yasser 1.pdf

8/14/2019 yasser 1.pdf

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Kathy Stollberg-Zagar, BS,CVT, SRS.LATg

Research Specialist Principle

University Animal Care , University of Arizona


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What is Anesthesia?

affects with the whole body or an

so a e par or reg on o e o y

Tranquilization and Sedation are

anesthesia

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General Local Regional

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skin to "deaden" the area

Loss of sensation confined to the skin or

mucous surfaces

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Local Local anesthetic (numbing medication)

surgeon is operating.

Awake and alert.

Drugs often have the suffix " caine"

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Blocks pain in an area of the body, such

an arm or eg. Exam le: E idural anesthesia blocks

nerve impulses from the lower spinal

segments used during childbirth

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General Anesthesia

Provides overall insensitivity and

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A drug, administered for medical or surgical

purposes, that:induces partial or total loss of sensation,

provides a state of unconsciousness

provides loss of feeling or awareness.

May be topical, local, regional, or general,

depending on the method of administrationand area of the body affected

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neuromuscular junction

muscles.

Can be used as an adjunct to anesthesia

o n uce para ys s or n ra-a om na anintra-thoracic surgeries

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Global view of a Detailed view of a

junction:

1. Axon

1. Presynaptic terminal

2. Sarcolemma

. -3. Muscle fiber

4. Myofibril

.4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

5. Mitochondrion

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nervous system Phenothiazine Benzodiaze ine

Mild to moderate sedation

Acepromazine/Phenothiazine

Diazapam, Zolapam/Bensodiazepine

, ,

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Rapidly absorbed into the brain

ore s ow y str ute to musc es an at

Multiple dosed result in prolongedrecovery time

Thio ental sodium entobarbitol

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neurotransmitter glutamate throughout the.

Glutamate is involved in perception of, ,

memory

esp ra ory epress on, car acarrhythmias, hyper salivation, vomiting

PCP, Ketamine

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brain and spinal cord

,

and dependence, hypothermia and

Morphine, Oxymorphone

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Administered via the breathing system and

.

Increase of inhibitory function and orecrease o exc a ory ransm ss on, a

brain nerve endings.

CNS depression, hypothermia, respiratorydepression, hypotension

Isoflurane, Sevoflurane16


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ntramuscu ar

Intraperitoneal (IP)

Subcutaneous (SQ)

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accurately determined when using

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as an induction agent

r e e

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Low cost of dru

Minimal s ecial ost-o erative care

Avoidance of undesirable complications

Used for Restraint, Sedation or Analgesia

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Anesthetic period is relatively short

Possible tissue damage at injection site

Rapid absorption or inadvertent intravascular

injection can cause life threatening reactions

Metabolized by liver & excreted by kidneys

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Choosing the best anesthetic agent for the

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Procedure and duration

Compatibility with experimental design

Biological characteristics of the

. selected species

Prior experience with anesthetic in the

. pec es

,

. facilities24


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Advantages:

- Can control and regulate depth of anesthesia

- Eliminated by exhalation Disadvantages:

- Need for specialized

equipment to deliver anesthesia- Exposure to personnel

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Basic Elements of General

Anesthesia

nconsc ousness

Amnesia

Analgesia Muscle relaxation

m n s e mo or responses o s mu Reversibilit

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.

preanesthesia. 2. an agent that produces

preanesthesia.

Acepromazine, atropine,

diaze am are exam les.

3. occurring before the

administration of an

anes e c

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Telazol

Pro ofol

Isoflurane

Rabbit mix

om na on


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the administration of a drug or combination

that results in a state of general

.

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Inhalants

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Four Stages of General

Anesthesia

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sor entat on

PantingNormal heart rate

Reflexes present

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Loss of eyelid reflexes

rregu ar reat ng

Increased heart rateGood muscle tone

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Stage 3 Surgical Anesthesia

Depression of vital function

nconsc ousness, re axat on o musc es

Diminished gag and blink reflexesBegin surgery preporation

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Circulatory failure

tart emergency rocee ures

Establish airway Emergency drugs

Chest compressions/cardiac message

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Continuous monitoring of patients vital

signs before, during and after surgery

n v ua ze e anes e c reg me

according to the species

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Step 1: Preparation

(premedication)

