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Tis volume is published thanks to the support of the Directorate General for Research of the European Commission,by the Sixth Framework Network of Excellence CLIOHRES.net under the contract CI3-C-2005-00164. Te

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Imaging frontiers, contesting identities / edited by Steven G. Ellis and Luda Kluskov(Frontiers and identities : thematic work group 5 ; 2)

305.8 (21.)

1. Identit 2. Multiculturalismo I. Ellis, Steven G. II. Kluskov, LudaCIP a cura del Sistema bibliotecario dellUniversit di Pisa

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Contesting Identities through Migration

Gastarbajteri: Rethinking YugoslavEconomic Migrations towards the

European North-West throughTransnationalism and Popular Culture

Ondej DanielChrs Uvrsty, Prgu; Uvrsty Pu-Vry, Motpr 3

AbstrActTs chptr rgus or crtc rcosrto o th mthos pp to th stuy oth coomc mgrtos rom th ormr Yugosv (th so-c Gastarbajteri). As ytc ky, I w us two cocpts rom cotmporry soc scc: trs-to-sm popur cutur. As ths chptr ustrts, thr s st bsc o crtcbt o th topc. T works ct to th thm o coomc mgrtos rom thormr Yugosv r prmry bs o qutttv rsrch mthooogy. I th r-tc, I utz sourcs bs o both quttv qutttv rsrch mthoo-ogy, togthr wth t rom popur cutur rrtv sctc works. T rst prt

o th rtc sts out th thory mthooogy. Wht oows s trtv hstoryo ths poputo movmt. Atoy, th thms o prtur, th cocpt o thRo, th stutos o trty, sur tm, xo-potcs r-mgrto r rss.T scto ocuss o th mttos o th two ytc kywors, w pro-

pos trtv pttrs wth whch to rgr th phomo.

lnek se sna pedstait zkladn iotn situace migrant, kter se yskytly prbhunedlouh historie enomnu jugoslsk ekonomick migrace (Gstrbtr). Jako analy-tick kl se nm snam pouat da termny souasnch spoleenskch d trs-cosmus apopur kutur. Jeho pramennou zkladnou jsou jak akademick prce(statistika, ekonomika, kulturn geograe, sociologie ad.), tak i tz. mkk t (poch-

zejc ze zdroj populrn kultury lmu, hudby a tip) e orm reprezentac, mt ayprn. V praxi mezi nimi nedlm t rozdly. Vm jednak jejich paraleln ypo-dac hodnotu a jednak teorie podle nich souasn spolenosti obdobn mlo rozliujmezi serizn deckou prac, umleckou licenc a mystikac.

ext je rozlenn do nkolika podst. V odu se snam ypodat se s teori a metodologidosaadnch studi enomnu. V sti pojmenovan podle desk multimediln stay(40 Jhr Arbtsmgrto) podm na zklad dat ostatnch spoleenskovdnch dis-cipln obraz historie enomnu. Dal podst (Lvg Yugosv) pedstauje ji mj


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278 OndejDaniel

lastn zkum oblasti populrn kultury. Na zklad tohoto typu pramen se snamrekonstruovat motiy rozhodnut odejt za prac do zahrani. Nsledujc podkapitola(O th Ro) je novna analze pesun mezi podn a hostitelskou zem. Stereotyp-nm reprezentacm je novna stGstrbtr s th Othr, n se snam ypodat

s pohledem tinov populace hostitelsk zem na migranty. Vsledek mho zjmu o volnas migrant je prezentovn kapitole Stury Nght urbook Fvr, n se dotkmhybridnho hudebnho nru ook, asto pipisovanmu estetice Gstrbtr. V nsle-dujc sti (Gstrbtr Potcs) se snam nastnit roviny ztah mezi politickmi aekonomickmi migranty. Posledn st (Rtur o Gust-workr) je novna nratnmigraci a jejm dopadu na populrn kulturu a spoleensk azby.

V zru se snam nastnit nkter dal otzky, na kter se mi nepodailo e lnku odpo-dt. yto se dotkaj zejmna teoretickho rmce psan souasnch djin a limit nastn-nch tz. Cutur a Postcoo Stus. Jako perspektiy novho uchopen problematikynabzm pojmy mrgzc a hybrt.

IntroductIon

Gastarbajteri wr vry mportt coomc phomo, wth mor soc potc uc th ormr Fr Socst Rpubc o Yugosv (hrr Yu-gosv). Ts chptr xpors coomc mgrto rom Yugosv thr soc cutur mpcts o popur cutur whch mrg Yugosv ( ts succs-sor stts). T myth o th Gastarbajter1 mkg hs ortu bro s omprst

most o th coutrs o ormr Yugosv, or th st coup o cs t hsb prt o w okor. Wht wr th rprsttos strotyps o th po-p who th oy commust coutry tht ot oy cost to mgrto, but oth cotrry courg t? How wr thr motvtos to go bro chrctrz?

Whr thy go how thy v? D thy rtur how wr thy ccptbck th hom-coutry?

Ts chptr os ot ttmpt to swr ths qustos u, t vrthss usssom o thm s ytc too. O th bss o quttv rsrch th prcpsourcs r rv rom popur cutur, cug movs, musc, rumours oks. It

shou b ot tht sttstc t s mpoy ot so much to crt mg o typ-c Gastarbajter, but s o o th w toos o soc scc tht c b ctvy ppto ths topc. Smry, rrcs to rsrch r ot ttmpt to ty typcGastarbajter story; but prtcur rrtvs r us s troucto to th whostructur o mgs rou th phomo. My sourcs my ot rct th totty oth vc, but th cocr o th chptr s ot th rtoshp btw th hstorct rprsttos. Oc th rprsttos r prst th scours (whthr

popur or cmc), thy cqur crt rrtv vty. Dstgushg btwtyps o vc wou cssry trct rom th ovr trprs.

Gv th mssv chrctr o ths typ o mgrto rom th Fr Socst Rpub-c o Crot (tr to b rrr to smpy s S.R. Crot), thcy Crot


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RethinkingYugoslavEconomicMigrations 279


prts o th Fr Socst Rpubc o Bos Hrzgov (S.R. Bos Hrzgov), th stuy o mgrto ws t th strt my Crot mttr. At thbgg o th 1970s, wh coomc mgrto rom Yugosv rch ts pk,

my works o sttstcs, coomcs cutur gogrphy wr pubsh

2

. Tr wsso our (Migracijske teme) cocr prmry wth Yugosv mgrto, whchcu rsrch by th row Ivo Bu Em Hrk. I Bgr th topc

ws stu th 1970s most xcusvy rom th socoogc pot o vw3 thwork o Vmr Gr Mr Morokv r st hghy rgr toy. I thspro som ocumtrs wr so m o mgrto phomo4.

Ltr, th 1980s, pro-rgm potc scc moogrphs wr pubsh, whchocus o potc mgrto, but so wth th thm o coomc mgrto5. Wthth o Yugosv th crto o ts succssor stts, pubc m cusrsrch to sh ts coctrto to th Dspor. I Bgr, Zgrb Srvo,my works wr pubsh urg th 1990s tht trt o th thm o Srbs/Crots/Bosks6 bro ccorg to tost prspctv7. T currt, post-to-st, rsrch o mgrto rom Yugosv s st ts cy. A moogrph whchscusss th thm rom socoogc prspctv8 hs b pubsh Nov S.Tr ws so thss wrtt t th Dprtmt o Hstory o th Fcuty o Arts Bgr 20069 tht s prty vot to th Gastarbajterthms, s w s rtc promt hstory our10. Howvr, t sms tht, gr, soc sctsts ovr th ormr Yugosv hv ost thr trst mgrto. Outs th ormrYugosv howvr, my rsrchrs hv rssg th thm o coomc mgr-

to; som o th cocpts thy hv vop c b pp to th Yugosv css w11. I orr to rrow th rsrch ths rtc coctrts o th mgrtsrom thr o sx ormr rpubcs (owys Crot, Srb Bos Hrz-gov), ovrooks th Sov, Motgr, Mco Kosovr css.

Wrtg prmry bout th popur cutur ts mpct o th soc mmory (o mts cocr mgrt, hom host-coutry), I w rr to somcs stus rcty cocr wth th popur cutur o South Svc commutsbut ocus my o th tost pro o th 1990s12. Ltr I w touch o ththms surroug orms o tosm x commuts t hom. It s to

b ur tht tosm s ot th prmry cocr o th prst ppr, -though t s vtby to som xtt vov wth th thm, s trt wth th works o Bct Arso13 Hom Bhbh14. Usg both chroc sychroc pprochs to th hstory, I cosr both mgrto mts o

popur cutur s le ait social total15. T chptrs pproch to cotmporry hstory orr to mt th scursv s cosy coct wth othr scpso soc scc, my cutur stus soc cutur thropoogy16. Tmprssosm my sm sturbg to th rr but my opo rcts truthxprss by Wtr Bm: Hstory s th subct o structur whos st s othomogous, mpty tm, but tm by th prsc o th ow 17. I short, thsstuy shou b prcv s ttmpt to wrt hstory rom bow to trst


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crt mts o th scours o popur cutur to th gug o th cmccommuty orr to wrt bout orry pop18.

