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Statistics
The science which deals with the collection,classification, analysis , interpretation anduse of numerical facts or data bearing on asubject matter
It deals with all aspects of this, including theplanning of data collection in terms of the
design ofsurveys and experiments.
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Vital Statistics
The study of births, deaths and illnessesoccurring in a defined population
The application of statistical methods andtechniques to the study of vital events
SERVES AS INDICES OF THE HEALTH OF APOPULATION
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POPULATION
- An aggregate or group of people under thestudy
MID-YEAR POPULATION
-the population of the area under study as ofJuly 1 of the calendar
HEALTH INDICATOR
-List of information which would determine thehealth of a particular community likepopulation, CBR, CDR, NDR, IMR, MMR andtuberculosis death rate
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RATES
- Refer to those calculations that imply theprobability of occurrence of some event
FACTORS
- A figure such as 100, 1000, 10000 to which
the quotient is multiplied to avoid results of avery small number
RATIO
-a fraction of the formula
POPULATION AT RISK
-the population capable of acquiring the disease
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FERTILITY or BIRTH RATE
CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
- Only a rough measure of fertility in a
population since it makes use of mid-yearpopulation as a denominator
GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR)
-More refined that CBR since the denominatormakes use of the number of women of childbearing age
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AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE
- Most accurate study of fertility rates in the
specified age group, impact of birth controlmeasures can be studied
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MORTALITY RATES
CRUDE DEATH RATE (CDR)
-measures the probability of dying in a
populationAGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASDR)
-Both the numerator and the denominator
must refer to the same groupAGE and SEX SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (ASSDR)
CAUSE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE (CSDR)
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INFANT MORTALITY RATE(IMR)
-Associated with acute, communicable diseasesand factors like poor environment sanitation,inadequate health services
-Index of economic development
FETAL DEATH RATE (FDR)
-Fetal death-death prior to the completeexpulsion from the mother of the product ofconception, irrespective of the duration ofprenancy
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MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR)
- Measures the risk of dying from causes
associated with pregnancy, childbirth andpuerperium
Maternal death- the death of a mother directlyrelated to pregnancy, labor and puerperiumor within 90 days from delivery
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PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE( PMR)
-death of the neonate occurring during the time
of birth*Perinatal- 5 months before delivery and 1
week after delivery
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MORBIDITY and SICKNESS RATE
INCIDENCE RATE
- Measures the rapidity of occurrence of new
casesATTACK RATE
-a refinement of the incidence rate, used for alimited population group usually during anoutbreak of an epidemic
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PREVALENCE RATE
- Most commonly used morbidity measure forchronic diseases
- Measures the proportion of the populationwhich exhibit a particular disease at aparticular time
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INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Sources of Data
1. Vital registration Records
2. Weekly reports from field office personnel3. Population census
4. Health survey
5. Studies and research
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FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE
INTERPRETATION OF RATES
1. Classification of Vital Events
2. Reckoning of age3. Classification of disease and causes of
deaths
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CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
1. Definition/Classification of the event aseither the numerator or denominator
2. Accuracy of the count or event or populationconcerned
3. Use of correct numerator and denominator
4. Magnitude/nature of the rate
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Importance of Vital
Statistics to Community Care1. Program Implementation
2. An index to the health condition of the
community
3. Provides clues to the nature of the healthcare services needed
4. Basis for evaluation
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DEMOGRAPHY
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Is the science that deals with the study ofhuman population
Comes from the Greek work demos, peopleand graphos, count
The study of human population by statisticalmethods
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Sources of Demographic Data
1. CENSUS
2. NATIONAL REGISTRATION OF VITAL
EVENTS (RA 3753)- Birth, within 30 days
- Deaths, within 48 hours
3. SAMPLE SURVEY
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Scope of the Demographic Data
1. POPULATION SIZE2. POPULATION COMPOSITION
a. Sex Ratio
b. Age Structure
c. Dependency Ratio
d. Age and Sex Composition
3.P OPULATION DISTRIBUTION
a. urban-rural distributionb. Crowding Index
c. Population Density
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4. POPULATION DYNAMICS
- Distribution of population over time
a. Rate of Natural Increaseb. Average Annual Increase
- absolute and relative change
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Significance of demographic
Data to the community
1. Anticipate health problems
2. Determine the availability and need for
resources in terms of manpower,materials and money
3. Serve as basis for evaluation
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ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION
OF DATA
Raw data collected should be organized toobtain a meaningful picture
STRUCTURE of DISTRIBUTION1. Sample Size (n)
2. Sample space (x)
3. Classes (Xi)4. Frequency (f)
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PROCEDURE in CONSTRUCTING a
DISTRIBUTION1. GROUP THE DATA IN CLASSES
a.
b.c.
d.
2. DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY OF EACHCLASSES
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PRESENTATION of DATA
TABULAR PRESENTATION
-the process of arranging observations
systematically such that those belonging tothe same class are put together and theirfrequency made apparent
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Principles of TABULATION
Should be simple as possible
Self-explanatory
Title is separated from the body by lines or
spaces or maybe placed at the bottom Vertical lines separating the columns may be
necessary (small tables)
If data is not original, source should be given inthe footnotes
Disclose both the data upon which theconclusion is based
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FORMS of TABULAR PRESENTATION
1. Simple Table
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Master table
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CORRELATION TABLE
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Graphical Presentation
-diagrammatic presentation of data whichare supplements or aids to tabulations,enhances understanding of tabularpresentation
Structure:
1. Horizontal scale ABSCISSA
2. Vertical scale ordinate
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Types of Graphs
1. BAR GRAPHS
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2. HISTOGRAM
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3. FREQUENCY POLYGON
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4. LINE DIAGRAM
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SCATTER POINT DIAGRAM
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COMPONENT PART DIAGRAM
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Pictograph
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