Velde Et Al 2011 - Van Graven in de Prehistorie en Dingen Die Voorbij Gaan

7/23/2019 Velde Et Al 2011 - Van Graven in de Prehistorie en Dingen Die Voorbij Gaan

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/velde-et-al-2011-van-graven-in-de-prehistorie-en-dingen-die-voorbij-gaan 1/353

@.F. vhe jnr Wnajn, E.A. Khspnrs,

N. Jrnet` & @.O.D. ]m`catn Auoonrieb

]tujins hhednocjne hhe Nrim Ac`cg oik

zike pnesicenried ie jn hrm`ncacdin

cejnr rnjhmtin vhe;



]ijnstcen \rnss H enw dnenrhtice cg \uoaisìed

Ycu hrn rnhjied h guaa vnrsice cg tìs occb, gcr grnn!

Zìs occb is phrt cg t`n ]ijnstcen n-aiorhry w`nrn fcst cg cur

puoaimhtices hrn guaay hmmnssioan gcr grnn. Gcr hmmnss tc fcrn

grnn occbs visit; www.sijnstcen.mcf/aiorhry

Jcweachj Guaa \JG

Wisit t`n ]ijnstcen n-aiorhry tc orcwsn cur n-occbs. Gcr h fieifha

gnn ycu mhe purm`hsn h guaay guemticeha \JG hej oy jcied sc, ycu

`nap tc bnnp cur aiorhry rueeied.

www.sijnstcen.mcf/aiorhry



]ijnstcen \rnss

Whe drhvne ie jn prn`istcrinne jiedne jin vccroikdhhe



@.F. vhe jn r Wnajn, E.A. Khsp nrs,

N. Jrnet` & @.O.D. ]m`catn Auoonrieb

Whe drhvne ie jn prn`istcrinne jiedne jin vccroikdhhe

]tujins hhednocjne hhe Nrim Ac`cg oik

zi ke pnesicenried ie jn hrm`ncacdin

cejnr rnjhmtin vhe;



© ?<88 hutnurs

^itdndnvne jccr ]ijnstcen \rnss, Anijnewww.sijnstcen.mcf]ijnstcen onstnaeuffnr; ]]\07=0<<<8

I]OE 940-9<-009<-<0<-0

Cfsahdiaaustrhtin; B. TiasceCfsahdcetwnrp; B. Tnetieb, ]ijnstcen \rnssAhy-cut; \.M. vhe Tcnrjnbcf, ]ijnstcen \rnss

]ZIM@ZIED ENJN_AHEJ] F^]N^F WCC_ HEZ@_C\CACDIN NE \_HN@I]ZC_IN



v

Ie`cujscpdhvn

Wccrwccrj 8

Jn cpdrhviedsacdistinb vhe hgdnjnbtn stnnetikjviejpahhtsne >

. @hfourd, @. Fcat`cg, F. Einbus & F. Cporcnb

Drhgritunna ne scmihan crdheishtin ie jn ohejbnrhfinb ?4

\. vhe jn Wnajn

Nne NDB-drhgvnaj tn @nnrane3 :4

N. Jrnet`, J. Bniknrs & D. im`nafhe

Wahbdrhvne cg drhg`nuvnas3 7=

@.F. vhe jnr Wnajn & _.\. Nxhatus

Whe `nt `uis vhe jn jcjne ehhr `nt `uis vhe jn anvnejne 4>

J. _hnfhnbnrs

@nt dn`nif vhe jn sfij3 04

N. Jrnet` & D.A. Tiaaihfs

Ondrhvne ie `nt Tnstgrinsn ahej 88>

T. _cnssied` & T. vhe [ikvnrjne

Cvnr jn fnt`cjinb vhe `nt drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb 8=8@.. Thtnrocab

Z`n hemnstcrs enhroy 8>=

]. Hrecajussne & N.N. ]m`nnan

@ik whs banie, fhhr gike2 cg `cn nne ueinbn viswnrvna ceonfiej oanng 804

O. Onnrne`cut

Drhvne uit jn Orcestikj ne hejnrn hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne ie `ntFnjjcsm`n Wnaj tn Fnjjc (dnfnnetn Tietnrswikb) 899

@. ]m`catn Auoonrieb

Whe Diggne aheds jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t ?88

_. vhe Onnb



vi

Cp zcnb ehhr `nt cezim`tohrn3 ??9

N. _nesieb & A. `nueissne

Fijjneorcestikj O-hhrjnwnrb; éée pct, twnn muaturne3 ?:>

].O.M. Oacc

Muikb, Drcct @niaidneonrd ?>=

F. Khessnes

IKznrtikj onwceied fnt dnsm`nijne on`uizied vhe fnes ne vnn cp `nta÷sspahtnhu oik Onnb ([uij-Aifourd) ?7=

D. im`nafhe

\hhawcrfne, jikbne, `uenonjjne ne cezn nnrstn fceufnetnewnt ?08

K.H. Ohbbnr

Is `nt vnranjne tn vccrspnaane3 =?>@. Bhfnrfhes

Oioaicdrhgin Nrim @hes Ac`cg ==4



8

W CC_TCC_J

Ie ?<88 niejidjn nne iejrubwnbbnejn accpohhe ie jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin.Nrim Ac`cg is nne vhe jn nnrstn fnesne uit `nt hrm`ncacdism`n onjrikgsanvne jin fntpnesicne dhht. Wccr zike wnrbdnvnr (HJM Hrm`nc\rcknmtne) whs `nt nne einuwnuitjhdied `nf nne phssnej hgsm`nij hhe tn oinjne. Wccr jn kcedn privhtn snmtcr,jin zcnbt ehhr zike einuwn rca ie `nt onstna, is pnesicenried iffnrs nne einuw gn-ecfnne. Jht nt drcctstn jnna vhe nt uitvcnrnejn hrm`ncacdism`n wnrb iefijjnasjccr jnzn snmtcr wcrjt uitdnvcnrj ne jht zik `nt annuwnejnna vhe jn puoaimhtinsvccr hhr rnbneied ennft, is wna onbnej. Ccb vnrsmìkene nr stnnjs fnnr syet`nti-snrnejn puoaimhtins. cm` oaikgt jn ifphmt vhe ha jht wnrb oieene `nt hmhjnfism`njnoht ecd wna nnes cejnronaim`t. @nt is jhe ccb oikzcejnr jht vccr jnzn hhe Nrimcpdnjrhdne ouejna nne shfnewnrbied tct sthej dnbcfne is tussne hrm`ncacdneuit haan dnanjiedne vhe `nt hrm`ncacdism` wnrbvnaj. @nt cejnrstrnnpt jn ornjnwhhrjnried vccr `nt wnrb jht Nrim khrneahed vnrrim`t `nngt. @nt vnrwikst ccb ehhrjn oikzcejnrn hspnmtne vhe Nrims accpohhe has nne iaaustrhtin vhe jn cetwibbnaie-dne jin jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin `nngt jccrdnfhhbt.

Jn nnrstn hherhbied fnt jn hrm`ncacdin ondce niej khrne 7< vhe jn vcridnnnuw, tcne Nrim zim` has stujnet iesm`rnng hhe jn êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf.[chas vnna vhe zike dnenrhtindnectne whs ìk ie jn dnandne`nij nne ornjn stujintn vcadne. Eint haanne jn Eccrjwnstnurcpnsn hrm`ncacdin fhhr ccb jin vhe `ntEhoikn Ccstne ne jn muaturnan hetrcpcacdin `hjjne Nrims hhejhm`t. Fnnrfhaneehf ìk jnna hhe cpdrhviedne ie ]yrin.Wnna vhe zike ahtnrn mcaandh’s `noone (znagdnjwcedne ie nne strhb stujinbnursaikg) bueene prcgitnrne vhe zike ornjn bneeisne nrvhried.

@nt oannb eint dnfhbbnaikb cf ie jn hrm`ncacdin hhe jn sahd tn bueene ie jn khrne 0<. Haanne znnr dnfctivnnrjn hrm`ncacdne fhhbtne bhes. Wccr Nrim ahd jin

bhes ie nne prcfctincejnrzcnb.[ike fnnstnrwnrb is cedntwikgnaj zike jissnrthtin Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejn-ried ie jn orcestikj vhe Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej , jin ie 8998 ie Hfstnrjhf summnsvcawnrj vnrjnjidj. [chas ie jn titna jccrbaiebt, prconnrt jit wnrb hhe jn `hej vhevccrha drhg`nuvnas jn scmihan crdheishtin vhe jn Wrcndn ne Fijjne-Orcestikj vheEccrjccst-Enjnrahej tn jccrdrcejne. Jn orceene whhrcp Nrim zim` ohsnnrjn,wnrjne ecd `ntznagjn khhr hphrt dnprnsnetnnrj ie nne mhthacdus.

Jn jissnrthtin oanng ie Enjnrahej eint cecpdnfnrbt. Jn ievithtin cf (tnzh-fne fnt N. Jrnet`) nne oikjrhdn cvnr drhgdnoruibne tikjnes jn Onbnrpnricjn, jnWrcndn ne Fijjne-Orcestikj tn anvnrne hhe `nt `hejocnb Enjnrahej ie jn prnìs-

tcrin whs nne vhe jn onaceiedne vccr `nt sm`rikvne vhe jit jccrwrcm`tn wnrb. Nnehejnrn nnr jin Nrim tn onurt vina, whs jht ìk has nne vhe jn nnrstne jccr jn rnjhmtin



?

vhe Hrm`hncacdimha Jihacduns wnrj dnvrhhdj nne hrtibna tn sm`rikvne. Ie jn nnrstn khhrdhed vhe jit tikjsm`rigt zhd zike puoaimhtin cvnr jn scmihan cetwibbnaied tikjnes`nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf ne jn Orcestikj vhe Enjnrahej cp ohsis vhe `nt drhgritunna`nt aim`t.

@nt is fcniaikb hhe tn dnvne cn drcct jn oikjrhdn vhe Nrim is dnwnnst hhe jn hr-m`ncacdin. Jn ifphmt vhe zike prcngsm`rigt ouitne Enjnrahej is dnried tn ecnfne.Oik `cdn uitzcejnried wcrjt nrhhe dnrngnrnnrj ie ouitneahejsn aitnrhtuur. Jn dn-riedn cpahdn vhe jn jissnrthtin hasfnjn jn thhaprcoanfne jin jit Enjnrahejsthaidnwnrb fnt zim` fnnornedne, zuaane ìnrvccr vnrhetwccrjnaikb zike. K.G. vhe_ndtnrne Hatneh, jnstikjs wnrbzhhf oik jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejidOcjnfcejnrzcnb, spnnajn hhe `nt ondie vhe jn khrne ’9< vhe jn vcridn nnuw fntjn dnjhm`tn `nt prcngsm`rigt ie `nt Nednas tn ahtne vnrthane. @nt is `nahhs dnoanvneoik paheene.

Oieene jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin `nngt Nrim fnt zike puoaimhtins nne einttn cejnrsm`httne rca vccr zim` cpdnâist. [ike wnrb wcrjt iffnrs rndnafhtid dn-mitnnrj. [ike jnebonnajne, ne jhe jin cvnr jn rnahtin tussne drhgdnoruibne ne sc-mihan crdheishtin ie `nt oikzcejnr, hasfnjn jn wnrbwikzn ie zike prcngsm`rigt `no-one oik vnrsm`nijnen mcaandh’s wnnrbaheb ne ehvcadied dnvcejne. ]cfs `noonezik nm`tnr rnhmtins cpdnrcnpne, cfjht eint injnrnne Nrims ijnnâe jnnat. Ccb jhtdntuidt vhe ievacnj. Wccr win fnnr wia wntne, wcrjt vnrwnzne ehhr puoaimhtinsvhe cejnr fnnr ]. Hrecajussne, X. Ocurdncis ne N. Jrnet`. Jn jissnrthtin vhe A.`nueissne fcnt ie jit vnrohej znbnr eint vnrdntne wcrjne.

Eh zike prcfctin bwhf Nrim ie jinest vhe _hhp. Jit tcne ecd kcedn onjrikg pi-ceinrjn fnt nne onjrikgsfhtidn hhephb ie jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin. Cpdrhvnewhs oieene jn tcnefhaidn fceufnetnewnt eint tcndnsthhe, prcspnmtin jccr fij-jna vhe eint jnstrumting cejnrzcnb wna. Ie zike khrne oik _hhp `nngt Nrim hhe jncetwibbnaied vhe jit vhbdnoinj oikdnjrhdne. [c whs ìk ontrcbbne oik `nt cpstna-ane vhe whhrjnbhhrtne ne drcctsm`haidn stujins aheds jn Fhhs.



=

cm` whrne zike nnrstn khrne oik _hhp eint dnvuaj fnt prcspnmting cejnrzcnb.Wih AHEJ rhhbtn ìk ontrcbbne oik drcctsm`haidn cpdrhviedne ie Juitsahej. Iejin khrne ocjne vnrsmìaanejn Ouejnsaêejnr drctn fcdnaikb`njne hhe jn drhvnejnhrm`ncacdin. _hhp spnnajn ìnr cp ie ne nne drcct hhetha Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdne`nngt nr vccr bcrtnrn cg ahednrn tikj dnwnrbt, zcwna vahb cvnr jn drnes has ie `nt

vccrfhaid Ccst-Juitsahej (`nt wiajn Ccstne zchas `nt ccb wna onbnej stcej).[ike ahhtstn wnrbdnvnr whs HJM Hrm`nc\rcknmtne. Jit onjrikg whs ie 8990cetsthhe uit nne vnrznagsthejidied vhe jn stnuestim`tied vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr`nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb (_CO, tndnewccrjid _ikbsjinest vccr `ntMuaturnna Nrgdcnj). Nrim wnrj hhedntrcbbne cf nne rca tn spnane ie jn uitvcnriedvhe drctn iegrhstrumturnan prcknmtne aheds jn Fhhs. On`havn oik drctn cpdrhviedneaheds jn Fhhs rhhbtn Nrim ontrcbbne oik tha vhe prcknmtne ie `nt ahej, jin vrikwnahaan pnricjns cfspheene. Ocvnejine `nngt ìk nne mrumihan rca dnspnnaj ie jn tct-sthejbcfied vhe jn hgjnaied prcspnmtin oieene HJM Hrm`nc\rcknmtne.

[ike drcctstn oikjrhdn vheuit jn privhtn hrm`ncacdin vcej jn hgdnacpne khrne

pahhts. Ie jn ahhtstn khrne výýr zike pnesicenried rhhbtn Nrim ontrcbbne oik drcct-sm`haid cejnrzcnbne ie jn ouurt vhe @httnfnrorcnb (ehhr hheanijied vhe jn hhe-and vhe jn @heznaike ne nne onjrikvnetnrrnie) ne oik nne cpdrhvied oik Nebùizne.Jn nnrstdnecnfjn prcknmtne ontnbnejne nne drctn bneeiswiest vccr jn pnricjnvhe `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf ne jn Orcestikj. Jhebzik rnahting duestidn mcesnrvn-riedscfsthejid`njne ne jccr jn ieznt vhe jivnrsn spnmihaistne tikjnes jn uitwnr-bied bcejne vnrsm`nijnen wntneswhhrjid`njne hhe `nt ocjnfhrmìng cetgutsnajwcrjne. Ocvnejine oanbne jnzn prcknmtne fnjn nne hheanijied vccr jn cetwib-bnaiedne vhe einuwn cpdrhviedstnmèinbne.

Jn cpdrhvied oik Bhjikbne ie Nebùizne wnns jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin cp

`nt drctn ne ecd wnieid uitdneuttn pctnetinna jht ecd aidt tn whm`tne. Eint haannevnrsm`nne eh khrne vhe stiatn nne prhm`tidn fcecdrhgin, jn êivnrsitnit vhe Anijneis iefijjnas nne drcct cejnrzcnb dnsthrt cf jn rnsuathtne vhe einuw ne cuj ce-jnrzcnb tn ietndrnrne tct nne syet`nsn.

Eint haanne cvnrjhd, ccb ie jn hvcej ne tikjnes vhbhetins whs Nrim fnt zikewnrb onzid. @nt occj `nf jn dnandne`nij mcedrnssne tn onzcnbne ne hrtibnane tnsm`rikvne cvnr cejnrwnrpne jin `nf ehuw hhe `nt `hrt aiddne. Cp jit puet `cngtjn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin eint tn vrnzne jht Nrim jngieiting hgsm`nij ennft. @ikrim`t zim` eu haanne ecd fhhr cp ‐anubn jiedne’.

Tht wn wna dhhe fissne, is jn fhrbhetn pnrscceaikb`nij jin zim` jccr haan ah-

dne vhe jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin onwccd ne jin cejnrzcnbsrnsuathtne vhe (kce-dnrn) mcaandh’s dnvrhhdj ne cednvrhhdj vhe (vccrtrnggnaikb dngcrfuannrj) hjvinsvccrzhd. Cf cezn whhrjnried vccr zike vnrjinestn tn vnrthane, nngt jn rnjhmtin tn-ruddndrnpne ehhr nne trhjiticenna nnrontcce. Fnt jnzn ouejna wcrjne eint haannevnna cejnrzcnbne uitdnaim`t jin (dnzine zike accpohhe) Nrims ietnrnssn fcntne no-one. @nt drcct hhetha cejnrzcnbnrs jin ìnrhhe fnndnwnrbt noone, onehjrubt jnontnbneis jin Nrim vccr jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin `nngt dn`hj.

Jn rnjhmtin



>, ,

JN C\D_HWIED]ACDI]ZINB WHE HGDNJNBZN ]ZNNEZIKJWIEJ\AHHZ]NE

. @hfourd, @. Fcat`cg, F. Einbus & F. Cporcnb

Ieanijied

Jn nnrstn mcffnrmiâan cpdrhvied vhe Enjnrahej (899:) ontrcg nne stnnetikjviej-pahhts ie jn Ganvcpcajnr ehoik Hafnrn (H?4-@cdn Whhrt). Jnzn wnrj dnvcadj jccr

`nt drcctsm`haidn cejnrzcnb vhe vnrsm`nijnen viejpahhtsne ie `nt trhmé vhe jnOntuwnrcutn, whhrcejnr ccb twnn viejpahhtsne uit jn stnnetikj (\cajnrwnd ne JnOruie ” 8994/0). Jnzn cpdrhviedne wnrjne phs wnnr nebnan khrne ahtnr (ie ?<<=)dnvcadj jccr jn vcadnejn drcctsm`haidn stnnetikjcpdrhvied ie jn @hrehsm`pcajnroik ]mìpauijne.

Jnzn cpdrhviedne `noone ehhst jn stnnetikjjhtnried jn cvnrnnebcfst jht nrnne cdn mcfpanxitnit is wht ontrngt acdistinb ne mivinan tnmèinb.8 Jnzn zcrdt scfsvccr drctn prcoanfne. Oik injnr prcknmt wcrjne ìnrvccr cpacssiedne onjhm`t.Jnzn iegcrfhtin oaikgt nm`tnr vhhb cejnronaim`t ie jn rhppcrtne ne vnrsahdne,whhrjccr vnna bneeis ne nrvhried vnracrne dhht. Jit is nnuwid zcejn, cfjht `nt

wnasahdne vhe nne (mcffnrmiâan) cpdrhvied znnr hg`hebnaikb is vhe `nt dcnj guem-ticenrne vhe jn acdistinb ne mivinan tnmèinb.

Dnzine `nt ùijidn baifhht ie Enjnrahej vhe rnmnssin ne onzuieidiedne ne jncpahhinejn jismussin cvnr jn bcstne-ohtnevnr`cujiedne vhe stnnetikjcpdrhviedne,is `nt vccr jn hrm`ncacdin vhe onahed nne cetwibbnaiedssahd tn fhbne whhroikstnnetikjcpdrhviedne senaanr ne nggimiâetnr bueene wcrjne uitdnvcnrj, ne jit zce-jnr jht jn hrm`ncacdism`n ietndritnit nrcejnr aikjt. Nne cetwibbnaiedssahd jin wikhrm`ncacdne dnzhfneaikb fcntne fhbne, cednhm`t nvnetunna onsthhejn cvnrwn-diedne vhe mcemurrnetin, cf tn vccrbcfne jht stnnetikjcpdrhviedne eint fnnrwcrjne uitdnvcnrj. @nt jccrdnvne vhe bneeis ne nrvhried vhe jn acdistinbn ne

mivinatnmèism`n prcoanfne ne cpacssiedne is jhe ccb znnr onahedrikb. Jhhrcf`noone wn onsactne ie jit hrtibna nne bcrt cvnrzim`t tn prnsnetnrne vhe jn acdistinbvhe nne hhetha drctn stnnetikjcpdrhviedne, whhroik twnn rnmnet uitdnvcnrjn prc-

knmtne ie fnnr jnthia wcrjne uitdnaim`t. @nt jcna is nne bcrtn iejrub tn dnvne vhewht oik jnrdnaikbn prcknmtne hhe acdistinb ne mivinan tnmèinb bcft bikbne ne whtfne zim` ìnroik fcnt vccrstnaane.



7

Dnsmìnjneis

H?4-@cdn Whhrt

Jn wnrbzhhf`njne cp jn viejpahhts @cdn Whhrt zike dnsthrt ie 899:. @nt tnrrnieonsacnd nne dnoinj vhe 8<< oik 88< f. Jn hrm`ncacdism`n vcejstne onvcejne zim`

cp nne jinptn vhe ? tct > f cejnr fhhivnaj, fnt has dnvcad jht nr drctn mivinatnm`-eism`n vccronrnijiedne hhe vccrhg fcnstne dhhe cf cp jnzn jinptn tn bueenedrhvne. Jhhrehhst ontrcg `nt nne stnnetikjviejpahhts jin cp nne ehuwdnznttn wikzncpdndrhvne fcnst wcrjne ie vhbbne vhe >< oik >< oik > mf. Nne fnt`cjinb jinccb vnna acdistinbn uitjhdiedne fnt zim` fnnornedt.

Jn vccronrnijiedne vccr jnzn cpdrhvied onstcejne uit `nt pahhtsne vhe nnejhfwhej ne nne orceonfhaied, zcjht jn ocvnedrcej zcejnr prcoanfne hgdn-drhvne bce wcrjne. Jn hgdndrhvne drcej wnrj jirnmt hgdnvcnrj fnt jufpnrsehhr nne ehhstdnandne drcejjnpct. Wnrvcadnes zike jn hrm`ncacdism`n wnrbzhhf-`njne dnsthrt. Nnrst is nne systnfhtism` fndhoccrprcknmt uitdnvcnrj cf jn `ccd-

stn vcejstmcemnetrhtins vhst tn stnaane, dnvcadj jccr `nt `hejfhtid cpdrhvne ievhbbne vhe >< oik >< oik > mf. Nab vhb wnrj iejivijunna iednfntne fnt éée vhejn nnrstn rcoctim ctha ]thtices (r]). Fnt onùap vhe nne ohrmcjnsmheenr wnrj ntvccronjrubtn vcejstbhhrtkn dnsmhej, tnrwika jn r] hhe jn `hej vhe jn mc÷rjieh-tne nxhmt wist cf wnab vhb nt died. Jn dndnvnes wnrjne cpdnsahdne ie nne ahptcpjin hhe jn r] dnbcppnaj whs. Jn ohttnrikne vccr `nt hpphrhht whrne ent zc drccthas jn nnrstn fcoinan tnangcces (jht wnnt kn vhst ecd wna, Nrim).