40 Jahrearbeitsmigration

I th rst moths o 2004 th Hstorc Musum o th Cty o V t th Kr-sptz Musum, coborto wth othr cutur sttutos o th Austr cp-t19, prst mutm xposto c 40 Jahre Arbeitsmigration [40 Yrs o

Work Mgrto]. For th rst tm Austr, musum pc th mgrts xpr-c t ctr stg thm tht hs o b gct, both th host- thhom-coutry20. T xhbto strt wth th urksh vg th Mrmr rgo.H o ts tvs work Austr (th rst rtr pop bg comg bck th1990s). T S o Mrmr ws, or my, th bgg o th Gastarbeiterroute us

by mgrts to mov rom th hom- to th host-coutry, whch trmt t Vsw kow Mxkoptz, th ctr o gry-coomy bck-mrkt tho-busssctvts.

Frst o t s cssry to rhrs som stbsh sttstc t o coomc m-grto rom Yugosv. It my b proxc to rr to to-stt wh wrtgbout trstosm but oc sttgs shou ot b ovrook. At th bggo th 1960s th boom cooms o Ctr, Wstr Northr Europ wr kto ttrct bour orc comg rom ss vop Mtrr coutrs. T oycommust stt tht o o-commust coutrs provg xpsv but

o sk m-powr ws Yugosv. Durg th sco h o th 1960s thbgg o th 1970s th phomo o Yugosvs mgrtg to th Wst grw vrysubstty. Just ur 4 prct o th tot poputo o Yugosv ws workgbro ccorg to th csus o 197121. Accorg to Bus stuy th rgst pro-

porto o mgrts rom th S.R. Crot mgrt to th Fr Rpubc o Gr-my (hrr Grmy), Swtzr ovrss; mgrts rom smr Srb22

wt to Frc, Austr, Sw Bux; thos rom S.R . Bos Hrzgovstt Austr Grmy; S.R. Motgrs work th USA; th mortyo mgrts rom S.R. Mco ou thr wys to Austr th USA; thosrom S.R. Sov most rquty work Austr, Swtzr C; thosrom th Autoomous Provc (A.P.) Vovo wt to Sw th USA; y xs rom th A.P. Kosovo wr most rquty to b ou Swtzr23.T rgst umbr o Yugosv mgrts mgrt to Grmy (411,503-436,500 197124), th othr coutrs wth sgct umbrs o Yugosvs r mtobov. Atogthr Wstr Europ host btw 596,869 647,000 Yugosvs, th ovrss coutrs rom 75,039 to 143,500 Yugosv Gastarbajteri.

I som poor grcutur rgos o Yugosv wth og trto o mgrto thrto o Gastarbajteri to ovr poputo ws cooss. Gr25 hs t wth thsc o mgrto rom Dmt, Lk, Hrzgov Mco, wh Mrkov26scusss th prsstc o th o trto opealba (sso work othr prts o


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Bks) th Prot rgo o str Srb. As ot bov, th rgst proportoo mgrts ws o Crot org (5.8 mgrts pr 100 hbtts), tr t th o th 1960s thy wr o by Srbs (1.1), Bosks (2.3) Mcos

(3.2). For som thc morts k Vchs, who c b ctgorz trms o vr-ous vs o tty27 th umbr o mgrts rch up to 9 pr 100 hbtts 28.Ecoomc mgrto rom Yugosv rch ts cmx 1973, th yr o th rgycrss. I ths yr thr wr 830,000 Yugosvs workg vrous Europ coutrs(514,000 Grmy o). T S.R. Crot h 9.6 prct o ts ctv popu-to workg bro, cosy oow by th S.R. Bos Hrzgov wth 9.2

prct29.

Ar th o crss th umbr o Yugosv mgrts crs. wo procsss ob-srv by soc sctsts ths yrs wr rtur mgrto (r-mgrto) o th

o h, , o th othr, th t o th sco grto o mgrts. Accorgto Hrk30 th bggst wv o rturs (80,000) cm bck to Yugosv 1974. Ith oowg yrs th tot umbr o rturs ropp progrssvy to 30,000 pr

yr t th bgg o th 1980s. T c o vg strs th coutry r1982, howvr, prouc sgct umbr o w coomc mgrts. Accorgto Mrkov, th 1980s:

[t]h Yugosv stt, ur th hvy bur o trto bt, ws sprtysrchg or y moy vb, spcy th tm o gob bt crss t thbgg o 1980s. Gstrbtrs wr to h, hvg smgy ss crsourcs. Yugosv bks or spc trst rts crt rrgmts to

workrs tmporry mpoy bro. Ltr urg th 1980s th rgm ttmptto k two brs wth o sto: to ttrct mgrt workrs moy to crt w

obs. Tror, gstrbtrs wr or opportuts to vst to socst tr-prss xchg or workg pcs or thr rtvs31.

Such soc pg ot try succ, rturg Gastarbajteri t tovst thr moy mor th prvt sctor (tx comps, st-oos tc.). (T

probm o r-mgrto w b rtur to tr ths stuy.) Ecoomc mgrtos wr crty ot ovr wth th o socst Yugosv. It s fcut to mk qutttv stcto btw th wr rugs o th 1990s cssc Gastarba-

jteri, sc th two mos xst pr trct. Som sourcs stt tht 1990 thr wr 806,000 Yugosvs vrous Europ coutrs32. I 1995 thr wr342,500 mgrts rom th ormr S.R. Bos Hrzgov Grmy o. Wmy try to sk wht th rto o cssc Gastarbajteri to wr rugs ws, but th ssus compct by th my hybr orms33. Accorg to Mrkov, [] th t 1980s urg th 1990s th structur o workg mgrts chg. T chr o thsocst m css, youg prossos stuts srt Srb ght rom

povrty wr34. T tot umbr o mgrts thr uc th succssorstts o th ormr Yugosv s st cosrb. Mrkov cts sttstc t romSrb whch ccuts thr rmttcs hom 2005 s costtutg 13 prct oSrbs G.D.P.35.


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282 OndejDaniel

T qusto oGastarbajterms, spccy th sco grto, hs tr-st Yugosv soc sctsts o ss th ssu o vu mgrto36. Ev thtypc coomc mgrt my s o pct s spt btw m workg

bro wom wth chr styg Yugosv

37

thr ws st hgh propor-to o compt ms mgrtg towrs th Europ orthwst. Hrk38 stmtstht thr wr 250,000 my mmbrs Gastarbajterms ovr Wstr Europ 1971. T Gastarbajterphomo chg my pttrs ct womsbhvour39. Wth th tr towrs who my mgrto, th trst o th Yugosvuthorts tur rst towrs th ucto o mgrts chr. Durg th rr

pro thr wr umrous probms wth rcogto o grs poms cqurbro40. Subsquty th Yugosv stt orgz ucto mssos th rso rg mgrt coctrtos. Gastarbajteri cou choos whthr to mt throrg cutur mts or to thr chr towrs ssmto41.

LeAvIng YugosLAvIA

I o o Gor Pskvs ry movs42 th m chrctr cs, r tryg v-rythg (cug wtchg th bch wtr), to v th coutry or Sw. Ith st probby th most ctg sc w hm prss (r hvg b-h hs youg butu w) tr comprtmt th compy o othr m, tryg to chr thmsvs up by tg rkg. o v ms to bomy, rs, vryy customs or th ucrtty o w coutry, probms

o ggrvt by gorc o th gug. Mchoy or hom oows th m-grt whrvr h movs. Ex my b z by som or ts trsto quty obrto43, but or my t s (s Ewr S mphsss) prso trgy.

Wht my Yugosvs rom th bgg o th 1960s to tk such hr c-so? Accorg to sttstcs t ws prmry th hgh umpoymt mog th g-rto o youg pop bor th yrs r Wor Wr II, s w s ovrpoputo th grr rgos ow wgs Yugosv44. I short, mtr povrty. Oo th mgrts wvs quot Vuksovs stuy45 xp hr husbs motvs:H to mk som dinars [th currcy o Yugosv]. W br shp but th ss

wr ow. Fv chr shos schoos.It ws rst o to mk moy thtmy Yugosvs th coutry. Othr motvtos cu sr to r orggug or mprov sks quctos46 but th ovrwhmg cosrto wsc. As Mrkov pots out: [t]h rc wgs btw Wst Grmy Yugosv 1969 us to b bout 3:1. Durg 1990s ths rc grw v to1000:1, but bttr yrs ths proporto ws bout 10:147.

