Post on 25-May-2020
Country Strategy Paper 2014-2018
Tigray
AmharaAfar
Dire Dawa
Oromiya
SNNPR
Tigray
Somali
Gambella
BenishangulGumuz
AddisAbaba
E T H I O P I A
S O M A L I A
D J I B O U T I
Y E M E NS U D A N
S O U T HS U D A N
D R C
E R I T R E A
K E N Y A
Contents1. Executive Summary 3
2. Country Analysis 4
3. The Development Context 8
4. Irish Cooperation to Date and Lessons Learned 12
5. Our planned Contribution to Irish policy goals 13
6. Goal and Objectives 14
7. The Plan 16
8. Results, Monitoring and Performance Measurement Frameworks 24
9. The Budget 25
List of Tables
Table 1: Ethiopia’s Progress towards Attaining the MDGs 6
Table 2: 2014-2018 Programme Budget € millions 25
List of Annexes
Annex 1. The Logic Model 27
Annex 2. Results Framework 28
Annex 3. CSP Performance Assessment 38
Cover: An Ethiopian woman selling locally grown tomatoes, chilli peppers and onions. Thanks to
the small scale irrigation initiatives it is now possible to grow irrigated vegetable crops and improve
food security. Photo: Irish Aid.
1Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
AcronymsEPRDF Ethiopia People’s Revolutionary and Democratic Front
E-DHS Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
ODA Official Development Assistance
PBS Protection of Basic Services
PFM Public Financial Management
PSNP Productive Safety Nets Programme
SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region
Woreda Equivalent to a county, main unit of administration and local Government
Ethiopia basic facts
Ethiopia Ireland
Total population: 86.5 million 4.6 million
Position on UN HDI: 173 out of 187 countries 7 out of 187 countries
GDP per capita: $513 (Government estimate) $35,640
Adult Literacy 39% n.a.
Life Expectancy 59.7 years 80.7 years
HIV / AIDS (2010): 2.1% 0.1%
Source: UNDP, 2013
2 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
1. Executive Summary
Ireland has had a long term engagement with Ethiopia having enjoyed an on-the-ground presence since 1994. Like other Key Partner Countries, Ireland’s engagement has been guided by a series of Country Strategic Plans (CSP). This new CSP builds upon a successful 2008-2012 programme which was subject to an independent evaluation and was extended for one year to the end of 2013. The evaluators considered the aid programme a success and that it has contributed positively to improving the lives and welfare of poor Ethiopians.
Much has changed in Ireland since the last CSP was formulated. A new Government policy document for International Development, One World, One Future, was launched in May 2013 setting out Ireland’s priorities for the years ahead.
Ethiopia has also witnessed significant change over the past six years. Ethiopia has been one of the world’s fastest growing economies in recent years with IMF and World Bank growth estimates over 7% per annum. The 2012 MDG report for Africa and the 2013 Government of Ethiopia’s annual progress report on its Growth and Transformation Plan, notes impressive gains.
Ethiopia is one of the best performers in human development globally. It’s score on the UN Human Development Index has increased by 32% in the last decade. The proportion of people in Ethiopia living below the poverty line fell from 45.5% in 1995/96 to 27.6% in 2011/12, a decline of about one third. However, against this positive trajectory, concerns around the long term impact of climate change and population growth on recent development highlights some of the challenges ahead.
The Irish Embassy will implement a focused programme, which will contribute to the EU+ Strategy1, Ireland’s new policy on international development and Ethiopia’s own development plans. The CSP has one outcome focusing on the health, nutrition and resilience of poor households to economic, social and environmental shocks. There are two objectives: (1) to improve the abilities of poor rural households to respond and adapt to the affects of climate change and other shocks; and (2) to improve the nutrition and health of poor rural women and children.
A mix of aid modalities will be maintained in order to achieve the objectives from a number of angles and to spread risk. A performance and results framework has been developed in order to demonstrate the contribution that Irish Aid is making to the lives of poor people in Ethiopia.
1 The EU+ strategy is a joint programming strategy comprising EU member states and Norway
Rural Tigray. Photo: Irish Aid
3Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
2. Country Analysis
EconomicEthiopia has been one of the fastest growing economies in Africa in recent years with growth averaging 8 to 10% annually every year since 2008. In 2013, the origins of GDP growth were as follows: Agriculture (9%), Industry (9%) and Services (5.7%).
Public spending on basic social services has increased significantly in recent years and is delivering strong results. The government is committed to major infrastructural projects, such as the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, as set out in the Growth and Transformation Plan.
Inflation and poverty are inextricably linked; it is estimated that for every 1% increase in inflation, poverty levels may rise by up to 0.5%. Inflation remains a persistent drag on growth and, given its link to poverty, on development too. Significant progress has been made in reducing inflation through tightening monetary policy and by implementing a tight national budget.
The federal Government has improved revenue collection in recent years, particularly through indirect taxes such as import tariffs. However, more could be done to raise domestic revenue through reducing tax exemptions and increasing incentives to pay tax.
Ethiopia’s trade balance resulted in a $7.9 billion deficit in 2012, an increase of 43% on the previous year and imports generally increased by 33.5%. However, despite a continued trade imbalance, exports rose by 14.8% in 2010/11. Areas of particular export growth were oil seeds, fruit and vegetables, live animals, textiles, gold, meat, pulses and flowers.
Logistical problems remain a significant limiting factor on Ethiopia’s ability to trade. Ethiopia’s only easily accessible port is Djibouti which is subject to regular delays and high costs. Ethiopia’s foreign exchange reserves are currently running at less than three months import cover.
Ethiopia’s economy is relatively exposed to the risk of external shocks, for example a downturn in major export markets. Ethiopia is also particularly vulnerable to price fluctuations in the energy sector, due in large part to its reliance on imports of oil and coal. Increases in Ethiopia’s energy production through hydroelectric dams are expected to ease this and will increase exports as Ethiopia begins to sell electricity to neighbouring states.
PoliticalEthiopia is a federal republic of nine states which largely reflects the country’s ethnic make-up. The federal assembly consists of the house of People’s Representatives (lower house) which has 547 directly-elected members. The Council of the Federation (upper house) has 108 members. The nine regional state councils have limited powers – including that of appointing members to the Council of the Federation.
The Prime Minister is chosen by the parliament. The current Prime Minister is Hailemariam Desalegn. The President is appointed by the House of People’s Representatives and the President’s role is largely ceremonial. The current President is Dr Mulatu Teshome.
The ruling coalition, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), has essentially been in power since 1991. The coalition evolved from four groups: the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), the Amhara National Democratic Movement (ANDM), the Southern Ethiopia People’s Democratic Movement (SEPDM) and the Oromo People’s Democratic Organisation (OPDO). Most recently, the EPRDF won all but two seats in parliament following the May 2010 election. The next general election is scheduled for 2015. Opposition parties include the Unity for Democracy (UDJ), the United Ethiopian Democratic Party-Medhin (UEDP-Mehin), the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces (UEDF) and the Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM).
The Government has publicly committed itself to three fundamental reform processes: decentralisation of the state, with the introduction of a system of ‘ethnic’ or ‘multinational’ federalism; democratisation of its politics, under a multi-party electoral system; and liberalisation of the economy, in a neo-liberal international climate.
Ethiopia is a member of the African Union (which is headquartered in Addis Ababa), the UN and within the UN the G77, and its sub-group, the G24.
4 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
In 2013, Ethiopia reached the fourth and final stage of negotiations to join the World Trade Organisation. However, significant adjustments were still required in order to meet succession requirements.
Ethiopia’s private sector is growing and has the potential to be a significant contributor to the Government’s goal of reaching middle-income status by 2025. Currently, private corporations represent just 27% of GDP and over 80% of the private sector comes from the informal economy, especially agriculture.
Ethiopia-Ireland Trade RelationsTrade with Ethiopia is small. In 2012, Ethiopia was Ireland’s 107th largest merchandise trading partner, with trade between Ireland and Ethiopia worth €14.9 million. Exports were valued at €14.7 million and imports at €0.2 million. Principal merchandise exports to Ethiopia (as classified by the Central Statistics Office) are essential oils (extracts and concentrates for the food and beverages industry), perfume materials and miscellaneous edible products and preparations (including infant formula).
Governance and Human Rights In January 2013, the World Bank launched a report Diagnosing Corruption in Ethiopia. The report, which was co-authored by the Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission of Ethiopia, attempted for the first time to map the nature of corruption in eight sectors2 in the country. The report suggests that corrupt practice in the delivery of basic services is comparatively low and is likely to be much lower than in other low-income countries. The report also notes however that the faster growing sectors, such as construction and telecommunications, are areas of potential concern.
Ethiopia has two key human rights institutions – the National Human Rights Commission and the Institute of the Ombudsman – both established in 2004. There is some recent progress in activities such as awareness raising, setting up branch offices, research, following up complaints and investigations of human rights abuses. There is some collaboration with civil society, although this is limited due to the current restrictive legislation in place.
2 The sectors covered are health, education, water, justice, construction, land, telecommunications and mining.
Ethiopia has one of the lowest rates of internet (1 to 2% of the population) and mobile telephone (around 20% of the population) penetration on the continent3.
A unit within the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development has been established which is tasked with coordinating donor funding for development programmes in Ethiopia. Considerable progress has also been noted in the roll out and implementation of the Government’s automated budget and financial reporting package (IBEX).
The 2011/2012 report of the Office of Federal Auditor General was presented to the Parliament in April 2013. In 2013, there was a marked increase in attention from all public bodies including the Parliament, Prime Minister’s Office and regional governments, which will strengthen the follow up.
A fragile truce has existed between Ethiopia and Eritrea since the signing of a peace agreement in 2000. Ethiopia has long been associated with military engagement in Somalia. Conflict elsewhere in the region continues to affect Ethiopia, with the country playing host to an increased number of refugees from Sudan, South Sudan and northern Kenya. The Ethiopian Prime Minister has played a prominent role, in his capacity as Chairman of the Assembly of the African Union and Chair of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development4, to resolve the issues between Sudan and South Sudan.
3 This is expected to increase. Ethiopia has signed an $800 million contract with China’s ZTE to introduce high-speed 4G broadband internet services for the capital, Addis Ababa, and 3G services for the rest of the country.
4 IGAD is an organisation of six eastern African countries focused on drought control and development initiatives.
Truck overloaded with people just outside the town of Konso, Southern Ethiopia. Photo: Noel Gavin/Allpix
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Progress towards Millennium Development Goals Ethiopia is one of the best performers in human development globally. Its score on the UN Human Development Index has increased by 32% in the last decade. The 2012 MDG report for Africa and Ethiopia’s own interim poverty report published in 2012 note positive progress towards many of the MDGs. The table below sets out the current status of progress which informs the development of this CSP.
Table 1: Ethiopia’s Progress towards Attaining the MDGs5
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerThe proportion of people below the poverty line in Ethiopia has declined from 44.5% in 1995 to 27.6% in 2011/12. While poverty is higher in rural areas, the gap has been narrowing. Food poverty is also declining. Ethiopia’s hunger index (equally weighted three indicators, i.e., undernourishment, child underweight and child mortality) declined from 43.2 in 1990 to 28.7 in 2010/11. The 33.6% decline in the hunger index compares well to the 18% average decline by Sub-Saharan Africa countries or the world at large (26%). Stunting of children under five has declined from 57.8% in 2000 to 44.4% in 2011 (E-DHS). Underweight has declined from 42.1% to 28.7% over the same period. Under nutrition costs the Ethiopian economy €4 billion per year.
2. Achieve universal primary educationThe proportion of boys and girls in school in Ethiopia has continued to increase. Net Enrolment Rate, that is the number of children of official primary school age that are enrolled in primary school, increased from 77.5% in 2005/06 to 91.8% in 2010/11 in the lower cycle and from 37.6 to 47.3% in the upper cycle of primary education, putting net enrolment at primary education (Grade 1 – 8) at 85.4% in 2012. However, the number of children finishing school has dropped. Primary education completion rates remains low at 51.2% (2012).
3. Promote gender equality and empower womenGender parities at primary and secondary education are continuously improving, reaching 0.90 and 0.79, respectively. The Total Fertility Rate has declined from 5.9 to 4.8 between 2000 and 2011. The median age at first marriage in Ethiopia has increased from 16.1 years in 2005 to 16.5 years in 2011. The prevalence of Female Genital Cutting has declined to 24% for children 0-14 years (Welfare Monitoring Survey 2011).
4. Reduce child mortalityIn 2013, UNICEF announced that Ethiopia has reached its goal of reducing child mortality by two thirds down from 166 (the average for the period 1995 to 2000) to 67 per 1,000 births. These figures however hide income disparity. According to the Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (2011) the under five mortality rate was 86 for the richest wealth quintile and 137 for the poorest.The children of women with higher education had an under five mortality rate of only 24.
5 UNDP
Achieved Partially achieved Off track
6 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Table 1: Ethiopia’s Progress towards Attaining the MDGs (continued)
5. Improve maternal healthThe percentage of Ethiopian mothers attended by skilled birth attendants increased from 5.6 to 10% over the period 2006-2011. This remains unacceptably low. The E-DHS does not indicate a major decline in maternal mortality rates. The rate in 2000 was 871, in 2005 was 673 and in 2011 was 676.
6. Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseasesThe HIV prevalence in Ethiopia was 1.5% among the adult population in 2011 (E-DHS 2011) up slightly from the estimated 1.4% in 2005 (E-DHS 2005). However, a proxy indicator for incidence is the antenatal surveillance data on HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women has declined substantially from 12.4% in 2001 to 2.6% in 2009. According to the Malaria Indicator Survey (2011) the percentage of children under five who slept under a net in households with at least one net declined from 34.7 to 30.3 between 2008 and 2011. The number of children under five with diarrhoea who were taken to health care professionals increased from 13.3% in 2000 to 31.8% in 2011 (E-DHS, 2011).
7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityEthiopia has one of the lowest carbon emission rates per capita in the world. The percentage of households using improved drinking water has increased from 25.3% to 53.7% between 2000 and 2011 (E-DHS). The percentage of households using improved sanitation facilities has increased from 0.6% to 8.3%. Households practising open defecation have declined from 81.9% to 38.3% over the same period.
8. Develop a global partnership for developmentPerformance with regard to MDG 8 is varied in Ethiopia with limited progress on indicators such as the development of an open trading and financing system. Mobile phone penetration and internet user rates remain amongst the lowest in the world. The proportion of revenue generated from domestic tax ranks amongst the lowest in the continent in spite of a major push to increase this in recent years. The latest figures available from the OECD show that net ODA received by Ethiopia for the year 2010 was $US 3,529 million. However, there are indications of a commitment from Government to respond to elements of this goal, but in a paced and step-wise manner unlikely to see completion by 2015.
Achieved Partially achieved Off track
7Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
3. The Development Context
Poverty and Vulnerability Ethiopia’s policies, supported by development assistance, are delivering impressive results but the levels of poverty and vulnerability remain amongst the highest in the world. Government estimates that per capita income had risen to US$513 in 2012. This is a significant increase on previous years.
The most recent review of progress against the GTP6 records the proportion of people living below the poverty line of US$1.25 per day as having fallen from 45.5% in 1995/96 to 27.6% in 2011/12, a decline of about one third. Over the period 1995 to 2011, poverty declined at an annual average rate of 2.32% as against 0.5% for Africa (excluding North Africa). Ethiopia is just 7 percentage points from the 2015 GTP target, and will reach it if this trend continues. A poverty headcount of 27.6% however, still translates into a population of approximately 23.87 million people living in extreme poverty. Hunger and malnutrition continue to pose major challenges with an under five stunting rate of 44%.
Drivers and manifestations of poverty While there are clear efforts noted on the part of Government to address the challenge of population growth, analysts still predict a continued and rapid growth rate. Currently the second most populous country in Africa, Ethiopia is expected to have a population close to 120 million in 2025, the year it plans to attain middle-income status. The pace of population growth will be influenced by the age of the population; currently almost half of Ethiopia’s 86 million people are aged 14 and under. This has implications for public service delivery and job creation in the years ahead. Youth unemployment is estimated to be 23.3% in urban areas.