Jn drcej vhe jn vhbbne wnrj shfne fnt `nt vcejstbhhrtkn ie nne pahstim ohbdnsm`npt ne jnzn wnrj fnt bruiwhdnes ouitne jn cpdrhviedsput dnorhm`t. Jitwnrj fcdnaikb dnfhhbt jccr nne cpne hgdhed jin ie éée vhe jn `cnbne vhe jnput whs hhednandj (gid. 8). Jn drcej fcnst wcrjne dnznngj ne jhhrtcn whs nneznngohssie dndrhvne vhe nebnan fntnrs ahed ne ornnj, fnt hhe éée zikjn nne `cu-tne grhfn fnt ohbbne whhr znngrccstnrs acs ie ahdne. Ocvne jn ohbbne ìednespuitstubbne vhe orhejwnnrsahedne whhrfnn jn drcej wnrj dnznngj. Jn pcfpjin ìnrvccr wnrj dnoruibt, fhhbtn zcvnna dnauij jht nr nne banie ‐smùurtkn’ vhe`cciohane vccr whs dnfhhbt. Jnzn znngfnt`cjn whs znnr hronijsietnesing, hhedn-zine nabn znng onfhej fcnst wcrjne jccr éée pnrscce.

Wccr jn cpsahd vhe drhhgfhtnrihha, jn prifhirn vcejstvnrwnrbied ne sm`hgt whsnr nne bntnephrb fnt nebnan znnmcethienrs iednrim`t. @nt whssne vhe jn vcejstne,`nt jrcdne ne scrtnrne vhe jn rnsijune, `nt znvne vhe octheism`n fcestnrs ne jnnnrstn whhrjnried vhe fhmrcrnstne ne vuurstnne vcej pahhts ie nne 8< bf vnr-jnrcp dnandne phej. Ehhst jit dnocuw whs nne tikjnaikb cejnrbcfne vccr mh. ?<

Gid. 8; Ie- ne uitrit cpdrhhgtnrrnie, znnesthaahtin ne znngfnt`cjn H?4- @cdn Whhrt.



4, ,

pnrscene dnocuwj. Wccr `nt jrcdne vhe jn rnsijune whs nne dcnj dnvnetiannrjnne vnrwhrfjn bnnt cp `nt tnrrnie dnpahhtst.

\cajnrwnd ne Jn Oruie

Jn cpdrhviedne \cajnrwnd ne Jn Oruie (uitvcnried ie 8994-8990) ehoik `nt

pahhtskn @hrjiexvnaj-Dinssnejhf onvcejne zim` ie `nt trhmé vhe jn Ontuwnrcutn.Onijn cpdrhviedne ontrcggne jn gaheb vhe nne jceb fnt onwceiedsrnstne uit `ntFnscaitìmuf - Encaitìmuf, cp nne jinptn vhe : tct 0 f cejnr fhhivnaj. Dnzinejnzn drctn jinptn whs `nt dnoruib vhe nne jhfwhej ne orceonfhaied eccjzhbn-aikb. Cejhebs jnzn fhhtrndnane zcu `nt drcejwhtnr znnr vnna cvnrahst ie jn putoaikvne vnrccrzhbne, has dnvcad vhe cpwnaanej drcejwhtnr. Cf jit prcoannf cptn acssne is onsactne cf nne whtnrjim`tn ahhd tn ieknmtnrne vnr cejnr `nt hrm`n-cacdism`n eivnhu. Jn whtnrjim`tn ahhd, onsthhejn uit nne dnahm`tidn suosthetin- whtnrdahs -, wnrj cejnr nne smùien `cnb cp nne jinptn vhe mh. ?< f cejnrfhhivnaj hhednorhm`t, tct jht zim` cejnr `nt `nan (jccr jhfwhejne cfsactne)

tnrrnie nne 8,> f jibbn whtnrjim`tn ahhd onvcej. Jn rnjne cf jit cejnr nne cnbhhe tn ornedne, whs jht hejnrs jn hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne tnvnna zcujne wcrjnevnrstccrj.

Ehjht jn put ehdnecnd whtnrjim`t whs dnfhhbt ne `nt drcejwhtnr tct 8 fcejnr jn hrm`ncacdism`n ahhd whs wnddnpcfpt, is dnsthrt fnt `nt hgdrhvne vhe jnocvnedrcej. Ehjht jn nnrstn ? f drcej whs vnrwikjnrj (ne ie jnpct dnznt) zike jn`cnbne vhe jn put vnrstnvidj fnt rcejn sthane ouizne ne zike twnn ouizne cvnr jnornnjtn hhednorhm`t cf nrvccr tn zcrdne jht jn jhfwhej eint ehhr oieene zcubahppne. Wnrvcadnes is vnrjnr dndrhvne tct cp jn tcp vhe jn vcejstahhd.

Jn cpdrhviedsputtne vhe \cajnrwnd ne Jn Oruie `hjjne sanm`ts nne banien

cfvhed (rnspnmtinvnaikb 84 oik =< f ne 8> oik ?= f) ne `nt strnvne whs cf zcvnnafcdnaikb cppnrvahb cp tn drhvne. _uiftn vccr nne cpne hgdhed whs nr eint nejus fcnst nr ints hejnrs wcrjne onjhm`t whhrfnn jn tn znvne vcejstahhd jn putie- ne uit- bce wcrjne dntrhespcrtnnrj. @inrtcn is nr tnr panbbn nne pcrthhabrhhednocuwj, jin cvnr jn put hhe jn jhfwhej wnrj dnfcetnnrj. Cf cvnrha oik tnbueene bcfne, is nne rhias hhe jn jhfwhej dnahst whhrfnn jn pcrthhabrhhe iejn anedtnrim`tied cvnr jn put bce onwndne. Fnt onùap vhe jnzn brhhe wnrj haandrcej jn put uitdnthbnaj.

Whe nab dndrhvne vahb wnrjne jn `cnbpuetne vhe jn vhbbne iednfntne fntnne ctha ]thtice. Nr whs eint dnbczne vccr nne r], cfjht jnzn jnstikjs ecd `nnanrd juur whrne ne cfjht nr oik jn @cdn Whhrt cpdrhvied ecd wna nne hhetha scgt-whrnfhtidn fhebnfnetne hhe `nt dnoruib vhe `nt tcnstna whrne cetjnbt.

Jn vcejstahhd wnrj cpdndrhvne ie nne`njne vhe >< oik >< oik > mf ne vnr-vcadnes dnznngj. Jn fheinr whhrcp `nt znngwnrb cp jn @cdn Whhrt cpdrhvied whsdnjhhe, annb eint nggimiâet dnecnd ne jus is nr nne znngfhmìen cetwibbnaj (gid.?). @nt ontrcg nne vcaanjid jccr whtnrbrhm`t hhednjrnvne tueenaznng, whhroik znng-ohbbne vccrzine vhe znngdhhs hhe jn nen bhet vhe jn tueena jn fhmìen iediednene hhe jn hejnrn bhet vcaanjid dnznngj nruit bwhfne. Wnrvcadnes wnrj `nt rnsijuuit jn znngohbbne dn`hhaj ne ie vcejstzhbbne dnsm`npt. Jnzn fnt`cjn zcrdjn nrvccr jht nr senaanr ne nggimiâetnr dnznngj wnrj jhe oik jn cpdrhvied @cdn Whhrt” H?4.



0

Jn hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne onvcejne zim` drcgwnd ie twnn strhtidrhgism` dnsm`ni-jne eivnhus. Ehjht jn nnrstn vcejstahhd whs vnrwikjnrj fcnst jn tussneahhd, jinie jnane vhe jn put wna 8 f jib whs, wcrjne vnrwikjnrj. Dnzine jn drctn `cnvnna-`nij drcej jin uit jn put fcnst wcrjne vnrwikjnrj, is onsactne cf jn drcej fnton`uap vhe nne jrhdaien vccrzine vhe nne beikpohb hg tn drhvne (gid. =).

Jn cpdrhvied sthrttn ie `nt ehkhhr ne zcu jn dn`nan wietnr jccracpne. Jn tnvnrwhm`tne wnnrscfsthejid`njne zcujne fcdnaikb vccr vnna vnrtrhdied zcrdnevhe jn wnrbzhhf`njne. Jhhrcf is onsactne jn dn`nan put (iemausing `nt dnjnnatn

Gid. ?; ]thhejn znvne2 \cajnrwnd & [nngfhm`ien2 Jn Oruie.

Gid. =; @nt hgdrhvne vhe drcej fnt nne beikpohb2

\cajnrwnd.



9, ,

fnt jn tueenaznng) tn cvnrjnbbne fnt nne tnet (hgfntied =< oik => f ne 8? f`ccd). Jn pctne vhe jn tnet wnrjne vhstdnahst hhe sthane @-ohabne vhe =< tce,jit zcjht ìk eint zcu wndwhhine. Wnrjnr onstcejne jn zikbhetne vhe jn tnet uitpahstim sm`cttne ne onstcej `nt jhb uit pahstim jcnb.

ikjnes rndneouine wnrbtn jn tnet nrd dcnj fhhr ie jn fhhejne kheuhri ne

gnoruhri ahd jn tnfpnrhtuur vccr zns wnbne ahed vnr cejnr eua. Cf tn vccrbcfnejht jn drcej zcu onvrinzne zike nr vinr `ntnaum`tbheceene dnùurj jin nrvccr`noone dnzcrdj jht jn tnfpnrhtuur oieene jn tnet ent ocvne eua oanng tnrwika `ntouitne 8< ˛M vrccr.

Jn dn`nan vcejstvnrwnrbied wnrj uitdnvcnrj ie nne phej ie `nt mnetruf vhe@hrjiexvnaj-Dinssnejhf ne jus onstcej `nt bntnephrb sanm`ts uit nebnan sm`hgt-bntne, nne bhetccrueit ne nne phhr fhtnrihhamcethienrs. Jn rnsijune ne nvnetunan‐acssn’ vcejstne wnrjne jhdnaikbs ehhr `nt vcejstvnrwnrbiedsphej dnorhm`t. @inrwnrjne jn vcejstne dnwhssne, jn rnsijune dnjrccdj (ie nne znag dnfhhbtn jrccd-bhfnr) ne dnspaitst ne jn hehacdn ne jidithan jcmufnethtin vnrwnrbt. Ie tcthha

whrne nr tussne jn =< ne :< fnesne wnrbzhhf oik jn cpdrhvied ne jn vcejstvnr-wnrbied vhe onijn viejpahhtsne.

]mìpauijne-@hrehsm`pcajnr

Jn encaitìsm`n viejpahhts vhe ]mìpauijne (uitvcnried ie ?<<=) onvcej zim` cpnne jinptn vhe : f cejnr fhhivnaj. Drcctsm`haidn mivinatnmèism`n iedrnpne wh-rne jnr`havn ccb ìnr eccjzhbnaikb. Iespuitne vhe whtnrdahs cejnr jn viejpahhtswhs ìnr eint ecjid fhhr nne jhfwhej ie mcfoiehtin fnt orceonfhaied wna. Jnjhfwhej whs eint vcaanjid rcejcf jn viejpahhts dnpahhtst, fhhr sanm`ts hhe jneccrjwnstnaikbn ahedn zikjn. Jn hejnrn ahedn zikjn (jn cpdrhviedsput `hj drcgwnd

nne jruppnavcrf) onstcej uit nne strned fnt vnrtimhan giatnronfhaied. Aheds jnznzikjn wnrj jn drcej cejnr nne smùien `cnb hgdndrhvne, whhrjccr nne drcct thaujcetstcej, tnrwika aheds jn jhfwhejzikjn jn drcej tct hhe jn ikznrne pahtne wnrjvnrwikjnrj.

Jn ocvnedrcej wnrj tct cp mh. >< mf ocvne `nt hrm`ncacdism`n vahb hgdndrh-vne. Jn ahhtstn jnmifntnrs wnrjne, vahb vccrjht nne put wnrj cpdndrhvne, fntonùap vhe nne ‐hrm`ncacdism`n’ brhhe vnrwikjnrj.

@nt whs eint fcdnaikb cf oieene jn drnezne vhe jn cpdrhviedsput tn zn-vne. Ocvnehhe `nt smùien thauj (zuijccstnaikbn zikjn) whs vccr `nt znvne vhe jndrcej nne drcct ohssie hhednandj vhe 8< oik 8> f ne = f jinp. Jn tueenaznngvhe @hrjiexvnaj whs cejnrtussne dnfcetnnrj ie nne znnmcethienr ne wnrj aheds`nt ohssie dnpahhtst (gid. :). Wccr `nt vnrvcnr vhe jn drcej ehhr jn znng wnrj nnepahttn bhr dnoruibt jin fnt onùap vhe nne tnrniewhdne ehhr ocvne wnrj dnrnjne.Wccr `nt pnrscenna whs nr tndne `nt thauj nne `cutne trhp dnfhhbt cf ie ne uitjn put tn bueene bcfne.

@nt cpdrhviedsvahb wnrj vnrjnnaj ie wnrbputtne vhe 7 f ornnj fnt nne vhrih-onan anedtn. Wnrvcadnes wnrj nr cvnr jn dn`nan cpdrhviedsput nne vinrbhetn fntnr-drij uitdnznt. Jnzn nne`njne wnrjne strhtidrhgism` cpdndrhvne ie ahdne vhe fhxi-fhha > mf jib. Whe injnrn wnrbput zcu ie nnrstn iesthetin nne strccb vhe vinrbhetnfntnrvhbbne (cvnr jn anedtn vhe jn put) dnznngj wcrjne. Ehjht jn dndnvnes vhejn nnrstn puttne whrne vnrwnrbt tct vnrsprnijiedsbhhrtne is nm`tnr onsactne `nt



8<

hhetha znngvhbbne tn vnrahdne vhe 8/7n ehhr 8/8?n jnna. Jn cvnridn vhbbne zike haan`hejfhtid dnsm`hhgj, whhroik jn vcejstne ‐cp `nt ccd’ zike vnrzhfnaj.

Eh `nt cpdrhvne vhe jn vcejstahhd wnrj `nt spcrnevahb fhmìehha hhednandjjccr dnoruib tn fhbne vhe nne sm`hhgohb. Wnrvcadnes wnrj `nt vahb dntnbnej neiednfntne, whhreh jn spcrne wnrjne dnmcupnnrj, dnjcmufnetnnrj ne hgdnwnrbt.

Jn vcejstvnrwnrbied vcej vcaanjid pahhts cp jn acmhtin. @inrtcn whs ie jnsmùur vhe nne vccrfhaidn oacnfnetnanr nne ruiftn iednrim`t vccr nt whssne vhejn vcejstne, `nt znvne vhe fhmrcoctheism`n fcestnrs ne nne drctn jrccdruiftn.Ie nt vccrfhaidn wcceùis vhe jn tnanr vcej jn ‐jrcdn’ vcejstvnrwnrbied pahhts,zchas nt ievcnrne vhe gcrfuainrne, nt jidithaisnrne vhe tnbneiedne ne nt fhbnevhe vnrsprnijiedsbhhrtne. ne on`cnvn vhe jn sm`hgt whs nr, dnzine nt `cdn hhethafnjnwnrbnrs (pnr jhd mh. 7< pnrscene), nne hhetha dnsm`hbnajn bntne cp `nt tnr-rnie dnpahhtst.

]iejs jn cpdrhvied ]mìpauijne zike nr ecd nebnan drctn stnnetikjviejpahhtsnecpdndrhvne, fhhr tcm` haanfhha cp nne wht banienrn sm`hha. Fnt jn cpdrhvied cpjn E?= oik ]wigtnrohet (prcviemin Ganvcahej) bwhf jhhrie nm`tnr vnrhejnried.Fnt jn ocvnesthhejn prcknmtne ie `nt hm`tnr`ccgj (shfne fnt nebnan banienrnfhhr znnr ietnesinvn cpdrhviedne, zchas Njn-Bnre`nf) is `nt pahe cpdnvht cfhaan cpdnjhen bneeis ne nrvhried vccr `nt prcknmt E?= shfne tn ornedne, cf nnezc dcnj fcdnaikbn cpdrhvied uit tn vcnrne. @inrcejnr vcadt nne dnjnthiaannrjn on-sm`rikvied vhe jnzn cpdrhvied ne nne banienr vnrvcadprcknmt oik ]auisbia.

Jn acdistinb vhe Jrcetne-E?= ne ]auisbia

Ie jn zcfnr vhe ?<8< ne ie jn anetn vhe ?<88 `noone twnn stnnetikjprcknmtnepahhtsdnvcejne ie jn mcetnxt vhe nne hgdnjnbt ahejsm`hp. Jn nnrstn vcej pahhtsie jn prcviemin Ganvcahej, ie `nt bhjnr vhe jn hheand vhe jn E?=, jn twnnjn ie`nt zuijne vhe [nnahej, ie `nt bhjnr vhe jn hheand vhe jn ]auisbiatueena. Onijn

acmhtins whrne dnsnanmtnnrj cp ohsis vhe ietnesing vccrcejnrzcnb ie jn vcrf vhe

Gid. :; [nngfhmìen ie mcethienr2 ]mìpauijne.



88, ,

ocriedne. @cnwna zn zike dnandne ie znnr vnrsmìaanejn jnane vhe `nt ahej, ne nnedrcct vnrsmìa ie cfvhed bneene, zike onijn prcknmtne dcnj vnrdnaikbohhr has `ntdhht cf jn dnoruibtn fnt`cjne ne tnmèinbne ne jn jhhroik onecjidjn acdistinb.Jit bcft, cfjht onijn viejpahhtsne zim` cp drctn jinptn (mh. = f) cejnr `nt ùi-jidn fhhivnaj onviejne, cejnr `nt drcejwhtnrpnia ne ie `nt hgdnjnbtn panistcmnen

jnbzhejahejsm`hp. Nr zike nm`tnr ccb nebnan vnrsmìaane tussne jn viejpahhtsnehhe tn wikzne, jin vccrtbcfne uit jn onpnrbiedne vhe jn acdistinbn fcdnaikb`n-jne, jn acbhan cfsthejid`njne ne jn cfvhed vhe `nt cejnrzcnb.

@nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj vhe jn E?= hj nne cfvhed vhe 0< oik 0> f ne jht vhe]auisbiatueena ‐sanm`ts’ 8< oik =< f. Oik onijn prcknmtne fcnst tikjnes nne nnrstnghsn nne whhrjnrnej cejnrzcnb wcrjne uitdnvcnrj, ie jn vcrf vhe tnstvhbbne vhenne vinrbhetn fntnr, cpdnjnnaj ie nne`njne vhe >< oik >< oik > mf. Cp ohsis vhejn vcejstne wnrjne vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrtne vhe vcejstmcemnetrhtins dnfhhbt. Jnznbhhrtne wnrjne vnrvcadnes dnoruibt cf tn onphane whhr nvnetunna uitornijiednefcnstne wcrjne cpdndrhvne. [c wnrj oik jn E?= onsactne nne hhetha jnane cp tn

drhvne, tnrwika oik ]auisbiatueena kuist bce wcrjne vhstdnstnaj jht vnrjnr cejnr-zcnb eint ecjid whs. Jn tcndnphstn fnt`cjne ne tnmèinbne (zcwna ie `nt vnajhas oik jn vcejstvnrwnrbied) vnrnisne nne fieifhan vccronrnijied ne acdistinb jincednhm`t jn drccttn vhe `nt cejnrzcnbscoknmt dnaikb is.

Wccronrnijied

@nt jrccd brikdne (ne `cujne) vhe `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj

Oik `nt drhvne ie hgdnjnbtn ahejsm`hppne, whhroik jn viejpahhtsne zim` cejnr `ntdrcejwhtnrpnia onviejne, is jn nnrstn pricritnit nt jrccd brikdne ée jrccd cujne

vhe `nt tn cejnrzcnbne dnoinj. @inroik zike twnn mcfpcenetne vhe drcct onahed,ehfnaikb `nt hheornedne vhe orceonfhaied ne `nt pahhtsne vhe nne jhfwhej.Jn nnrstn zcrdt vccr `nt vnrahdne vhe jn drcejwhtnrsthej ne jn twnnjn zcrdt nr-vccr jht `nt vnrahdne vhe jin sthej onpnrbt oaikgt tct `nt tn cejnrzcnbne dnoinj.Wccrjht fne bhe ondieene fnt onfhane fcnt nnrst nne onfhaiedspahe cpdnstnajwcrjne. Cp ohsis ìnrvhe wcrjne jn onecjidjn vnrdueeiedne ne cet`nggiednehhednvrhhdj. Jnzn noone vccrha ontrnbbied cp jn cnvnna`nij whtnr jin cettrcb-bne ne dnaccsj fhd wcrjne ne cp jn bwhaitnit vhe `nt whtnr.

Ie `nt onfhaiedspahe vhe jn E?= whs vccrhg juijnaikb jht jn `cnvnna`nij tncetrnbbne buoinbn fntnr drcejwhtnr ocvne jn vnrdueeiedsvnrpaim`tn whhrjn zcu

aiddne. @nt hhevrhdne vhe nne vnrdueeied juurt cvnr `nt hadnfnne ahednr jhe znsfhhejne ne jin tikj whs nr eint fnnr. Jn cpacssied ahd ie `nt hheornedne vhe nnerntcuronfhaied; nne systnnf whhroik cpdnpcfpt drcejwhtnr, cp neidn hgsthejvhe jn acmhtin, jirnmt wnnr jn drcej ie wcrjt dnorhm`t. Jit systnnf zcrdt nr tnvnesvccr jht `nt vnrahdne vhe `nt drcejwhtnrpnia onpnrbt oaikgt tct jn cpdrhviedsac-mhtin ne eint vhe ievacnj is cp jn wikjnrn cfdnvied. Jnzn vcrf vhe onfhane isvccrha ie dnoinjne fnt vnneahdne znnr jcnatrnggnej. Has ie jnzn dnoinjne whtnrwcrjt cettrcbbne hhe `nt vnne, jhe dhht `nt vnne iebaiebne, whhrjccr jn cfaid-dnejn ocuw ne/cg iegrhstrumtuur bhe dhhe zhbbne fnt drctn sm`hjn tct dnvcad.@nt tnrudornedne vhe `nt whtnr ie jn cejnrdrcej bhe nm`tnr ccb tn sena dhhe,



8?

whhrjccr jnane vhe jn cfdnvied cejnr whtnr bueene bcfne tn sthhe. Mcetieunfceitcried vhe jn drcejwhtnrsthej is jus nne vnrnistn.