T csh r bro cou b us or rt purposs. I hv ry mtoth or us or th ucto o chr or ms wth my chrths ws o th most mportt ctor csos to v th coutry. Aothrrqut motv ws to mk ough moy to b b to bu hous48. Yt othrmotvto ws to sv moy or wg. T hro o Emr Kusturcs mov 49,


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Rom tgr c Prh, gos to o busss Ity ust to b b to gt thmoy to w hs bov. Ity th morty o mgrts wr rom rur rs. Asot bov, th stuto chg urg th 1980s wh v th urb poputo

strt movg orth-wstr rcto. I ss w my cosr th sort ocrm ctvts pursu bro by Kusturcs hro or o o th chrctrs SrDrgovsPretty Villages Pretty Flame50 s othr typ hrt th Gastarbajter

phomo. Yugosv crms (urb gg mmbrs, pckpockts tc.) rct toth mpovrshmt o thr coutry by movg thr busss bro. T otorousctvts o th tr Srb prmtry wror ko Rtov Ark mycoutrs o Wstr Europ urg th 1970s 1980s51 or strkg xmp oths xport o crm mpowr. Tr s Bos ok bout t: D you kowtht Muo [Muhmm, togthr wth Hso, Hs, Ft, Ftm, hro o myBos Yugosv oks52] op bk Swtzr? Noooo!! How h

o t? Smpy: wth totor. Aothr w-kow chptr s th cotrbuto oKosovr Abs to th Est-Wst rug rout th trfc wht sh, otor-ousy ttrbut to th poputo o th Motgro-Sk borrs Bos Hrzgov. O o my ormts53 stt tht h wt to Ity t th bggo th 1990s to o busss54, wh othr55, ws mor spcc, mttg tht h

wt to Ity to st crs. T purpos o rctg ths xmps s ot to cotrbut toth strotyp o Bk bck mrkt prtcpts56, ths stuy os ot trt Yugosv mgrts s crmsa priori. It s ttmpt to tt scusso o th

prtcpto o mrg crm groups th gr cotxt o Yugosv coomc

mgrto. I cmc works thy r smpy orgott, but th pop-cutur rr-tv provs us wth pty o vc or thr xstc.

I th Dmt tror (Dalmatinska Zagora) wstr Hrzgov thr x-sts typc oc musc gr c ganga. It my b scrb s oc vrt o bror Mtrr trto o voc poyphoy tht c so b ou, or xm-

p, southr Ab, Sr Corsc. T thms oganga, prst thorm o short t, r o vry pro most wys rspos to th com-mutys prst crcumstcs57. Muchganga muscrcts th trs-borr mgrtxprc commo to my hbtts o ths poor grcutur rgos. T group

Gor Po sgs sog bout trck py by Gastarbajterwho ts hs grrtht h s Prs. I rty h s wth othr gr ot r wy. Aothr group, DoV, sgs bout murrr who or Grmy to scp rom ustc. Aothrtyp o musc trto chrctrstc o th Drc Mouts s guslar. Gusle s typc South Sv musc chor-strumt py wth bow by prormr who sosgs (guslar). I th ry, trt, pro o South Svc hstory th guslarso srvs th m ormto sourc or much o th rur poputo. I Dmtsk Z-gor wstr Hrzgov thguslars st cotu sgg. Ag, or som othm, th mgrt xprc hs b mportt thm. I th m-1980s Ivku, guslarrom Lovr, rcor L.P. c Nai radnici u tuini[Our

Workrs Abro] whr h sgs bout th pop rom hs vg gog to work to


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284 OndejDaniel

Austr, Swtzr, Frc, Bgum, but most o to Grmy. Ag thy vto mk moy to bu houss, to buy crs py or thr chrs ucto58.

ontheroAd

Uk th xhbto t th V Krsptz Musum, whch h scto votto th Gastarbeiterroute, th cssc works o Yugosv coomc mgrto py ttor o ttto to th oury mgrts rom th hom- to th host-coutry. Rsrcho th wys whch Yugosv coomc mgrts rch thr sttos, sp-cy o th mgry k to th oury, s st vry ry phs s to burthr vop. T mor strotyp hrt th pop-cutur rrtvsourcs s o Gastarbajtervg or th orthwst by pubc trsport by tr (kPskvs chrctr) or bus rturg wth thr ow cr (prrby rg,

bck Mrcs). Log-stc pssgr trs r rom Yugosv to th m st-tos Grmy, Ity Sw. I th pro rom 1962 to 1977 thr ws yDrct Ort Exprss rom Prs through Swtzr, Austr, Zgrb Bgr59to th southst. Accorg to th rrtv o o o my ormts60 th rout or

work ws fcut or hm th ry pro wh thr ws o rct cocto b-tw Bgr th south o Frc. H thror h to us Hugr bus com-

py to go to Lyo thr chg to oc trsport. Aothr sourc61 rcout thth h o probm gttg rom uz to Szburg wh th sco h o th 1980sthr wr my prvt bus comps kg th mor Europ Yugosv tows.

Som org rcrutmt bro orgz th trsportto o rgur mpoys.As mrg xmp w mght oc g rr to Kusturcs ime o the Gypsies, whch Rom ch coms bck rom M to th suburb o Skop62 to rcrut hsworkrs (bggrs, pck-pockts prosttuts) rcty; h th tks thm to Ity crv ttch to hs Amrc cr. Accorg to Ekm63 (whos rsrch smy o Frc, , prtcur, Prs) cssc tho-busss ctvts o Yugosvscu trv gcs rrgg trv to rom Yugosv.

O sttstc sourc64 cocrg work ccts suggsts tht thr wr mor c-cts o th ro btw Yugosv th host-coutry th urg sur tm host-coutry or v o th ro btw th pc o work th pc o sty th host-coutry. T rout or work s o scrb s og grous. Evtoy th bus oury rom Bgr to Prs tks mor th 24 hours th t1960s must hv b much ogr. I Gastarbajter c to tk hs ow cr osuch og trp, o rush thr to b bck th my crc Yugosvor to b tm o th pc o work t s sy to mg th rsks. O o my orm-ts65 rmmbrs tht urg th ys o th bgg o hoys my oc rvrsc to sty t hom sc th m ros rou Grz wr grous bcus otr rvrs rturg southst to Yugosv, Grc urky.

Aothr possbty ws to y btw Yugosv host-coutry. Durg th 1960s 1970s Yugosv Ars (J.A..) h ccss to my Europ ovrss st-


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tos. Ivov66 mtos ct t Wst Br rport urg Chrstms 1968 whth trv gcy Jugosv so mor ght-tckts th thr wr vb pcs o

J.A.. Arou 300 pop spt mor th 36 hours th prturs h o th rport.

H so mtos tpho c rom th rport to th Yugosv mbssy Est Br,compg tht th pop wtg kpt o rkg tg, sgg cusgmg to rport. O c oy mg th hystr th spr o pop c wthth prospct o spg thr Chrstms hoys rport org coutry.

Aothr thm o mto rto to th oury btw host-coutry Yugosv ws gog through customs, wth th ssoct fcuts. Import u-ts h to b p o goos bought bro wh th mgrt rtur. O orm-t67 to m tht my Gastarbajteri rtur rom Austr to Yugosv wth grouco whch ws much chpr Austr so cou b so or cosrb prot

t hom. Tr s so ok bout th crcuto o goos: Muo ss Ft cktrom Grmy tht h bought or 500 Grm Mrks. H ost wt to t hr thhgh prc o th ckt so wh sh cs sks hm how much t ws h sys tht300 Grm Mrks. A wk tr sh cs hm g sks hm to s t mor

ckts bcus Srvo thy c b so or 400 Grm Mrks, s sh hs owth th rst o. Tr s o oubt tht customs ggrvt my mgrts. Accor-g to Bu68 th bhvour o customs ofcrs ws o grtst cocr to mgrts.Mrkov obsrvs tht: rs xts coct wth hom uthorts wr

wspr mog gstrbtrs69. Mrov70, wrtg bout th stuto o Srbs Austr urg th 1990s, mtos umrous s txs tht h to b p

wh thy wt to rtur hom to vst thr rtvs. T stt ws o prstctowrs ts subcts, or th vurb ot-hr-ot-thr Gastarbajteri (who wrsuppos to b wthr th othrs) th stuto ws v hrr.