6 Growth and Transformation Plan
Population Growth projection for Ethiopia (source UN population division)
Climate change has introduced greater uncertainty into development decision-making, not least by emphasising the potential trade-off between short-term development gains and longer-term socio-economic transformation, particularly among the poor. Reducing people’s vulnerability to climate change is closely linked to Irish Aid’s poverty reduction mandate, since poverty is both a condition and determinant of vulnerability.
Food insecurity will continue to be of critical concern for the future. While agricultural production has increased, Ethiopia is still dependent on commercial food imports and food aid.
Humanitarian food needs are in addition to the seven million people who are in receipt of assistance under the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) which provides cash and/or food transfers for people who would otherwise need food aid through emergency channels.
Ethiopia is making progress towards nutrition security, especially in the reduction of both stunting and underweight prevalence, which have decreased respectively from 58% to 44% and 42% to 29% over the last decade (E-DHS, 2011). However, stunting still represents a major challenge to sustained development with the decline in incidence being less than 0.5% per year (significantly lower than the Scaling Up Nutrition target of >2% per year). The annual cost associated with child under-nutrition is estimated at Ethiopian birr 55.5 billion (approximately €2 billion) which is equivalent to 16.5% of GDP7.
7 The Cost of Hunger in Ethiopia: Implications for the Growth and Transformation of Ethiopia, June 2013.
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The health sector has recorded some impressive developments in recent years. Recent data (E-DHS) indicates the following improvements in health indicators which occurred between 2005 and 2011:
> Under five mortality reduced from 123 to 88 per 1,000 live births
> Contraceptive prevalence rate increased from 15% to 29%
> Mortality and morbidity from malaria has declined by more than 50% since 2003
> 65% of eligible HIV patients are in receipt of ARV treatment
> Child immunisation rate increased from 70% in 2005 to 82% in 2010
However with a maternal mortality rate of 676 per 100,000 pregnancies (E-DHS, 2011) Ethiopia is significantly behind in meeting its target of reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters by the end of 2015.
Who are the poor?The most recent poverty analysis report by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development suggests that while poverty rates are improving overall, the severity of poverty being experienced in some rural areas is intensifying relative to urban areas.
The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development’s interim poverty analysis published in 2012 showed significant regional variations in absolute and food poverty levels. Afar, Tigray and Somali ranked as the poorest areas, with Addis Ababa, Harari and Dire Dawa municipalities being cited as the wealthiest. In terms of food poverty, Amhara, Tigray and Beneshangul Gumez were recorded as amongst the most food insecure.
Poverty is still predominantly more of a rural phenomenon8 - there are very visible differences in levels of poverty and access to services between rural and urban areas. This is despite urban populations growing faster than the national average; an estimated 6,000 people per week move to urban areas. This is leading to significant stress on planning, the provision of basic services and the development of infrastructure. However, urban populations are now contributing a larger share to GDP growth. For example, Addis Ababa, with 4% of the population of the country, contributes about 35% of GDP growth.
8 The gap in poverty between rural and urban areas was narrowing until 2004/05, but has slightly widened since.
In terms of gender inequality, some successes have been noted with regard to political commitments to eliminate the worst extremes of inequality. For example, positive legislation around early marriage and harmful traditional practices has been introduced. Women hold 27.8% of seats in parliament, ranking 36th in the world - several places ahead of Ireland (ranked 89th) and make up 13% of cabinet Ministers (up from 7%).
Children, the elderly and people with disabilities typically rank amongst the most vulnerable of any population. While only 3.2% of the population are recorded as being over the age of 65, over half the population are children. People with disabilities are officially estimated to form 1.09% of the population.
Ethiopia has managed to contain the rate at which HIV and AIDS has affected the population. The estimated incidence rate of 1.5% has been made possible though a good track record in detection and treatment – and with massive development partner support. However, the risks remain high to certain groups of individuals, in particular commercial sex workers, truck drivers, and members of the military and police and their families.
In addition to the cyclical nature of humanitarian need in Ethiopia, the country has recently experienced an increase in the number of refugees. Ethiopia is now host to some 370,000 refugees: the largest groups are Somalis (56%), Sudanese and South Sudanese (23%) and Eritreans (17%). A further 350,000 people are classified as internally displaced and are living in marginalised, poorly serviced areas of the country.
Mr Gebre-Mariam a farmer in Begasheska, Tigray region, with improved chickpeas. This new crop was tested under the Operational Research programme and grown with residual soil moisture, which has increased following the watershed rehabilitation undertaken as part of the programme. Photo: Irish Aid.
9Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
The Development FrameworkEthiopia’s development is guided by a five year national development plan known as the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). The GTP, which runs from 2010-2015, aims to maintain 11% GDP growth and achieve the MDG’s within the context of a sustainable macroeconomic framework. It focuses on seven strategic pillars which the Government view as integral to development. These are:
> sustaining, rapid and equitable economic growth;
> maintaining agriculture as a major source of economic growth;
> creating conditions for industry to play a key role in the economy;
> enhancing expansion and quality of infrastructure development;
> enhancing expansion and quality of social development;
> building capacity and deepening good governance;
> and promoting gender and youth empowerment and equity.
Complementing the GTP, in 2011, the Government announced its intention to achieve middle-income status by 2025 on the basis of a green economy developmental model. An ambitious strategy has been set out in the Climate Resilient Green Economy initiative. The Government is committed to ensuring that the current high levels of economic growth are maintained in an environmentally sustainable manner and that in the future they avoid ‘the negative environmental patterns associated with economic growth around the globe’.
The initiative centres on four key areas: 1) Improving crop and livestock production practices for higher food security and farmer income while reducing emissions; 2) protecting and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as carbon stocks; 3) expanding electricity generation from renewable sources of energy for domestic and regional markets; and 4) leapfrogging to modern and energy efficient technologies. The policy, implementation and financing framework are currently under development.
Development FinancingThe Ethiopian Budget
The 2012/13 budget9 has been approved at ETB 135.7 billion (US$ 7.3 billion) showing an increase of about 17% over the previous year.
Of the 2012/13 budget, 18.2% is planned for recurrent spending and 40.1% is earmarked for capital expenditure. The largest portion, 41.7%, of the federal Government budget is planned for transfer to regional Governments through the federal block grant and the MDG fund.
The federal Government has improved revenue collection in recent years. However, at 13.2% of the budget in 2012, it remains below the sub-Saharan African average.
External financing
In gross terms Ethiopia is one of the top aid recipients in sub-Saharan Africa. However, when this is compared to the size of its population, Ethiopia is comparatively under-funded in comparison to other sub-Saharan African states; over the period 2008-2012, the 2010 ODA per capita was approximately $40.
Ethiopia still remains relatively aid-dependent with an ODA to gross national income (GNI) ratio of 11.3% in 2011, down from 15.7% in 2005 when the economy was smaller. According to the OECD-DAC, ODA to Ethiopia amounted to US$3.563 billion in 2012. Ireland’s total contribution (including through civil society and multilateral channels) in 2012 was $46 million, 1.3%, and was ranked 13th largest of OECD donor partners. UNDP believes that grants to Ethiopia in 2012 fell by 22% compared to 2011 due to the financial crisis.
Donor Harmonisation and EU Joint ProgrammingOver the last few years the ‘aid landscape’ has gradually changed, with non-traditional bilateral donors such as China, India and the Gulf States increasingly engaged in Ethiopia. Soft loans, grants and technical assistance provided by these countries have made these relationships increasingly important. As a result, the overall share of EU financial flows to the country has gradually diminished. Philanthropic assistance by US grant-makers to Ethiopia is estimated at US$74.5 million between 2003 and 2011, with average annual flows of US$8.3 million. Remittances in 2012 are estimated, by UNDP, to be US$1.9 billion. Ethiopia has also been a recipient of assistance from the Global Fund to fight
9 Ethiopian Financial Year 2005
10 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
AIDs, TB and Malaria. since 2003 and received assistance in each funding round. Ethiopia is the 13th largest recipient of climate finance at global level and the second largest recipient in sub-Saharan Africa after Kenya, having received a total so far of US$107 million in commitments since 200310.
The Development Assistance Group (with a secretariat based in UNDP) comprises 26 bilateral and multilateral donor agencies, coordinating in various technical working groups, and working collectively to an agreed workplan. Ethiopia has no formal aid management strategy but instead aligns donor commitments to its priorities as set out in the GTP. For the Government, predictability, particularly multi-year predictability, alignment with national priorities, and the use of country systems, are key priorities. Priorities of development partners include sector policy dialogue, managing for results and strengthening mutual accountability. The local emphasis on results and development effectiveness also reflects the current trend in the international aid debate11.
Within the Development Assistance Group, the EU Delegation and member states are at the forefront of promoting aid effectiveness – and have been working towards a clear division of labour in line with European Council Conclusions. Thirteen EU member states and the
10 The age of choice: Ethiopia in the new aid landscape: Annalisa Prizzon and Andrew Rogerson, ODI, January 2013
11 EU+ Joint Cooperation Strategy, 2013.
European Commission have aid programmes. In January 2013, EU Heads of Mission endorsed an EU+ Norway Joint Programme. The Joint Programme is in response to commitments made by the EU in Busan and in the Agenda for Change to better coordinate development efforts in order to have a greater impact. The Joint Programme defines the EU mutual development priorities as Governance, Regional Economic Integration, Economic and Private Sector Development, Human and Social Development, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security, Gender, Environment and Climate Change, Capacity Building and Quality Data and Improved Monitoring and Evaluation. Member States are encouraged to fit their programming within this agenda and to provide indicative financial allocations per sector. Whilst these mutual development priorities are very broad they are an important step towards initiating EU joint programming.
The implications of the EU+ Joint Programme in Ethiopia will become more evident over the course of the CSP. The Embassy will continue to work with the EU on developing a joint results framework (which the CSP results framework will contribute towards) and support a more coherent EU line in policy dialogue with the Government. In the medium term there will be discussions with member states on implications for any joint evaluation work in the future. Throughout this process, the Embassy will try to distil lessons for the wider Irish Aid programme and share these with other Key Partner Countries who will be developing joint EU programmes in the future.
Local market in Tigray. Photo: Irish Aid.
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4. Irish Cooperation to Date and Lessons Learned
CSP 2008-2012The 2008-2012 CSP had as its overall goal the reduction of the vulnerability of the poorest Ethiopian women, men, girls and boys.
The 2010 Mid Term Review (MTR) resulted in the CSP being refined to better reflect the emerging hunger agenda, strengthen monitoring to improve results, and exit from direct support to HIV as a sub-sector. The MTR also agreed to reduce the number of objectives and made a commitment to rationalise the number of partnerships and programmes managed by the programme in response to a reduced budget.
In 2012, The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade agreed to extend the CSP for a year to allow greater scope to align the new CSP more closely with the EU Joint Programming initiative, to give space for the new CSP to take account of the evaluation and allow the programme to take account of the White Paper review.
During the mid-term review and in the CSP evaluation the benefits of using a mix of aid modalities were highlighted and reaffirmed for implementation and good risk management. In 2013, the funding per aid channel is as follows:
2013 Expenditure Channels
> 55% of the programme is through federal level engagement.
> 9% of the programme is through our regional engagement in Tigray and SNNPR.
> Support to civil society, both in the regions and more generally stands at about 34%.
CSP 2014-2018This new CSP is informed by the Evaluation of the Country Strategy 2008-2012. The evaluators considered the programme a success and that it made a strong contribution to improving the lives and welfare of poor people. They recommended that there was no need for a major change of programme direction, more an adjustment of interventions and ways of working. It was further recommended that Irish Aid consider its mix of modalities, and given the likely financial envelope available for the CSP, recommended that Ireland choose one of the two large public sector programmes to fund.
Regional programming has been a prominent strand of the Irish Aid portfolio in Ethiopia since the establishment of the programme. Recent reviews and evaluations have all recommended that Irish Aid continue regional support.
Erosion protection measures visible in the landscape. Photo: Tara Shine.
CSOs and UN Bodies 23%
Regional Government 9%
Regional Focussed CSOs 11%
Federal Government 55%
Admin 2%
12 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
5. Our Planned Contribution to Irish Policy Goals
Alignment with the Africa StrategyA whole-of-Embassy-approach looks at the areas of work beyond the development programme, to explore synergies between Irish Aid programmes and two-way trade and investment, focussing on achieving added value in programmes and activities on the ground; and ensuring a coherent approach across the political, economic and development work of the Embassy.
The development programme is the main way in which the Embassy will contribute to the Africa Strategy. The Ambassador in Addis Ababa is also accredited to the African Union and the Republic of South Sudan. The Embassy’s other responsibilities include consular support and cultural relations.
The whole-of-Embassy approach includes key economic, consular and political outputs in addition to the development outputs. The Embassy aims to work towards the conclusion of a Double Taxation Agreement with Ethiopia and a better business environment for Irish companies seeking to work in Ethiopia. On the consular side, it aims to support the Ethiopian authorities’ capacity to ratify and implement the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption. On the political side, the Embassy aims to contribute to increased knowledge within the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade on Ethiopian, South Sudanese and cross-cutting African Union issues and perspectives, to include regular visits to South Sudan; and to foster a deeper engagement with the trade and economic commissions of the African Union and the UN Economic Commission for Africa.
Alignment with the new One World, One Future PolicyThe CSP will align closely with the One World, One Future policy, in particular with regard to the commitments on hunger, resilience, better governance and accountability. Implementing this CSP will be an important contribution to realising the goals of the new policy.
Coherence across Irish AidThe Embassy has direct management responsibility for the bilateral programme. In addition, grants are allocated to other organisations by Irish Aid HQ.12. The Embassy has been pro-active in its engagement with these organisations, and meets with them on a regular basis in order to strengthen synergies across all Irish funding in Ethiopia.
Headquarters funding has also been provided to a number of Ethiopian universities through the Programme for Strategic Cooperation. This support has focused on Mekelle, Haramaya and Addis Ababa universities and the Ethiopian Development Research Institute. This engagement offers opportunities to draw upon academic contacts and views which can further strengthen engagement in Ethiopia.
12 An analysis of Ireland’s overall ODA allocation to Ethiopia in 2012 showed that an additional €5.6m was allocated by HQ in addition to the bilateral budget. This total excludes indirect contributions that cannot be easily identified (e.g. Global Funds and EDF contributions).
Watershed rehabilitation is a core part of Irish Aid’s approach. Hillsides are now greener and groundwater levels have risen so that farmers are able to build ponds and wells and invest in small scale irrigation. Photo: Irish Aid.
13Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
The Goal of the Ethiopia programme 2014-2018 is “to support Ethiopia’s growth and poverty reduction plans so that the poor benefit from, and contribute to, equitable economic, social and environmental development”.
The programme has been designed to contribute to one outcome, which reflects a joined-up programme focused on household resilience. The programme also aims to maximise Ireland’s contribution to the EU+ Joint Programme and Division of Labour with other partners. This outcome reflects a further rationalisation of the programme, compared to the outcomes pursued under the last CSP.
Outcome: Poor, rural, households are more resilient to economic, social, and environmental stresses and shocks
In working toward this outcome, the programme has taken its lead from the priority areas for action in One World One Future. Tackling hunger and under-nutrition, improving maternal health, strengthening civil society, supporting livelihoods to respond to the challenge of climate change and working with the most vulnerable through social protection programmes, represents how, taken together, Ireland can make a positive contribution to household resilience. While working in each of these areas is worthy in itself, the connection between the different strands of the programme will ensure the value added of Ireland’s contributions to the resilience agenda in Europe.
Objective 1To improve the abilities of poor rural households to respond and adapt to the affects of climate change and other shocks
Objective 2To improve the nutrition and health of poor rural women and children
The focus will be on the poorest rural households, including those supported by the PSNP and those affected by shocks, especially drought. By working with the poorest, it will help to ensure that the poorest have the opportunity to benefit from and contribute to Ethiopia’s sustainable development.
Rural poverty, nutrition and health are closely linked. Ireland will promote nutrition interventions targeting women and children in line with the One World One Future and Scaling-Up Nutrition initiatives. Work will also be undertaken with partners to address maternal mortality problems – recognising that this is one of the MDGs which Ethiopia is unlikely to meet.
OutputsFive outputs will contribute to the two objectives.