Jn onfhaied oik jn E?= onstcej ie nnrstn iesthetin uit nne hm`ttha zcdnehhfjn‐jnnpwnaas’ jin hhe jn oieenezikjn vhe jn jhfwhej (twnn aheds injnrn bhet) wnr-jne hhednorhm`t. Jnzn onfhaiedsfnt`cjn onsthht uit dnoccrjn dhtne (tct nne

jinptn vhe mh. 8> f) fnt nne jihfntnr vhe >< mf. Jn zikbhet vhe `nt dht wcrjtvnrstnvidj jccr nne dnpnrgcrnnrjn \WM-ouis. Ie `nt dht wcrjt vnrvcadnes nnebrhm`tidn pcfp dn`hedne jin `nt tcnstrcfnejn whtnr mcetieu wndpcfpt. Jitsystnnf oannb nm`tnr eint tn wnrbne cfjht jn sena`nij whhrfnn `nt whtnr tcn-strccfjn vnna drctnr oannb jhe vnrwhm`t. Jit prcoannf zcu cpdnacst wcrjne jccrjn ‐jnnpwnaas’ tn vnrvhedne jccr nne giatnronfhaied. @inroik wcrjne jnnas dnpnr-gcrnnrjn \WM-ouizne fnt nne jihfntnr vhe mh. 8< mf, tct nne jinptn vhe mh. 7 f,ie jn drcej dnpahhtst. Jnzn giatnrouizne wcrjne fnt nne pcfp vnrocejne jin `ntdrcejwhtnr wndpcfpt. Ccb jit systnnf wnrbtn nm`tnr eint dcnj, whhroik vccrhaie `nt mnetrhan jnna vhe jn put `nt drcejwhtnrpnia eint wnrj vnrahhdj. Jn necrfn

`cnvnna`nij tcnstrcfnej whtnr oanng `nt drcctstn prcoannf. Jn neidn rnstnrnejnfcdnaikb`nij whs `nt hheornedne vhe nne cejccrjriedohrn ahhd cejnr `nt dn`nanvahb, ent has oik jn cpdrhviedne oik @hrjiexvnaj. @nt hheornedne vhe nne jnrdn-aikbn ahhd bce nm`tnr eint cejnr nne sm`uien `cnb ne jus wnrj `nt vnrtimhha, jwhrsjccr jn hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne, hhednorhm`t. Ie tcthha zike nr fnt nne sthane ahes(jihfntnr 8< mf) nne banien 4<<< ouiskns hhednorhm`t ie nne vnrspriednej drij(cf jn 8,? f nne ouiskn). Jccr jnzn ouiskns wnrj `nt whtnrdahs cejnr `cdn jrubiednspctne cp nne jinptn vhe zc’e 8< f cejnr fhhivnaj (dnaikb fnt jn jinptn vhejn jhfwhejpahtne). Cp jnzn wikzn is nne 8,> f jibbn ahhd whtnrdahs hhednorhm`tjin `nt tcnstrcfnejn whtnr bce tndne`cujne (gid. >).?

Gid. >; Ieknmtnrne whtnrdahs2 E?=.



8=, ,

@inrfnn whrne jn drcctstn prcoanfne cpdnacst, fhhr cejhebs haan fhhtrn-dnane cetstcejne nr tikjnes jn cpdrhvied tcm` ecd fcniaikb`njne. Jnzn whrnefnt ehfn `nt dnvcad vhe drctn anbbhdn vhe drcejwhtnr jccr jn jhfwhej. Jniejivijunan jhfwhejpahtne whrne cp nne hhetha pahhtsne eint dcnj ie `nt sact vhejn ehhstdnandne pahht dnznt, whhrjccr nr binrne whrne cetsthhe. Ie jn nnrstn jrin

wnbne vhe jn cpdrhvied wnrj jit anbwhtnr dcnj wnddnpcfpt jccr jn giatnronfh-aied. Jn pnrgcrhtins ie jn giatnrouizne sacndne nm`tnr jim`t jccr `nt `cdn ikznrdn-`hatn vhe nt drcejwhtnr ne jn znnr giken grhmtin vhe nt jnbzhej. Cf nt anbwhtnrneidszies tn stcppne fcnst nne drcejouggnr hhe jn oieenebhet vhe jn jhfwhejoaikvne sthhe, fnt has dnvcad jht nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj banienr wnrj jhe ccrsprce-bnaikb jn onjcnaied whs. îtniejnaikb oannb jn orceenried jccr jn oikbcfnejnprcoanfne ccb eint brhm`tid dnecnd cf `nt mnetrhan jnna vhe jn viejpahhts jrccdtn brikdne ne tn `cujne. @inrvccr fcnst uitniejnaikb ie `nt mnetruf nne hhevua-anejn onfhaied dnpahhtst wcrjne. Jn vccrecnfjn prcoanfne jin oik jn E?= cp`nt dnoinj vhe whtnrùis`cujied cetstcejne zike nxtrnnf ne oikeh nab prcoannf

jht zim` bhe vccrjcne `nngt zim` wna vccrdnjhhe. Jn E?= is hejnrs dnzndj dnnedcnj vccronnaj vhe `cn `nt zcu fcntne dhhe, fhhr wna iaaustrhting vccr wht nrhaanfhha fis bhe dhhe ne has zcjheid bueene jn nrvhriedne wcrjne dnoruibt cfvnrdnaikbohrn situhtins oik hejnrn prcknmtne tn vccrbcfne.

Oik `nt prcknmt vhe ]auisbiatueena onstcej jn onfhaied uit vnrtimhan giatnrs jinie jn jhfwhejbhssne whrne dnpahhtst. Jhebzik nne mcrrnmt dnpahhtstn jhfwhejne nne vnna banienr cppnrvahb ie vnrdnaikbied fnt jn E?= cpdrhvied wnrbtn `ntonfhaiedssystnnf ie ]auisbia prcoannfaccs.

Hgdrhvne ne hgvcnr vhe jn ocvnedrcej

Oik onijn cpdrhviedne fcnst nnrst jn ocvnedrcej (onsthhejn uit vnne ne bani)wcrjne vnrwikjnrj, vccrjht dnsthrt bce wcrjne fnt `nt hrm`ncacdism`n drhhg-wnrb. Jnzn drcej fcnst wcrjne hgdnvcnrj hhednzine nr dnne ruiftn whs vccr nnedrcejjnpct oieene cg jirnmt ouitne jn jhfwhej. Wccr onijn drcejsccrtne fcnstnajnrs nne jnpct wcrjne dnvcejne. Bani bhe nnevcujid wcrjne `nrdnoruibt, tnr-wika vccr vnne kuist `nt tndnecvnrdnstnajn dnajt, whhrjccr `nt vnna fcniaikbnr is,jnzn drcej bwikt tn rhbne. Jn bani wnrj oik jn E?= jhhrcf hphrt hgdndrhvne ne hg-dnvcnrj ehhr hejnrn prcknmtne whhr `nt has vccronahstied cg jikbvnrzwhried jinestbce jcne. Wccr `nt vnne whs eint jirnmt nne jnpct onsmìbohhr fnt has rnsuathhtjht `nt eccjdnjwcedne has drcejouggnr tndne jn jhfwhej cpdnsahdne `nngt dn-

andne. Oik ]auisbia whrne cp tikj jnpcts dnrndnaj ne bce ccb `nt vnne rnm`tstrnnbswcrjne hgdnvcnrj.

@nt is, zc bueene wik mcemaujnrne, vhe drcct onahed cp tikj jnpcts tn rndn-ane, zcjht `nt prcmns vhe hgdrhvne ne hgvcnrne cp nne scnpnan fheinr vnraccpt.Jhhrehhst vrhhdt `nt prcmns ehtuuraikb cf drcct fhtnrinna, zchas brhene ne juf-pnrs. Jn brhene fcntne sena, nggimiâet, fhhr tcm` prnmins jn ocvnedrcej bueenehgdrhvne tct cp `nt dnwnestn eivnhu whhroik `nt rnaiâg vhe `nt jnbzhej wcrjt dn-vcadj. Oik jn E?= whs nr vcajcnejn ruiftn cf jn brhene ie jn wnrbput tn ahtnewnrbne zcjht jn fhmìeistne dcnj bcejne iesm`httne `cn jinp zn fcnstne drhvnene dcnj bcejne zine wht jn hhewikziedne vhe jn hrm`ncacdne whrne. Oik `nt prc-

knmt ]auisbia bce jit nm`tnr eint vhewndn `nt cetornbne vhe nne iene uitrit. Jn



8:

brhhe jin `nt drcvn drhhgwnrb jnnj, bce tikjnaikb ie jn put sthhe, fhhr jn brhhevccr `nt giken drhhgwnrb tct cp jn tcp vhe `nt zhej, stcej cp jrhdaien sm`cttneouitne jn put. Jit whs nne brhhe fnt vnranedjn dinb, zcjht jnzn tcm` jn dnwnestnjinptn bce onrnibne. Cfjht jn brhhe ouitne jn put stcej, bce jn fhmìeist cpnne onphhaj fcfnet eint rnm`tstrnnbs fnnr zine wht ìk jnnj, fhhr sanm`ts jccrnne mhfnrh cp zike ohb. Fnt jnzn mhfnrh bce jn fhmìeist nm`tnr dnne jinptnsm`httne wht dcnjn iestrumtins jccr jn ondnanijnejn hrm`ncaccd oikzcejnr onahed-rikb fhhbtn. Jit vrikwna ‐oaiej’ drhvne anvnrt jhe ccb eccit fccin vahbbne cp (`cndcnj jn fhmìeist ccb is) ne ontnbnet nxtrh `hejwnrb vccr jn hrm`ncacdne.

Onahedrikb oik `nt hgvcnrne vhe jn drcej is jht nr vcajcnejn jufpnrs wcrjneiednznt, zcjht `nt hgdrhvne mcetieu bhe jccrdhhe. @nt hhetha onecjidjn jufpnrsis hg`hebnaikb vhe jn `cnvnna`nij tn vnrpahhtsne drcej, fhhr ccb vhe jn rikhgsthejtct jn jnpcts; nne drctnrn hgsthej ontnbnet jn ieznt vhe fnnr jufpnrs. Jhhrehhstfcntne jn jufpnrs dnfhbbnaikb `nt tnrrnie cp ne hg bueene tct vahb oik jn brh-ene. ]hfnednvht, nne dcnjn iegrhstrumtuur cp `nt cpdrhviedstnrrnie is nssnetinna.

Oik onijn cpdrhviedne wnrj jn ocvnedrcej vnrwikjnrj tct vahb ocvne `nt hr-m`ncacdism`n eivnhu (ie jn tcp vhe `nt jnbzhej) whhroik nne jue ahhdkn vnne (>-8> mf) oanng zittne cf vnrstuivied vhe `nt zhej tn vccrbcfne (gid. 7). Oik `nthgdrhvne wnrj mcetieu `nt jnbzhejrnaiâg dnvcadj. Jn ieznt vhe nne brhhe fntnne zcdnecnfjn bhetnaohb whs nne cefisohhr cejnrjnna cf jn mcetcurne vhe`nt panistcmnen jnbzhej dcnj tn bueene vcadne. @nt hgdrhvne dnonurjn cejnrondnanijied vhe hrm`ncacdne jin jn jinptn vhe `nt zhej mcetieu jccr fijjna vhedutsocriedne onphhajne ne cp ohsis jhhrvhe hhewikziedne hhe jn brhhefhmìeis-tne dhvne.

Fnntsystnnf

ikjnes nt hgdrhvne vhe jn ocvnedrcej wnrj nne fnntsystnnf cpdnznt. @inrvccrzike nnrst jccr nne ahejfntnr fnt D\] nebnan `ccgjfnntpuetne uitdnznt. Oikpahhtsied vhe jn `ccgjfnntpuetne whs `nt vhe drcct onahed jht jnzn cp panb-bne bwhfne tn sthhe whhr zn eint vnreinaj cg vnrstccrj zcujne wcrjne jccr haanhmtivitnitne jin rcejcf jn cpdrhhgput wnrjne uitdnvcnrj fnt zwhhr fhtnrinna.Jnzn fnntpuetne wnrjne dnoruibt cf fnt nne r] nne `ccgjfnntsystnnf hhetn anddne cp bcrtn hgsthej vhe jn cpdrhvied. Oik jn E?= whs jn cpdrhviedsput

drcct dnecnd cf dnne onanffnried cp nt zim`t vhe jn r] tn vcrfne ne bce nne`ccgjfnntsystnnf ie jn cpdrhviedsput znag wcrjne dnpahhtst. Jn put vhe ]auisbia

Gid. 7; Hgdrhvne ocvnedrcej2 E?= & ]auisbia.



8>, ,

whs nm`tnr tn banie cf `nt `ccgjfnntsystnnf ie tn pahhtsne, fhhr ccb vcrfjn jn`ccdtn vhe jn jhfwhejne vccr nne onanffnried has jn r] ie jn put zcu wcr-jne dnpahhtst. Jn put whs nm`tnr banie dnecnd cf ha `nt fnntwnrb vhe ouitne jnput tn ahtne pahhtsviejne jccr jn r] zc jim`t fcdnaikb oik jn jhfwhej tn pahht-sne. @nt ccgjfnntsystnnf bce jnr`havn ouitne jn put dn`hej`hhgj wcrjne. @nt

fnt neidn rndnafhht mcetrcanrne vhe `nt `ccgjfnntsystnnf (hhe jn `hej vhe jn`ccgjfnntpuetne) whs oik onijn prcknmtne vhe onahed ie vnrohej fnt haanrani fc-dnaikb vnrstcrnejn hmtivitnitne ie jn jirnmtn cfdnvied vhe jn cpdrhvied.

@nt `ccgjfnntsystnnf wnrj vnrvcadnes dnoruibt vccr haan jidithan hjfiei-strhtin vhe `nt vnajwnrb, zchas `nt enfne vhe EH\-fhtne vccr nne phancrnaiâg-bhhrt ne vhe jn tn drhvne vhbbne, `nt iefntne vhe puetvcejstne, `nt uitznt-tne vhe vhbbne, puttne ne prcginapieene ne `nt tnbnene vhe spcrne, prcginane neprcginabcacffne.

Zrhespcrtfijjnane ne oikon`crnejn iegrhstrumtuur

Ie nne vrcnd sthjiuf fcnst oik onijn cpdrhviedne ehdnjhm`t wcrjne cvnr nt vnr-vcnr vhe jn uitdndrhvne drcej ehhr jn znvne. Oik onijn prcknmtne whs dnne ruiftnvccr nne znngiesthaahtin ie jn cpdrhhgput cfjht jn jhfwhejne `nt cp tn drhvnednoinj vrikwna nxhmt cfsactne. Jn drcej wnrj vnrzhfnaj ie brhtkns jin injnr nnenne`nij vhe >< oik >< oik > mf bcejne onvhttne. Jnzn brhtkns fcnstne uit jnwnrbput wcrjne dntrhespcrtnnrj ehhr jn znng, whhroik nne hgsthej ne nne hhezine-aikbn `ccdtn fcnstne wcrjne cvnrorudj. Jn fnt`cjn fcnst sena ne nggimiâet zikene vccr zc fie fcdnaikb accp- ne tiawnrb zcrdne. Nabn vcrf vhe trhespcrtfijjnavrhhdt jhhroik cf nne nidne iegrhstrumtuur.

Oik jn E?= wnrj fnt nne vcnrtuid jn put iednrnjne cf jn brhtkns (jin ie dhhs-

mcethienrs wnrjne dnpahhtst) cp tn `hane. @nt vcnrtuid fcnst sena ne wnejohhrzike, fhhr ccb ie sthht cf nne drctn ahst tn jrhdne. Nr wnrj dnbczne vccr nnebanien s`cvna fnt anpnas vccrcp, jin jn dhhsmcethienrs prcoannfaccs bce tiaane.@nt jccr jn put rikjne fnt nne jnrdnaikb vcnrtuid vnrnistn nm`tnr wna jht nr nne(bueststcg) rikpahtneohhe wnrj hhednandj cf jn cejnrdrcej zc fie fcdnaikb tnvnrstcrne. Cp vnrsmìaanejn acmhtins oieene jn put wnrjne cp`hhapuetne dnmrn-nnrj, whhr jn dhhsocxne wnrjne ennrdnznt cf dnvuaj tn wcrjne.

Oik `nt prcknmt ]auisbia bce jn put eint wcrjne iednrnjne cfjht nr dnne ie-rit bce wcrjne dnfhhbt (gid. 4). Jccr jn banien cfvhed vhe jn put whs `nt wnafcdnaikb cf fnt onùap vhe nne brhhe fnt vnranedjn dinb jn dhhsocxne fnt ìks-

ohejne uit jn put tn tiaane ne oik jn znngiesthaahtin tn pahhtsne. Jn znngput wnrjjhhrcf zc jim`t fcdnaikb oik jn put dnfhhbt, zcjht jn brhhe zc fie fcdnaikb

Gid. 4; Zrhespcrt; @iksne fnt brhhe2 ]auisbia, banien s`cvna2 E?= & pcrthhabrhhe2 \cajnrwnd.



87

fnt jn ocxne `cngjn tn rikjne. Jit anvnrjn nne ganxionan fnt`cjn cp, whhroik jndhhsmcethienrs vahb oik jn cp tn drhvne vhbbne bcejne wcrjne dnpahhtst ne fnejus fhhr znnr bcrtn hgsthejne `cngjn tn cvnroruddne fnt jn brhtkns. @nt is nm`tnrwna nne fiejnr vniaidn fnt`cjn jin vhe ha `nt pnrscenna mcetieun cpanttnej`nijvrhhdt, has jn ocxne ie ne uit jn put wcrjne dn`nsne.

Ierim`tied ouitne jn cpdrhviedsput

Cp `nt tnrrnie ouitne jn cpdrhviedsput is nvnennes nne uitdnornijn ierim`tiedeccjzhbnaikb. @inroik vhat tn jnebne hhe bntne vccr jn vcejstvnrwnrbied nesm`hgt, mcethienrs vccr jn cpsahd vhe fhtnrihane ne nne znngiesthaahtin. Jit dn`nna`nngt nm`tnr wna nne dcnjn cejnrdrcej ecjid. Oik jn E?= is, dnzine jn rnahting ahe-dn jccraccptikj vhe `nt prcknmt, dnbczne cf nne =< mf jibbn puievnr`hrjied hhetn ahtne ornedne cvnr nne cppnrvahbtn vhe ><<< f?. @inrfnn wnrj nne stnvidn ce-jnrdrcej dnmrnânrj vccr jn bntne ne mcethienrs ne bcejne jn vcnrtuidne zcejnrneidn prcoanfne rikjne ne `nt pnrscenna acpne. Jn ie/uitrit vhe jn cpdrhviedsput

wnrj vnr`hrj fnt zwhrn sthane rikpahtne. ]auisbia whs nm`tnr nne bcrtacpnej prcknmt jht ie jn anetn wnrj uitdnvcnrj. @nt hheornedne vhe nne puievnr`hrjied whsjhhrcf eint ecjid. Oik jnzn cpdrhvied is nrvccr dnbczne nne ahhd cp`cdiedszhejhhe tn ornedne jin dnjnnatnaikb wnrj vnr`hrj fnt rikpahtne vccr jn bntne, mcethi-enrs ne hutc’s. Ehhst jn put wnrj nne vnrpahhtsohrn rikohhe onsthhejn uit jrhdaien-sm`cttne hhednandj vccr jn brhhe.

Onijn cpdrhviedsputtne wnrjne tcndhebnaikb dnfhhbt jccr nne stnidnrtrhppne-`uis ne `hjjne nne eccjuitdhed ie jn vcrf vhe nne ahjjnr.=

[nngiesthaahtin

Has fne vnna nne`njne pnr jhd wia znvne, vnrnist jit nne drctn znngmhphmitnit. Oikonijn prcknmtne is dnwnrbt fnt jn iefijjnas onbnejn `cejne`cbbne vccr ‐eht’znvne. Has nr vnna `cejne`cbbne ecjid zike ontnbnet jit nm`tnr wna jht nne drctnznngput hhednandj fcnt wcrjne jin jn dnznngjn drcej hhebhe ne eint jhdnaikbsdnanndj fcnt wcrjne. Oik nne ahedjurid prcknmt is `nt anndfhbne vhe jn znngputnm`tnr cecetbccfohhr, fhhr oik nne bcrt prcknmt bhe nne drctn znngput nrvccrzcrdne jht jit haanne hhe `nt niej vhe `nt prcknmt `cngt tn dnonurne.

Jn nnevcujidstn ne dcnjbccpstn fnt`cjn vccr `nt fhbne vhe nne znngput isjccr nne dht tn onbanjne fnt ahejocuwpahstim ne `nt dn`nna hhe `nt niej tn vnr-wikjnrne. Jnzn fnt`cjn is oik nt prcknmt ]auisbiatueena tcndnphst. Has tussnejccr

jn put fcnt wcrjne annddnfhhbt is jn bhes drcct jht `nt pahstim dhht sm`nurnewhhrjccr jn znngput nabn bnnr cpeinuw fcnt wcrjne iednrim`t.

Oik jn E?= is nr vccr dnbczne nne snfi-pnrfhenetn znngput tn fhbne jccr`nt ahejocuwpahstim ie jn put hg tn jnbbne fnt stnamcepahtne. Jn put bce vnrvca-dnes zcejnr prcoanfne wnbnaikbs wcrjne annddn`hhaj. Jn znngput fcnt zc jim`tfcdnaikb oik jn cpdrhhgput wcrjne dnpahhtst cf jn rikhgsthej zc bcrt fcdnaikbtn `cujne, fhhr nr fcnt ccb vcajcnejn wnrbruiftn vccr jn dhhsmcethienrs n.j.cvnroaikvne. Jhhrehhst fcnt jn put dnfhbbnaikb onrnibohhr zike vccr nne brhhejin `nt saio vnrwikjnrt ne cf jn znngput oik tn vuaane fnt whtnr . Jn whtnrpcfpnefcntne ccb cp bcrtn hgsthej vhe jn `cejne`cbbne wcrjne dnpahhtst ne nnevcu-

jid onrnibohhr zike vccr thebwhdnes ie vnrohej fnt `nt oikthebne vhe jn pcfp



84, ,

ne cejnr`cujswnrbzhhf`njne. Fne fcnt vccrha ccb eint vnrdntne cf hgsprhbnetn fhbne cvnr wht nr eh `nt prcknmt fnt `nt saio fcnt dnonurne (tnrudstcrtne iejn znng- cg cpdrhhgput cg hgvcnrne) cfjht jit stnrb hg`hebnaikb is vhe wht nr eh jncpdrhvied fnt `nt tnrrnie dhht dnonurne.

Bntnephrb ne cpsahd Wccr jn vnrwnrbied vhe haan vcejstne ne dndnvnes ne cf haan vccrzineiedne vccr`nt pnrscenna ne fhtnrihhacpsahd tn ùisvnstne zike vnrsmìaanejn bntne ne mce-thienrs ecjid. Oik onijn prcknmtne fcnst jn mcfpantn vcejstvnrwnrbied ie `ntvnaj pahhtsviejne wht ehhst jn dnoruibnaikbn pnrscennasvccrzineiedne, zchas nnebhetien, cf nxtrh ruiftns vrhhdt. @inroik fcntne wn jnebne hhe ruiftne vccr`nt jrcdne vhe jn vcejstne, nne ruiftn vccr `nt scrtnrne ne nne ruiftn vccr haanmcfputnrtcnphssiedne (‐uitwnrbruiftn’). @nt hhetha bntne ne mcethienrs wcrjt`ccgjzhbnaikb onphhaj jccr `nt hhetha tn vnrwnrbne nne`njne pnr jhd, wnabn wnnrfhhtdnvnej is vccr jn drccttn vhe `nt pnrscennasonsthej.

