pairs in 2012. There are a sustain number of 15–20 Short-Toed Eagles nesting in the region. Artificial nests have been instrumental in the increase of the local population of Golden Eagle and Osprey which are used by 50 % of breeding Golden Eagle pairs and 30 % of breeding Osprey pairs. The expansion of the regional Protected Areas system during 1980–90’s ensured territorial protection for the key habitats of rare species of birds of prey.

LARGE BIRDS OF PREY IN THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD DISTRICT:

30 YEARS OF STUDYING, MONITORING, AND PROTECTING

КРУПНЫЕ ХИЩНЫЕ ПТИЦЫ НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ:

30 ЛЕТ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ, МОНИТОРИНГА, ОХРАНЫ

Sergey V. Bakka, Nadezhda Yu. Kiseleva (Nizhny Novgorod Branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia)

Сергей В. Бакка, Надежда Ю. Киселева (Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Нижний Новгород, Россия)


Â ñòàòüå ïðèâåä¸í ìàòåðèàë ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèþ è ÷èñëåííîñòè ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus), çìååÿäà (Circaetus gallicus), îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus), áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga), îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca), áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) è îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) íà òåððèòîðèè Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ñîáðàííûé â ïåðèîä ñ 2009 ïî 2013 ãã. Çà óêàçàííûé ñðîê îáñëåäîâàíà çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ðåãèîíà íà ïðåäìåò îáèòàíèÿ óêàçàííûõ âèäîâ, à òàêæå ïðîâåäåíà èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ âñåõ îáíàðóæåííûõ ðàíåå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ.

Â ñîâðåìåííûé ïåðèîä íàèáîëåå áëàãîïîëó÷íîå ñîñòîÿíèå â ðåãèîíå èìåþò îð¸ë-êàðëèê, îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê è îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò. Ó îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà è îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòàáèëüíà èëè íåçíà÷èòåëüíî ðàñò¸ò è ñîñòàâëÿåò, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 90–100 ïàð è 50–60 ïàð. Äëÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà íàáëþäàåòñÿ óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè è ïîñòåïåííîå çàñåëåíèå ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïîâ, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü íà ãíåçäîâàíèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 100–200 ïàð.

Ñòàáèëüíî íèçêîé îñòà¸òñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñêîïû è áåðêóòà. Äëÿ ðåãèîíà îòìå÷åíî èëè ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå åäèíè÷íûõ ïàð äàííûõ âèäîâ. Íåñêîëüêî ëó÷øå ñèòóàöèÿ ñî çìååÿäîì, ïðåäïîëàãàåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå äî 10 ïàð.

Âåðîÿòíî, íàáëþäàåòñÿ ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Ïðîâåðêà èçâåñòíûõ ðàíåå ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ âèäà ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî îíè áðîøåíû. Îäíàêî öåëåíàïðàâëåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé âèäà â ðåãèîíå â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû íå ïðîâîäèëîñü, ïîýòîìó òåíäåíöèÿ ñ íèì äî êîíöà íå ÿñíà.

* * * * *The paper presents data collected during 2009 and 2013 on the number and the expansion of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus), Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus), Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Ulyanovsk District.

During this period the main part of the region was observed with the view of defining the presence of the species mentioned above, and an inventory of all previously discovered nesting sites of the large birds of prey was done.

At present, Booted-Eagle, Imperial Eagle and White-tailed Eagle are in the most auspicious position in the region. The number of Imperial and White-tailed Eagles is stable or growing slightly. According to our estimates the population of two eagle species is 90–100 pairs and 50–60 pairs, respectively.

The number of Booted-Eagle is increasing, and its population is spreading to the sutable nesting habitats. The current number of Booted Eagles during the nesting season is 100–200 pairs.

The number of Osprey and Golden Eagle is remaining stably low. A few pairs has been recorded during the nesting period in the region. The situation is slightly better with the Short-toed Eagle, up to 10 nesting pairs are nesting here.

We suppose a decrease in the number of Spotted Eagle. Examination of the previously known nesting sites has shown the places to be abandoned. However, there hasn’t been Spotted Eagle-orientated research of the species held in the region in the recent years, so the population tendency of this species is not entirely clear.

THE CURRENT STATE OF LARGE RAPTORS IN THE ULYANOVSK

DISTRICT

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ КРУПНЫХ ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ

НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ УЛЬЯНОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Michael V. Korepov (Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Rossia)

Михаил В. Корепов (Ульяновский государственный педагогический университет им. И.Н. Ульянова, Ульяновск, Russia)


Â 2011–2013 ãã. íà òåððèòîðèè Ðåñïóáëèêè Òàòàðñòàí áûëè ïðîâåäåíû ìîíèòîðèíãîâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïî èçó÷åíèþ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà è áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà. Èçó÷àëèñü îñîáåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè, ôàêòîðû, âëèÿþùèå íà îáèòàíèå, ãíåçäîâàíèå è óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ. Áûëè ïîëó÷åíû íîâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîì ðàñïðåäåëåíèè è ÷èñëåííîñòè äàííûõ âèäîâ. Âûÿâëåíû íîâûå ãí¸çäà îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ (47), îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ (53), áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ (4), à òàêæå íåñêîëüêî ó÷àñòêîâ, ãäå íàáëþäàëèñü âçðîñëûå ïòèöû â ãíåçäîâîé ñåçîí. Ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà èññëåäîâàëîñü íà 69 ó÷àñòêàõ, îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ – íà 52, áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ – íà 4, ãäå áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãí¸çä ìíîãîëåòíåãî èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ. Âûÿâëåíî íåñòàáèëüíîå ãíåçäîâàíèå îòäåëüíûõ ïàð, à äëÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà – çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ àñèíõðîííîñòü íà÷àëà êëàäêè è âûâåäåíèÿ ïòåíöîâ, ÷òî ìîæåò áûòü ñâÿçàíî ñ ïîãîäíûìè óñëîâèÿìè â íà÷àëå ñåçîíà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ, à òàêæå ñ îñîáåííîñòÿìè äîñòóïíîñòè êîðìîâ è ïîâåäåíèÿ îòäåëüíûõ ïàð. Âûÿâëåíû òåððèòîðèè ñ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ïëîòíîñòüþ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ è òåððèòîðèè ñî çíà÷èòåëüíîé êîíöåíòðàöèåé ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ. Âûÿâëåíû ôàêòîðû ðèñêà. Íà÷àòà ðàáîòà ïî ðåøåíèþ ïðîáëåìû ãèáåëè îðëîâ íà âîçäóøíûõ ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è è ñîçäàíèþ îñîáî çàùèòíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ëåñà â ìåñòàõ èõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ. Â ïîâåäåíèè ìíîãèõ ïàð îðëàíîâ è îðëîâ âûÿâëåíû àäàïòàöèÿ ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ âáëèçè àíòðîïîãåííîé ñðåäû è äðóãèå ïîâåäåí÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè.

Çà óêàçàííûé ïåðèîä ñïåöèàëüíûìè öâåòíûìè êîëüöàìè áûëè ïîìå÷åíû 58 îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ, 85 îðëîâ-ìîãèëüíèêîâ è 4 áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêà.

* * * * *During 2011–2013 the monitoring studies of breeding of the White-tailed Eagle, the Imperial Eagle and the Greater Spotted Eagle were carried out in the Republic of Tatarstan. The breeding biology features, the environment, the factors affecting the habitat and breeding success were studied. The new data on the population distribution and the number of the species was collected. The new nests of the White-tailed Eagle (47), the Imperial Eagle (53) and the Greater Spotted Eagle (4) were found, as well as several areas with the mature birds were discovered in the breeding season. The breeding of the White-tailed Eagle was observed on 69 breeding territories, of the Imperial Eagle – on 52, and the Greater Spotted Eagle – on 4, where most of the nests appeared to be the long-term sites. Unstable breeding of pairs, and, among the White-tailed Eagles – a significant asynchrony in the start of egg laying and nestling was observed, which may be explained by the weather conditions at the beginning of the breeding season, as well as food resources availability and the behavior of individual pairs. The areas with the highest-density of the breeding territories of the White-tailed Eagle, and the areas with the significant population of the Imperial Eagle were revealed. The risk factors were identified. The work on preventing the deaths of eagles on overhead power lines and creation of specially protected forest areas in breeding territories began. In the behavior of many pairs of the White-tailed Eagles and the Imperial and Greater Spotted Eagles the tendency of breeding near the anthropogenic environment and other behavioral characteristics were featured.

During this period, 58 White-tailed Eagles, 85 Imperial Eagles and 4 Greater Spotted Eagles were ringed with special coloured rings.

RESULTS OF THE MONITORING OF LARGE RAPTORS IN THE

REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МОНИТОРИНГА КРУПНЫХ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В

РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАТАРСТАН

Rinur H. Bekmansurov (National Park Nizhnyaya Kama, Elabuga, Russia ussia)

Ринур Х. Бекмансуров (ФГБУ Национальный парк «Нижняя Кама», Елабуга, Россия)


Íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøèè ðåãóëÿðíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïòèö ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ñ 1980-õ ãã., îäíàêî äî ïîñëåäíåãî âðåìåíè ñâåäåíèÿ î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëîâ è îðëàíà â ðåãèîíå áûëè åäèíè÷íû. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî íå òîëüêî ñî ñëàáîé èçó÷åííîñòüþ òåððèòîðèè, íî è ñ ìàëîé ïðèãîäíîñòüþ å¸ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö (âûñîêàÿ ïëîòíîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ, ìàëîå êîëè÷åñòâî ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ òåððèòîðèé è êîðìîâîé áàçû).

Ïîäîðëèê áîëüøîé (Aquila clanga). Äî 2008 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà îöåíèâàëàñü â 1–3 ïàðû (Èñàêîâ, 2008). Â ïîñëåäíèå 5 ëåò îáíàðóæåíî åù¸ 6 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, èç íèõ 4 – ðÿäîì ñ êîëîíèÿìè ñåðûõ öàïåëü. ×èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 7–10 ïàð.

Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca). Ïåðâûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïðåáûâàíèè âèäà â ×óâàøèè ïîÿâèëèñü â 1980-õ ãã. Â êîíöå XX â. â þæíûõ ðàéîíàõ ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü îáèòàíèå 1–4 ïàð (ßêîâëåâ, ßêîâëåâ, 1999), â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå 2000-õ ãã. – 4–6 ïàð (Èñàêîâ è äð., 2007). Â 2013 ã. ïðè ñïåöèàëüíîì îáñëåäîâàíèè íè îäíîé ïàðû â ãíåçäîâîå âðåìÿ íå îòìå÷åíî.

Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos). Åäèíñòâåííîå èçâåñòíîå ìåñòî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áåðêóòà â ñåðåäèíå XX â. (äî 1968 ã.) íàõîäèëîñü ó äåð. Êðàñíûé Ìàé (ßäðèíñêèé ð-í) (Èñàêîâ è äð., 2010). Ñ òåõ ïîð èìåþòñÿ òîëüêî ôàêòû âñòðå÷ ëåòàþùèõ ñåãîëåòêîâ â Ïðèñóðüå.

Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). Â ðåãèîíå ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíû äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ïðèáðåæíàÿ çîíà ×åáîêñàðñêîãî è Êóéáûøåâñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèù è ïîéìà ð. Ñóðà. Äî 2008 ã. ÷èñëåííîñòü îöåíèâàëàñü â 3–7 ïàð (Èñàêîâ, ßêîâëåâ, 2008). Â 2013 ã. ïðè ñïåöèàëüíîì îáñëåäîâàíèè îáíàðóæåíî 8 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, èç íèõ 5 – ñ ãí¸çäàìè. ×èñëåííîñòü âèäà â ðåãèîíå ñîñòàâëÿåò 10–20 ïàð.

* * * * *Regular studies of birds have been performed in the Chuvash Republic since the 1980’s. However up until recently there had been very scarce data on eagles and sea-eagles nesting in the region. This not only has to do with an insufficient exploration of the territory but also with its poor fitness for nests of large birds of prey (high population density, small number of areas fit for nesting and lack of food supply).

Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). Up until 2008 the local number of the species had been estimated at 1–3 pairs (Isakov, 2008). In the past five years 6 additional nesting sites have been discovered with 4 of them being located near grey heron colonies.

Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). First data on the presence of the species in Chuvashia appeared in the 1980’s. In the late 20th century there were supposed to nest 1–4 pairs in the Southern districts (Yakovlev, Yakovlev, 1999), in the early 2000’s the number went up to 4–6 pairs (Isakov and others, 2007). The survey performed in 2013 in the nesting season showed no signs of any remaining pairs.

Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). The only known golden eagle pair nesting site was known in the mid-20th century (until 1968) located by the Krasny Mai village (Yadrinsky district) (Isakov and others, 2010). Even since then there have only been reports of encountering young-of-the-years in Prisurye.

White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla). The near-shore area of the Cheboksarsky and Kuybyshivsky reservoir storages and the overflow land of the Sura Lake are potentially fit for nesting. Up until 2008 the numbers had been estimated at 3–7 pairs (Isakov, Yakovlev). A special survey performed in 2013 uncovered 8 nesting sites with 5 of them having actual nests. The population of the species in the region stands at 10–20 pairs.

CURRENT STATUS OF THE POPULATIONS OF WHITE-TAILED EAGLE

HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA AND OTHER EAGLES IN THE CHUVASH

REPUBLIC

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА

(HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA) И ДРУГИХ ОРЛОВ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ

ЧУВАШСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ

Gennady N. Isakov (National Park “Mari Chodra”, Cheboksary, Russia)

Геннадий Н. Исаков (ФГБУ «Национальный парк «Марий Чодра», Чебоксары, Россия)


Ðàáîòû ïî îáñëåäîâàíèþ òåððèòîðèè è ó÷¸òó ïòèö ïðîâåäåíû â ïåðèîä 1990–2012 ãã. â ïðåäåëàõ ñòåïíîé çîíû Çàáàéêàëüñêîãî êðàÿ è ÷àñòè÷íî â ëåñíîé çîíå (×àðñêàÿ êîòëîâèíà, áàññåéíû Øèëêè, Àðãóíè, Îíîíà, Õèëêà). Ïðèâåäåíû äàííûå î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè, ÷èñëåííîñòè, áèîëîãèè, ëèìèòèðóþùèõ ôàêòîðàõ, íåîáõîäèìûõ ìåðàõ îõðàíû îðëîâ. ×èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà çà ïîñëåäíèå 60 ëåò óïàëà êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêè (ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî â 10 ðàç). Â ñòåïíîé çîíå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå è ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòîãî âèäà íàõîäÿòñÿ â ïðÿìîé çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è ÷èñëåííîñòè òàðáàãàíîâ; ÷èñëåííîñòü îðëîâ ðåçêî ñíèçèëàñü â 1950–60-õ ãã. ïîñëå ìàññîâîãî èñòðåáëåíèÿ òàðáàãàíîâ. Ñîâðåìåííóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ íà òåððèòîðèè êðàÿ (2009–2011 ãã.) ìîæíî ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî îöåíèòü â 100–160 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Äàííûå î ñîñòîÿíèè ïîïóëÿöèè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà î÷åíü ñêóäíûå. Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä ýòîò âèä îòíîñèòåëüíî îáû÷åí â þãî-âîñòî÷íûõ ëåñíûõ è ëåñîñòåïíûõ ðàéîíàõ â áàññåéíàõ Àðãóíè è Îíîíà. Äàííûõ î äèíàìèêå ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè íåò; ÷èñëåííîñòü ïðîë¸òíûõ ïòèö â ñòåïíîé çîíå â 1990–2012 ãã. çíà÷èòåëüíî óïàëà, ÷òî, âåðîÿòíî, ñâÿçàíî ñ íàñòóïëåíèåì ìíîãîëåòíåé çàñóõè è âûñûõàíèåì âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ óãîäèé, ê êîòîðûì äàííûé âèä òÿãîòååò. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò – øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûé, íî î÷åíü ðåäêèé ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä ðåãèîíà; ÷èñëåííîñòü, âåðîÿòíî, ñíèæàåòñÿ.

* * * * *We studied the steppe zone and partly the forest zone of Transbaikal Territory (Chara hollow, Shilka, Argun, Onon, and Khilok bassins). Bird censuses were undertaken here during 1990–2012. Data on eagles distribution, number, biology, limiting factors, and the required protection measures are presented. During the last 60 years the number of Steppe Eagle has drastically fallen (ca. tenfold). In the steppe zone the distribution and number of the species are directly depending on the distribution and number of Siberian Marmot. The number of Steppe Eagle population decreased dramatically in 1950–60’s. after the mass extermination of marmots in the area. The current population number in the province can be estimated as 100–160 breeding pairs (based on 2009–2011 censuses). We have only sparse data on the Greater Spotted Eagle population. During the breeding period the species is relatively common in the forests and wooded steppes in the basins of Argun and Onon rivers in south-eastern part of the Territory. There is no data on dynamics of the breeding population; the number of migrated birds significantly decreased in the steppe zone during 1990–2012. Probably this decline is due to the long-term drought resulted in drying up wetlands which are the main habitats of this species. White-tailed Eagle is a widespread, but rare breeding species in the region. Its number is probably declining.

POPULATION STATUS OF THE STEPPE EAGLE AQUILA NIPALENSIS,

THE GREATER SPOTTED EAGLE AQUILA CLANGA AND THE WHITE-

TAILED EAGLE HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA IN THE EASTERN TRANS-

BAIKAL REGION

СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОПУЛЯЦИЙ СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА (AQUILA

NIPALENSIS), БОЛЬШОГО ПОДОРЛИКА (AQUILA CLANGA) И

ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА (HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA) В ВОСТОЧНОМ

ЗАБАЙКАЛЬЕ

Oleg A. Goroshko (Daurskiy State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Chita, Russia)

Олег А. Горошко (Государственный природный биосферный заповедник «Даурский», Институт природных ресурсов, экологии и криологии СО РАН, Чита, Россия)


Ìîäåëü, îïèñûâàþùàÿ ðàçìåðû ãíåçäîâîé òåððèòîðèè áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) â çàïàäíîé Øîòëàíäèè, âûòåêàåò èç íàáëþäåíèÿ òåððèòîðèàëüíîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ, öåíòðàëüíîé òî÷êè (ãíåçäà èëè ãí¸çä) è å¸ âûñîòû. Ìîäåëü-ïðåäøåñòâåííèê øèðîêî èçâåñòíà êàê RIN-ìîäåëü. Ýòà ìîäåëü áûëà óëó÷øåíà, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî îíà ñòàëà ó÷èòûâàòü îñîáåííîñòè ðåëüåôà, è ïîëó÷èëà íàçâàíèå PAT (Predicting Aquila [chrysaetos] Territory)-ìîäåëü.

Ìíîé áûëà èññëåäîâàíà îñîáî îõðàíÿåìàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Øîòëàíäèè è å¸ îêðåñòíîñòè. Èññëåäîâàííûé ó÷àñòîê ïîêðûò ãîðíûì ðåëüåôîì áîëüøîé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòè, ñ íåáîëüøèìè ëåñàìè è áîëüøèìè òîðôÿíûìè áîëîòàìè, îáâîäí¸ííûìè ïóñòîøàìè è êóðóìíèêàìè. Íà èçó÷åííîé òåððèòîðèè (áîëåå 1 òûñ. êì2), ðàñïîëîæåíû 14 çàíÿòûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ áåðêóòà.

Ïîëó÷èâ PAT-ìîäåëü ãðàíèö ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëÿ èññëåäóåìîé òåððèòîðèè, ÿ òðè ïîëåâûõ ñåçîíà, îïðåäåëÿë äîñòîâåðíîñòü ýòîé ìîäåëè. Ìíîé áûëè îïèñàíû òèïîâûå ïîë¸òû. Íà îñíîâå êàòåãîðèé ïîë¸òîâ, ÿ ðàçðàáîòàë íîâóþ êàðòèíó âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ áåðêóòîâ íà èõ ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêàõ, ñîãëàñíî êîòîðîé ñâîè ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè áåðêóòû çàùèùàþò â îñîáûõ, «óçêèõ» çîíàõ.

Äëÿ òàêèõ âèäîâ, êàê áåðêóò, àäàïòèðîâàííûõ ê ïàðåíèþ, îñîáåííîñòè ðåëüåôà çíà÷èòåëüíî âëèÿþò íà ñâîéñòâà òåððèòîðèè. Â ïðîõëàäíîì, îêåàíè÷åñêîì êëèìàòå Øîòëàíäèè òåðìè÷åñêèå âîçäóøíûå ïîòîêè ðåäêè, íî âåòåð, îòêëîíÿåìûé êâåðõó îñîáåííîñòÿìè ðåëüåôà, âåðîÿòíî ÿâëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü âàæíûì âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ñðåäñòâîì ïðè ïîë¸òå. Ìîè íàáëþäåíèÿ ïîäòâåðæäàþò âàæíîñòü ãîðíûõ õðåáòîâ è äðóãèõ îñîáåííîñòåé ðåëüåôà â óñòàíîâëåíèè òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ãðàíèö è êëþ÷åâûõ çîí äëÿ îõîòû è áðà÷íûõ äåìîíñòðàöèé.

* * * * *A model for predicting range use by Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Western Scotland is derived from observed ranging behaviour, a central point (the nest/nests) and elevation. The initial model is commonly known as the RIN model; this was improved to incorporate terrain features, and is now known as the PAT (Predicting Aquila [chrysaetos] Territory) model.

My research area is the Foinaven Special Protection Area (SPA) in the north west of Scotland, designated under the EC Birds Directive for its Golden Eagle population, and adjoining territories. This is extensive mountainous terrain with little woodland and large areas of blanket bog, wet heath and scree fields. Just over one thousand km² in area and with 14 active Golden Eagle territories, this offers an excellent opportunity to understand the nature of territorial boundaries

Having obtained the PAT modeled territorial boundaries for my study area, I have drawn on three years of field observations to challenge its basis. I have characterised flights into a number of categories, including: hunting, patrolling, attacking, displaying, retreating, and transit. On the basis of these, and the nature of their deployment, I am developing a new picture of Golden Eagle territories being defended at ‘pinch points’ rather than along the entire perimeter of territories.

For a species such as the Golden Eagle, adapted for soaring, terrain features importantly affect range use. In the cool, oceanic Scottish climate, thermal air currents are rare, but wind deflected upwards off terrain features is probably a very important aid to flight. My observations confirm the importance of ridges and other terrain features in determining territorial boundaries and key areas for foraging and displaying.

SECTION 3. ECOLOGY OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE

AQUILA CHRYSAETOS

СЕКЦИЯ 3. ЭКОЛОГИЯ БЕРКУТА

(AQUILA CHRYSAETOS)

CHARACTERIZING GOLDEN EAGLE AQUILA CHRYSAETOS

TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES

ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ ГРАНИЦ ГНЕЗДОВЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ У БЕРКУТА

(AQUILA CHRYSAETOS)

Derek Ch. Spencer (University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland, United Kingdom)

Дерек Ч. Спенсер (Университет Высокогорья и Островов – UHI, Шотландия, Великобритания)


Îðãàíèçàöèÿ áîëüøèíñòâà îõðàííûõ ìåð îñóùåñòâëÿåòñÿ íà îñíîâå ïðîãíîçîâ ñîáûòèé, ïîëó÷åííûõ íà îñíîâå ñóùåñòâóþùèõ çíàíèé. Â Øîòëàíäèè, ãäå èçìåíåíèÿ â çåìëåïîëüçîâàíèè ñïðîãíîçèðîâàíû äëÿ òåððèòîðèé, çàíèìàåìûõ áåðêóòîì, ýòî íàèáîëåå î÷åâèäíî. Äëÿ òåððèòîðèé, íà êîòîðûõ ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëîâ ñîâïàäàåò ñ äåãðàäàöèåé è ïîòåðåé òèïîâûõ ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ, îæèäàåìî òàêæå ñíèæåíèå ñïîñîáíîñòè âîñïðîèçâåäåíèÿ è çíà÷èìîñòè òåððèòîðèè äëÿ ïîïóëÿöèè, à çíà÷èò – òàêàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ áóäåò ñ÷èòàòüñÿ íàèáîëåå ïîäõîäÿùåé äëÿ âíåñåíèÿ èçìåíåíèé. Â 1997 ã. íà îäíîé èç òàêèõ òåððèòîðèé áûë íà÷àò ìîíèòîðèíã, åù¸ äî ñòðîèòåëüñòâà íà íåé âåòðÿíîé ôåðìû â 2001 ã. Â äàëüíåéøåì ðîñò ëåñà íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè ïðèâåë ê óìåíüøåíèþ ïèùåâîãî ðåñóðñà è ÷èñëà ïîäõîäÿùèõ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, è â 2007 ã. íà ýòîé, ðàíåå áëàãîïðèÿòíîé äëÿ îðëîâ òåððèòîðèè, îñòàëñÿ ëèøü îäèí ïîëîâîçðåëûé îð¸ë, è çà 19 ëåò áûë âûðàùåí ëèøü îäèí ïòåíåö. Êàçàëîñü áû, ýòî ïîëíîñòüþ ïîäòâåðäèëî ïðîãíîç, îäíàêî â ïîñëåäóþùèå 2008–2012 ãã. íà ýòîé òåððèòîðèè áûëî âûêîðìëåíî 5 îðëÿò. Òàêîå óëó÷øåíèå íå áûëî ïðåäñêàçóåìî, íî îöåíêà âîçäåéñòâóþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ ïîêàçûâàëà, ÷òî òåððèòîðèÿ äîëæíà áûëà áûòü ïîëíîñòüþ «æèçíåñïîñîáíà» íà âñ¸ì ïðîòÿæåíèè äëèòåëüíîãî ïåðèîäà íèçêîé ïðîäóêòèâíîñòè. Ýòî ãîâîðèò î òîì, ÷òî èñòîðèÿ ìåñòíîñòè è îáîáù¸ííûå îæèäàíèÿ íå äàþò íàä¸æíûõ îñíîâàíèé äëÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà.

* * * * *Conservation management is about using existing knowledge to predict future events. In Scotland this is most apparent where changes of land use are proposed for areas occupied by Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos. Eagle territories with a history of low and declining productivity coincidental with a history of habitat degradation and loss are expected to be of declining viability and importance and therefore those most suitable for change. In 1997 monitoring began in such a territory prior to construction of a windfarm in 2001. Habitat and food availability were further reduced by forest growth and by 2007 this previously productive territory held only a single adult eagle and had produced only one eaglet in nineteen years. The expected pattern of events appeared to have been confirmed but it then produced five eaglets during 2008–2012. This improved performance was not predictable but an appraisal of the influencing factors indicated that the territory must have been fully viable throughout the long period of low productivity, suggesting that a site history and generalised expectations do not provide reliable guidance for the management of this species.

DO EXPECTATIONS ABOUT AQUILA CHRYSAETOS ECOLOGY

PRODUCE RELIABLE GUIDANCE FOR SPECIES MANAGEMENT?

ДАЮТ ЛИ ПРЕДПОЛОЖЕНИЯ ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНО ЭКОЛОГИИ

БЕРКУТА (AQUILA CHRYSAETOS) НАДЕЖНЫЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ

ДЛЯ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ЭТОГО ВИДА?

David G. Walker (Natural Research Projects Ltd, Scotland, United Kingdom)

Давид Г. Вуолкер («Природные исследовательские проекты», Ltd, Шотландия, Великобритания)


Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) ÿâëÿåòñÿ øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûì âèäîì îðëîâ ñåâåðíîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ, çàíèìàþùèì ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî õîëìèñòûå è ãîðíûå òåððèòîðèè. Â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå, ëàíäøàôò êîòîðîé ëèø¸í ñêàë è ãîð, áåðêóòû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãíåçäÿòñÿ â íèçèííûõ òà¸æíûõ ëåñàõ. Â òàêèõ óñëîâèÿõ òèïîâûå ìåñòà îáèòàíèÿ ìîçàè÷íî ïîêðûâàþò ëåñíûå çîíû, â êîòîðûõ èä¸ò ãíåçäîâàíèå, è îòêðûòûå áîëîòèñòûå îáëàñòè, â êîòîðûõ âåä¸òñÿ ïîèñê äîáû÷è. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðàñïîëîæåíèå îáëàñòåé ñ îòêðûòûìè áîëîòèñòûìè ó÷àñòêàìè èãðàåò âàæíóþ ðîëü â ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè áåðêóòà â Ýñòîíèè. Ðîñò ïîïóëÿöèè, ïðîèñõîäÿùèé â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû, âåä¸ò ê òîìó, ÷òî áåðêóòû, âûòåñíåííûå èç ïðèâû÷íûõ ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ, âûíóæäåíû ñòðîèòü ãí¸çäà â ëåñàõ, ïîäâåðãøèõñÿ èíòåíñèâíîìó ëåñîïîëüçîâàíèþ, èìåþùèå ìåñòàìè ó÷àñòêè ñïëîøíîé âûðóáêè. Ýòî òàêæå îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî ãíåçäîâàÿ òåððèòîðèÿ òàêèõ ïàð íå âêëþ÷àåò â ñåáÿ îòêðûòûå áîëîòèñòûå ó÷àñòêè. Ïðåäñòàâëåííîå èññëåäîâàíèå äåòàëüíî îïèñûâàåò ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíûå äëÿ ýñòîíñêèõ áåðêóòîâ îòêðûòûå áîëîòèñòûå ìåñòíîñòè è ìåñòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ èõ ãí¸çä.

* * * * *The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is widely distributed Northern Hemisphere eagle species, occupying mostly hilly and mountainous regions. In North-Eastern Europe it is characteristic for the species to breed in lowland taiga forest as landscape lacks cliffs and mountains. In these conditions preferred habitat types are sparsely covered forest areas for building nests and open bog areas for foraging. Therefore the locations of the open bog areas strongly influence the Golden Eagle distribution patterns in Estonia. Population growth during the recent years pushes breeding Golden Eagle to build nests into intensively used forest areas (characterized by clear-cut areas). This also means that the open bog habitat is not in those cases eagle pair home range. Current study describes in detail the open bog habitats and nest stands preferred by Golden Eagle in Estonia.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT-USE PATTERNS OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE

AQUILA CHRYSAETOS IN ESTONIA

ХАРАКТЕР РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ И ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ

МЕСТООБИТАНИЙ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ БЕРКУТА (AQUILA CHRYSAETOS)

В ЭСТОНИИ

Gunnar Sein (Estonian University of Life Sciences, Environmental Board, Tartu, Estonia)

Гуннар Сейн (Департамент окружающей среды, Эстонский университет естественных наук, Тарту, Эстония)


Â ñâåòå ñîáûòèé ïîñëåäíèõ äåñÿòèëåòèé ïî óâåëè÷åíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) è îäíîâðåìåííîãî óìåíüøåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetus) â Ñåâåðíîé Áåëàðóñè, åñòåñòâåííî, âîçíèêëà ãèïîòåçà î âçàèìîñâÿçè ýòèõ ïðîöåññîâ.

Äëÿ ïðîâåðêè ýòîé ãèïîòåçû ñðàâíèâàëèñü ïàðàìåòðû ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé, ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ãíåçäîâûõ äåðåâüåâ è ãí¸çä, à òàêæå ñïåêòðû ïèòàíèÿ ýòèõ âèäîâ, ïóò¸ì ðàñ÷¸òà ðàçëè÷íûõ èíäåêñîâ.

Êàçàëîñü áû, ÷òî íà óðîâíå ãíåçäîâîé òåððèòîðèè (ëàíäøàôòà) óæå ïðîèñõîäèò ðàñõîæäåíèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø: áåðêóòû ãíåçäÿòñÿ íà êðóïíûõ âåðõîâûõ áîëîòàõ, à îðëàíû-áåëîõâîñòû ó êðóïíûõ âîäî¸ìîâ ýâòðîôíîãî èëè ìåçîòðîôíîãî òèïîâ. Êàê èñêëþ÷åíèå, êîíêóðåíöèÿ âîçíèêàëà, êîãäà âîäî¸ìû ýòîãî òèïà ÿâëÿëèñü ÷àñòüþ ëåñî–âîäíî-áîëîòíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, ãäå ìîãóò ãíåçäèòüñÿ è áåðêóò, è îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò. Â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ îðëàíû-áåëîõâîñòû ñòàëè àêòèâíî îñâàèâàòü è òèïè÷íûå óãîäüÿ áåðêóòîâ.

Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå âûâîäû, ñîãëàñíî ïðîâåä¸ííîìó àíàëèçó, ìîæíî ñôîðìóëèðîâàòü ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: ïðè íèçêîé è ñðåäíåé ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, êîãäà îí çàíèìàåò òîëüêî îïòèìàëüíûå äëÿ ñåáÿ ãíåçäîâûå òåððèòîðèè, ÷èñëåííîñòü áåðêóòà íà âåðõîâûõ áîëîòàõ ìàêñèìàëüíà. Ïðè äîñòèæåíèè áåëîõâîñòîì ñâåðõîïòèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè áåðêóò ðåçêî ñíèæàåò ñâîþ ÷èñëåííîñòü è îñòà¸òñÿ íà ãíåçäîâüå òîëüêî íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, â ñòðóêòóðó êîòîðûõ íå âõîäÿò ýâòðîôíûå è ìåçîòðîôíûå îç¸ðà, è åñëè íà ñàìèõ âåðõîâûõ áîëîòàõ íåò ãðÿäîâî-îç¸ðíûõ êîìïëåêñîâ.