Output 1Transitory and chronically vulnerable rural people have access to a targeted, accountable and increasingly sustainable safety net
Output 2Rural livelihoods that are climate-smart, gender and nutrition sensitive supported and promoted to scale
Output 3Civil society supported to play their role in Ethiopia’s development
Output 4Increased use of improved maternal health care services by poor women
Output 5Improved feeding practices and consumption of a better quality diet by under 5 children, adolescent girls, and women
6. Goals and Objectives
14 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Strategies In order to support the achievements of the outcome, objectives and outputs, Ireland will prioritise the following strategies:
A) Contribute to development effectiveness
Consistent with the principles agreed in the Busan Partnership for Effective Development, work will continue through partners in order to strengthen national capacity, sustainability and ownership of development. Opportunities will be identified for Ireland’s assistance to be catalytic and lever additional resources from the private sector and other development partners. Ethiopia’s own country systems will, where possible, be used to engage, with mutual accountability, mechanisms which monitor Busan commitments. Ireland will continue to be an active member of the Development Assistance Group and will promote dialogue on development effectiveness within the partner community and with Government. In accordance with Busan, and captured explicitly in output 3, support to civil society will continue to play a legitimate and important role in Ethiopia’s development.
B) Mainstream Governance, HIV and AIDS, Gender and the Environment across the programme
It is recognised that Governance, HIV and AIDS, Gender and the Environment can all have a major impact on the results the CSP is working to achieve. These issues will be practically addressed through:
> Systematically analysing these issues when appraising projects and programmes
> Judging impact by including indicators where possible in results frameworks with partners
> Consistent inclusion of cross-cutting issues in policy dialogue
> Internal training and support
C) Prioritise results-based management and learning to inform decision making
Ireland is fully committed to results-based management. Over the course of the CSP, Ireland’s and our partners’ capacities will be increased to generate evidence by better measurement and reporting on results. Baselines and results frameworks with all our partners will be established. On an annual basis and in the planned Mid-Term Review (2016), partnerships will be assessed to ensure that they are delivering on the CSP results. Where a partnership no longer fits, the hard decisions will be made.
Underpinning the approach to results-based management will be a more orderly approach to learning which will allow for better resource allocation and maximum impact. The focus will be on the results of the programme and how Irish Aid is working to achieve these results. This will be done by developing personal expertise; team learning and in-programme learning.
D) Further improve internal systems for better results and more accountable partnerships
Work will continue to strengthen capacities for financial and technical monitoring of all Irish Aid Ethiopia funded partnerships.
A mix of aid modalities will be maintained in order to achieve the objectives from a number of angles and to spread risk. The shape of the funding modalities is estimated to be as follows:
> 55% of the programme will be through federal-level Government engagement
> 9% of the programme will be through our regional engagement in Tigray and SNNPR
> 34% of the programme will be through civil society and the UN
> 2% on programme quality and administration
Hawzien health centre, Lab technician Berhe Desalegn peers through a microscope. Photo: Richard Moore-O’Farrell.
15Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
This section sets out the context for each output, the theory of change and the ways in which Irish Aid will work to achieve the results. In some cases the partners are identified, however some flexibility will be retained to allow for managing for development results. Taken together, the five outputs represent Irish Aid’s contribution to the resilience agenda in Ethiopia. The details of results, indicators and activities that support each of the outputs are included in Annex 1 on the Logic Model, Annex 2 on the Results Frameworks and the Annex 3 on Performance Measurement Framework.
Output 1: Transitory and chronically vulnerable rural people have access to a targeted, accountable and increasingly sustainable safety net
Problem Statement
Ethiopia’s policies, supported by development assistance, are delivering impressive results but the levels of poverty and vulnerability remain amongst the highest in the world. Economic growth and development gains, although impressive in recent years, will continue to come under pressure from a difficult balance of payments situation, cyclical high inflation and population growth. Ethiopia’s vulnerability can be summed up by the fact that about 44.6% of the GDP, 90% of exports, and 85% of employment is linked to the agriculture sector where currently the majority of producers are farming plots of less than 0.5 of a hectare and are following rain-fed cultivation.
There is a strong, well established link in Ethiopia between social protection and reducing vulnerability; the PSNP aims to build community assets and smooth consumption. However, there is a growing recognition, which is reflected in the latest draft of the Government’s Social Protection policy, that these instruments can also contribute to inclusive economic growth13.
Finally, coordination of the various social protection actions needs to be strengthened. Reflecting the evolution of the sector from its humanitarian origins, the Government’s emphasis has been on using food aid social protection based instruments, such as the PSNP. The Ministry of Agriculture remains the single most significant actor in
13 This is also reflected in the draft Irish Aid Social Protection Framework
the delivery of social protection modalities, however the role of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs is being strengthened. The approval of the Government’s Social Protection Policy by the Council of Ministers in 2013 and the development of its strategy will serve as the basis for a more comprehensive framework for the provision of a social protection system in Ethiopia into the future and will set the framework for strengthening the capacity of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.
Theory of change
A continuum of support that includes relief, climate-smart public works, social transfer systems and enhanced livelihoods is necessary for a sustained reduction in vulnerability and to provide the platform from which poor people can benefit and participate in economic growth. The provision of social protection-based safety nets (stop-gapped as needs be with relief support) is effectively a pre-condition for the type of risk taking and investment needed to build livelihoods. International evidence illustrates that social safety also contributes to better nutrition and health status of the poor14.
What Irish Aid will do:
Irish Aid will continue to provide significant financial and technical support to the PSNP programme and will actively engage in the design of the next phase of the PSNP which will be launched in 2015. As part of this process, particular support will be provided for:
> Greater engagement with the broader social protection environment (including the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs) and with those working on disaster risk management.
> Gender and HIV and AIDS to continue to be considered as key factors in the targeting of cash transfers and in the design of public works programmes
> Nutrition to be included in the design and results framework for the programme
> The next PSNP to continue to deliver on environment and climate related results
14 Lancet, July 2013
7. The Plan
16 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
> Increased Government of Ethiopia financing for the programme
> The new programme to fully use the Government’s own financial management system, thus reducing fiduciary risks of operating a parallel system
> Reducing fiduciary risk at the point of the end user, though electronic cash transfers
Support will be provided for social and financial accountability mechanisms. Irish Aid will engage fully with the public financial management aspects of the programme and work with partners to ensure audit action plans are in place and implemented. We will also support the Ethiopian Social Accountability Programme15.
Building on support to date, work will continue with UNICEF to pilot cash transfer modalities for labour-constrained households. In addition to delivering results around nutrition and vulnerability reduction, the cash transfer pilot is intended to build the capacity of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs to assume responsibility for some of the most vulnerable sections of society such as children, the elderly,
15 Irish Aid has supported the Ethiopian Social Accountability Programme since 2010. The programme was originally set up to monitor the implementation of the Protection of Basic Services Programme, but current plans envisage extending it in 2014 to support community monitoring of the PSNP.
disabled and chronically ill people16. Working with UNICEF and the Ministry will promote the use of electronic transfers (via mobile phones) and this engagement, together with the lessons gained from it, will inform the policy debate and design of the next phase of the PSNP.
Ethiopia will continue to need humanitarian support over the period of the CSP. In line with previous years it is proposed to include an allocation for humanitarian response from within the programme budget. Provision is made to support the OCHA managed Humanitarian Response Fund. This fund continues to perform well and is responding effectively to emerging relief needs. In addition, the Embassy will continue to link with HQ-funded humanitarian partners to ensure that their work also helps bridge the link between humanitarian and development interventions.
Policy engagement will be through the established dialogue structure of the PSNP programme, the national Social Protection Platform, and relevant humanitarian and disaster risk-management forums. Over the course of the CSP, Ireland will, for one year, chair the PSNP donor group, where we will lead on policy engagement with Government.
16 This target group have to date been included in the PSNP as ‘direct support’ beneficiaries. However, as the Ministry’s capacity increases the expectation is that it will assume greater responsibility for this target group.
An Ethiopian woman farmer in Tigray producing flour from an improved wheat variety. Photo: Irish Aid.
17Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Output 2: Rural livelihoods that are climate-smart, gender and nutrition sensitive supported and promoted to scale.
Problem Statement
Social protection-based safety net mechanisms, such as PSNP, contribute towards a reduction in vulnerability and serve as a foundation for building assets and resilience. However, additional targeted pro-poor agriculture and natural resource programming is required to assist the most vulnerable to build resilient livelihoods and participate in the ongoing economic development of Ethiopia. Irish Aid Ethiopia is well placed to demonstrate this through a mix of modalities at regional level17.
Between 80 and 85 percent of livelihoods in Ethiopia are based on smallholder rain-fed agriculture systems. Within the context of a changing climate, smallholder farmers are finding it increasingly difficult to follow the planting cycles given the increasingly erratic nature of seasonal rainfall patterns.
Theory of Change
Building on the foundation laid by social protection support, the enhancement of natural productive resources and strengthening links to markets will allow partners, together with poor farmers in food insecure woredas, to test and promote to scale proven nutritious and drought resistant crop varieties. The improvement of the natural resource base also allows for the development of off-farm resilient livelihoods including beekeeping for rural landless youth and women. Bringing partners experience to scale, in terms of programming and/or evidence based learning, will be a major contribution to the promotion of economically and environmentally viable rural livelihoods. Natural resource management, farm productivity and safety net support will combine to contribute to an improved resilience of the rural poor.
What Irish Aid will do
The programme will focus on poor rural households in food insecure woredas of SNNPR and Tigray, with particular attention to women-headed farming households and landless youth. The engagement in the sector will be informed by on-going political economy analysis – which will identify areas where progress can be made – and areas where blockages exist.
17 And, as viable options arise, at Federal level.
Support will be provided to some existing and (when appropriate) new partners to identify and scale up best practice in climate-smart, gender and nutrition-sensitive smallholder production. Partners include the regional agricultural research institutes and bureaus of agriculture, the International Potato Centre and reputable NGOs specialising in rural livelihoods
> The programme will support the economic empowerment of poor farmers, especially women farmers, through specific and climate-smart value chains through partners such as SoS Sahel, FARM Africa and the regional bureaus of agriculture
> Complementing the support to natural resources through PSNP public works, the programme will support reforestation of water catchments including homestead woodlots, and access to improved fuel-efficient cook-stoves through GiZ and the regional bureaus of agriculture
> The facilitation of regional Government collaboration will be encouraged such as exchange and learning with NGOs on issues such as improved seed systems, viable value chains, and improved research-into-use approaches including meteorological data. Throughout this work the Embassy will endeavour to generate and share evidence-based learning to inform regional responses to the federal Climate Resilient Green Economy initiative
> The Embassy will work closely with HQ-supported integrated rural development and humanitarian responses through organisations such as GOAL, Concern and Trócaire, Misean Cara, Self Help Africa, Vita and Farm Radio International in order to learn from and capitalise on programmatic linkages
> The option to engage with and support relevant federal level livelihoods programmes will be maintained18
Output 3: Civil society supported to play their role in Ethiopia’s development
Problem Statement:
The operating environment for civil society in Ethiopia is restrictive. Due to the importance of civil society space, as outlined in One World, One Future and in the EU’s Agenda for Change, and given Irish Aid Ethiopia’s comparative advantage in the area, Irish Aid will continue
18 We will maintain a technical engagement with the Household Asset Building Programme (which is under the PSNP) and its forthcoming redesign. However, implementation challenges currently preclude funding. Alternative programmes with national reach will be explored over the course of the CSP.
18 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
to work to build the capacity of civil society and engage with the Government to improve the operational environment. Having a strong civil society is a positive governance end and is vital to the achievement of the wider CSP results and the Government’s own GTP targets, especially through CSO’s role in innovation and reaching marginalised populations.
Theory of change
Direct support from Ireland to partners will allow organisations to continue to evolve in difficult circumstances. Civil society support will contribute significantly to the results of the CSP through improving delivery of services and supporting innovative civil society programmes with an emphasis on addressing health, nutrition, climate change, livelihoods and gender-based violence.
What Irish Aid will do
Irish Aid will continue to lead the multi-donor Civil Society Support Programme, a five-year initiative which was launched in September 2011. Options for a future modality beyond that are already being explored. The programme supports civil society to contribute to national development, poverty reduction and the advancement of good governance. Through the programme, donors will channel support to marginalised and hard to reach Ethiopians at grassroots level in support of local communities holding local officials and others engaged in service delivery to account. Specific support will be provided to support the capacities of small organisations and associations to prevent and respond to gender-based violence at community level.
Other opportunities to align thematic priorities of the programme with Irish Aid priorities will be explored, e.g. on environmental issues including climate change, private sector development and on gender empowerment more broadly. Throughout this engagement, we will continue to work closely with the Charities and Societies Agency to ensure that the programme stays within the legislation, and that any lessons learned can inform and influence the practical implementation of the legislation.
As noted under Output 1, Irish Aid will continue to support the Ethiopian Social Accountability Programme. Under this programme, civil society organisations are trained in the use of various Social Accountability tools such as community score cards, gender responsive budgeting, and social auditing and how to use them to assess the accessibility and quality of services being delivered by Government.
We will maintain flexibility to allow us to respond to opportunities as they arise, particularly in the areas of gender based violence and access to legal services.
The Embassy will engage with partners on the policy and technical arrangements for civil society through:
> The Government-led Civil Society Sector Working Group, where donors are represented by the EU, US and Ireland
> The Donor Transparency and Accountability Working Group and the Government-chaired Social Accountability Steering Committee which deals with support to the social accountability programme
> The DAG Governance Technical Working Group and Civil Society Sub-group, where development partners agree common messages for heads of mission and heads of development cooperation for dialogue with Government
Output 4: Improved feeding practices and consumption of a better quality diet by under 5 children, adolescent girls, and women.
Problem Statement
Under-nutrition underlies 50% of under fives’ deaths in Ethiopia and severely limits the development of individuals and the country19. Currently 44% of children under the age of five are stunted, while 27% of Ethiopian women are too thin and 17% are anaemic. Adults who were undernourished as children earn less and contribute less to economic growth. As noted earlier, the effects of under-nutrition on health and wellbeing, education and economic growth are enormous; estimated to be some 16.5% of GDP. Micronutrient deficiencies (especially iron, vitamin A, and iodine) are also significant public health problems. Malnourished girls become short, malnourished mothers who experience a higher risk of maternal death and are more likely to give birth to a low birth-weight baby; thereby continuing the intergenerational cycle of poor nutrition and poverty.
Causes of chronic under-nutrition include food price inflation, one of the world’s lowest rates of safe water coverage at 41%, very limited sanitation facilities, nationally 11% and poor or non-existent hygiene practices in large parts of the country. Despite a recent revision of the National Nutrition Programme, there remains a somewhat incoherent policy, the coordination and financing framework20 of which are not suited to deliver the type of multi-sectoral programme required to effectively reduce or eliminate under-nutrition. The agriculture sector itself forms
19 UNICEF 2012 Community based Newborn Sepsis Management briefing, UNICEF Ethiopia.
20 The total budget of the National Nutrition Programme is US$ 547 million. Government will provide US$ 38 million.
19Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
the mainstay of the national economy. However, its growth is centred on smallholder farmers seeking to produce high-value, low-nutrient crops for sale and export at the expense of household consumption. Simply put, 85% of the population do not have access to an adequate supply of nutritious food.
Poor health and poor nutritional status of women is a key factor in the low birth weight rate as are the quality of caring and feeding practices. Globally, maternal under-nutrition contributes to 800,000 neonatal deaths annually; stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies are estimated to underlie nearly 3.1 million child deaths annually (Lancet, 2013). In spite of a positive policy and legislative framework for gender-equality in Ethiopia, women continue to experience inequality in decision-making and control of resources at household level and are thus less able to make positive choices around their own and their family’s diet. Low birth weight and poor feeding practices 21 are exacerbated by the high proportion of births to under-age women (as a result of early marriage). Gender inequality in education22 is also seen to have an impact with wasting, for example, more common among the children of mothers with no education – and least common among those whose mothers have a secondary education (11% versus 3%).
Rural children under five are more likely than their urban peers to be both wasted (10% versus 6%) and stunted (46% versus 32%).23 There are high levels of disparity across regions also with stunting levels in Amhara, Tigray (51.4%), Afar, and Benishangul Gumuz regions well above the national average. In the under five age group, boys prove more vulnerable than girls and are more likely to be both underweight (31% versus 27%) and wasted (11% versus 8%) (ibid).