@nt prcknmt ]auisbia whs nne rnahting banie prcknmt fnt nne bcrtn jccraccptikj,whhr nne tnhf vhe fhxifhha 8> pnrscene wnrbzhhf bce zike zcejnr nabhhr iejn wnd tn zittne. @inrjccr bce wcrjne vcasthhe fnt éée jrccdbnnt, éée vcejst-vnrwnrbiedsbnnt, éée uitwnrbruiftn, éée sm`hgtbnnt ne twnn tcianttne. Jn E?=jhhrnetndne whs nne drcctsm`haid prcknmt fnt nne ahedn jccraccptikj. @nt tnhfonstcej uit dnfijjnaj =< pnrscene. Cf nne jnrdnaikbn drcnp fnesne tn ghmiaitn-rne, whrne vnna fnnr vccrzineiedne eccjzhbnaikb, whhrcejnr jrin jrccdbntne,: twnn scrtnnr- ne cpsahdbntne, jrin bntne vccr jn bhetien ne twnn bntne vccr jnuitwnrbied. Jhhrehhst fcnst vccr =< fhe ie tciantdnandne`nij, cpsahd vhe ban-jied ne whtnr wcrjne vccrzine. @inrjccr wnrj `nt rnejhona cf vccr nne vhst

tciantoacb fnt snptimtheb tn zcrdne, nne whtnranijied hhe tn anddne ne nne hphrtnbannjruiftn tn iesthaanrne, zcjht jn hejnrn ruiftns zc sm`cce fcdnaikb wnrjnedn`cujne. Jhhrehhst whs nr nne hphrtn wnrbruiftn vccr jn prcknmtanijied ne ééevccr vnrdhjnriedne zcjht jnzn cednstccrj bcejne pahhtsviejne.

Wnna vhe jnzn vccrzineiedne zike hg`hebnaikb vhe nanbtrimitnit ne ìnrvccr wnrjnne zwhhr hddrndhht iednznt jht haan mcfputnrs, vnrwhrfiedne n.j. vhe strccfvccrzhd. Ehhst jnzn vccrzineiedne whs nr vnna ruiftn ecjid vccr jn cpsahd vhe`nt drhhgfhtnrinna, jn vcejstne ne jn fcestnrs. Ie ]auisbia wnrj vcasthhe fnt nnedrctn fhdhzikebnnt ne nne banien mcethienr, tnrwika oik jn E?= twnn drctn mcethi-enrs ne twnn banien mcethienrs ecjid whrne.

Dcnjn ghmiaitnitne vccr jn vnrsmìaanejn wnrbzhhf`njne ne `nt pnrscenna zcrd-jne vccr panzinridn wnrbcfsthejid`njne whhrjccr `nt wnrb scnpna bhe vnracpne.

Jidithan vccronrnijied vhe `nt vnajwnrb

Jccr jn jidithan fheinr vhe wnrbne oik onijn cejnrzcnbne is nne dcnjn vccron-rnijied cp jit vahb eccjzhbnaikb. Jnzn wnrbwikzn `cujt ie, jht zc vnna fcdnaikbcejnrjnane vhe tn vcrne jidithha wcrjne vhstdnandj whhrjccr zc fie fcdnaikbhehaccd `cngt tn wcrjne uitdnvcnrj. Nne drcct vccrjnna is jht nr fiejnr sm`rikg-ne tibgcutne dnfhhbt wcrjne. @nt systnnf is nm`tnr zc cpdnznt jht hhe ganxioiaitniteint wcrjt iednocnt. @nt jidithan wnrbne sthrt ie `nt vnaj fnt jn vhbbne. Cfjht

ie vnna dnvhaane vccrhg ceonbnej is wnabn jnane uitniejnaikb wcrjne cpdndrhvne,



80

wcrjt jidithha nne vhbbnepahe vccr `nt dn`nan cejnrzcnbsdnoinj dnfhhbt. Jitvhbbnepahe onsthht uit sndfnetne vhe >< oik >< mf jin wnnr cejnrjnna zike vhe 8oik 8 fntnr vhbbne. Jnzn vhbbne ne sndfnetne wcrjne tnvnes cejnrvnrjnnaj ie`nt hhetha vccrdnsm`rnvne vahbbne2 fnnstha fnt ecd nebnan vahbbne nxtrh vccr jnznbnr`nij. Ha jnzn dndnvnes wcrjne vccr `nt ondie vhe `nt prcknmt hhednfhhbt

ie nne jhthohsn ne FhpIegc. Nabn mcfoiehtin vhe vhb, sndfnet ne vahb brikdtnne ueinb vcejsteuffnr ie jn jhthohsn, whhroik nne jnna (oikvccronnaj jn nnrstn8<<< vcejsteuffnrs) wcrjt dnrnsnrvnnrj vccr vcejstne ne fcestnrs jin dnnernahtin noone fnt nne vhb-sndfnet-vahb mcfoiehtin. Wccr nab vhb cg sndfnet jhtdnbczne wcrjt cf cp tn drhvne bhe zc ie éée bnnr jn dn`nan snrin hhe vcejsteuf-fnrs on`crnej oik jht vhb cg sndfnet vccr `nt dnwnestn hhetha vahbbne wcrjneuitdnpriet.

Ehhst jn vccrdnprietn whhrjne vhe put, vhb, sndfnet ne vahb `nngt nne jnr-dnaikb vcejstbhhrtkn nne ohrmcjn jin jnznagjn dndnvnes onvht. Oik jn vcejstvnr-wnrbied `cngt jus eints fnnr `hejfhtid tn wcrjne iednvcnrj, fhhr vcasthht `nt

smheene vhe jn ohrmcjn.Jn mc÷rjiehtne vhe jn `cnbpuetne vhe nab sndfnet wcrjne fnt onùap vhenne r] uitdnznt. Eh `nt uitznttne vhe jn `cnbpuetne wcrjne oik nab sndfnet ji-rnmt haan oikon`crnejn vccronjrubtn vcejstbhhrtkns dnpribt. @nahhs is ie jn prhb-tikb dnoanbne jht jn ùijidn vcejstbhhrtkns eint hatikj `nt `nan prcmns vhe drhvne,jrcdne ne znvne cvnranvne, has jnzn eint wcrjne onsm`nrfj. Jhhrcf is `nt vccr-acpid ecd eccjzhbnaikb cf jn vcejstbhhrtkns iejivijunna ie nne banie zip-zhbkn tnstnbne cf tn vccrbcfne jht zn ceannsohhr wcrjne. Jnzn nxtrh `hejnaied is nnetikjrcvnejn baus, fhhr vccrbcft vnna prcoanfhtism`n vcejstne hm`tnrhg. Jn nrvh-ried annrt nm`tnr wna jht vccronjrubtn vcejstbhhrtkns `nt `nan prcmns ontnr cvnran-

vne jhe `hejdnsm`rnvne bhhrtkns.Jccr fnt jn r] ccdtnfntiedne tn enfne vhe injnr sndfnet ne vahb (whhroik

jirnmt nne spccreuffnr hhe `nt sndfnet wcrjt dndnvne) ne jnzn rndnafhtid uittn anzne ie FhpIegc cetsthht nne visunna cvnrzim`t ne viejt mcetrcan pahhts vhe haandndrhvne nne`njne. Jnzn dndnvnes wcrjne vnrvcadnes tcndnvcndj hhe jn jhthohsnwhhr zn has mcetrcan jinene vccr jn ie tn vcnrne vcejsteuffnrs oik `nt spaitsne.Nne jhthohsn fnt ‐mcetrcan-qunrins’ vccr haan cejnrjnane fcnt vccrhgdhhej hhe`nt vnajwnrb wcrjne dnfhhbt, whhroik hhe jn spnmiginbn nisne vhe jn ontrnggnejncpdrhvied ne hhe jin vhe jn spnmihaistne wcrjt vcajhhe.

@nt wnrbprcmns

Drhvne

Ehjht haan ghmiaitnitne zike vccronrnij ne jn cpdrhviedsput wnrbohhr ne tcndhe-bnaikb is dnfhhbt, bueene jn tn drhvne vhbbne ne sndfnetne wcrjne uitdnznt.Jit dnonurt zchas ìnrocvne onsm`rnvne fnt onùap vhe nne r]. Nab `cnbpuetvhe nne vhb wcrjt zc nxhmt cp jn vccrhg vhstdnstnajn acmhtin dnpahhtst. Wnrvcadneswcrjne oik nab sndfnet jn oikon`crnejn vcejstbhhrtkns dnpribt. @inreh wcrjnejn vhbbne ‐vccrdndrhvne’ (gid. 0). @inroik wcrjt `nt rnsthet vhe jn onsm`nrfne-jn vnneahhd sm`hvnej vnrwikjnrj oik injnr cp tn drhvne vhb. Wnrvcadnes wcrjne

EH\-fhtne vhe injnr sndfnet dnecfne ne wcrjt nr nne spccr/ahhdeuffnr hhe



89, ,

tcndnbnej. @inreh wcrjt nab sndfnet > mf hgdndrhvne ne ie nne brht dnsm`npt ne

wcrjt `nt oikon`crnejn vcejstbhhrtkn tcndnvcndj. Jit prcmns wcrjt vahbsdnwiksjccrdnznt whhroik vhe nab einuw vahb nnrst nne EH\-fntied wcrjt dnecfne. Oik`nt drhvne wcrjt vccrha dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe sm`npoahjne fnt nne rnm`t seikvahb,zcjht `cnbne fhbbnaikbnr tn drhvne zike ne jn vhbbne enttnr dndrhvne bueenewcrjne. Jn brhtkns wcrjne vnrvcadnes ie nne dhhsmcethienr dnpahhtst jin cp ééevhe jn cp`hhapuetne sthht. Jit cp`hhapuet onviejt zim` zc jim`t fcdnaikb oik`nt jnna jht cp jht fcfnet wcrjt cpdndrhvne. Jit is nm`tnr eint hatikj fcdnaikbne ie jht dnvha wcrjne jn brhtkns pnr vinr stubs cp nne stnnebruiwhdne dnpahhtstne ehhr `nt cp`hhapuet dnrnjne. Cp jn cp`hhapuetne wcrjne jn dhhsmcethienrscpdn`hhaj jccr `nt vnrvcnrfijjna. Jn dhhsocxne onsthhe ie jivnrsn fhtne ne

sccrtne, nm`tnr `cn fnnr brhttne ie éée rit vnrpahhtst bueene wcrjne, `cn ontnr. Has jn brhttne dn`nsne fcntne wcrjne, zike nr hhevuaanejn vniaid`nijsnisne hhejn mcethienrs. @nt vnrvcnrfijjna onphhat `nt fhxifhan dnwim`t ne jhhrfnn jn`cnvnna`nij brhttne jin ie éée bnnr vnrpahhtst bhe wcrjne.

[nvne

Wccr `nt znvne vhe jn dnsm`nptn fcestnrs uit vhbbne ne spcrne is cp onijn cp-drhviedne dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe nne ehttn znngfnt`cjn ehfnaikb `nt ie stnnetikj-cejnrzcnb stnnjs vhbnr tcndnphstn ‐`cejne`cbbne’-znngsystnnf. Jhhroik wcrjt jntn znvne drcej dnpahhtst ie jhhrvccr spnmihha cetwcrpne bruiwhdne, fnt znngdhhsie jn ocjnf ne jn zikbhetne. Jn bruiwhdne fnt drcej wcrjt ie nne bueststcg‐`cejne`cb’ dnrnjne. Haan `cejne`cbbne zike hhednsactne cp nne pcfpiesthaah-tin ne onvhttne rcejjrhhinejn sprcnibcppne, jin nrvccr zcrdne jht jn drcej jccrjn fhzne vhe jn znng spcnat. \nr tine `cejne`cbbne wnrj dnoruib dnfhhbt vheéée stiaan pcfp. Jn `cejne`cbbne sthhe hhe nne fnt whtnr dnvuajn znngput, fntnne cvnraccpohssie whhruit jn pcfpne `ue whtnr cettrnbbne. @inrjccr cetsthhtnne dnsactne systnnf. Jn `cejne`cbbnefnt`cjn wnrbt vccrha dcnj, wheennr jndrcej uit zhej onsthht (jit dnajt vccr jn fnnstn znngsystnfne) ne cejnr haan wnnrs-cfsthejid`njne uitdnzcejnrj nxtrnfn vcrst. Jhhroik is `nt nne systnnf jht rnah-ting prcoannfaccs uit tn ornijne is cf jn znngmhphmitnit tn vnrdrctne.

Gid.0; [nngput fnt ?< `cejne`cbbne2 E?=.



?<

Wccr nt prcknmt ]auisbia is dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe tine `cejne`cbbne, dnpahhtstaheds nne ahedn zikjn vhe jn znngput. Cp jn cpdrhvied E?= zike twietid `cejne-`cbbne iednznt, fnt tine `cejne`cbbne hhe wnnrszikjne vhe jn znngput (gid. 9).@cnwna vccr zcvnr onbnej ecd eint nnrjnr fnt zcvnna `cejne`cbbne tndnaikbis dnwnrbt, is `nt ie t`ncrin fcdnaikb jit hhetha ecd tn vnr`cdne, hat`hes zcahed

`nt cpdrhviedstnrrnie dnecnd ruiftn oinjt ne jn pcfpmhphmitnit vcajcnejn is. Hg`hebnaikb vhe `nt typn drcej bhe éée pnrscce mh. jrin tct vikg `cejne`cbbneonjinene (drcej ie jn bruiwhdne pahhtsne, rcnrne cg ocrstnane ne rnsiju vnrzhfn-ane). Jn hgfntied vhe jn znngput cp jn cpdrhvied E?= onjrcnd mh. 7 oik 87 f netn ]auisbia : oik 8: f. Née bnnr pnr wnnb wnrj oik jn E?= `nt saio uit jn znngputdnsm`npt jccr nne jufpnr fnt drhhghrf ne wnrj jn put, iejine ecjid, fnt einuwwhtnr hhednvuaj. Wccr onijn prcknmtne is dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe bruiwhdnes fnt nnefnthane ohb ne znngdhhs fnt nne fhhswikjtn vhe ? ff.>

Gid. 9; Drhhgwnrbzhhf`njne2 E?=.

Gid.8<; Brhne ie dhhsocxne ie cpsahd ehhst jn znnesthaahtin2 E?=.



?8, ,

Oik jnzn vcrf vhe stnnetikjcejnrzcnb cetsthht vhhb nne jismussin cvnr jn fhhs-wikjtn whhrcvnr dnznngj fcnt wcrjne. _ndnafhtid wcrjne vccr vnrsmìaanejn gh-sne vhe nne cejnrzcnb vnrsmìaanejn fhhswikjtne hheonvcane. ît nne hhetha prc-

knmtne, whhrcejnr jn cpdrhvied E?= whhr nne tnst is uitdnvcnrj fnt znvne cvnrzcwna ? ff has : ff, is ehhr vcrne dnbcfne jht `nt znvne cvnr ? ff ehuwnaikbs

vnrtrhdnej wnrbt tne cpzim`tn vhe `nt znvne cvnr = cg : ff. Jit is ccb `nt dnvhawheennr `nt zhej is jccrwcrtnaj fnt vnne. Jhhrnetndne anvnrt znvne cvnr ? ffhhezineaikb fnnr fimrcjnoithdn cp, jht hejnrs jccr jn fhzne vhe jn znng zcuspcnane. Ocvnejine zike vnrsprnijiedsbhhrtne cejnraied vnrdnaikbohhr, wheennrvccr haan ghsne ne jnane vhe jn cpdrhvied jnznagjn fhhswikjtn wcrjt dnoruibt.7

Jn sena`nij whhrfnn `nt zhej jccr jn znng spcnat, `hedt stnrb hg vhe jn `cn-vnna`nij vnne ne wcrtnas cg jn `cnvnna`nij ikznr ie `nt fcestnr. Wccrha jn fce-stnrs uit rnahting `ccddnandne vhbkns onvhttne vhhb ecd vnna pahethhrjid fhtnrihhajht jn fhzne bhe vnrstcppne. Jccr fijjna vhe rcnrne, scfs fnt nne ocrstna cgnne pahstim sm`np, fhhr cvnr `nt hadnfnne fnt jn `hej, wcrjne jnzn fcestnrs dn-

znngj. Jnzn fcestnrs zike jus hronijsietnesinvnr, wht vhe ievacnj is cp jn shfne-`hednejn prcmnssthppne vhe ‐hhevcnr ne hgvcnr’ vhe jn fcestnrs. Mcetieun pahe-eied ne hgstnffied vhe jn vnrsmìaanejn prcmnssthppne is ìnrjccr eccjzhbnaikb.

ît jn ehhst jn znngiesthaahtin dnpahhtstn vccrrhhj fnt brhttne drcej wcrjtstnnjs éée brht ie nne bruiwhdne dnanndj (gid. 8<). Ehjht `nt zhej jccr jn znng isdnspcnaj, wcrjt `nt znngrnsiju vnrzhfnaj ne shfne fnt `nt vcejstbhhrtkn ie nnejrccdohbkn dnjhhe. Jn jrccdohbkns zike vccrzine vhe dhhtkns, fhhr iejine jnzndrctnr zike jhe jn fhhswikjtn vhe ? ff, fcntne jn ohbkns wcrjne onbannj fntfiaaifntnrdhhs cg drctn bcggingiatnrs. Jn jrccdohbkns fnt znngrnsiju wcrjne vnr-vcadnes vnrzhfnaj ne ie jrccdbhfnrs dnpahhtst. Fnt `nt ccd cp jn nggimiâetin is

`nt onahedrikb jht jn znngiesthaahtin, jn jrccdbhfnrs ne jn scrtnnrruiftn eint tnvnr uit nabhhr aiddne.

Jrcdne

Nne jrccdruiftn wcrjt cpdnocuwj uit nne cg fnnr (nvnetunna hhennednsm`hbna-jn) bntne. Injnrn bnnt is iednrim`t fnt éée cg twnn bhm`nas, éée cg twnn vnetiah-tcrne, nne ocuwjrcdnr ne nne hhetha stnaaiedne. Onahedrikb oik jnzn stnaaiedne isjht jn pahebne whhrcp jn jrccdohbkns wcrjne dnpahhtst, vccrzine zike vhe dhhtknsvccr nne fhxifhan aum`tmirmuahtin. Jn ocuwjrcdnr jinet cf nt vnrjhfptn vcm`thhe jn aum`t tn cettrnbbne jccr fijjna vhe mcejneshtin.

@nt onphane vhe jn cptifhan tnfpnrhtuur ie nne jrccdbhfnr is eint nnevcu-jid. Oik nne tn ahdn tnfpnrhtuur ennft `nt vnrjhfpne vhe `nt vcm`t uit jn fce-stnrs tn vnna tikj ie onsahd. Is jn tnfpnrhtuur nm`tnr tn `ccd, jhe vnrccrzhbne `nt`cdn vcm`tdn`hatn ne jn ìttn jngnmtne hhe jn ocuwjrcdnr. Dnjurnejn jn vnr-smìaanejn cpdrhviedne is dnoanbne jht oik nne tnfpnrhtuur tussne jn =< ˛M ne :<˛M nt onstn nvnewim`t cetsthht tussne vnrjhfpied uit jn ohbkns ne mcejneshtin iejn ocuwjrcdnrs.4 Jn tikj jin `nt bcst cf nne jrccdohb fnt znngrnsiju tn jrcdne,vhrinnrt vhe éée tct jrin cg znags vinr jhdne. Jn tikjsjuur is stnrb hg`hebnaikb vhejn rnsijudrccttn ne jn `cnvnna`nij pahethhrjid fhtnrihha ie `nt fcestnr - thbknscg banien stubbne `cut oaikvne vhhb jhdneahed vcm`tid, znags has `nt cvnridn rnsiju

ha jrccd is. Jn neidn cpacssied vccr `nt mrnârne vhe vcajcnejn wnrbvccrrhhj is



??

`nt ierim`tne vhe vcajcnejn jrccdruiftns, zcjht nne ouggnrmhphmitnit cetsthht. Ieéée jrccdruiftn vhe 7 oik = f bueene mh. 0<< tct 8<<< ohbbne wcrjne dnpahhtst,uitdhhejn vhe nne dnfijjnajn vnr`cujied tussne banien ne drctn rnsiju’s.0

]crtnrne, rndistrnrne ne whhrjnrne

[cwna oik `nt prcknmt ]auisbia has cp jn cpdrhvied E?= is `nt rnsiju eh `nt jrcdnejirnmt dnscrtnnrj. Ie nne vhe jn bntne cp jn cpdrhvied is nne scrtnnrruiftn iedn-rim`t. Cf `nt znngrnsiju dcnj tn bueene scrtnrne, wnrj nabn pahhts vccrzine vhenne ahfp ne wnrj dnwnrbt cp wittn H=-vnaane.

Nab znngrnsiju is cpdnspaitst ie vnrsm`iaanejn mhtndcrinâe, zchas vuurstnne, eh-tuurstnne, `cutsbcca ne `hznaecctjcppne. Hg`hebnaikb vhe jn cejnrzcnbsstrhtn-din bhe ccb `nt rnsiju wcrjne onwhhrj. Haan vcejstmhtndcrinâe uit éée fcestnrzike stnnjs hphrt vnrphbt ie fieidripzhbkns, fnt jhhrcp jn mhtndcrin ne `nt hhethavcejstne dnectnnrj. nesacttn wnrjne jnzn zhbkns, iemausing `nt vcejstbhhrtkn, ienne drctnrn zhb vnrphbt. Iejine tikjnes `nt scrtnrne vuurstnene wnrbtuidne cg

hrtnghmtne fnt rntcum`n wnrjne `nrbnej, zike jnzn hphrt vnrphbt ie nne fieidrip-zhbkn ne oik `nt cvnridn vuurstnne dnvcndj, zcjht jnzn jirnmt cpvhaane ée wcrjneonsm`nrfj tndne onsm`hjidied.

Jn dnscrtnnrjn vcejstne wcrjne vnrvcadnes vnrjnr vnrwnrbt ie nne hphrtnmcfputnr- ne ievcnrruiftn cp jn cpdrhvied (gid. 88). Wccr `nt ievcnrne vhe jnvcejstmhtndcrinâe is stnnjs dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe nne Hmmnss jhthohsn. Hhednzinejn vcejsteuffnrs vccrhg hhe jn tn znvne nne`njne zike uitdnjnnaj, sthhe jn oik-on`crnejn mcetnxtdndnvnes (put, vahb, vhb, sndfnet ntm.) vccr nab vcejsteuffnrha ie jnzn jhthohsn. Ie nne ‐spaitsgcrfuainr’ wcrjt pnr vcejsteuffnr vccr nabnhhedntrcggne mhtndcrin `nt hhetha vcejstne iednvcnrj, ne wcrjt `nt dnwim`t cvnr-

dnecfne vhe nne hhe jn mcfputnr dnbcppnajn jidithan wnndsm`hha fnt nne ehuw-bnurid`nij vhe <,8 dr. Ie jn jhthohsn is nne onvniaidied iednocuwj, whhrjccr ha-

Gid.88; ^itwnrb- ne ievcnrruiftn2 E?=.



?=, ,

anne mhtndcrinâe bueene wcrjne iednvcnrj vhe vcejsteuffnrs jin jhhjwnrbnaikbzike dnsm`npt ie `nt vnaj. Eh `nt ievcnrne priet nne hhednsactne ahonaprietnr nnespaitsbhhrtkn uit, whhrcp jn mcetnxtdndnvnes ne spaitsdndnvnes sthhe. Jit bhhrtknwcrjt oik jn iednvcnrjn vcejstne dnvcndj.