the gastarbaJterAstheother

Upo rrv th host-coutry Yugosv coomc mgrts cm to cotct wthth oc poputo. Sc thy usuy cou ot spk y org gug sptmost o th tm wth thr commuts th mgrts wr o prcv by th

ocs s homogous group. Nothss thr wr som strotyps whch b-cm pp to th vrous thc groups comg rom Yugosv tht suggst crtstctos cou hv b m. Tr s ok bout group o Bosk workrsrrvg Grmy. T Grm boss sks thm: So... You r th zy os?. No!!!T zy r th Motgrs. W r Bosks, th stup os!, rspos o othm. I gr ths strotyps r much mor sgct or th scours wthYugosv ts rt thc groups th pro up to th brk-up o th stt.I cs-stuy g wth Yugosv coomc mgrts Grmy71, Pu rcsth oc prcpto o th mgrts: [] th Yugosvs r cosr by th Grmsto b hr-workg ustrous pop, who r quck to r Grm who -tgrt w to Grm socty. Gastarbajteri who stt Grmy wr, s ot


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286 OndejDaniel

bov, my rom th orthr prts o Yugosv, wr o w sk ookg or hgh pyg obs.

oty rt strotyps mrg rom rsrch crr out by th It mgz

LEspresso 200072

. Accorg to ths rsrch Yugosvs, togthr wth Abs, Rom wr cosr to b brrs o voc73. Abs wr to cosrto hv tt w or work74, Rom wr prcv s thvs. Most o my rsrchcts tht Ity ws o prcv by Gastarbajteri s ss ppg th th rchrcoutrs o th orthwst Europ. Ity ws much mor popur mog th Rom, Mo-tgr, th m, s w th pop rom th Artc cost cpb o spkg It-. F yrs sprt ths survys, t s so cr tht th cotxt o prcptohs chg mrky r so og pro wh Yugosv ts succssor stts wrrot-pg ws. At th bgg o th movBeore the Rain75 thr s sc rs-turt Loo wth gry ggrssv Yugosv ttckg th gusts. Aothrbook76 rrts th story o Srb workg Frc who s stgmtz by Frch soctybcus o hs org. A r o m, Swss vg Prs or vrous rsos hghs Swss tty, us to trouc hms urg th 1990s s Czch. Oc h uwt-tgy so to r Czch, wh hs gorc o th gug ws scovr, hs: W, buy, you kow... Noboy wts to b Srb ths ys.

It shou b rpt tht urg th rr pro o cotct btw Yugosv m-grts th gous poputos o th host coutrs, t ws rr to str-otyps whch pp to th rt thc groups whch comprs Yugosv.Strotyps o Yugosvs wr ot wys postv. Ekm77 cts rtc rom Prs wsppr78 tht cm tht th Prs urgrou 80 prct o th thvs

wr o North Arc org, 10 prct o Yugosv org th st 10 prcto othr orgs. A wom quot Vuksov79 rcs: [t]hy c us Gypss.Morokv80, g wth th thm o soc bour movmts, mts thturg th ry pro o Yugosv coomc mgrtos, Gastarbajteri wr thought tob strk-brkrs, bck-gs, gosts mgmt ormts. Durg th strkso My 1968 th Yugosvs Frc en masse or hoys thr hom-coutry.O th othr h, th sm ormt quot Frch tr uo uctory whos tht, Wh Yugosv wks up h c b th bst ctvst81. Aothr xmp

o strotyps rtg to Yugosv mgrts c b ou socoogc rtc oth thm o th ucto o mgrt chr82. T tchrs t Wst Br schoocosr 43.1 prct o pups o Yugosv org to hv sturb bhvour(ggrssvss, uross or hypr-ctvty). O mght sk, howvr, whthr mosttchrs ovr th wor o ot hv th smr vw o thr chrgs, rgrss o

whthr or ot thr prts r mgrts83.

sAturdAYnIghtturbofolkfever

Most mgrt workrs 56.6 prct wr mpoy th prmry sctor84. Scthy cm ust to r moy thr workg ys wr xhustg (ry h workg


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mor th 42 hours wk85), but wht wr thr ctvts urg thr sur tm?How Gastarbajteri (most o whom ot spk th gug o th host-coutry)rx r work? Sttstc sourcs my b prt o th swr:

h most mportt sur-tm ctvts o Yugosv workrs bro r: rg,wtchg V stg to th ro. [...] Aothr mportt ctvty s cookg,whch occups wom two tms mor th m. Cs, brs rsturts r r-qut much mor by m th by wom. [...] M r ttrct to bcomg mm-brs o sport ctvts ssoctos, wom by okor cutur ctvts86.

O th othr h, w shou so st to sog rom popur Bgr rock bo th 1980s,Riblja orba,87 bout GastarbajterStury ght:

Sprg ch mrk I oy wt t Stury / O Stury wh comptrots com / Itk my t I grb y / I go to st th sous o my hom / [...] / I rk

I t eapi / I oos th buttos rom my shrt / [...] / O Suy I gt up t oo/ I k grou mt.

Mrkov wrts tht: Gthr o Stury ghts comptrots cubs, Gstrbtrswt to scp rom rout o thr work , to rm o ook turbo-ok potry88. A rct wtss th Srb prss stts tht urg o mgrt prty Obch, Grmy, ts o kos oeapii ranii two pgs wr t hur o trs o br ruk89.

Tus, Yugosv mgrts cutvt (o r-vt hybrs) trtos. Oo th most strkg xmps s th musc gr turboolk90, or mor ccurty, w-y compos to musc91, neoolk. Erc Gory scrb th phomo thoowg trms:

Neoolk musc chv hug popurty mog Yugosv workrs othr coutrs,who brought tst or th musc bck to th provc tows rom whch thy cm.T prvt tx comps cs tht my gastarbajteri op hp to usth musc, whch wth tm cm to th tsts o pst urbts s w. Imy css, th gr ws kow sgastarbajterske pesme , th Grm trm or gust

workr hvg b rcty to th Srbo-Crot gug ( Bgrstrt sg, trm or ob s so arbajt). Not workrs bro wt to Grmy,

o cours. Som o th most ucrtv trto obs wr o costructo -grg procts th M Est North Arc, whr oc popur muscprobby cotrbut som o wht tr crtcs oneoolk c th Ismc melosoth musc. Aothr sourc o ths s omstc ok musc, whch spcy Srb Mco, h or og tm b rch by mts o urksh musc92.

Neoolk musc ws mportt mrk o tty or my Gastarbajteri. I V tth o th 1990s thr took pc compttos btw th urksh Yugo-sv rvrs o who ws gog to py th musc th cr our. Ds cothg Vokswg Go crs wr obvous sho compmts. Dscrbg mgrt sur Prs, Ekm93 hs wrtt tht t th o th 1970s thr wr two Yugosvmusc stors; thMutualitmusc h thr wr rgur cocrts by Mrosv


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288 OndejDaniel

I, Vt K, Zm Immov othr proto-neoolk strs. T phomooneoolk s o xp s th rsut o mgrto xprc. rsto ps-t urbts94 ot oy rom Yugosv but rom my othr mgrto coutrs

cotu to mt strog stmt coctos wth trto musc orms thr musc tst ws so uc by Wstr c musc. T hybr muscorms95 tht r grt mgrto crcs96o bcom popur (or upopur)mog both th poputo o th host- hom-coutry. Commuty ro st-tos tht us musc mog th mgrts97 wr bg boost or neoolk.

It must b ot tht ot Yugosv mgrts wr s oneoolk musc. urboolk sscrb somtms by ts ms s etno-tehno etno-muzika (tho-tcho-rght

wg-musc), t s cosr s hvg py mportt ro th cocts oth 1990s98. Yt t st rms th strotypc musc orm oGastarbajteri,ts yrcso rctg som o thr (o rwy) rms (st crs, c grs, uxury sh-o).

gastarbaJterpoLItIcs

T qusto o th potc ctvts o Yugosvs x ws mor cus or cocrmog th ts o socst Yugosv rom th bgg o th coomc mgrtos th 1960s ut th o th Frto th 1990s. Sc th pro rcty r

Wor Wr II thr wr my xs who wr host to th commust sttmt Yugosv. Mosty thy wr ormr supportrs o th puppt rgms o th wr

(Crot Bos ustasha, Ab ballists, Sov Srb pro-Grmorcs) but thy so cu rprsttvs o th o-commust (my mor-chst) t-Grm rsstc (prmry Srb chetniks99). Aothr wv o potcmgrto cm r 1971 crushg o th maspok100 movmt Crot. Fromth rst yrs r Wor Wr II ths groups h b orgzg thmsvs Wst-r Europ, th Amrcs Austr101, wth th rrv oGastarbajteri thyvop svr tctcs or ucg th wcomrs. O th othr h, th co-omc mgrts h o to prov thr pro-Yugosv ortto bor v vgth coutry. Most o my ormts cr thmsvs potc som o thmv Yugoostgc102.