The issue of climate change poses an increasingly significant impact upon the national capacity to achieve nutrition security. While the trends in severe malnutrition have improved slightly (dropping from 12% to 10% over the period since 2000), there are increasing variances in patterns around seasonal hunger and severe shortages, resulting in an annual caseload of between 150,000 and 350,000 children experiencing severe acute malnutrition.
21 Although 98% of children are breastfed for a period of time, only half of new-borns are exclusively breastfed for six months (52 %). Among sub-groups, the percentage of young children who are exclusively breastfed decreases sharply from 70 % of infants age 0-1 month to 55 % of those age 2-3 months and, further, to 32 % among infants 4-5 months.
22 The gender parity index in education is 0.9 for primary, 0.65 for second level – first cycle, and 0.48 for second level – second cycle.
23 Ibid. Stunting results from chronic under-nutrition, which retards linear growth, whereas wasting results from inadequate nutrition over a shorter period.
Theory of change
Investments in nutrition-specific interventions to avert maternal and child under-nutrition can make a great difference in the lives of the poorest. When linked to nutrition-sensitive approaches—i.e. women’s empowerment, food systems, livelihoods and social safety nets—such investments can greatly accelerate progress in countries with the highest burden of maternal and child under-nutrition and mortality24. The CSP proposes to address the challenge of under-nutrition through a multi-sectoral, programme-wide approach that combines nutrition-specific and sensitive interventions such as support for nutrition education, promotion of improved feeding practices, micronutrient supplementation, food fortification, cash transfers, food production and consumption, emergency nutrition, and the reduction of household air pollution. This multi-sectoral approach will ensure linkages across the five outputs are fully exploited.
What Irish Aid will do
Irish Aid will use existing engagement in the health sector (see also Output 5) to:
> Support Health Extension Workers to roll out community-based platforms for nutrition education and promotion
> Support micronutrient supplementation and de-worming including provision of folic acid, iron and other vitamin supplementation for pregnant women, and Vitamin A and Zinc for children
> Promote breastfeeding, dietary diversity and complementary feeding
Food Fortification of staple foods, in particular iodization, through a partnership with GAIN and others and promotion of optimal feeding practices through civil society partners such as Alive and Thrive
Emergency nutrition including the prevention and treatment of severe malnutrition and management of moderate malnutrition (through our support to the Humanitarian Relief Fund and HQ-funded NGOs)25
The engagement with social cash transfers (Output 1) will be linked to the results the programme is aiming to achieve in nutrition
24 Adapted from Lancet, 2013
25 Irish NGOs are a particularly rich source of experience and learning on nutrition and will be strategic partners to be leveraged by the Embassy; Concern on mainstreaming Infant and Young Child Feeding into PSNP and emergency work, GOAL working on systems failures in MAM responses, Trocaire working with pastoralist communities.
20 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
The Embassy will pursue the multi-sectoral approach outlined in Output 2 to ensure that the interventions supported contribute to Irish Aid’s nutrition approach and support organisations, such as the International Potato Centre, to expand access to nutritious foods, such as orange flesh sweet potatoes.
Recognising the impact household air pollution has on health and nutrition status and in line with commitments to advance climate-smart approaches, support will be provided to GiZ to expand its cookstove programme into Tigray and SNNPR.
In terms of policy engagement, The Embassy will:
> Work closely with others in the nutrition development partner group and take on the SUN convener role as and when the opportunity presents itself
> Promote an improved consideration of and response to the need for a coordinated multi-sectoral approach to under-nutrition across all sectors in which Irish Aid is engaged
> Work to ensure lessons are disseminated, with a view to informing practice and policy of Government and other interested parties
> Support work to increase resources for under-nutrition across key sectors, for example through the establishment of a multi-donor pooled funding arrangement for the nutrition sector
Output 5: Increased use of improved maternal health care services by poor women.
Problem Statement
As noted above, with a maternal mortality rate of 676/100,000 Ethiopia is significantly behind in meeting MDG 4 by 2015. The lack of skilled birth attendants and the very low rate of delivery at health care institutions (less than 10%, but up from 5%) along with a relatively high rate of teenage pregnancy are important factors behind the high maternal deaths ratio. Gender dynamics are central to an understanding of health issues in Ethiopia. Amongst other things, early marriage is common in Ethiopia where one in five women are married by their 15th birthday. 17% of girls aged 15 to 19 have already become mothers or are pregnant with their first child. Girls who bear children before they are 15 years old are five times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes compared to older mothers.
Woman bringing tomato harvest home. Tomatoes grown thanks to watershed management, Tigray. Photo: Irish Aid.
21Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Gender imbalances in the home have a negative impact on women’s ability to access information about and treatment for largely preventable pregnancy-related health problems, and in particular contribute to the dearth of family planning.
To date the focus for the Ministry of Health has been on constructing, equipping and staffing Health Post and Health Centres in a bid to increase access. The number of health posts has increased to 15,000. However, the use of health care facilities continues to be low due to lack of awareness, limited trust in the system, dislike of facilities often described as dirty, distance to facilities anxiety over costs, and the assumption that private sector providers are better qualified.
Over 38,000 community-level Health Extension Workers have been trained and deployed to provide basic preventative and curative services from Health Posts in their villages. Problems remain however, particularly in remote and rural areas, where staff retention rates are poor and many of the newly trained and the existing cadre of skilled staff opt to work for private providers.
National level and sector-specific policies prioritise women’s health and the health of the children. However, whilst there has been welcome improvement in child health and greater access to modern contraceptives, safe birthing is an outstanding weakness that needs full and proper attention in investment and programming. A woman’s
social, economic and life opportunities are increased further by her ability to access birth control and to be free of childbirth-related disability and the stigma that can accompany it. Preventing pregnancy in young adolescents makes a particularly significant difference to a girl’s life chances. Gender equality and women’s empowerment are both a means to an end in terms of improved reproductive, maternal and newborn health.
Health care expenditure per capita in Ethiopia is low, estimated in 2011 by WHO at US$ 23 (up from US$ 16 in 2008). Of this expenditure, 29% comes from households themselves, 16% from Government (down from 21% in 2008), with the remaining 52% being financed by development partners.
Theory of change
Increasing access to maternal health care services by improving awareness of and demand for ante-natal care, improving the quality of care on offer at health care facilities and the physical facilities (using climate smart technology) to make them more user friendly, will help to increase client use which in turn will lead to an improvement in maternal health. Complementary preventative interventions such as improved nutrition for mothers, and reduced incidence of illness (such as Upper Respiratory Tract Infections) will contribute to safer motherhood.
Hasan Lemu with mountain coffee, Bale Mountains. National Park conservation project. Photo: Richard Moore O’Farrell.
22 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
What Irish Aid will do
Irish Aid will continue to support the national health framework as reflected in the Health Sector Development Programme via the modality of the multi-donor Health MDG Performance Fund. The fund prioritises funding to initiatives which will improve maternal and child health, reproductive health and prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV and accelerated training of midwives. The Health MDG Performance Fund is increasingly functioning as the main forum for health-related policy and technical dialogue.
Throughout the CSP, the Embassy will work with partners in Tigray and SNNPR, including the regional bureaux of health to strengthen their local response to the crisis in maternal health. Funds from Irish Aid will be used to pilot innovative approaches and to document lessons for the Region and, where appropriate, for federal level scale up.
Opportunities will be taken, as they arise, to green the health sector. In practical terms this will mean supporting solar energy and water harvesting systems in health centres and recognising the positive impact clean energy has on health outcomes at household level and piloting the provision of energy efficient cook-stoves and simple solar energy for mothers with new born children who have attended the health facilities.
Recognising the critical contribution that good nutrition plays with regard to maternal health, adolescent girls and women of child bearing age will be a prioritised target group for all nutrition-related activities delivered across outputs.
The Embassy will work closely with HQ funded work in the health sector, including the Global Fund, GAVI, WHO, UNICEF and VSO.
Policy engagement will focus on improving the demand and access to maternal health services through improving the capacity of the Health Extension Workers to provide quality care and support to pregnant women. Through the health structures there will be active engagement in nutrition discussions which will link up policy dialogue with partners under the nutrition related output.
Private Sector Innovation Fund
The potential for the private sector to make a greater contribution to the achievement of Ethiopia’s development results is considerable. However, as noted above, the operational environment for the private sector is restrictive. Currently, the World Bank reckons that the private investment rate is the sixth lowest in the world, whereas the public investment rates are the third highest.
Over the course of this CSP Irish Aid proposes to increase its engagement with the private sector in order to use their experience and skills to help deliver our CSP results. To take this forward, it is proposed to have an annual, limited, targeted tender to private sector businesses in Ethiopia interested in receiving support from the Embassy to develop an innovative contribution to Irish Aid’s CSP results. Proposals will be assessed against the follow criteria:
> Relevance to CSP results
> Links/synergies with Irish business and expertise
> Extent to which the intervention will act as a catalyst for further private sector contributions
> Demonstrate how lessons learned from the project can lead to a broader impact
> Communications value of the initiative
> Environmental sustainability
A Private Sector Innovation Fund Programme will be established subject to external analysis as part of the mid-term review in 2016.
Elias Worku (4) Kelle Kindergarden funded by Trocaire in Kelle. Agri Service Ethiopia projects in Amaro Southern Ethiopia. Photo: Noel Gavin/Allpix.
23Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
In accordance with Irish Aid Guidance on developing country strategy plans, this programme was designed to be implemented with a strong focus on planning for, and managing by, development results. The Logic Model for the Country Strategy Paper is outlined in Annex 1. A Results Framework has been formulated for each of the outputs of the programme. These are included in Annex 2.
In 2013, the bilateral allocation increased for the first time since the economic crisis and now stands at €27.2 million. The new CSP will largely maintain this annual budget figure with flexibility to allow for increases (or decreases) in resources in line with the overall Irish Aid budget. The recommendations of the mid-term review will be used to inform and adjust, where necessary, action plans for the subsequent years.
The Performance Measurement Framework will serve as a management instrument to assist the Embassy in collecting information with respect to the key indicators that can demonstrate the extent that country strategy objectives are being achieved.
Risk Management In terms of the economy, while growth is set to continue there are risks in the medium-term. Ethiopia’s growth performance remains vulnerable to external shocks.
Recurrent droughts have also had a significant impact on agriculture and the power sector, which is heavily dependent on hydro generation. A decline in the agricultural harvest, particularly if accompanied by rising international food prices, would have a serious impact on food security and inflation.
Evaluation StrategyThe Embassy will develop an evaluation and monitoring plan for this strategy. Key components of the strategy will include both a budget line for monitoring and evaluation including working with partners on their monitoring and evaluation needs, and recruitment of a Monitoring and Evaluation programme support officer to advance Irish Aid’s and its partners monitoring and evaluation work.
An important output of the Irish Aid Ethiopia plan for the monitoring and evaluation of the country strategy will be the generation of information that will provide evidence that Ireland is working to reduce poverty. This evidence can inform a credible and robust assessment, on an annual basis, during the mid-term review in 2016 and in a final evaluation of performance.
Audit arrangementsThe Embassy employs a full time internal auditor who reports directly to the Head of Mission and to the Evaluation and Audit Unit at Headquarters.
Irish Aid will continue to monitor audit at national and local levels, through following the audit findings of both the federal and regional Audit Office reports and tracking debates on the reports in Parliament. For fund flows through Government systems, audit assurance relies primarily on audits commissioned by the Government’s audit office. In addition, the Irish Aid auditor is a member of various audit sub-committee working groups, comprising donor and Government officials, that oversee the audit issues highlighted. Currently Irish Aid is engaged in the monthly PSNP financial taskforce meetings, Protection of Basic Services Financial Management group and health MDG audit meetings. In addition, NGO audits are also tracked and followed up prior to further disbursements.
8. Results, Monitoring and Performance Measurement Frameworks
PSNP programme participants constructing hillside terraces as part of the public works programme of the PSNP. Photo: Irish Aid.
24 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
The table below sets out the proposed budget allocation to each of the outputs. The outer years of the budget are indicative and will be discussed as part of the annual reviews and at the 2016 mid-term review in particular. Flexibility will be required to ensure that we manage for results and take advantage of new programme
developments such as the new PSNP, a potential pooled fund for nutrition, a redesigned household asset building programme and regional and federal level Climate Resilient Green Economy modalities. In addition, a new GTP will be launched in 2016. As in previous years, specific allocations to partners will be approved annually via the IDC process.
9. The Budget
Table 2: 2014-2018 Programme Budget € millions
Programme Area 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total € % of Total
Output 1: Transitory and chronically vulnerable rural people have access to a targeted, accountable and increasingly sustainable safety net
Total Output 1 12 12 12 12 12 60 44
Output 2: Rural livelihoods that are climate-smart, and gender and nutrition sensitive are supported and promoted to scale
Total Output 2 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 16.25 12
Output 3: Civil society supported to play their role in Ethiopia’s development
Total Output 3 3 3 3 3 3 15 11
Output 4: Increased use of improved maternal health care services by poor women
Total Output 4 5 5 5 5 5 25 18
Output 5: Improved feeding practices and consumption of a better quality diet by under 5 children, adolescent girls, and women
Total Output 5 3 3 3 3 3 15 11
Cross programme support
Private Sector Innovation Fund 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1 0.74
Monitoring and Evaluation 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.36
Programme Administration 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 2.25 1.6
Programme development/process funds 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1 0.74
CSP Total Programme €Million 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 136 100
25Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Local market in Tigray. Photo: Irish Aid.
26 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Annex 1: The Logic Model
Output 1: Transitory and
chronically vulnerable rural
people have access to predictable, accountable and scalable
social transfers
Output 2: Livelihoods
that are climate smart, gender and nutrition sensitive
supported and promoted to scale
Output 3: Increased
capacity of CSOs and citizens to participate in
development and accountability
processes
Output 4: Improved feeding
practices and consumption of a better quality diet by Under
5 children, adolescent girls,
and women
Output 5: Increased use of improved
maternal health care services by
poor women
Goal: Support Ethiopia’s growth and poverty reduction plans so that the poor benefit from, and contribute to, equitable economic,
social and environmental development
Outcome: Poor, rural, households are more resilient to economic, social, and environmental stresses and shocks
Activities to be developed at annual planning
Strategies:
A) Contribute to development effectiveness.
B) Mainstream Governance, HIV & Aids, Gender and the Environment across the programme.
C) Increased engagement with the private sector
D) Prioritise results based management and learning to inform decision making.
E) Further improve internal systems for better results and more accountable partnerships.
Objective 1: To improve the abilities of poor rural households’ to respond and adapt to the affects of climate
change and other shocks
Objective 2: To improve the nutrition and health of poor rural women
and children
27Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
1:26
Go
alB
asel
ine
Sta
tist
ics
Sup
port
Eth
iopi
a’s
grow
th a
nd p
over
ty r
educ
tion
plan
s so
th
at t
he p
oor
bene
fit f
rom
, and
con
trib
ute
to, e
quita
ble
econ
omic
, soc
ial a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal d
evel
opm
ent
>
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Inde
x S
core
0.3
96 (2
012)
>
Gin
i Coe
ffici
ent
29.8
(UN
DP
201
3)
>
GD
P p
er c
apita
(PP
P) $
1,01
7 (2
013)
Ou
tco
me
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
Poo
r, ru
ral,
hous
ehol
ds a
re m
ore
resi
lient
to
econ
omic
, so
cial
, and
env
ironm
enta
l str
esse
s
and
shoc
ks
>
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
28.7
(201
2)
>
Rur
al P
over
ty H
eadc
ount
30.