Cp jn prcknmtne ]auisbia ne E?= is dnwnrbt fnt nne ohrmcjnsystnnf. Jit

`cujt ie jht cp zcwna vcejstbhhrtkns has spaitsbhhrtkns nne ohrmcjn hhewnzid is,whhrie rnspnmtinvnaikb `nt vcejsteuffnr cg jn spaitsmcjn (vcejsteuffnr + mhtn-dcrin) is vnrwnrbt. Jccr fijjna vhe `nt smheene vhe jnzn ohrmcjn wcrjne jirnmt`nt vcejsteuffnr ne jn mcetnxtdndnvnes iednvuaj cg cpdnzcm`t ie jn jhthohsn.]m`rikg-, typne annsgcutne wcrjne ìnrjccr tct nne fieifuf onpnrbt. Jhhroik isjidithan vnrwnrbied vhe vcejstne spaitsbhhrtkns (prietne ne smheene) vnna fiejnrtikjrcvnej jhe jn hehacdn vnrwnrbied, `nt fnt jn `hej uitsm`rikvne ne ievcnrne.

Cvnr `nt hadnfnne wcrjt cp éée mcfputnr iednvcnrj, fhhr iejine ecjid bhenne twnnjn ievcnrsthtice wcrjne iednrim`t. Ie Hmmnss is `nt ehfnaikb fcdnaikb jhtvhehg vnrsmìaanejn wnrbsthtices dnaikbtikjid ie éée `ccgjjhthohsn wcrjt dnwnrbt,

fits fne cvnr nne entwnrb onsmìbt. @nt is wnesnaikb ne `hhaohhr cf stnnjs pnrjhd haan vcejstne ie tn vcnrne jin jn jhd nrvccr zike dnscrtnnrj. @nt is ie jn rndnavhe drcct onahed zc sena fcdnaikb jn vcejstjhth onsmìbohhr tn `noone vccr `ntfhbne vhe vnrsprnijiedsbhhrtne, hhednzine bnuzns cvnr jn prcknmtvccrtdhed fnjncp jit sccrt bhhrtne dnohsnnrj wcrjne.

Jn iednvcnrjn vcejstne zike pnr fhtnrihhamhtndcrin, ne nvnetunna pnr put, vnr-zhfnaj ne iednvcnrj ie jnpcenriedsjczne. Jit wnrj dnjhhe jccr jn ontrnggnejnjccs tn snanmtnrne ie jn jhthohsn, ne jn spaitsbhhrtkns tn smheene fnt jn ohrmcjns-mheenr. Fnt `nt ccd cp jn jntnrfiehtin jccr jn spnmihaistne wnrj `nt vuurstnnecp nne hgwikbnejn fheinr dnrndistrnnrj. Eh `nt ievcnrne vhe `nt vuurstnne is

`nt bahhrdnznt vccr jn vuurstnnespnmihaistne, jin tikjnes `nt drcctstn jnna vhe `ntprcknmt hhewnzid whrne cp jn cpdrhvied ne nne nnrstn whhrjnried vhe `nt vcejst-fhtnrihha `noone dnjhhe. Jhhroik wcrjt `nt vuurstnne cejnrvnrjnnaj ie drccttnbahssne ne wcrjt ectitin dnfhhbt vhe jn hhethaane hgsahdne, baiedne, bnrene, wnrb-tuidne ne ‐cvnrid’. Ccb is `nt hhetha vnrorhejn vuurstnene ne `nt hhetha stubbnefnt mcrtnx pnr vcejsteuffnr iednvcnrj. Jn wnrbtuidne ne hejnrn oikzcejnrnstubbne (oikv. bnreprnphrhtin- ne vnreinuwiedsstubbne) zike bcrt onsm`rnvne ienne hphrtn jhthohsn. Ie vnrohej fnt fcdnaikb dnoruibsspcrnecejnrzcnb zike jndnrntcum`nnrjn wnrbtuidne ne nne snanmtin vhe `nt cednrntcum`nnrjn fhtnrihhahphrt vnrphbt ie nne zipzhbkn ne dnmcjnnrj fnt nne dnbanurjn stimbnr.9 Jn jntnrfi-

ehtindndnvnes wnrjne jccr jn spnmihaistne iednvcnrj ie nne thona ie jn jhthohsn,jin dnbcppnaj whs hhe jn thona fnt spaitsdndnvnes.8< Eh jntnrfiehtin is `nt vuur-stnne pnr put cp vcadcrjn vhe vcejsteuffnr dnznt. @inrvccr is dnoruib dnfhhbtvhe banien ahedwnrpidn jccskns, whhrvhe nr vinr ehhst nabhhr ie nne jnpcenrieds-jccs phssne ne whhr fieidripzhbkns rnm`tcp ie bueene sthhe. Ccb nt ehtuurstnneis cp jnzn fheinr vcadcrjn dnznt. Fnt onùap vhe jit systnnf zike vcejsteuffnrssena ne dnfhbbnaikb tnrud tn viejne cg ahtnr tcn tn vcndne. Jit is nne drcct vccr-jnna, zcwna ie nt vnaj has tikjnes jn uitwnrbied, wheennr snanmtins fcntne wcrjnednfhhbt vccr oikvccronnaj dnoruibsspcrnecejnrzcnb.



?:

Haan cejnrjnane vhe `nt cpdrhvieds- ne vcejstvnrwnrbiedsprcmns, vhe vnrzh-fnaied ie `nt vnaj tct jntnrfiehtin jccr spnmihaistne, onvcejne zim` oieene ne-bnan tinethaane fntnrs vhe nabhhr. Jnzn cpstnaaied fhhbtn nt fcdnaikb sena prcoan-fne cg gcutne vhst tn stnaane, jn ccrzhhb tn `nranijne, ne `nt prcoannf nvnetunnacp tn acssne. nvnes bhe ie zc’e dnvha vhhb jccr jirnmt cvnrand ne nne nvnetunan

hhephssied vhe `nt prcmns, jn bhes cp `nr`haied vhe nne jnrdnaikb prcoannf wcr-jne vnrbaniej cg znags vccrbcfne.

Wnrsprnijieds- / vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrtne

Cf jn ie jn vcejstjhthohsn iednvcnrjn dndnvnes cf tn znttne ie vnrsprnijieds-ne vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrtne is dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe DI]. Jit is nne dncdrhgism` ie-gcrfhtinsystnnf whhrfnn ruiftnaikbn iegcrfhtin cvnr dncdrhgism`n coknmtne bhewcrjne cpdnsahdne, onwnrbt, dnhehaysnnrj ne dnprnsnetnnrj. Nne DI] onsthht uittwnn mcfpcenetne; nne jhthohsn ne nne dncdrhgism`n jifnesin. Jccr nne bcppn-aied tussne jnzn mcfpcenetne cetsthht nne jidithha ‐fcjna vhe jn wnrbnaikb`nij’.

Wccr jn prcknmtne ]auisbia ne E?= is dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe `nt DI]-prcdrhffh FhpIegc. @inrie is nne bcppnaied dnfhhbt tussne jn dndnvnes uit jn Hmmns-jhth-ohsn ne jn vhbbne- ne sndfnetnebhhrtne. Cp jnzn fheinr bueene t`nfhtism`nvnrsprnijieds- ne vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrtne wcrjne dnfhhbt. Wccr nt fhbne vhe jnznbhhrtne wcrjt oikvccronnaj dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe `nt hhetha cg `nt dnwim`t hhevcejstne, pnr mhtndcrin, pnr vahb ne pnr znngvhb. Theennr vuurstnne wcrjt hhedn-trcggne, is `nt ocvnejine fcdnaikb cf jn vnrsprnijied vhe jn vnrsmìaanejn typnehrtnghmtne cg vhe vnrorhej ne cevnrorhej fhtnrihha ie bhhrt tn ornedne. Jccr jnvnrsprnijiedne tn prcknmtnrne cp oikvccronnaj nne `ccdtnbhhrt, jn dncfcrgcac-dism`n cejnrdrcej, cg jn vnrsprnijiedne vhe hejnrn vcejstmhtndcrinâe, bueene

ruiftnaikbn phtrcene zim`tohhr wcrjne dnfhhbt.

]actcpfnrbiedne

@nt stnnetikjcejnrzcnb ie Enjnrahej is uitdndrcnij vhe nne vhhb cejnrdnwhhr-jnnrjn ne wnieid ondrnpne ‐stnnetknshrm`ncacdin’ tct nne vcawhhrjidn thb vhe ce-jnrzcnb. Whewndn `nt hronijsietnesinvn bhrhbtnr vhe drctn stnnetikjcpdrhviedne,ie nt oikzcejnr vhe hgdnjnbtn viejpahhtsne, jn jhhrfnn dnphhrj dhhejn acdistinbn‐ehm`tfnrrin’ ne jn cdn bcstne, zine vnna phrtikne ondrikpnaikb cp tndne jnrdnaikbnprcknmtne. ît jn ìnr onsm`rnvne prcknmtne bcft ehhr vcrne jht hhe jn ohsis

vrikwna hatikj jnznagjn uitjhdiedne aiddne whhr cpacssiedne vccr onjhm`t fcntnewcrjne. Jnzn ohsisuitjhdiedne zike; `nt wnrbne cp jinptn, `nt jrccd brikdne ne`cujne vhe `nt cpdrhviedsvahb, trhespcrt vhe drcej uit jn put, wnrbruiftn vccrvnna pnrscenna, drctn `cnvnna`njne tn vnrwnrbne vcejstfhtnrihha. Jhhrehhst zikenne bcrtn hgsthej tussne jn vnrsmìaanejn prcmnssthppne ne nne dcnjn onrnibohhr-`nij ne ierim`tied vhe `nt wnrbtnrrnie vccr haan cejnrjnane vhe vnrvcnr ne mcf-fueimhtin tussne jn vnrsmìaanejn prcmnssthppne ne drcnpne fnesne onahedrikb.Fnjn jhebzik jn ìnr dnprnsnetnnrjn cpdrhviedne is ie jn accp jnr khrne vnna nr-vhried cpdnocuwj fnt `nt vccronrnijne, uitvcnrne ne uitwnrbne vhe jnrdnaikbnhgdnjnbtn viejpahhtsne.



?>, ,

Jccr `nt mcetieu hhephssne, vnrhejnrne ne vnrontnrne vhe jn acdistinb ne fn-t`cjinb `noone wn eu nne nggimiâetn ohsisfnt`cjn, nne fcjus cpnrheji , vccr whtvhe cujs`nr onbnej sthht has ‐vhbknscejnrzcnb’. Jn vnrontnriedne jin jn ahhtstnjnmneeih zike tcndnphst, zike eint haanne vhe whhrjn vccr `nt jhhjwnrbnaikbn vnaj-cejnrzcnb fhhr ccb vccr jn wntnesm`hppnaikbn uitwnrbied ne ietnrprnthtin ne eint

ie jn ahhtstn pahhts ccb vccr jn cpjrhm`tdnvnr. Nne nggimiâetnrn fnt`cjinb `cujtiffnrs ie jht jn cpdrhvied senaanr bhe wcrjne hgdnrcej, `ntdnne jn vhhb tcm``cdn bcstne zha jrubbne. @nt fcdn nm`tnr juijnaikb zike jht jccr jn mcfpanxitnitvhe nne jnrdnaikbn cpdrhvied jn ùijidn ohsisfnt`cjinb `nt onstn guemticennrtoik nne scnpna acpnej cpdrhhgprcmns fnt nne zc cptifhha fcdnaikbn mcetieuãtnit.Jnzn mcetieuãtnit wcrjt nm`tnr stnnjs vhbnr ‐vnrstccrj’ jccrjht cpdrhviedne tn-dnewccrjid ie stnnjs fnnr ghsne jinene tn wcrjne uitdnvcnrj. Jn dnjhm`tn ìnr-oik is jht ìnrfnn dnaj onsphhrj bhe wcrjne. Ie jn prhbtikb oaikbt nm`tnr bnnr cpbnnr jht `nt tndnecvnrdnstnajn jhhrvhe whhr is. Wccr cpjrhm`tdnvnrs, hjvisnurs nejirnmtinvcnrjnrs ne ie nne ahtnr sthjiuf prcknmtanijnrs, vnajhrm`ncacdne, vnrbcpnrs

ne mhamuahtcrs, jin fnt jit typn cejnrzcnb wcrjne dnmcegrcetnnrj, is `nt jhhrcfvhe drcct onahed jht ruif vccrhgdhhej hhe `nt vnajwnrb wcrjt ehdnjhm`t cvnrhaan hspnmtne vhe jn acdistinb ne jn jccraccp vhe nne jnrdnaikbn cpdrhvied. Jit isuitnrhhrj eint haanne vhe onahed vccr jn vccrtdhed vhe `nt cejnrzcnb znag, fhhrccb cf cehhednehfn vnrrhssiedne, oikvccronnaj wht ontrngt cevccrzinen bcstne,tn vccrbcfne cg ie tn mhamuanrne.

Jnzn zhbne fcntne nm`tnr eint hgsm`ribbne cf hhe nne jnrdnaikb prcknmt tnondieene. Jn ohsis is nr, jn prcoanfne ne fcdnaikbn cpacssiedne vccr jnzn prc-oanfne zike onbnej ne vhhb ha uitdnprconnrj. @nt neidn jht fcnt dnonurne, is jhtfne fnnr dnoruib dhht fhbne vhe jn oieene jn hrm`ncacdism`n wnrnaj rnnjs on-

smìbohrn bneeis ne nrvhried, ne jht ccb jnzn iegcrfhtin fnnr ne dnjnthiaannrjnrnne cejnrjnna dhht vcrfne vhe puoaimhtins zcjht jnzn dnfhbbnaikbnr tcndhebnaikbis vccr injnrnne. Cp jnzn fheinr bueene eu ne ie jn tcnbcfst jnrdnaikbn prcknm-tne vccr zcwna cpjrhm`tdnvnr has jn hrm`ncacdism`n wntnesm`hp tct nne summnsvcaniej dnorhm`t wcrjne.

Ectne8 @nt dhht ìnroik cvnridnes eint haanne cf jn drctnrn acdistinb/mivinan tnmèinb (zchas jhf-

whejne, orceenried ntm.) fhhr ccb jn banien acdistinb (zchas hjfieistrhtin, znvne, ntm.).

? Ie `nt ondie whs fne ohed jht jnzn wnrbwikzn jn hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne zcu vnrstcrne.ikjnes jn cpdrhvied oannb jit nm`tnr eint `nt dnvha tn zike.

= Nne sifpnan nxtrh eccjuitdhed is vnrpaim`t has ie nne jhfwhejbuip wcrjt dnwnrbt.

: Haan bntne, fhdhzikebntne ne drctn mcethienrs zike 7x= f, banien mcethienrs zike =x= f.

> Nne vhe jn drctn ehjnane vhe nt dnoruib vhe fnthane znvne oik stnnetikjcpdrhviedne zikejn onsm`hjidiedne jin vuurstnene hrtnghmtne bueene cpacpne jccr mcethmt fnt `nt dhhs.Wccrha jn dcujbanuridn fnthhastrnpne cp hrtnghmtne zike ehjnaid vccr nt cejnrzcnb ehhrdnoruibsspcrne2 oik jn E?= is jnzn fnthhadahes rndnafhtid cp hrtnghmtne whhrdnecfne.ndnewccrjid onsthht nr ccb nne prctctypn fnt pahstim dnmcht fnthha fnt dnpcestn dhtneie jn dnwnestn ff grhmtin. @nt is nm`tnr ecd dnne sthejhhrj cf cvnr pahstim tn znvne ne`nt prctctypn fcnt ecd jccrcetwibbnaj wcrjne cp juurzhhf`nij.



?7

7 Tn bueene ìnroik jnebne hhe grhdfnetne vhe spitsne, rntcum`nspaietnrs jin cetsthheoik `nt rntcum`nrne vhe spitsne, Brubcwsbi -bnrgrnstne fhhr ccb banien jrin`cnbne, jnzcdn`ntne fimrcjrin`cnbne. Jrin`cnbkns fnt nne anedtn vhe =-> ff zike cp vnrsmìa-anejn viejpahhtsne hhedntrcne whhrcejnr oik jn E?=.

4 EO! Oik `nt jrcdne vhe crdheism`n fhtnrihha cg zhm`t (encaitìsm`) hhrjnwnrb wcrjt nneahdn tnfpnrhtuur dnhjvisnnrj (eint ocvne =< ˛M).

0 Jrccdruiftns bueene drctnr wcrjne dnfhhbt, fhhr zike jhe ahstidnr tn vnrwhrfne nez.

9 Nne nnrstn drcvn jntnrfiehtin ie `nt vnaj `nngt drctn vccrjnane ocvne nne jntnrfiehtinhm`tnrhg. [c bhe cp ohsis vhe typcacdism`n ne tnmècacdism`n bnefnrbne vhe `nt vuur-stnnehssnfoahdn ha ints wcrjne dnzndj cvnr jn tikjsjinptn vhe jn onwceied, cg nr sprhbnis vhe éée cg fnnrjnrn onwceiedsghsne ne tct cp znbnr ccdtn bueene uitsprhbne wcrjnednjhhe cvnr jn guemtin(s) vhe jn vuurstnnemcemnetrhtin(s). @inrjccr bhe ie nne vrcnd sth-jiuf ie shfnesprhhb fnt jn prcknmtanijnr ne hejnrn spnmihaistne sturied wcrjne dndnvnehhe jn cpdrhvied jccr oikv. nne jnna vhe jn vhbbne-sndfnetne ie fiejnr ietnrnsshetndnoinjne hg tn sm`rikvne ne jnzn najnrs oieene `nt cpdrhviedstnrrnie ie tn znttne.

8< Jccr jnzn bcppnaied fnt jn spaitsjhth bcejne jn spnmihaistne eints ievcnrne jht eintnnrst dnspaitst whs.

Aitnrhtuur

Acuwn Bccikfhes, A.\. (rnj.), ?<<8h; @hrjiexvnaj-Dinssnejhf, \cajnrwnd. Nne khm`t-bhfp uit `nt Ahht-Fnscaitìmuf, >><<-><<< v. M`r., Hfnrsgccrt (_HF 0=).

Acuwn Bccikfhes, A.\. (rnj.), ?<<8o; @hrjiexvnaj-Dinssnejhf, Jn Oruie. Nne khm`t-bhfp uit `nt Ahht-Fnscaitìmuf ne `nt ondie vhe jn ]wigtnrohet-muatuur, >><<-::><v. M`r ., Hfnrsgccrt (_HF 00).

Acuwn Bccikfhes, A.\. & \.G.O. Kcedstn (rnj.), ?<<7; ]mìpauijne. H Encaitìm

]nttanfnet ce t`n Jutm` Ecrt` ]nh Mchst m. =><< MHA OM, Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimhAnijnesih =4/=0, Anijne.

@cdnstike, K.T.@ & [email protected]. \nntnrs, ?<<8; Jn fnscaitìsm`n ne vrcnd-encaitìsm`nviejpahhts @cdn Whhrt-H?4 (Ganvcahej), Hfnrsgccrt (_HF 49).

@hfourd, Z.J. & F. Cporcnb (rnj.), ?<8<; Nvhauhtinrhppcrt Jngieiting hrm`ncacdism`cejnrzcnb E?=/Wiejpahhts > . Hfnrsgccrt/Anijne (ietnren rhppcrthdn).

Dnrrnts, J. & F. Cporcnb (rnj.), ?<88; Nvhauhtinrhppcrt IWC-\ Bhehhabruisied]auisbia-[cen =. Hfnrsgccrt (ietnren rhppcrthdn).



?4

D_HG_IZ^NNA NE ]CMIHAN C_DHEI]HZIN IE JN OHEJBN_HFINB

\. vhe jn Wnajn 8

Wccr Nrim Ac`cg, vhewndn nne cujn vrinejsm`hp

ne nne rnnjs ahed dnjnnajn onahedstnaaied vccr scmihan hrm`ncacdin

IeanijiedOndrhviedne zike fnnr jhe neid hejnr jnna vhe `nt hrm`ncacdism`n onsthej jnpuetne whhr wn `nt jim`tst oik jn fnesne vhe vrcndnr bueene bcfne. Drcnpnedrhvne cg drhgvnajne bueene iezim`t dnvne ie jn cejnraiedn vnr`cujiedne tussnejin fnesne tcne zn ecd anngjne. @inrcejnr wia ib nne jrintha drhgvnajne vhe jnOhejbnrhfinb onsprnbne; Nasacc ie [uij-Aifourd (tne Tnstne vhe ]itthrj), `nt:< bf ccstnaikbnr dnandne Einjnrfnrz ie `nt Juitsn _ikeahej (tussne Hbne neBnuane) ne 8:< bf ehhr `nt [uijne Gacfocre ie jn \ghaz (Tnst vhe Tcrfs).Jnzn jrin zike dnbczne cfjht zik nabhhr ie jn tikj cpvcadne, Gacfocre (0> drh-vne) jhtnrnej uit `nt ondie vhe jn nxphesin vhe jn Ohejbnrhfinb aheds ne cvnr

jn _ike, dnvcadj jccr Einjnrfnrz (88? drhvne) ne Nasacc (nvnennes 88? drh-vne?) hhe `nt niejn vhe jnzn muatuur, ie khrne, jn pnricjn vhe >=<< tct ><<<v.M`r. Ohsispuoaimhtins zike rnspnmtinvnaikb _im`tnr 8970/79, Jc`re-I`fid 890=,ne Oriebfhe & Fcjjnrfhe 894<.

Jn Ohejbnrhfinb (ccb Aienhirn Ohejbnrhfinb cg AOB) is jn muatuur jin jnahejocuw ie Fijjne- ne Tnst-Nurcph ietrcjumnnrjn, ne jhhroik ccb `nt a÷ssdn-oinj tussne Bnuane ne Orussna ieondrnpne [uij-Aifourd bcaceisnnrjn, zc cedn-vnnr tussne >??> ne :9>< v.M`r. Jn AOB is fissm`ine wna jn onst cejnrzcm`tnmuatuur vhe jn Tnst- ne Fijjne-Nurcpnsn prn`istcrism`n hrm`ncacdin, ne tndnejin hm`tnrdrcej is `nt fcdnaikb nne pcdied tct scmihan juijied tn jcne cejnr `ntfcttc ‑Hrm`ncacdin is scmihan hetrcpcacdin cg zik is eints‖ vcadnes jn cujn fnnstnrAnwis Oiegcrj.

Cvnr jn fcdnaikb`njne ne vccrha jn cefcdnaikb`njne vhe drhgvnajhehaysnis iefijjnas nne banien oioaict`nnb vca dnsm`rnvne (nne rnmnetn shfnevhttied isOujkh ?<8<). Ohshha oaikgt nne vrcndtwietidstn-nnuwsn tnbst vhe jn scmihha-hetrc-pcaccd Whe Dneenp (89<9) jin drhgritunane onsm`rikgt has nne jccrdhedsritunna jhtjrin ghsne `nngt. Has nnrstn sm`nijied (ie cezn shfneanvied; hganddne ne cpohrne).