* * * * *The increase in the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) population occurring simultaneously with Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetus) numbers diminishing in Northern Belarus has given rise to a hypothesis on the interrelation of these processes.

Testing the hypothesis has been achieved through the index computation comparison of the parameters of the nesting territories, nesting sites, nesting trees and nests as well as the food spectrum of these species.

It would appear that the divide between ecological niches is already happening on the nesting (terrain) level with Golden Eagles gravitating to peat bogs for nesting and White-tailed Eagles choosing eutrophic or mesotrophic large reservoirs. As an exception the competition would occur between the two species when the reservoirs turned out to be part of the forest-aquatic-marshy bodies suitable for both the Golden Eagle and the White-tailed Eagle. Recently White-tailed Eagles have commenced to populate habitats typical for Golden Eagles.

The analysis allows the following preliminary conclusion to be set forth: small or medium numbers of White-tailed Eagles occupying only ideal nesting sites results in the increase of the Golden Eagle population on peat bogs. When the White-tailed eagle population is at its peak the number of Golden Eagles tends to diminish rapidly with the birds nesting on sites lacking eutrophic and mesotropic lakes where the peat bogs have no hollow pool complexes.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOME OF THE PARAMETERS

OF ECOLOGICAL NICHES OF THE WHITE-TAILED EAGLE HALIAEETUS

ALBICILLA AND THE GOLDEN EAGLE AQUILA CHRYSAETOS

IN NORTHERN BELARUS

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ НЕКОТОРЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ НИШ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА (HALIAEETUS

ALBICILLA) И БЕРКУТА (AQUILA CHRYSAETOS) В СЕВЕРНОЙ

БЕЛАРУСИ

Vladimir V. Ivanovski (Vitebsk State University named P. M. Masherova, Vitebsk, Belarus),

Владимир В. Ивановский (Витебский государственный университет им. П.М. Машерова, Витебск, Беларусь)


Ìû èçó÷àëè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ïëîòíîñòü, îñîáåííîñòè ÿéöåêëàäêè è ðåæèì ïèòàíèÿ áåðêóòà â ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì Êèòàå ñ 2004 ïî 2013 ãã. Â çîíó èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîïàëè 38 ãí¸çä, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê 16 ãíåçäîâûì ó÷àñòêàì; ìèíèìàëüíàÿ ïëîòíîñòü ñîñòàâèëà 1,4 ïàðû áåðêóòîâ íà 1000 êì2 âî âðåìÿ ãíåçäîâîãî ñåçîíà. Âíóòðè ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà âñå ãí¸çäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü ëèáî íà ñêëîíå ñêàëû, ëèáî íà ãëèíèñòûõ óò¸ñàõ, ëèáî â íåãëóáîêèõ ïåùåðàõ. Âî âñåõ èçìåðåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ âíåøíèé äèàìåòð ãíåçäà â ñðåäíåì ñîñòàâëÿë 198.4±8.2 ñì × 159.3±14.2 ñì, âíóòðåííèé – 91.1±4.4 ñì, âûñîòà ãíåçäà – 125.9±15.3 ñì è ãëóáèíà 12±1.7 ñì. Ñàìêà îòêëàäûâàëà 1–2 ÿéöà â òå÷åíèå 3–4 äíåé. Â ïîäðîáíîì èññëåäîâàíèè îêðóãà ã. Êàðàìàé ìû îáíàðóæèëè, ÷òî â ðàöèîí áåðêóòà âõîäÿò 7 âèäîâ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, 10 – ïòèö è 2 – ðåïòèëèé, à îñíîâíîé äîáû÷åé ÿâëÿåòñÿ êàïñêèé çàÿö (Lepus capensis). Â ãîðàõ Àëàòàó è Áåæåíòàó â ïèùó óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ 7 âèäîâ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, 5 âèäîâ ïòèö è 1 âèä ðåïòèëèé, à îñíîâíîé äîáû÷åé ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñåðûé ñóðîê (Marmota baibacina) è äëèííîõâîñòûé ñóñëèê (Citellus undulates). Â òå÷åíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ñîêðàùåíèå êàê ÷èñëà ïîëîâîçðåëûõ îñîáåé, òàê è çîíû àêòèâíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áåðêóòà, ÷òî óêàçûâàåò íà ñðî÷íóþ íåîáõîäèìîñòü ïðèíÿòèÿ ýôôåêòèâíûõ äîëãîñðî÷íûõ ìåð ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ ïîïóëÿöèè áåðêóòà.

* * * * *We investigated the nest dispersion, density, egg characters and the diet of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the northwestern China from 2004 to 2013. In our survey areas we studied on a total of 38 nest sites belonging to 16 home ranges, giving a minimum density of 1.4 breeding pairs per 1000 km2 in breeding season. Across its range, all nests were located either on rock faces, clay cliffs or shallow caves. In all metrical nests, the average external diameter was 198.4±8.2 cm × 159.3±14.2 cm, inner diameter was 91.1±4.4 cm, nest height was 125.9±15.3 cm and the depth was 12±1.7 cm. The female lay 1 to 2 eggs and the spawning interval were 3 to 4 days. In the extensive study for Karamay, we found that the foods of golden eagles included 7 species of mammals, 10 birds and 2 reptiles, and the main prey were Desert Hares (Lepus capensis). A total of 7 species of mammals, 5 birds, 1 reptile were preyed by Golden Eagles in Alataw and Biezhentaw Mountains, and the main foods were Gray Marmots (Marmota baibacina) and Long-Tailed Ground Squirrels (Citellus undulatus). Through the investigation, both the breeding population and breeding ranges of the Golden Eagle were much less than before and the effective long-term conservation should execute right now.

THE HABITAT AND FOOD OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE AQUILA

CHRYSAETOS DURING BREEDING SEASON IN NORTHWESTERN

CHINA

МЕСТООБИТАНИЯ И ПИТАНИЕ БЕРКУТА (AQUILA CHRYSAETOS)

В ГНЕЗДОВОЙ ПЕРИОД В СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОМ КИТАЕ

Ming Ma (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China)

Ма Мин (Синцзянский институт экологии и географии, Урумчи, Китай)


Ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) – îäèí èç ñàìûõ õàðàêòåðíûõ è øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûõ â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ. Ãí¸çäà ýòîò îð¸ë óñòðàèâàåò íà äåðåâüÿõ. Àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ íà áåð¸çàõ (â ïðåäãîðüÿõ) è ñîñíàõ (íà ðàâíèíå). Îñîáåííîñòè òåððèòîðèàëüíîãî ðàçìåùåíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà â ðåãèîíå ïîäîáíû òåì, ÷òî âûÿâëåíû â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008).

Îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò ñ 31 ìàðòà ïî 1 ìàÿ, ïòåíöû âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ñ 15 ìàÿ ïî 14 èþíÿ, âûëåò ìîëîäûõ íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ 15 èþëÿ. Ñðåäíåå ÷èñëî ÿèö â êëàäêàõ 2,00±0,77, ãíåçäîâûõ ïòåíöîâ 2,00±0,56 è ñëåòêîâ 1,88±0,64 â âûâîäêàõ.

Ïèòàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â ðàçíûõ ó÷àñòêàõ ñóùåñòâåííî ðàçëè÷àåòñÿ. Â ïðåäãîðüÿõ Àëòàÿ ïðåîáëàäàþò â ïèòàíèè êðàñíîù¸êèé ñóñëèê è àëòàéñêèé öîêîð, ñóùåñòâåííóþ ÷àñòü ðàöèîíà ñîñòàâëÿþò ñë¸òêè ãðà÷à.

Âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ñ äðóãèìè êðóïíûìè õèùíûìè ïòèöàìè, êðîìå áåðêóòà, ïîñòðîåíû ïî ïðèíöèïó äîìèíèðîâàíèÿ ìîãèëüíèêà. Âàæíûì ôàêòîðîì, îïðåäåëÿþùèì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ìîãèëüíèêà â ïðåäãîðüÿõ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñ áåðêóòîì. Êîíôëèêòû ìåæäó ýòèìè îðëàìè íàáëþäàþòñÿ ïîñòîÿííî.

* * * * *Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) is one of the typical and widespread birds of prey in the Altai Territory. This eagle nests in trees of the six species. The vast majority of the nest trees are birchs trees (in foothills) and pines (on the plains). The nesting habits in the region are similar to those found in the Imperial Eagle population in Volga-Ural region (Karyakin et al., 2008).

Egg laying takes place from March 31 to May 1, hatching from May 15 to June 14, and the youngs starting to leave nests from July 15. The mean clutche size is 2.00±0.77, mean brood size 2.00±0.56 nestlings, and the mean number of fledglings is 1.88±0.64 per nest.

The food of Imperial Eagle in different parts of region differs significantly. In the foothills of Altai Mts., the main diet comprises Red-Cheeked Souslik and Altai Zokor. The essential part of the diet includes fledgling rooks.

The relationships with other large raptors, with the exception of Golden Eagle, are characterized by Imperial Eagle domination. An important factor affected the Imperial Eagle distribution in the foothills is competition with Golden Eagle. The conflicts between these eagles are constantly observed.

SECTION 4. DISTRIBUTION, STATUS AND FEATURES

OF ECOLOGY OF THE OSPREY PANDION HALIAETUS,

WHITE-TAILED EAGLE HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA,

IMPERIAL EAGLE AQUILA HELIACA, SPOTTED EAGLES

A. CLANGA, A. POMARINA

СЕКЦИЯ 4. РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ, СТАТУС И

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭКОЛОГИИ СКОПЫ (PANDION

HALIAETUS), ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА (HALIAEETUS

ALBICILLA), ОРЛА-МОГИЛЬНИКА (AQUILA HELIACA),

ПОДОРЛИКОВ (A. CLANGA, A. POMARINA)

RESULTS FROM THE 2013 MONITORING OF THE IMPERIAL EAGLE

AQUILA HELIACA POPULATION IN THE ALTAI KRAY

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ГНЕЗДОВОЙ ГРУППИРОВКИ

МОГИЛЬНИКА (AQUILA HELIACA) В АЛТАЙСКОМ КРАЕ В 2013 Г.

Roman F. Bachtin (Altai State Academy of Education, Biysk, Russia)

Роман Ф. Бахтин (Алтайская государственная академия образования им. В.М. Шукшина, Бийск, Россия)


Àðåàë áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) â Ðîññèè ïðîñòèðàåòñÿ øèðîêèì ïîÿñîì, îò çàïàäíîé ãðàíèöû ê âîñòîêó äî Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî÷íîãî Êèòàÿ, â åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè ñòðàíû – îò ïîäçîíû ñðåäíåé òàéãè äî ëåñîñòåïè. Ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ñìåùåíèÿ ñåâåðíîé ãðàíèöû àðåàëà ê þãó è þæíîé ê ñåâåðó, íå îòìå÷àåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå â ðåñïóáëèêå Êîìè (Íåéôåëüä, 1998), Àðõàíãåëüñêîé îáëàñòè (Àñîñêîâà, 2008), â Ñàðàòîâñêîì Çàâîëæüå (Çàâüÿëîâ è äð., 2005). Êëþ÷åâûìè ãíåçäîâûìè áèîòîïàìè âèäà â ðåãèîíå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðåóâëàæí¸ííûå ëåñà (95 %), ïðåèìóùåñò âåííî – ÷åðíîîëüøàííèêè (71 %).Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå âèäà ÿâëÿåòñÿ äèñïåðñíûì: ãðóïïû â íåñêîëüêî ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð èçîëèðîâàíû âîäîðàçäåëüíûìè ïðîñòðàíñòâàìè. Âûäåëÿþòñÿ îòäåëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ãðóïïèðîâêè, ïðèóðî÷åííûå ê êðóïíûì ïîéìåííûì ëåñíûì êîìïëåêñàì: Äíåïðî-Äåñíÿíñêàÿ, Ìåùåðñêàÿ, Êëÿçüìèíñêî-Ëóõñêàÿ, Äóáíåíñêàÿ, Çàâèäîâñêàÿ è äð. Äóáíåíñêàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà íàñ÷èòûâàåò 11-13 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð (Ãðèí÷åíêî è äð., 2008), Äíåïðî-Äåñíÿíñêàÿ – 6–16 (Êîñåíêî è äð., 2000), Êëÿçüìèíñêî-Ëóõñêàÿ – 8–12 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð. Îäíèì èç ãëàâíûõ íåãàòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ äëÿ âèäà ñòàëî ïîëíîå ïðåêðàùåíèå òðàäèöèîííîé ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà çàëèâíûõ ïîéìåííûõ ëóãàõ è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ïîòåðÿ êîðìîâûõ áèîòîïîâ áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà â ðåçóëüòàòå èõ çàðàñòàíèÿ äðåâåñíî-êóñòàðíèêîâîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ. Ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà ïî ýòîé ïðè÷èíå ïðîñëåæåíî íà òåððèòîðèè Äàðâèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà íà Ðûáèíñêîì âîäîõðàíèëèùå çà ïåðèîä ñ 1949 ïî 2006 ãã. (Áàáóøêèí, Êóçíåöîâ, 2008). Ñåðüåçíûì íåãàòèâíûì ôàêòîðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãèáðèäèçàöèÿ ñ ìàëûì ïîäîðëèêîì (Ìåëüíèêîâ è äð., 2008).

* * * * *The range of the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in Russia stretches as a wide belt from the western border to the northeast China, and in the European part of Russia it covers the area from the mid taiga to the forest-steppe. The range’s northern limit tends to shift southward while the southern one does northward. Nesting is not recorded in the Komi Republic (Neufeld 1998), Arkhangelsk Province (Asoskova 2008), and the Trans-Volga part of Saratov Province (Zav’yalov et al. 2005). The key nesting habitats of the species in the region are the waterlogged woods (95%), especially dominated with black alder (Alnus glutinosa; 71 %).

The species have a sparse distribution: groups of a few breeding pairs are isolated by the watershed areas. We can identified several isolated breeding groups inhabiting the large floodplain forests: on the rivers Dnieper and Desna, Meshchera, Klyazma and Lukh, Dubna, in Zavidovo area, etc.

The Dubna group comprises 11-13 breeding pairs (Grinchenko et al. 2008 ), the Dnieper – Desna group – 6–16 pairs (Kosenko et al. 2000 ), and the Klyazma – Lukh – 8–12 breeding pairs.

One of the major negative factors affecting the species is a complete cessation of the traditional agricultural use of inundated meadows in the floodplains. It is resulted in the loss of feeding habitats as the meadows got overgrown with trees and shrubs. Thus it was the reason for the species number decreasing in the Darwin Nature Reserve at the Rybinsk Reservoir from 1949 to 2006 (Babushkin & Kuznetsov 2008). Another important negative factor is hybridization with the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Melnikov et al. 2008).

THE GREATER SPOTTED EAGLE AQUILA CLANGA IN THE CENTER OF

EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA

БОЛЬШОЙ ПОДОРЛИК (AQUILA CLANGA) В ЦЕНТРЕ

ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ ЧАСТИ РОССИИ

Vladimir N. Melnikov, Alexander L. Mishchenko (Ivanovo State University, Ivanovo, Russia)

Владимир Н. Мельников, Александр Л. Мищенко (Ивановский государственный университет, Иваново, Россия)


Ïîñêîëüêó áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) è ìàëûé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila pomarina), ãíåçäÿñü â ëåñó, ëåòàþò îõîòèòüñÿ íà îòêðûòûå ó÷àñòêè, îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðàçíîîáðàçèÿ áèîòîïà íà èõ ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ. Â Ýñòîíèè îáà âèäà äëÿ îõîòû èñïîëüçóþò ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûå óãîäüÿ. Â ýòîì èññëåäîâàíèè ìû ñðàâíèëè, êàê âëèÿþò ðàçëè÷íûå ñîðòà âûðàùèâàåìûõ çëàêîâ è ìåòîäû ñêîòîâîäñòâà íà âûáîð ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ è óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ó îðëîâ, èñïîëüçóÿ äàííûå îá èñïîëüçîâàíèè çåìåëüíûõ ó÷àñòêîâ, ïîëó÷åííûå èç ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ áàç äàííûõ, à òàêæå ïóò¸ì íåïîñðåäñòâåííîãî êàðòèðîâàíèÿ áèîòîïîâ. Ìû òàêæå ïðîâåëè îöåíêó ïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòè ðàçëè÷íûõ òèïîâ ïàøåí è ïàñòáèù äëÿ äîáû÷è êîðìà, è ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ýòîé äîáû÷è. Ïîëó÷åííûå ðåçóëüòàòû áóäóò èñïîëüçîâàíû äëÿ ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ ýòèõ âèäîâ îðëîâ è ðåêîìåíäàöèè ýêîëîãè÷åñêè óñòîé÷èâûõ ìåòîäîâ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ñîäåéñòâóþùèõ ðîñòó ïîïóëÿöèè ïîäîðëèêà â Ýñòîíèè.

* * * * *The Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) and the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina) are the two raptor species dependent on mosaic landscape in breeding grounds – they nest in forest and hunt in open biotopes. In Estonia both species mostly use agricultural landscape for foraging. In the current study we used land cover data obtained from agricultural database, as well as by direct biotope mapping, to check whether various crop cultivation and animal husbandry methods have any effect on the nest site selection or breeding success of the eagles. We also assessed the foraging biotope selection and hunting efficiency in various arable land and grassland types. The results will be used to plan the conservation actions for the species and suggest sustainable agricultural methods supporting the breeding of spotted eagles in Estonia.

THE EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE PATTERNS

ON THE BREEDING OF SPOTTED EAGLES AQUILA CLANGA,

A. POMARINA IN ESTONIA

ВЛИЯНИЕ ХАРАКТЕРА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО

ЗЕМЛЕПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ НА РАЗМНОЖЕНИЕ ПОДОРЛИКА

(AQUILA CLANGA, A. POMARINA) В ЭСТОНИИ

Ülo Väli, (Department of Zoology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia)Gunnar Sein, Urmas Abel, Joosep Tuvi (Estonia)

Юло Вяли (Эстонский университет естественных наук, Тарту, Эстония)Гуннар Сейн, Урмас Абель, Йозеф Туви (Эстония)


Ñ êîíöà ÕÕ âåêà íà òåððèòîðèè Öåíòðàëüíîãî ×åðíîçåìüÿ (êàê è â ðÿäå äðóãèõ ðåãèîíîâ) îòìå÷åí ñóùåñòâåííûé ðîñò ãíåçäîâîé ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla). Íåñìîòðÿ íà íåêîòîðûå ñäåðæèâàþùèå ôàêòîðû è îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà, ïðîöåññ ýòîò ïðîäîëæàåò ðàçâèâàòüñÿ. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî íàèáîëåå âûðàæåííûì îí ÿâëÿëñÿ â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûõ è âîñòî÷íûõ îáëàñòÿõ – Òàìáîâñêîé, Ëèïåöêîé, Âîðîíåæñêîé, ãäå ìåñòà ãíåçäîâàíèÿ áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ áûëè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê êðóïíûì åñòåñòâåííûì âîäî¸ìàì.

Âïîñëåäñòâèè îðëàíû íà÷àëè òàêæå ïîñåëÿòüñÿ âáëèçè êðóïíûõ ðûáîðàçâîäíûõ ïðóäîâ, íåðåäêî èñïîëüçóÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñîâñåì íåáîëüøèå ïî ïëîùàäè (ìåíåå 1 ãà) ôðàãìåíòû äðåâåñíûõ íàñàæäåíèé, îêðóæ¸ííûõ ñî âñåõ ñòîðîí îáðàáàòûâàåìûìè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûìè ïîëÿìè. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, òàêèå ïðèìåðû èçâåñòíû äëÿ Áåëãîðîäñêîé è Âîðîíåæñêîé îáëàñòåé.

Êðîìå òîãî, îòìå÷åíî áîëåå òåðïèìîå îòíîøåíèå (ïðè óñïåøíîì ðàçìíîæåíèè) ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïòèö è ê èìåâøåìó ìåñòî íà íà÷àëüíûõ ñòàäèÿõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ôàêòîðó ÷àñòîãî áåñïîêîéñòâà ñî ñòîðîíû ÷åëîâåêà.

Áëàãîäàðÿ ïðîÿâëåíèþ ïîäîáíûõ òåíäåíöèé îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ, ïîæàëóé, åäèíñòâåííûì êðóïíûì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì îòðÿäà Ñîêîëîîáðàçíûõ, ÷ü¸ ñóùåñòâîâàíèå â óñëîâèÿõ Öåíòðàëüíîãî ×åðíîçåìüÿ ïîêà íå âûçûâàåò îïàñåíèé.

* * * * *Since the late 20th century there has been a dramatic increase in number of the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) breeding population in Central Chernozem Region (as well as in other regions). Currently the number is still increasing despite certain constraining factors and circumstances.

Initially the rise was the most prominent in the north-eastern and eastern parts of the Region – in Tambov, Lipetsk, and Voronezh Provinces where nesting sites were related with large natural water bodies. Next, White-tailed Eagles started to nest near large aquaculture ponds occupying even quite small forest tracts (less than 1 ha) surrounded with arable lands. Such nesting habit is recorded in Belgorod and Voronezh Provinces which are southern part of the Region.

In addition, White-tailed Eagles became more tolerant to frequent human disturbance during the early stage of breeding period (if breeding is successful).

These tendencies allow us to regard White-tailed Eagle as the only large species among the Falconiformes whose existence in the Central Chernozem Region is in no peril at the present moment.

SOME EXAMPLES OF THE TOLERANCE OF THE WHITE-TAILED EAGLE

HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA IN RELATION TO MAN IN THE SOUTHERN

PART OF CENTRAL CHERNOZEMYE

О НЕКОТОРЫХ ПРИМЕРАХ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ ОРЛАНА-

БЕЛОХВОСТА (HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA) ПО ОТНОШЕНИЮ К

ЧЕЛОВЕКУ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЮЖНОЙ ЧАСТИ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОГО

ЧЕРНОЗЕМЬЯ

Alexander Yu. Sokolov (State Nature Reserve “Belogorie”, Belgorod district, Russia)

Александр Ю. Соколов (Государственный природный заповедник «Белогорье», Белгородская обл., Россия)

34 Орлы Палеарктики: изучение и охрана Секционные доклады

Стационарные и экспедиционные исследования в пределах Вологодской, Костромской, Ярославской, Архангельской, Ленинградской областей и юга Карелии проводились с 1989 по 2013 гг. На крупных водоемах региона с 80–90-х гг. по настоящее время произошло увеличение гнездовой численности скопы в 4,6 раза, а орлана-белохвоста в 4,0 раза.

Численность орлана-белохвоста на Северо-Западе России: Кольский полуостров – около 30 пар, Карелия – около 80 пар, западная часть Архангельской области – около 40 пар, Ленинградская область – 20–22 пары, западная часть Вологодской области (Вологодское Поозерье) – около 80 пар, северная часть Псковской области – 5 пар, Новгородская область – 6 пар. В целом на Северо-Западе России гнездовая численность – 260–300 пар. Особенностью орланов региона является склонность к образованию уплотнённых поселений на побережьях крупных озер и водохранилищ лесной зоны (в Дарвинском заповеднике до 35 пар/1000 км2).

Скопа распространена более диффузно. Её численность на Северо-Западе России – 600 гнездящихся пар, а именно: Кольский полуостров – 25; Карелия – около 250; запад Архангельской области – около 85; Вологодское Поозерье – около 150; Ленинградская область – 40, северная часть Псковской области – 15; Новгородская область – 25.

Вместе с численностью возросла и продуктивность гнездования у скопы, составив в 2003–2010 гг. 2,1±0,1 (n=63) птенца на успешно гнездящуюся пару, для орланов этот показатель составил 1,48±0,07 (n=52).

Положительная динамика численности обусловлена выработкой толерантности у птиц к обитанию в условиях незначительного антропогенного пресса, а также расселением молодых птиц из охраняемых природных территорий, сооружением искусственных гнездовий. В настоящее время 10% скоп Вологодского Поозерья используют для гнездования искусственные платформы.

* * * * *The stationary and field studies within the Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk, Leningrad and the southern regions of Karelia were carried out from 1989 to 2013. Starting from 1980-90s to the present time, in the large water bodies of the region there has been an increase of the Osprey breeding population by 4.6 times, and of the White-tailed Eagle by 4.0 times.

The number of the White-tailed Eagles in the North-West Russia is as follows: the Kola Peninsula – about 30 pairs, in Karelia – about 80 pairs, in the western part of the Arkhangelsk region – approximately 40 pairs, in the Leningrad region – 20–22 pairs, in the western Vologda region (the Vologda Lakeland) – about 80 pairs, in the northern part of the Pskov region – 5 pairs, and in the Novgorod region – 6 pairs.

Overall, the North-West Russia breeding population comprises 260–300 pairs. The features of the region’s sea eagle is the tendency to form dense settlements on the coasts of large lakes and reservoirs of the forest are (the Darwin nature reserve accounts for up to 35 pairs/1000 km2).

The Osprey is spread more diffusely. Its population in the North-West Russia comprises 600 breeding pairs, namely, in the Kola Peninsula – 25 pairs; Karelia – 250 pairs, in the west of Arkhangelsk region – about 85 pairs; in the Vologda Lakeland – approximately 150 pairs, in the Leningrad region – 40, in the northern Pskov region – 15, and in the Novgorod region – 25. Together with the increased population, the breeding productivity of the Osprey has improved, accounting in 2003–2010 to 2.1 ± 0.1 (n = 63) nestlings per successful breeding pair, the number for the White-tailed Eagle was 1.48 ± 0.07 (n = 52).

The positive dynamics is caused by the developed tolerance of the birds to living in the conditions of a slight anthropogenic pressure, as well as by the resettlement of young birds from the protected natural areas and the construction of the artificial nests. Currently 10 % of the Vologda Lakeland ospreys are using the artificial nesting platforms.

THE STaTUS aND MONITOrINg Of THE OSPrEY PANdIoN HALIAETUS aND THE WHITE-TaIlED EaglE HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA NESTINg grOUPS IN NOrTH-WEST rUSSIaСОСТОяНИЕ И МОНИТОрИНГ ГНЕЗДОвЫх ГрУППИрОвОК СКОПЫ (PANdIoN HALIAETUS) И ОрЛАНА-БЕЛОхвОСТА (HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA) НА СЕвЕрО-ЗАПАДЕ рОССИИ

Miroslav V. Babushkin, Andrey V. Kuznetsov (State Darwin Natural Biosphere Reserve, Cherepovets, Russia)

Мирослав В. Бабушкин, Андрей В. Кузнецов, (ФГБУ «Дарвинский государственный природный биосферный заповедник», Череповец, Россия)


Ðàçìíîæåíèå ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) áûëî îáû÷íî â Ïîðòóãàëèè â íà÷àëå XX âåêà. Â äàëüíåéøåì, íåïðåðûâíîå ñíèæåíèå ïðèâåëî âèä ê óðîâíþ âñåãî 3 ïàðû â 1978 ã., êîãäà âèä áûë çàíîâî îòêðûò â þãî-çàïàäíîì ïîáåðåæüå. Íåñìîòðÿ íà âñå òðóäíîñòè, ýòîé ðåëèêòîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè óäàëîñü âûæèâàòü â òå÷åíèå åùå 23 ëåò, ïîêà ïîñëåäíÿÿ ïòèöà íå èñ÷åçëà ïîñëå 2001 ã .

Äåñÿòü ëåò ñïóñòÿ áûë èíèöèèðîâàí ïðîåêò âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ñêîïû. Â ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå ñ Ôèíëÿíäèåé è Øâåöèåé, êàê ñòðàí-äîíîðîâ, â 2011 ã. áûë íà÷àò 5-ëåòíèé ïðîåêò, âïîñëåäñòâèè îí áûë ðàçâèò CIBIO ïðè ïîääåðæêå EDP, ïîðòóãàëüñêîé ýëåêòðè÷åñêîé êîìïàíèè. Â ïðîåêòå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ìåòîä õåêêèíãà, äàâíî èñïîëüçóþùèéñÿ ïðè âîññòàíîâëåíèè âûìåðøèõ ïîïóëÿöèé õèùíûõ ïòèö, ìû âíèìàòåëüíî ñëåäèì çà èäåíòè÷íûìè ïðîåêòàìè, îñóùåñòâëÿåìûìè â Àíãëèè è Èñïàíèè.

Ïëîòèíà Àëêåâà (Alqueva) áûëà âûáðàíà êàê íàèáîëåå ïîäõîäÿùåå ìåñòî â êðàòêîñðî÷íîé ïåðñïåêòèâå èç-çà ñâîåé ïðîñòîðíîñòè, èçîáèëèÿ êîðìà, ñïîêîéíîé âîäû, ñâåòà è ëåãêî óïðàâëÿåìûì ïðåññèíãîì ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî ïðèñóòñòâèÿ. Äî ñèõ ïîð 26 ïòåíöîâ ñêîïû áûëè óñïåøíî ïðèâåçåíû, âûðàùåíû â õåêêèíãàõ è âûïóùåíû. Ïåðâûå âîçâðàùåíèÿ ïòèö ìû îæèäàåì ñ 2014 ã.

* * * * *Breeding Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) were common in Portugal at the beginning of the 20th century. Thereafter, a continuous decline led them to as few as 3 pairs in 1978 when the species was rediscovered in the Southwest coast. Against all odds, this relict population managed to survive for 23 more years until the last individual disappeared after 2001.

Ten years later a recovery project eventually found its way. With the collaboration of Finland and Sweden as donor countries, a 5-year project was set up in 2011 and subsequently developed by CIBIO with the funding of EDP, the Portuguese Electric Company. The project applies hacking procedures long used in the recovery of extinct raptor populations and closely follows identical projects carried out in England and Spain.

The Alqueva dam was selected as the most suitable area in the short run for its vastness, prey abundance, calm waters and its light and easily manageable human pressure. So far, 26 osprey nestlings were successfully translocated, hacked and released. First returns are expected from 2014 onwards.

REINTRODUCING THE OSPREY PANDION HALIAETUS TO PORTUGAL

ВОЗВРАЩЕНИЕ СКОПЫ (PANDION HALIAETUS) В ПОРТУГАЛИЮ

Luís Palma, Dr. (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão, Portugal),Pedro Beja, Andreia Dias, João Ferreira, Marco Mirinha (Portugal)

Луис Палма, Др. (Исследовательский центр по биоразнообразию и генетическим ресурсам, Ваирао, Португалия)Педро Беже, Андреа Диас, Жоао Феррейра, Марко Миринха (Португалия)


SECTION 5. DISTRIBUTION, STATUS AND

FEATURES OF ECOLOGY OF THE STEPPE EAGLE

AQUILA NIPALENSIS

СЕКЦИЯ 5. РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ, СТАТУС И

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭКОЛОГИИ СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА

(AQUILA NIPALENSIS)

THE STEPPE EAGLE A. NIPALENSIS IN RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN

СТЕПНОЙ ОРЁЛ (A. NIPALENSIS) В РОССИИ И КАЗАХСТАНЕ

Igor V. Karyakin (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia)

Игорь В. Карякин (Центр полевых исследований, Нижний Новгород, Россия)

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) – ïîêà åù¸ íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûé êðóïíûé ïåðíàòûé õèùíèê ñòåïíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ, íî åãî àðåàë è ÷èñëåííîñòü ñîêðàùàþòñÿ â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ïîñëåäíåãî ñòîëåòèÿ. Ê íà÷àëó 1980-õ ãã. ñòåïíîé îð¸ë èñ÷åç â Óêðàèíå, çà ïîñëåäíèå 15 ëåò âèä èñ÷åç â ðÿäå ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè, ÷èñëåííîñòü â Êàëìûêèè ñ 1980-õ ãã. ê 2010 ã. ñîêðàòèëàñü ñ 3–10 òûñ. ïàð äî 300–500 ïàð, óõóäøàåòñÿ ñèòóàöèÿ ñî ñòåïíûì îðëîì è â Êàçàõñòàíå. Ìîíèòîðèíãîâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ 2013 ã. íà þãå è âîñòîêå Óðàëüñêîé îáëàñòè íà ïîñòîÿííûõ ó÷¸òíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ, ïîñåùàâøèõñÿ ïîñëåäíèé ðàç â 2006–2007 ãã., ïîêàçàëè, êàê ìèíèìóì, 3-êðàòíîå ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè çà 6–7 ëåò.

Ïðè÷èíà ñòîëü ìàñøòàáíîãî è áûñòðîãî ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîïóëÿöèé ñòåïíîãî îðëà êðîåòñÿ â âûñîêîé ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö. Ïî ó÷¸òàì 2012–2013 ãã. â Óðàëüñêîé è Àêòþáèíñêîé îáëàñòÿõ Êàçàõñòàíà, äîëÿ ïòèö ìëàäøå 4–5 ëåò â òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàðàõ ñîñòàâèëà 72,55%. Àíàëîãè÷íûì îáðàçîì âûãëÿäèò ñèòóàöèÿ íà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. Èñêëþ÷åíèåì íà ïðîòÿæåíèè âñåãî ðîññèéñêî-êàçàõñòàíñêîãî àðåàëà ñòåïíîãî îðëà ÿâëÿåòñÿ Êàëìûêèÿ, ãäå îêîëî 75% òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð ñîñòîÿò èç ñòàðûõ ïòèö (ñòàðøå 6 ëåò), ïðè òîì, ÷òî ïîïóëÿöèÿ òàêæå åæåãîäíî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ. Äëÿ êàëìûöêîé ïîïóëÿöèè óñòàíîâëåíà ñàìàÿ íèçêàÿ ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð ïî ïðè÷èíàì, íå ñâÿçàííûì ñ êîðìîâîé áàçîé.

Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ãëîáàëüíûé ñòàòóñ âèäà óãðîæàåìûé. Åñëè ìû õîòèì ñîõðàíèòü ñòåïíîãî îðëà, íåîáõîäèìî ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî.

* * * * *The Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) is still the most distinctive steppe landscape feathery bird of prey, but its natural habitat and population have diminished during the last century. By the beginning of the 1980’s the steppe eagle had vanished from the Ukraine. The species has come to be extinct in some regions of Russia over the past 15 years with numbers of steppe eagles plummeting from 3–10 thousand breeding pairs in the 1980’s to 300–500 breeding pairs in 2010 in Kalmykia. The situation is getting worse in Kazakhstan as well. Monitoring studies performed in 2013 in the south and east of the Ural region on permanent sites last visited in the years of 2006–2007 indicated at least a 3-fold reduction in number over 6–7 years.

The cause behind such a massive and rapid reduction in steppe eagle population lies in the high death rate of birds.

As per the records of 2012 and 2013 the number of birds younger than 4–5 years old in territorial breeding pairs constituted 72.55% in the Ural and Aktobe region of Kazakhstan. The situation looks similar in most parts of the Russian Federation. The exceptional situation is in Kalmykia where 75% of territorial breeding pairs are composed of older birds (older than 6 years old) along the whole length of Russian-Kazakhstan steppe eagle natural habitat despite the fact that its population declines with each passing year. The lowest level of breeding pair productivity proved to be in Kalmykia.

Obviously, the global status of the species is in danger. If we want to preserve the steppe eagle then we are in need of international cooperation.


Ïóòè çèìíåé ìèãðàöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis), à òàêæå ìåñòà åãî çèìîâîê (ñ ñåíòÿáðÿ ïî ìàé), ïðîõîäÿò ÷åðåç ïîëóîñòðîâ Èíäîñòàí. Ñîîáùåíèÿ î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè ýòîãî âèäà â âîñòî÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðåäêî. ×òîáû ïîëó÷èòü öåëîñòíîå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ñòàòóñå ýòîãî îðëà, îáëàñòÿõ åãî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ïóòÿõ ìèãðàöèè, âûñîòíîé ïîÿñíîñòè åãî ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ, ïðåäïî÷òåíèé ïðè âûáîðå àðåàëà è ïîïóëÿöèè, ìû ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàëè èìåþùóþñÿ ëèòåðàòóðó è ïîäòâåðæä¸ííûå ôîòîãðàôè÷åñêèå íàáëþäåíèÿ, êàñàþùèåñÿ âñòðå÷ ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà ïîëóîñòðîâå Èíäîñòàí çà ïîñëåäíèå 131 ãîä, ñ 1882 ïî 2013 ãã.

Çà èçó÷åííûé ïåðèîä âñåãî 16 879 ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ áûëî îòìå÷åíî â 9 ñòðàíàõ ïîëóîñòðîâà Èíäîñòàí: â Èíäèè, Àôãàíèñòàíå, Ïàêèñòàíå, Íåïàëå, Òèáåòå, Áóòàíå, Ñèêêèìå, Ìüÿíìå è Áàíãëàäåø. Â òåõ ðåãèîíàõ, ãäå îòìå÷àëîñü ïîÿâëåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà, òàêæå áûëî îòìå÷åíî äî 59 âèäîâ ïðî÷èõ äíåâíûõ õèùíèêîâ, ÷òî ãîâîðèò î ïðèãîäíîñòè ýòèõ ðåãèîíîâ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Â Èíäèè âûñîòíîå ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà âàðüèðîâàëî îò 0 ì äî 4500 ì âûøå óðîâíÿ ìîðÿ. Îí ïîÿâëÿëñÿ â 26 ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ çîíàõ è áûë îòìå÷åí â òàêèõ ïðèðîäíûõ çîíàõ, êàê àëüïèéñêèå ëóãà è ëåñ, ñêàëû â Ãèìàëàÿõ, ðàâíèíû íà ðåêå Ãàíã, â ïðèáðåæíûõ ïîëîñàõ, ïóñòûíÿõ, ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ, ïàñòáèùàõ, ñóõèõ ëèñòâåííûõ ëåñàõ, íà çàáîëî÷åííûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, à òàêæå íà èððèãèðóåìûõ ïîëÿõ è íà ãîðîäñêèõ îêðàèíàõ. Ñêîïëåíèÿ îðëîâ íàáëþäàëèñü îêîëî ïîìîåê è ìåñò çàõîðîíåíèé (ëþäåé èëè æèâîòíûõ – íå óòî÷íÿåòñÿ).

Âî âðåìÿ ìèãðàöèé ñ ìåñò ãíåçäîâàíèé, ðàñïîëîæåííûõ â óìåðåííûõ øèðîòàõ, äî ïîëóîñòðîâà Èíäîñòàí îðëû ïðîõîäÿò ÷åðåç «áóòûëî÷íîå ãîðëûøêî», ïðîëåòàÿ ÷åðåç óùåëüÿ â Ãèìàëàÿõ íà òåððèòîðèè Íåïàëà è Èíäèè, ãäå îíè áûëè îòìå÷åíû â çíà÷èòåëüíîì êîëè÷åñòâå. Ìû îòìå÷àåì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå îðëîâ â þæíîì è âîñòî÷íîì íàïðàâëåíèÿõ â Èíäèè, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ðàííèìè íàáëþäåíèÿìè. Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ðàñïðîñòðàí¸í ïî âñåé Èíäèè, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì îñòðîâîâ â Àðàâèéñêîì ìîðå è Áåíãàëüñêîì çàëèâå.

* * * * *The Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) is a winter passage migrant and regular winter visitor (September to May) to the Indian subcontinent. The reports of distribution of this eagle are scattered in the oriental literature. To obtain a holistic understanding of its status, distributional pattern, migratory pathway, altitudinal range, habitat choice and populations, we analyzed the published literature and the confirmed photographic records from the Indian subcontinent during 131 years from 1882 to 2013.

In all, 76,879 Steppe Eagles were reported from 9 countries in the Indian subcontinent: India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Sikkim, Myanmar and Bangladesh. Within the same region where the Steppe Eagles were sighted, up to 59 raptor species were recorded indicating that such regions were suitable raptor habitats. In India, the altitudinal distribution of the eagle ranged from 0 m to 4500 m asl. It occurred in 26 Protected Areas and was recorded in habitats such as alpine meadows and forests, cliffs in Himalayas, Gangetic plains, riverside habitat, desert, semiarid regions, grassland, dry deciduous forest, wetland, irrigated cultivation and urban fringes. The eagles congregated around garbage and carrion dumps.

While migrating from their breeding grounds in the temperate regions to the Indian subcontinent the eagle’s bottle necked at Himalayan valleys in Nepal (Annapurna, Kali Gandgki, Arun, Dudhkosi) and India (Kangra and Dharamsala in Himachal Pradesh) where they were reported in large numbers. We report a southward and eastward extension of their distribution in India as compared to the earlier records. They are distributed in entire India except in oceanic islands in the Arabain Sea and Bay of Bengal.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE STEPPE EAGLE A. NIPALENSIS IN THE INDIAN

SUBCONTINENT: REVIEW OF RECORDS FROM 1882 TO 2013 AD

РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА (A. NIPALENSIS) НА

ИНДИЙСКОМ СУБКОНТИНЕНТЕ: ОБЗОР С 1882 ПО 2013 ГОДЫ

Satish A. Pande, Anil S. Mahabal, Pramod Deshpande, Radheshyam M. Sharma (Ela Foundation, Pune, India)

Сатиш A. Панде, Анил С. Махабал, Прамод Дешпанде, Радхешьям М. Шарма (Фонд Эла, Пуна, Индия)


Âèçóàëüíûé ìîíèòîðèíã ïòèö â ìåñòàõ «áóòûëî÷íûõ ãîðëûøåê» íà ïóòÿõ èõ ìèãðàöèè ñîâåðøåííî íåîáõîäèì äëÿ îöåíêè ïîïóëÿöèîííûõ èçìåíåíèé ó âèäîâ, ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûõ ê èçìåíåíèÿì óñëîâèé îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. Íåäàâíèå òåëåìåòðè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ äàëè äîïîëíèòåëüíîå èçìåðåíèå äëÿ ïðîâåäåíèÿ òàêîãî ìîíèòîðèíãà. Õèùíûå ïòèöû ÿâëÿþòñÿ âàæíûì áèîëîãè÷åñêèì èíäèêàòîðîì, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëÿåò îòñëåæèâàòü èçìåíåíèÿ ñîñòîÿíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, à òàêæå àíòðîïîãåííóþ àêòèâíîñòü. Â êà÷åñòâå ïðèìåðà ðàññìîòðèì ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis). Âî âðåìÿ âåñåííåé è îñåííåé ìèãðàöèé, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ïîïóëÿöèè ñîñðåäîòà÷èâàåòñÿ â Ýéëàòå. Íåñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèå ïîäñ÷¸òû â 1977–2008 ãîäàõ âûÿâèëè ïîñòîÿííîå ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè. ×èñëî ìîëîäûõ ïòèö óïàëî ñ 30% â íà÷àëå 1980-õ, äî 11% â êîíöå 1990-õ. Ýòî ñíèæåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè âûõîäèò äàëåêî çà ïðåäåëû òåõ êîëåáàíèé, êîòîðûå áûëè îïèñàíû â ïðåäûäóùèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ. Íåäàâíèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ñïóòíèêîâîãî ñëåæåíèÿ ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî â ïîïóëÿöèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà ïðèñóòñòâóåò áîëüøàÿ âàðèàáåëüíîñòü â âûáîðå ïóòåé ìèãðàöèè, êîòîðàÿ ìîæåò îêàçàòüñÿ çàâèñèìîé îò ïîãîäíûõ óñëîâèé. Òàêæå îðëû âåñüìà íåïîñòîÿííû â âûáîðå ìåñò çèìîâêè, è ìîãóò îòäàâàòü ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ ðàçíûì îáëàñòÿì, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáèëèÿ êîðìîâîé áàçû. Èòàê, îáúåäèíÿÿ äàííûå ðàçëè÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ìû ïîëó÷àåì îáùóþ êàðòèíó èç êîòîðîé âèäíî, ÷òî èññëåäóåìûé âèä îáëàäàåò íåïîñòîÿíñòâîì, â êîòîðîì íåîáõîäèìî êàê ìîæíî ñêîðåå ðàçîáðàòüñÿ, ÷òîáû ëó÷øå îáåðåãàòü ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ.

* * * * *Visual migration surveys at migratory bottlenecks are vital to evaluate population fluctuations in environmentally sensitive species. Recent studies in telemetry add additional dimensions to these surveys. Raptors are important bioindicators that help identify environmental changes and anthropogenic activities. Just such an example is the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis). A large proportion of the population concentrate at Eilat during the spring and autumn migrations. Sporadic counts, 1977–2008, suggest a constant decline. The number of juveniles dropped from 30% in early 1980s to ca. 11% in late 1990s. The decline observed are well below the range of the fluctuations observed in previous surveys. Recent studies of satellite-telemetry show that Steppe Eagle populations show a great variability of migration routes which could be weather dependent. Also, they show a great fluctuation of wintering area fidelity and which depends on prey availability. Hence, the coupling of the different studies draws a picture of a species with great inconsistency and which makes it imperative to understand at the earliest so as to better conserve this important grassland species.

THE STEPPE EAGLE AQUILA NIPALENSIS – WINTERING AND

MIGRATION STRATEGIES

СТЕПНОЙ ОРЁЛ (AQUILA NIPALENSIS) – СТРАТЕГИИ ЗИМОВКИ И

МИГРАЦИИ

Reuven Joseph (Dept. of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat, Israel)

Рувен Йосеф (Кафедра естественных наук, Университет Бен-Гуриона в Негеве, Эйлат, Израиль)


Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) äî 50-õ ãã. XX â. áûë îáû÷íûì ïðåäñòàâèòåëåì õèùíûõ ïòèö ïîëóïóñòûííîãî Çàâîëæüÿ. Åãî ÷èñëåííîñòü ñòàëà ïàäàòü ïîñëå ðàñïàøêè öåëèííûõ è çàëåæíûõ çåìåëü. Íàøè èññëåäîâàíèÿ áûëè íàïðàâëåíû íà âûÿñíåíèå äèíàìèêè ÷èñëåííîñòè è îñîáåííîñòåé ýêîëîãèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà â ñîâðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ, à òàêæå íà èçó÷åíèå ëèìèòèðóþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ. Âñåãî çà 9 ëåò áûëî çàêàðòèðîâàíî 92 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêà ñòåïíîãî îðëà.

Îáëàñòü ñòàáèëüíîãî ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà îòìå÷åíà â Âîëãîãðàäñêîì Çàâîëæüå. Íàèáîëüøàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ãðóïïèðîâêà ñòåïíîãî îðëà âûÿâëåíà ó ïîñ. Êàòðè÷åâ, Ìàÿê Îêòÿáðÿ, Ðàññâåò, Òðàêòîðîñòðîé è Âèøí¸âêà, òîãäà êàê âîêðóã îç. Áóëóõòà, ãäå ïðåæäå áûëè âåñüìà ïëîòíûå ïîñåëåíèÿ ýòèõ ïòèö, äîñòèãàâøèå, êàê ìèíèìóì, 10 ïàð íà 100 êì2 (×åðíîáàé, 2004), êîëè÷åñòâî ãí¸çä â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ïîñòåïåííî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ.

Îáèëèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà íà îáñëåäîâàííîé òåððèòîðèè êîëåáàëîñü ïî ãîäàì, â ñðåäíåì, îò 2,13 äî 2,5 ïàð/100 êì2, à åãî ïîïóëÿöèÿ, íàñåëÿþùàÿ ïîëóïóñòûííûå ñêîòîâîä÷åñêèå ðàéîíû, ñ íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíûìè óñëîâèÿìè îáèòàíèÿ, â ðàéîíå îçåð Áóëóõòà – Ýëüòîí – Áîòêóëü (îêîëî 10 òûñ. êì2), ñîñòàâëÿåò íå ìåíåå 400 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð.

Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä (61,9%) ðàçìåùàëîñü íà çåìëå. Îòìå÷åíî çàñåëåíèå ïðèäîðîæíûõ ëåñîïîëîñ íà âÿçàõ (14,1%), íà ÿáëîíÿõ (5,4%), íà èâàõ è ëîõå (3,9%), íåñêîëüêî ðåæå – íà òàìàðèñêå, òîïîëå, êë¸íå, òåðíîâíèêå, 2 ñëó÷àÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íà ËÝÏ 500 êÂ è îäèí ñëó÷àé – íà èñêóññòâåííîé ïëàòôîðìå ó îç. Ýëüòîí.

Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ñòàë çàíèìàòü âûñîêîâîëüòíûå îïîðû (ËÝÏ 500 êÂ), òàê êàê íàçåìíûå ãíåçäîâüÿ ÷àñòî ãèáíóò â ñòåïíûõ ïîæàðàõ.

Â ñðåäíåì ýôôåêòèâíî ãíåçäèòñÿ 60% ïàð ñòåïíîãî îðëà, âûêàðìëèâàþùèõ îò 1 äî 3 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì – 1,8–2,05 ïòåíöà. Ýòî, î÷åâèäíî, íå äîñòàòî÷íî âûñîêèé ïîêàçàòåëü, ÷òîáû îáåñïå÷èòü ïðèðîñò ïîïóëÿöèè. Â 2010 è 2013 ãã. îòìå÷åíî ðåçêîå ñíèæåíèå óñïåøíûõ ãíåçäîâàíèé, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ïðèðîäíûìè óñëîâèÿìè.

* * * * *Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) was a common bird of prey in semiarid Trans-Volga region before the 1950’s but its number began to decline due to extensive plowing-up virgin and fallow lands. Our studies of Steppe Eagle were aimed at finding out the population dynamics and limiting factors as well as specific features of the species ecology under current conditions. During 9 years a total of 92 breeding sites had been mapped.

The area of sustain nesting in the Volgograd Trans-Volga region lies to the east of the line of Soldatsko-Stepnoye – Katrichev – Mayak Octyabrya, Rassvet, and Traktorostroy villages and to the south of Krasnocelets – Gormaki – Prudentov villages. The largest breeding population was discovered in the area near Katrichev, Mayak Octyabrya, Rassvet, Traktorostroy, and Vishnevka villages. At the same time the number of breeding sites around Lake Bulukhta is gradually decreasing whereas earlier there was recorded high density of breeding population with 10 pairs per 100 km2 at least (Chernobai, 2004).

In whole the steppe eagle population density fluctuates annually having 2.13–2.5 pairs per 100 km2 on average. At least 400 breeding pairs are nesting in the semi-desert rangelands near Lakes Bulukhta, Elton, and Botkul where environment should be considered as the most favorable for steppe eagle.

Most of the nests (61.9%) were located on the ground. We also recorded Steppe Eagle occupying roadside tree belts: 14.1% of all the nests were located in roadside elms, 5.4% in apple trees, 3.9% in willow and oleaster. Tamarisk, poplar, maple, and blackthorn were used as nest trees less frequently. Also recorded 2 occupied nests on the 500 kV transmission tower and only single nest was located on an artificial platform near Lake Elton.

In the recent years steppe eagles have come to occupy 500 kV transmission towers. Probably for the reason of steppe fires which are quite frequently destroyed the nests on the ground. On average breeding effectiveness of steppe eagle in the region is 60%. There is 1 to 3 (1.8–2.05 on average) nestlings per a living nest. Apparently this figure is not sufficiently high to ensure population increase. In the years of 2010 and 2013 we recorded a steep decline of breeding successfulness due to the environmental conditions.

THE STEPPE EAGLE AQUILA NIPALENSIS IN SEMI-ARID TRANS-

VOLGA REGION

СТЕПНОЙ ОРЕЛ (AQUILA NIPALENSIS) В ПОЛУПУСТЫННОМ

ЗАВОЛЖЬЕ

Valeriy N. Pimenov (Volgograd branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union, Volzhskiy, Volgograd district, Russia)

Валерий Н. Пименов (Волгоградское отделение СОПР, Волжский, Волгоградская область, Россия)


MATERIALS ON THE NUMBERS AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE

STEPPE EAGLE AQUILA NIPALENSIS IN THE NORTH-EAST OF

KALMYKIA

МАТЕРИАЛЫ ПО ЧИСЛЕННОСТИ И БИОЛОГИИ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЯ

СТЕПНОГО ОРЛА (AQUILA NIPALENSIS) НА СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОКЕ

КАЛМЫКИИ

Valentin M. Muzaev, Gennadiy I. Erdnenov (Kalmyk State University, Elista, Russia)

Валентин М. Музаев, Геннадий И. Эрдненов (Калмыцкий государственный университет, Элиста, Россия)

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) â Êàëìûêèè â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòèëåòèÿ ðåçêî ñîêðàòèëñÿ â ÷èñëåííîñòè. Îñíîâíûå ïðè÷èíû: óõóäøåíèå êîðìîâîé áàçû, ïðåæäå âñåãî èç-çà ãëóáîêîé äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìàëîãî ñóñëèêà, ãèáåëü íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è. Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ãíåçäîâàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â ðåãèîíå – 500–700 ïàð.

Ìàòåðèàë ñîáðàí 18–22 àïðåëÿ è 14–18 ìàÿ 2011 ã. â ðàìêàõ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé ðåêîãíîñöèðîâêè Áàðóí-Þñòèíñêîãî ëèöåíçèîííîãî ó÷àñòêà ÎÎÎ «Øåëë Íåôòåãàç Äåâåëîïìåíò (III)», îõâàòûâàâøåãî, â îñíîâíîì, ñåâåð Þñòèíñêîãî è âîñòîê Îêòÿáðüñêîãî ðàéîíîâ Êàëìûêèè. Ïîèñê îðëîâ è èõ ãí¸çä ïðîâîäèëñÿ íà àâòîìîáèëüíûõ ìàðøðóòàõ (1100 êì) ñ ó÷¸òíîé ïîëîñîé 1 êì ïî 5 ïðîäîëüíûì è 9 ïîïåðå÷íûì òðàíñåêòàì.

Âñåãî íàéäåíî 25 æèëûõ ãí¸çä, ñðåäíÿÿ ïëîòíîñòü – 2,2 ïàðû/100 êì2. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãí¸çä ïî ó÷àñòêó î÷åíü íåðàâíîìåðíîå. 23 ãíåçäà ðàñïîëàãàëèñü íà çåìëå, îáû÷íî íà âîçâûøàþùèõñÿ ýëåìåíòàõ ëàíäøàôòà ëèáî ðÿäîì ñ íèìè, ïî÷òè ïîëîâèíà èç íèõ (n=10) – íà ñóñëèêîâèíàõ. Ïî 1 ãíåçäó íàéäåíî íà äåðåâå è îáåñòî÷åííîì ñòîëáå ËÝÏ. Íîâûõ è äîñòðîåííûõ ñòàðûõ ãí¸çä áûëî ïðèìåðíî ïîðîâíó. Îòêëàäêà ÿèö (ïî âîçðàñòó ïòåíöîâ â 8 ãí¸çäàõ) – â 3-é äåêàäå ìàðòà – 1-é äåêàäå àïðåëÿ. Êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â çàâåðøåííûõ êëàäêàõ (n=9) – îò 1 äî 5 (1 ñëó÷àé), â îñíîâíîì – 2 èëè 3; â ñðåäíåì – 2,6 ÿéöà íà êëàäêó.

* * * * *The population of the steppe eagle has considerably gone down in numbers in Kalmykia. The chief reasons for that are food supply deterioration most notably due to minuscule numbers of small ground squirrels (Citellus pygmaeus) and bird deaths occurring when landing on power transmission lines. The current nesting number of the species in the region is estimated at 500–700 pairs.

The materials were gathered on April, 18–22 and May, 14–18, 2011 as part of the ornithological reconnaissance survey of the Barun-Yustinsky licensed site “Shell Neftegaz Development (III)”, Ltd. which encompassed the Northern area of the Yustunsky district and the Eastern area of the Oktyabrsky district. The search for eagles and their nests was performed along the auto routes (1100 km) with a 1 km interval for making records along 5 oblong and 9 transverse transects.

A total of 25 inhabited nests were discovered with the average density of 2.2 pairs per 100 km2. The areal spreading of the nests is very irregular with 23 nests resting on the ground, normally on elevated sites of the landscape or near them and half of them (n=10) located on ground squirrel holes. One nest was found on a tree and one – on a de-energized power transmission pole. The number of new nests and that of old finished nests were almost the same. Determining the age of younglings in 8 separate nests suggested that the egg-laying period lasts the first ten days of March and the first ten days of April. The number of eggs in the finished batches (n=9) is 1 to 5 (1 case) but primarily 2 to 3 which makes 2.6 eggs per batch.


Ñòåïè è ïîëóïóñòûíè Òóðãàÿ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè àðåàëà ñòåïíîãî îðëà. Â ïîëîñå ñóõèõ ñòåïåé ýòîò õèùíèê ðåäîê – ãí¸çäà ðàçìåùàþòñÿ íà ó÷àñòêàõ ïîëûííî-çëàêîâûõ è êîìïëåêñíûõ ñòåïåé, ïðèóðî÷åííûõ, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, ê ïîëîãèì ñêëîíàì ñòîëîâûõ ïëàòî, ðå÷íûõ äîëèí è êðóïíûõ îç¸ðíûõ êîòëîâèí. Íàèáîëåå ñåâåðíûå òî÷êè ãíåçäîâàíèÿ èçâåñòíû íà øèðîòå 52î, þæíåå Àìàíêàðàãàÿ. Íà ãëèíèñòûõ ðàâíèíàõ þãà Òóðãàÿ ñòåïíîé îð¸ë ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðíîé ïòèöåé, îñîáåííî â ðàéîíàõ ïîñåëåíèé æåëòîãî è ìàëîãî ñóñëèêîâ, ïðèâëåêàþùèõ íåïîëîâîçðåëûõ îðëîâ. Íî è çäåñü èìåþòñÿ îáøèðíûå ìàññèâû âîëíèñòûõ è ëîæáèííî-ãðèâèñòûõ ïåñ÷àíûõ ñòåïåé, ãäå îí íå ãíåçäèòñÿ. Îáùàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè îöåíèâàåòñÿ â 400–600 ïàð.

Çàìåòíûõ íåãàòèâíûõ òåíäåíöèé â Òóðãàå ïîêà íå âûÿâëåíî. Óðîâåíü óãðîç, âûäåëåííûõ äëÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà â êà÷åñòâå îñíîâíûõ, çäåñü íå ñòîëü êðèòè÷åí, êàê â íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â ñóõèõ ñòåïÿõ ñêëîíîâûå âàðèàíòû íå ðàñïàõèâàëèñü, à â ïîëóïóñòûíÿõ ïàøíÿ çàíèìàëà íè÷òîæíóþ ïëîùàäü. Èìåâøèå îãðîìíóþ ïðîòÿæåííîñòü âíóòðèõîçÿéñòâåííûå ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷ â 10 êÂò, ñ ëèêâèäàöèåé ïîëåâûõ áðèãàä, çèìîâîê è îòäåëåíèé ñîâõîçîâ (íà þãå – 100%), áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ äåìîíòèðîâàíû, ãîðíîäîáûâàþùèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé è íåôòåãàçîâûõ ïðîìûñëîâ, ê ñ÷àñòüþ äëÿ îðëîâ, çäåñü íåò. Ïðîáëåìîé ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïîæàðû, íåðåäêî îõâàòûâàþùèå îãðîìíûå òåððèòîðèè. Â ñåâåðíûõ ðàéîíàõ, â ñâÿçè ñ íèçêèìè ïàñòáèùíûìè íàãðóçêàìè, âîçìîæíî, íåêîòîðîå óõóäøåíèå êîðìîâîé áàçû. Ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî áîëüøàÿ ñìåðòíîñòü îðëîâ ïðîèñõîäèò íà ïóòÿõ ïðîë¸òà è â ìåñòàõ çèìîâîê è ýòî, íàðÿäó ñ îáùåé íåãàòèâíîé ñèòóàöèåé â àðåàëå, ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ãëàâíîé óãðîçîé äëÿ ýòîãî õèùíèêà.

* * * * *Steppes and semi-deserts of Turgay are located in the central part of the natural habitat of the steppe eagle. The predator is not often to seen in the dry steppe zones as the nests are located in sagebrush-gramineous and complex steppe areas which are mainly confined to the smooth slopes of table plateaus, river valleys and large lake basins. The most northern nests detected are located in latitude 52o to the south from Amankaragaya. The steppe eagle is oftentimes encountered on the clay plains of in the south of Turgay, especially in the areas inhabited by small ground squirrels and yellow ground squirrels that attract immature eagles. But even here there are extensive tracts of billowy and hollow, jubate sandy steppes where the species never nests. The total number of the nest population is estimated at 400–600 breeding pairs.

No significant negative conditions in Turgai have yet been identified. The risks recognized as the most detrimental to the steppe eagle are not as critical here as they are in some other regions. The slope surroundings were not ploughed up in dry steppes and in the semi-deserts the arable lands occupied a tiny area. The 10 kilowatt in-house power lines of enormous dimensions were for the most part (100% in the south) disassembled along with the state farms, hibernation areas and field crews. Fortunately for the eagles, there are no mining enterprises and oil and gas business here. The problem is fires often burst out covering large areas. There must be some food supply deterioration in the northern areas due to poor grazing pressure. Presumably the high death rate of eagles occurs during the passage to or while in the hibernating areas. This is the main threat to the predator along with the overall negative situation in the natural habitat.

THE STEPPE EAGLE AQUILA NIPALENSIS IN TURGAI: STATUS AND

PROSPECTS

СТЕПНОЙ ОРЁЛ (AQUILA NIPALENSIS) В ТУРГАЕ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

Eugene A. Bragin (Kostanai State Pedagogical Institute, Naurzum State Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan)

Евгений А. Брагин (Костанайский государственный педагогический институт, Наурзумский государственный природный заповедник, Казахстан)


Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïðåäãîðíîé ÷àñòè Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ, â îñíîâíîì â ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåçëåñíûõ ñòåïíûõ ïðåäãîðüÿõ, õîòÿ îòäåëüíûå ïàðû âñòðå÷àþòñÿ è â ãîðíîé ëåñîñòåïè. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà òåððèòîðèè êðàÿ èçâåñòíî 100 ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñòåïíîãî îðëà, íà 68 èç íèõ íàéäåíî 95 ãí¸çä, áîëüøèíñòâî êîòîðûõ (63,3%) ðàñïîëàãàëîñü íà ñêàëàõ, îñòàëüíûå – íà ðàçâàëàõ êàìåííûõ ãëûá, çåìëå, âåðøèíàõ áîëüøèõ êàìíåé, ìîææåâåëîâîì ñòëàíèêå, êóñòàõ è ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ. Îòêëàäêà ÿèö ïðîèñõîäèò ñ ñåðåäèíû àïðåëÿ ïî ñåðåäèíó ìàÿ, ïòåíöû âûëóïëÿþòñÿ ñ êîíöà ìàÿ ïî êîíåö èþíÿ, âûëåò ìîëîäûõ íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ êîíöà èþëÿ. Íèçêèé, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ áîëüøèíñòâîì äðóãèõ õèùíèêîâ, âêëþ÷àÿ îðëîâ, óñïåõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà (íà ïàðó çäåñü â ñðåäíåì âûëåòàåò 1,38±0,74 ïòåíöà ïðè ñðåäíåì ðàçìåðå êëàäêè 1,94±0,54 ÿéöà), íåñìîòðÿ íà îáèëèå ïèùè è âûñîêóþ çàíÿòîñòü ãí¸çä (83%), ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î òîì, ÷òî ýòîò âèä – ñàìûé óÿçâèìûé èç âñåõ îðëîâ Àëòàéñêîãî êðàÿ è áîëüøå äðóãèõ íóæäàåòñÿ â îõðàíå. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî ãíåçäèòñÿ îí, êàê ïðàâèëî, íà ïîëîãèõ äîñòóïíûõ ñêàëàõ èëè âîîáùå íà çåìëå, è åãî ãí¸çäà ëåãêî äîñòóïíû äëÿ õèùíûõ çâåðåé è ÷åëîâåêà. Ïîýòîìó è ðàçîðÿþòñÿ îíè ãîðàçäî ÷àùå.

* * * * *Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) is nesting in the submontane part of Altai Territory, predominantly in the almost treeless steppe foothills and sporadically in the mountain wooded steppe.

Currently, about 100 breeding sites of Steppe Eagle are known in the Territory, 68 of them we visited, and recorded 95 nests here. In most cases (63.3%) the nests were situated on rocks. Other nesting substrates were: stone heaps, the ground, tops of large boulders, juniper elfin woods, shrubs, and transmission tower in single case.

Egg laying occurs from mid-April to mid-May, hatching from the end of May to the end of June, and fledglings leaving the nests from the end of July. Steppe Eagle has low breeding success in the area despite the high availability of food and high occupation rate (83%). On average 1.38±0.74 fledglings leaving the nest per pair when mean laying size is 1.94±0.54 eggs. It is low as compared with most other local birds of prey, including other eagle species. It makes clear that Steppe Eagle appears to be the most vulnerable species among all eagles in Altai Territory and thus should be a higher ptiority for protection.

This is due to the fact that the Steppe Eagle nests are usually located on the shallow, easily accessible rocks or even on the ground. Thus the nests are within easy reach of the predatory animals and humans, who frequently kill clutch or brood.

ТHE STEPPE EAGLE AQUILA NIPALENSIS IN THE ALTAI KRAY

СТЕПНОЙ ОРЕЛ (AQUILA NIPALENSIS) В АЛТАЙСКОМ КРАЕ

Sergey V. Vazhov (Altai State Academy of Education, Biysk, Russia)

Сергей В. Важов (Алтайская государственная академия образования им. В.М. Шукшина, Бийск, Россия)


Â íà÷àëå 1990-õ ãã., ñîâåðøåííî íåèçâåñòíàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ ÿñòðåáèíîãî îðëà (Aquila fasciata) áûëà îáíàðóæåíà â Ïîðòóãàëèè. Òà óäèâèòåëüíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü, ÷òî îíà ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ ñîñòîÿëà èç äðåâåñòíîãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð, âäîõíîâèëà ìíîæåñòâî íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, êîòîðûå ñäåëàëè ýòó ïîïóëÿöèþ îäíîé èç ñàìûõ èçâåñòíûõ. Ìîíèòîðèíã ïîêàçàë óñòîé÷èâûé ðîñò ÷èñëåííîñòè îò íåìíîãèì áîëåå 30 ïàð ïî÷òè äî 100 ïàð â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, ïðè ýòîì âèä êîëîíèçèðóåò íåçàíÿòûå ëèøåííûå ñêàë ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ, îñâàèâàÿ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ ñòàðûå äåðåâüÿ. Ãåíåòè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîêàçàëè îòëè÷èÿ îò ñîñåäíèõ ïîïóëÿöèé. Â öåëîì, áëàãîäàðÿ ýòèì îñîáåííîñòÿì ýòà ïîïóëÿöèÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò îãðîìíûé èíòåðåñ, è áûëè ðàçðàáîòàíû ñïåöèàëüíûå ìåðû ïî åå îõðàíå.

Íàõîäÿùèéñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ èñïàíñêèé ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila adalberti) èñ÷åç íà ãíåçäîâàíèè â Ïîðòóãàëèè â 1980 ã., ðàçìíîæåíèå îòñóòñòâîâàëî òóò íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ïî÷òè 30 ëåò. Ñåé÷àñ âèä áûñòðî âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ, è óæå èçâåñòíû 11 ïàð â òðåõ îáëàñòÿõ. Õîòÿ äëÿ ýòîãî áûëè ïðåäïðèíÿòû ñïåöèàëüíûå ìåðû ïî ìîíèòîðèíãó è îõðàíå, âûñîêàÿ àêòóàëüíîñòü ýòîãî âîçâðàùåíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îñíîâàíèåì äëÿ ïîñëåäóþùèõ ìåæäèñöèïëèíàðíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, êàê îñíîâà äëÿ íàó÷íî îáîñíîâàííîãî ñîõðàíåíèÿ.

* * * * *In the early 1990’s, a completely unknown population of Bonelli’s eagles (Aquila fasciata) was discovered in Portugal. The surprising feature that it was almost entirely made up of tree-nesters inspired a set of scientific studies that made this population one of the best known. Monitoring has showed a steady growth from little over 30 pairs to almost 100 at present, while colonising unoccupied cliffless habitats and relying on old trees for nesting. Genetic studies revealed a marked differentiation from adjacent populations. Altogether, these features made this a population of high conservation concern, and accordingly conservation actions have developed.

The endangered Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti) stopped breeding in Portugal in the 1980’s and remained so for nearly 30 years. The species is returning at a growing rate and presently sums 11 pairs known in three areas. Although some monitoring efforts and focal conservation actions have been undertaken, the high relevance of this return warrants further multidisciplinary research as a basis for sound scientifically based conservation.

SECTION 6. METHODS OF STUDY AND

CONSERVATION OF EAGLES

СЕКЦИЯ 6. МЕТОДЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ И ОХРАНЫ ОРЛОВ

TWENTY YEARS OF RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION OF

ENDANGERED EAGLES IN PORTUGAL

ДВАДЦАТЬ ЛЕТ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ И ОХРАНЫ ИСЧЕЗАЮЩИХ

ОРЛОВ В ПОРТУГАЛИИ

Luís Palma, Pedro Beja (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão, Portugal)Roberto Sánchez (Spain)

Луис Палма, Педро Беже (Исследовательский центр по биоразнообразию и генетическим ресурсам, Ваирао, Португалия) Роберто Санчес (Испания)


Ñ 1998 ã. â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè (Ðîññèÿ) ðåàëèçóåòñÿ ïðîåêò ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû: çà 15 ëåò áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî 334 ïëàòôîðìû. Â 1999 ã. óñòàíîâëåí ïîñòîÿííûé ìîíèòîðèíã áîëüøåé ÷àñòè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. Çà âðåìÿ ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ïðîåêòà ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû èñïîëüçîâàëèñü 5 âèäàìè êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö: ñêîïîé (Pandion haliaetus), îðëàíîì-áåëîõâîñòîì (Haliaeetus albicilla), áåðêóòîì (Aquila chrysaetos), ìîãèëüíèêîì (Aquila heliaca) è áîëüøèì ïîäîðëèêîì (Aquila clanga). Ïî ñîñòîÿíèþ íà 2009 ã. ñêîïàìè èñïîëüçîâàëîñü 14–17 ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì íà 2-õ ïëîùàäêàõ. Íà îäíîé èç ïëîùàäîê, ïðîéäåííîé ïîæàðàìè â 2010 ã. ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè èñïîëüçóåòñÿ 4 ïëàòôîðìû. Íà âòîðîé ïëîùàäêå â 2012 ã. ïî íåóñòàíîâëåííûì ïðè÷èíàì ïðîèçîøëî ðåçêîå ïàäåíèå ÷èñëà ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàð. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè íà íåé ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ 2 ïàðû â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãíåçäàõ, ïîñòðîåííûõ â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîñòè áëèçîñòè îò ïëàòôîðì. Ê 2007 ã. íà 3õ ïëîùàäêàõ 10–12 ïàð áåðêóòîâ èñïîëüçîâàëè äëÿ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûå ïëàòôîðìû. Ñ 2008 ã. íà îñíîâíîé ïëîùàäêå ÷èñëî ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàð ñòàëî ñîêðàùàòüñÿ, êîððåëÿöèîííî ðàçâèâàþùåéñÿ äåïðåññèè ÷èñëåííîñòè çàéöà-áåëÿêà è ïòèö ñåì. òåòåðåâíèíûõ – îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ îðëà è ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè çäåñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ îòìå÷àþòñÿ ëèøü ñëåäû ïðèñóòñòâèÿ ïòèö. Íà 2-é ïëîùàäêå ðàçìíîæåíèå áåðêóòà ïåðåñòàëî ôèêñèðîâàòüñÿ ñ 2003 ã. Íà 3-é ïëîùàäêå â 2013 ã. áåðêóò âíîâü ñòàë ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ ïîñëå 3-õ ëåòíåãî ïåðåðûâà â ñâÿçè ñ âîññòàíîâëåíèåì îñíîâíûõ îáúåêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ. Ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè 6 ïàð îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà èñïîëüçîâàëè ïëàòôîðìû, îäíàêî ïîñòîÿííîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íàáëþäàåòñÿ òîëüêî íà îäíîé. Ìîãèëüíèêîì è áîëüøèì ïîäîðëèêîì èñïîëüçîâàëîñü ïî 1 ïëàòôîðìå ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ îêàçàëèñü íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûìè äëÿ áåðêóòà è ñêîïû. Äîñòîâåðíî óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ïîñðåäñòâîì ïðîâåäåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ÷èñëåííîñòü ýòèõ âèäîâ óâåëè÷èëàñü.

* * * * *Since 1998, the project for attracting large raptors to nesting platforms has been carried out in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Russia): 334 nesting platforms have been installed over the last 15 years. In 1999 a permanent monitoring of most of the artificial nests was started. Throughout the project the nesting platforms have been used by the 5 species of large raptors: the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) and the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga). As of the 2009, 14–17 platforms were used by ospreys in 2 territories. In one of the breeding territories, affected by fires in 2010, 4 platforms are currently remaining in use. In the second territory, a sharp drop in the number of breeding pairs occurred for unknown reasons in 2012. At present, 2 breeding pairs in natural nests built near the platforms are being observed. By 2007, 10–12 pairs of the Golden Eagle used nest platforms for breeding in the 3 study areas. Since 2008, the number of the breeding pairs in the main study area began to decline, correlating with the reduction of the blue-hare and the grouse populations, both being the main food for the Eagle. Only traces of the birds’ presence are currently observed. The breeding of the Golden Eagle has ceased to be recorded since 2003 in the second study area, whilst in the third study area the Golden Eagle started breeding again in 2013 after a 3-year interval, due to the recovery of the main food resources. By now, 6 pairs of the White-tailed Eagle have used the platforms, but a stable breeding is observed only in one of them. The Imperial Eagle and the Greater Spotted Eagle have made use of 1 platform each. The undertaken biotechnical measures have been the most efficient for the Golden Eagle and the Osprey. It is conclusively established that the taken measures have led to the increased number of the species.

RESULTS OF THE MONITORING OF NESTING PLATFORMS FOR LARGE

RAPTORS IN THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD DISTRICT

ИТОГИ МОНИТОРИНГА ГНЕЗДОВЫХ ПЛАТФОРМ ДЛЯ КРУПНЫХ

ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Alexey P. Levashkin, Sergey V. Bakka, Igor V. Karyakin, Nadezhda Yu. Kiseleva (N. Novgorod branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union Foundation of Ecocenter “DRONT”, N. Novgorod, Russia)

Алексей П. Левашкин, Сергей В. Бакка, Игорь В. Карякин, Надежда Ю. Кисилева (Фонд Нижегородского отделения СОПР при Экоцентре «Дронт», Нижний Новгород, Россия)


Áþäæåò âðåìåíè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ïàð áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) èçó÷àëñÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ òèïàõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé Áåëàðóñè. Íàáëþäåíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü íåïðåðûâíî, â òå÷åíèå 6–8 ÷àñîâ, äâóìÿ íàáëþäàòåëÿìè, ðàñïîëîæåííûìè â ðàçíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ãíåçäîâîãî ó÷àñòêà, ñ ïîìèíóòíîé ôèêñàöèåé ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿ èçó÷àåìîé îñîáè è ôîðìû å¸ àêòèâíîñòè. Ìåñòîïîëîæåíèå îñîáè îïðåäåëÿëîñü âèçóàëüíî è îòìå÷àëîñü íà ñõåìå îõîòíè÷üåãî ó÷àñòêà, ðàçäåë¸ííîãî íà êâàäðàòû ñòîðîíîé 500 ì. Íàáëþäåíèÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ñ òðåõêðàòíîé ïîâòîðíîñòüþ â òå÷åíèå êàæäîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ñåçîíà: â íà÷àëå ìàÿ, â êîíöå èþíÿ è â àâãóñòå. Äàííûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðåäîñòàâèëè âîçìîæíîñòü îöåíèòü, íàñêîëüêî èçìåíÿåòñÿ êàðòèíà áþäæåòà âðåìåíè è õàðàêòåðà èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâà îõîòíè÷üåãî ó÷àñòêà ïîäîðëèêîâ ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè èíòåðâàëîâ ìåæäó íàáëþäåíèÿìè, ÷òî âàæíî ó÷èòûâàòü, íàïðèìåð, ïðè èíòåðïðåòàöèè äàííûõ ñïóòíèêîâîé èëè GSM òåëåìåòðèè. Ñðàâíèâàëèñü ðåçóëüòàòû ïðè èíòåðâàëàõ íàáëþäåíèÿ 1 ìèí, 10 ìèí, 15 ìèí, 30 ìèí è 60 ìèí, ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì «Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunns post test» â ïðîãðàììå Statistica 6. Äëÿ àíàëèçà èñïîëüçîâàëèñü äàííûå áþäæåòà âðåìåíè (3657 ðåãèñòðàöèé) ñàìöà îäíîé ïàðû áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêîâ, ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ â åñòåñòâåííîì êðóïíîì ëåñî-áîëîòíîì ìàññèâå. Òåñòèðîâàëîñü äâà ïàðàìåòðà: 1) îòíîñèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ, çàòðà÷åííîå ñàìöîì íà êàæäóþ èç ôîðì àêòèâíîñòè, 2) îòíîñèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ, ïðîâåä¸ííîå èì â êàæäîì èç êâàäðàòîâ îõîòíè÷üåãî ó÷àñòêà. Ïî ïåðâîìó ïàðàìåòðó àíàëèç ïîêàçàë îòñóòñòâèå äîñòîâåðíûõ ðàçëè÷èé ìåæäó ðàçíûìè èíòåðâàëàìè íàáëþäåíèÿ. Ïî âòîðîìó ïàðàìåòðó óñòàíîâëåíû ñòàòèñòè÷åñêè çíà÷èìûå ðàçëè÷èÿ âðåìåíè íàõîæäåíèÿ ïîäîðëèêà â ðàçëè÷íûõ ñåêòîðàõ îõîòíè÷üåãî ó÷àñòêà ïðè ïåðèîäè÷íîñòè íàáëþäåíèÿ ðåæå, ÷åì 1 ðàç â 15 ìèíóò (P < 0,01).

* * * * *The time budget of Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) nesting pairs has been examined in various sorts of habitats in Belarus. The monitoring was ceaselessly performed by two examiners over the period of 6-8 hours located in different parts of the nesting site recording minute by minute the location of the subject under examination and its activities. The location of the subject was determined visually and then marked on the chart of the hunting area divided into squares; each side representing 500 m. The monitoring activities were performed on three separate occasions over the course of each nesting season that is in early May, in late June and in August. The data gathered made it possible to assess the changes in the time budget and the usage pattern of the hunting area inhabited by Greater Spotted Eagles with growing intervals between the monitoring sessions. It is important to take it into account, say, whilst interpreting data coming from satellite or GSM telemetry. Monitoring results with intervals of 1 minute, 10 minutes, 15 minutes and 60 minutes were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunns post test in “Statistica 6” program. For analysis they used data of the time budget (3657 registrations) of the male of a Greater Spotted Eagle pair nesting in a natural large bog interspersed with trees. Two parameters were tested: 1) the relative amount of time the male spent on each activity, 2) the relative amount of time the male spent in each square of the hunting area. As for the first parameter the analysis showed up no significant differences between different monitoring intervals. The second parameter helped establish statistically considerable time differences of the presence of the Spotted Eagle under examination in various sectors of the hunting area with the monitoring interval less than 1 time each 15 minutes (P < 0,01).

A STUDY OF THE TIME BUDGET OF THE GREATER SPOTTED EAGLE

AQUILA CLANGA: HOW THE FREQUENCY OF OBSERVATION AFFECTS

THE RELIABILITY OF THE RESULTS

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ БЮДЖЕТА ВРЕМЕНИ БОЛЬШОГО ПОДОРЛИКА

(AQUILA CLANGA): КАК ПЕРИОДИЧНОСТЬ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ВЛИЯЕТ

НА ДОСТОВЕРНОСТЬ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ

Valery Ch. Dombrovski (National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus)Marina G. Dmitrenok, Pavel A. Pakul (Scientific and Practical Center of the Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus)

Валерий Ч. Домбровский (Национальная академия наук Беларуси, Минск, Беларусь)Марина Г. Дмитренок, Павел А. Пакуль (ГНПО «Научно-практический центр Национальной Академии наук Беларуси по биоресурсам», Минск, Беларусь)


Êàæäûé, êòî êîãäà-ëèáî èçó÷àë êðóïíûõ õèùíèêîâ, çíàåò, ÷òî òî÷íîå îïðåäåëåíèå ÷èñëà ïòåíöîâ â ãíåçäå ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî ñëîæíîé çàäà÷åé. Ïòåíöû ìîãóò çàëå÷ü â ãíåçäå èç-çà ïëîõîé ïîãîäû, òðåâîæíûõ êðèêîâ ðîäèòåëåé èëè ïî èíûì ïðè÷èíàì. Â òî æå âðåìÿ, âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä, à òàêæå ãåîìåòðèÿ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ íàáëþäàòåëÿ è ãíåçäà ìîãóò ïðåïÿòñòâîâàòü ðàññìîòðåíèþ ëîòêà ãíåçäà, ÷òî ïîðîæäàåò ñîìíåíèÿ â òî÷íîì îïðåäåëåíèè ñîäåðæèìîãî ãíåçäà. Â ïîäîáíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðèõîäèòñÿ çàáèðàòüñÿ íà ãíåçäà, èñïîëüçóÿ àëüïèíèñòñêîå ñíàðÿæåíèå è çàòðà÷èâàÿ çíà÷èòåëüíîå âðåìÿ. Â Ìàãàäàíñêîé îáëàñòè íàìè áûë ñ óñïåõîì èñïîëüçîâàí ñâåðõë¸ãêèé ëåòàòåëüíûé àïïàðàò (äåëüòàë¸ò), êîòîðûé òàêæå ïîçâîëÿë çàãëÿíóòü âíóòðü ãíåçäà. Ñ 2012 ã. ìû èñïîëüçóåì áåñïèëîòíûé ëåòàòåëüíûé àïïàðàò (ÁÏËÀ), îáîðóäîâàííûé âèäåîêàìåðîé, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëÿåò ðàññìîòðåòü ñîäåðæèìîå ãíåçäà ïðè ìèíèìàëüíûõ çàòðàòàõ âðåìåíè è ïðè ìèíèìàëüíîì áåñïîêîéñòâå ïòèö. Â ñòàòüå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ îñîáåííîñòè êîíñòðóêöèè àïïàðàòà, âîçìîæíûå êîíôèãóðàöèè, à òàêæå îïûò, ïðèîáðåò¸ííûé ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè àïïàðàòîâ â óñëîâèÿõ íàñòîÿùåé äèêîé ïðèðîäû âäàëè îò èñòî÷íèêîâ ýíåðãèè.

* * * * *Everybody who ever dared to study raptors knows that the precise determination of the number of chicks in the nest could be a challenging task. The chicks could lay flat down in the nest due to bad weather, alarm calls of parents or any other reasons. The height of the nest and the geometrical position of the observer and the nest sometimes prohibit direct observations of the inside of the nest. In such cases it was customary to use mountaineering and tree-climbing equipment; however climbing also requires considerable time. In the Magadan district we successfully deployed ultralight aircraft (as well as supporting ground crew) for observing inside of the nests. From 2012 we used a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with video camera, which allows to look into the nest with minimal time and disturbance. The paper deals with details of design, workable configurations, as well as experience gained in the deployment of UAVs in remote wild areas far away from the energy sources.

USAGE OF UAV FOR SURVEYING STELLER’S SEA EAGLE HALIAEETUS

PELAGICUS NESTS

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ БЕСПИЛОТНИКОВ ДЛЯ ОСМОТРА ГНЕЗД

БЕЛОПЛЕЧЕГО ОРЛАНА (HALIAEETUS PELAGICUS)




Ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ ñ âûñîêîâîëüòíûìè ëèíèÿìè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è è âåòðÿíûìè ýëåêòðîñòàíöèÿìè ÷àñòî ñëóæàò ïðè÷èíîé ãèáåëè îðëîâ. Ðåøåíèåì ñëóæèò ïîäõîäÿùåå ðàñïîëîæåíèå è èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñòðàòåãèé, ñíèæàþùèõ íåãàòèâíîå âëèÿíèå ýòèõ êîíñòðóêöèé â çîíàõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ îðëîâ, êîòîðîå îñíîâûâàåòñÿ íà ñîâåòàõ ýêîëîãîâ, îïèðàþùèõñÿ íà òùàòåëüíîå 3-ìåðíîå èçó÷åíèå òðàåêòîðèé ïîëåòà ïòèö â òå÷åíèå äëèòåëüíîãî ïðîìåæóòêà âðåìåíè.

×òîáû ðàçðàáîòàòü ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî óñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèþ îäíîé èç âåòðîâûõ ýëåêòðîñòàíöèé â Øâåöèè, ìû ïðèìåíèëè òåõíèêó, êîòîðàÿ îïèðàåòñÿ íà èñïîëüçîâàíèå áèíîêëåé, îñíàù¸ííûõ ëàçåðíûìè äàëüíîìåðàìè è âîçìîæíîñòüþ çàïèñè äàííûõ, äëÿ îòñëåæèâàíèÿ ìåñòîïîëîæåíèÿ è âûñîòû ïîë¸òà îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ íà ïóòÿõ èõ ñëåäîâàíèÿ, è èñïîëüçîâàëè ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûå äëÿ îöåíêè ðèñêîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñî ñòîëêíîâåíèÿìè ïòèö ñ òóðáèíàìè.

Â ýòîì äîêëàäå ìû îïèñûâàåì ïîëåâîé ìåòîä, èñïîëüçîâàííûé äëÿ çàïèñè òðàåêòîðèè ïîë¸òà, ïîäãîòîâêè äàííûõ äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ ìîäåëè, îöåíèâàþùèé ðèñêè ñòîëêíîâåíèé, è ðàññìàòðèâàåì ïðåèìóùåñòâà è îãðàíè÷åíèÿ ýòèõ ìåòîäèê, à òàêæå ðÿä ñèòóàöèé, â êîòîðûõ íàøà ìåòîäèêà ìîæåò áûòü ýôôåêòèâíî èñïîëüçîâàíà.

* * * * *Collision with power lines and wind turbines is a demonstrated cause of mortality in eagles. Appropriate siting and strategies to mitigate the effects of these developments in areas used by eagles’ benefit from conservation advice based on accurate 3-dimensional flight-path monitoring of birds using the area over time.

To achieve this at a proposed wind farm site in Sweden we have employed a technique using binoculars fitted with laser range-finding and data storage capabilities to obtain flight location and height information along the flight routes of White-tailed Eagles and used the data to obtain turbine-specific collision risk estimates.

Here we describe the field method used to obtain flight paths, how the field data was prepared for collision risk modelling and explore the advantages and limitations of this technique and the range of situations where it could be effectively used.

ASSESSING COLLISION RISK IN WHITE-TAILED EAGLES HALIAEETUS

ALBICILLA USING LASER RANGE-FINDER TECHNOLOGY

МЕТОД ОЦЕНКИ РИСКА СТОЛКНОВЕНИЯ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА

(HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA) С ВЕТРЯНЫМИ ЭЛЕКТРОСТАНЦИЯМИ С

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЛАЗЕРНОГО ДАЛЬНОМЕРА

Simon T. Hulka (Natural Research Projects Ltd, Weymouth, United Kingdom)

Саймон Т. Хулка (Природные исследовательские проекты, Уэймут, Дорсет, Великобритания)


Áåëîïëå÷èå îðëàíû (Haliaeetus pelagicus) áûëè ïîìå÷åíû êðûëîìåòêàìè è íîæíûìè êîëüöàìè, à òàêæå ñïóòíèêîâûìè è òðàäèöèîííûìè ðàäèîïåðåäàò÷èêàìè íà ñåâåðå Îõîòñêîãî ìîðÿ. Â ñòàòüå àíàëèçèðóþòñÿ âîçâðàòû, ïîëó÷åííûå óêàçàííûìè ìåòîäàìè ìå÷åíèÿ, è äàíû ñðàâíåíèÿ íàáëþäåíèé ïòèö ñ ðàçíûìè ìåòêàìè. Â öåëîì âîçâðàò ïòèö, ïîìå÷åííûõ êîëüöàìè, ñîñòàâèë 9,6 %, ïòèö, ïîìå÷åííûõ êðûëîìåòêàìè – 16,7 %, à ïòèö, ïîìå÷åííûõ òðàäèöèîííûìè ðàäèîïåðåäàò÷èêàìè – 25 %. Ìû àðãóìåíòèðóåì íåîáõîäèìîñòü áîëåå âíèìàòåëüíîãî ðàññìàòðèâàíèÿ ïòèö íà ïðåäìåò íàëè÷èÿ öâåòíûõ êîëåö è êðûëîìåòîê è ðåêîìåíäóåì ïðîâîäèòü ôîòîãðàôèðîâàíèå ïòèö, òàê êàê ìíîãèå äåòàëè ìîæíî ðàññìîòðåòü íà ôîòîñíèìêå.

* * * * *The Steller’s Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus pelagicus) were tagged at the Northen part of the Sea of Okhotsk with wing tags, leg rings, as well as with satellite and traditional radiotransmitters. The paper analyses and compares the return/sighting rate of the mentioned tags. The total return rate of the leg rings was 9.6 %, of wing tags 16.6 %; for the birds tagged with conventional radiotransmitters it reached 25 %. The paper calls for the mandatory photographing of birds, and detailed study of the photos for presence of tags.

SECTION 7. MIGRATION OF EAGLES

СЕКЦИЯ 7. МИГРАЦИИ ОРЛОВ

RESULTS OF TAGGING OF STELLER’S SEA EAGLES HALIAEETUS

PELAGICUS AT THE NORTHERN PART OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK

(1993–2012)

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МЕЧЕНИЯ БЕЛОПЛЕЧЕГО ОРЛАНА (HALIAEETUS

PELAGICUS) НА СЕВЕРНОМ ОХОТОМОРЬЕ (1993–2012 ГГ.)




Â ïðîìåæóòêå ñ 1913 ã. ïî 2012 ã. â Ôèíëÿíäèè áûëî îêîëüöîâàíî 3 510 îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ (Haliaeetus albicilla) è 47 374 ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus). ×èñëî «èíòåðåñíûõ» íàáëþäåíèé (âîçâðàò êîëüöà, ïîâòîðíàÿ ïîèìêà, ïîâòîðíîå íàáëþäåíèå) çà òîò æå ïåðèîä ñîñòàâèëî, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, 3 275 è 11 187 ñëó÷àåâ. Áîëüøîå ÷èñëî íàáëþäåíèé äàëî õîðîøóþ îáùóþ êàðòèíó ïóòåé ìèãðàöèé è çèìíèõ àðåàëîâ ýòèõ äâóõ âèäîâ. Çà 2001–2012 ãîäû, 9 ïòåíöîâ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, à òàêæå 13 ïîëîâîçðåëûõ ïòèö è 4 ïòåíöà ñêîïû áûëè ïîìå÷åíû ñïóòíèêîâûìè ïåðåäàò÷èêàìè. Ñïóòíèêîâîå ìå÷åíèå âûÿâèëî áîëüøèå èíäèâèäóàëüíûå ðàçëè÷èÿ ó îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ: íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ ñîâåðøàëè íàñòîÿùèå ìèãðàöèè, óëåòàÿ íà þã çàäîëãî äî íàñòóïëåíèÿ çèìû. Â òî âðåìÿ êàê äðóãèå âåëè ñåáÿ îñåäëî, îñòàâàÿñü â ïðåäåëàõ ãíåçäîâîãî àðåàëà ìàêñèìàëüíî äîëãî. Íàèáîëåå ïîðàçèòåëüíûì îòêðûòèåì ñòàëî íàáëþäåíèå ðåãóëÿðíûõ «ëåòíèõ ìèãðàöèé» íåêîòîðûõ 2–5 ëåòíèõ îðëîâ â ñåâåðíóþ Ëàïëàíäèþ â èþíå-èþëå. Äëÿ ñêîïû ñïóòíèêîâîå ìå÷åíèå ïîêàçàëî 1) â ïðîöåññå âçðîñëåíèÿ, ïðîñòåéøåå ñðåäñòâî îðèåíòèðîâàíèÿ êîìïàñíîãî òèïà ó ìîëîäûõ îñîáåé, ðàçâèâàåòñÿ â íàñòîÿùóþ ñèñòåìó íàâèãàöèè, êîòîðîé ïîëüçóþòñÿ âçðîñëûå îñîáè; 2) ïðè ïåðåñå÷åíèè Ñðåäèçåìíîãî ìîðÿ âàæíóþ ðîëü èãðàþò íî÷íûå ïåðåë¸òû; 3) ìèãðàöèîííîå ïîâåäåíèå ó ñêîïû èìååò çíà÷èòåëüíûå èíäèâèäóàëüíûå ðàçëè÷èÿ.

* * * * *During 1913–2012, in total 3,510 White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and 47,374 Ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) have been ringed in Finland. The numbers of “interesting” encounters (recoveries, recaptures and resightings) reported during the same period were, respectively, 11,187 and 3,275. The high numbers of encounters give a good general picture of the migration routes and wintering areas of these two species. During 2001–2012, in total nine nestlings of White-tailed Eagles and 13 breeding adults and four nestlings of Ospreys were fitted with satellite transmitters. In the White-tailed Eagle, satellite tracking has revealed big differences between individuals: some are genuine migrants, which move towards south already much before the winter starts, while the others are residents, which stay in the breeding area as long as it is possible. The most striking finding has been the regular “summer migration” of some 2nd – 5th calendar year eagles to the northernmost Lapland in June and July. In the Osprey, satellite tracking has demonstrated e.g. (1) the development of the simple compass orientation of the juvenile to the real navigation of the adult, (2) the importance of nocturnal migration when crossing the Mediterranean Sea and (3) the big individual differences in migration strategies.

MOVEMENTS OF FINNISH WHITE-TAILED EAGLES HALIAEETUS

ALBICILLA AND OSPREYS PANDION HALIAETUS: RESULTS FROM

RINGING AND SATELLITE TRACKING

ПЕРЕДВИЖЕНИЕ ФИНСКИХ ОРЛАНОВ-БЕЛОХВОСТОВ

(HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA) И СКОП (PANDION HALIAETUS):

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ КОЛЬЦЕВАНИЯ И СПУТНИКОВОГО ОТСЛЕЖИВАНИЯ




Áîëüøîé (Aquila clanga) è ìàëûé (A. pomarina) ïîäîðëèêè, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ ïîä óãðîçîé èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ, ãèáðèäèçèðóþò â âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïå. Ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ìåòîäîâ ïî èõ ñîõðàíåíèþ çàâèñèò íå òîëüêî îò ñèòóàöèè â çîíå ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ýòèõ îðëîâ, ñîâåðøàþùèõ åæåãîäíûå ìèãðàöèè, íî è îò âûáîðà ïòèöàìè áåçîïàñíûõ ïóòåé ìèãðàöèè, à òàêæå îò íàëè÷èÿ ïîäõîäÿùèõ ìåñò äëÿ òðàíçèòíûõ îñòàíîâîê è ìåñò çèìîâîê. Â íàñòîÿùåì èññëåäîâàíèè ìû ïðîñëåäèëè, èñïîëüçóÿ ñïóòíèêîâóþ òåëåìåòðèþ íà îñíîâå GPS, çà øåñòüþ áîëüøèìè, òðåìÿ ìàëûìè ïîäîðëèêàìè è òðåìÿ ìåæâèäîâûìè ãèáðèäàìè íà ïóòè èõ ìèãðàöèè îò ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ â Ýñòîíèè äî ìåñò çèìîâîê. Ìû èçìåðèëè âðåìÿ ìèãðàöèè è å¸ ìàðøðóòû, èäåíòèôèöèðîâàëè ìåñòà òðàíçèòíûõ îñòàíîâîê è çèìîâîê è îöåíèëè ìåæâèäîâûå è èíäèâèäóàëüíûå âàðèàöèè èçó÷åííûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ.

* * * * *The Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga and Lesser Spotted Eagle A. pomarina are threatened raptor species, which hybridise extensively in Eastern Europe. Effective conservation of these migratory eagles does not only depend on the situation in breeding grounds but also on the selection of safe migration routes by birds, as well as the existence of suitable stopover and wintering sites. In the current study we have used GPS-based satellite telemetry to track six Greater Spotted Eagles, three Lesser Spotted Eagles and three hybrids between them in order to describe their migration from breeding sites in Estonia to their wintering grounds. We analysed migration timing and routes, identified stopover and wintering sites and assessed between-species and individual variation in these parameters.

MIGRATION STRATEGIES IN A HYBRIDISING POPULATION OF

SPOTTED EAGLES AQUILA CLANGA × POMARINA

СТРАТЕГИИ МИГРАЦИИ В ГИБРИДНЫХ ПОПУЛЯЦИЯХ ПОДОРЛИКА

(AQUILA CLANGA × POMARINA)

Ülo Väli, (Department of Zoology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia)Urmas Sellis (Eagle Club, Põlvamaa, Estonia)

Юло Вяли (Эстонский университет естественных наук, Тарту, Эстония)Урмас Селлис (Орлиный клуб, Полвамаа, Эстония)


Â 2012 ã. áûëà íà÷àòà ïðîãðàììà ìå÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö ñïåöèàëüíûìè öâåòíûìè êîëüöàìè, êîòîðàÿ áûëà îïðîáîâàíà â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì, Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíàõ Ðîññèè, à òàêæå â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. Â 2013 ã. ïðîãðàììà ïðîäîëæèëàñü â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì è Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîì ðåãèîíàõ, íà Íèæíåé Âîëãå, â Êàëìûêèè, íà ßìàëå è åù¸ â òð¸õ ðåãèîíàõ Êàçàõñòàíà. Äëÿ êàæäîãî ðåãèîíà áûëà ðàçðàáîòàíà öâåòîâàÿ ñõåìà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ïëàñòèêîâûõ êîëåö ñ àááðåâèàòóðîé WWW.RRRCN.RU, êîòîðûå íàäåâàþòñÿ íà ëåâûå ëàïû ïòèö. Äàííûå öâåòîâûå ñõåìû ïðåäíàçíà÷åíû äëÿ âñåõ õèùíûõ ïòèö, îáèòàþùèõ â äàííîì ðåãèîíå, ïðè óñëîâèè èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ êîëåö íåîáõîäèìîãî ðàçìåðà. Ïðîãðàììà öâåòíîãî ìå÷åíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö Ðîññèéñêîé ñåòè èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ äîïîëíÿåò íàöèîíàëüíûå ïðîãðàììû êîëüöåâàíèÿ, à íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ èõ àëüòåðíàòèâîé. Ïîýòîìó äîïîëíèòåëüíî, íà ïðàâûå ëàïû ïòèöàì, ïðåäóñìîòðåíû àëþìèíèåâûå êîëüöà íàöèîíàëüíûõ öåíòðîâ êîëüöåâàíèÿ ñ àááðåâèàòóðàìè MOSKVA è KAZAKHSTAN. Êðîìå òîãî, áûëè ðàçðàáîòàíû è îïðîáîâàíû ïîâèäîâûå ñõåìû êîëüöåâàíèÿ äëÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Ïîâîëæüå, áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) â Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîì ðåãèîíå è Çàïàäíîé Ñèáèðè, äëÿ ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) è îðëàíà íà Âåðõíåé Âîëãå è ñàïñàíà (Falco peregrinus) íà Ñðåäíåì Óðàëå. Íà Íèæíåé Âîëãå áûëè ïðèìåíåíû ñïåöèàëüíûå ïëàñòèêîâûå êðûëîìåòêè äëÿ ìå÷åíèÿ ñòåïíûõ îðëîâ (Aquila nipalensis) è êóðãàííèêîâ (Buteo rufinus).