4% (2
012)
>
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
Gov
erna
nce
47.6
(201
2)
>
Mat
erna
l Mor
talit
y ra
tio 6
76/1
00,0
00 (2
011)
Ob
ject
ives
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
To im
prov
e th
e ab
ilitie
s of
poo
r ru
ral h
ouse
hold
s to
res
pond
an
d ad
apt
to t
he a
ffec
ts o
f cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
oth
er s
hock
s
> %
of
PS
NP
hou
seho
lds
repo
rtin
g ze
ro f
ood
gap
7% (2
010)
>
Per
cent
age
of w
omen
who
hav
e de
cisi
on m
akin
g po
wer
in a
gric
ultu
ral a
ctiv
ities
and
out
puts
32%
for
Tig
ray
and
34.5
% f
or S
NN
PR
>
Num
ber
and
qual
ity o
f Jo
int
Act
ion
Pla
ns (a
s a
resu
lt of
Soc
ial A
ccou
ntab
ility
) agr
eed
betw
een
citiz
ens
and
serv
ice
prov
ider
s fo
r se
rvic
e qu
ality
impr
ovem
ent
at lo
cal l
evel
s 0
(201
2)
>
Are
a w
ith im
prov
ed la
nd a
nd w
ater
man
agem
ent
tech
nolo
gies
49,
440
ha (2
010)
>
New
pro
-poo
r so
cial
pro
tect
ion
safe
ty n
et p
rogr
amm
e de
velo
ped
with
gov
ernm
ent
to s
ucce
ed P
SN
P26
Ris
ksC
riti
cal S
ucc
ess
Fact
ors
>
Wea
k lin
ks b
etw
een
the
PS
NP
and
oth
er p
rogr
amm
es
mea
n th
e pr
ogra
mm
e is
not
eff
ectiv
e
>
Incr
easi
ng n
umbe
r of
foo
d in
secu
re h
ouse
hold
s ar
isin
g fr
om e
nviro
nmen
tal o
r ec
onom
ic s
hock
s
>
Lack
of
a ph
ased
app
roac
h in
mov
ing
from
pro
gram
mes
to
sys
tem
s
>
Gov
ernm
ent
lead
ersh
ip a
nd o
wne
rshi
p of
the
pro
gram
me
>
Clo
se c
oord
inat
ion
and
colla
bora
tion
betw
een
the
two
maj
or im
plem
enta
tion
part
ners
(Min
istr
y of
Lab
our
and
Soc
ial A
ffai
rs t
he M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re)
26 P
SN
P r
esul
ts in
dica
tors
to
be u
pdat
ed f
rom
bas
elin
e of
new
soc
ial p
rote
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e
Ann
ex 2
: Res
ults
Fra
mew
ork
28 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
1: (
cont
inue
d) 27
Ou
tpu
ts f
or
CS
PP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rsB
asel
ine
Sta
tist
ics
Tran
sito
ry a
nd c
hron
ical
ly v
ulne
rabl
e ru
ral
peop
le h
ave
acce
ss t
o pr
edic
tabl
e, a
ccou
ntab
le
and
scal
able
soc
ial t
rans
fers
1. %
of
hous
ehol
ds r
epor
ting
that
the
ir co
mm
unity
ben
efite
d fr
om
envi
ronm
enta
l pub
lic w
orks
2. A
vera
ge n
umbe
r of
mon
ths
hous
ehol
ds r
epor
t be
ing
food
inse
cure
3. P
rogr
amm
e ob
ject
ives
, tar
getin
g an
d gr
adua
tion
crite
ria, C
lient
Cha
rter
of
Rig
hts
and
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
bud
get
and
appe
al p
roce
dure
s ar
e po
sted
in
all P
SN
P K
ebel
les
and
Wor
edas
1. 4
1% (2
010)
2. 3
.96
(201
0)
3. 0
(201
0)
Key
Str
ateg
ies:
>
Eng
age
in p
olic
y ar
eas
on li
nkag
es w
ith s
ocia
l acc
ount
abili
ty m
echa
nism
s,
>
Mai
nstr
eam
gov
erna
nce,
gen
der,
HIV
/AID
S a
nd e
nviro
nmen
t bo
th a
t de
sign
and
impl
emen
tatio
n st
ages
,
>
Lear
ning
, in
conj
unct
ion
with
oth
er Ir
ish
Aid
pro
gram
mes
, on
soci
al s
afet
y ne
ts, t
heir
impa
ct o
n th
e po
or a
nd h
ow t
hey
can
be m
ore
effe
ctiv
e es
peci
ally
in d
ealin
g w
ith
nutr
ition
, gen
der
and
clim
ate
chan
ge.
Pro
ble
m S
tate
men
t:
>
Eth
iopi
a’s
vuln
erab
ility
can
be
sum
med
up
by t
he f
act
that
abo
ut 4
4.6%
of
the
GD
P, 9
0% o
f ex
port
s, a
nd 8
5% o
f em
ploy
men
t is
link
ed t
o th
e ag
ricul
ture
sec
tor
whe
re
curr
ently
the
maj
ority
of
prod
ucer
s ar
e fa
rmin
g pl
ots
of le
ss t
han
0.5
of a
hec
tare
and
are
fol
low
ing
rain
-fed
cul
tivat
ion.
>
Cur
rent
ly m
ore
than
7 m
illio
n pe
ople
are
con
side
red
chro
nica
lly f
ood
inse
cure
, or
vuln
erab
le, a
nd a
re d
epen
dent
on
the
supp
ort
prov
ided
thr
ough
the
Pro
duct
ive
Saf
ety
Net
P
rogr
amm
e, w
hile
bet
wee
n 2.
5 to
5 m
illio
n pe
ople
req
uire
hum
anita
rian
relie
f fo
od27
eac
h ye
ar.
>
Ther
e is
a s
tron
g, w
ell e
stab
lishe
d lin
k in
Eth
iopi
a be
twee
n so
cial
pro
tect
ion
and
redu
cing
vul
nera
bilit
y; t
he P
rodu
ctiv
e S
afet
y N
ets
Pro
gram
me
whi
ch a
ims
to b
uild
com
mun
ity
asse
ts, s
moo
th c
onsu
mpt
ion
and
prot
ect
asse
ts c
urre
ntly
rea
ches
ove
r se
ven
mill
ion
chro
nica
lly f
ood
inse
cure
peo
ple.
By
supp
ortin
g sa
fety
net
s, n
ot o
nly
the
PS
NP
but
the
de
velo
pmen
t of
its
succ
esso
r, Ir
ish
Aid
hel
ps t
o ad
dres
s vu
lner
abili
ty, b
uild
res
ilien
ce, i
ncre
ase
hous
ehol
d as
sess
thr
ough
ens
urin
g pr
edic
tabl
e an
d re
gula
r in
com
e, im
prov
e so
il an
d w
ater
con
serv
atio
n th
roug
h pu
blic
wor
ks a
nd w
ork
with
the
gov
ernm
ent
to im
prov
e th
eir
own
syst
ems
and
deve
lop
a so
und
soci
al p
rote
ctio
n po
licy.
27 G
oE p
refe
rs t
o lim
it an
alys
is a
nd c
ateg
oris
atio
n of
vul
nera
ble
com
mun
ities
to
food
inse
curit
y, o
ften
ove
rlook
ing
the
seve
ral o
ther
dim
ensi
ons
and
driv
ers
of v
ulne
rabi
lity.
29Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
2:28
Go
alB
asel
ine
Sta
tist
ics
Sup
port
Eth
iopi
a’s
grow
th a
nd p
over
ty r
educ
tion
plan
s so
tha
t th
e po
or b
enefi
t fr
om, a
nd c
ontr
ibut
e to
, equ
itabl
e ec
onom
ic,
soci
al a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal d
evel
opm
ent
>
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Inde
x S
core
0.3
96 (2
012)
>
Gin
i Coe
ffici
ent
29.8
(UN
DP
201
3)
>
GD
P p
er c
apita
(PP
P) $
1,01
7 (2
013)
Ou
tco
me
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
Poo
r, ru
ral,
hous
ehol
ds a
re m
ore
resi
lient
to
econ
omic
, soc
ial,
and
envi
ronm
enta
l str
esse
s an
d sh
ocks
>
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
28.7
(201
2)
>
Rur
al P
over
ty H
eadc
ount
30.
4% (2
012)
>
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
Gov
erna
nce
47.6
(201
2)
>
Mat
erna
l Mor
talit
y ra
tio 6
76/1
00,0
00 (2
011)
Ob
ject
ives
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
To im
prov
e th
e ab
ilitie
s of
poo
r ru
ral h
ouse
hold
s t
o re
spon
d an
d ad
apt
to t
he a
ffec
ts o
f cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
oth
er s
hock
s
> %
of
PS
NP
hou
seho
lds
repo
rtin
g ze
ro f
ood
gap
7% (2
010)
>
Per
cent
age
of w
omen
who
hav
e de
cisi
on m
akin
g po
wer
in a
gric
ultu
ral a
ctiv
ities
and
out
puts
32%
for
Tig
ray
and
34.5
% f
or S
NN
P
>
Num
ber
and
qual
ity o
f Jo
int
Act
ion
Pla
ns (a
s a
resu
lt of
Soc
ial A
ccou
ntab
ility
) agr
eed
betw
een
citiz
ens
and
serv
ice
prov
ider
s fo
r se
rvic
e qu
ality
impr
ovem
ent
at lo
cal l
evel
s 0
(201
2)
>
Are
a w
ith im
prov
ed la
nd a
nd w
ater
man
agem
ent
tech
nolo
gies
49,
440
ha (2
010)
>
New
pro
-poo
r so
cial
pro
tect
ion
safe
ty n
et p
rogr
amm
e de
velo
ped
with
gov
ernm
ent
to s
ucce
ed P
SN
P28
Ris
ksC
riti
cal S
ucc
ess
Fact
ors
>
Occ
urre
nce
of d
roug
ht, l
ow c
rop
prod
uctiv
ity a
nd u
nder
nu
triti
on le
ads
to m
ajor
det
erio
ratio
n in
cop
ing
stra
tegi
es
and
resi
lienc
e
>
Wea
k go
vern
men
t co
mm
itmen
t le
ads
to a
lack
of
polic
y in
fluen
ce a
nd in
abili
ty t
o sc
ale
up in
terv
entio
ns.
>
Inab
ility
to
find
part
ners
cap
able
of
desi
gnin
g an
d im
plem
entin
g in
nova
tive
proj
ects
>
Ens
ure
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
the
link
age
betw
een
Bur
eau
of A
gric
ultu
re a
nd r
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns in
di
ssem
inat
ing
nutr
ition
ric
h an
d cl
imat
e re
spon
sive
agr
icul
tura
l tec
hnol
ogie
s in
clud
ing
the
use
of
agro
-met
dat
a
>
proj
ect
impl
emen
ting
part
ners
ado
pt a
mul
tifac
eted
ste
p by
ste
p ap
proa
ch t
o di
vers
ify t
he li
velih
oods
of
the
poor
>
proj
ect
impl
emen
ting
part
ners
Agr
ee t
o un
dert
ake
evid
ence
bas
ed d
ialo
gues
with
reg
iona
l Gov
ernm
ent
>
Reg
iona
l Gov
ernm
ent
and
CS
Os
Sup
port
the
pro
mot
ion
of A
rgo-
fore
stry
pra
ctic
es
28 P
SN
P r
esul
ts in
dica
tors
to
be u
pdat
ed f
rom
bas
elin
e of
new
soc
ial p
rote
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e
30 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
2: (
cont
inue
d)
Ou
tpu
ts f
or
CS
PP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rsB
asel
ine
Sta
tist
ics
Rur
al li
velih
oods
tha
t ar
e cl
imat
e sm
art,
and
ge
nder
and
nut
ritio
n se
nsiti
ve, a
re s
uppo
rted
an
d pr
omot
ed
to s
cale
1. C
hang
e in
, pro
duct
ivity
per
hec
tare
(in
quin
tals
29)
2. A
rea
of la
nd c
over
ed w
ith a
gro-
fore
stry
pra
ctic
es a
nd m
ulti-
purp
ose
tree
s
3. I
ncre
ased
num
ber
of b
enefi
ciar
ies
usin
g al
tern
ativ
e en
ergy
4. U
ptak
e of
con
sum
ptio
n of
nut
ritio
us a
nd c
limat
e ad
apte
d cr
op v
arie
ties
by p
roje
ct b
enefi
ciar
ies
5. R
esid
ual a
nnua
l inc
ome
of h
ouse
hold
s30
1. F
ood
crop
17,
Roo
t cr
op 4
4 an
d, F
ruit
and
vege
tabl
e 84
(2
009/
10)
2. m
ultip
urpo
se t
rees
6,0
58 a
nd f
ores
t 13
,000
ha T
igra
y 46
9.26
ha (2
009/
10)
3. T
igra
y 23
3,23
5 an
d 45
5,00
0 th
is is
at
hous
ehol
d an
d in
stitu
tion
leve
l (20
12/1
3)
4. 4
1.42
%
5. T
igra
y: 8
08.2
48 E
TB (2
012)
Key
Str
ateg
ies:
>
Faci
litat
e re
sear
ch a
nd le
arni
ng, e
spec
ially
par
ticip
ator
y le
arni
ng in
volv
ing
nutr
ition
and
gen
der
sens
itive
app
roac
hes
>
Dev
elop
evi
denc
e ba
sed
docu
men
ts w
ith p
roje
ct im
plem
entin
g pa
rtne
rs t
o in
form
reg
iona
l pol
icy
>
Mai
nstr
eam
gov
erna
nce,
gen
der,
and
HIV
/AID
S
Pro
ble
m S
tate
men
t:
Bet
wee
n 80
to
85 p
erce
nt o
f liv
elih
oods
in E
thio
pia
are
base
d on
sm
allh
olde
r ra
in-f
ed a
gric
ultu
re s
yste
ms.
With
cha
ngin
g cl
imat
e, s
mal
lhol
ders
are
find
ing
farm
ing
incr
easi
ngly
di
fficu
lt. K
ey p
robl
ems
in t
he s
ecto
r ar
e:
>Li
mite
d in
tegr
atio
n of
nut
ritio
n co
ncer
ns in
to a
gric
ultu
ral p
rodu
ctio
n.
>
Wea
k lin
kage
s be
twee
n re
sear
ch a
nd e
xten
sion
and
diff
eren
tial a
cces
s to
ext
ensi
on s
ervi
ces
betw
een
men
and
wom
en.
>
Lim
ited
prog
ress
has
bee
n m
ade
in t
he p
roce
ss o
f se
curin
g re
gist
ratio
n an
d tit
les,
esp
ecia
lly f
or w
omen
.
>
Con
tinue
d lim
itatio
ns in
acc
ess
to c
redi
t, e
spec
ially
for
wom
en.
>
Pop
ulat
ion
grow
th is
lead
ing
to a
fur
ther
fra
gmen
tatio
n of
land
hold
ing
size
s. T
his
has
led
to a
gro
win
g nu
mbe
rs o
f ru
ral l
andl
ess,
esp
ecia
lly y
outh
and
incr
ease
d pr
essu
re o
n th
e na
tura
l res
ourc
e ba
se.
We
will
foc
us o
n po
or r
ural
hou
seho
lds
in f
ood
inse
cure
wor
edas
of
SN
NP
R a
nd T
igra
y, p
artic
ular
ly o
n w
omen
hea
ded
farm
ing
hous
ehol
ds a
nd la
ndle
ss y
outh
. We
aim
to
wor
k on
ec
onom
ic e
mpo
wer
men
t of
poo
r fa
rmer
s, e
spec
ially
wom
en, i
ncre
ased
gro
wth
of
resi
lient
and
nut
ritio
us f
ood
varie
ties,
ref
ores
tatio
n of
wat
er c
atch
men
ts, i
nclu
ding
hom
este
ad
woo
dlot
s an
d ac
cess
to
impr
oved
fue
l effi
cien
t co
ok-s
tove
s an
d su
ppor
t to
Clim
ate
Res
ilien
t G
reen
Eco
nom
y in
itiat
ive.
29 I
n E
thio
pia
a qu
inta
l is
defin
ed a
s eq
uiva
lent
to
100
kilo
gram
s
30 R
esid
ual i
ncom
e is
the
am
ount
of
mon
ey a
hou
seho
ld h
as le
ft a
fter
exp
endi
ture
on
food
31Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
3: 31
32
Go
alB
asel
ine
Sta
tist
ics
Sup
port
Eth
iopi
a’s
grow
th a
nd p
over
ty r
educ
tion
plan
s so
tha
t th
e po
or b
enefi
t fr
om, a
nd c
ontr
ibut
e to
, equ
itabl
e ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
en
viro
nmen
tal d
evel
opm
ent
>
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Inde
x S
core
0.3
96 (2
012)
>
Gin
i Coe
ffici
ent
29.8
(UN
DP
201
3)
>
GD
P p
er c
apita
(PP
P) $
1,01
7 (2
013)
Ou
tco
me
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
Poo
r, ru
ral,
hous
ehol
ds a
re m
ore
resi
lient
to
econ
omic
, soc
ial,
and
envi
ronm
enta
l str
esse
s an
d sh
ocks
>
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
28.7
(201
2)
>
Rur
al P
over
ty H
eadc
ount
30.