Has twnnjn cvnrdhed (hheznddne ne mcejcaéhemn), ne has jnrjn cgwna `nrietrn-jied vccr jn ehonsthhejne (hgsm`nijsrnmnptin), cgwna nnek ietrnjn ie nne Hejnrn

Tnrnaj jccr jn cvnranjnen (oikznttied cg mrnfhtin). Wcadnes Whe Dneenp `noonejn cfsthejid`njne vhe `nt cvnraikjne onahedrikbn ievacnj cp jn vcrf whhrie `nt



?0

drhgritunna uitdnvcnrj wcrjt (Whe Dneenp 89<9, 87<-878). îtnrhhrj zike jnznjrin ghsne sanm`ts znajne vcaanjid hrm`ncacdism` `nrbneohhr. Oik jn drhgritunanevhe jn AOB zike fiestnes jrin hhezineaikb vnrsmìaanejn vcrfne tn cejnrsm`ni-jne, cvnridnes zcejnr jht wik neid ijnn `noone whhrcf jht vnrsmìa dnfhhbt is.]cffidn AOB-jcjne wcrjne ie jn enjnrznttied ondrhvne, hejnrn ie drhgvnajkns

oik éée cg nebnan enjnrznttiedne (jit is jn onst onbnejn drcnp), ne jn ‐cvnridne’jin ceviejohhr zike. Jhhrehhst fcnt mrnfnrne dnecnfj wcrjne has vhrihtin cpoikznttne; ie Einjnrfnrz 8< mrnfhtins (ehhst 8<? aikboikznttiedne), ie Nasacc :4(tndne 7> aikboikznttiedne). Cfjht jn oikdigtne oik jn mrnfhtins bwhaithting ecm`bwhetithting vhe jin vhe jn aikboikznttiedne vnrsmìaane, zha jhhrcf ie jnzn tnbsteint hphrt cp jit gnecfnne iedndhhe wcrjne has zikejn wnaaim`t irrnanvhet vccr jnùijidn vrhhdstnaaiedne.

@nt drctn hhetha ceviejohrn jcjne zcu nne prcoannf bueene cpanvnrnevccr jn ietnrprnthtin. @nt dhht cf fcdnaikb 9<% vhe haan ccit dnanngj `noonejnOhejbnrhfinbnrs ([iffnrfhee ?<8<). Jn drhganddiedne jin wn wéa bneene zike

dnthasfhtid bahhroaikbnaikb nne uitzcejnried cp jn fnnr hadnfnen AOB-prhbtikb.Nvnewna, ccit is dncppnrj jht jn jissnas ne baiedne jin ouitne jn enjnrznttiednevnrjwhhaj dnvcejne wcrjne oikdigtne dnwnnst zike oik ie `nt vnaj hm`tnrdnahtnejcjne (K. Añeied, pnrs. fnjnj.). Jn dnthasfhtid baniestn mhtndcrin, enjnrznttieds-ondrhviedne, tccet ouitne jn pahhtsbnuzn ie zike uitvcnried dnne vnrsmìaane fntjn drhvne ie jn rnduainrn drhgvnajne (Crsmìnjt 8990). Fissmìne is jhhruit hg tnanijne jht jn ie AOB-cdne vnrsmìaanejn cfsthejid`njne vhe cvnraikjne vccrhajn pahhts/mhtndcrin vhe jn oikznttied onphhajne, fhhr jht jn uitrustied jin jn cvnr-anjnene fnnbrndne stnnjs hhe jnznagjn ‐nisne’ fcnst vcajcne. Has iejnrjhhj jndrhguitrustiedne vnrdnaikbohhr shfnednstnaj zike, vcrfne drhgvnajne ie jht cp-

zim`t ecrfhan stnnbprcnvne uit `nt dn`nna vhe oikdigtne ne sahhe dnvcadtrnbbiednejhhrcp dnohsnnrj cp jn dn`nan (pahhtsne tikjdnaikbn) AOB. Fnt rcej jn `cejnrjoikznttiedne zike jn jrin drhgvnajne nvnezcvnna vcajcnej drctn stnnbprcnvne, whetoik nne stnnbprcng dhht `nt eint cf prcmnetne fhhr cf hhethaane. Ie Nasacc zike88? oikznttiedne cpdndrhvne, jin ehhr sm`httied 8<% vhe jn dnaikbtikjidn pcpu-ahtin vhe `nt oikon`crnejn AOB-jcrp vnrtndnewccrjidne2 `ntznagjn dnajt vccr jnonijn hejnrn ìnr cpdnvcnrjn drhgvnajne fnt 88? drhvne ie Einjnrfnrz, ne 0>ie Gacfocre. Jhhrfnn zike ie priemipn mcemausins fcdnaikb cvnr jn ehhr tikj nepahhts acbhan AOB.

Encaitìsm`n scmihan crdheishtin; nebnan hadnfnne`njne

Ehtuuraikb sthhe wn oik hehaysn ne juijied vhe nne encaitìsm`n shfneanvied eintfnt vcaanjid andn `hejne2 ntecdrhgism`n stujins vhe ie nmcecfism` ne scmihha cp-zim`t vnrdnaikbohrn shfneanviedne dnvne eh dnenrhaishtin nne nnrstn `cuvhst, jhtjhe wnnr tcndnphst, dnmcetrcannrj ne dnmcrridnnrj fcnt wcrjne cp einuwn dn-vhaane zchas jn AOB. Wccr pcstfcjnren iejivijuhaistne zike jn fnnst cpvhaanejnhspnmtne hhe jit sccrt (ccit ‐triohha’ dnecnfjn2 Grinj 894>) shfneanviedne jnhgwnzid`nij vhe nne juijnaikbn scmihan cg nmcecfism`n ìârhrmìn ne vhe vnrwhet-sm`hp has anttnraikb nt dn`nan nmcecfism`n, pcaitinbn ne scmihan anvne crdheisnrnej

ne rnduanrnej priemipn (oikv. Dnrc & Mceby 89982 Aévi-]trhuss 89>0 & 894>,\hrbie & ]tcen (rnj.), ?<<:).



?9

Cf tn bueene onsthhe, fcnt nne shfneanvied nne scmihha-nmcecfism`n strum-tuur `noone, jn fheinr whhrcp prcjumtin ne rnprcjumtin, ne jn vnrjnaied vheprcjumtne dncrdheisnnrj zike. Jin strumtuur is ie encaitìsm`n shfneanviedne jnvnrwhetsm`hpscrdheishtin, jn ghfiain (‐aienhdn’ ie hetrcpcacdism`n tnbstne) crdhei-snnrt nt wnrb cp jn vnajne, uwnaikbsbnuzn vhe jn anjne, uisocuw ne ”cpvcadied

ne znags ccracd. ‐Ghfiain’ is ìnr jn hhejuijied vhe nne drcnp fnesne jin rnâna cgcf cppcrtueitnitsrnjne hhe- cg oacnjvnrwhet zike ne jin dnzhfneaikb nne scmihha-pcaitinbn nne`nij vcrfne (zcints has ‐ùis’ ie ‐`nt ùis \ahethdnent’). Ie encaitì-sm`n shfneanviedne wcene jn uis`cujnes vhe nne ghfiain cejnr éée dnzhfneaikbjhb cg cp `ntznagjn tnrrnie cg nrg. @nt iestituut ghfiain mcestitunrnej ne fnt jnnmcecfin vnroiejnej is ie haan shfneanviedne jn scmihhadnmcestrunnrjn hronijsjn-aied ehhr fheenaikbn ne vrcuwnaikbn thbne (Haane nt ha ., rnj., ?<<0). @cn znagsthe-jid ghfiains ie jnzn banien shfneanviedne ccb zike, vccr ùe vccrtonsthhe zike zikhg`hebnaikb vhe hejnrn ghfiains, jin vhewndn jn nxcdhfin (pnr jngieitin2 vcadt uit`nt sccrtnidne iemnstthocn2 c.h. Aévi-]trhuss 89>0) jn nm`tdnectne/s fcntne anvn-

rne tne on`cnvn vhe jn nmcecfism`n, scmihan ne jnfcdrhgism`n mcetieuãtnit. Jinanvnried dhht ie jn fnnstn dnvhaane vcadnes trhjiticenan phtrcene, ie vhstn rnahtinstussne nebnan ghfiains, whhroik éée ghfiain/aienhdn vhstn ‐oruij(ndcf)dnvnr’ is hhenne hejnrn ghfiain, tnrwika jin ahhtstn ghfiain ‐oruij(ndcf)dnvnr’ is hhe jn nnrstn,jhe wna nne hejnrn ghfiain has jn shfneanvied wht drctnrn sm`hha `nngt. Tcrjnejn jcm`tnrs uitdnùwnaikbt (hhe nne hejnrn drcnp dndnvne) ne vnrùizne zik, jhewcrjt dnsprcbne vhe nne phtriacbhan wccerndna ne has jn zcces ie nne hejnrn drcnpietrcuwne, wcrjt vhe fhtriacbhaitnit dnsprcbne. Has jn nrgcpvcadied jn fcnjnrsonehjrubt (jus; jn biejnrne nrvne fhtnriâan ne iffhtnriâan dcnjnrne vccrha vhe`hhr), `nnt jn crdheishtin fhtriaienhir. Has `nt kuist jn vhjnr is jin jn ehjrub

brikdt, is nr sprhbn vhe nne phtriaienhirn crdheishtin. Aienhritnit sthht cvnridnes iepriemipn acs vhe acmhaitnitrndnas=. @uis`cujnes vhe éée cg nebnan ghfiains vcrfneshfne nne jcrp, zc dcnj has nne ghfiain cvnr nebnan enjnrznttiedne vnrsprnij bhezike. Jn acyhaitnit vhe jn anjne aidt prifhir oik jn ghfiain ”nr zike dnvhaane onsm`rn-vne whhroik jn anjne vhe nne ghfiain fnt jrcdn cdne tcnbnbne `cn fnjnjcrpnaie-dne vhe nne hejnrn ghfiain wnrjne dnsahm`t. Whhb ecd zike ghfiains dncrdheisnnrjie drctnrn (nvnennes nxcdhfn) nne`njne, jin jccr ntecacdne ‐fcintins’ dnecnfj: wcrjne. ]cffidn ghfiains bueene onahedrikbnr zike jhe hejnrn. Ie encaitìsm`nshfneanviedne zike jn vnrsmìaane fnnstha banie, zchas nr trcuwnes wnieid vnrsmìa-ane zike cp tn fnrbne vccroik jn ohshan hronijsjnaied. n onjnebne vhat jht `nt

stnnjs cvnr ontrnbbnaikb banien drcnpne fnesne dhht. Nne ghfiain onsthht acbhha uitnne banie hhetha ùis`cujnes, nne jcrp `nngt fcdnaikb `cejnrj cg twnn`cejnrjiewcenrs, nne fcinty bhe ceniejid smìkene, fhhr is znnr wna hgtnaohhr drcct.

Oik `nt onsm`rikvne vhe nne shfneanvied wcrjt dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe `nt on-drippnephhr rca-sthtus. ‐]thtus’ is sifpnawnd ‐scmihan pcsitin’ zýejnr jn ie ceznshfneanvied dnoruibnaikbn mceecthtin vhe hhezine cg prnstidn; ‐vhjnr’, ‐ghfiain-`ccgj’, ‐kcedstn jcm`tnr’ zike sthtussne zýejnr vnna `cdnr cg ahdnr. Nne ‐rca’ is `ntdnjrhd jht oik nne sthtus on`ccrt, fnt has vccronnaj ‐jn wnjuwn vnrvuajn jn rcavhe ghfiain`ccgj’2 ib dnoruib ainvnr `nt wccrj `hoitus , cfjht jht ontnr hhednngtjht `nt oik nne sthtus on`crnej dnjrhd vccr `nt cvnrdrctn jnna vnrieenraikbt, ceon-

wust ne hutcfhtism` dnwcrjne is (Ocurjinu 894?). Wnna sthtussne ie encaitìsm`n



=<

shfneanviedne vhaane hutcfhtism` tcn. Nne biej wcrjt (zik nt eh ieitihtin) vheznag kcednaied, jhe nm`tdnec(c)t(n)/cujnr, ne hhe `nt niejn ghfiain-cujstn, ne nab biejjccraccpt has `nt tikj vhe anvne `nngt jnznagjn snqunetin (‑tcndnsm`rnvne sthtus-sne‖). Is jn shfneanvied scmihha mcfpanxnr jhe nne acssn vnrzhfnaied ghfiains, jhezike scffidn biejnrne vccronstnfj ccit jcrps- cg shfneanviedsanij(st)nr tn wcr-

jne, tnrwika hejnrn biejnrne, `cn ondhhgj ccb, jht eccit zuaane onrnibne. Ie `ntnnrstn dnvha is jn shfneanvied ‐ndhaithir’, ie nt twnnjn ‑ìârhrmìsm`‖, nr zike pcsi-tins jin strumturnna eint vccr injnrnne tcndhebnaikb zike. Hhe jn hejnrn bhet bue-ene nvnetunan vhhrjid`njne nne spnmihan sthtus cpanvnrne (‑vnrwcrvne sthtus‖),ccb ie ndhaithirn shfneanviedne; nne dcnjn khdnr, nne onbwhfn fnjimikevrcuw.

Zcndnsm`rnvne sthtus; ‐dnsahm`t’

Ohshha vccr `nt guemticenrne vhe nne shfneanvied is jn hronijsjnaied ehhr dn-sahm`t, jn rcaane (‐`hoitussne’) vhe vcawhssne fheene ne vrcuwne ie jn prcjumtinne rnprcjumtin. Jin twnnjnaied is nr ie haan shfneanviedne, ha is jn jngieitin vhe‐vrcuwnaikbn’ ne ‐fheenaikbn’ thbne, jn ievuaaied nrvhe scmihha onphhaj (uit ìstc-rism` dndrcnijn dnwccetn) ne jhhrjccr vhe shfneanvied tct shfneanvied vnrsmìa-anej. [cejnr zim`t cp jin ievuaaied bhe wnieid zieeids dnzndj wcrjne cvnr jnscmihan crdheishtin vhe nne shfneanvied. Cejnrzcnb vhe drhgvnajne anvnrt ehhrvnanr fneied ìnrvccr cvnrtuidnej fhtnrihha. ]bnanttne bueene oicfntrism` has‐vrcuwnaikb’ cg ‐fheenaikb’ dnsnbst wcrjne. Nne nnrstn prcoannf cetsthht nm`tnrhas jn sbnanttne cpdnacst zike ie `nt drcejwhtnr, zchas ie Nasacc ne Einjnrfnrz.

Haanne jn cpdrhvied ie Gacfocre `nngt sbnanttne cpdnanvnrj ”jin cpdrhvied whsie 89<=, fhhr ie 8979, `nt khhr vhe puoaimhtin, whrne nr ecd sanm`ts =< cvnr vccrjntnrfiehtin, jn rnst whs spccraccs. Nne twnnjn prcoannf is jht znags has jn sbnant-tne rnjnaikb onwhhrj zike dnoanvne, `nt oicfntrism` snbsne eint zcejnr prcoanfneis; oik cehg`hebnaikbn hehaysn oaikbne vnrsmìaane scfs tct =<% ie jn tcnwikziedne(]`neehe 894>2 Tnaiejnr 89092 \hebcwsbè ?<<0). Wnna onahedrikbnr is nm`tnr jhtfnesne scmihha guemticenrne ie nne shfneanvied, wnaiswhhr vhhb fhhr eint hatikj iecvnrnnestnffied fnt ùe oicacdism`n hheand. Hfhzcens cg fhevrcuwne, vrcuw-fheene, trhvnstintne vcrfne jn onbnejstn mhtndcrinâe jin (vccr zcvnr onsm`rn-vne) vcadnes ùe (scmihan) `hoitus wcrjne ondrhvne (Bêstenr 8994). @ntznagjndnajt vccr jn mhtndcrin anngtikj; ccb jin is scmihha onphhaj; scffidne on`crne tct`nt niejn vhe ùe anvne tct jn mhtndcrin ‐vcawhssne fhe/vrcuw’, tnrwika hejnrne

vnan khrne has ‐cujnrne’ jinest jcne. Fnt hejnrn wccrjne; oicfntrism`n jntnrfi-ehtin vhe sbnanttne dnngt `ccduit nne iejimhtin, dnne uitsauitsna cvnr dnsahm`t cganngtikj vhe jn cvnranjnen (vda. ]cghnr Jnrnvnesbi 8994).

Jht zc zikejn, aikbt nne onehjnried cvnr jn ocnd vhe jn drhgoikdigtne fnnr on-acvnej jhe jn oicfntrin, cfjht jnzn digtne vccrha dnbcppnaj zuaane zike hhe jnahhtstn rca vhe jn ondrhvnen (Whe Dneenp 89<9). Ie `nt Nasaccâr drhgvnaj zike ie49 vhe jn 88? drhvne oikdigtne hhedntrcggne, ie Einjnrfnrz ie 4< vhe jn 88? drh-vne ne ie Gacfocre uit :9 vhe jn 0> onsmìbohhr (hona 8). @nt sprnnbt vheznagjht zcwna ie jn drhvne zcejnr hrm`ncacdism` zim`tohrn oikdigtne, has vhe jin whhriejnzn wéa hhedntrcggne wnrjne, ccit vccrwnrpne vhe hgornnbohhr cg crdheism` fh-

tnrihha hhewnzid dnwnnst bueene zike. [c rhppcrtnrne jn onrdnrs vhe jn vnrfcnjn-aikbn drhgoikdigtne ie @caacden-hux-\inrrns (oik Auib ie Onadiâ) ie jn jccr `ne cp-



=8

dndrhvne AOB-orhejbuia jn rnstne vhe nne tnene fhej dnzine tn noone ne fnajtjn cpdrhvnr vhe vnrsmìaanejn drctn AOB-drhgvnajne ie Oninrne ie scffidn drhvne

vhrbnes- cg wiajsm`nebnas tn `noone dnvcejne (rnsp. ìssn nt ha . 89>?2 Einsznry899>). Fnnr ie `nt hadnfnne; vccrwnrpne vhe crdheism` fhtnrihha (`cut, pahet-hhrjidn ne jinraikbn vnznas) dnocrdne uit jn cejnrstn vuaaied vhe whtnrputtne `no-one dnecndzhhf juijnaikb dnfhhbt jht jn fhtnriâan muatuur vhe jn AOB vééa fnnrcfvhttn jhe stnene dnrnnjsm`hp ne pcttne (oikv. Tnienr 89902 Naourd ?<8<).

nr zhbn. Hadnfnne wcrjt hhednecfne jht pikapuetne has juijnaikbn stcnr-`nijsyfocane ccgjzhbnaikb cg znags uitsauitnej ie fheenedrhvne vccrbcfne. Hasjht whhr is, jhe zike jn hejnrn vccrwnrpne ie jn zc dnbnefnrbtn drhvne nvnennesiejimhtcrne vccr fheenaikbn `hoitussne (has nr ha vnrsmìa dnfhhbt wcrjt). Ie jnAOB-hrm`ncacdin is jht fiejnr sifpna. Ie Gacfocre zike pikapuetne dnvcejne ie

zns drhvne2 twnn vhe jn oikon`crnejn sbnanttne zike nvnewna vnracrne dndhhe, ééedrhg is ie onahedrikbn fhtn vnrstccrj, twnn vhe jnzn zns drhvne zike vhe biejnrne nenr is fhhr éée drhg fnt nne (oicfntrism`) vcawhssne fheenaikb sbnant. @nt is dnnehrdufnet tndne jn vuistrndna jus, fhhr fnnr ccb eint. [c zike ie Nasacc vhe jnjnrtine drhvne fnt pikapuetne nr fiestnes jrin whhr jn aiddied vhe jnzn whpnejn-ane nnrjnr hhe jn dnvcadne vhe jhe hhe jn ietnetins tct dnvnm`ts`hejnaiedne jcnejnebne. Fnrb cvnridnes cp jht jn banien hhethaane drhvne fnt pikapuetne cp zim`ha `nt onahed vhe jnzn iejimhtcr rnahtivnnrt (8= pikapuet-‐fheene’ drhvne cp 88?ie Nasacc, ?= cp 88? ie Einjnrfnrz, ne 7 cp 0> ie Gacfocre).

Wccr jn `nrbneeied vhe vrcuwnedrhvne is eint nne vnrdnaikbohrn vuistrndna on-

smìbohhr, fhhr bhe cp iejirnmtn wikzn dnzcm`t wcrjne ehhr iejimhtcrne. Jn vccrjn shfneanvied ohshan vnrneidied vhe fheenaikbn ne vrcuwnaikbn hronij jin zikescmihan uitjrubbied viejt ie `nt ùwnaikb wcrjt ie drhgvnajne fcdnaikb wnnrspin-dnaj ie nt dnphhrj vccrbcfne vhe drhvne. Has stnasnafhtid drhgphrne cptrnjne jincejnraied nne banienrn hgsthej `noone jhe nab nrvhe tct neid hejnr drhg, fhd fc-dnaikb hhe nm`tphrne dnjhm`t wcrjne. @nngt éée vhe jn phrtenrdrhvne nne ‐fhe-enaikbn’ ievnethris, jhe aidt `nt vccr jn `hej jn ievnethris vhe `nt hejnrn drhg has‐vrcuwnaikb’ tn juijne. hona ? dnngt jn uit jn mc÷rjiehtne vhe jn drhvne onrnbne-jn cejnraiedn hgsthejne, ne jin tussne jn drhvne jin wnjnrzikjs jim`tnr oik nabhhraiddne jhe oik hejnrn drhvne. Cp jin wikzn zike vccr jn drhgvnajne vhe Nasacc neGacfocre jn iejimhtcrne vccr jn dnsahm`tne tn onphane. Jn drhvne ie Einjnrfnrz

hhetha mhtnd. Gacfocre Einjnrfnrz Nasacc

7 - 8 ?

> - ? -

: - 8< 4

= > 88 8<

? 8< 9 84

8 =< 89 =?

dnne :< 7< ::

hhetha drhvne 0> 88? 88?

Zhona 8; Hhethaane sccrtne vccrwnrpne oikdndnvne ie jn

jrin drhgvnajne



=?

anvnrne dnne nnejuijidn hhewikziedne; vrcuwnedrhvne aikbne zim` jhhr eint hg tnzcejnrne, vccrha cfjht ccb fheenaikbn ievnethrissne eint dcnj tn onphane zike.

Eh vnrjnrn hehaysn vhe jn hsscmihtins> rnsuatnnrt hona = whhrie jn vnrjnaied iswnnrdndnvne cvnr ‐fheenaikbn’ ne ‐vrcuwnaikbn’ oikznttiedne vhe jn vnrsmìaanejn(mhtndcrinâe) drhgdigtne ie jn jrin ìnr onsprcbne drhgvnajne. Cpfnrbnaikb is jhtnr bahhroaikbnaikb acbhha vnrsmìaanejn cpvhttiedne whrne cvnr wht jn cvnranjnenetcnbwhf. [c brndne fheene ie Einjnrfnrz rcjn cbnr fnn ie `nt drhg, tnrwika

jht hhe vrcuwne vccron`cujne whs ie Nasacc, whhr zik ccb jn fnnstn wrikgstn-ene/phanttne fnnbrndne. Ie jn twnn hejnrn drhgvnajne diedne wrikgstnene fie cgfnnr dnaikb-cp ehhr onijn dnsahm`tne. Baiedne (cejnrjnna vhe vuursahdne) diedneie Nasacc ehhr fheene-, ie Einjnrfnrz ehhr vrcuwnedrhvne. @cdn jissnas bwh-fne vccrha fhhr eint uitsauitnej ie fheenedrhvne tnrnm`t ie jnzn jrin drhgvna-jne. Jn pahttn jissnas (whhrfnn ie ha`nif zc nggnmting nebnan dnzieene zike hgdn-fhhbt2 Thà & B÷eid 8904) bwhfne fcdnaikb haanne ie fheenedrhvne vccr ieGacfocre ne Einjnrfnrz, ie Nasacc nm`tnr ccb ie vrcuwnedrhvne.