Âñåãî çà 2012 è 2013 ãã. áûëè ïîìå÷åíû áîëåå 1000 õèùíûõ ïòèö (â îñíîâíîì îðëîâ). Ïî èòîãàì 2-õ ëåò áûëî ïîëó÷åíî áîëåå 20 ñâåäåíèé î íàáëþäåíèÿõ ïîìå÷åííûõ ïòèö è âîçâðàòàõ êîëåö, â òîì ÷èñëå ïòèö, ïîìå÷åííûõ â ðàìêàõ ïðîãðàììû Ñåòè: ñòåïíîé îð¸ë – 4 âîçâðàòà, ìîãèëüíèê (Aquila heliaca) – 1, ôèëèí (Bubo bubo) – 2, îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò – 2.

* * * * *In 2012, the program of tagging the birds of prey with the special coloured rings was started, comprising the researched area of the Volga-Urals and the Altai-Sayan region of Russia and the Western Kazakhstan. In 2013, the program continued in the Volga-Urals and the Altai-Sayan region, in the Lower Volga, Republic of Kalmykia, in the Yamal Peninsula (Russia) and in three regions of Kazakhstan. A special colour scheme was designed for each region with the application of plastic rings bearing the acronym WWW.RRRCN.RU to put on the left leg of the birds. These colour schemes are designed for all birds of prey in the region, provided the correct ring sizes are applied. The Colour Ringing Program of birds of prey carried out by the Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network supplements the national tagging programs and does not appear as their alternative. Therefore, additional aluminum rings of the national ringing centres with the abbreviations MOSKVA and KAZAKHSTAN are also put on the right legs of the birds.In addition, the species-focused ringing schemes were developed for the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Volga region, for the Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) in the Volga-Urals region and the West Siberia, for the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and White-tailed Eagle in the Upper Volga and the Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in the Middle Urals. In the Lower Volga the special plastic wing tags was applied for the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) and Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus).

In total more then 1000 raptors (mainly eagles) were tagged during the years 2012 and 2013. As the result of the tagging in 2012–2013 20 data on the observation of the tagged birds and the return of the rings including by the RRRCN Programme was obtained: the Steppe Eagle – 4 cases, the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) – 1, the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) – 2, the White-tailed Eagle – 2 cases.

RESULTS OF THE RAPTOR RINGING PROGRAM OF THE RUSSIAN

RAPTOR RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION NETWORK – RRRCN

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРОГРАММЫ КОЛЬЦЕВАНИЯ ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ

РОССИЙСКОЙ СЕТИ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ И ОХРАНЫ ПЕРНАТЫХ

ХИЩНИКОВ – RRRCN

Rinur H. Bekmansurov, Igor V. Karyakin, Alexey P. Levashkin, Elvira G. Nikolenko, Alexey G. Karpov, Mikhael V. Korepov, Sergey G. Adamov, Mikhael M. Shashkin, Valeriy N. Pimenov, Andrey V. Kovalenko, Miroslav V. Babushkin, Sergey V. Vazhov, Roman F. Bachtin (Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network, Russia)

Ринур Х. Бекмансуров, Игорь В. Карякин, Алексей П. Левашкин, Эльвира Г. Николенко, Алексей Г. Карпов, Михаил В. Корепов, Сергей Г. Адамов, Михаил М. Шашкин, Валерий Н. Пименов, Андрей В. Коваленко, Мирослав В. Бабушкин, Сергей В. Важов, Роман Ф. Бахтин (Российская сеть изучения и охраны пернатых хищников, Россия)

52 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ñòåíäîâûå è äðóãèå ñîîáùåíèÿ

POSTER SESSION AND OTHER ABSTRACTS

СТЕНДОВЫЕ И ДРУГИЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ

DYNAMICS OF FAUNA AND POPULATION OF EAGLES ON A

TERRITORY OF MODERN VOLGA-KAMA NATURE RESERVE IN THE

LAST 80 YEARS

ДИНАМИКА ФАУНЫ И НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ОРЛОВ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ

СОВРЕМЕННОГО ВОЛЖСКО-КАМСКОГО ЗАПОВЕДНИКА ЗА

ПОСЛЕДНИЕ 80 ЛЕТ

Anwar S. Ayupov (Volga-Kama State Nature Reserve, Kazan, Russia)Rezilya R. Yusupova (Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia)Анвар С. Аюпов (ФГБУ «Волжско-Камский государственный заповедник», Казань, Россия)Резиля Р. Юсупова (Министерство лесного хозяйства Республики Татарстан, Казань, Россия)

Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèé çàïîâåäíèê îðãàíèçîâàí â 1960 ã. Åù¸ äî åãî îðãàíèçàöèè çäåñü âåëèñü íàó÷íûå ðàáîòû. Ïåðâîé, èç êîòîðûõ ñëåäóåò îòìåòèòü ðàáîòó À.À. Ïåðøàêîâà (1926) «Âèäîâîé ñïèñîê ëåòíèõ ïòèö Ðàèôà». Íà îñíîâå àíàëèçà íàó÷íûõ ïóáëèêàöèé (52 íàó÷íûõ ðàáîòû), äèïëîìíûõ ðàáîò (4 äèïëîìà), «Ëåïîïèñè Ïðèðîäû» (â 2012 ã. èçäàíà 50-ÿ êíèãà) è ñîáñòâåííûõ èçûñêàíèé àâòîðîâ (ñ 2004 ã.) ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç èçìåíåíèé ôàóíû îðëîâ áîëåå ÷åì çà 80 ëåòíèé ïåðèîä. Áåðêóò (Aquila chrysaetos) – ãíåçäèëñÿ äî îðãàíèçàöèè çàïîâåäíèêà. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ åäèíè÷íûå îñîáè îòìå÷àþòñÿ â ïåðèîä ìèãðàöèé. Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (A. clanga) – â ïåðèîä âåñåííèõ ìèãðàöèé â êîíöå 50-õ íà÷àëå 60-õ ãîäîâ ïðîøëîãî ñòîëåòèÿ èíòåíñèâíîñòü ïðîëåòà ñîñòàâëÿëà îò 0,2 äî 7,1 îñîáåé çà 10 ÷àñîâ íàáëþäåíèé (â ñðåäíåì 0,6). Â ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû ýòîò ïîêàçàòåëü íå ïðåâûøàåò 0,1 îñîáè. Ìîãèëüíèê (A. heliaca) – ãíåçäèòüñÿ (íå åæåãîäíî) íà îáîèõ ó÷àñòêàõ çàïîâåäíèêà, îáû÷åí íà ïðîëåòå. Ñòàáèëüíî ãíåçäèòüñÿ íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê çàïîâåäíèêó òåððèòîðèÿõ. Îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla) – ñòàáèëüíî ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä, ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàñò¸ò: â Ñàðàëèíñêîì ó÷àñòêå îò 6 äî 8 ïàð, â Ðàèôñêîì 1 ïàðà. Îòìå÷àåòñÿ ãíåçäîâàíèå íà ïðèìûêàþùèõ ê çàïîâåäíèêó ó÷àñòêà (3–4 ïàðû).

* * * * *Volga-Kama Nature Reserve was established in 1960. Research work was carried out on its territory even before the organization of the reserve. The first of them – the work of A. A. Pershakova (1926) “List of species of summer birds of Raif”. Based on the analysis of scientific publications (52 scientific works), diploma works (4 diploma), “Chronicle of Nature” (50th chronicle was published in 2012) and own research of author (since 2004) changes in the fauna of eagles were analyzed over for the 80 year period. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) – bred before the organization of the reserve. Currently, a few individuals observed during migrations. Greater Spotted Eagle (A. clanga) – during spring migration in the late 50’s and early 60’s of the last century, the intensity of the flight was from 0.2 to 7.1 individuals for 10 hours of observation (median 0, 6). In recent years the figure does not exceed 0.1 ind. Imperial Eagle (A. heliaca) is nesting (but not every year) in both clasters of the Reserve, is common during migration. Nesting is stable in territories adjacent to the Reserve. White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is stable breeding species, the number is growing: in Saralinsky area from 6 to 8 pairs, in Raif – one pair. Nesting is observed on the adjacent nature reserve area (3–4 pairs).

Poster session and other abstracts 53Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE POPULATION OF BIRDS OF PREY

OF THE MOLOGA-SHEKSNINSKAYA LOWLANDS ARISING FROM THE

FORMATION OF THE RYBINSK RESERVOIR AND THE CREATION OF

DARWIN STATE NATURE RESERVE

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ СООБЩЕСТВА ХИЩНЫХ ПТИЦ

МОЛОГО-ШЕКСНИНСКОЙ НИЗМЕННОСТИ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ

ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЫБИНСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА И СОЗДАНИЯ

ДАРВИНСКОГО ЗАПОВЕДНИКА

Miroslav V. Babushkin, Andrey V. Kuznetsov (State Darwin Natural Biosphere Reserve, Cherepovets, Russia)

Мирослав В. Бабушкин, Андрей В. Кузнецов (Дарвинский государственный природный биосферный заповедник, Череповец, Россия)

Ìîëîãî-Øåêñíèñêàÿ íèçìåííîñòü ðàñïîëîæåíà â áàññåéíå Âåðõíåé Âîëãè, íà ãðàíèöå Âîëîãîäñêîé, Òâåðñêîé è ßðîñëàâñêîé îáëàñòåé. Â 1941 ã. òåððèòîðèÿ îêàçàëàñü çàòîïëåííîé Ðûáèíñêèì âîäîõðàíèëèùåì. Íà îñòàâøåìñÿ îò çàòîïëåíèÿ íèçìåííîì ïîëóîñòðîâå â 1945 ã. áûë îáðàçîâàí Äàðâèíñêèé çàïîâåäíèê. Äî çàòîïëåíèÿ òåððèòîðèÿ ïðåäñòàâëÿëà ñîáîé îáøèðíóþ íèçìåííóþ ïîéìó, çàíÿòóþ ëóãàìè, ïîéìåííûìè ëåñàìè è íèçèííûìè áîëîòàìè. Ñîîáùåñòâî õèùíûõ ïòèö òåððèòîðèè äî çàòîïëåíèÿ âêëþ÷àëî 16 ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ âèäîâ (äîìèíèðîâàëè îáûêíîâåííàÿ ïóñòåëüãà, ÷¸ðíûé êîðøóí è îáûêíîâåííûé êàíþê).

Ðåæèì çàïîâåäíîñòè ñïîñîáñòâîâàë ñìåíå ýêîñèñòåì, âûðàæàâøåéñÿ â çàðàñòàíèè è èñ÷åçíîâåíèè îòêðûòûõ óãîäèé. Ñ 1947 ïî 2005 ãã. ïëîùàäü îòêðûòûõ óãîäèé óìåíüøèëàñü ñ 3050 äî 535 ãà. Â ðåçóëüòàòå ñóùåñòâåííî ñîêðàòèëàñü, âïëîòü äî èñ÷åçíîâåíèÿ, ÷èñëåííîñòü ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ-ìèîôàãîâ: ïîëåâîãî ëóíÿ, îáûêíîâåííîé ïóñòåëüãè è îáûêíîâåííîãî êàíþêà. Ïðîöåññû ðàçâèòèÿ ðàñòèòåëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ â çîíå çàòîïëåíèÿ âîäîõðàíèëèùà, ïðîÿâëÿþùèåñÿ â ðàçâèòèè øèðîêîãî òðîñòíèêîâîãî ïîÿñà, óâåëè÷åíèè ïëîùàäè èâíÿêîâ è ñâÿçàííîé ñ íèìè ôðàãìåíòàöèåé îñîêîâîãî ïîÿñà, íå îñòàâëÿþò íàäåæäû íà ñîõðàíåíèå âûñîêîãî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö. Ñóììàðíàÿ äîëÿ èõòèîôàãîâ – ñêîïû è îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà, ïðåâûøàåò íûíå 70%. Èç ñòðóêòóðû ñîîáùåñòâà ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ âûïàëè ìèîôàãè. Ñíèæàåòñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü áîëîòíîãî ëóíÿ è êîðøóíà. Îòíîñèòåëüíî ìàëî èçìåíèëàñü ÷èñëåííîñòü îðíèòîôàãîâ – ïåðåïåëÿòíèêà, òåòåðåâÿòíèêà, ÷åãëîêà è äåðáíèêà. Ïîëíîñòüþ èñ÷åçëè ñàïñàí, áåðêóò, çìååÿä.

* * * * *Mologa-Sheksniskaya lowlands are located in the basin of the Upper Volga. The establishment of the Rybinsk dam has caused the flooding of the Mologa-Sheksninsky instream area since 1941. On the remaining clear low-lying peninsula, the Darwin Reserve was established in 1945. Before being flooded, the area was a vast low-lying floodplain covered by meadows, floodplain forests and lowland swamps and the population of raptors comprised 16 breeding species (with the dominating Kestrel, the Black Kite and the Buzzard).

The reserve’s conditions led to the change in the ecosystems reflected in overgrowth and disappearance of open land in the area. From1947 to 2005 the open land area decreased from 3050 hectares to 535 hectares. As a result, the number of miophage raptors drastically decreased, going down to extinction, namely, the population of the Hen Harrier, the Kestrel and the Buzzard. The development of plant communities in the flooded area of the reservoir, manifested in the growth of a broad cane belt, as well as in the increasing willow area and, consequently, the fragmentation of the sedge zone, leave no hope for the growth of the raptors’ biodiversity. The total number of Ichthyophagi: the Osprey and the White-tailed Eagle now exceeds 70%. The miophagi have completely disappeared from the structure of the community. The number of the Marsh Harrier and the Kite has reduced. The population of the ornitophagi – the Sparrowhawk, the Goshawk, the Hobby, and the Merlin – has changed relatively little. The Peregrine Falcon, the Golden Eagle, the Short-Toed Eagle have completely vanished.


PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION OF SEX OF OSPREY

PANDION HALIAETUS NESTLINGS USING GENETIC ANALYSIS OF DNA

FROM BLOOD

ПРЕДВАРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ

ПОЛА ПТЕНЦОВ СКОПЫ (PANDION HALIAETUS) МЕТОДАМИ

ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА ДНК ИЗ КРОВИ

Miroslav V. Babushkin (State Darwin Natural Biosphere Reserve, Cherepovets, Russia), Dmitriy N. Sherbinin (Forensic examinations and investigations Center, NGO, Russia)Marta A. Turutina (Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russia)

Мирослав В. Бабушкин (Дарвинский государственный природный биосферный заповедник)Дмитрий Н. Щербинин (Автономная некоммерческая организация «Центр по проведению судебных экспертиз и исследований», Россия)Марта А. Турутина (Череповецкий государственный университет, Череповец, Россия)

Ïîëîâîé äèìîðôèçì ó ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) âûðàæåí î÷åíü ñëàáî, ïîýòîìó îïðåäåëåíèå ïîëà, îñîáåííî ó ïòèö, íå äîñòèãøèõ ðåïðîäóêòèâíîãî âîçðàñòà, âûçûâàåò çàòðóäíåíèå. Íàä¸æíûì ñïîñîáîì îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîëà ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ìîëåêóëÿðíî-ãåíåòè÷åñêèé ìåòîä, ïðåäëîæåííûé Ãðèôôèòñîì (Griffiths et al., 1996; Griffiths et al., 1998), îñíîâàííûé íà ÏÖÐ-àìïëèôèêàöèè ãåíà õðîìîõåëèêàçû, ðàñïîëîæåííîãî íà ïîëîâûõ õðîìîñîìàõ ïòèö, ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì àíàëèçîì ÏÖÐ-ïðîäóêòîâ â 5%-íîì àêðèëàìèäíîì ãåëå. Â êà÷åñòâå êîíòðîëÿ èñïîëüçîâàëàñü ÄÍÊ îñîáè ñ çàâåäîìî èçâåñòíûì ïîëîì.

Â äàííîé ðàáîòå àïðîáèðîâàí ìåòîä îïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîëà ó ïòåíöîâ ñêîïû, äîñòèãøèõ ìåñÿ÷íîãî âîçðàñòà. Â àíàëèçå èñïîëüçîâàëàñü êðîâü ïòåíöîâ, ðîæä¸ííûõ â 2008, 2011 è 2012 ãã. íà òåððèòîðèè Äàðâèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà è Íàöèîíàëüíîãî ïàðêà «Ðóññêèé Ñåâåð» (Âîëîãîäñêàÿ îáëàñòü, Ñåâåðî-çàïàä Ðîññèè). Âñåãî áûëî âçÿòî 60 ïðîá êðîâè, èç 50 óäàëîñü âûäåëèòü ÄÍÊ. Ñðåäè 50 ïòåíöîâ, ðîæä¸ííûõ íà îõðàíÿåìûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, îêàçàëèñü 31 ñàìêà è 19 ñàìöîâ (1,6 : 1). Ñîîòíîøåíèå ïîëîâ ó ïòåíöîâ, ðîæä¸ííûõ â çàïîâåäíèêå (n=29): 1,2: 1 (16 ñàìîê, 13 ñàìöîâ), â íàöèîíàëüíîì ïàðêå (n=21): 2,5 : 1 (15 ñàìîê, 6 ñàìöîâ).

* * * * *The sexual dimorphism of the Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is expressed very poorly, so determining sex, especially in birds that have not reached the reproductive age appears to be difficult. The reliable technique of determining sex is a molecular-genetic method proposed by Griffith (Griffiths et al., 1996; Griffiths et al., 1998) based on PCR amplification of the chromohelicase gene located on sex chromosomes of birds. The method implies a further analysis of PCR products in a 5% acrylamide gel. In the control group the DNA of the specimen with the predeterminedly known sex took part.

In this paper we tested the method of determining sex of the osprey nestlings that reached the age of a month. The analysis used the blood samples of the nestlings hatched in 2008, 2011 and

2012 in the territory of the Darwin Reserve and the National Park “The Russian North” (Vologda region, North -West Russia). A total of 60 blood samples were taken, of which in 50 samples the DNA was identified. Among the 50 nestlings hatched in the protected areas, 31 appeared to be females and 19 males (1.6:1). The sex ratio of the nestlings hatched in the Reserve is (n=29): 1.2:1 (16 females, 13 males ), whilst in the National Park the ratio is (n = 21) : 2.5:1 (15 females and 6 males).


BREEDING OF THE WHITE-TAILED EAGLE HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA ON

HIGH-VOLTAGE POLES IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA

ГНЕЗДОВАНИЕ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА (HALIAEETUS ALBICILLA) НА

ОПОРАХ ЛЭП НА ЮГЕ РОССИИ

Viktor P. Belik (Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls of Northern Eurasia, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia)

Виктор П. Белик (Рабочая группа по соколообразным и совам Северной Евразии, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия)

Âñëåä çà ñòåïíûì îðëîì (Aquila nipalensis) è îðëîì-ìîãèëüíèêîì (Aquila heliaca), ãíåçäîâàíèå íà îïîðàõ âûñîêîâîëüòíûõ ËÝÏ íåäàâíî íà÷àë îñâàèâàòü îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò (Haliaeetus albicilla). Âïåðâûå ãíåçäî îðëàíà íà ìåòàëëè÷åñêîé îïîðå ËÝÏ íàéäåíî â 2000 ã. ñðåäè ëóãîâ â ïîéìå Äîíà ó ã. Íîâî÷åðêàññê Ðîñòîâñêîé îáë. 22 ìàðòà â í¸ì íà êëàäêå ñèäåëà ñàìêà, íåäàëåêî äåðæàëñÿ ñàìåö, à òàêæå ìîëîäàÿ ïòèöà, âîçìîæíî èç âûâîäêà ïðåäûäóùåãî ãîäà. Ïðè ïðîâåðêå 7 àïðåëÿ 2013 ã. ýòîãî ãíåçäà íà ìåñòå íå îêàçàëîñü, íî â 2–3 êì âäàëè, íà îïîðå òîé æå ËÝÏ, ñðåäè ïðóäîâ áîëüøîãî ðûáõîçà, âèäíåëîñü äðóãîå ãíåçäî, âîçìîæíî ýòîé æå ïàðû, ïåðåñåëèâøåéñÿ ïîäàëüøå îò ëþäíîãî ìåñòà. À â ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé ñòîðîíå, íà äðóãîé íåáîëüøîé ËÝÏ, ñðåäè ëóãîâ çàãíåçäèëàñü åù¸ îäíà ïàðà îðëàíîâ. Äí¸ì ó ãíåçäà ñèäåëà ñàìêà, à â ãíåçäå, ñóäÿ ïî ïîì¸òó, áûëè íåáîëüøèå ïòåíöû.

Åù¸ îäíî ãíåçäî íà ËÝÏ, î êîòîðîì ñîîáùàëè À.Ä. Ëèïêîâè÷ è Ì.Â. Òàìàíöÿí (2012), îñìîòðåíî 6 ìàÿ 2012 ã. â äåëüòå Äîíà. Â í¸ì áûëî 2 ïóõîâèêà âîçðàñòîì îêîëî 10–15 äíåé. Íàêîíåö, ÷åòâ¸ðòîå ãíåçäî, ñäåëàííîå íà îáåñòî÷åííîé ËÝÏ, îáíàðóæåíî 29 àïðåëÿ 2012 ã. íà áåçëåñíîé Ñàðïèíñêîé íèçìåííîñòè ó þæíîé îêðàèíû ã. Âîëãîãðàä, â íåñêîëüêèõ êèëîìåòðàõ îò áåðåãà Âîëãè, ïîéìó êîòîðîé â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ çàñåëèëà íåîáû÷àéíî ïëîòíàÿ ïîïóëÿöèÿ îðëàíà (Ãóãóåâà è äð., 2008, 2010). Â ãíåçäå áûëè âèäíû ïòåíöû, êîòîðûõ êîðìèëà ñàìêà. Íà ñîñåäíåé îïîðå ËÝÏ íàõîäèëàñü ñòàðàÿ ïîñòðîéêà îðëàíîâ, ãíåçäèâøèõñÿ çäåñü, î÷åâèäíî, óæå íåñêîëüêî ëåò.

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îðëàíû, ñðàâíèòåëüíî íåäàâíî îñâîèâøèå ãíåçäîâàíèå â ïîëåçàùèòíûõ ëåñîïîëîñàõ Ïðåäêàâêàçüÿ è Ïðèäîíüÿ (Ôåäîñîâ, Ìàëîâè÷êî, 2006; Áåëèê è äð., 2008), âûðàáàòûâàþò òåïåðü íîâóþ ïðîãðåññèâíóþ àäàïòàöèþ, êîòîðàÿ åù¸ ëó÷øå îáåñïå÷èò èõ çàùèòó îò áåñïîêîéñòâà ëþäüìè è ïîçâîëèò øèðå çàñåëÿòü áåçëåñíûå ðàéîíû ñòåïíîé è ïóñòûííîé çîí.

* * * * *Following the example of the Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis) and the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), the White-Tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) has also begun to nest on the power lines of high voltage transmission. The first White-Tailed Eagle nest roosting on a metal pylon of power lines was sighted in 2000 in the meadows in the “Don” floodplain in Novocherkassk, Rostov region on March, 22, 2000. A female eagle clutch incubating on the nest, a male observed near the nest, and a young bird that might have been one from the brood of the previous year. On April, 7, 2013, the second checking failed to find the nest. However, another nest presumed to have been built by the same breeding pair was located on a pylon of the same power line surrounded by large fish farm ponds 2–3 km away. Another pair of sea-eagles had nested on the opposite side, on the other small power line amid the meadows. That day a female sea eagle was spotted sitting by the nest probably with some little fledglings inside as could be judged from the birdlime found.

Another nest resting on a power transmission line that had been reported by A.D. Lipkovich and M.V. Tamantsyan (2012) was examined in the delta of the Don on May, 6, 2012. There were 2 nestlings aged about 10–15 days. Finally, the fourth nest built on de-energized power line was detected in the treeless Sarpinsky lowland by the southern outskirts of the city of Volgograd on April, 29, 2012 a few kilometers away from the Volga shore the food-plain of which was recently inhabited by an unusually dense population of White-Tailed Eagles (Gugueva et al., 2008, 2010). A female White-Tailed Eagle could be seen in the nest feeding its nestlings. On the neighboring power line pylon there was an old nest built by White-Tailed Eagles who had apparently been nesting there for several years.

Thus, the White-Tailed Eagles who have recently commenced to nest in the forest shelter belts of Ciscaucasia and the Don River region (Fedosov, Malovichko, 2006; Belik et al., 2008) are now generating a new progressive adaptation which will provide it with better protection from human disturbance and allow it to occupy treeless areas of steppe and desert zones more widely than before.


ON THE WAY TO THE SAFETY OF BIRDS ON POWER LINES IN

CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN

НА ПУТИ К БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ПТИЦ НА ЛИНИЯХ

ЭЛЕКТРОПЕРЕДАЧИ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМ КАЗАХСТАНЕ

Vera V. Voronova, Genrietta I. Pulikova (Karaganda Ecological Museum, Karaganda, Kazakhstan)

Вера В. Воронова, Генриетта И. Пуликова (Карагандинский областной экологический музей, Караганда, Казахстан)

Öåíòðàëüíûé Êàçàõñòàí – ýòî îáøèðíûå òåððèòîðèè óíèêàëüíûõ ñòåïíûõ ýêîñèñòåì, ÷åðåç êîòîðûå ïðîõîäÿò îñíîâíûå ìèãðàöèîííûå ïóòè ïòèö. Íà ïóòÿõ ìèãðàöèé õèùíûå âèäû ïòèö ñòàëêèâàþòñÿ ñ îäíîé èç óãðîç àíòðîïîãåííîãî õàðàêòåðà – ýòî ëèíèè ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷. Â 2011 ã., ïðè ïîääåðæêå ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé ïðîãðàììû Conservation Leadership Programme, íà òåððèòîðèè Öåíòðàëüíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà áûëè ïðîâåäåíû èññëåäîâàíèÿ âëèÿíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ ËÝÏ íà ïòèö. Áûëî îáñëåäîâàíî 680 êì ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ ËÝÏ, èç ÷èñëà êîòîðûõ 260 êì – ïòèöåîïàñíûõ. Íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ áûëî íàéäåíî 683 ïòèöû, ïîãèáøèõ ïî ïðè÷èíå ïîðàæåíèÿ ýëåêòðè÷åñêèì òîêîì â ïåðèîä îäíîãî ñåçîíà (âåñíà-îñåíü 2011 ã.). Õèùíûå äíåâíûå è íî÷íûå ïòèöû ñîñòàâëÿþò 45 % îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà.

Ñëåäóþùèì ýòàïîì ðàáîò ñòàë ïðîåêò, ôèíàíñèðóåìûé ïðîãðàììîé ìàëûõ ãðàíòîâ Ãëîáàëüíîãî Ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî Ôîíäà. Â ðàìêàõ ïðîåêòà ñîçäàí ïèëîòíûé ó÷àñòîê ËÝÏ íà òåððèòîðèè Öåíòðàëüíîãî Êàçàõñòàíà, îñíàù¸ííûé ïòèöåçàùèòíûìè óñòðîéñòâàìè íà 26 êì. Ó÷àñòîê ðàñïîëàãàåòñÿ â Êàðàãàíäèíñêîé îáëàñòè, â ìåñòíîñòè ñ âûñîêîé ïëîòíîñòüþ õèùíûõ ïòèö è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ñ ïîâûøåííûì óðîâíåì èõ ãèáåëè. Îïûò ïðèìåíåíèÿ ÏÇÓ è ïàðòí¸ðñòâà ìåñòíîé ÍÏÎ è ÷àñòíîé ýëåêòðîòðàíñïîðòèðóþùåé êîìïàíèè áóäåò ðàñòèðàæèðîâàí ñðåäè äðóãèõ êîìïàíèé Êàçàõñòàíà. Îäíîé èç îñíîâíûõ çàäà÷ ïðîåêòà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêà ïðîåêòà íîðìàòèâíîãî äîêóìåíòà, òðåáóþùåãî îò ýëåêòðîýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ êîìïàíèé âûïîëíåíèÿ êîíêðåòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî îõðàíå æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè ËÝÏ.

* * * * *The Central Kazakhstan is a vast area of unique steppe ecosystems through which the main migration routes of birds lie. On their migration routes, birds of prey face one of the human-made threats, the power lines. In 2011 in the Central Kazakhstan the impact of different types of power lines on birds was studied with the support of the Conservation Leadership Programme. There were investigated 680 km of transmission lines of different types including 260 km dangerous for birds. On the dangerous power lines 683 birds were found killed due to electrocution during spring-autumn 2011. Both diurnal and nocturnal birds of prey account for 45 % of the total perished birds.

The next phase becames the project funded by the GEF Small Grants Program. Under the project in the Central Kazakhstan a pilot section of power line, 26 km in length was equipped with bird protection devices. The pilot site is located in Karaganda Province. In the area there was occurred both high density and high death rate of birds of prey. The experience of using Bird Protection Devices (BPDs) and developing partnership among local NGO and private power transmitting company will be replicated to other companies in Kazakhstan. One of the main objectives of the project is developing a draft regulatory document requiring the power companies to undertake the specific measures to protect the wildlife while operating the power transmission lines.


ACTIVITY OF THE SIMBIRSK WILD BIRDS SALVATION CENTER

ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ СИМБИРСКОГО ЦЕНТРА СПАСЕНИЯ ДИКИХ ПТИЦ

Olga A. Danilova, Galina V. Pilugina, Michael M. Shashkin (Regional Station of Young Naturalists, Ulyanivsk, Russia)

Ольга А. Данилова, Галина В. Пилюгина, Михаил М. Шашкин (Областная станция юных натуралистов, Ульяновск, Россия)

Öåíòð ñïàñåíèÿ äèêèõ ïòèö áûë ñîçäàí â 2004 ã. íà áàçå Îáëàñòíîé ñòàíöèè þíûõ íàòóðàëèñòîâ. Ïðè÷èíà ïîïàäàíèÿ â íåãî ïòèö â 80 % ñëó÷àåâ ñâÿçàíà ñ õîçÿéñòâåííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ ÷åëîâåêà. Íàêîïëåí óíèêàëüíûé îïûò ëå÷åíèÿ è ðåàáèëèòàöèè ïòèö ðàçíûõ âèäîâ.

Çà ïåðèîä 2004–2011 ãã. ÷åðåç Öåíòð ïðîøëî íå ìåíåå 30 ñîëíå÷íûõ îðëîâ, 18 îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ, 2 áîëüøèõ ïîäîðëèêà, 1 ñòåïíîé îð¸ë, 1 áåðêóò, 5 ôèëèíîâ.

Çà 2012 ã. ïîñòóïèëî 254 ïòèöû, èç íèõ ðåàáèëèòèðîâàíî 125 îñîáåé, â òîì ÷èñëå 1 ñîëíå÷íûé îð¸ë; 1 îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò; 3 ôèëèíà îáûêíîâåííûõ.

Çà 2013 ã. íà äàííûé ìîìåíò ïîñòóïèëî 155 ïòèö, èç êîòîðûõ ðåàáèëèòèðîâàíî 54 ïòèöû, â òîì ÷èñëå 1 ñòåïíîé îð¸ë; 3 ñîëíå÷íûõ îðëà; 1 îðëàí-áåëîõâîñò.

Äåÿòåëüíîñòü öåíòðà çà ïîñëåäíèå 2 ãîäà âûøëà äàëåêî çà ïðåäåëû Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ê íàì ïîñòóïàþò ïòèöû ñî âñåãî Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ è ñîïðåäåëüíûõ ðåãèîíîâ, ò.ê. áîëåå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíî íèãäå â ýòîì ðåãèîíå äèêèì æèâîòíûì ïîìîùü íå îêàçûâàåòñÿ.

Ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðåâðàòèòü ìàëåíüêèé öåíòð, äåÿòåëüíîñòü êîòîðîãî â¸äåòñÿ íà ïîæåðòâîâàíèÿ, â ýêîëîãî-êóëüòóðíûé ïàðê «Îðëèíûé», êîòîðûé ìîãëè áû ïîñåùàòü âñå æåëàþùèå æèòåëè è ãîñòè ãîðîäà Óëüÿíîâñêà.

Ñ íàìè ìîæíî âñåãäà ñâÿçàòüñÿ â Èíòåðíåòå:http://vk.com/club10042840http://www.facebook.com/groups/sos.wild.simbirsk/www.volgabirds.ru

* * * * *The Wild Birds Salvation Center was established in 2004 as part of the Regional station of young naturalists. In 80% of cases the reason why birds end up in the Red Book is related to human activities. A unique experience in the field of treatment and rehabilitation of birds belonging to different species was acquired.

Over the period of 2004–2011 the center studied at 125 subjects, namely 30 Solar Eagles, 18 White-Tailed Eagles, 2 Greater Spotted Eagles, 1 Steppe Eagle, 1 Golden Eagle, 5 Eagle Owls.

In 2012, 254 birds were dealt with; 125 of them were rehabilitated, to wit: 1 Solar Eagle, 1 White-Tailed Eagle and 3 Eagle Owls.

Since the beginning of 2013 up until now we have had 155 birds, 54 of which were rehabilitated, including: 1 Steppe Eagle, 3 Imperial Eagles and 1 White-Tailed Eagle.

In the last 2 years the activities of the Center has gone far beyond the Ulyanovsk region. Now we have birds coming from all over the Middle Volga region and other adjoining regions, since more professional assistance to wild animals cannot be provided anywhere but here.

