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Statistics

The science which deals with the collection,classification, analysis , interpretation anduse of numerical facts or data bearing on asubject matter

It deals with all aspects of this, including theplanning of data collection in terms of the

design ofsurveys and experiments.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_survey

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Vital Statistics

The study of births, deaths and illnessesoccurring in a defined population

The application of statistical methods andtechniques to the study of vital events

SERVES AS INDICES OF THE HEALTH OF APOPULATION

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POPULATION

- An aggregate or group of people under thestudy

MID-YEAR POPULATION

-the population of the area under study as ofJuly 1 of the calendar

HEALTH INDICATOR

-List of information which would determine thehealth of a particular community likepopulation, CBR, CDR, NDR, IMR, MMR andtuberculosis death rate

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RATES

- Refer to those calculations that imply theprobability of occurrence of some event

FACTORS

- A figure such as 100, 1000, 10000 to which

the quotient is multiplied to avoid results of avery small number

RATIO

-a fraction of the formula

POPULATION AT RISK

-the population capable of acquiring the disease

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FERTILITY or BIRTH RATE

CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)

- Only a rough measure of fertility in a

population since it makes use of mid-yearpopulation as a denominator

GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR)

-More refined that CBR since the denominatormakes use of the number of women of childbearing age

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AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE

- Most accurate study of fertility rates in the

specified age group, impact of birth controlmeasures can be studied

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MORTALITY RATES

CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)

-measures the probability of dying in a

populationAGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASDR)

-Both the numerator and the denominator

must refer to the same groupAGE and SEX SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASSDR)

CAUSE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (CSDR)

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INFANT MORTALITY RATE(IMR)

-Associated with acute, communicable diseasesand factors like poor environment sanitation,inadequate health services

-Index of economic development

FETAL DEATH RATE (FDR)

-Fetal death-death prior to the completeexpulsion from the mother of the product ofconception, irrespective of the duration ofprenancy

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MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)

- Measures the risk of dying from causes

associated with pregnancy, childbirth andpuerperium

Maternal death- the death of a mother directlyrelated to pregnancy, labor and puerperiumor within 90 days from delivery

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PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE( PMR)

-death of the neonate occurring during the time

of birth*Perinatal- 5 months before delivery and 1

week after delivery

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MORBIDITY and SICKNESS RATE

INCIDENCE RATE

- Measures the rapidity of occurrence of new

casesATTACK RATE

-a refinement of the incidence rate, used for alimited population group usually during anoutbreak of an epidemic

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PREVALENCE RATE

- Most commonly used morbidity measure forchronic diseases

- Measures the proportion of the populationwhich exhibit a particular disease at aparticular time

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INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Sources of Data

1. Vital registration Records

2. Weekly reports from field office personnel3. Population census

4. Health survey

5. Studies and research

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FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE

INTERPRETATION OF RATES

1. Classification of Vital Events

2. Reckoning of age3. Classification of disease and causes of

deaths

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CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

1. Definition/Classification of the event aseither the numerator or denominator

2. Accuracy of the count or event or populationconcerned

3. Use of correct numerator and denominator

4. Magnitude/nature of the rate

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Importance of Vital

Statistics to Community Care1. Program Implementation

2. An index to the health condition of the

community

3. Provides clues to the nature of the healthcare services needed

4. Basis for evaluation

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DEMOGRAPHY

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Is the science that deals with the study ofhuman population

Comes from the Greek work demos, peopleand graphos, count

The study of human population by statisticalmethods

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Sources of Demographic Data

1. CENSUS

2. NATIONAL REGISTRATION OF VITAL

EVENTS (RA 3753)- Birth, within 30 days

- Deaths, within 48 hours

3. SAMPLE SURVEY

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Scope of the Demographic Data

1. POPULATION SIZE2. POPULATION COMPOSITION

a. Sex Ratio

b. Age Structure

c. Dependency Ratio

d. Age and Sex Composition

3.P OPULATION DISTRIBUTION

a. urban-rural distributionb. Crowding Index

c. Population Density

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4. POPULATION DYNAMICS

- Distribution of population over time

a. Rate of Natural Increaseb. Average Annual Increase

- absolute and relative change

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Significance of demographic

Data to the community

1. Anticipate health problems

2. Determine the availability and need for

resources in terms of manpower,materials and money

3. Serve as basis for evaluation

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ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION

OF DATA

Raw data collected should be organized toobtain a meaningful picture

STRUCTURE of DISTRIBUTION1. Sample Size (n)

2. Sample space (x)

3. Classes (Xi)4. Frequency (f)

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PROCEDURE in CONSTRUCTING a

DISTRIBUTION1. GROUP THE DATA IN CLASSES

a.

b.c.

d.

2. DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY OF EACHCLASSES

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PRESENTATION of DATA

TABULAR PRESENTATION

-the process of arranging observations

systematically such that those belonging tothe same class are put together and theirfrequency made apparent

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Principles of TABULATION

Should be simple as possible

Self-explanatory

Title is separated from the body by lines or

spaces or maybe placed at the bottom Vertical lines separating the columns may be

necessary (small tables)

If data is not original, source should be given inthe footnotes

Disclose both the data upon which theconclusion is based

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FORMS of TABULAR PRESENTATION

1. Simple Table

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Master table

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CORRELATION TABLE

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Graphical Presentation

-diagrammatic presentation of data whichare supplements or aids to tabulations,enhances understanding of tabularpresentation

Structure:

1. Horizontal scale ABSCISSA

2. Vertical scale ordinate

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Types of Graphs

1. BAR GRAPHS

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2. HISTOGRAM

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3. FREQUENCY POLYGON

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4. LINE DIAGRAM

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SCATTER POINT DIAGRAM

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COMPONENT PART DIAGRAM

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Pictograph