Hrk103 mts tht th r o cotmto oGastarbajteri by potc xsws rss by mkg bck sts o t-Yugosv xs t th Yugosv mbsss usg ths to chck uc mgrts. From 1964 th rgm tr to motor thsur tm o mgrts by orgsg cubs, brrs mediatheques. Nvrthss, sIvov104 pots out, gorc o org gugs mt tht most mgrts rth prss pubsh by potc xs. I Frc or xmp th coct btw th

potc mgrs (who h ccss to th Srbo-Crot brocsts o Ro Frc) th Yugosv rgm took vot orm. TKlub jugoslovenske ambasade [T YugosvEmbssy Cub] Prs, popur mog th coomc mgrts, ws bomb 1968105.Bokov106 ots xmps o th tctcs us by th potc xs to uc th Gas-


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tarbajteri by pmphtrg. O o ths pmphts ws suppos to covc mgrtsot to sv thr moy Bgr bks bcus o mmt brk-up o Yugosv.Prssur ws somtms put o mgrts to bcom vov t-govrmt gt-to Yugosv. O o th bst kow OprtoFeniks ( Juy 1972) ws sup-

pos to rstor Crot pc Bugoo. Durg th 1970s wh Crotx orgztos crs thr ctvts, thr wr so xmps o brt so-to o pro-Yugosv workrs sormto cmpgs107.

A trstg story ustrtg ths ssu s rt by Kovv108. O 15 Sptmbr1979 t 3 A.M. sput o potc mttrs took pc th Bk Gr br Frkurt m M109 tht soo bcm btt wth chrs, gsss shtrys. Oo th gts o th potc mgrsy pu out rvovr shot 38-yr-o workr Sh Msov srousy wou hs brothr, Nsu. T oowgght th br ws bur ow.

Som potc xs c thr ctvts by thrts rcktrg vovg thrmgrt comptrots. T Crot tr uo Skt vop tctcs to ttrct Crot workrs Grmy110. A ok ustrts th rcktrg phomo: hu-gry Muo Hso com to Much, o ot spk y Grm hv o moy.Ty wk rou suy Yugosv rsturt. Ty st th corr

wtch som br m tg rkg. Ar th m o o th br mts th wtr: W r th Chtks you try to mk us py, w w k you bur ow th rsturt. Muo ooks t Hso thy c to o th sm.Ty orr rost mb, br, rakija, ss chs , r co, wh th wtr

prsts th b Muo sys: W r th Chtks you try to mk us py, w wk you bur ow th rsturt.T wtr sks why thy hv o brs; butMuo svs th stuto by syg: W r scrt Chtks, you kow... T cotrcts th bror o potcy pssv mgrt poputo tht hs com tomk moy, cotrst to th og-trm potc xs.

Sc thy prouc so tt th wy o txts rcor potc opos, t sot sy scovr much bout th potc ctvts oGastarbajteri. Iormto sourcs o pro-Yugosv provc s to b rgr wth cuto, sc most o ths

works r o th gt-prop vrty my sy mor bout th systm th bout th

mgrts. O th othr h, oc prst th scours thy o ot r structur-y rom othr sourcs o ormto (sctc t, or trto, popur cuturrrtv tc.). W c provsoy sum up by sttg tht th rt wvs o Yu-gosv mgrto uc ch othr, but mor rsrch s to b o to tyth tur xtt o th xchg.

returnofAguest-worker

By to, tmporry work bro mt tht Gastarbajteri wou rtur homoc thy h r th moy thy cm or. Ar hvg spt som yrs bro,howvr, th Gastarbajteriwr prcv s th Othr v by thr comptrots who


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290 OndejDaniel

h sty th hom-coutry. Mrkov111 rmrks tht puctuty, or xmp ws mportt chg brought rom th Wst. Chgs t hom thr bsc coumk th rtur pu. T thm o og bsc urmg rtoshps thhom-coutry s rqut th pop-cutur sourcs. T hro o Kusturcs ime othe Gypsies s hs grr prgt by somo s; so tht hs tm Ityct to rg th moy to mrry hr sms to hv b wst. A chrctr PskvsPowder Keg112 so coms bck rom bro. o mprss hs ormr gr-r w bck hr hrt h sps grt o moy rrgg romtcvg wth phhrmoc orchstr pyg musc or hr o rvr bot.

T thm o m workg bro who s hs w or gr uthu wh h r-turs hom s costt thm o oks. As w hv s bov, th oss o my mghtb cosr s prso trgy, but t ws so h wth humour. Hso, whohs sty Bos, wrts to Muo, who s workg Grmy. T ttr sys: 1)Ft [Muos w] s spg wth vryboy Zc; 2) Ft s spg wth m; 3)

Wht o you sy to 2)?

Muos swr s: 1) Zc s ot such bg tow; 2) Ft s HIV postv; 3) Whto you sy to 2)?

I othr ok Muo coms bck rom Grmy to Yugosv. H oys hs rstght wth Ft r sh gos o or showr h ooks ur b s ozgr ps. Wh sh coms bck h sks hr: Why o w hv ths gr ps urour b?

W, you kow, Muo, you wr wy or our yrs wh I ws wth othr mI wys p ur our b.

OK, sys Muo, But wht bout ths 30 Grm Mrks ur th b?

W, you kow, Muo, th wtr o 1983 th prc o ps wt up so I sothm t 5 mrks ko, rspos Ft.

My Gastarbajteri rtur to Yugosv wh thy h y mg to svough moy. Tr r my houss ovr th ormr Yugosv tht wr butusg moy r bro. Durg my st vst to Srb Apr 2006 I vst th

Ngot rgo th str prt o th coutry, r w kow s o o thcrs o coomc mgrto. Ts vgs whr th cutur mpct o th Gs-trbtr s prhps most vsb113 cosst ts morty o ktschy crm-coourhouss wth sttus o os cos rot o thm. A vt suppmt toth noueau riche rchtctur s Wstr cr, o, v, wth org umbr pts.T rchtypc cr s o cours Mrcs. Tr s ok bout two brothrs romth Sk rgo. T or o brgs o Mrcs cr rom bro, wh th

yougr o brgs w Porsch. T ghbours gossp: So you kow th or obrought Mrc rom Swtzr th yougr o ust som org t-c.

Cosumr-bs vus r most vsb mog th Gastarbajteryouth

114

. Mrkovcommts tht: It sms tht my Gstrbtr prts hv tr to compst or


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ths gct [bg bst s thr chr r growg up] two wys. O hs bto surrou thr osprg wth mtr wth. T othr hs b ot to rqust y

prtcur chvmts rom thr chr115.Tr s othr ok bout Romboy, Cgo, who coms bck wth hs prts rombro. H gos to th poc-st-to sys h wts to buy pocm. T spctor thks bt, rvs hm hom comps to hs mothr.Sh poogzs, syg:Sorry spctor-, sc w

rtur rom Sw our Cgo wts to buy vry k o sht.

concLusIon

Ts chptr ttmpts to prst th most mportt stutos coutr by Yugo-sv gust-workrs urg th rtvy rct short xstc o th phomoo stt-rct work mgrto ts ovrp wth post-commust cotmporryvopmts. I to to sttstc othr cmc sourcs I hv us sourcsrom pop-cutur tht hp to co mgs somtms ovrook by schors. Iths ot b th purpos o ths stuy to rw shrp vsos btw hr t th vc o cutur proucto, or btw popur cmc scours. Sc

Fig.1

Gastarbeiterneighbourhood,Negotinregion,easternSerbia,April2006.

Source:courtesyofOndejVojtchovsk.


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292 OndejDaniel

cto myth r prt o th cocptu rprtor o cotmporry socts116 stuy o th trsto scp o Yugosv coomc mgrts wou ot b v sourcs rom pop-cutur wr gct.

Aothr probm rss y ttmpt to wrt th cotmporry hstory o orrypop. As hstors w r o costr by trto rrtvs o chrooogy custy. C w propry us th pprochs o th othr soc sccs, or shou

w cotu usg my chroc mo? I trms o custy, how c w our mthooogy s th oy v o? Utmty, s t ot bst to mpoy both, thchroc th sychroc mo, orr to bttr rprst th chgg cctc quty o th cotmporry wor?