Our plan is to modify the small center which is currently financed by donations into an ecological and cultural park “Orliniy”. Residents and guests of Ulyanovsk would be able to visit the park anytime they choose.

You are free to contact us:http://vk.com/club10042840http://www.facebook.com/groups/sos.wild.simbirsk/www.volgabirds.ru


Ñ 1970-õ ãã., áëàãîäàðÿ èíòåíñèâíîìó ðàçâèòèþ íà Íèæíåì Äîíó ïðóäîâîãî ðûáîâîäñòâà è àêòèâíîé ïðèðîäîîõðàííîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè, çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí áûñòðûé ðîñò ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà â äåëüòå Äîíà. Â 2008–2012 ãã. íà ó÷àñòêå «Äåëüòà Äîíà» ïðèðîäíîãî ïàðêà «Äîíñêîé» íàéäåíî 17 ãí¸çä âèäà. Èç íèõ 2 óïàëè ïîñëå øòîðìîâûõ âåòðîâ, îäíî âîîáùå íå çàíèìàëîñü. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè ãíåçäèòñÿ 14 ïàð îðëàíîâ (ïëîòíîñòü – 5,2 ïàðû/ãà). Áåëîõâîñòû êîíöåíòðèðóþòñÿ â îñòðîâíîé ÷àñòè äåëüòû, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ìåæäó ãèðëàìè Êóòåðüìà è Ìîêðàÿ Êàëàí÷à. Ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ìíîãîëåòíèå. Ãí¸çäà çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû íà èâå áåëîé (Salix alba) è òîïîëå áåëîì (Populus alba). Â ïîèñêàõ êîðìà áåëîõâîñò îõîòíî ïîñåùàåò ðûáîðàçâîäíûå ïðóäû äåëüòû, îñîáåííî â ïîçäíåëåòíåå è îñåííåå âðåìÿ, îáðàçóÿ çäåñü ñêîïëåíèÿ äî 20–25 îñîáåé. Çèìîé, âî âðåìÿ ëåäîêîëüíûõ ó÷¸òîâ (2005, 2008–2010 ãã.), áåëîõâîñòîâ åæåãîäíî íàáëþäàëè â Òàãàíðîãñêîì çàëèâå Àçîâñêîãî ìîðÿ. Â ëåäîâûé ïåðèîä îðëàíû ïðèäåðæèâàëèñü, â îñíîâíîì, êóòîâîé ÷àñòè çàëèâà è îêðåñòíîñòåé ïîðòà Òàãàíðîã. ×èñëåííîñòü âèäà íà òðàíñåêòàõ óáûâàëà â ðÿäó: 2010 ã. (26 îñîáåé) – 2005 ã. (22) – 2009 ã. (11) – 2008 ã. (6) è çàâèñåëà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îò ìåòåîóñëîâèé. Îòìå÷àëè åäèíè÷íûõ îñîáåé è íåáîëüøèå ñêîïëåíèÿ èç 6–7 ïòèö.

* * * *Since the 1970’s due to the dynamic development of pond pisciculture and environment protection activities in Nizhny Don there has been registered a rapid increase of the White-Tailed Eagle population in the Don Delta. Over the period of 2008–2012, 17 nests were discovered in the Delta Don area of the “Dosnkoy” Nature Park out of which 2 fell in the wake of gale-force winds and one had never been occupied in the first place. Therefore at the present moment there are 14 pairs of eagles nesting in this area (density is 5.2 pairs per ha). The White-Tailed Eagles gravitate to the island part of the Delta primarily between the Kuterma and Mokraya Koloncha delta arms. The nesting sites have spanned many years. Nests have been spotted on white willows (Salix alba) and white poplars (Populus alba). Whilst searching for nutriment the species willingly visits aquaculture ponds especially in late summer and in autumn forming congregations comprised of 20 to 25 subjects. In the wintertime White-Tailed Eagles were annually observed during keeping records of ice-breaking (2005, 2008–2011) in the Gulf of Taganrog of the Sea of Azov. During the ice period the White-Tailed Eagles chiefly kept to the apex of the Gulf and the surroundings of the port of Taganrog. The population of the species in the transects decreased in a row: 2010 (26 subjects) – 2005 (22) – 2009 (11) – 2008 (6) mainly depending on the weather conditions. There were observed individual subjects and small congregations comprised of 6–7 birds.

CURRENT STATUS OF THE WHITE-TAILED EAGLE HALIAETUS

ALBICILLA POPULATION OF IN THE DON DELTA

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ПОПУЛЯЦИИ ОРЛАНА-БЕЛОХВОСТА

(HALIAETUS ALBICILLA) В ДЕЛЬТЕ ДОНА

Ludmila V. Markitan, Mikhael A. Dinkevich (Institute of Arid Zones of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia)

Людмила В. Маркитан, Михаил А. Динкевич (Институт аридных зон Южного научного центра РАН, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия)


Íåæåëàòåëüíûå ñêîïëåíèÿ ñèíàíòðîïíûõ ïòèö äëÿ ìíîãèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ñîçäàþò ìàññó ïðîáëåì, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ èõ áèîïîâðåæäàþùåé äåÿòåëüíîñòüþ, â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷åãî ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ íåñóò îùóòèìûå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïîòåðè.

Äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ âðåäîíîñíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ñèíàíòðîïíûõ ïòèö (ñèçûõ ãîëóáåé) íà òåððèòîðèè ÎÀÎ «Êàçàíüçåðíîïðîäóêò» è ÎÀÎ «Êàçàíñêèé ÌÝÇ» èñïîëüçîâàëèñü áèîëîãè÷åñêèå ðåïåëëåíòû (ëîâ÷èå ïòèöû). Â êà÷åñòâå àêòèâíûõ áèîðåïåëëåíòîâ, íàïóñêàåìûõ íà ñòàè ãîëóáåé è âðàíîâûõ ïòèö, èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ëîâ÷èå òåòåðåâÿòíèêè è ñîêîëû – ñàïñàí è áàëîáàí. Â êà÷åñòâå ïàññèâíîãî áèîðåïåëëåíòà èñïîëüçîâàëñÿ îð¸ë-ìîãèëüíèê.

Ïàññèâíûé áèîðåïåëëåíò – ýòî ëîâ÷àÿ ïòèöà, êîòîðàÿ íå íàïóñêàåòñÿ è ñâîáîäíî íå ëåòàåò, à ïîñòîÿííî ñèäèò íà ñïåöèàëüíîé ïðèñàäå, óñòàíîâëåííîé íà âûñøåé òî÷êå êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îðíèòîëîãàìè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ñìûñë èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïàññèâíîãî áèîðåïåëëåíòà çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ñîçäàíèè íà òåððèòîðèè ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ òðåâîæíîé àêóñòè÷åñêîé ñðåäû äëÿ îòïóãèâàåìûõ ïòèö.

Âîêðóã ìîãèëüíèêà, ñèäÿùåãî íà êðûøå ýëåâàòîðà, ñîáèðàþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå âèäû âðàíîâûõ ïòèö (ñåðàÿ âîðîíà, ãðà÷, ãàëêà), àêòèâíî îêðèêèâàþùèõ ïåðíàòîãî õèùíèêà è ñèãíàëèçèðóþùèõ òàêèì îáðàçîì îá îïàñíîñòè äðóãèì ñî÷ëåíàì ëîêàëüíîãî îðíèòîöèíîçà (â íàøåì ñëó÷àå – ãîëóáÿì) î ïðèñóòñòâèè íà òåððèòîðèè õèùíèêà. Â òàêîì ñëó÷àå ìîòèâàöèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ ãîëóáåé «ïåðåêëþ÷àåòñÿ» ñ êîðìîäîáûâàþùåé íà îáîðîíèòåëüíóþ. Òî åñòü, ãîëóáè ïåðåñòàþò ñêëåâûâàòü çåðíî è íà÷èíàþò ïîêèäàòü òåððèòîðèþ êîíòðîëèðóåìîãî îðíèòîëîãàìè îáúåêòà.

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïàññèâíîãî áèîðåïåëëåíòà ðàáîòàåò àíàëîãè÷íî áèîàêóñòè÷åñêèì óñòàíîâêàì, òðàíñëèðóþùèì êðèêè òðåâîãè ïòèö è èñïîëüçóåìûì äëÿ èõ îòïóãèâàíèÿ íà ë¸òíûõ ïîëÿõ àýðîäðîìîâ.

Âûáîð îðëà-ìîãèëüíèêà â êà÷åñòâå ïàññèâíîãî áèîðåïåëëåíòà îáóñëîâëåí åãî êðóïíûìè ðàçìåðàìè. Îðëà âèäíî ñ äîñòàòî÷íî áîëüøèõ äèñòàíöèé, ÷òî ýôôåêòèâíî ïðèâëåêàåò îêðèêèâàþùèõ åãî âðàíîâûõ ïòèö.

Ìíîãîëåòíÿÿ ïðàêòèêà êàçàíñêèõ ñîêîëüíèêîâ ïî èñïîëüçîâàíèþ ëîâ÷èõ ïòèö â êà÷åñòâå áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ðåïåëëåíòîâ ïîêàçàëà, ÷òî íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ êîìïëåêñíîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ. Ìîãèëüíèêà – êàê ïàññèâíûé áèîðåïåëëåíò, à ëîâ÷èõ ñîêîëîâ è ÿñòðåáîâ – êàê àêòèâíûå áèîðåïåëëåíòû.

* * * * *Undesirable gatherings of sinanthropic birds result in a slew of problems for many enterprises, problems caused by the bio-damaging activities of the birds leading to considerable financial losses for these enterprises.

To prevent the harmful activities of sinanthropic birds (Rock Doves) biological repellents (hunting birds) were introduced on the venue of “Kazanzernoprodukt” OJSC and “KazanMez” OJSC. Northern hunting Goshawks, Peregrine and Saker Falcons were used as active bio-repellents attacking dove flocks and corvids. The Imperial Eagle was used as a passive biorepellent.

A passive biorepellent is a hunting bird that does not attack or fly freely. Instead it is perched on a roost site on the highest spot of the enterprise under surveillance of ornithologists. From an ecological point of view the reason of using the passive biorepellent lies in creating an alarming sonic environment for the frightened birds on the venue of the enterprise.

Different types of corvids (hooded crows, rooks and jackdaws) flock around the Imperial Eagle sitting on the elevator roof. They are shouting at the feathery bird of prey thereby alerting to other fellow birds (doves, in this case) to the possible danger in the vicinity represented by the predator. In this case, the behavior of doves “switches” from “food seeking” to “self-defense”. So the doves are no longer there pecking grains but are ready to leave the venue of the facility supervised by ornithologists.

The passive biorepellent works similarly to the sonic arrangements transmitting alarming bird shouts which are used to scare birds away from airport airfields.

The reason for choosing the Imperial Eagle as a passive biorepellent lies in its large size. The predator eagle can be spotted from considerably long distances which successfully attracts corvids who tend to shout at it.

The practice of using hunting birds as biological repellents exercised by the Kazan falconers over many years indicates that the integrated usage of feathery birds of prey is the most efficient with the Imperial Eagle serving as a passive biorepellent and hunting falcons and hawks as its active counterpart.

USE OF THE IMPERIAL EAGLE AQUILA HELIACA AS A PASSIVE

BIOREPELENT FOR THE OBJECTS OF GRAIN INDUSTRY

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ МОГИЛЬНИКА (AQUILA HELIACA) В КАЧЕСТВЕ

ПАССИВНОГО БИОРЕПЕЛЛЕНТА НА ОБЪЕКТАХ ЗЕРНОПРОМА

Ildar R. Enaleev, Alla V. Arinina (Russia) (Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia)

Ильдар Р. Еналеев, Алла В. Аринина (Казанский Федеральный Университет, Казань, Россия)


Äëÿ ïîïóëÿðèçàöèè çíàíèé î ñîëíå÷íîì îðëå (Aquila heliaca) ïðèðîäíîì ñèìâîëå Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè â 2012–2013 ãã. â ðåãèîíå ðåàëèçîâàí ïðîåêò «Ïóòåøåñòâèå Îðëàøè». Îí ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòüþ ïðîñâåòèòåëüñêîãî áëîêà ìíîãîëåòíåé ïðîãðàììû «Ñîõðàíåíèå ïîâîëæñêîé ïîïóëÿöèè ñîëíå÷íîãî îðëà â Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè», â êîòîðîé ïðèíèìàþò ó÷àñòèå Ñèìáèðñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, Ìèíèñòåðñòâî ëåñíîãî õîçÿéñòâà, ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ýêîëîãèè Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè, ÍÈÖ «Ïîâîëæüå», NABU (Ñîþç îõðàíû ïðèðîäû è áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ Ãåðìàíèè). Îïîðíîé ïëîùàäêîé äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîåêòà âûáðàí Óëüÿíîâñêèé îáëàñòíîé êðàåâåä÷åñêèé ìóçåé èì. È.À. Ãîí÷àðîâà.

Áëàãîäàðÿ êóðàòîðàì ïðîåêòà ïÿòü ïòåíöîâ ñîëíå÷íîãî îðëà â âèäå ìÿãêèõ èãðóøåê ñ äîðîæíûìè ðþêçà÷êàìè ïîëãîäà ïóòåøåñòâîâàëè ïî ðàéîíàì Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Êàæäûé ðþêçà÷îê âêëþ÷àåò ïàñïîðò è ïóòåâîé äíåâíèê Îðëàøè, èãðû äëÿ äåòåé, äèñê ñ ìóëüòèìåäèà-ïðåçåíòàöèåé î ñîëíå÷íîì îðëå. Çà âñå âðåìÿ ñ Îðëàøåé ïîçíàêîìèëèñü áîëåå 2500 øêîëüíèêîâ è âîñïèòàííèêîâ äåòñêèõ ñàäîâ, âñå îíè ïîëó÷èë íà ïàìÿòü ìàãíèòû, íàêëåéêè è äèïëîìû. Äíåâíèêè ïðîåêòà àêòèâíî ðàáîòàëè â Èíòåðíåòå: íà ôîðóìå ñàéòà Ïòèöû Ñðåäíåãî Ïîâîëæüÿ, â ñîöèàëüíûõ ñåòÿõ Facebook, ÂÊîíòàêòå è Twitter.

Ïðîåêò «Ïóòåøåñòâèå Îðëàøè» ïðèçíàí îäíèì èç ñàìûõ óñïåøíûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîåêòîâ íà òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè è çàíÿë ïðèçîâûå ìåñòà â ðÿäå ðåãèîíàëüíûõ êîíêóðñîâ. Ñåãîäíÿ îðëÿòà ïðîäîëæàþò ïóòåøåñòâèå â ðåñïóáëèêàõ Áàøêèðèÿ è ×óâàøèÿ.

* * * * *Regional project “Journey of Orlasha” was realized for popularization of knowledge on Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) – natural symbol of the Ulyanovsk district in 2012–2013. It is part of an educational block multi-year program “Conservation of the Volga population of Imperial Eagle in the Ulyanovsk district”, with the participation of Simbirsk branch of the Russian Bird Conservation Union, Ministry of Forestry, Natural Resources and Environment of the Ulyanovsk district, SIC “Volga region”, NABU (Union for Conservation of Nature and biodiversity Germany). The main platform for the implementation of the project selected Ulyanovsk regional Regional Museum named after I.A. Goncharov.

Thanks to the curators of the project five Imperial Eagle chicks in the form of soft toys with backpacks six months traveling the areas of Ulyanovsk district. Each backpack included a passport and Orlasha’ travel diary, games for children, a CD with multimedia presentation about the Imperial Eagle. Total Orlasha met with more than 2,500 schoolchildren and kindergarten children, all of them received a souvenir magnets, stickers and certificates. Diaries of the project were active on the Internet: Online site Birds of the Middle Volga region, the social networks Facebook, VKontakte and Twitter.

The Project “Journey of Orlasha” is recognized as one of the most successful environmental projects in the region and won prizes in several regional competitions. Today eaglets continue to travel in the republics of Bashkortostan and Chuvashia.

RUSSIAN-GERMAN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROJECT

“JOURNEY OF ORLASHA”

РОССИЙСКО-ГЕРМАНСКИЙ ЭКОЛОГО-ПРОСВЕТИТЕЛЬСКИЙ

ПРОЕКТ «ПУТЕШЕСТВИЕ ОРЛАШИ»

Darya A. Korepova (Ulyanovsk regional local lore museum named I. A. Goncharov, Simbirsk branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union, Ulyanovsk, Russia)

Дарья А. Корепова (ОГБУК «Ульяновский областной краеведческий музей им. И.А. Гончарова», Симбирское отделение СОПР, Ульяновск, Россия)


Îð¸ë-êàðëèê (Hieraaetus pennatus) (J. F. Gmelin, 1788) – ðåäêèé (ìåñòàìè äîâîëüíî îáû÷íûé) ãíåçäÿùèéñÿ âèä õèùíûõ ïòèö Ëóãàíñêîé îáëàñòè, ñâåäåíèé î ãíåçäîâîé ýêîëîãèè êîòîðîãî â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåò.

Ìàòåðèàë ñîáðàí â 2004–2013 ãã. â îñíîâíîì íà òåððèòîðèè Ñâåðäëîâñêîãî, Ñëàâÿíîñåðáñêîãî è Ñòàíè÷íî-Ëóãàíñêîãî ðàéîíîâ Ëóãàíñêîé îáëàñòè.

Â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå îð¸ë-êàðëèê ãíåçäèòñÿ â ïîéìåííûõ ëåñàõ äîëèíû Ñåâåðñêîãî Äîíöà è åãî êðóïíûõ ïðèòîêîâ (Àéäàðà, Äåðêóëà è äð.), â ñòàðûõ âûñîêîñòâîëüíûõ áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñàõ Äîíåöêîãî êðÿæà, â ñòàðûõ áåðåçîâî-îëüõîâûõ êîëêàõ ïåñ÷àíûõ òåððàñ êðóïíûõ ðåê ðåãèîíà.

Â ðåãèîíå îð¸ë-êàðëèê ïðèñòóïàåò ê ãíåçäîâàíèþ âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå àïðåëÿ – íà÷àëå ìàÿ. Äëÿ ïîñòðîéêè ãí¸çä ïòèöû èñïîëüçîâàëè 5 ïîðîä äåðåâüåâ. Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ïòèöû ãíåçäèëèñü íà âÿçå (35%) è äóáå (25% ãí¸çä). Âûñîòà ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ãí¸çä âàðüèðóåò îò 9,5 äî 19,5 ì. Ãí¸çäà îòäåëüíûõ ïàð ðàñïîëîæåíû íà ðàññòîÿíèè 2–5 êì äðóã îò äðóãà.

Íà÷àëî êëàäêè îáû÷íî â êîíöå àïðåëÿ – ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ìàÿ. Ïòåíöû ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ â èþíå. Âûëåò ïòåíöîâ íàáëþäàåòñÿ âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå èþëÿ – íà÷àëå àâãóñòà.

Â ãí¸çäàõ îðëà-êàðëèêà íàéäåíû 1–2 ïòåíöà, â ñðåäíåì – 1,87 ïòåíöà íà æèëîå ãíåçäî (n=24). Â âûâîäêàõ íàáëþäàëè 1–2 ñë¸òêà, â ñðåäíåì – 1,79 ñë¸òêîâ íà îäíó óñïåøíî ãíåçäèâøóþñÿ ïàðó (n=25). Ïðåîáëàäàëè âûâîäêè, ñîñòîÿùèå èç äâóõ ñë¸òêîâ (68 %).

Â èññëåäóåìîì ðåãèîíå îòìå÷åíû ïðåäñòàâèòåëè îáîèõ öâåòîâûõ ìîðô, õàðàêòåðíûõ äëÿ äàííîãî âèäà (ñâåòëîé è ò¸ìíîé). Ñðåäè âçðîñëûõ îðëîâ-êàðëèêîâ ïòèöû ñâåòëîé è ò¸ìíîé ìîðôû ñîñòàâëÿëè, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî, ïî 50% îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà. Ñðåäè ë¸òíûõ ïòåíöîâ íåçíà÷èòåëüíî äîìèíèðîâàëè ïðåäñòàâèòåëè ñâåòëîé ìîðôû (60%).

Ñïåêòð ïèòàíèÿ îðëà-êàðëèêà â Ëóãàíñêîé îáëàñòè äîñòàòî÷íî ðàçíîîáðàçåí. Â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â ïèòàíèè äàííîãî âèäà îòìå÷åíû 2–3 âèäà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, íå ìåíåå 11–12 âèäîâ ïòèö, 1–2 âèäà ðåïòèëèé. Îñíîâó ïèòàíèÿ ñîñòàâèëè ïòèöû (77 %).

* * * * *The Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) (J.F. Gmelin, 1788) is a rare (in some areas quite an ordinary) breeding bird-of-prey species in the Lugansk region. There is very scarce data on the nesting ecology of the species in the area in question.

The information was collected in 2004–2013 mainly in the Sverdlovsk, Slavyanoserbsk and Stanichno-Lugansk districts of the Lugansk region.

In this area the Booted Eagle is seen nesting in the floodplain forests of the Seversky Donets river valley and its major inflows (Aydar, Derkul, etc.), in the old high ravine forests of the Donetsk mountain ridge as well as in the old birch and alder separated forest stand on the sandy terraces of the major rivers in the region.

The Booted Eagle nesting begins in late April – early May in the region. The birds are known to have used 5 types of trees for nest construction. Most frequently the birds nested on elm-trees (35%) and oak-tress (25% of nests). The height of the nest position varies from 9.5 to 19.5 m. The nests of individual breeding pairs are located 2–5 km away from each other.

The egg-laying season usually comes about in late April – early May with the hatching in June. They are ready to fly out in late July – early August.

1–2 chicks were found in Booted Eagle nests which makes 1.87 chicks per occupied nests on average (n=24). 1–2 fledglings were seen in hatches, on average – 1.79 fledglings per one successful breeding pair (n=25). Hatches containing two fledglings were greater in number (68 %).

In the area under examination the representatives of both color varieties typical to the same species (pale and dark) were detected. Adult pale Booted Eagles made up 50% of the total species [population with the adult dark eagles representing the other 50%. The flying fledglings of pale color slightly prevailed in number (60 %).

The food spectrum of the booted eagle in the Luhansk region is quite diverse. During the breeding period 2–3 species of mammals, no less than 11–12 bird species and 1–2 reptile species are detected to be constituent of its diet. Birds make up the fundamental basis of its nutrition (77 %).

ON BREEDING OF THE BOOTED EAGLE HIERAAETUS PENNATUS IN

LUGANSK DISTRICT

О ГНЕЗДОВАНИИ ОРЛА-КАРЛИКА (HIERAAETUS PENNATUS) В

ЛУГАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (УКРАИНА)

Vadim A. Moroz (Lugansk Nature Researve, Ukraine)Vitaliy V. Vetrov (Ukrainian Birds of Prey Research Center, Ukraine)

Вадим А. Мороз (Луганский природный заповедник, Украина)Виталий В. Ветров (Украинский центр исследований хищных птиц)


Ðåøåíèå ïðîáëåìû ñîõðàíåíèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ, â òîì ÷èñëå ðåäêèõ è èñ÷åçàþùèõ âèäîâ õèùíûõ ïòèö, íåâîçìîæíî áåç ïîâûøåíèÿ óðîâíÿ îáùåé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé êóëüòóðû. Â óñëîâèÿõ ðåôîðìû ðîññèéñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå ïðèîáðåòàåò ñòàòóñ îäíîãî èç ïðèîðèòåòíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé. Ïðè ýòîì âîçðàñòàåò ðîëü ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ èçäàíèé, îêàçûâàþùèõ ìåòîäè÷åñêóþ ïîääåðæêó ïåäàãîãàì, ðàáîòàþùèì â äàííîé îáëàñòè.

Æóðíàë «Áèîëîãèÿ â øêîëå» – ñòàðåéøåå íàó÷íî-ìåòîäè÷åñêîå èçäàíèå â Ðîññèè (èçäà¸òñÿ ñ 1927 ã.). Íà åãî ñòðàíèöàõ îñâåùàþòñÿ àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû áèîëîãè÷åñêîé íàóêè, çäðàâîîõðàíåíèÿ, ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ âîïðîñû áèîëîãè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ, ðàçëè÷íûå ôîðìû ðàáîòû ñî øêîëüíèêàìè. Â æóðíàëå òðàäèöèîííî ïóáëèêóþòñÿ ñòàòüè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ âîïðîñàìè èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïòèö. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, â 2012 ã. áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà ñòàòüÿ «Ñîêîë áàëîáàí êàê îáúåêò ìåæäóíàðîäíîé òîðãîâëè» (àâòîð À. Ëåâèí), à â ¹¹ 7–8 çà òåêóùèé ãîä ÷èòàòåëè ïîçíàêîìÿòñÿ ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè ìåòîäàìè èçó÷åíèÿ ìèãðàöèè ïòèö (àâòîðû È. Êàðÿêèí, À. Ëåâèí).

Ðåäàêöèÿ ïðèãëàøàåò ê ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó ñïåöèàëèñòîâ. Æóðíàë âêëþ÷¸í Âûñøåé àòòåñòàöèîííîé êîìèññèåé (ÂÀÊ) Ìèíèñòåðñòâà îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè ÐÔ â ïåðå÷åíü âåäóùèõ ðåöåíçèðóåìûõ íàó÷íûõ æóðíàëîâ è èçäàíèé, â êîòîðûõ äîëæíû áûòü îïóáëèêîâàíû îñíîâíûå íàó÷íûå ðåçóëüòàòû äèññåðòàöèé íà ñîèñêàíèå ó÷¸íîé ñòåïåíè äîêòîðà è êàíäèäàòà íàóê. Æóðíàë çàðåãèñòðèðîâàí â áàçå äàííûõ Ðîññèéñêîãî èíäåêñà íàó÷íîãî öèòèðîâàíèÿ (ÐÈÍÖ).

* * * * *Finding a solvation to the problem of biodiversity preservation including rare and endangered birds of prey is impossible without boosting the level of ecology culture. Given the ongoing Russian education reforms ecology education is taking on the status of one of the top-priority directions which in turn adds to the importance of periodicals, a source of tutorial assistance to the teachers working in this domain.

The journal “Biology in school” is the oldest methodological periodical in Russia (published since 1927). It covers the pressing issues of biological science, public health service, biology education problems and different ways of interacting with students. The journal traditionally publishes articles on bird study and protection. In particular, in 2012 it published an article called “Saker falcon as an object of international trade” (penned by A. Levin) and issues 7 and 8 coming out this year will familiarize the reader with the modern methods of bird migration study (penned by I. Karyakin and A. Levin).

The editorial staff are looking to cooperate with experts in the area of expertise. The journal is listed by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the catalogue of the top peer-reviewed scientific journals and editions for publication of the main results of Ph.D. and Doctoral theses. The journal is registered in the Russian list of journals indexed.

THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL AND METHODICAL PUBLICATIONS IN

THE FORMATION OF A RESPONSIBLE ATTITUDE TO BIODIVERSITY

PROBLEMS

РОЛЬ УЧЕБНЫХ И МЕТОДИЧЕСКИХ ИЗДАНИЙ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ

ОТВЕТСТВЕННОГО ОТНОШЕНИЯ К ПРОБЛЕМЕ СОХРАНЕНИЯ

БИОРАЗНООБРАЗИЯ

Victoria A. Samkova (Journal “Biology in school”, Institute of content and teaching methods RAO, Moscow, Russia)

Виктория А. Самкова (Журнал «Биология в школе», Институт содержания и методов обучения РАО, Москва, Россия)


Â Ðîññèè êëþ÷åâûì ñîáûòèåì äëÿ ïåðåõîäà îò èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé ê ñïåöèàëüíûì ïòèöåçàùèòíûì óñòðîéñòâàì äëÿ âîçäóøíûõ ËÝÏ êîíêðåòíîãî íîìèíàëà ìîùíîñòè ñòàëî èçâåñòíîå ïîñòàíîâëåíèå Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè îò 13 àâãóñòà 1996 ã. ¹ 997 «Îá óòâåðæäåíèè Òðåáîâàíèé ïî ïðåäîòâðàùåíèþ ãèáåëè îáúåêòîâ æèâîòíîãî ìèðà ïðè îñóùåñòâëåíèè ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ïðîöåññîâ, à òàêæå ïðè ýêñïëóàòàöèè òðàíñïîðòíûõ ìàãèñòðàëåé, òðóáîïðîâîäîâ, ëèíèé ñâÿçè è ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è». Äàííîå ïîñòàíîâëåíèå âïåðâûå îïðåäåëèëî íåîáõîäèìîå êà÷åñòâî ÏÇÓ, èñêëþ÷èâ âîçìîæíîñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ â íèõ íåèçîëèðîâàííûõ òîêîïðîâîäÿùèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ è, çàäàâ, òåì ñàìûì, íàïðàâëåíèå äàëüíåéøåãî ðàçâèòèÿ êîíñòðóêöèé ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ íà îñíîâå äèýëåêòðè÷åñêèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ – ïëàñòèêîâûõ èçîëèðóþùèõ êîæóõîâ.

Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â íàøåé ñòðàíå íà ñìåíó ðàçëè÷íûì àãðåññèâíûì, ìîðàëüíî óñòàðåâøèì çàãðàäèòåëüíûì ÏÇÓ «ñîâåòñêîãî ïåðèîäà» (òèïà «óñû», «åæè», «øòûðè», «áëîêèðóþùèå – îòòÿæêè», õîëîñòûå èçîëÿòîðû è äð.), àêòèâíî ïðèõîäÿò ñïåöèàëüíûå ïòèöåçàùèòíûå óñòðîéñòâà, â êîíñòðóêöèÿõ êîòîðûõ çàëîæåí ïðèíöèï ãóìàííîãî (ùàäÿùåãî) îòíîøåíèÿ ê ïòèöàì. Áîëüøèíñòâî ðàçðàáîò÷èêîâ ñîâðåìåííûõ îòå÷åñòâåííûõ êîíñòðóêöèé ñïåöèàëüíûõ ÏÇÓ òàêæå èñõîäÿò èç íåäîïóñòèìîñòè ïðèìåíåíèÿ â ïòèöåçàùèòíîé ïðàêòèêå àãðåññèâíûõ ïðèíöèïîâ äåéñòâèÿ, çàëîæåííûõ â áîëüøèíñòâå êîíñòðóêöèé «ËÝÏ-çàùèòíûõ» óñòðîéñòâ, ïîñêîëüêó ïîñëåäíèå, ðåøàÿ çàäà÷ó ïîâûøåíèÿ íàä¸æíîñòè ýëåêòðîñíàáæåíèÿ, íåðåäêî ïðèâîäÿò ê ïîâûøåíèþ óðîâíÿ îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêîé îïàñíîñòè ýëåêòðîóñòàíîâîê.

Íàøà îðãàíèçàöèÿ ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊÐ» (http://birdprotect.ru/) ñòðåìèòñÿ ê óñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèþ âñåãî êîìïëåêñà õàðàêòåðèñòèê ñîçäàâàåìûõ êîíñòðóêöèé ÏÇÓ, òàêèõ, êàê äèýëåêòðè÷åñêàÿ ïðî÷íîñòü, êîíôèãóðàöèÿ, ãàáàðèòû, óñòîé÷èâîñòü ê ôàêòîðàì âíåøíåé ñðåäû, ïîæàðîáåçîïàñíîñòü, ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêàÿ è ýòîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñîâìåñòèìîñòü ñ îáúåêòàìè çàùèòû (ïòèöàìè, îáèòàþùèìè â êîíêðåòíûõ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ ïðèìåíåíèÿ ñðåäñòâ äèýëåêòðè÷åñêîé çàùèòû).

* * * * *In Russia, the key event inducing the use of the special bird protection devices (BPD) for overhead power lines of the specific power became the well-known decision of the Russian Federation Government of August 13, 1996 ¹ 997 “On Approval of the Requirements for the prevention of wildlife destruction during the production processes and while operating highways, pipelines, communication and power lines”. This document was the first to identify the required quality of BPD, eliminating the use of non-insulated conductive materials and defining the future development of the BPD design based on dielectric materials – the insulating plastic casings.

Currently, in our country, the various aggressive and obsolete bird guarding devices of the “Soviet time” (like “barb”, “hedgehog”, “pins”, “blocking-stay-ropes”, idle insulators, etc.) are being actively replaced by the the bird protection devices designed on the basis of humane treatment of birds.

Most of the today’s developers of the domestic BPDs also draw on the application of non-aggressive bird protection principles, unlike those in the designs of “power lines protective” devices since the latter, improving the reliability of power supply often lead to increasing ornithological hazard.

Our organization, LLC “Eco-NIOKR” (http://birdprotect.ru/), aims at improvement of the entire complex of the BPD designs and features, such as dielectric strength, model, dimensions, resistance to the environmental factors, fire safety, morphological and ethological compatibility with the protected species (the birds dwelling in the specific geographical conditions in which the dielectric protection is applied).

