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EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
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What is general purpose syste
A computer system that can do many functidepending on
Available hardware
Installed programs
Examples
PCs
Laptops
Servers
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What is an Embedded systems
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed toperform a dedicatedfunction
A combination of hardware and software
which together form a component of alarger machine.
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Block Diagram of an EmbeddedSystem
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PU
General-
PurposeMicro-
processor
RAM ROM
I/O
Port
Timer
Serial
OM
Port
Data Bus
Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System
CPU for Computers No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself Example--Intels x!" #!,#,#$!,#%!,
PentiumMany c!ips on mot!er "oa
General-purposeMicroprocessor
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RAM ROM
I/O
Port
Timer
Serial
OM
Port
Microcontroller
PU
A smaller computer&
On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports&&& Example"- Motorolas !'', Intels #(' an) PIC
'!*
A sin#le c!ip
Microcontroller
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Microprocessor
CPU is stan)-alone, RAM, ROM,I/O, timer are separate
)esi+ner can )eci)e on theamount of ROM, RAM an) I/Oports&
expensie
+eneral-purpose Ex& #(,#! mp, Motorola !##,
Intels #!, etc&
Microcontroller
CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O an) timare all on a sin+le chip
fix amount of on-chip ROM,RAM, I/O ports
for applications in hich costpoer an) space are critical
sin+le-purpose Ex& #(', PIC mc, MotorolaMC.s, Phillips, etc&
Microprocessor $/s
Microcontroller
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"pplication areas
Automotive electronics
Aircraft electronics
)rains
)elecommunication
*+
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"utomobiles
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Consumer electronics
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#ndustry "utomation
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Medical systems
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"pplication areas
*,
Authentication Authentication
Militar0 applications Militar0 applications
Me)ical s0stems Me)ical s0stems
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"pplication areas
Consumer electronics
*-
1mart 2uil)in+s 1mart 2uil)in+s
3a2rication e4uipment 3a2rication e4uipment
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5raffic 6i+ht787 pla0er
7i+ital cloc9Moin+ messa+e )ispla0
Embedded Systems in Daily $ife
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Characteristics of Embedded Systems
.any ES must meet real-time constraints
A real!time system must react to stimulifrom the controlled ob/ect %or theoperator& within the time interval"
For real!time systems0 right answers arriving to
early or too late are wrong" An embedded system can be a
1ard real!time system
Soft real!time system
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%ard real&time system
In hard real!time systems the tass should be run inon time 0 time is ma/or constraints"
)he response time re$uirements of hard real!timesystems are in the order of milliseconds or less andcan result in a catastrophe if not met"
Examples for hard real!time systems is .issile
Industrial Automation
Automobiles
video transmission0 each picture frame and audio must btransferred at 2xed rate
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Soft real&time system
)he response time re$uirements of soft real!
time systems are higher and not verystringent"
)he soft real!time systems will slow down theresponse time if the load is very high
Examples are
343 Player .obile phones
digital cameras
playing robots
Embedded System
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Embedded System"rchitecture
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Soft'are Design
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De(elopments Tools
Assembler
C compiler
Editors
5)6S %5eal )ime 6perating System& Flash programmer
Simulator
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Assembler
It is a software that converts assembly
language program to Machine language
program understandable by microprocessor
MOV A,#!
A"" $%&A!
MOV A,#"'
A"" $%&A!
!(%
)*+++++./+0++./+++./+1++./+(++./*2''10
)*+++2++32134133.33/3*++((
)*+++4+++*++2+4+/++../*4++.5
Assembly
program
Mach
od
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cross ompiler
It is a software that converts &igh level
language program 6 written in 7 to Machine
language program understandable by
microprocessor
program Machine ode
main89
: unsigned int d;
int
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)oreground*Background Systems
Small systems of low complexity are generally
designed as foreground9bacground or super!loops"
An application consists of an in2nite loop that modules %that is0 functions& to perform the des
operations %bacground&" Interrupt Service 5outines %IS5s& handle
asynchronous events %foreground&" Foregroundalso called interrupt level while bacground iscalled tas level"
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)oreground*Background Systems
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T k St t
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Task States
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)l h
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)lash programmer
Flash programmer used totransfer the binary imagefrom personal computer toembedded systems"
Separate software areused for this purpose
Examples are Flash magic
Philips ash utility
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