Cocrg th motvto bh mgrto, I ou svr commo coomc orc-s, such s th wv o umpoymt povrty th 1960s Yugosv. T mgrts

gr th coutry to b b to tt bttr str o vg. Most o thmwr mpoy mu obs (my hvy ustry somtms srvcs).Tr ws so (vry vsb) morty o pop who Yugosv or crm sm-crm busss. T who Gastarbajteri phomo c so b urstoo trms o th soc msos o coomc mgrto. It my b tht th sss ostg o th mgrt s o pct pop-cutur sourcs s cssry txo th prospcts or soc vcmt whch r ou bro. T scto g

wth Gastarbajteri trv routs vops th o stuyg mgrto procsss romth prspctv o Cutur Gogrphy. My rsrch to th mt mppg117 o th

voyg vctors s to b vop urthr, hr I hv ust sktch som o thtrsport chs (bus, tr, cr p). T scto g wth th crossg oborrs so rrs to th smuggg ctvts tht wr prcts by coomc mgrtsmog othrs. Why s th o th ro pproch so wy us pop-cutur (ro-movs, ro-ovs, truck rvr musc tc.) but so tt cmc works?

T Gastarbajteri, o suppos to b hrworkg, s w s vot ggrssv,r prcv s th Othr by ocs. T popur musc o th mgrts neoolk so scrb s Gastarbajteri vto. Mgrts wr vr thr potc ctv-ty. Potc xs ry stt Wstr Europ tr to uc Gastarbajteri,s th Yugosv rgm, but stus o th rct mpct o th Gastarbajteri ot- pro-Yugosv potcs bro rm to b o. Gastarbajteri sm grto hv b potcy pssv ss tost stmt th prvousy sup-

pos. My org (tho-ctrst) hypothss o sprto o th bss o prmorbos hs ot prov corrct. Ev yrs r th brk-up o Yugosv r-to som ormr mgrts st cm th ttr s thr coutry118. Nw qustos hvto b pos th ght o quttv rsrch119 o th hybrzto o tts th trsto soc scp, prtcury o th mrgzg mchsms o thhost socty th hybr tur o mgrt cutur.

T st prt o my stuy t wth th rtur o Gastarbajteri to th hom-coutry th stutos o trty thy coutr thr. Tr cosumrst vus r u-


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qustob vsb spcts o th mtr cutur o rturs. My workshv b so vot to th posto o mgrt th cotxt o t cptsm ts ogc o cosumpto. Usg th tst tchoogc m mgrts sm to cut-

vt trsto cutur orms tht r k to mor th o to stt

120

. Tcutur mts sm to chg thr rhzomtc orms121 ccorg to th ws oChos orKairs122. C ths sttmts b pp quy to th cutur xprcso mgrts rom Bks, spcy rom th ormr Yugosv tht s o crbs st o thc htr prmor trbsm?

From th pot o vw o cssc cotmporry hstory th Gastarbajteri sm to bvsb. Ty r mrgs both th hom host-coutry w o thm

prouc y cssc vc. T ck o txtu sourcs wrtt rcty by coom-c mgrts must b compst or by rrtv, oks othr pop-cutur sourcs

tht hp us to ucovr th m stutos thr mgs or ths ot trtbut st o-wrtg pop. Wrtg bout th txt gug mttrs thr s ok bout Muo comg to Grmy wthout spkg Grm. H cs wtrss rws stk o th ppr. Sh brgs hm stk. T h rws bott o w.Sh brgs hm bott. Fy wh Muo s pyg th wtrss rws b. Muo sstosh: How th h sh kow tht I m crptr?

notes

1 T cocpt o Gastarbeiter (Gust-workr, Gastarbajter Srbo-Crot, p. Gastarbajteri) ros

rst th scours o potc coomy ( Fr Rpubc o Grmy urg th 1950s) trt tr othr scps o soc sccs popur cutur. It rrs to tmporry work mgrtscomg to Wst Grmy (F.R.G., tr to othr boomg coutrs) s rsrv rmy o bour(K. Mrx) suppos to rtur th hom coutry r ccompshg thr purpos. T rst Gas-tarbeiters cm to F.R.G. rom Sp, Portug, Ity Grc th t 1950s. Sc th bggo th 1960s thy wr o by workrs rom urky Yugosv. T ofc Srbo-Crottrm to rr to ths wv o mgrto s tmporry work bro (priremeni rad u inostranstu). Istgush btw spkg o utr Gastarbeiters, Gastarbajteri rom th ormr Yugosv.

Wrtg bout th ttr I w us th Srbo-Crot spg (to b proouc photcy: Gstr-btr/). For bour mgrto rom Yugosv s, or xmp, E. Hrk,Panoptikum migracija, Mgrcsk tm, 1993, 9, 3-4, pp. 227-302, or th ot bout gust-workrs C. Cor (.), Une

communaut dans un contexte de guerre: la diaspora serbe en Occident, Prs 2003.2 I Zgrb thr wr thr m sttuts tht t wth th ssu o bour mgrto: Centar zaistraianje migracija [Ctr or Mgrto Rsrch],Ekonomski institut[Isttut or Ecoomy]

Institut za geograju seuilita u Zagrebu [Isttut or Gogrphy o th Zgrb Uvrsty]. Ltr w sttut ws ou Institut za migracije i nacijonalnosti [I.M.I.N., Isttut or Mgrtos Morts], tht ocuss prmry o trscpry rsrch to th subct.

3 S th moothmtc ssu o rvw Socoog, sops z socoogu, socu pshoogu soc-u tropoogu, XV, 1973, 2.

4 For xmp mr ksNezaposljeni ljudi[Umpoy], 1968) Bog s Gastarbeiter(1977).5 M. Bokov,Antijugoslovenska aistika emigracija, Bgr - Nov S 1980; S. Kovv,Hronolog-

ija antijugoslovenskog terorizma 1960-1980, Bgr 1981; M. Dor,

Jugoslaenska neprijatelska emi-gracija, Zgrb 1989; F. Ekm,Posljednih sto godina Jugoslaena u Francuskoj, vo. 1.-3., Prs 1985.


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6 I oow th stbsh us o Bosk to rr to th Bos Musm poputo Bos torr to th poputo o Bos-Hrzgov, rgrss o tho-rgous tcto.

7 As strkg xmps s V. Gr, M. Lopu, Si Srbi seta, Bgr 1994; M. G, Politika uemigraciji: Demokratska alternatia, Zgrb 1990; M. Immov,Bonjaci u emigraciji, Srvo 1996.

8 G. Vuksov,Na putu do kue, studija o domainstima i porodinim odnosima povratnika sa rada uinostranstu, Nov S 1997.

9 V. Ivov, Jugoslaija i SR Nemaka (1967-1973): Izmeu ideologije i pragmatizma, Upubshthss (Fozosk kutt, Uvrztt u Bogru [Fcuty o Arts, Bgr Uvrsty], 2006).

10 P. Mrkov, Gastarbeiters as the Factor o Modernization in Serbia, Istor, 2005, 2, pp. 145-163.

11 K.J. B (.), Sozialhistorische Migrationsorschung, Gttg 2004; G. Bowm, Migrant Labour:Constructing Homeland in the Exilic Imagination, Athropoogc Tory, 2002, 2, 4, pp. 447-468; A. Kor, Migration, Emotion, Identities: Te Subjectie Meaning o Dierence, W 2002; D.Lpoutr, I. Coot, Souenirs de amilles immigres, Prs 2005; S. Mzzr (.),I conni della

libert. Per unanalisi politica delle migrazioni contemporanee, Rom 2004; S. Vtrovc, R. Coh (s),Migration, Diaspora and ransnationalism, Arshot1999.12 I. oov,Politika simbola ogledi o politikoj antropologiji, Bgr 1997; E.D. Gory, Te Culture o

Power in Serbia: Nationalism and Destruction o Alternaties, Psyv Stt Uvrsty 1999; H.Js, Te Violence o Memories: Local Narraties o the Past aer Ethnic Cleanising in Croatia, R-thkg Hstory, 2002, 6, 1, pp. 77-94; M. Rvro, Schermi di guerra, le guerre jugoslae tra storia,cinema e societ, upubsh thss, Uvrsty o ur, 2005; S. Vuctc, Identity is a Joking Matter:

Intergroup Humour in Bosnia, Spcsotty, 2004, 4, 1.13 B. Arso, Imagined Communities: Reections on the Origin and Spread o Nationalism, Loo

- Nw York 1991.14 H. Bhbh, Te Location o Culture, Loo 1994.15 Mrc Muss quot P. Brgr, . Luckm,La construction sociale de la ralit, Prs 1996, p. 254.16 Hr w shou rr to M. Aug,An Anthropology or Contemporaneous Worlds, Stor Uvrsty