4% (2
012)
>
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
Gov
erna
nce
47.6
(201
2)
>
Mat
erna
l Mor
talit
y ra
tio 6
76/1
00,0
00 (2
011)
Ob
ject
ives
Bas
elin
e31 S
tati
stic
s
To im
prov
e th
e ab
ilitie
s of
poo
r ru
ral h
ouse
hold
s’ t
o re
spon
d an
d ad
apt
to t
he a
ffec
ts o
f cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
oth
er s
hock
s
>%
of
PS
NP
hou
seho
lds
repo
rtin
g ze
ro f
ood
gap
7% (2
010)
>
Perc
enta
ge o
f wom
en w
ho h
ave
deci
sion
mak
ing
pow
er in
agr
icul
tura
l act
iviti
es a
nd o
utpu
ts 3
2% fo
r Ti
gray
and
34.
5% fo
r SN
NP
>
Num
ber
and
qual
ity o
f Jo
int
Act
ion
Pla
ns (a
s a
resu
lt of
Soc
ial A
ccou
ntab
ility
) agr
eed
betw
een
citiz
ens
and
serv
ice
prov
ider
s fo
r se
rvic
e qu
ality
impr
ovem
ent
at lo
cal l
evel
s 0
(201
2)
>
Are
a w
ith im
prov
ed la
nd a
nd w
ater
man
agem
ent
tech
nolo
gies
494
40 h
a (2
010)
>
New
pro
-poo
r so
cial
pro
tect
ion
safe
ty n
et p
rogr
amm
e de
velo
ped
with
gov
ernm
ent
to s
ucce
ed P
SN
P32
Ris
ksC
riti
cal S
ucc
ess
Fact
ors
>
The
oper
atin
g en
viro
nmen
t fo
r ci
vil s
ocie
ty b
ecom
es
mor
e re
stric
tive
>
Gov
ernm
ent
perc
eptio
ns o
f C
SO
’s o
r do
nors
aff
ect
the
inde
pend
ence
and
abi
lity
of p
rogr
amm
es t
o op
erat
e
>
Wea
k ab
ility
to
capt
ure
resu
lts a
nd s
how
pro
gram
me
impa
ct
>
Clo
se m
onito
ring
and
eval
uatio
n of
pro
gram
mes
to
high
light
use
fuln
ess
of c
ivil
soci
ety
>
Con
tinue
d tr
ansp
aren
cy a
nd d
ialo
gue
with
gov
ernm
ent,
adv
ocat
ing
for
bett
er o
pera
ting
envi
ronm
ent
31
ESA
P: th
e st
artin
g po
int i
s ph
ase
I, th
e pi
lots
in 2
007-
2009
whe
re 1
2 Le
ad C
SOs
enga
ged.
ESA
P II
base
line
was
laun
ched
in A
pril
2013
. Bas
elin
e ha
s 2
roun
ds o
f dat
a co
llect
ion-
mid
201
3 an
d a
follo
w
up in
201
5. 4
000
HH
in 4
0 C
ontr
ol a
nd T
rial w
ered
as in
4 re
gion
s, 2
50 k
ebel
es. W
hile
the
MA
cap
ture
s cu
rren
t lev
els
of c
itize
ns’ e
ngag
emen
t, th
e IE
cap
ture
s in
dica
tors
of H
H w
elfa
re a
s th
ey re
late
to
citiz
ens
enga
gem
ent a
nd S
A (c
itize
ns p
artic
ipat
ion,
per
cept
ions
of a
cces
s, q
ualit
y in
bas
ic s
ervi
ce d
eliv
ery
and
wel
fare
out
com
es fo
r HH
). C
urre
ntly
30
out o
f 49
gran
tees
C
SS
P: 8
7 (c
urre
nt #
) gra
ntee
bas
elin
es t
o be
dev
elop
ed a
fter
com
plet
ion
of o
rgan
izat
ion
scor
e ca
rd a
sses
smen
t; w
ider
RF
to in
dica
te p
over
ty r
elat
ed c
hang
es/r
esul
ts; 4
6% h
tR, 3
3% g
irls
and
wom
en (c
urre
nt)
32 P
SN
P r
esul
ts in
dica
tors
to
be u
pdat
ed f
rom
bas
elin
e of
new
soc
ial p
rote
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e
32 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
3: (
cont
inue
d)
Ou
tpu
ts f
or
CS
PP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rsB
asel
ine
Sta
tist
ics
Incr
ease
d ca
paci
ty o
f C
SO
s an
d ci
tizen
s to
pa
rtic
ipat
e in
dev
elop
men
t pr
oces
ses
and
hold
th
em a
ccou
ntab
le
1. P
artic
ipat
ion
of c
itize
ns a
nd c
itize
ns g
roup
s in
bud
get
form
ulat
ion
and
actio
n pl
an d
evel
opm
ent
(in s
elec
ted
wor
edas
)
2. C
SO
s ca
paci
ty t
o re
spon
d to
prio
ritie
s of
the
poo
r
1. 2
1%
2. T
BC
Key
Str
ateg
ies:
>
Cap
acity
dev
elop
men
t of
CS
Os
>
Mai
nstr
eam
ing
gove
rnan
ce, g
ende
r, H
IV/A
IDS
and
clim
ate
chan
ge
>
Coh
eren
ce a
nd b
ette
r ex
ploi
tatio
n of
sup
port
to
regi
ons
to e
nsur
e th
at t
he g
ood
exam
ples
fro
m c
ivil
soci
ety
prog
ram
mes
are
iden
tified
and
sca
led
up b
y re
gion
>
Lear
ning
, pol
icy
dial
ogue
and
par
tner
ship
dev
elop
men
t ar
ound
civ
il so
ciet
y is
sues
Pro
ble
m S
tate
men
t:
The
oper
atin
g en
viro
nmen
t fo
r ci
vil s
ocie
ty in
Eth
iopi
a is
am
ong
the
mos
t re
stric
tive
in t
he w
orld
. ‘Fo
reig
n ch
ariti
es’ (
defin
ed in
the
law
as
char
ities
tha
t ge
t m
ore
than
10%
of
thei
r fu
ndin
g fr
om a
broa
d) a
re p
rohi
bite
d fr
om e
ngag
ing
with
a n
umbe
r of
rig
hts-
base
d ac
tiviti
es in
clud
ing
gend
er e
qual
ity, h
uman
rig
hts
and
confl
ict
reso
lutio
n. T
he C
harit
ies
and
Soc
ietie
s P
rocl
amat
ion
was
acc
ompa
nied
in 2
011
by e
ight
dire
ctiv
es o
n th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he la
w. T
he d
irect
ive
whi
ch h
as c
ause
d th
e m
ost
disq
uiet
am
ongs
t do
nor
and
NG
O c
omm
uniti
es p
uts
a 30
% c
ap o
n ex
pens
es f
or a
dmin
istr
ativ
e co
sts.
Thi
s w
ould
be
reas
onab
le b
ut f
or t
he u
ncon
vent
iona
l defi
nitio
n of
adm
inis
trat
ive
cost
s w
hich
has
bee
n ad
opte
d, w
hich
incl
udes
all
mon
itorin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
activ
ities
, cap
acity
bui
ldin
g, p
roje
ct v
ehic
les
cost
s, p
roje
ct s
taff
sal
arie
s an
d co
nsul
tanc
ies.
Thi
s de
finiti
on h
as m
ade
the
guid
elin
e al
mos
t im
poss
ible
to
mee
t an
d se
vere
ly r
estr
icts
the
wor
k of
CS
Os.
Due
to
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f ci
vil s
ocie
ty s
pace
, as
outli
ned
in O
ne W
orld
One
Fut
ure
and
in t
he E
U’s
Age
nda
for
Cha
nge,
and
giv
en Ir
ish
Aid
Eth
iopi
a’s
com
para
tive
adva
ntag
e in
th
e ar
ea, o
ur w
ork
with
the
Civ
il S
ocie
ty S
uppo
rt P
rogr
amm
e an
d th
e E
thio
pian
Soc
ial A
ccou
ntab
ility
Pro
gram
me
and
effo
rts
to e
ngag
e w
ith t
he G
over
nmen
t w
ill s
eek
to im
prov
e th
e op
erat
iona
l env
ironm
ent.
Hav
ing
a st
rong
civ
il so
ciet
y is
not
onl
y a
posi
tive
gove
rnan
ce e
nd in
itse
lf, a
s a
foun
datio
n fo
r an
y fu
ture
tra
nsiti
on t
o a
mor
e pl
ural
istic
dem
ocra
cy,
but
is a
lso
vita
l to
the
achi
evem
ent
of t
he w
ider
CS
P r
esul
ts a
nd t
he G
over
nmen
t’s o
wn
GTP
tar
gets
esp
ecia
lly t
hrou
gh in
CS
O’s
rol
e in
inno
vatio
n an
d re
achi
ng m
argi
nalis
ed
popu
latio
ns.
33Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
4:G
oal
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
Sup
port
Eth
iopi
a’s
grow
th a
nd p
over
ty r
educ
tion
plan
s so
tha
t th
e po
or b
enefi
t fr
om, a
nd c
ontr
ibut
e to
, equ
itabl
e ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
en
viro
nmen
tal d
evel
opm
ent
>
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Inde
x S
core
0.3
96 (2
012)
>
Gin
i Coe
ffici
ent
29.8
(UN
DP
201
3)
>
GD
P p
er c
apita
(PP
P) $
1,01
7 (2
013)
Ou
tco
me
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
Poo
r, ru
ral,
hous
ehol
ds a
re m
ore
resi
lient
to
econ
omic
, soc
ial,
and
envi
ronm
enta
l str
esse
s an
d sh
ocks
>
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
28.7
(201
2)
>
Rur
al P
over
ty H
eadc
ount
30.
4% (2
012)
>
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
Gov
erna
nce
47.6
(201
2)
>
Mat
erna
l Mor
talit
y ra
tio 6
76/1
00,0
00 (2
011)
Ob
ject
ives
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
To im
prov
e th
e nu
triti
on a
nd h
ealth
of
poor
rur
al w
omen
and
chi
ldre
n
> M
inim
um d
ieta
ry d
iver
sity
am
ong
6-23
mon
ths
old
child
ren
5% (2
011)
>
Inst
itutio
nal d
eliv
ery
10%
(201
1)
>
Impr
oved
ran
king
in h
unge
r an
d nu
triti
on c
omm
itmen
t in
dex
25 (2
012)
>
Min
imum
acc
epta
ble
diet
4%
(201
1)
>
Ant
enat
al c
are
cove
rage
34%
(201
1)
>
SU
N f
ram
ewor
k im
plem
ente
d by
GoE
Ris
ksC
riti
cal S
ucc
ess
Fact
ors
>
Lim
ited
polit
ical
sup
port
and
res
ourc
ing
for
nutr
ition
>
Lim
ited
spac
e fo
r po
licy
leve
l inp
ut
>
Pot
entia
l pro
blem
s w
ith p
artn
er fi
nanc
ial m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
s
>
Und
erst
affe
d he
alth
and
nut
ritio
n te
am
>
Pol
icy
dial
ogue
aro
und
need
for
gre
ater
fun
ding
by
the
Eth
iopi
an g
over
nmen
t to
th
e nu
triti
on s
ecto
r
>
Rob
ust
finan
cial
, aud
it an
d te
chni
cal a
ppra
isal
and
mon
itorin
g of
all
fund
ing
rela
tions
hips
for
ac
coun
tabi
lity
and
resu
lts
>
Rob
ust
enga
gem
ent
and
supp
ort
for
soci
al a
ccou
ntab
ility
sys
tem
s in
nut
ritio
n
34 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
4: (
cont
inue
d)
Ou
tpu
ts f
or
CS
PP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rsB
asel
ine
Sta
tist
ics
Impr
oved
fee
ding
pra
ctic
es a
nd c
onsu
mpt
ion
of a
be
tter
qua
lity
diet
by
unde
r 5
child
ren,
ado
lesc
ent
girls
, and
wom
en
1. P
erce
ntag
e of
hou
seho
lds
with
iodi
zed
salt
2. I
ncre
ased
pro
port
ion
of h
ouse
hold
s co
nsum
ing
Vita
min
A
and
iron
ric
h fo
ods
3. N
atio
nal f
ood
fort
ifica
tion
allia
nce
esta
blis
hed
and
beco
me
func
tiona
l
1. 1
5% (D
HS
201
1)
2. T
BC
fro
m p
artn
ers/
proj
ects
, Mic
ronu
trie
nt s
urve
y (r
esul
ts
due
2014
)
3. 0
/Abs
ent
Key
Str
ateg
ies:
>
Faci
litat
e re
sear
ch a
nd le
arni
ng, e
spec
ially
at
a re
gion
al le
vel,
iden
tifyi
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
scal
ing-
up in
nova
tive
appr
oach
es
>
Mai
nstr
eam
ing
of g
ende
r, cl
imat
e ch
ange
, HIV
/AID
S a
nd g
over
nanc
e
>
Cap
acity
bui
ldin
g to
par
tner
s an
d go
vern
men
t bo
dies
>
Act
ive
enga
gem
ent
in d
evel
opm
ent
part
ners
and
hig
h le
vel f
ora
to s
uppo
rt a
nd s
tren
gthe
n m
ultis
ecto
ral r
espo
nse
to n
utrit
ion
Pro
ble
m S
tate
men
t:
Und
er n
utrit
ion
unde
rlies
50%
of
unde
r fiv
es d
eath
s in
Eth
iopi
a an
d se
vere
ly li
mits
the
dev
elop
men
t of
indi
vidu
als
and
the
coun
try33
. Cur
rent
ly 4
4% o
f ch
ildre
n un
der
the
age
of fi
ve a
re s
tunt
ed, w
hile
27%
of
Eth
iopi
an w
omen
are
too
thi
n an
d 17
% a
re a
naem
ic. A
s no
ted
earli
er, t
he e
ffec
ts o
f un
der-n
utrit
ion
on h
ealth
and
wel
lbei
ng, e
duca
tion
and
econ
omic
gro
wth
are
eno
rmou
s; e
stim
ated
to
be s
ome
16.5
% o
f G
DP.
Mic
ronu
trie
nt d
efici
enci
es (e
spec
ially
iron
, vita
min
A, a
nd io
dine
) are
als
o si
gnifi
cant
pub
lic h
ealth
pr
oble
ms.
Mal
nour
ishe
d gi
rls la
ter
expe
rienc
e a
high
er r
isk
of m
ater
nal d
eath
and
are
mor
e lik
ely
to g
ive
birt
h to
a lo
w b
irth
wei
ght
baby
. In
child
ren
unde
r 5,
rur
al c
hild
ren
are
mor
e lik
ely
than
the
ir ur
ban
peer
s to
be
both
was
ted
(10%
ver
sus
6%) a
nd s
tunt
ed (4
6% v
ersu
s 32
%).34
Iris
h A
id w
ill a
ddre
ss t
hese
issu
es t
hrou
gh s
uppo
rtin
g H
ealth
Ext
ensi
on W
orke
rs t
o ro
ll ou
t co
mm
unity
-bas
ed p
latf
orm
s fo
r nu
triti
on e
duca
tion
and
prom
otio
n; s
uppo
rtin
g m
icro
nutr
ient
sup
plem
enta
tion
and
de-w
orm
ing;
and
pro
mot
ing
brea
stfe
edin
g, d
ieta
ry d
iver
sity
and
com
plem
enta
ry f
eedi
ng.
33 U
NIC
EF
2012
Com
mun
ity b
ased
New
bor
n S
epsi
s M
anag
emen
t br
iefin
g, U
NIC
EF
Eth
iopi
a
34 I
bid.