THE EVOLUTION OF BIRD PROTECTED DEVICES FOR POWER LINES

OF AVERAGE POWER IN RUSSIA

ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ПТИЦЕЗАЩИТНЫХ УСТРОЙСТВ ДЛЯ ЛЭП СРЕДНЕЙ

МОЩНОСТИ В РОССИИ

Sergei G. Tetnev (LLC “Eco-NIOKR”, Ulyanovsk, Russia)

Сергей Г. Тетнёв (ООО «Эко-НИОКР», Ульяновск, Россия)

64 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ñåìèíàð ïî «íåñòáîêñèíãó»

NESTBOXING WORKSHOP

СЕМИНАР ПО «НЕСТБОКСИНГУ»

POPULATION ECOLOGY OF THE URAL OWL STRIX URALENSIS IN

FINLAND: RESULTS FROM A 48-YEAR STUDY

ПОПУЛЯЦИОННАЯ ЭКОЛОГИЯ ДЛИННОХВОСТОЙ НЕЯСЫТИ

(STRIX URALENSIS) В ФИНЛЯНДИИ: РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ 48-ЛЕТНЕГО

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ



Ýòîò äîêëàä îñíîâàí íà ðåçóëüòàòàõ ìîåãî ñîðîêàâîñüìèëåòíåãî ïðîåêòà ïî ñîõðàíåíèþ è èçó÷åíèþ ïîïóëÿöèè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis), ãíåçäÿùåéñÿ â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ â þæíîé Ôèíëÿíäèè (61o24’ N, 24o30’ E). Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü – óíèâåðñàëüíûé ôàã, íî å¸ åæåãîäíûé ðåïðîäóêòèâíûé óñïåõ è âûæèâàåìîñòü â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè çàâèñèò îò öèêëà ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîë¸âêè, êîòîðûé ñîñòàâëÿåò 3–4 ãîäà. Â ãîäû íèçêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîë¸âêè, áîëüøèíñòâî ïàð íåÿñûòè âîâñå íå îòêëàäûâàþò ÿèö, à ñðåäíèå ñðîêè íà÷àëà êëàäêè ñäâèãàþòñÿ íà áîëåå ïîçäíèé ñðîê, âïëîòü äî ÷åòûðåõ íåäåëü, ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ íàèáîëåå óäà÷íûìè ãîäàìè. Ñðåäíèé ðàçìåð êëàäêè âàðüèðóåò îò äâóõ äî ÷åòûð¸õ ÿèö. Â èòîãå ìèíèìàëüíîå ÷èñëî ñë¸òêîâ âûðàùåííûõ çà ñåçîí, íàáëþäàâøååñÿ â ðàìêàõ èññëåäóåìîé ïîïóëÿöèè, ñîñòàâèëî âñåãî 12 ïòåíöîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ìàêñèìàëüíîå – 540. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ïîñêîëüêó ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîë¸âîê ðåçêî ñíèæàåòñÿ ïîñëå ïèêà, ñðåäíÿÿ âûæèâàåìîñòü ñîâÿò, âûëóïèâøèõñÿ â ãîäû ñ ìàêñèìàëüíîé ÷èñëåííîñòüþ ïîë¸âêè, áûëà íàìíîãî íèæå, ÷åì ó ñîâÿò, âûëóïèâøèõñÿ â ãîäû íèçêîé èëè íàðàñòàþùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè. Òî åñòü áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü îãðîìíîãî ïðèïëîäà, ïðîèçâîäèìîãî â ëó÷øèå ãîäû, ïðîñòî «ïðîïàäàåò». Ðåïðîäóêòèâíûé âûõîä ñàìîê äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â òå÷åíèå èõ æèçíè áûë âåñüìà ðàçíîîáðàçåí: 50% ñë¸òêîâ âûêàðìëèâàëèñü 23% ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ ñàìîê, èëè 6% ñë¸òêîâ ïðåäûäóùåãî ïîêîëåíèÿ. Ïðèâÿçàííîñòü ñîâ ê ãíåçäó áûëà î÷åíü âûñîêà è óðîâåíü «ðàçâîäîâ» ñîñòàâèë ìåíåå 10%.

* * * * *This contribution is based on my 48-year conservation project and population study on the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) breeding in nest boxes in southern Finland (61o24’ N, 24o30’ E). The Ural Owl is a generalist feeder, but its annual reproductive output and survival are highly dependent on the 3–4 year vole cycle. In low vole years, most pairs did not lay eggs at all, and the median laying date was up to four weeks later than in peak years. Mean clutch size varied from two to four, and consequently, the minimum total of fledglings produced per year by my study population was only 12 while the maximum was 540. However, because the vole numbers crashed after the peak, the average survival of owlets hatched in the peak phase was much lower than of those hatched in the low or increase phase. Thus, most of the high production of young in top years was “wasted”. Lifetime reproductive output of the Ural Owl females was highly variable: 50% of fledglings were produced by 23% of breeding females or by 6% of the fledglings of previous generation. Fidelity to the nest site was very high and “divorce” rate was <10%.

Nestboxing workshop 65Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation

THE ECOLOGY OF THE URAL OWL STRIX URALENSIS AT THE SOUTH-

WESTERN BORDER OF ITS DISTRIBUTION, SLOVENIA

ЭКОЛОГИЯ ДЛИННОХВОСТОЙ НЕЯСЫТИ (STRIX URALENSIS) НА

ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОЙ ГРАНИЦЕ ЕЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ, СЛОВЕНИЯ

Al Vrezec (National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Ал Врежек (Национальный институт биологии, Любляна, Словения)

Â Ñëîâåíèè àðåàë îáèòàíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ïîäõîäèò ê ñâîèì þãî-çàïàäíûì ãðàíèöàì è çäåñü âñòðå÷àåòñÿ þæíûé ïîäâèä Strix uralensis macroura. Ò¸ìíî-îêðàøåííûå ñîâû õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ ýòîãî ïîäâèäà ñîñòàâëÿþò ìåíåå 10% îò ïîïóëÿöèè Ñëîâåíèè. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ýòîãî âèäà íå çàâèñèò îò âûñîòû ðåëüåôà, à çàâèñèò áîëåå îò ñîñòîÿíèÿ òèïîâûõ ìåñò îáèòàíèÿ, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ îñíîâíóþ ðîëü èãðàåò ëåñ. Â Ñëîâåíèè äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåñÿûòü âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â äèàïàçîíå âûñîò îò 150 äî 1600 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ. Â íèçèíàõ ñîâà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â ñòàðûõ äóáîâûõ ðîùàõ Pseudostellario-Quercetum roboris, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â ãîðíîé ìåñòíîñòè ñîâà íàñåëÿåò ñìåøåííûå è ëèñòâåííûå ëåñà ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì áóêà Fagus sylvatica, è, íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî, ïèõòîâî-áóêîâûå ñîîáùåñòâà Omphalodo-Fagetum. Ïëîòíîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé íåÿñûòè íà òåððèòîðèè Ñëîâåíèè âàðüèðóåò ìåæäó 0,8–10,0 òåððèòîðèé íà 10 êì2. Ïîñëåäíèå îöåíêè ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â Ñëîâåíèè äàëè ðåçóëüòàò â 400–700 ïàð ñîâ. Áîëüøèíñòâî ãí¸çä áûëè íàéäåíû â äóïëàõ èëè ïóñòûõ ñòâîëàõ (56%), â îáëîìàííûõ äåðåâüÿõ (16%), îäíî ãíåçäî áûëî íàéäåíî íà çåìëå è îäíî â îõîòíè÷üåì ñêðàäêå. Èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ ñîâû çàíèìàëè íå÷àñòî – ëèøü 24% èç íèõ áûëè íàéäåíû æèëûå ãí¸çäà. Íà÷àëî ñåçîíà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî ïîçäíåå – ìåæäó 15 ìàðòà è 21 èþíÿ, ñî ñðåäíèì ðàçìåðîì êëàäêè 3,1±0,8 ÿéöà íà ãíåçäî. Â ðàöèîíå îñíîâíóþ ÷àñòü ñîñòàâëÿþò ïîë¸âêè (Arvicollidae) è ìûøè (Muridae), à ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ ñåçîíà ðàçìíîæåíèÿ â ðàöèîíå ïðåîáëàäàåò ñîíÿ-ïîë÷îê (Glis glis). Â ñâÿçè ñ òåñíîé çàâèñèìîñòüþ îò ïîïóëÿöèè ìåëêèõ ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü â îñíîâíîì ðàçìíîæàåòñÿ ëèøü â ãîäû âûñîêîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîë¸âêè. Êàê êðóïíûé õèùíèê, ñòîÿùèé íà ñàìîé âåðøèíå ïèùåâîé öåïî÷êè, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü âëèÿåò íà ñîîáùåñòâî õèùíûõ ïòèö, èñêëþ÷àÿ èç íåãî õèùíèêîâ, ñòîÿùèõ â ñåðåäèíå ïèùåâîé öåïî÷êè (ò.í. ìåçîïðåäàòîðîâ), òàêèõ êàê îáûêíîâåííàÿ íåÿñûòü, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò ñàìûì ìåëêèì õèùíèêàì, òàêèì êàê ìîõíîíîãèé ñû÷, ðàñøèðèòü ñâîé àðåàë äî áîëåå íèçêèõ âûñîò.

* * * * *In Slovenia the Ural Owl reaches its south-western limit of distribution and belongs to the southern subspecies Strix uralensis macroura. Dark coloured owls are characteristic for this subspecies and represent less than 10% of the Slovenian population. The species does not select specific altitude since its occurrence probably depends more on habitat quality, where an important role is played by the state of the forest in which it lives (e.g. old grown forests). Throughout Slovenia it occurs between 150 and 1600 m a.s.l. In lowlands it occurs in old Oak forests Pseudostellario-Quercetum roboris (Subpanonian region), while it seems that montane subpopulation inhabits mainly mixed and deciduous forests with Beech Fagus sylvatica as the dominant tree species, the most frequently the Dinaric Beech and Fir forest association Omphalodo-Fagetum s.lat. The densities of Ural Owl territories in Slovenia ranges between 0.8 to 10.0 territories per 10 km2. The last estimations of Ural Owl population size in Slovenia were ranging from 400 to 700 breeding pairs. The most of the Ural Owl natural nest-sites were found in tree holes or semi-holes (56%), following the tree stumps (20%), stick nests (16%), one was found on the ground and one on the hunters hide. Nest boxes were occupied less frequently in Slovenia, so far Ural Owls bred only in 24% of them. Breeding begins quite late; between 15 March to 21 June with average clutch size 3.1±0.8 eggs per nest. In the diet voles (Arvicollidae) and Mice (Muridae) are the most frequent prey since the Fat Dormouse Glis glis seems to have very important role in the post-breeding period. The species is largely dependent on small mammal populations, and breeds mainly in good vole years only. However, as a large forest predator it shapes the raptor community in the forest by excluding mezopredator species, as Tawny Owl (Strix aluco), what allows smaller raptors, e.g. Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus) to expend their ranges to lower elevations.

66 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ñåìèíàð ïî «íåñòáîêñèíãó»

Ìíîãîëåòíÿÿ ðàáîòà ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ âûÿâèëà íàñóùíóþ íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîçäàíèÿ ïðîñòîé è åäèíîé ãåîèíôîðìàöèîííîé ñèñòåìû, ðàçìåùåííîé â Èíòåðíåò, â êîòîðóþ îðíèòîëîãè è ëþáèòåëè ïòèö, âêëþ÷àÿ øêîëüíèêîâ, ìîãëè áû çàíîñèòü ñâîè äàííûå ïî ìîíèòîðèíãó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé. Äëÿ ýòèõ öåëåé áûëà àïðîáèðîâàíà Âåá-ÃÈÑ «Ôàóíèñòèêà» Ðîññèéñêîé ñåòè èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, ðàçìåù¸ííàÿ íà Èíòåðíåò-ðåñóðñå wildlifemonitoring.ru. Âåá-ÃÈÑ èìååò äîñòàòî÷íî ïðîñòîé è èíòóèòèâíî ïîíÿòíûé èíòåðôåéñ, ðåàëèçîâàíà íà áàçå ñåðâèñà GoogleMaps, êëèåíòñêàÿ ÷àñòü ïðîãðàììíîãî èíòåðôåéñà ðàçðàáîòàíà íà èíòåðïðåòèðóåìîì ÿçûêå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ Javascript ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì áèáëèîòåê jQuery, jQuery UI, ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì Google Maps JavaScript API òðåòüåé âåðñèè, ñåðâåðíàÿ ÷àñòü ïðîãðàììíîãî èíòåðôåéñà ðàçðàáîòàíà íà ÿçûêå PHP, MySQL. Âåá-ÃÈÑ ïîçâîëÿåò âíîñèòü òî÷å÷íûå äàííûå è ôîòîìàòåðèàëû êàê âðó÷íóþ, òàê è àâòîìàòè÷åñêè (ñâÿçûâàåò òî÷êè â GPX-ôàéëàõ ñ ôîòîãðàôèÿìè ïî äàòå è âðåìåíè èç àòðèáóòîâ GPX è Exif ôîòîãðàôèé), ïîçâîëÿåò îñóùåñòâëÿòü ïðîñòåéøóþ ñîðòèðîâêó äàííûõ ïî âèäó, àâòîðó è äàòå, ñ îòîáðàæåíèåì âûáîðêè íà êàðòå, ïîçâîëÿåò âûâîäèòü îò÷¸òû â CSV (÷òî âàæíî äëÿ ýêñïîðòà òî÷åê â íàâèãàòîðû è äðóãèå ÃÈÑ-ñèñòåìû), HTML è DOC. Ðàçäåë ñèñòåìû ïî ìîíèòîðèíãó èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé èìååò íàçâàíèå Âåá-ÃÈÑ «Íåñòáîêñèíã» è ðàçìåù¸í íà ñàéòå Ñåòè (http://rrrcn.ru/nestboxes/web-gis-nestboxing).

Óæå ñåé÷àñ Âåá-ÃÈÑ çàðåêîìåíäîâàëà ñåáÿ êàê ìîùíûé èíñòðóìåíò àíàëèçà çàíÿòîñòè èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ (Strix uralensis) íà ïðîòÿæåíèè å¸ îáøèðíîãî àðåàëà. Ñ ïîìîùüþ Âåá-ÃÈÑ ìîæíî îïåðàòèâíî ïîëó÷àòü èíôîðìàöèþ î çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ è äåëàòü íà îñíîâàíèè ýòîãî êàêèå-òî çàêëþ÷åíèÿ. Â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ Âåá-ÃÈÑ ñîäåðæèò èíôîðìàöèþ î 311 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ èç 3-õ ðåãèîíîâ Ðîññèè.

Ïðè ïîäêëþ÷åíèè ê ðàáîòå â Âåá-ÃÈÑ äðóãèõ «íåñòáîêñåðîâ», à òàêæå óñèëåíèè ôóíêöèîíàëà Âåá-ÃÈÑ ìîæíî áóäåò ãîâîðèòü î ñîçäàíèè íàöèîíàëüíîé ñèñòåìû ìîíèòîðèíãà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé.

* * * * *Long-term work on attracting owls in artificial nests has revealed urgent need to create a simple Web-GIS, where ornithologists and bird enthusiasts, including school children, could bring their data to monitor of artificial nests. For these purposes was approved Web-GIS “Faunistics” by Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network (host: wildlifemonitoring.ru). Web-GIS has a quite simple and intuitively understandable interface, is realized on the base of GoogleMaps service, the customers’ part of the program interface is developed in the interpreted language of programming Javascript with the use of libraries jQuery, jQuery UI, with the use of Google Maps JavaScript API of the 3rd version, the server part of program interface is developed in language PHP, MySQL. Web-GIS allows to enter the point data and photo-materials both manually and automatically (connect points in GPX-files with photographs by date and time of data of the attributes GPX and Exif photos), allows to carry out the simplest sorting of data by species, author and date, with indication of selection on map, allows to show reports in CSV (that is important for export of points in navigators and other GIS-systems), HTML and DOC. The sector of the system on monitoring of artificial nests has the name Web-GIS «Nestboxing» and is placed at site in the Internet (http://rrrcn.ru/nestboxes/web-gis-nestboxing).

Web-GIS has already established itself as a powerful tool for analyzing the employment nestboxes Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) throughout its extensive range. Using Web-GIS can receive information about employment and nest boxes made on the basis of any conclusions. Currently, Web-GIS contains information about 311 nestboxes of 3 regions of Russia.

With involvement in the work of Web-GIS other “nestboxinger” as well as strengthening of the Web-GIS functional we can talk about the creation of a national system for monitoring of artificial nests.

WEB-GIS NESTBOXING – THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS CREATING A

UNIFIED SYSTEM OF NESTBOXES MONITORING IN RUSSIA

ВЕБ-ГИС «НЕСТБОКСИНГ» – ПЕРВЫЙ ШАГ НА ПУТИ СОЗДАНИЯ

ЕДИНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ МОНИТОРИНГА ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ

ГНЕЗДОВИЙ В РОССИИ

Igor V. Karyakin, Daniil A. Kamenskiy (Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network, Russia)

Игорь В. Карякин, Даниил А. Каменский (Российская сеть изучения и охраны пернатых хищников, Россия)

Author Index 67Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation

AUTHOR INDEX

УКАЗАТЕЛЬ АВТОРОВ

¹ Àâòîð AuthorÑòðàíèöà

Page1 Óðìàñ Àáåëü (Ýñòîíèÿ) Urmas Abel (Estonia) 322 Ñåðãåé Ã. Àäàìîâ (Ñèìáèðñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ,

Äèìèòðîâãðàä, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected] G. Adamov (Russian Bird Conservation Union, Simbirsk Branch, Dimitrovgrad, Russia) [email protected]

51

3 Àëåññàíäðî Àíäðåîòòè (Èíñòèòóò îõðàíû è èçó÷åíèÿ ïðèðîäû, Èòàëèÿ) [email protected]

Alessandro Andreotti (Institue for Nature Protection and Research, Italy) [email protected]

10

4 Àíâàð Ñ. Àþïîâ (ÔÃÁÓ «Âîëæñêî-Êàìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé çàïîâåäíèê», Êàçàíü, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Anwar S. Ayupov (Volga-Kama State Nature Reserve, Kazan, Russia) [email protected]

52

5 Ìèðîñëàâ Â. Áàáóøêèí, ê.á.í. (ÔÃÁÓ «Äàðâèíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé áèîñôåðíûé çàïîâåäíèê», ×åðåïîâåö, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Miroslav V. Babushkin, PhD (State Darwin Natural Biosphere Reserve, Cherepovets, Russia) [email protected]

34, 51, 53, 54

6 Ñåðãåé Â. Áàêêà, ê.á.í. (Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Sergey V. Bakka, PhD (Nizhny Novgorod Branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) [email protected]

20, 44

7 Ðîìàí Ô. Áàõòèí, ê.á.í. (Àëòàéñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ àêàäåìèÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ èìåíè Â.Ì. Øóêøèíà, Áèéñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Roman F. Bachtin, PhD (Altai State Academy of Education, Biysk, Russia) [email protected]

30, 51

8 Ïåäðî Áåæå (Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé öåíòð ïî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèþ è ãåíåòè÷åñêèì ðåñóðñàì, Âàèðàî, Ïîðòóãàëèÿ)

Pedro Beja (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão, Portugal)

35, 43

9 Ðèíóð Õ. Áåêìàíñóðîâ (ÔÃÁÓ Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Íèæíÿÿ Êàìà», Åëàáóãà, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Rinur H. Bekmansurov (National Park Nizhnyaya Kama, Elabuga, Russia ussia) [email protected]

22, 51

10 Âèêòîð Ï. Áåëèê, Ïðîô., Äð. (Ðàáî÷àÿ ãðóïïà ïî ñîêîëîîáðàçíûì è ñîâàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Viktor P. Belik, Prof., Dr. (Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls of Northern Eurasia, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia) [email protected]

55

11 Èðåíà Áåðòîí÷åëè (Íàöèîíàëüíûé èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè, Ëþáëÿíà, Ñëîâåíèÿ) [email protected]

Irena Bertoncelj (National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia) [email protected]

10

12 Åâãåíèé À. Áðàãèí, ê.á.í., (Êîñòàíàéñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò, Íàóðçóìñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé çàïîâåäíèê, Êàçàõñòàí) [email protected]

Eugene A. Bragin, PhD (Kostanai State Pedagogical Institute, Naurzum State Nature Reserve, Kazakhstan) [email protected]

41

13 ßí Áóðôèëä (BirdLife International, Êåìáðèäæ, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ) [email protected]

Ian Burfield (BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom) [email protected]

10

14 Ñåðãåé Â. Âàæîâ, ê.á.í. (Àëòàéñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ àêàäåìèÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ èìåíè Â.Ì. Øóêøèíà, Áèéñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Sergey S. Vazhov, PhD (Altai State Academy of Education, Biysk, Russia) [email protected]

42, 51

15 Êðèñ Âåðíõàì (Áðèòàíñêèé Îðíèòîëîãè÷åñêèé Òðàñò, Óíèâåðñèòåò Ñòèðëèíãà, Øîòëàíäèÿ, Âëèêîáðèòàíèÿ) [email protected]

Chris Wernham (British Trust for Ornithology, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom) [email protected]

10

16 Âèòàëèé Â. Âåòðîâ (Óêðàèíñêèé öåíòð èññëåäîâàíèé õèùíûõ ïòèö) [email protected]

Vitaliy V. Vetrov (Ukrainian Birds of Prey Research Center, Ukraine) [email protected]

61

17 Íèêîëàñ Ï. Âèëëèÿìñ, ìàãèñòð ýêîëîãèè (Ïðîãðàììà ÎÎÍ ïî îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäå – ÞÍÅÏ / Áîííñêàÿ êîíâåíöèÿ – CMS), Àáó-Äàáè, ÎÀÝ) [email protected]

Nicholas P. Williams, MSc (Ecology) (UNEP / CMS Raptors MoU, Abu Dhabi, UAE) [email protected]

9

18 Ñòàíèñëàâ Ã. Âèòåð, ê.á.í. (Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïðèðîäíûé ïàðê «Ãîìîëüøàíñêèå ëåñà», Õàðüêîâ, Óêðàèíà) [email protected]

Stanislav G. Viter, PhD (National Natural Park “Gomolshansk forests”, Kharkov, Ukraine) [email protected]

17

19 Âåðà Â. Âîðîíîâà (Êàðàãàíäèíñêèé îáëàñòíîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ìóçåé, Êàðàãàíäà, Êàçàõñòàí) [email protected]

Vera V. Voronova (Karaganda Ecological Museum, Karaganda, Kazakhstan) [email protected]

56

20 Àë Âðåæåê, Äð., (Íàöèîíàëüíûé èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè, Ëþáëÿíà, Ñëîâåíèÿ) [email protected]

Al Vrezec, Dr. (National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia) [email protected]

10, 65

68 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Óêàçàòåëü àâòîðîâ


Page21 Äàâèä Ã. Âóîëêåð («Ïðèðîäíûå èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå

ïðîåêòû», Ltd, Øîòëàíäèÿ, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ) [email protected]

David G. Walker (Natural Research Projects Ltd, Scotland, United Kingdom) [email protected]

26

22 Þëî Âÿëè (Ýñòîíñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò åñòåñòâåííûõ íàóê, Òàðòó, Ýñòîíèÿ) [email protected]

Ülo Väli, (Department of Zoology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia) [email protected]

10, 32, 50

23 Âëàäèìèð Ì. Ãàëóøèí, Ïðîô., Äð. (Ðàáî÷àÿ ãðóïïà ïî õèùíûì ïòèöàì Ñåâåðíîé Åâðàçèè, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Vladimir M. Galushin, Proff., Dr. (Working Group on North-Eurasian Raptors, Moscow, Russia) [email protected]

7

24 Îëåã À. Ãîðîøêî, ê.á.í. (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé áèîñôåðíûé çàïîâåäíèê «Äàóðñêèé», Èíñòèòóò ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, ýêîëîãèè è êðèîëîãèè ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, ×èòà, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Oleg A. Goroshko, PhD (Daurskiy State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Chita, Russia) [email protected]

24

25 Îëüãà À. Äàíèëîâà (Îáëàñòíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ þíûõ íàòóðàëèñòîâ, Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Olga A. Danilova (Regional Station of Young Naturalists, Ulyanivsk, Russia) [email protected]

57

26 Ìàéÿ Äåðëèíê (Øîòëàíäèÿ, Ñëîâåíèÿ) [email protected]

Maja Derlink (National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia) [email protected]

10

27 Ïðàìîä Äåøïàíäå (Ôîíä Ýëà, Ïóíà, Èíäèÿ) Pramod Deshpande (Ela Foundation, Pune, India) 3728 Àíäðåà Äèàñ (Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé öåíòð ïî

áèîðàçíîîáðàçèþ è ãåíåòè÷åñêèì ðåñóðñàì, Âàèðàî, Ïîðòóãàëèÿ)

Andreia Dias (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão, Portugal)

35

29 Ìèõàèë À. Äèíêåâè÷ (Èíñòèòóò àðèäíûõ çîí Þæíîãî íàó÷íîãî öåíòðà ÐÀÍ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Mikhael A. Dinkevich (Institute of Arid Zones of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia) [email protected]

58

30 Ìàðèíà Ã. Äìèòðåíîê, ê.á.í. (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå íàó÷íî-ïðîèçâîäñòâåííîå îáúåäèíåíèå «Íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé öåíòð Íàöèîíàëüíîé àêàäåìèè íàóê Áåëàðóñè ïî áèîðåñóðñàì», Ìèíñê, Áåëàðóñü) [email protected]

Marina G. Dmitrenok, PhD (Scientific and Practical Center of the Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus) [email protected]

45

31 Âàëåðèé ×. Äîìáðîâñêèé, ê.á.í. (Íàöèîíàëüíàÿ àêàäåìèÿ íàóê Áåëàðóñè, Ìèíñê, Áåëàðóñü) [email protected]

Valery Ch. Dombrovski, PhD (National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus) [email protected]

18, 45

32 Ãàé Äüþê (Îêñôîðäñêèé ïðèðîäîîõðàííûé öåíòð, Îêñôîðä, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ) [email protected]

Guy Duke (Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, United Kingdom) [email protected]

10

33 Èëüäàð Ð. Åíàëååâ (Êàçàíñêèé Ôåäåðàëüíûé Óíèâåðñèòåò, Êàçàíü, Ðîññèÿ)

Ildar R. Enaleev (Russia) (Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia)

59

34 Âëàäèìèð Â. Èâàíîâñêèé, ê.á.í., äîöåíò (Âèòåáñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò èìåíè Ï.Ì. Ìàøåðîâà, Âèòåáñê, Áåëàðóñü) [email protected]

Vladimir V. Ivanovski, PhD, Associate Professor (Vitebsk State University by P. M. Masherova, Vitebsk, Belarus) [email protected]

28

35 Ãåííàäèé Í. Èñàêîâ, ê.á.í. (ÔÃÁÓ «Íàöèîíàëüíûé ïàðê «Ìàðèé ×îäðà», ×åáîêñàðû, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Gennady N. Isakov, PhD (National Park “Mari Chodra”, Cheboksary, Russia) [email protected]

23

36 Ðóâåí Éîñåô, ïðîôåññîð, äð., (Êàôåäðà åñòåñòâåííûõ íàóê, Óíèâåðñèòåò Áåí-Ãóðèîíà â Íåãåâå, Ýéëàò, Èçðàèëü) [email protected]

Reuven Joseph, Prof., Dr. (Dept. of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat, Israel) [email protected]

38

37 Èãîðü Â. Êàðÿêèí (Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Igor V. Karyakin (Center of Field Studies, N. Novgorod, Russia) [email protected]

12, 36, 44, 51, 66

38 Àëåêñåé Ã. Êàðïîâ (Ðîññèéñêàÿ ñåòü èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ, Òàòàðñòàí, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Alexey G. Karpov (Russian Raptor Research and Conserv ation Network, Tatarstan, Russia) [email protected]

51

39 Íàäåæäà Þ. Êèñåëåâà (Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñîþçà îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Nadezhda Yu. Kiseleva (Nizhny Novgorod Branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) [email protected]

20, 44

40 Àíäðåé Â. Êîâàëåíêî (Èíñòèòóò çîîëîãèè ÌÎÍ ÐÊ, Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí) [email protected]

Andrey V. Kovalenko (Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Education and Sciences, Almaty, Kazakhstan) [email protected]

51

41 Àíäðàñ Êîâà÷ (Âåíãðèÿ) [email protected]

András Kovács (Eger, Hungary) [email protected]

10

42 Ìèõàèë Â. Êîðåïîâ, ê.á.í. (Óëüÿíîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò èì. È.Í. Óëüÿíîâà, Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Michael V. Korepov, PhD (Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named I. N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia) [email protected]

21, 51

Author Index 69Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation


Page43 Äàðüÿ À. Êîðåïîâà (ÎÃÁÓÊ «Óëüÿíîâñêèé îáëàñòíîé

êðàåâåä÷åñêèé ìóçåé èì. È.À. Ãîí÷àðîâà», Ñèìáèðñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ, Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Darya A. Korepova (Ulyanovsk regional local lore museum named I. A. Goncharov, Simbirsk branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union, Ulyanovsk, Russia) [email protected]

60

44 Àíäðåé Â. Êóçíåöîâ (ÔÃÁÓ «Äàðâèíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé áèîñôåðíûé çàïîâåäíèê», ×åðåïîâåö, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Andrey V. Kuznetsov (State Darwin Natural Biosphere Reserve, Cherepovets, Russia) [email protected]

34, 53

45 Ãåííàäèé À. Êóðêèí (ÒÎÎ «Êàçýêîïðîåêò», Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí)

Gennadiy A. Kurkin (JSC “KazEcoProect”, Almaty, Kazakhstan)

15

46 Àëåêñåé Ï. Ëåâàøêèí (Ôîíä Íèæåãîðîäñêîãî îòäåëåíèÿ ÑÎÏÐ ïðè Ýêîöåíòðå «Äðîíò», Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Alexey P. Levashkin (N. Novgorod branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union Foundation of Ecocenter “DRONT”, N. Novgorod, Russia) [email protected]

44, 51

47 Àíàòîëèé Ñ. Ëåâèí, äîöåíò, ê.á.í. (ÒÎÎ «Êàçýêîïðîåêò», Àëìàòû, Êàçàõñòàí) [email protected]

Anatoly S. Levin, docent, PhD (JSC “KazEcoProect”, Almaty, Kazakhstan) [email protected]

15

48 Ìà Ìèí, ïðîô., äð., (Ñèíöçÿíñêèé èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè è ãåîãðàôèè, Óðóì÷è, Êèòàé) [email protected]

Ming Ma, Proff., Dr. (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China) [email protected]

29

49 Ìàéê ÌàêÃðàäè («Ïðèðîäíûå èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ïðîåêòû», Ltd, Øîòëàíäèÿ, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ) [email protected]

Michael J. McGrady (Natural Research Projects Ltd, Scotland, United Kingdom) [email protected]

13, 46, 48

50 Ëþäìèëà Â. Ìàðêèòàí (Èíñòèòóò àðèäíûõ çîí Þæíîãî íàó÷íîãî öåíòðà ÐÀÍ, Ðîñòîâ-íà-Äîíó, Ðîññèÿ)

Ludmila V. Markitan (Institute of Arid Zones of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia)

58

51 Àíèë Ñ. Ìàõàáàë (Ôîíä Ýëà, Ïóíà, Èíäèÿ) [email protected]

Anil S. Mahabal (Ela Foundation, Pune, India) [email protected]

37

52 Ðóñëàí À. Ìåäæèäîâ (Ïðîåêò ÏÐÎÎÍ/ÃÝÔ/Ìèíïðèðîäû Ðîññèè «Ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèå ñèñòåìû è ìåõàíèçìîâ óïðàâëåíèÿ ÎÎÏÒ â ñòåïíîì áèîìå Ðîññèè», Ýëèñòà, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Ruslan A. Mejidov (UNDP / GEF / Russian Ministry of Nature Project “Improvement of the Mechanisms and Management of Protected Areas in the Steppe Biome of Russia”, Elista, Russia) [email protected]

16

53 Âëàäèìèð Í. Ìåëüíèêîâ (Èâàíîâñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Èâàíîâî, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Vladimir N. Melnikov (Ivanovo State University, Ivanovo, Russia) [email protected]

19, 31

54 Ìàðêî Ìèðèíõà (Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé öåíòð ïî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèþ è ãåíåòè÷åñêèì ðåñóðñàì, Âàèðàî, Ïîðòóãàëèÿ)

Marco Mirinha (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão, Portugal)

35

55 Àëåêñàíäð Ë. Ìèùåíêî (ÐÎÑÈÏ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Alexander L. Mishchenko (Russian Bird Conservation and Research Society, Moscow, Russia) [email protected]

31

56 Ïàîëà Ìîâàëëè (Èíñòèòóò ïðèðîäîîõðàííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, Àìñòåðäàì, Íèäåðëàíäû) [email protected]

Paola Movalli (Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, Netherlands) [email protected]

10

57 Âàäèì À. Ìîðîç (Ëóãàíñêèé ïðèðîäíûé çàïîâåäíèê, Óêðàèíà) [email protected]

Vadim A. Moroz (Lugansk Nature Researve, Ukraine) [email protected]

61

58 Âàëåíòèí Ì. Ìóçàåâ, ê.á.í. (Êàëìûöêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Ýëèñòà, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Valentin M. Musaev, PhD (Kalmyk State University, Elista, Russia) [email protected]

40

59 Ýëüâèðà Ã. Íèêîëåíêî (ÌÁÎÎ «Ñèáèðñêèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé öåíòð», Íîâîñèáèðñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Elvira G. Nikolenko (Siberian Environmental Center, NGO, Novosibirsk, Russia) [email protected]