1999 (org.Pour une anthropologie des mondes contemporains, Prs 1999).17 W. Bm,Illuminations , Loo 1999.18 . Htchcock,A New History fom Below, . Soko (.),Essex Pauper Letters 1731-1837, Oxor

Uvrsty 2001.19 N.G.O. Ittv Mrht, bookstor Sttbchr m Grt Fmrchv Austr, prst

o o http://www.gstrbtr.t (14 Ju 2006).20 For th cocpt o th oub bsc s A. Sy,La double absence: Des illusions aux sourances de

limmigr, Prs 1999.21 3.9 prct ccorg to I. Bu, Radnici u inozemstu prema popisu stanovita Jugoslaie 1971.,

Zgrb 1973.22 S.S.R. Srb wthout th utoomous provcs o Kosovo Vovo.23 Bu,Radnici ct., p. 37.24 Numbrs quot ibid., p. 28: th rst s tk rom th Yugosv 1971 csus; th sco s sttstc

t rom FR Grmy.25 V. Gr, Saremene migracije radne snage u Europi, Bgr 1975, p. 225. For coomc mgrto

rom Hrzgov, s so S. Juk, Vanjske migracije iz zapadne Hercegovine, Mgrcsk tm,1995, 11, 2, pp. 187-206. Juk wrts tht ccorg to th sttstc t o 1971, th commus

(opine

) o Posu, Gru Lubuk wstr Hrzgov, o thr o th ctv poputo wsworkg bro.


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26 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., pp. 145-163.27 S D. Dmtrvc, Le rituel de la slaa et limaginaire communautaire de lunit. Les Roumains de

Homolje et les Serbes en France, Rvu Europ s Mgrtos Itrtos, 2005, 16, 2, pp.91-117.

28 Bu,Radnici ct., p. 83.29 Hrk,Panoptikum ct., p. 238.30 Ibid., pp. 284-285.31 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., p. 151.32 For xmp M.J. Dvov, Druga generacija ekonomskih emigranata u zemljama Zapadne Erope:

Socioloka analiza, Bgr 1998.33 For trprtto o Bkhts cocpt o hybrty s Bhbh, Te Location ct., spcy chptrs

Te commitment to theory Signs taken or wonders: Questions o ambialence and authority under atree outside Delhi, May 1817.

34 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., p. 152.35 Ibid., p. 158.36 S or xmp I. Bu,Aktualna pitanja jugoslaenskih graana na radu u inozemstu: Rezultati popisa

stanovita 1981. i anketiranja 1983/1984 godine, Bt Koorcoog obor RK SSRNH z gr u ozmstvu, 1985, 8, III; Dvov,Druga generacija ct.; B. Ptrov,Deca stranih radnika kolskoguzrasta u SR Nemakoj, Socoog, sops z socoogu, socu pshoogu socu tropoogu,

XV, 1973, 2; M. vob, Z. Ivz, Z. Kotrc,Djeca u dopunskoj koli, Mgrcsk tm, 1989, 5, 1, pp. 21-26; J. Wgr,Druga generacija Jugoslaena u edskoj i njezino znaenje za razitak edsko-jugoslaenske

suradnje, Ob z mgrc z Jugosv u vsku, Rsprv o mgrcm, 1980, 66.37 Bu,Aktualna ct., p. 47, gvs qutty o 35.8 prct o ms o ths typ.38 Hrk,Panoptikum ct., p. 287.39 For th topc o gr spcts hrt coomc mgrtos rom Yugosv s M. Morokv,

Jugoslawische Frauen. Die Emigration- und danach, Bs - Frkurt m M 1987; A. Kor,Migration ct., 2002.

40 O by th ucto sttutos o Cthoc Church, s Hrk,Panoptikum ct., p. 284.41 S or xmp V. Mrov, ta ene Srbi u Austriju, D. Movov, A. Vkov (s.),Dijas-

pora i otacbina: 1998-2000, Bgr 2001, pp. 79-83.42 uar plae u zimskom periodu [Bch Gur Wtr], 1976.43 S th scusso btw trstosts ssmtosts summ up by M. Bomms, ran-

snationalism or Assimilation, http://www.ss.org/2005-1/trstosm_ssmto_bomms.htm (26.6.2006). For urthr bsc rg o cocpt o trstosm s E.L. Gurzo, M.P.

Smth (s), ransnationalism fom Below, Nw Bruswck 1998.44 Gr, Saremene ct., p. 234.45 Vuksov,Na putu do kue ct., p. 81.46 A. Ptk, Motii zapoljaanja u inozemstu, N tm, 1969, 3, p. 412, quot Gr, Sa-

remene ct., p. 260.47 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., p. 152.48 AppostyIbid., p. 155.49 Dom za eanje [m o th Gypss], 1988.50 Lepa sela lepo gore (1996). Durg th Bos Wr o chrctr s ccus by hs mtry comm-

r o hvg r Grm by robbg Grm wom-psors. H coutrs by rrrg to thsstrous corrupto o th t commust ru Yugosv, rprst by th grto o th


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296 OndejDaniel

commr. I othr sc w s th chrctr comg rom Grmy wth ot o prsts or hsmy typc Gasterbajtercombck to b ys tr ths chptr.

51 As rm robbr, sst murrr h h covctos or wrrts Bgum, th Nth-rs, Sw, Grmy, Austr, Swtzr Ity. H ws mprso Bgum 1974,

scp 1977, rrrst th Nthrs 1979 but scp g 1981. At o pot, h wswou csh wth poc. H rom ozs o Europ prsos, cug th compouwhch toy s hgh scurty prso or wr crms th Schvg suburb o th Hgu.Wkp, th r cycop (24.6.2006, try - ).

52 S Vuctc,Identity is a Joking Matterct.53 A Bosk hs ry ry thrts orgy rom Nov Pzr ow vg Prgu.54 I org erc. T worerccoms rom Grm Schwrz (bck). It rrs to bck or gry bus-

ss ctvts rt my to buyg sg goos.55 A Bos Srb so hs thrts rom th B rgo str Hrzgov.56 I w wth th topc o strotyps tr ths chptr.

57 Durg th yrs r 1995 th most popur ganga wr trbuts to At Gotov, Crot wrhro currty bg tr by th rbu or Crms Formr Yugosv Hgu, wh othrs wrsupportg th tost prty H.D.Z. gst Crot Soc Dmocrts.

58 A xmps ths two prgrphs r to b ou ( owo) t http://www.gg.hr/ (13Jury 2006).

59 Wkp, th r cycop (try Ort xprss, 3 Juy 2006).60 A Srb hs sxts who hs b workg ouo, Frc sc th bgg o 1970s.61 A Bosk (or Bos, orBosanac, s h cs hms) hs t thrts, orgy rom th rgo o

uz, ow vg Chrum, Czch Rpubc.62 As vwrs w r ot suppos to kow whthr th Rom sums prst ths mov r Sr-

vo or som othr bg tow th southr prt o Yugosv wth Musm uc. Accorg torvt sourcs th mov ws shot Skop.

63 F. Ekm,Posljednih sto godina Jugoslaena u Francuskoj,vo. 2, 1946-1984, Prs 1985.64 Bu,Aktualna ct., p. 59.65 Austr prossor rom Grz.66 Ivov,Jugoslaija ct.67 S ot 56.68 Bu,Aktualna ct., p. 83.69 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., p. 149.70

Mrov, ta ene Srbi ct.71 P. Pu,Jugoslaeni u Njemakoj, Mgrcsk tm, 1985, 1, 1, pp. 37-52.72 Quot U. Bostt,Integrati, assimilati, gastarbeiter o solo cittadini?, Qustotrto, 18 Mrch

2000.73 portatori di iolenza org.74 poca voglia di laorare org.75 1994, rct by Mcho Mchvsk.76 M Rtkov, Le Serbe, quot by M. Pvov, Nai pisci u inostranstu: Primer Francuske, D.

Movov, A. Vkov (s.),Dijaspora ct., pp. 211-217.77 Ekm,Posljednih sto godina ct., vo 2.78 Le Parisien, (17 August 1982).


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79 Vuksov,Na putu do kue ct., p. 97.80 M. Morokv,Jugoslaenski radnici u inostranstu: Klasna sest i borba radnike klase u zemljama imi-

gracije, Socoog, sops z socoogu, socu pshoogu socu tropoogu, 1973, 15,2,pp. 273-289.