Stu
ntin
g re
sults
fro
m c
hron
ic u
nder
-nut
ritio
n, w
hich
ret
ards
line
ar g
row
th, w
here
as w
astin
g re
sults
fro
m in
adeq
uate
nut
ritio
n ov
er a
sh
orte
r pe
riod,
35Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
5:G
oal
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
Sup
port
Eth
iopi
a’s
grow
th a
nd p
over
ty r
educ
tion
plan
s so
tha
t th
e po
or b
enefi
t fr
om, a
nd c
ontr
ibut
e to
, equ
itabl
e ec
onom
ic, s
ocia
l and
en
viro
nmen
tal d
evel
opm
ent
>
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Inde
x S
core
0.3
96 (2
012)
>
Gin
i Coe
ffici
ent
29.8
(UN
DP
201
3)
>
GD
P p
er c
apita
(PP
P) $
1,01
7 (2
013)
Ou
tco
me
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
Poo
r, ru
ral,
hous
ehol
ds a
re m
ore
resi
lient
to
econ
omic
, soc
ial,
and
envi
ronm
enta
l str
esse
s an
d sh
ocks
>
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
28.7
(201
2)
>
Rur
al P
over
ty H
eadc
ount
30.
4% (2
012)
>
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
Gov
erna
nce
47.6
(201
2)
>
Mat
erna
l Mor
talit
y ra
tio 6
76/1
00,0
00 (2
011)
Ob
ject
ives
Bas
elin
e S
tati
stic
s
To im
prov
e th
e nu
triti
on a
nd h
ealth
of
poor
rur
al w
omen
and
chi
ldre
n
> M
inim
um d
ieta
ry d
iver
sity
am
ong
6-23
mon
ths
old
child
ren
5%
(201
1)
>
Inst
itutio
nal d
eliv
ery
10%
(201
1)
>
Impr
oved
ran
king
in h
unge
r an
d nu
triti
on c
omm
itmen
t in
dex
25
(201
2)
>
Min
imum
acc
epta
ble
diet
4%
(201
1)
>
Ant
enat
al c
are
cove
rage
34%
(201
1)
>
SU
N f
ram
ewor
k im
plem
ente
d by
GoE
Ris
ksC
riti
cal S
ucc
ess
Fact
ors
>
Pot
entia
l pro
blem
s w
ith fi
nanc
ial m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
s in
the
Min
istr
y of
Hea
lth a
nd R
egio
nal H
ealth
Bur
eaus
>
Ope
ratio
nal c
apac
ity c
onst
rain
ts a
t se
ctor
al le
vel a
ffec
t pr
ogra
mm
e im
plem
enta
tion
>
Det
erio
ratio
n in
gov
erna
nce
and
incr
ease
in p
oliti
cisa
tion
of a
id/s
ocia
l se
rvic
es p
reve
nts
furt
her
supp
ort
to g
over
nmen
t se
rvic
es
>
Und
erst
affe
d he
alth
and
nut
ritio
n te
am
>
Rob
ust
finan
cial
, aud
it an
d te
chni
cal a
ppra
isal
and
mon
itorin
g of
all
fund
ing
rela
tions
hips
for
ac
coun
tabi
lity
and
resu
lts
>
Sup
port
to
regi
onal
hea
lth b
urea
us a
nd p
artn
ers
to e
nhan
ce t
echn
ical
and
fina
ncia
l man
agem
ent
capa
citie
s
>
Eng
agem
ent
with
and
sup
port
for
soc
ial a
ccou
ntab
ility
sys
tem
s in
hea
lth
36 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Out
put
5: (
cont
inue
d)
Ou
tpu
ts f
or
CS
PP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rsB
asel
ine
Sta
tist
ics
Incr
ease
use
of
impr
oved
mat
erna
l hea
lth c
are
serv
ices
by
poor
ado
lesc
ent
girls
and
wom
en1.
Per
cent
age
of h
ealth
fac
ilitie
s pr
ovid
ing
Bas
ic E
mer
genc
y O
bste
tric
s an
d N
eona
tal C
are
2. I
ncre
ased
pro
port
ion
of f
acili
ties
with
fun
ctio
nal e
lect
ricity
an
d w
ater
sup
ply
3. I
ncre
ased
clie
nt s
atis
fact
ion
with
mat
erna
l hea
lth s
ervi
ces
4. I
ncre
ased
cov
erag
e of
mat
erna
l iro
n su
pple
men
tatio
n du
ring
AN
C w
ith b
asel
ine
stat
istic
s.
1. T
BC
2. T
BC
3. T
BC
4. 1
7% (2
011)
Key
Str
ateg
ies:
>
Faci
litat
e re
sear
ch a
nd le
arni
ng, e
spec
ially
at
a re
gion
al le
vel,
iden
tifyi
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
scal
ing-
up in
nova
tive
appr
oach
es
>
Mai
nstr
eam
ing
of g
ende
r, H
IV/A
IDS
, clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd g
over
nanc
e
Pro
ble
m S
tate
men
t:
With
a m
ater
nal m
orta
lity
rate
of
676/
100,
000
Eth
iopi
a is
sig
nific
antly
beh
ind
in m
eetin
g M
DG
4 b
y 20
15. T
he la
ck o
f sk
illed
att
enda
nce
at b
irths
and
ver
y lo
w r
ate
of d
eliv
ery
at
heal
th c
are
inst
itutio
ns (l
ess
than
10%
, but
up
from
5%
) alo
ng w
ith a
rel
ativ
ely
high
rat
e of
tee
nage
pre
gnan
cy a
re im
port
ant
fact
ors
behi
nd t
he h
igh
mat
erna
l dea
ths
ratio
. Ear
ly
mar
riage
is c
omm
on in
Eth
iopi
a w
here
1 in
5 w
omen
are
mar
ried
by t
heir
15th
birt
hday
. 17%
of
girls
age
d 15
-19
have
alre
ady
beco
me
mot
hers
or
are
preg
nant
with
the
ir fir
st
child
. Girl
s w
ho b
ear
child
ren
befo
re t
hey
are
15 y
ears
old
are
five
tim
es m
ore
likel
y to
die
fro
m p
regn
ancy
rel
ated
cau
ses
(com
pare
d to
old
er m
othe
rs).
Hea
lth c
are
expe
nditu
re
per
capi
ta in
Eth
iopi
a is
low
, est
imat
ed in
201
1 by
WH
O a
t U
S$
23 (u
p fr
om U
S$
16 in
200
8). O
f th
is e
xpen
ditu
re, 2
9% c
omes
fro
m h
ouse
hold
s th
emse
lves
and
16%
fro
m
Gov
ernm
ent
(dow
n fr
om 2
1% in
200
8). T
he r
emai
ning
52%
is fi
nanc
ed b
y de
velo
pmen
t pa
rtne
rs.
Thro
ugh
supp
ortin
g th
e na
tiona
l hea
lth f
ram
ewor
k vi
a th
e m
odal
ity o
f th
e m
ulti-
dono
r H
ealth
MD
G P
erfo
rman
ce F
und
we
will
incr
ease
acc
ess
to h
ealth
ser
vice
s, p
rovi
de
acce
lera
ted
trai
ning
to
mid
wiv
es, p
rom
ote
repr
oduc
tive
heal
th, i
ncre
ase
the
prev
entio
n of
mot
her
to c
hild
tra
nsm
issi
on o
f H
IV a
nd im
prov
e co
mm
unity
mob
ilisa
tion.
We
will
al
so w
ork
with
par
tner
s in
Tig
ray
and
SN
NP
R, i
nclu
ding
the
reg
iona
l bur
eaus
of
heal
th t
o st
reng
then
the
ir lo
cal r
espo
nse
to t
he c
risis
in m
ater
nal h
ealth
and
tak
e op
port
uniti
es t
o ‘g
reen
’ the
hea
lth s
ecto
r fo
r ex
ampl
e by
inst
allin
g so
lar
pane
ls.
37Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
CS
P P
erfo
rman
ce A
sses
smen
t
Tim
ing
/Fre
qu
ency
of
Mea
sure
men
t
Ele
men
tP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rB
asel
ine
Dat
a S
ou
rce/
Co
llect
ion
Met
ho
dR
esp
on
sib
ility
of
Co
llect
ion
an
d
rep
ort
ing
On
go
ing
M
easu
rem
ent
Fo
rmat
ive
Eva
luat
ion
Su
mm
ativ
e E
valu
atio
n
Go
al:
to s
uppo
rt E
thio
pia’
s gr
owth
an
d po
vert
y re
duct
ion
plan
s so
tha
t th
e po
or b
enefi
t fr
om, a
nd c
ontr
ibut
e to
, eq
uita
ble
econ
omic
, soc
ial a
nd
envi
ronm
enta
l dev
elop
men
t
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Inde
x S
core
0.39
6
(201
2)H
uman
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t (U
ND
P)
Hea
d of
D
evel
opm
ent
Ann
ual
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Hum
an
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t 20
18
Gin
i Coe
ffici
ent
29.8
(2
000
– 20
10
– H
uman
de
velo
pmen
t R
epor
t 20
12)
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Rep
ort
(UN
DP
)H
ead
of
Dev
elop
men
tA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Hum
an
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t 20
18
GD
P p
er c
apita
(PP
P)
$1,0
17
(201
3 in
co
nsta
nt 2
005
pric
es)
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Rep
ort
(UN
DP
)H
ead
of
Dev
elop
men
tA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Hum
an
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t 20
18
Ou
tco
me
1P
oor,
rura
l, ho
useh
olds
are
m
ore
resi
lient
to
econ
omic
, so
cial
, and
env
ironm
enta
l st
ress
es a
nd s
hock
s
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
28.7
(2
012)
IFP
RI G
loba
l hun
ger
Inde
xH
ead
of
Dev
elop
men
tA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
2018
Rur
al P
over
ty H
eadc
ount
30.4
%
(201
2)G
TP In
terim
rep
ort
on
pove
rty
anal
ysis
Hea
d of
D
evel
opm
ent
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
GTP
rev
iew
201
5
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
G
over
nanc
e46
.7
(201
1)M
o Ib
rahi
m
Foun
datio
nH
ead
of
Dev
elop
men
tA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
G
over
nanc
e 20
18
Mat
erna
l mor
talit
y ra
tio67
6/
100,
000
Dem
ogra
phic
and
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2011
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Pro
gram
Man
ager
Eve
ry 5
yea
rsas
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Dem
ogra
phic
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2020
Ann
ex 3
:38 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
CS
P P
erfo
rman
ce A
sses
smen
t
Tim
ing
/Fre
qu
ency
of
Mea
sure
men
t
Ele
men
tP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rB
asel
ine
Dat
a S
ou
rce/
Co
llect
ion
Met
ho
dR
esp
on
sib
ility
of
Co
llect
ion
an
d
rep
ort
ing
On
go
ing
M
easu
rem
ent
Fo
rmat
ive
Eva
luat
ion
Su
mm
ativ
e E
valu
atio
n
Go
al:
to s
uppo
rt E
thio
pia’
s gr
owth
an
d po
vert
y re
duct
ion
plan
s so
tha
t th
e po
or b
enefi
t fr
om, a
nd c
ontr
ibut
e to
, eq
uita
ble
econ
omic
, soc
ial a
nd
envi
ronm
enta
l dev
elop
men
t
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Inde
x S
core
0.39
6
(201
2)H
uman
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t (U
ND
P)
Hea
d of
D
evel
opm
ent
Ann
ual
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Hum
an
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t 20
18
Gin
i Coe
ffici
ent
29.8
(2
000
– 20
10
– H
uman
de
velo
pmen
t R
epor
t 20
12)
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Rep
ort
(UN
DP
)H
ead
of
Dev
elop
men
tA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Hum
an
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t 20
18
GD
P p
er c
apita
(PP
P)
$1,0
17
(201
3 in
co
nsta
nt 2
005
pric
es)
Hum
an D
evel
opm
ent
Rep
ort
(UN
DP
)H
ead
of
Dev
elop
men
tA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Hum
an
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t 20
18
Ou
tco
me
1P
oor,
rura
l, ho
useh
olds
are
m
ore
resi
lient
to
econ
omic
, so
cial
, and
env
ironm
enta
l st
ress
es a
nd s
hock
s
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
28.7
(2
012)
IFP
RI G
loba
l hun
ger
Inde
xH
ead
of
Dev
elop
men
tA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Glo
bal H
unge
r In
dex
2018
Rur
al P
over
ty H
eadc
ount
30.4
%
(201
2)G
TP In
terim
rep
ort
on
pove
rty
anal
ysis
Hea
d of
D
evel
opm
ent
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
GTP
rev
iew
201
5
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
G
over
nanc
e46
.7
(201
1)M
o Ib
rahi
m
Foun
datio
nH
ead
of
Dev
elop
men
tA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Ibra
him
Inde
x of
Afr
ican
G
over
nanc
e 20
18
Mat
erna
l mor
talit
y ra
tio67
6/
100,
000
Dem
ogra
phic
and
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2011
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Pro
gram
Man
ager
Eve
ry 5
yea
rsas
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Dem
ogra
phic
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2020
CS
P P
erfo
rman
ce A
sses
smen
t: (c
ontin
ued)
35 36
Tim
ing
/Fre
qu
ency
of
Mea
sure
men
t
Ele
men
tP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rB
asel
ine
Dat
a S
ou
rce/
Co
llect
ion
Met
ho
dR
esp
on
sib
ility
of
Co
llect
ion
an
d
rep
ort
ing
On
go
ing
M
easu
rem
ent
Fo
rmat
ive
Eva
luat
ion
Su
mm
ativ
e E
valu
atio
n
Ob
ject
ive
1:To
impr
ove
the
abili
ties
of
poor
rur
al h
ouse
hold
s’ t
o re
spon
d an
d ad
apt
to t
he
affe
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
and
ot
her
shoc
ks
% o
f P
SN
P h
ouse
hold
s re
port
ing
zero
foo
d ga
p7%
(2
010)
Food
Sec
urity
P
rogr
amm
e Im
pact
E
valu
atio
n
Soc
ial P
rote
ctio
n P
rogr
amm
e M
anag
erE
very
2 y
ears
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Food
Sec
urity
P
rogr
amm
e Im
pact
E
valu
atio
n 20
15
Per
cent
age
of w
omen
who
ha
ve d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
pow
er
in a
gric
ultu
ral a
ctiv
ities
and
ou
tput
s
32%
fo
r Ti
gray
34.5
% f
or
SN
NP
(201
3)
Ope
ratio
nal
Res
earc
h Te
chno
logy
D
isse
min
atio
n P
rogr
amm
e ba
selin
e
Agr
icul
ture
and
liv
elih
ood
team
MTR
201
6as
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
MTR
201
6 fin
al
eval
uatio
n 20
18
(app
rox)
35
Num
ber
and
qual
ity o
f Jo
int
Act
ion
Pla
ns (a
s a
resu
lt of
Soc
ial A
ccou
ntab
ility
pr
ogra
mm
es) a
gree
d be
twee
n ci
tizen
s an
d se
rvic
e pr
ovid
ers
for
serv
ice
qual
ity
impr
ovem
ent
at lo
cal l
evel
s
0
(201
2)M
anag
emen
t A
gent
qu
arte
rly a
nd a
nnua
l re
port
s
Gov
erna
nce
Pro
gram
me
Man
ager
Qua
rter
ly a
nd
annu
alas
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
End
201
5-E
arly
20
16
Are
a w
ith im
prov
ed la
nd
and
wat
er m
anag
emen
t te
chno
logi
es
49,4
40 h
a (2
010)
Food
Sec
urity
Im
pact
Eva
luat
ion
Soc
ial P
rote
ctio
n P
rogr
amm
e M
anag
erE
very
2 y
ears
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Food
Sec
urity
P
rogr
amm
e Im
pact
E
valu
atio
n 20
15
New
pro
-poo
r so
cial
pr
otec
tion
safe
ty n
et
prog
ram
me
deve
lope
d w
ith
gove
rnm
ent
to s
ucce
ed
PS
NP
36
Not
exi
stin
gS
ocia
l Pro
tect
ion
Pro
gram
me
Man
ager
2014
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
2014
35 D
ate
of fi
nal e
valu
atio
n w
ill b
e es
tabl
ishe
d fo
llow
ing
the
reco
mm
enda
tions
of
the
Mid
Ter
m R
evie
w o
f th
e pr
ogra
mm
e in
201
4
36 P
SN
P r
esul
ts in
dica
tors
to
be u
pdat
ed f
rom
bas
elin
e of
new
soc
ial p
rote
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e
39Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
CS
P P
erfo
rman
ce A
sses
smen
t: (c
ontin
ued)
37
Tim
ing
/Fre
qu
ency
of
Mea
sure
men
t
Ele
men
tP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rB
asel
ine
Dat
a S
ou
rce/
Co
llect
ion
Met
ho
dR
esp
on
sib
ility
of
Co
llect
ion
an
d
rep
ort
ing
On
go
ing
M
easu
rem
ent
Fo
rmat
ive
Eva
luat
ion
Su
mm
ativ
e E
valu
atio
n
Ob
ject
ive
2:To
impr
ove
the
nutr
ition
and
he
alth
of
poor
rur
al w
omen
an
d ch
ildre
n
Min
imum
die
tary
div
ersi
ty
amon
g 6-
23 m
onth
s ol
d ch
ildre
n,
5%
(201
1)D
emog
raph
ic a
nd
Hea
lth S
urve
y 20
11H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n P
rogr
am M
anag
erE
very
5 y
ears
2016
Dem
ogra
phic
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2020
37
Inst
itutio
nal d
eliv
ery
10%
(2
011)
D
emog
raph
ic a
nd
Hea
lth S
urve
y 20
11H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n P
rogr
am M
anag
erE
very
5 y
ears
2016
Dem
ogra
phic
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2020
Impr
oved
ran
king
in h
unge
r an
d nu
triti
on c
omm
itmen
t in
dex
25
(201
2)H
unge
r an
d N
utrit
ion
Com
mitm
ent
Inde
x 20
12
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Pro
gram
Man
ager
Ann
ual
Hun
ger
and
Nut
ritio
n C
omm
itmen
t In
dex
2018
Min
imum
acc
epta
ble
diet
4%
(201
1)D
emog
raph
ic a
nd
Hea
lth S
urve
y 20
11H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n P
rogr
am M
anag
erE
very
5 y
ears
20
16D
emog
raph
ic
Hea
lth S
urve
y 20
20A
nten
atal
car
e co
vera
ge34
%
(201
1)D
emog
raph
ic a
nd
Hea
lth S
urve
y 20
11H
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n P
rogr
am M
anag
erE
very
5 y
ears
2016
Dem
ogra
phic
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2020
37 R
esul
ts f
rom
201
6 re
sults
will
be
used
to
info
rm t
he m
idte
rm r
evie
w o
f th
e M
TR. I
f th
e M
TR r
ecom
men
ds e
xten
ding
the
CS
P f
or a
noth
er 2
yea
rs, 2
020
resu
lts w
ill a
lign
with
the
ter
min
al
eval
uatio
n.