12

60 Ïàâåë À. Ïàêóëü (ÃÍÏÎ «Íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé öåíòð Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Áåëàðóñè ïî áèîðåñóðñàì», Ìèíñê, Áåëàðóñü) [email protected]

Pavel A. Pakul (Scientific and Practical Center of the Belarus National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus) [email protected]

45

61 Ëóèñ Ïàëìà, Äð. (Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé öåíòð ïî áèîðàçíîîáðàçèþ è ãåíåòè÷åñêèì ðåñóðñàì, Âàèðàî, Ïîðòóãàëèÿ) [email protected]

Luís Palma, Dr. (Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Vairão, Portugal) [email protected]

10, 35, 43

62 Ñàòèø A. Ïàíäå (Ôîíä Ýëà, Ïóíà, Èíäèÿ) [email protected]

Satish A. Pande (Ela Foundation, Pune, India) [email protected]

37

63 Ãàëèíà Â. Ïèëþãèíà (Îáëàñòíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ þíûõ íàòóðàëèñòîâ, Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Galina V. Pilugina (Regional Station of Young Naturalists, Ulyanivsk, Russia) [email protected]

57

70 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Óêàçàòåëü àâòîðîâ


Page64 Âàëåðèé Í. Ïèìåíîâ (Âîëãîãðàäñêîå îòäåëåíèå

ÑÎÏÐ, Âîëæñêèé, Âîëãîãðàäñêàÿ îáëàñòü, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Valeriy N. Pimenov (Volgograd branch of Russian Bird Conservation Union, Volzhskiy, Volgograd district, Russia) [email protected]

39, 51

65 Åâãåíèé Ð. Ïîòàïîâ (Áðèí-Àòèíñêèé êîëëåäæ, Áðèí-Àòèí, Ïåíñèëüâàíèÿ, ÑØÀ) [email protected]

Eugene R. Potapov, Proff., Dr. (Bryn Athyn Collge, Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, USA) [email protected]

13, 46, 48

66 Ãåíðèåòòà È. Ïóëèêîâà (Êàðàãàíäèíñêèé îáëàñòíîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêèé ìóçåé, Êàðàãàíäà, Êàçàõñòàí) [email protected]

Genrietta I. Pulikova (Karaganda Ecological Museum, Karaganda, Kazakhstan) [email protected]

56

67 Äýâèä Ðèìëèíãåð (Çîîïàðê Ñàí-Äèåãî, Ñàí-Äèåãî, Êàëèôîðíèÿ, ÑØÀ) [email protected]

David Rimlinger (San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California, USA) [email protected]

13, 46, 48

68 Àíäðåé Â. Ñàëòûêîâ, ê.á.í. (Ñîþç îõðàíû ïòèö Ðîññèè, Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Andrew V. Saltykov, PhD (Russian Bird Conservation Union, Ulyanovsk, Russia) [email protected]

14

69 Âèêòîðèÿ À. Ñàìêîâà (Æóðíàë «Áèîëîãèÿ â øêîëå», Èíñòèòóò ñîäåðæàíèÿ è ìåòîäîâ îáó÷åíèÿ ÐÀÎ, Ìîñêâà, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Victoria A. Samkova (Journal “Biology in school”, Institute of content and teaching methods RAO, Moscow, Russia) [email protected]

62

70 Ïåðòòè Ë. Ñàóðîëà, Ïðîô., çàñëóæåííûé èññëåäîâàòåëü (Ôèíñêèé ìóçåé åñòåñòâåííîé èñòîðèè, Õåëüñèíêè, Ôèíëÿíäèÿ) [email protected]

Pertti L. Saurola, Proff., Emeritus Researcher (Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland) [email protected]

10, 11, 49, 64

71 Ãóííàð Ñåéí, áàêàëàâð åñòåñòâåííûõ íàóê (Äåïàðòàìåíò îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, Ýñòîíñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò åñòåñòâåííûõ íàóê, Òàðòó, Ýñòîíèÿ) [email protected]

Gunnar Sein, BSc, (Estonian University of Life Sciences, Environmental Board, Tartu, Estonia) [email protected]

27, 32

72 Óðìàñ Ñåëèñ (Eagle Club, Hauka, Põlvamaa, Estonia) [email protected]

Urmas Sellis (Eagle Club, Hauka, Põlvamaa, Estonia) [email protected]

50

73 ßíóø Ñèëèñêèé (Îáùåñòâî îõðàíû ïðèðîäû “Ñîêîë», Ïîëüøà) [email protected]

Janusz Sielicki (“Falcon” Society for Protection of Wild Animals, Poland) [email protected]

10

74 Àëåêñàíäð Þ. Ñîêîëîâ (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïðèðîäíûé çàïîâåäíèê «Áåëîãîðüå», Áåëãîðîäñêàÿ îáë., Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Alexander Yu. Sokolov (State Nature Reserve “Belogorie”, Belgorod district, Russia) [email protected]

33

75 Äåðåê ×. Ñïåíñåð, àñïèðàíò, (Óíèâåðñèòåò Âûñîêîãîðüÿ è Îñòðîâîâ – UHI, Øîòëàíäèÿ, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ) [email protected]

Derek Ch. Spencer, PhD Student (University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland, United Kingdom) [email protected]

25

76 Ñåðãåé Ã. Òåòí¸â (ÎÎÎ «Ýêî-ÍÈÎÊÐ», Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Sergei G. Tetnev (LLC “Eco-NIOKR”, Ulyanovsk, Russia) [email protected]

63

77 Éîçåô Òóâè (Ýñòîíèÿ) Joosep Tuvi (Estonia) 3278 Ìàðòà À. Òóðóòèíà (×åðåïîâåöêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé

óíèâåðñèòåò, ×åðåïîâåö, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Marta A. Turutina (Cherepovets State University, Cherepovets, Russia) [email protected]

54

79 Èðèíà Ã. Óòåõèíà, ê.á.í. (ÔÃÁÓ «Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé çàïîâåäíèê «Ìàãàäàíñêèé», Ìàãàäàí, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Irina G. Utechina, PhD (State Reserve “Magadansky”, Magadan, Russia) [email protected]

13, 46, 48

80 Æîàî Ôåððåéðà (Ïîðòóãàëèÿ) João Ferreira (Portugal) 3581 Ñàéìîí Ò. Õóëêà, Äð. («Ïðèðîäíûå

èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ïðîåêòû Ltd, Óýéìóò, Äîðñåò, Âåëèêîáðèòàíèÿ) [email protected]

Simon T. Hulka, Dr. (Natural Research Projects Ltd, United Kingdom) [email protected]

47

82 Ðàäõåøüÿì Ì. Øàðìà (Ôîíä Ýëà, Ïóíà, Èíäèÿ) [email protected]

Radheshyam M. Sharma (Ela Foundation, Pune, India) [email protected]

37

83 Ìèõàèë Ì. Øàøêèí (Îáëàñòíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ þíûõ íàòóðàëèñòîâ, Óëüÿíîâñê, Ðîññèÿ) [email protected],

Michael M. Shashkin (Regional Station of Young Naturalists, Ulyanivsk, Russia) [email protected],

51, 57

84 Äìèòðèé Í. Ùåðáèíèí (Àâòîíîìíàÿ íåêîììåð÷åñêàÿ îðãàíèçàöèÿ «Öåíòð ïî ïðîâåäåíèþ ñóäåáíûõ ýêñïåðòèç è èññëåäîâàíèé», Ðîññèÿ) [email protected]

Dmitriy N. Sherbinin (Forensic examinations and investigations Center, NGO, Russia) [email protected]

54

85 Ãåííàäèé È. Ýðäíåíîâ (Êàëìûöêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Ýëèñòà, Ðîññèÿ)

Gennadiy I. Erdnenov (Kalmyk State University, Elista, Russia)

40

Contents 71Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation

Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ââåäåíèå ..................................................................... 7

Èòîãè Çåìíûå ïðîáëåìû àðèñòîêðàòîâ íåáà. Â. Ì. Ãàëóøèí ............................................................ 7

Ïëåíàðíûå äîêëàäû .................................................. 9

Ìåìîðàíäóì î âçàèìîïîíèìàíèè ïî ïåðíàòûì õèù-íèêàì â ðàìêàõ êîíâåíöèè ïî ìèãðèðóþùèì âèäàì (CMS). Í. Ï. Âèëëèÿìñ .............................................. 9

Ïðîåêò Eurapmon è èíâåíòàðèçàöèÿ ñõåì ìîíèòîðèíãà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â Åâðîïå. À. Âðåæåê, Ì. Äåðëèíê, Ê. Âåðíõàì, À. Àíäðåîòòè, È. Áåðòîí÷å-

ëè, ß. Áóðôèëä, Ã. Äüþê, À. Êîâà÷, Ï. Ìîâàëëè, Ë. Ïàëìà, Ï. Ñàóðîëà, ß. Ñèëèñêèé, Þ. Âÿëè .......... 10

Ìîíèòîðèíã äíåâíûõ è íî÷íûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ôèíëÿíäèè: ìåòîäû è ïîïóëÿöèîííûå òðåíäû. Ï. Ë. Ñàóðîëà .......................................................... 11

Îðëû Àëòàå-Ñàÿíñêîãî ðåãèîíà: ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ÷èñëåííîñòü, óãðîçû, òðåíäû. Ý. Ã. Íèêîëåíêî, È. Â. Êàðÿêèí .......................................................... 12

Ìîíèòîðèíã áåëîïëå÷åãî îðëàíà (Haliaeetus pelagicus) íà ñåâåðå Îõîòîìîðüÿ: ïòèöû, ëþäè, òåõíîëîãèè. È. Ã. Óòåõèíà, Å. Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ì. ÌàêÃðàäè, Ä. Ðèìëèíãåð .................................... 13

Ñåêöèîííûå äîêëàäû .............................................. 14

Ñåêöèÿ 1. Îõðàíà îðëîâ ......................................... 14

Ïðîåêò «ñîïðîâîæäåíèå îðëîâ» êàê ìåõàíèçì çàùèòû ïòèö îò ãèáåëè íà ËÝÏ. À. Â. Ñàëòûêîâ ................... 14

Ìàñøòàáû ãèáåëè îðëîâ íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â Çàïàäíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. À. Ñ. Ëåâèí, Êóðêèí Ã. À. .. 15

Î íåêîòîðûõ ðåçóëüòàòàõ ïðîâåäåíèÿ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé â Êàëìûêèè. Ð. À. Ìåäæèäîâ ............ 16

Ñåêöèÿ 2. Îðëû â ðåãèîíàõ .................................... 17

Î ñòàòóñå ïðåáûâàíèÿ è îñîáåííîñòÿõ áèîëîãèè îðëîâ (Aquila, Hieraaetus) â Õàðüêîâñêîé îáëàñòè, Óêðàèíà. Ñ. Ã. Âèòåð ................................................ 17

Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ÷èñëåííîñòè îðëîâ â Áåëàðóñè. Â. ×. Äîìáðîâñêèé .............................. 18

Êðóïíûå ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè Èâàíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Â. Í. Ìåëüíèêîâ ...................................................... 19

Êðóïíûå õèùíûå ïòèöû Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè: 30 ëåò èçó÷åíèÿ, ìîíèòîðèíãà, îõðàíû. Ñ. Â. Áàêêà, Í. Þ. Êèñåë¸âà .................................... 20

Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå êðóïíûõ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ íà òåððèòîðèè Óëüÿíîâñêîé îáëàñòè. Ì. Â. Êîðåïîâ ... 21

Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Ðåñïóáëèêå Òàòàðñòàí. Ð. Õ. Áåêìàíñóðîâ ............ 22

Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) è äðóãèõ îðëîâ íà òåððèòîðèè ×óâàøñêîé ðåñïóáëèêè. Ã. Í. Èñàêîâ ...................... 23

Ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèé ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis), áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga) è îðëàíà-áåëî-

Contents

Introduction ................................................................. 7

Earthly problems of sky aristocrats. V. M. Galushin ........ 7

Plenaries ...................................................................... 9

Memorandum of Understanding on Raptors Under the Convention on Migratory Species – UNEP / CMS Rap-tors MoU. N. P. Williams ............................................ 9

Project Eurapmon and Inventory of Raptor Monitoring Schemes in Europe. A. Vrezec, M. Derlink, C. Wer-nham, A. Andreotti, I. Bertoncelj, I. Burfield, G. Duke, A. Kovács, P. Movalli, L. Palma, P. Saurola, J. Sielicki , Ü. Väli ..................................................................... 10

Monitoring Diurnal and Nocturnal Birds of Prey in Finland: Methods and Population Trend. P. L. Saurola ............................................................. 11

Eagles in The Altai-Sayan Region: Distribution, Numbers, Threats, and Trends. E. G. Nikolenko, I. V. Karyakin ............................................................ 12

Steller’s Sea Eagle Haliaeetus Pelagicus Monitoring at the North of the Okhotsk Sea: Birds, People, Technologies. I. G. Utechina, E. R. Potapov, M. J. McGrady, D. Rimlinger .................................... 13

Sections ..................................................................... 14

Section 1. Protection of Eagles .................................. 14

The Eagle Covering Project – a Mechanism to Protect Birds From Electrocution on Power Lines. A. V. Saltykov .......................................................... 14

The Scope of Death of Eagles on Power Lines in Western Kazakhstan. A. S. Levin, Kurkin G. A. ....................... 15

On Some Results of the Bird Protection Activities in Kalmykia. R. A. Mejidov .......................................... 16

Section 2. Eagles in the Regions ............................... 17

On the Status of Stay and the Biology of Eagles Aquila, Hieraaetus in the Kharkov District, Ukraine. S. G. Viter ................................................................ 17

Results of the Monitoring of Eagle Numbers in Belarus. V. Ch. Dombrovski ................................................... 18

Large Birds of Prey of the Ivanovo District. V. N. Melnikov ......................................................... 19

Large Birds of Prey in the Nizhny Novgorod District: 30 Years of Studying, Monitoring and Protection. S. V. Bakka, N. Yu. Kiseleva ...................................... 20

The Current State of Large Raptors in the Ulyanovsk District. M. V. Korepov ............................................. 21

Results of the Monitoring of Large Raptors in the Republic of Tatarstan. R. H. Bekmansurov ................. 22

Current Status of the Populations of White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla and other Eagles in the Chuvash Republic. G. N. Isakov .............................................. 23

Population Status of the Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalen-sis, the Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga and the

72 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ñîäåðæàíèå

õâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) â Âîñòî÷íîì Çàáàéêàëüå. Î. À. Ãîðîøêî ......................................................... 24

Ñåêöèÿ 3. Ýêîëîãèÿ áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) ... 25

Âûÿâëåíèå ãðàíèö ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé ó áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos). Ä. ×. Ñïåíñåð .......................... 25

Äàþò ëè ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíî ýêîëîãèè áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) íàä¸æíûå ðåêîìåíäàöèè

äëÿ ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ýòîãî âèäà? Ä. Ã. Âóîëêåð .......... 26

Õàðàêòåð ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ è èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé ïîïóëÿöèè áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) â Ýñòîíèè. Ã. Ñåéí ................................. 27

Ñðàâíèòåëüíûé àíàëèç íåêîòîðûõ ïàðàìåòðîâ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ íèø îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) è áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) â Ñåâåðíîé Áåëàðóñè. Â. Â. Èâàíîâñêèé .................................... 28

Ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿ è ïèòàíèå áåðêóòà (Aquila chrysaetos) â ãíåçäîâîé ïåðèîä â Ñåâåðî-çàïàäíîì Êèòàå. Ìà Ìèí................................................................... 29

Ñåêöèÿ 4. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñòàòóñ è îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèè ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus), îðëàíà-áå-ëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla), îðëà-ìîãèëüíè-êà (Aquila heliaca), ïîäîðëèêîâ (A. clanga, A. pomarina) ............................................................... 30

Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå â 2013 ã. Ð. Ô. Áàõòèí ............................................. 30

Áîëüøîé ïîäîðëèê (Aquila clanga) â öåíòðå Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè. Â. Í. Ìåëüíèêîâ, À. Ë. Ìèùåíêî ........................................................ 31Âëèÿíèå õàðàêòåðà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííîãî çåìëåïîëüçîâàíèÿ íà ðàçìíîæåíèå ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga, A. Pomarina) â Ýñòîíèè. Þ. Âÿëè, Ã. Ñåéí, Ó. Àáåëü, É. Òóâè ........................................ 32

Î íåêîòîðûõ ïðèìåðàõ òîëåðàíòíîñòè îðëàíà- áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ÷åëîâåêó â óñëîâèÿõ þæíîé ÷àñòè Öåíòðàëüíîãî ×åðíîçåìüÿ. À. Þ. Ñîêîëîâ .................................. 33

Ñîñòîÿíèå è ìîíèòîðèíã ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâîê ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) è îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Ðîññèè. Ì. Â. Áàáóøêèí, À. Â. Êóçíåöîâ .............................. 34

Âîçâðàùåíèå ñêîïû (Pandion haliaetus) â Ïîðòóãàëèþ. Ë. Ïàëìà, Ï. Áåæå, À. Äèàñ, Æ. Ôåððåéðà, Ì. Ìèðèíõà ............................................................ 35

Ñåêöèÿ 5. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, ñòàòóñ è îñîáåííîñòè ýêîëîãèè ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) ........ 36

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) â Ðîññèè è Êàçàõñòàíå. È. Â. Êàðÿêèí ....................................... 36Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) íà Èíäèéñêîì ñóáêîíòèíåíòå: îáçîð ñ 1882 ïî 2013 ãã. Ñ. A. Ïàíäå, À. Ñ. Ìàõàáàë, Ï. Äåøïàíäå, Ð. Ì. Øàðìà ............................................................ 37

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) – ñòðàòåãèè çèìîâêè è ìèãðàöèè. Ð. Éîñåô ............................................... 38

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) â ïîëóïóñòûííîì

White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in the Eastern Trans-Baikal Region. O. A. Goroshko ....................... 24

Section 3. Ecology of the Golden Eagle Aquila Chrysaetos .................................................. 25

Characterizing Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Territorial Boundaries. D. Ch. Spencer ..................................... 25

Do Expectations about Aquila chrysaetos Ecology Produce Reliable Guidance for Species Management? D. G. Walker ............................................................ 26

Distribution and Habitat-Use Patterns of the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in Estonia. G. Sein .............. 27

A Comparative Analysis of Some of the Parameters of Ecological Niches of the White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla and the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in Northern Belarus. V. V. Ivanovski .............................. 28

The Habitat and Food of the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos During Breeding Season in Northwestern China. Ming Ma ....................................................... 29

Section 4. Distribution, Status and Features of Ecology of the Osprey Pandion haliaetus, White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Spotted Eagles A. clanga, A. pomarina .................. 30

Results From the 2013 Monitoring of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca Population in the Altai Kray. R. F. Bachtin ............................................................. 30

The Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga in the Center of European Part of Russia. V. N. Melnikov, A. L. Mishchenko ..................................................... 31

The Effect of Agricultural Land Use Patterns on the Breeding of Spotted Eagles Aquila clanga, A. Pomarina in Estonia. Ü. Väli, G. Sein, U. Abel, J. Tuvi ...................................................................... 32

Some Examples of the Tolerance of the White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in Relation to Man in the Southern Part of Central Chernozemye. A. Yu. Sokolov ......................................................... 33

The Status and Monitoring of the Osprey Pandion hali-aetus and the White-Tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Nesting Groups in North-West Russia. M. V. Babushkin, A. V. Kuznetsov ....................................................... 34

Reintroducing the Osprey Pandion haliaetus to Portugal. Luís Palma, Pedro Beja, Andreia Dias, João Ferreira, Marco Mirinha ......................................................... 35

Section 5. Distribution, Status and Features of Ecology of the Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis ................... 36

The Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis in Russia and Kazakhstan. I. V. Karyakin ......................................... 36Distribution of the Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis in the Indian Subcontinent: Review of Records From 1882 to 2013 AD. S. A. Pande, A. S. Mahabal, P. Deshpande, R. M. Sharma .................................... 37

The Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis – Wintering and Mi-gration Strategies. R. Joseph .................................... 38

The Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis in Semi-Arid Trans-Volga Region. V. N. Pimenov........................... 39

Contents 73Eagles of Palearctic: Study and Conservation

Çàâîëæüå. Â. Í. Ïèìåíîâ ....................................... 39

Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè è áèîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñòåïíîãî îðëà (Aquila nipalensis) íà ñåâåðî-âîñòîêå Êàëìûêèè. Â. Ì. Ìóçàåâ, Ã. È. Ýðäíåíîâ ................ 40

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Aquila nipalensis) â Òóðãàå: ñîñòîÿíèå è ïåðñïåêòèâû. Å. À. Áðàãèí ...................................... 41

Ñòåïíîé îð¸ë (Àquila nipalensis) â Àëòàéñêîì êðàå. Ñ. Â. Âàæîâ ............................................................. 42

Ñåêöèÿ 6. Ìåòîäû èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû îðëîâ ....... 43

Äâàäöàòü ëåò èññëåäîâàíèé è îõðàíû èñ÷åçàþùèõ îðëîâ â Ïîðòóãàëèè. Ë. Ïàëìà, Ï. Áåæå, Ð. Ñàí÷åñ ...43

Èòîãè ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâûõ ïëàòôîðì äëÿ êðóïíûõ õèùíûõ ïòèö â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. À. Ï. Ëåâàøêèí, Ñ. Â. Áàêêà, È. Â. Êàðÿêèí, Í. Þ. Êèñèëåâà ....................................................... 44

Èçó÷åíèå áþäæåòà âðåìåíè áîëüøîãî ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga): êàê ïåðèîäè÷íîñòü íàáëþäåíèÿ âëèÿåò íà äîñòîâåðíîñòü ðåçóëüòàòîâ. Â. ×. Äîìáðîâ-

ñêèé, Ì. Ã. Äìèòðåíîê, Ï. À. Ïàêóëü ...................... 45

Ïðèìåíåíèå áåñïèëîòíèêîâ äëÿ îñìîòðà ãí¸çä áåëîïëå÷åãî îðëàíà (Haliaeetus pelagicus). È. Ã. Óòåõèíà, Å. Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ì. ÌàêÃðàäè, Ä. Ðèìëèíãåð........................................................... 46

Ìåòîä îöåíêè ðèñêà ñòîëêíîâåíèÿ îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) ñ âåòðÿíûìè ýëåêòðîñòàíöèÿìè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ëàçåðíîãî äàëüíîìåðà. Ñ. Ò. Õóëêà .............................................................. 47

Ñåêöèÿ 7. Ìèãðàöèè îðëîâ ..................................... 48

Ðåçóëüòàòû ìå÷åíèÿ áåëîïëå÷åãî îðëàíà (Haliaeetus pelagicus) íà ñåâåðíîì Îõîòîìîðüå (1993–2012 ãã.). È. Ã. Óòåõèíà, Å. Ð. Ïîòàïîâ, Ì. ÌàêÃðàäè, Ä. Ðèìëèíãåð........................................................... 48

Ïåðåäâèæåíèå ôèíñêèõ îðëàíîâ-áåëîõâîñòîâ (Haliaeetus albicilla) è ñêîï (Pandion haliaetus): ðåçóëüòàòû êîëüöåâàíèÿ è ñïóòíèêîâîãî îòñëåæèâàíèÿ. Ï. Ë. Ñàóðîëà .................................. 49

Ñòðàòåãèè ìèãðàöèè â ãèáðèäíûõ ïîïóëÿöèÿõ ïîäîðëèêà (Aquila clanga × pomarina). Þ. Âÿëè, Ó. Ñåëëèñ ................................................................. 50

Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðîãðàììû êîëüöåâàíèÿ õèùíûõ ïòèö ðîññèéñêîé ñåòè èçó÷åíèÿ è îõðàíû ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ – RRRCN. Ð. Õ. Áåêìàíñóðîâ, È. Â. Êàðÿêèí, À. Ï. Ëåâàøêèí, Ý. Ã. Íèêîëåíêî, À. Ã. Êàðïîâ, Ì. Â. Êîðåïîâ, Ñ. Ã. Àäàìîâ, Ì. Ì. Øàøêèí, Â. Í. Ïèìåíîâ, À. Â. Êîâàëåíêî, Ì. Â. Áàáóøêèí, Ñ. Â. Âàæîâ, Ð. Ô. Áàõòèí ........................................ 51

Ñòåíäîâûå è äðóãèå ñîîáùåíèÿ ............................ 52

Äèíàìèêà ôàóíû è íàñåëåíèÿ îðëîâ íà òåððèòîðèè ñîâðåìåííîãî Âîëæñêî-êàìñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà çà ïîñëåäíèå 80 ëåò. À. Ñ. Àþïîâ, Ð. Ð. Þñóïîâà ... 52

Èçìåíåíèå ñòðóêòóðû ñîîáùåñòâà õèùíûõ ïòèö Ìîëîãî-Øåêñíèíñêîé íèçìåííîñòè â ðåçóëüòàòå îáðàçîâàíèÿ Ðûáèíñêîãî âîäîõðàíèëèùà è ñîçäàíèÿ Äàðâèíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà. Ì. Â. Áàáóøêèí, À. Â. Êóçíåöîâ ........................................................ 53

Materials on the Numbers and Breeding Biology of the Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis in the North-East of Kalmykia. V. M. Muzaev, G. I. Erdnenov .......................................................... 40

The Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis in Turgai: Status and Prospects. E. A. Bragin ............................................ 41

The Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis in the Altai Kray. S. V. Vazhov ............................................................. 42

Section 6. Methods of Study and Conservation of Eagles ................................................................. 43

Twenty Years of Research and Conservation of Endangered Eagles in Portugal. L. Palma, P. Beja, R. Sánchez ................................................... 43

Results of the Monitoring of Nesting Platforms for Large Raptors in the Nizhny Novgorod District. A. P. Levashkin, S. V. Bakka, I. V. Karyakin, N. Yu. Kiseleva ......................................................... 44

A Study of the Time Budget of the Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga: How the Frequency of Observation Affects the Reliability of the Results. V. Ch. Dombrovski, M. G. Dmitrenok, P. A. Pakul ..... 45

Usage of UAV for Surveying Steller’s Sea Eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus Nests. I. G. Utechina, E. R. Potapov, M. J. McGrady, D. Rimlinger .............. 46

Assessing Collision Risk in White-Tailed Eagles Haliaeetus àlbicilla Using Laser Range-Finder Technology. Simon T. Hulka ..................................... 47

Section 7. Migration of Eagles ................................... 48

Results of Tagging Of Steller’s Sea Eagles Haliaeetus ðelagicus at the Northern Part of the Sea of Okhotsk (1993–2012). I. G. Utechina, E. R. Potapov, M. J. McGrady, D. Rimlinger ............................................................. 48

Movements of Finnish White-Tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla and Ospreys Pandion haliaetus: Results From Ringing and Satellite Tracking. Pertti L. Saurola ........ 49

Migration Strategies in à Hybridising Population of Spotted Eagles Aquila clanga × pomarina. Ü. Väli, U. Sellis ....................................................... 50

Results of the Raptor Ringing Program of the Russian Raptor Research and Conservation Network – RRRCN. R. H. Bekmansurov, I. V. Karyakin, A. P. Levashkin, E. G. Nikolenko, A. G. Karpov, M. V. Korepov, S. G. Adamov, M. M. Shashkin, V. N. Pimenov, A. V. Kovalenko, M. V. Babushkin, S. V. Vazhov, R. F. Bachtin ............................................................. 51

Poster session and other abstracts ........................... 52

Dynamics of Fauna and Population of Eagles on a Territory of Modern Volga-Kama Nature Reserve in the Last 80 Years. A S. Ayupov, R. R. Yusupova ............. 52

Structural Changes in the Population of Birds of Prey of the Mologa-Sheksninskaya Lowlands Arising from the Formation of the Rybinsk Reservoir and the Creation of Darwin Reserve. M. V. Babushkin, A. V. Kuznetsov ....................................................... 53

74 Îðëû Ïàëåàðêòèêè: èçó÷åíèå è îõðàíà Ñîäåðæàíèå

Ïðåäâàðèòåëüíûå ðåçóëüòàòû èäåíòèôèêàöèè ïîëà ïòåíöîâ ñêîïû (Pandion aliaetus) ìåòîäàìè ãåíåòè÷å-ñêîãî àíàëèçà ÄÍÊ èç êðîâè. Ìèðîñëàâ Â. Áàáóøêèí, Äìèòðèé Í. Ùåðáèíèí, Ìàðòà À. Òóðóòèíà ............ 54

Ãíåçäîâàíèå îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaeetus albicilla) íà îïîðàõ ËÝÏ íà þãå Ðîññèè. Â. Ï. Áåëèê ............ 55

Íà ïóòè ê áåçîïàñíîñòè ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è â Öåíòðàëüíîì Êàçàõñòàíå. Â. Â. Âîðîíîâà, Ã. È. Ïóëèêîâà ............................... 56

Äåÿòåëüíîñòü Ñèìáèðñêîãî öåíòðà ñïàñåíèÿ äèêèõ ïòèö. Î. À. Äàíèëîâà, Ã. Â. Ïèëþãèíà, Ì. Ì. Øàøêèí ........................................................ 57

Ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå ïîïóëÿöèè îðëàíà-áåëîõâîñòà (Haliaetus albicilla) â äåëüòå Äîíà. Ë. Â. Ìàðêèòàí, Ì. À. Äèíêåâè÷ ....................................................... 58

Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ìîãèëüíèêà (Aquila heliaca) â êà÷åñòâå ïàññèâíîãî áèîðåïåëëåíòà íà îáúåêòàõ çåðíîïðîìà. È. Ð. Åíàëååâ, À. Â. Àðèíèíà .................................. 59

Ðîññèéñêî-ãåðìàíñêèé ýêîëîãî-ïðîñâåòèòåëüñêèé ïðîåêò «Ïóòåøåñòâèå Îðëàøè». Ä. À. Êîðåïîâà ..... 60

Î ãíåçäîâàíèè îðëà-êàðëèêà (Hieraaetus pennatus) â Ëóãàíñêîé îáëàñòè (Óêðàèíà). Â. À. Ìîðîç, Â. Â. Âåòðîâ ............................................................ 61

Ðîëü ó÷åáíûõ è ìåòîäè÷åñêèõ èçäàíèé â ôîðìèðîâà-íèè îòâåòñòâåííîãî îòíîøåíèÿ ê ïðîáëåìå ñîõðàíå-íèÿ áèîðàçíîîáðàçèÿ. Â. À. Ñàìêîâà ..................... 62

Ýâîëþöèÿ ïòèöåçàùèòíûõ óñòðîéñòâ äëÿ ËÝÏ ñðåäíåé ìîùíîñòè â Ðîññèè. Ñ. Ã. Òåòí¸â .............................. 63

Ñåìèíàð ïî «íåñòáîêñèíãó» ................................... 64

Ïîïóëÿöèîííàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) â Ôèíëÿíäèè: ðåçóëüòàòû 48-ëåòíåãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Ï. Ë. Ñàóðîëà ................ 64

Ýêîëîãèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) íà þãî-çàïàäíîé ãðàíèöå å¸ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, Ñëîâåíèÿ. À. Âðåæåê .............................................. 65

Âåá-ÃÈÑ «íåñòáîêñèíã» – ïåðâûé øàã íà ïóòè ñîçäàíèÿ åäèíîé ñèñòåìû ìîíèòîðèíãà èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäî-âèé â Ðîññèè. È. Â. Êàðÿêèí, Ä. À. Êàìåíñêèé ....... 66

Óêàçàòåëü àâòîðîâ ................................................... 67

Preliminary Results of Identification of Sex of Osprey Pandion haliaetus Nestlings Using Genetic Analysis of DNA From Blood. M. V. Babushkin, D. N. Sherbinin, M. A. Turutina ...... 54

Breeding of the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla on High-Voltage Poles in Southern Russia. V. P. Belik ................................................................. 55

On the Way to the Safety of Birds on Power Lines in Central Kazakhstan. V. V. Voronova, G. I. Pulikova ..... 56

Activity of the Simbirsk Wild Birds Salvation Center. O. A. Danilova, G. V. Pilugina, M. M. Shashkin ......... 57

Current Status of the White-Tailed Eagle Haliaetus albicilla Population of in the Don Delta. L. V. Markitan, M. A. Dinkevich ................................ 58

Use of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca as a Passive Biorepelent for the Objects of Grain Industry. I. R. Enaleev, A. V. Arinina ........................................ 59

Russian-German Environmental Education Project “Journey of Orlasha”. D. A. Korepova ...................... 60

On Breeding of the Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus in Lugansk District. V. A. Moroz, V. V. Vetrov ............ 61

The Role of Educational and Methodical Publications in the Formation of a Responsible Attitude to Biodiversity Problems. V. A. Samkova ...................... 62

The Evolution of Bird Protected Devices for Power Lines of Average Power in Russia. S. G. Tetnev ................. 63

Nestboxing workshop ............................................... 64

Population Ecology of the Ural Owl Strix uralensis in Finland: Results From a 48-Year Study. P. L. Saurola .....64

The Ecology of the Ural Owl Strix Uralensis at the South-Western Border of its Distribution, Slovenia. A. Vrezec ................................................................. 65

Web-GIS Nestboxing – the First Step Towards Creating a Unified System of Artificial Nests Monitoring in Russia. I. V. Karyakin, D. A. Kamenskiy ...................................................... 66

Author index ............................................................. 67

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