81 Morokv,Jugoslaenski radnici ct., p. 278.82 vob, Ivz, Kotrc,Djeca ct.83 Aothr k o mt borr rts to th strotyps mgrts hv o ocs. Uortuty I

ot mg to gt th ormto I wt ths r rom my rsrch. It my b tht my -ormts ot wt to prst thr strotyps o Grms, Austrs, Its or Frch to Czchschor. Most o th cmc works tht wth th Gastarbajterphomo o ot mto thsborrs t sc th mgrt poputos rry prouc y typ o txt tht c b quot, thstrotyps o ocs s topc to b urthr stu. T oowg sttmt rcts ths thm: Ty[Grm wom] hv or xmp y wh thy go out to py crs or rk co oy wthothr wom. Ty c t woms y... I th wthr s c o Suy Grm w mks potto

s som swchs, sh puts thm to kpsck thy go by bk or by bus som twtyor thrty komtrs to hv pcc... Sh wot st k w o Suy t hom wsh, c,cook bk (Vuksov,Na putu do kue ct., p. 234.) Grm wom r thror s s muchmor mcpt th thr Yugosv coutrprts, who r s through th s o grzto s

prt o much mor trto ptrrch cutur .84 Bu,Radnici ct., p. 67.85 I.,Aktualna ct., p. 51.86 Ibid.., pp. 65-75.87 Gastarbajterska pesma [Gstrbtr sog].88 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., p. 154.89

V. Rkov,Da se zna kad Srbi slae, Vst, 4 Juy 2003.90 T trm turbo olk ts ws co by Rmbo Amus, who us t okgy urg th t 1980s

orr to scrb hs ow strg smorgsbor sou combg vrous stys ucs.At th tm, th trm ws othg mor th humorous soubt thought up by cvr mus-c wth kck or comy. Obvousy, th phrs ws somwht uy sc t comb twocshg cocpts turbo, vokg mg o mor, ustr progrss ok, symbo otrto rur cosrvtsm, suspcous o y ovto. A , t ws goo or chuck ortwo tht ws bout t. [...] Ask to commt, Rmbo Amus mousy qupp: I gutyor turbo-ok s much s Abrt Est t gut ovr Hroshm & Ngsk. (Wkp, thr cycop (try turbook, 8 Ju 2006). Spkg bout hs motvtos or crtg thcocpt Rmbo Amus sys: I wt to sot tht go Mrcs wth mo whs to

obsrv t s work o rt. T sm I wt to obsrv th m who hs go ckt, who ststo ms ukov kows whch k hs goo oo how to mk sy moy. But othrth tht, h ursts othg kows othg, h ost kow whos boy hs h s o h s hppy s shp. Tt m trsts m s rtst. I wt to brk to hs coscousss mk cvc cutur o t. Gory, Te Culture o Powerct., p. 119. Tr s goo o pomctrtur o th thm o turbo olk. Outs th works quot ths ppr s: B. Dmtrv,Globalni turboolk, NIN2, 20 Ju 2002; M. urkov, Ideoloki i politiki sukobi oko popularnemuzike u Srbiji, http://www.sc.org.yu/komukc/csops//XXV/10/htm_sr_t (8 Ju2006); M. Mosv, Ideologija kia, NIN, 1 Octobr 1998; Egsh s or xmp: L.V.Rsmuss,From Source to the Commodity: Newly Composed Folk Music o Yugoslaia, PopurCutur, 2005, 14, 2, pp. 241-256; Frch s th trvw o Sobo Gorgv wth Rm-

bo Amus trst rom rvu Vrm, http://www.bks.u.org/rtc5795.htm (8 Ju2006).


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298 OndejDaniel

91 novokomponovana narodna muzika th org.92 Gory, Te Culture o Powerct., p. 107.93 Ekm,Posljednih sto godina ct., vo 2.94

My wcomrs cotu to mt cos coctos wth thr vgs o org s w, r-cv oo rom rtvs th vg, took v o thr ctory obs to prtcpt th hrvst.Ar Sm ths group s th peasant urbanities, thr trmt sttus hs b com-mt o by my obsrvrs., Gory, Te Culture o Powerct., p. 107, usg th cocpt o A. Sm,Te Peasant Urbanities: A Study o Rural-Urban Mobility in Serbia, Nw York 1973.

95 Zor rkov mks st o othr hybr musc orms comprb to neoolk: mog othrs Ag-r ra, I bhangra or Ngrafobeat, s Z. rkov, urboolk na i setski, Nov srpsk

potk mso, http://www.spm.org.yu/Itrvu/2005_crk_turbook.htm (23 Octobr 2006).96 S M. Oro, La chanson populaire comme cration identitaire: le Rebetiko et le Ra, Rvu Eu-

rop s Mgrtos Itrtos, 16, 2005, 2, pp. 131-142., http://rm.rvus.org/ocu-mt1807.htm (26 Octobr 2006).

97 Ekm,Posljednih sto godina ct., vo 2., quots my smr Prs ros (R. So, Prs, omt,Notr Dmm R. 13) tht strt to trsmt th progrms Srbo-Crot urg th 1980s.98 Te three key components o this war are: alcohol, greasy ood, and olk music. (Zor Kost-C,

Prtbrkrs), Gory, Te Culture o Powerct., p. 119.99 For rb yss o th Chetnik movmt o gor th works o Srb tost

ortto s A. Sot, Partisans et chetniks en Yougoslaie durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale:Idologie et mythognese, Prs 2004.

100 Maspok or masovni pokret[mss movmt] ws progrmm bs o Crot to rvchtht or crt pro ws support by Crot commust ts. T yrs tht oow ts tr o rrr s th yrs o Crot sc;s M. Tompso,A Paper House: Te Ending oYugoslaia, Loo 1992, p. 114.

101 For ormto bout x potc groups s M. Bokov,Antijugoslovenska aistika emigracija , B-gr - Nov S 1980; S. Kovv,Hronologija antijugoslovenskog terorizma 1960-1980, Bgr 1981;M. Dor, Jugoslaenska neprijatelska emigracija, Zgrb 1989; F. Ekm, Posljednih sto godina Jugo-

slaena u Francuskoj, vo. 1.-3., Prs 1985 X. Rur, F. Hut,Le Chaos balkanique, Prs 1992.102 Jugonostalgija s trm tht ws poy r th brk-up o Yugosv by tost ts to ot

htrogous group o ttost opposto tr th cocpt ws opt by ths oppostoto ot thmsvs. S or xmp R. Ivkov,Autopsia dei Balcani. Saggio di psico-politica, Mo1999, D. Ugr,Kultura lai (antipolitiki eseji), Zgrb 1996.

103 Hrk,Panoptikum ct., p. 284.104 Ivov,Jugoslaija ct. p. 147.105 Ekm,Posljednih ct.106 Bokov,Antijugoslovenska ct., p. 192.107 Accorg to M. Dor, Jugoslaenska ct., My 1980 thr ws or xmp rumour mog m-

grts rom Lvo (Wstr Hrzgov) workg Grmy tht th Yugosv scrt srvcsp bomb ttck urg th mss ct to th cotrovrs Cr Aoz Stpc Lvo church.

108 Kovv,Hronologija ct.109 O o th Grm cts wth th bggst rto o Yugosv mgrts, o humorousy rrr s

Frkurt na majce.110 Bokov,Antijugoslovenska ct.111 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., p. 158.


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112 Bure baruta (1998).113 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., p. 148.114 S . Jur-Prsogo, Vrijednosne orijentacije omladine-povratnika u gradu Zagrebu, Mgrcsk

tm, 1987, 3, 1, pp. 43-63.115 Mrkov, Gastarbeiterct., p. 157.116 A. Appur,Aprs le colonialisme. Les consquences culturelles de la globalisation, Prs 2005, p. 104,

(org.Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions o Globalization, Uvrsty o Mssot 1996).117 For crcto o th cocpt s Y-Fu u,Images and Mental Maps, As o th Assocto

o Amrc Gogrphrs, 1975, 65, 2, pp. 205-213.118 Wh I sk o ormt wom hr thrts rom th Prs ggomrto Pvs

(South Frc) bch th summr o 2006 qusto o hr orgs, sh rps tht sh cm romYugosv.

119 For th mthooogy o quttv rsrch s Corb J., Struss A., Les ondements de la recherchequalitatie. echniques et procdures de deeloppement de la thorie enracine , Frbourg 2005, (org.Basicso qualitatie research, Nwbury 1990).

120 Appur,Modernity at Large ct.121 Rhzom s vto o Gs Duz Fx Guttr, so quot by A. Appur, Pr-

cps o cocto htrogty: y pot o rhzom c b coct to ythg othr, must b. G. Duz, F. Guttr,A Tousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Msot1987, p. 516, (org.,Mille Plateaux. Capitalisme et schizophrnie, 2, Prs 1980).

122 S A. Ngr,Du retour. Abcdaire biopolitique, Prs 2002, p. 126.

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