40 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
CS
P P
erfo
rman
ce A
sses
smen
t: (c
ontin
ued)
38
Tim
ing
/Fre
qu
ency
of
Mea
sure
men
t
Ele
men
tP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rB
asel
ine
Dat
a S
ou
rce/
Co
llect
ion
Met
ho
dR
esp
on
sib
ility
of
Co
llect
ion
an
d
rep
ort
ing
On
go
ing
M
easu
rem
ent
Fo
rmat
ive
Eva
luat
ion
Su
mm
ativ
e E
valu
atio
n
Ou
tpu
t 138
:Tr
ansi
tory
and
chr
onic
ally
vu
lner
able
rur
al p
eopl
e ha
ve a
cces
s to
pre
dict
able
, ac
coun
tabl
e an
d sc
alab
le
soci
al t
rans
fers
% o
f ho
useh
olds
rep
ortin
g th
at t
heir
com
mun
ity b
enefi
ted
from
env
ironm
enta
l pub
lic
wor
ks
41%
(2
010)
Food
Sec
urity
P
rogr
amm
e Im
pact
E
valu
atio
n
Soc
ial P
rote
ctio
n P
rogr
amm
e M
anag
erE
very
2 y
ears
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Food
Sec
urity
P
rogr
amm
e Im
pact
Eva
luat
ion
2015
Ave
rage
num
ber
of m
onth
s ho
useh
olds
rep
ort
bein
g fo
od
inse
cure
3.96
(2
010)
Food
Sec
urity
P
rogr
amm
e Im
pact
E
valu
atio
n
Soc
ial P
rote
ctio
n P
rogr
amm
e M
anag
erE
very
2 y
ears
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Food
Sec
urity
P
rogr
amm
e Im
pact
Eva
luat
ion
2015
Pro
gram
me
obje
ctiv
es,
targ
etin
g an
d gr
adua
tion
crite
ria, C
lient
Cha
rter
of
Rig
hts
and
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
bud
get
and
appe
al p
roce
dure
s ar
e po
sted
in a
ll P
SN
P K
ebel
les
and
Wor
edas
0
(201
0)
The
PS
NP
Impa
ct
Eva
luat
ion
Soc
ial P
rote
ctio
n P
rogr
amm
e M
anag
erP
erio
dic
repo
rts
[Qua
rter
ly, S
emi-
annu
al a
nd a
nnua
l re
port
s]
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
The
PS
NP
Impa
ct
Eva
luat
ion
2015
38 P
SN
P r
esul
ts in
dica
tors
to
be u
pdat
ed f
rom
bas
elin
e of
new
soc
ial p
rote
ctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e
41Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
CS
P P
erfo
rman
ce A
sses
smen
t: (c
ontin
ued)
39 40
Tim
ing
/Fre
qu
ency
of
Mea
sure
men
t
Ele
men
tP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rB
asel
ine
Dat
a S
ou
rce/
Co
llect
ion
Met
ho
dR
esp
on
sib
ility
of
Co
llect
ion
an
d
rep
ort
ing
On
go
ing
M
easu
rem
ent
Fo
rmat
ive
Eva
luat
ion
Su
mm
ativ
e E
valu
atio
n
Ou
tpu
t 2:
Rur
al li
velih
oods
tha
t ar
e cl
imat
e-sm
art,
gen
der
and
nutr
ition
sen
sitiv
e su
ppor
ted
and
prom
oted
to
scal
e
Cha
nge
in, p
rodu
ctiv
ity
per
hect
are
(in
quin
tals
39)
Food
cro
p 17
,R
oot
crop
44
and
,Fr
uit
and
vege
tabl
e 84
(2
009/
10)
Ope
ratio
nal
Res
earc
h Te
chno
logy
D
isse
min
atio
n P
rogr
amm
e,
Bur
eaus
of
Agr
icul
ture
Agr
icul
ture
and
liv
elih
ood
team
Ann
ual
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Ope
ratio
nal
Res
earc
h P
rogr
am
eval
uatio
n,
MTR
201
6 fin
al
eval
uatio
n 20
18
(app
rox)
GTP
ter
min
al
eval
uatio
n - 2
015/
16
Are
a of
land
cov
ered
w
ith a
gro-
fore
stry
pr
actic
es a
nd m
ulti-
purp
ose
tree
s (‘0
00
hect
are)
Mul
tipur
pose
tre
es
6,05
8 an
d fo
rest
13
,000
(200
9/10
) Ti
gray
(469
.26h
a)
GTP
pol
icy
mat
rix
base
line
; Bur
eau
of A
gric
ultu
re
base
line
Agr
icul
ture
and
liv
elih
ood
team
Ann
ual
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
GTP
fina
l eva
luat
ion
repo
rt -
2015
/16
Incr
ease
d nu
mbe
r of
be
nefic
iarie
s us
ing
alte
rnat
ive
ener
gy
Tigr
ay 2
33,2
35 a
nd
455,
000
this
is a
t ho
useh
old
and
inst
itutio
n le
vel
(201
2/13
)
GiZ
bas
elin
e re
port
Agr
icul
ture
and
liv
elih
ood
team
Ann
ual
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
GiZ
ter
min
al r
epor
t 20
15/1
6
Upt
ake
of n
utrit
ious
and
cl
imat
e ad
apte
d cr
op
varie
ties
41.4
2%O
pera
tiona
l R
esea
rch
Tech
nolo
gy
Dis
sem
inat
ion
Pro
gram
me
base
line
Agr
icul
ture
and
liv
elih
ood
team
Ann
ual
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
MTR
201
6, fi
nal
eval
uatio
n 20
18
(app
rox)
Res
idua
l ann
ual i
ncom
e of
hou
seho
lds40
Tigr
ay: 8
08.2
48 E
TB
(201
2)
Fa
rm A
fric
a re
port
ing
Agr
icul
ture
and
liv
elih
ood
team
MTR
201
5Fi
nal E
valu
atio
n 20
17
39 I
n E
thio
pia
a qu
inta
l is
defin
ed a
s eq
uiva
lent
to
100
kilo
gram
s
40 R
esid
ual i
ncom
e is
the
am
ount
of
mon
ey a
hou
seho
ld h
as le
ft a
fter
exp
endi
ture
on
food
42 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
CS
P P
erfo
rman
ce A
sses
smen
t: (c
ontin
ued)
41
Tim
ing
/Fre
qu
ency
of
Mea
sure
men
t
Ele
men
tP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rB
asel
ine
Dat
a S
ou
rce/
Co
llect
ion
M
eth
od
Res
po
nsi
bili
ty o
f C
olle
ctio
n a
nd
re
po
rtin
g
On
go
ing
M
easu
rem
ent
Fo
rmat
ive
Eva
luat
ion
Su
mm
ativ
e E
valu
atio
n
Ou
tpu
t 3:
Incr
ease
d ca
paci
ty o
f C
SO
s an
d ci
tizen
s to
par
ticip
ate
in
deve
lopm
ent
proc
esse
s an
d ho
ld t
hem
acc
ount
able
Par
ticip
atio
n of
ci
tizen
s an
d ci
tizen
s gr
oups
in b
udge
t fo
rmul
atio
n an
d ac
tion
plan
dev
elop
men
t (in
se
lect
ed w
ored
as)
21%
(2
013)
Man
agem
ent
Age
nt41
ann
ual
repo
rts
Gov
erna
nce
Pro
gram
me
Man
ager
Ann
ual
Rev
iew
mid
201
3E
nd 2
015-
Ear
ly
2016
CS
Os
capa
city
to
resp
ond
to p
riorit
ies
of
the
poor
TBC
Nov
embe
r 20
13M
anag
emen
t A
gent
six
mon
thly
an
d an
nual
rep
orts
Gov
erna
nce
Pro
gram
me
Man
ager
Six
mon
thly
and
an
nual
MTR
May
201
4E
nd o
f pr
ogra
mm
e ev
alua
tion
2015
-20
16
Ou
tpu
t 4:
Im
prov
ed f
eedi
ng p
ract
ices
an
d co
nsum
ptio
n of
a b
ette
r qu
ality
die
t by
und
er 5
ch
ildre
n, a
dole
scen
t gi
rls,
and
wom
en
Per
cent
age
of
hous
ehol
ds w
ith
iodi
zed
salt
15%
(2
011)
Dem
ogra
phic
and
H
ealth
Sur
vey
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Pro
gram
Man
ager
Eve
ry fi
ve y
ears
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Dem
ogra
phic
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2018
Incr
ease
d pr
opor
tion
of
hous
ehol
ds c
onsu
min
g Vi
tam
in A
and
iron
ric
h fo
ods
(info
rmat
ion
from
pa
rtne
rs)
TBC
fro
m p
artn
ers/
proj
ects
Bas
elin
e da
ta
from
par
tner
s/m
icro
nutr
ient
su
rvey
(res
ults
du
e 20
14)
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Pro
gram
Man
ager
Ann
ual
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Spe
cific
pro
ject
’s
eval
uatio
n re
port
20
18
Nat
iona
l foo
d fo
rtifi
catio
n al
lianc
e es
tabl
ishe
d an
d fu
nctio
nal
0/
Abs
ent
Par
tner
(GA
IN’s
) da
taH
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n P
rogr
am M
anag
erA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Par
tner
’s p
roje
ct
eval
uatio
n re
port
20
18
SU
N f
ram
ewor
k im
plem
ente
d by
GoE
Wea
k in
volv
emen
t an
d ow
ners
hip
SU
N r
epor
tH
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n P
rogr
am M
anag
erA
nnua
las
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
SU
N g
loba
l and
co
untr
y le
vel r
epor
t (2
018)
41 B
oth
CS
SP
and
ES
AP
hav
e R
esul
ts F
ram
ewor
ks w
hich
look
at
outc
omes
and
mor
e qu
alita
tive
aspe
cts
(incl
udin
g cr
oss
cutt
ing
issu
es s
uch
as g
ende
r)-e
g fo
r E
SA
P c
hang
es in
citi
zens
par
ticip
atio
n,
perc
eptio
n of
bas
ic s
ervi
ces
and
wel
fare
out
com
es; a
nd f
or C
SS
P c
hang
es in
pro
duct
ive
enga
gem
ent
% C
SO
s an
d go
vt/c
omm
uniti
es, s
ocio
-eco
nom
ic c
hang
es in
com
mun
ities
’ sta
tus,
cha
nges
in
CS
O c
apab
ility
for
res
pons
iven
ess,
acc
ount
abili
ty a
nd f
or d
ialo
gue
43Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
CS
P P
erfo
rman
ce A
sses
smen
t (co
ntin
ued)
Tim
ing
/Fre
qu
ency
of
Mea
sure
men
t
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men
tP
erfo
rman
ce In
dic
ato
rB
asel
ine
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a S
ou
rce/
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llect
ion
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ho
dR
esp
on
sib
ility
of
Co
llect
ion
an
d
rep
ort
ing
On
go
ing
M
easu
rem
ent
Fo
rmat
ive
Eva
luat
ion
Su
mm
ativ
e E
valu
atio
n
Ou
tpu
t 5:
Incr
ease
d us
e of
impr
oved
m
ater
nal h
ealth
car
e se
rvic
es
by p
oor
wom
en
Per
cent
age
of h
ealth
fa
cilit
ies
prov
idin
g B
asic
E
mer
genc
y O
bste
tric
an
d N
eona
tal C
are
TBC
Ser
vice
Pro
visi
on
Ass
essm
ent
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Pro
gram
Man
ager
Eve
ry fi
ve y
ears
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Ser
vice
Pro
visi
on
Ass
essm
ent
201
8
Incr
ease
d pr
opor
tion
of
faci
litie
s w
ith f
unct
iona
l el
ectr
icity
and
wat
er
supp
ly
TBC
Ser
vice
Pro
visi
on
Ass
essm
ent
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Pro
gram
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ager
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ry fi
ve y
ears
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Ser
vice
Pro
visi
on
Ass
essm
ent
201
8
Incr
ease
d cl
ient
sa
tisfa
ctio
n w
ith
mat
erna
l hea
lth s
ervi
ces
TBC
Ser
vice
Pro
visi
on
Ass
essm
ent
Hea
lth a
nd N
utrit
ion
Pro
gram
Man
ager
Eve
ry fi
ve y
ears
as a
nd w
hen
requ
ired/
appr
opria
te
Ser
vice
Pro
visi
on
Ass
essm
ent
201
8
Incr
ease
d co
vera
ge
of m
ater
nal i
ron
supp
lem
enta
tion
durin
g A
NC
17%
(201
1)D
emog
raph
ic a
nd
Hea
lth S
urve
yH
ealth
and
Nut
ritio
n P
rogr
am M
anag
erE
very
five
yea
rsas
and
whe
n re
quire
d/ap
prop
riate
Dem
ogra
phic
H
ealth
Sur
vey
2018
44 Ethiopia Country Strategy Paper 2014–2018
Ms Shefena Kasay, a farmer in Hawzien, Tigray region. Shefena’s farm has been changed immensely by Irish Aid supported projects. One of these initiatives focused on building small dams and creating terraces; all of these slow down the flow of water and allow it to collect underground leaving more moisture in the soil. The rise in the water table allowed Shefena to dig a well on her land and now she can irrigate vegetables which she sells for profit during the dry season. Photo: Irish Aid.
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Irish Aid Department of Foreign Affairsand TradeRiverstone House Henry Street LimerickT: +353 (1) 408 2000E: irishaidcentre@dfa.ie
Embassy of IrelandKazanchesGuinea Conakry StreetP.O.Box 9585Addis AbabaEthiopia
For further information on Irish Aid’s work go to: www.irishaid.ie