Paper 3 ReviewLatin America

Exploration, Exploitation,

Colonization ReviewSocial Structures Revolutionaries Vocab

Treaty of TordesillasColumbian ExchangeMercantilismJesuitsFerdinand & IsabellaAmerican Rev.French Rev.Napoleonic Wars

Caste System Haiti

PeninsularesCreoles / CriollesMestizosMulattos

IndiosAfrican Slaves

-Gran Blanc-Petite Blanc

-Genes de Colour

-Afranchis

Tupac Amaru II PeruToussaint L’Ouverture HaitiSimon Bolivar Gran ColumbiaJose de San Martin ArgentinaBernardo O’Higgins ChileJose Artigas UruguayFathers Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos MexicoAugustine de Iturbide MexicoPedro I Brazil

CoupJuntaCaudillosLatifundioLatifundistasLiberalismConservativism

Latin American Independence Movements

European Circumstances at the Time

Spain: Portugal:-1746 – Decreased colonial trade -Napoleonic Wars-1807-1808 – Napoleon invades -French Revolution-Misrule and wars bankruptcy -Political ideology – liberty -Spanish King abdicated and liberation-Napoleon puts Joseph in charge

Patterns:• History of Colonization/Exploitation• 1808-1811 : Period of greatest instability• Rebelling against Napoleon, for Ferdinand• Creole/Criollo leadership• Establishment of Juntas• Strong leaders: Bolivar, San Martin, Artigas• Rise of Caudillos• No unity for Latin American countries (death of Bolivar’s dream for a United States of South America)• Civil Wars, Coups, Political instability• Disruption in government and economy (trade) poverty• Maintain social hierarchy (minus European and Peninsulare influences)• Conservativism vs. Liberalism• Caribbean becomes an “American Lake” (Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary “Big Stick Policy”)

Caudillos:

There were several conditions that allowed caudillos to emerge. They include economic depression, the breakdown of law and order in a country, and the militarization of a country. Basically, the country needed to be going through a state of disarray, economically, politically, militarily, and socially (crisis state – same as in Unit 4 on rise of single-party states)

A caudillo was a charismatic leader who advanced their own interests through military and political skills. They would adopt any form of government that would best suit their strategy for getting control over public funds to increase their power network.

Caudillos did not become a permanent fixture in Latin America because they existed during times of disarray. Therefore, they were able to exist and thrive when the countries of Latin America were going through periods of uncertainty, but when the countries got their feet again, caudillos began to decline.

The caudillos were most popular with the “people” because if the “people” obeyed the leaders, then it was up to the caudillos to protect them. There was a sort of give and take relationship, where one would obey the other and in turn would receive protection from them.

South Americans supported caudillos originally because they were a form of government over areas of chaos. They provided protection to some people, and were able to unite the people under one common thread.

Latin American Movements for Independence

Country Movement for Independence Details

Leaders/Revolutionaries Significance/Impact

Mexico -Excommunicated RC priests led Mestizo groups-Hidalgo led bloody battles (Captured & killed – ditto for Morelos)-Success = Creole led forces under Iturbide

-Fathers Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos-Augustine de Iturbide

-Failure of Mestizo/Mulatto uprisings-Creole success in revolt-Iturbide becomes a dictator, he is then gotten rid of (exile & execution)-Political unrest -Only the beginning for Mexico…

Gran Colombia: Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela

-Bolivar used nativism to get support and victory-Goal of a “Gran Colombia” (to replace New Granada)

-Simon Bolivar (The “George Washington of South America”)

-Countries were liberated by Bolivar-But no United States of South America

Chile -Nativism-Armies of San Martin and O’Higgins meet and fight together, winning control of Chile

-Bernardo O’Higgins-Jose de San Martin

-San Martin offered chance to rule, says no-O’Higgins becomes the ruler after he is beaten

Argentina -San Martin in Rio de la Plata-Conflicts with Brazil -Bolivar led to freedom after San Martin went back to Europe

-Jose de San Martin -Leader of Southern South America-Falling out with Bolivar = no unity

Brazil -Prince Pedro rallied the natives together, refused to listen to Portugal, and demanded independence

-Prince Pedro -Declared an independent monarchy-Makes itself a republic

Peru -Failed native revolt led by Tupac Amaru II (predates Creole uprisings)

-Tupac Amaru II -Simon Bolivar-Jose de San Martin

-Success in the form of Creole led revolts (not by natives)

Haiti -Slave revolt against leaders-Napoleon served as a distraction-GB tried to take advantage

-Toussaint L’Ouverture-Jean Jacques Dessalines-Napoleon

-Ended Napoleon’s dream of world domination-Only successful slave revolt ever-Creoles ended up on top, and mixed race were still below-Corruption-Reparations to France

Sample Paper 3 Prompts: Latin America

To what extent were the wars of independence in Latin America due to the grievances of the Creoles against the peninsular Spaniards? Support your answer with reference to one independence movement.

With reference to two countries of the Americas, analyze the contributions of political factors to the outbreak of the wars of independence.

Wars of Independence in the Americas were primarily caused by political grievances. To what extent do you agree with this view?

With reference to two countries of the Americas, analyze the contribution of political factors to the outbreak of the wars of independence.

Compare and contrast the role of leadership in the independence movements of two Latin American countries.

Compare and contrast the role of leadership of two of the following: Washington, Jefferson, Bolívar, San Martín

Analyze the similarities and differences between two independence movements in Latin America.

With reference to one independence movement you have studied, analyze the significance of foreign aid in helping to achieve independence.

Analyze the role, and assess the impact, of outside powers on two wars of independence in the Americas

Why did both the military and civilians oppose or join Latin American wars of independence? Answer with reference to two wars of independence from the region.

Compare and contrast the participation and importance of Emiliano Zapata and Francisco “Pancho” Villa in the course of the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1919.

Compare and contrast the aims of Francisco Madero and Venustiano Carranza during the Mexican Revolution.

Compare the conditions that led to the rise of the caudillo rule in two countries of the region.

In what ways, and for what reasons, did caudillos consolidate themselves in the nineteenth century in two countries of the region?

Analyze the response to the Great Depression of one Latin American country.

Analyze the long-term and short-term causes of the Cuban Revolution (1959).

Causes of Wars for Independence in the AmericasPolitical Economic Social

Impact of Movements for Independence1 Country or Region 1 Country or Region

Leaders of Independence MovementsGeorge Washington Thomas Jefferson Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin

Leaders of Independence MovementsJose de San Martin Bernardo O’Higgins

Leaders of Independence MovementsFathers Miguel Hidalgo

and Jose MorelosAugustine de Iturbide Benito Juarez

19th Century Caudillo Consolidation of Power1 Country in Latin America 1 Country in Latin America

“Poor Mexico - So far from God, and so close to United States”

– P. Diaz

Mexican Revolution: 1910-1920Conditions for Revolution Goals of Revolutionaries USA Intervention

Mexican Revolution: 1910-1920Porfirio Diaz Francisco

MaderoVictoriano

HuertaVenustiano Carranza

“Pancho” Villa Emiliano Zapata