Fnnr hadnfnne (ne ìnrie aidt fcdnaikb ccb jn ccrzhhb vccr jn vnan uitzce-jnriedne cp jn ‐rndnas’) bhe dnstnaj wcrjne jht pnr oikznttied nne bnuzn vhe drhg-

digtne uit nne dnsahm`tspnmiginbn drcnp oikdigtne paus nne bnuzn uit nne hadnfnen

Gacfocre Einjnrfnrz Nasacc

jc 6 dnfijjnajn hgsthej ?.?=f ?.94f ?.4>f

jn 6 vnrwhm`tn hgsthej 8.4=f ?.74f ?.74f

_ 6 jc /j

n8.?9 8.8> 8.<=

hhetha drhvne 0> 88? 88?

hhetha phrne ?8 =: =8

j (oieene phrne) 8.7f ?.7f ?.8f


f g x f g x f g x

vnrsinrj hhrjwnrb 8< 0 8? 8: 0 87 8> 8: 0

jibwhejid hw. > = 8 0 = 8? 84 88 4

rcjn cbnr 8 8 8 8= 8 = ? 8> -

wrikgstnene 8 : ? > ? : - 8? -

pikapuetne > 8 - ?? 8 - 8< - -

vst. baiedne - - = 8? 8 : 4 8? 8

`cdn jissnas 9 ? - 9 = ? 87 8 -

pahttn jissnas > - 8 80 - - 4 4 8

drhvne fnt oikdigt 89 8? 80 =< 87 ?> =0 =: 84

zcejnr oikdigt =7 :8 ==

Zhona ?; Jn phrhfntnrs vhe ehhstn-ourne-hehaysns vhe jn mc÷rji-

ehtne vhe jn drhvne

Zhona =; Jn vnrjnaied vhe jn sccrtne oikdigtne cvnr jn dnsahm`tne. x; oikdigtneie eint-tcnwiksohrn drhvne



==

vnrzhfnaied dnfhhbt wnrj. Cfjht uitdnzcejnrj pikaspitsne, jn dnsahm`tspnmiginbnmhtndcrinâe vhe pahhts tct pahhts vnrsmìajne, is nt cefcdnaikb tcnwikziedne jin ie`nt nen drhgvnaj rnjnaikb juijnaikb zike, ccb ie nne hejnr drhgvnaj tcn tn phssne. Iejn hadnfnen drcnp vhat vccrha `nt hhrjnwnrb cp. @nt is ie jn drhvne stnnjs ie jncefijjnaaikbn ehoik`nij vhe nt `ccgj dnpahhtst. Nr fhd wcrjne vnrcejnrstnaj jht

`nt vcnjsna vccr Jn Drctn _nis onvht `nngt, vhejhhr ccb jn vnrcejnrstnaaied jhtjn ie Oninrne whhrdnecfne vannsrnstne nne ie jn AOB fcdnaikb wikjnr vnrornijgnecfnne whrne. Ie jit vnrohej sm`rikgt Whe Dneenp (89<9; 8>=-8>:); ‑... jnehonsthhejne rustne `nf Rjn ondrhvnenV uit fnt haan eccjzhbnaikbn vccrwnrpnezcwna vhe prcghen has fhdism`-rnaidinuzn hhrj jin nf nne vniaidn rnis ne nne dcnjncetvhedst onzcrdne bueene, zchas zn ccb nne dnwcen rnizidnr zcujne jcne‖.

Dnthasfhtid zike jn vnrjnaiedne cvnr jn dnsahm`tne (on`havn ie Einjnrfnrz)eint stnrb hgwikbnej vhe jn vnrwhm`tied. Has `nt drhgritunna eint nne snanmtinvnvccrbnur ehhr dnsahm`t ie`cujt, zike ie encaitìsm`n drhgpcpuahtins cednvnnr =<%fheenaikbn, ne =<% vrcuwnaikbn oikznttiedne tn vnrwhm`tne (ccb =<% biejnrne,

ne 8<% cujnrne), wht vccr Nasacc ne Einjnrfnrz cednvnnr =< tct => drhvnevccr nab vhe onijn dnsahm`tne zcu ontnbnene, ne vccr Gacfocre cednvnnr ?>. Jnhhethaane tcndnwnzne drhvne ie jn thona bueene dnfhbbnaikb tct jn vnrwhm`tiedhhednvuaj wcrjne uit jn eint-onphhaohrn, fnt ‐x’ dnfnrbtn drhvne2 vccr Nasacc zcunne jnrdnaikbn nxnrmitin cvnrocjid zike.

Nne hadnfnen, cp jn AOB-shfneanviedne hm`tnr jn drhgvnajne ontrnbbied no-onejn mcemausin bhe zike, jht `ccdstwhhrsmìkeaikb ie ùe jhdnaikbsn anvne nnewnieid uitdnsprcbne hronijsjnaied onstcej cfjht ie jn oikdigtne `nt fhe/vrcuw-cejnrsm`nij zcwna wnieid onehjrubt has wissnanej iednvuaj is.

Zcndnsm`rnvne sthtus; ‐anngtikj’

Jn twnnjn onahedrikbn scmihan jifnesin ie jn onsm`rikvied vhe encaitìsm`n shfne-anviedne is anngtikj, cpeinuw cpdnvht has scmihan mhtndcrin, eint has bhanejnranngtikj;scffidn fnesne fnt `ntznagjn dnoccrtnkhhr bueene ie vnrsmìaanejn bahssne vha-ane (]cghnr Jnrnvnesbi 8994). Fnnstha is aheds jnzn hs sprhbn vhe jn jrinjnaiedbiejnrne‚vcawhssnene--cujnrne. Biejnrne zike jn drcnp tussne dnoccrtn ne iei-tihtin cg ùwnaikb, vcawhssnene tussne ùwnaikb ne cujnrjcf cejnrvnrjnnaj ehhrdnsahm`t, tnrwika cujnrne cvnr `nt hadnfnne pnrscene cujnr jhe :< cg >< khhrzike, vccroik jn rnprcjumtinvn anngtikj tct ùe anvnesniejn. Jn mhtndcrinâe biej/

vcawhssnen/cujstn zike ueivnrsnna, jn drnezne nrtussne vnrsmìaane vhe shfnean-vied tct shfneanvied. Mcemnptunna vcrfne jn ondrhvnene nne vinrjn mhtndcrin,jn Wccrcujnrs2 vhejhhr `nt vccr jn tcntrnjied tct jin drcnp eccjzhbnaikbn jccr-dhedsritunna vhe jn ondrhgneis.

Cf fnt jn Biejnrmhtndcrin tn ondieene. ît `nt drhgvnaj vhe Gacfocre zikezns biejnrsbnanttne onwhhrj dnoanvne ne vinr jhhrvhe `hjjne pctsm`nrvne has oik-digt fnndnbrndne. Jhhrehhst whrne nr scfs ccb dnsahm`tsiejimhtcrne (?x `cdnjissnas, ?x pikapuetne, 8x wrikgstnne). Ie jhtznagjn drhgvnaj whrne ecd zns hejnrndrhvne vnrdnznaj vhe sm`nrvne, vhe vinr ìnrvhe zike jn sbnanttne wnd, jn hejnrntwnn onvhttne has oicfntrism` ‐vrcuwnaikb’ dnsnbstn rnstne (éée fhha fhtur , éée

fhha fcdnaikb vrcuwnaikb) ”fissmìne zike sm`nrvne jhhrcf has iejimhtcr eint vca-anjid ontrcuwohhr. ]infcenit (8994) mcesthtnnrt ie nne spnmihan stujin vhe bie-



=:

jnrdrhvne ie jn AOB, jht ccb najnrs rndnafhtid dnsahm`tsspnmiginbn oikdigtne iebiejnrdrhvne vccrbcfne, ne jht encehtne ne znnr kcedn biejnrne nnrjnr ie jnenjnrznttied jhe ie `nt drhgvnaj ondrhvne wnrjne. [ik ecnft nm`tnr dnne spnmihanwikznrs vccr biejnrdrhvne.

cm`, cejnr ‐ecrfhan’ cfsthejid`njne (dnne muaturnna-scmihan, cg nmcacdism`n

snanmtin) zcu cednvnnr =<% vhe nne drhgvnajpcpuahtin uit biejnrne bueene on-sthhe ne zns paus zns vnrcejnrstnajn biejnrdrhvne ie Gacfocre vnrtndnewccrjidnejhhr kuist jn `nagt vhe. Ie Einjnrfnrz wnrjne ie endne drhvne sm`nrvne (eint tct`nan pcttne shfne tn vcndne) dnvcejne, whhrvhe znvne ecd hejnrn oikdigtne `hj-jne (twnn fhha pikapuetne, vinr fhha baiedne, twnn fhha jissnas ne cpeinuw nnewrikgstnne). ]hfne fhbne zik eint nnes 8<% vhe jn pcpuahtin uit. Ie Nasacc nm`tnrwhrne ie ?> drhvne (oikeh nne bwhrt vhe `nt tcthha) sm`nrvne fnndndnvne whhrvhetwhhag fnt ecd hejnrn oikdigtne. Bahhroaikbnaikb wnrj ie jn AOB jn biejnrsthtuseint nrd ie jn (hrm`ncacdism` zim`tohrn) drhgdigtne tct uitjrubbied dnorhm`t. @ntgnit jht ie scffidn AOB-biejnrdrhvne ie `nt \hriksn Onbbne ne jn Nazhs (jht is ie

nne hejnrn drcnp vhe jn AOB jhe jn inr onsprcbne Eccrjwnst-AOB) rikbn vnrzh-fnaiedne sinrhjne hhedntrcggne zike, aikbt jnzn mcemausin tn cejnrstnuene. _ikbjcfvhe jn ghfiain whs (jhhr) onahedrikbnr jhe kcedn anngtikj (Knuenssn 8994).

Jhe jn mhtndcrin vhe jn Cujnrne. Fnt jn anngtikj stikdt infhejs sthtus nejhhrfnn `hhr/zike hhezine, hat`hes ie prnpcstfcjnren shfneanviedne. Ie banienrnshfneanviedne vcrfne jn cujstne vhe `nt jcrp nne hphrtn, vhhb ievacnjrikbndrcnp. ]pnmihan pcsitins/sthtussne wcrjne bwhaithting dnfhrbnnrj fnt sthtusiesid-ens jhe wna bwhetithting fnt fnnr vccrwnrpne, ne jn vnrwhm`tied is jnr`havnjht jn rnahting `cdn sthtus jin cujnrne ie encaitìsm`n shfneanviedne `noone, ie`nt AOB-drhgritunna fnt oikzcejnrn jhe wna fnnr oikdigtne ontnbnej wnrjne. Jit

uitnrhhrj jccr jn ehonsthhejne. Eint jn jcjne zéag, fhhr jn cfsthejnrs vnrzcrd-jne jn uitvhhrt, fnt ùe nidne nxtrhritunan jcnastnaaiedne ne strhtndinâe. Ie hona8 is `nt hhetha sccrtne oikdigtne ie jn drhvne vhe jn jrin drhgvnajne wnnrdndnvne.Jhhruit oaikbt nne pirhfijnhm`tidn cpocuw ie haan jrin drhvne fnt fnnr sccrtneoikdigtne zike banienr ie hhetha jhe fiejnronjnnajn. Ie jin vnrjnaiedne is dnnejismcetieuãtnit cg cejnrvnrjnaied zim`tohhr; nr is dnne dnstrhtigimnnrjn cg ìârhr-mìsm`n cpocuw. ]pnmihan drcnpne zike zc eint tn cejnrsm`nijne. Jus aikbt `ntcewhhrsmìkeaikb jht nne mhtndcrin ‐cujstne’ spnmihha dnfhrbnnrj is ie jn oikdigtne.@nt aidt ie jn aike vhe jn vnrwhm`tied jht jn rikbnrn drhvne vhe cujnrne zike cfjhtnne `cdnrn anngtikj iffnrs nne `cdnrn sthtus ifpaimnnrt. Jnznagjn mcemausin vcadt

uit hona :, whhrie eint jn hhethaane sccrtne, fhhr jn hhethaane hgzcejnraikbn vccr-wnrpne ie jn drhvne zike wnnrdndnvne. Fnt jn ecjidn sahdne cf jn hrf vhewndnhrm`ncacdism` cezim`tohrn oikdigtne dnfhhbt vhe vnrdhebnaikbn fhtnrihane aikbt ntjht vccr jn vnrcejnrstnajn drcnp ‐cujstne’ nvnefie has vccr ‐biejnrne’ spnmihaniejimhtcrne ie `nt AOB-drhgritunna dn`hetnnrj wnrjne jht jit jus dnne spnmihanjuijnaikb dnfhrbnnrjn sthtussne whrne.

Jit anijt tct jnznagjn mcemausin has ìnrvccr tne hhezine vhe nne hronijsjnaiedehhr dnsahm`t; cujstne ecm` biejnrne vnrvuajne nne juijnaikb vhe jn vcawhssnenevnrsmìaanejn rca ie `nt nmcecfism`-scmihan hronijsprcmns. [ik wnrjne ehuwnaikbscg eint oikzcejnr dnfhrbnnrj jccr `nt drhgritunna.



=>

Wnrwcrvne sthtus; spnmihaisfne

Jn hhe jn jcjne fnndndnvne vccrwnrpne bueene dnzine wcrjne has vnrwikzie-dne ehhr ùe prn-fcrthan onsthhe, tndnaikb nne vccrhgspindnaied vhe `nt onsthheeh jn jccj (Whe Dneenp 89<9). Tin ìnr ne eu nne `cutseikjnr is, is jhhr nestrhbs ecd stnnjs nne `cutseikjnr. Jn ectne oik hona : dnvne ha nebnan iejimhtc-rne vhe oikzcejnrn `hoitussne. Jn ‐drctn’ `cnvnna`nij orcbbne `nfhtint (cbnr) iejht nen drhg ie Gacfocre wikst wnaaim`t7 cp nne fnjimikefhe/vrcuw, cg ie injnrdnvha cp infhej fnt jn mceenmtins jin tcndhed vnrsm`hgtne tct jnzn spnmihan stcg.Jn vnan baiedne ie éée drhg ie Einjnrfnrz wcrjne jccr jn cpdrhhgstnr dnjuij has

vnrwikzied ehhr nne vuurstnnespnmihaist, zchas jn ?< pikapuetne ie jht hejnrn drhgie Einjnrfnrz ie 890= dnanzne wnrjne has wikznej cp nne khdnr (Jc`re-I`fid890=), ne tndnewccrjid bhe `nt, eh cejnr hejnrn vcejstne oik ha`nif, Hsphre,cg Bñmb`cvne (Thà ?<<42 nsmànr-Eimcah nt ha. ?<<72 Tnienr 8990), wnaaim`tnnrjnr dnzine wcrjne has uitied vhe brikdszum`t.

hona > wnrj shfnednstnaj tnr vnrdnaikbied vhe jn spnmihaisfne ie jn jrin drhg-vnajne, vccrha fnt `nt ccd cp cetwibbnaiedne jccr jn tikj. Tht cpvhat, is jht `nthhetha fnndndnvne pcttne vrikwna mcesthet is, fnt vnrdnaikbohrn drcctstn hhethaanepnr drhg. Jn hhethaane pctsm`nrvne vhriârne ecdha, fhhr uit vnajprcnvne oaikbt jht`nt bhpct dccine vhe pcttne ecdha wiaanbnurid vnraccpt, zcjht hhe jnzn dnthaane

eint tn vnna ontnbneis fhd wcrjne dn`nm`t, znbnr has sm`nrvne biejnrdrhvne hhe-juijne, zchas ìnrvccr dnsuddnrnnrj. @nt nnrjnr dnecnfjn rikbnaikb vhe `nfhtint-orcbbne vccrzinen drhg ie Gacfocre is neid ie jit `nan onsthej. @nt vhat cp jht ieNasacc kuist mrnfhtins fnnr cbnr fnnbrndne jhe jn hejnrn oikznttiedne. \ikapuetnezike ie Gacfocre znajzhhf, ne bcfne jhe sphhrzhhf vccr. Née pnr drhg whs vca-jcnejn. Ie onijn ahtnrn drhgvnajne is zcwna ue hhetha has nt hhetha drhvne whhrie,hhezineaikb tcndnecfne, vccrha ie Einjnrfnrz. Ouitne `nt nen drhg fnt twietidprcknmtinapuetne, zike nr éée drhg fnt nag, ne twnn drhvne fnt vikg ne twnn fntvinr spitsne nab ne ie Nasacc zike nr vinr drhvne fnt nne ocvnednfijjnaj hhethapikane; éée drhg fnt zns ne éée fnt vinr, ne twnn drhvne fnt jrin vhe jnzn whpne-bcppne hhedntrcggne. Baiedne `noone nne fnrbwhhrjidn vnrjnaied; ie Gacfocre

vccrwnrpne Gacfocre Einjnrfnrz Nasacc

5?< 8 (h) = (o) <

8>-89 < 8 ?

8<-8: 7 > <

4-9 ? 4 4

>-7 : 9 8<

=-: 7 88 84

8-? ?7 87 =?

< :< 7< ::

0> 88? 88?

Zhona :; Jn hhethaane vccrwnrpne/drhikdigtne pnr drhg.

(h) vhewndn 89 orcbkns rcjn cbnr2 (o) vhewndn rnsp. =>

vnrsinrjn sm`nrvne2 =: baiedne2 ?< pikapuetne



=7

`ccduit nne nebnan baied pnr drhg, ie Einjnrfnrz spriedne jrin drhvne nruit fntrnsp. =0, >, ne > baiedne, cvnridn drhvne jhhr `ccduit twnn. Ie Nasacc nm`tnr aikbne

baiedne nne sccrt sthejhhrjsnt tn vcrfne, cfjht ie jn `nagt vhe jn drhvne fntbaiedne nr twnn tct vinr shfne (ùapstubbne oik vuurfhbne) vccrbcfne. [cu jusie Einjnrfnrz `nt ‐onzit’ vhe nne baied cp vuurstnnesfnjnrik onrustne, ie Nasacc`crne zik fcdnaikb tct jn \nrscceaikbn ]thejhhrj îtrustied vhe jn fheenaikbn,dnfijjnajn Ohejbnrhfinbnr. Trikgstnene cg phanttne vccr `nt hgsaikpne cg vnrpua-vnrne vhe cbnrbecaane vnrtcene ehuwnaikbs vhrihtin ie vccrbcfne ie jn accp vhejn tikj.

Cp jinznagjn wikzn bhe `nt vccrbcfne vhe jissnas ie jn drhvne wcrjne dnheh-aysnnrj. Ie Gacfocre wnrj `ccduit éée jissna dnspnejnnrj hhe `nt drhgritunna. IeEinjnrfnrz brndne znvne oikznttiedne twnn cg fnnr vhe jnzn dnrnnjsm`hppne tct

nne fhxifuf vhe vinr tnrwika ie Nasacc vikg oikznttiedne twnn cg jrin jissnas onvht-tne. Ie jn fnnrvcujidn dnvhaane zike jn typne vnrsmìaanej, whhrfnn vnrsmìaanejndnoruibsjcnaniejne dnsuddnrnnrj wcrjne (Jc`re-I`fid 890<2 _hffiednr ?<<9)ne jhhrfnn spnmihaistne.

Jn drctnrn hhethaane vccrwnrpne vhe éée mhtndcrin ie scffidn drhvne aikbne‐spnmihan/spnmihaistne’ `hoitussne tn onehjrubbne, nnrjnr jhe nne nquivhanet vhecezn ‐wnadnstnajne’. Iffnrs, haan dnecnfjn spnmihan drhgie`cujne on`crne tct jnfijjnedrcnpne quh hhethaane cvnridn vccrwnrpne cg mhtndcrinâe ne eint tct jnrikbstn drhvne ie ùe rnspnmtinvn drhgvnajne.

Dn`nna ie aike fnt jn vccrdhhejn snmtins wikst `nt banien hhetha (`nrbneoh-

rn) spnmihaistne ie jnzn drhgvnajne cp nne ‐fheuskn-vhe-haans bhrhbtnr’ vhe injnrs`hejnane ne bueene, cp nne zwhbbn rcajiggnrnetihtin ie jn tcnefhaidn AOB-dn-fnnesm`hppne. Jht nr jhe tým` nebnane uitspriedne, fcnt ontnbnene jht jit znnruitzcejnraikbn ainjne dnwnnst zike, wieehhrs vhe jn prix j’nxmnaanemn ie ùe tikj-vhe-anvne. Nr aikbt wnieid strumturnna hhe ùe vccrbcfne, has tn vnrwhm`tne iendhaithirn shfneanviedne. Cvnridnes, dnzine `nt stnnbprcng-bhrhbtnr vhe jn ìnronsm`rnvne drhgvnajne, fcnt `nt hhetha spnmihaistne ie jn ontrnggnejn shfneanvie-dne cednvnnr tine fhha zc drcct zike dnwnnst.


drhvne fhx dnfijjnaj drhvne fhx dnfijjnaj drhvne fhx dnfijjnaj

pcttne 80 = 8.: :< : 8.7 =? : 8.:

sm`nrvne 87 8? 7.< 87 => 4.= => 89 =.>

cbnr = 89 4.< 8? 8 8.< 80 ? 8.?

pikapuetne 7 8 8.< ?: ?< =.? 8= 7 ?.?

baiedne = 8 8.< 89 =0 =.4 8> : 8.9

wrikgstnene 7 8 8.< 9 8 8.< 8: 8 8.<

jissnas 84 8 8.< =? : 8.= == = 8.?

Zhona >; Hhethaane drhvne pnr sccrt oikdigt fnt `nt fhxifuf ne `nt dnfijjnajn hhetha pnr

drhg



=4

]cmihan crdheishtin; drcnpne ne drcnpsvnrohejne

Nnrjnr ie jnzn tnbst is dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe jn hgsthejne tussne drhvne vccr `ntcpspcrne vhe fcdnaikbn fhe-vrcuw mcfoiehtins, cg ontnr, vhe ùwnaikbne has jnfcanmuane vhe jn scmihan crdheishtin. Hgsthejne bueene ccb wcrjne dnoruibt cfdrcnpnriedne vhe drhvne hhe tn wikzne; oieene drcnpne zike jn cejnraiedn hgsthe-jne banienr jhe tussne jn drcnpne. Cp jin ohsis zike ie nab vhe jn ìnr onsprcbnedrhgvnajne jrin cg vinr drcnpne hhe tn wikzne; vinr ie Nasacc ne Gacfocre, ne jrin(cg fissmìne vinr) ie Einjnrfnrz2 jn drcnpne zike wnnrdndnvne cp jn pahttndrce-jne (gid. 8-=).