Given prior to general anesthesia y

Preanesthetic: Telazol/atropine

Analgesics: Butorphanol, Rimadyl

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Purpose: Place the animal in anunconscious state. (benefits to the animal)

Routes: Injectable, Inhalant (face mask)

Endotracheal tube placement

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St 3 M i t f


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Step 3: Maintenance of

anesthesia

The animal is kept in a surgical plane ofe e no oo g or oo eep

Continual monitoring of Vital signs by the

anesthetist

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A th i R d


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Anesthesia Record

Written record of all information

ur ng repara on, urgery, os -op

All dru s, dosa es, routes of administation

Fluid administration (route, amount, rate)

Anesthesia flow percentage

Temperature,

Respiration,

Heart rate


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signs

Monitor vital signs every five minutes

Notice and re ort roblems to the sur eon

when they begin to occur


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Heart Rate and Rhythm

Blood pressure

Respiratory (Breathing) Rate

Oxygen of the tissues (CRT)

CO2 & SpO2

Reflexes: Palpebral, Corneal, Toe Pinch

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Monitor patients vital signs

until awake and sternal

Patient may vomit or urinate

e y ve

Thrashing/Vocalization

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Animals with a large amount of body fat

Injectable anesthesia's have a longer

recovery period than inhalation anesthesia

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- mme a e os pera ve on on:

Membrane Color: _____________________ Temp: ______________________

Pulse: _______________________________ Respiration: __________________

Monitor animal until it is sternal

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reatest or t e rst - ours

Serves as a protective mode

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Difficult to assess in animals Guarding or protecting an affected area (e.g., surgical

incision, implant site)

Vocalization: Squeaking, squealing, crying out, grunting,growling, hissing, teeth grinding, whimpering or other forms of

vocalization

Change in posture or an abnormal posture: Hunching,huddling, crouching, being st iff or rigid, abdomen tucked, head

own, recum en

Rough looking hair coat due to decreased or lack of

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Assessment cont


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Assessment cont.Self-mutilation by licking, biting, scratching

,anxious, dull, depressed, reclusive

repeatedly lying down and getting up or pacing

,locomotion

Loss of appetite

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Abnormal or increased respiratory pattern


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of the inability to communicate directly aboutwhat the animal is experiencing.

Some animals ex eriencin mild to moderatepain might not display any signs of pain

(i.e., natural prey response or

reluctance to make its vulnerability known).

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Analgesia is the relief of pain.

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the drug:

A ro riate dosa e and schedule foradministration

e ec ana ges c nee e or e ype opain

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According to animals weight

Follow Package insert instructions/warnings

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- , ,

. mild to moderate pain, Antipyretic, anti-

. inflammatory, anticoagulation

Opioid Agonist - moderate to severe pain

Mixed Opioid Agonist moderate to severe. pain

Opioid Antagonist used to counteract and. reverse o ioid and mixed o ioid a onist overdoses

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Non-O ioids


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Non O ioidsAcetaminophen: Tylenol

mild anal esic, anti retic, no effect on latelet

function/bleeding time

Salicylates: Aspirin, Magnesium salicylate, etc.

mild analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, affects platelet

function/bleeding time

Nonsteriodial anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):Ibuprofen, Naprosyn, Carprofen, Ketoprofen, Flunixin meglumine (Banamine),

Ketorolac Toradol , Etodolac

potent analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory

Effects to consider in some compounds: may affect platelet

unct on ee ng t me, epato- or nep rotox c, ess

ulceration than NSAIDs

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Morphine, Fentanyl, Hydrocodone, Codeine

Effect against most visceral and somatic

Usually used to treat severe pain

ay e use w t s

Mixed Opioid Agonist: Buprenorphine

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,

Prevent the body from responding toopiates and endorphins

Weak partial agonist effects incompounds that are not pure antagonists

Ma roduce some anal esic effects

Usually accompanied by dysphoria

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amputation Difficult to Treat

Anti-depressants more effective (Amitriptyline)

Anti-convulsants (Carbamazepine) or

-

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n ecta e

Oral

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Transdermal

Fentanyl patches- (analgesic patch)

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Morphine

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upro en

Aspirin

Morphine

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Depresses the central nervous system

calmness,

re axa on,

sleepiness,

slowed breathing,

and reduction of anxiety.

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Recording Post-op Information


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Tem erature

Treatments

Dail observations

Condition of surgical site

Eating, drinking, defecating, urinating

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