Jn cpdrhhgstnr vhe jn Einjnrfnrz vnrjnnat nt tnrrnie ie twnn drhgdrcnpne, nneeccrjnaikbn ne nne zuijnaikbn (Jc`re-I`fid 890=)2 jn drnes tussne jnzn vhat sh-fne fnt jn inr vccrdnstnajn tussne jn EC-drcnp ne jn rnst ie gid. ?. Cejuijnaikbis ie `hhr tnbst, whhrcp jn iejnaied dnohsnnrj is; cp vnrsmìaane ie drhgie`cujnecg cp hgsthejne. @nt rnbneprcdrhffh jht hhe jn ohsis sthht vhe gid. ? dnngt nnejrinjnaied vhe Jc`re-I`fid’s zuijnaikbn drcnp ie nne zuijnaikbn-, nne zuijwnstn-aikbn- ne nne wnstnaikbn drcnp. Wisunna is vccrha jn sm`nijied tussne jn zuijnaikbn nezuijwnstnaikbn drcnp eint nrd cvnrtuidnej, ha wcrjt jhhrfnn wéa jn vnruit drcctstndrcnp ie jit drhgvnaj (>< drhvne, oikeh jn `nagt) dnspaitst ie ehhr hhethaane ontnrcvnrnnebcfnejn nne`njne (?: drhvne ie jn zuijnaikbn drcnp, ?7 ie jn zuijwns-tnaikbn drcnp). Nne t`ncrntism` hrdufnet vccr nne vinrjnaied zcu ie jn ntecacdindnvcejne bueene wcrjne (Haane nt ha. ?<<0). @inr wcrjt nne jnaied vhe twnn hhetwnn drcnpne has ohshan fnesnaikbn scmihan strumtuur vccrdnstnaj. Jnzn vccrhasecdjuoinuzn spaitsied vhe jn zuijnaikbn drcnp is fnt nne stippnaaike hhedndnvne ie gid.?.

Gid. 8; ]m`ntspahndrcej vhe `nt AOB-drhgvnaj vhe Gacfocre (ehhr _im`tnr 8970/8979)



=0

[chas dnphhrjn drhvne vnrcejnrstnaj wcrjne ùwnaikbsn ohejne tn spindnane,zc wcrjne jnzn ruiftnaikb onphhajn drcnpne has jn zim`tohrn ennrsahd vhe drcn-pne ie jn cujn shfneanviedne dnzine, jn ocvnednecnfjn ghfiains/aienhdns. Ehhrhhethaane drhvne zcwna has ehhr jn `cnvnna`njne drhgdigtne zike jn drcnpne pnrdrhgvnaj vnrsmìaanej vhe ie`cuj ne cfvhed (hona 72 ie jnzn thona is `nt hhethavccrwnrpne iemausing jn spnmihaisfne, zcjht `nt hhetha sccrtne whhrsmìkeaikb nneontnr zim`t dnngt cp jn vnr`cujiedne). [c zike ie jn eccrjwnstnaikbn drcnp vhe ntNasaccâr drhgvnaj sanm`ts `hag zc vnna hrm`ncacdism` zim`tohrn oikdigtne dnjcennrjhas ie jn hejnrn drcnpne. Ccb ie Gacfocre zike jn vnrsmìaane tussne jn drcnpnedrcct. Jn vnrsmìaanejn ghfiains `hjjne bneenaikb vnrsmìaanejn cpvhttiedne cvnr,cg fcdnaikb`njne tct, nt fnndnvne vhe drhgievnethris. Ccb oaikbt uit jn thona, jht

ie `nt vrcndn drhgvnaj vnna fiejnr oikdigtne dnpahhtst zike jhe ie Einjnrfnrz cgNasacc. Jn wnavhhrt aikbt dhhejn jn tikj tcndnecfne ne jn fcdnaikb`njne tct sc-

Gid. ?; \ahndrcej vhe `nt AOB-drhgvnaj vhe Einjnrfnrz (ehhr Jc`re-I`fid 890=)



=9

Gid. =; \ahndrcej vhe `nt AOB-drhgvnaj vhe Nascc (ehhr Oriebhfe & Fcjjnrfhe 894<)

drcnp drhvne sccrtne vccrwnrpne jim`t`njne

NA-EC =0 >= 8?7 8.:/=.=

NA-[C 80 ?0 =4 8.7/?.8

NA-[T 80 ?> >4 8.:/=.8

NA-ET =0 =< := .0/8.8

Nasacc 88? 8=7 ?7= 8.?/?.=

EF-E :> :7 87: 8.</=.7

EF-T 80 80 =: 8.</8.9

EF-[ >< 7? 8:? 8.?/?.0

Einjnrfnrz 88= 8?7 =:< 8.8/=.<

GO-EC 8: 7 4 .:/.>

GO-[C ?? 8> =0 .4/8.4

GO-[T =: ?4 4? .0/?.8

GO-ET 8> 84 48 8.8/:.4

Gacfocre 0> 7> 800 .0/?.?

Zhona 7; @cnvnna`njne drhikdigtne pnr drhgdrcnp, ne jn jim`t`njne pnr drhg



:<

mihan jistiemtin fnnr oneut. Ie nne fieutinuzn hehaysn vhe snmuejhirn bnefnrbnevhe hhrjnwnrbvnrsinried, vhe jn vccrbnurne vccr typne vuurstnne ne jnrdnaikbnjnthias vhe jn drhgievnethrissne ie Einjnrfnrz bce @cynr (?<8<) drcnpkns drhvnevnroiejne fnt (jn ùispahhtsne vhe) ghfiains ie cfaiddnejn enjnrznttiedne.

Jn cejnraiedn rnahtins vhe ghfiains wcrjne ccb ie sm`rigtaczn shfneanviedne

syfocaism` ontnbnej (zchas ie cezn, ie hheand phtriaienhirn shfneanvied jn nm`tdn-ectn jn ehhf vhe `hhr phrtenr hheennft výýr jn nidne hm`tnrehhf) ne ie jn AOBha nvneznnr. @nt oaikbt jht nne onahedrikbn, strumturnrnejn vhrihonan vhe jn hhrjn-wnrbvnrsinried (jn murvi- jhe wna rnmtiaienhirn uitvcnried vhe jn `ccgjfctinvne)ie jit bhjnr phst. Thhr jn oikznttied vhe nne vrcuw vnrcejnrstnaj wcrjt, is `nthhrjnwnrb (iejine hhewnzid) `ntzik rnmtiaienhir, `ntzik murviaienhir vnrsinrj. Nm`tnrjn hatnrehtinvne bcfne eccit shfne vccr wheennr fnnr pcttne zike fnndndnvne.Ie fheenedrhvne nm`tnr, bcfne onijn vhhb dnzhfneaikb vccr `ntdnne wikst cpfhtriaienhritnit. Jn strumturne vhe twnn hgsthffiedne wcrjne iffnrs dnrngnrnnrjoik jn fhe. Nne phtriacbhan wccerndna bhe eint uit jn drhgdigtne hgdnanij wcrjne,

fhhr jns tn ontnr uit `nt enjnrznttiedshgvha (Whe jn Wnajn 8949). Iefijjnas is jitcp vccr jn fnnstne nne fnnrvnrtrcuwnewnbbnejnr fheinr dnjnnatnaikb onvnstidjjccr isctcpnehehaysn vhe `nt thejdahzuur uit AOB-oikznttiedne (oikv. \rimn nt ha. ?<<8, Onetany ?<<4, Aubns nt ha. z.k.).

Jhhrfnn is cvnridnes eint dnzndj jht nr vhewndn jn twnn hatnrehtinvn vnrsin-riedstrumturne sanm`ts twnn ghfiains whrne ie jn AOB. Ie jn ntecacdin wcrjt dnen-rhaisnrnej dnsprcbne cvnr fcintins , shfneanvieds`nagtne jin nne hhetha aienhdns/gh-fiains drcnpnrne. [chas vrikwna haan onbnejn scmihan crdheishtcrism`n nne`njne zikefcintins nvnennes nxcdhhf. Infhej ie jn nen fcinty dnocrne, jinet nne phrtenruit jn hejnrn tn vnrwnrvne. Ehhr fike vnrcejnrstnaaied, juijne jn murvi- ne rnm-

tiaienhirn uitvcnriedne vhe jn hhrjnwnrbvnrsinried nne jnrdnaikbn (fhtriaienhirn)fcinty strumtuur hhe. Jn hgzcejnraikbn ghfiains/aienhdns jin jn fcintins shfnestna-ane wcrjne fcdnaikb dnsyfocaisnnrj jccr jn fctinvne vhe jn vnrsinried; spirhane,juoonaspirhane, fnhejnrs, dcavne, zidzhddne nez., whhrvhe jn vnrjnaied cvnr jndrhvne (ne jn enjnrznttiedne) eint ondrnpne wcrjt. Cvnridnes zike nr wna pcdie-dne dnjhhe snmuejhirn pctvnrsinriedsfctinvne hhe wccepahhts ne hgsthffied tnbcppnane, fhhr jn rnsuathtne zike, `nahhs, onpnrbt (MahÓne ?<<72 @cynr ?<8<).

Jn ‐hhrjnwnrbfcintins’ acpne jwhrs jccr jn drhgdrcnpne jin ìnrocvne wnr-jne hhednjuij. Jhhruit aikbt tn vcadne jht jnzn fcintins dnne jnaied ie jn dncdrh-gism`n ruiftn vhe jn AOB vnrtndnewccrjidne (jcrps`nagtne, cg ints jnrdnaikbn).

Jhhrvccr is cvnridnes ie jn enjnrznttiedne nvnefie nne hhejuijied tn viejne.@nt whs nne mahssigimhtcrism` priemipn, whhrfnn jn vrcuwnaikbn hgsthffiedsaikenewnrjne iednjnnaj ne jn ùwnaikbsphrtenrbnuzn wnrj iednpnrbt. [c bce oikvccr-onnaj nne kcednfhe, fnt fcnjnr ie _-fcinty (anns; ‐rnmtiaienhir pctvnrsinrnejnfcint’ ), nne oruij zcnbne (jht wia znddne jht ìk jnzn jinet tn zcnbne) ie M-fcinty (‐murviaienhir pctvnrsinrnejn fcinty ’). Cfdnbnnrj bhe nne kcedn jhfn uit nne _-fcinty (jin vhewndn fhtriaienhritnit vhe jn fcnjnr ccb _ is), cejnr M-kcednaui`hhr oruijndcf zcnbne. Cvnridnes is `nt whhrsmìkeaikbnr (ha zuaane wn jht eccitwntne) jht jn M-ghfiain/aienhdn nne jnha sacct fnt jn _-ghfiain cejnr vnrwikziedehhr jn ahedonsthhejn trhjitin vhe cejnraiedn vnroietneissne, nnrjnr jhe ehhr jn

ontrnggnejn kcednainjne.



:8

Jismussin, shfnevhttied

ît jn hehaysn vhe jn ievnethrissne vhe jrin ie tikj nabhhr cpvcadnejn AOB-drhgvna-jne (Gacfocre, Einjnrfnrz, Nasacc) bcfne ndhaithirn shfneanviedne ehhr vcrne,fnt wnieid-dnjiggnrnetinnrjn rcavnrjnaied vccr fheene ne vrcuwne ne ha nvnefievccr vnrsmìaanejn anngtikjsbahssne. Tnaiswhhr zike nr vnrsmìaane tussne dnecnfjn

drcnpne, fhhr jin zike banie ne nr is ocvnejine vnna cvnrahp. Ie jn drhgievnethris-sne spriedne nebnan spnmihaisfne ie `nt ccd. [n zike znnr dnried ie hhetha whet`nt ontrngt ruif fiejnr jhe éée pnr dnenrhtin. Jnzn jcjne fcntne znnr ouitnedn-wcen buejid`njne dn`hj `noone. Cvnridnes bhe vhewndn `nt stnnbprcngbhrhbtnrvhe jit dndnvne, nrvhe uitdndhhe wcrjne jht ie jn anvnejn wnrbnaikb`nij fiestnestine fhha zc vnna ne ccb cp fnnr dnoinjne spnmihaistne hhewnzid whrne. Ie dn-ecnfjn drhgvnajne zike drhgdrcnpne zim`tohhr, jin vnrcejnrstnaanejnrwiks nab (nnejnna vhe) jn anjne vhe nne ghfiain/acbhan phtriaienhdn cfvhttne. Jwhrs jccr jnznphtriacbhan strumtuur is nne fhtriaienhirn crdheishtin zim`tohhr, jin tne fiestn nnefcinty -bhrhbtnr `nngt. Cpfnrbnaikb is, jht hgdhhejn cp jn oikdigtne ie jn drhvne ie

jn twnn cg jrin nnuwne jin jccr jnzn drhgvnajne onstrnbne wcrjne, nne tcnehfnvhe jn wnavhhrt zim`tohhr is, fnt nne vnrjuoonaied ie `nt ahtn Nasacc tne cpzim`tnvhe nt vrcndn Gacfocre. ndnaikb ehfne jn vnrsmìaane tussne jn ondrhvnene ce-jnraied tcn ne wnrjne fcdnaikb`njne tct scmihan jistiemtin zim`tohhr ontnr oneut.

Ie jnzn tnbst zike hrdufnetne ne rnjnenriedne dnoruibt jin drctnejnnas ccbnajnrs, jccr hejnrne zike cg wcrjne dn`hetnnrj. Née hrdufnet jht ib ie nnrjnrndnsm`rigtne dnoruibt `no, is oik fike wntne eint jccr hejnrn cejnrzcnbnrs cvnrdn-ecfne, jht vhe dnphhrjn drhvne jin iejimhtcr bueene zike vhe nt uwnaikb vhe jnnrie oikdnznttn fnesne. Téa wcrjne hgsthejsvnrsmìaane has fijjna cf drcnpne iejn drhgpcpuahtin vhst tn stnaane hadnfnenr tcndnphst. Nne hejnr hrdufnet jht eint

cvnrdnecfne is, is `nt ijnn jht strumturnan bnefnrbne vhe hhrjnwnrbvnrsinriedjrhdnrs bueene zike vhe scmihan ijnetitnitne2 jit hrdufnet is nvnefie onstrnjne,cvnridnes. Haanne \hua-Acuis vhe Onrd `nngt `nt tcndnphst ne jhhrfnn nne guejh-fnetnna hrdufnet vccr `nt ece-ohejbnrhfism`n bhrhbtnr vhe (jn vnrvhhrjidstnrsvhe `nt hhrjnwnrb, ne jhhrfnn vhe jn muatuur vhe) jn Aifourd-drcnp hhednvcnrj(Whe Onrd 890=). Nne drcct jnna vhe jn ietnrprnthtins ie nnrjnrn phrhdrhgne vhejnzn tnbst onrust cp jnzn onijn hrdufnetne ne sthht cg vhat fnt jn hhevhhrjohhr-`nij nrvhe.

Ie jn jismussins ie jn khrne 890<-?<<< cvnr jn fcdnaikb`nij drhgvnajievneth-rissne tn dnoruibne vccr jn hehaysn vhe prnìstcrism`n scmihan strumturne whs nneonahedrikbn endhtinvn ghmtcr `nt vnnavuajid vccrbcfne vhe mcfpanxn drhgritunane,whhroik snmuejhirn oikznttied nne rca spnnajn, jit vccrha ehhr hheanijied vhe jnfndhaintdrhvne ie Nednahej. Jn vrinejnaikbstn mcemausin whs jht `ccduit fnt vnnavccrzim`tid`nij nne `nna banie onntkn dnzndj bce wcrjne, scfs wnrj znags jn zie-accs`nij vhe zuab pcdne fiestnes dnãfpaimnnrj. Ie jn jrin ìnr onsprcbne ohej-bnrhfism`n drhgvnajne, eým` ie jn hejnrn fik onbnejn AOB-drhgvnajne, is neidspccr vhe dntrhpt cg uitdnstnaj oikznttne onspnurohhr, fnt uitzcejnried uitnrhhrjvhe @nrx`nif (zin cejnr hejnrn [nno-Ahez nt ha. ?<<9) whhr nnrjnr vhe snmue-jhirn oikznttied jhe vhe bheeiohaisfn sprhbn aikbt, vccrhasecd nne ueinb (ne ahht)gnecfnne ie jn AOB. Jccr jht fie cg fnnr cefijjnaaikbn ondrhvne ie AOB-drhg-



:?

vnajne is jn orud vhe jn oikznttiedne ehhr jn tcnefhaidn shfneanviedne dnfhb-bnaikbnr tn sahhe jhe oik jn tndnevccronnajne.

Cvnr jn rnprnsnethtivitnit vhe jn dndnvnes vhat ecd nt vcadnejn cp tn fnrbne.@nt is fie cg fnnr hheenfnaikb tn fhbne jht jn cfsthejid`njne jin ie jn AOBjn bnuzn uit fiestnes jrin drhgritunane stuurjne ne jin uitwnrbtne ie vnrsmìaanejn

sccrtne acmhtins vhe `nt ondrhvne dnne ievacnj `hjjne cp jn shfnestnaaied vhe jndrhgievnethrissne. Téa `noone jin jrin hatnrehtinvn acmhtins (ondrhvne oieene jnenjnrznttied2 ondrhvne/mrnfnrne cp nne spnmihha drhgvnaj2 hm`tnrahtne ie `nt ocs)drctn vnrsmìaane ie `nt hrm`ncacdism` onsthej vnrccrzhhbt, whhrjccr uitniejnaikbfnnr jhe 9<% vhe jn AOB-jcjne spccraccs zike. Jnscejhebs bueene jn ie jndrhgvnajne onwhhrj dnoanvne ievnethrissne, vhewndn jn vnrfcnjnaikb vnrdnaikbohrnshfnestnaaied, bwhaithting sthhe vccr haan AOB-drhgdigtne, has nne rnjnaikbn stnnb-prcng whhrhhe dnajidn, hadnfnenrn mcemausins tn vnroiejne zike.

Ectne

8 Aum Hfbrnutz (_FC) ne Ivc vhe Tikb (Hrm`ca) noone jnzn tnbst britism` jccrdnecfnene vnrontnriedne vccrdnstnaj2 jn rnstnrnejn iemcesistnetins ne zwhbtne zike vccr fikenidne vnrhetwccrjied.

? Drhgbuia 9> ie Nasacc, jin oikdigtne ecm` aikbsm`hjuw tccejn ne vnr vhe jn hejnrn drhvneaidt, wcrjt ìnr ouitne onsm`cuwied dnahtne.

= Cp jit cejnrwnrp wcrjt hhezineaikb uitdnornijnr iedndhhe ie Whe jn Wnajn 89492 `ntfnnrfhane dnecnfjn Haane nt ha. ?<<0 bhe has rnmnetnr, ne ruifnr cpdnznttn ieanijiedjinene.

: @nt wccrj ‑fcinty‖ is fisanijnej, cfjht `nt ints has ‑`havn shfneanvied‖ suddnrnnrt,tnrwika uit jn ntecdrhn onbnej is jht fcintins scfs muaturnan drnezne ruif cvnrstikdne.

> Wccr uitvcnridnr onsm`cuwiedne hhedhhejn jn tcnwikzied vhe jn vnrsmìaanejn mhtndc-rinâe oikdigtne ne jn jhhruit vcadnejn dnsahm`tsonphaiedne vnrwiks ib ehhr Whe jn Wnajn8949; 07-9:, ne 899>2 nne jnna vhe jn dndnvnes ie jn oik jit hrtibna on`crnejn thonaaneis cetannej hhe jin tnbstne.

7 Drhger 9, dnsahm`t eint hm`tnr`hhaohhr2 hsscmihtin vhe `nt `nfhtint ceznbnr (_im`tnr8970/79).

Aitnrhtuur

Haane, E.K., @. Mhaahe, _. Jueohr & T. Khfns (rnj.), ?<<0; Nhray @ufhe Biesìp--grcf snx tc scmiha rnprcjumtice. Acejce.

Onetany, H., ?<<4; Fcoiaity, spnmihaishtice hej mcffueity jivnrsity ie t`nAienhrohejbnrhfib; isctcpim nvijnemn grcf t`n sbnantces. Ie; H. Tìttan & W.Muffieds (rnj.); Dcied cvnr --t`n Fnscaitìm-Encaitìm trhesitice ie Ecrt`-TnstNurcpn . Cxgcrj, 884-8:<.

Onrd, \.-A. vhe, 890=; en ecuvnaan hpprcm`n ju jémcr mérhfiqun hu eécaitìqun he-mine, nt sce hppaimhtice ì ah mérhfiqun ju Aifocurd. Ie; ].K. jn Ahnt (rnj.); \rcdràsrémnets jhes a’étujn ju Eécaitìqun hemine. Oruddn, 8<=-88?.

Ocurjinu, \., 894?; Nsquissn j’uen t`écrin jn ah prhtiqun, préméjé jn trcis étujnsj’ntècacdin bhoyan, Dneàvn.



:=

Oriebfhe, N.K. & \.K._.Fcjjnrfhe, 894<; Jhs Drêonrgnaj. Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimhAnijnesih = (I); :>-47.

Oujkh, F., ?<8<; `n hrm`hncacdy cg jnht`; grcf ‐scmiha pnrscehn’ tc ‐rnahticeha pnr-sce`ccj’. Jcmufneth \rhnìstcrimh PPPWII; :=->:.

MahÓne, N., ?<<7; Jin ohejbnrhfism`n ]injauedsdruppn oni B÷eids`cvne. B÷ae(Jissnrthtice).

Jc`re”I`fid, F., 890<; Ñonranduedne zur Wnrwnejued ohejbnrhfism`nr Jnm`snahugdruej jnr Dnorhum`sspurne. Guejonrim`tn hus @nssne 89/?<, 79-40.

Jc`re-I`fid, F., 890=; Jhs ohejbnrhfism`n Drêonrgnaj vce Hajne`cvne-Einjnrfnrz, Brnis Jñrne. Hrm`êcacdin ie jne _`nieism`ne A÷Óo÷rjne, :4-89<.

Naourd, _., ?<8<; Jin Wnrgñaaued jns ohejbnrhfism`ne Orueenes vce Hatsm`nroitzhus thp`cecfism`nr ]im`t --nrstn Niejrñmbn. _ngnrht hdued Hronits Dnfniesm`hgtEncaitìbuf, Eñreonrd, ?4-<>-8<.

Grinj, F.@., 894>; `n ectice cg trion . Fneac \hrb, MHA.

Dneenp, H. vhe, 89<9; Ans ritns jn phsshdn . (Ned.vnrthaied 897<, 8944; `n ritns cg phsshdn , Acejne.

Dnrc, K.F. & F.T. Mcebny (rnj.), 8998; Nednejnried hrm`hncacdy ‚wcfne hej prnìstcry . Cxgcrj.

@cynr, T., ?<8<; Jhs ohejbnrhfism`n Drêonrgnaj Einjnrfnrz = uej jin ]injauedneif fittanrne Fnrzohm`tha --nie Wnrdanim`. Ie; N. MahÓne, . Jcppanr & O._hfiednr (@rd.); Ghfiain -- Wnrwhejtsm`hgt -- ]czihastrubturne; sczihahrm`êcacdism`nGcrsmùedne zu encaitìsm`ne Onguejne. (Gcbus Kuedstnieznit, Oej 8), ]]. :=->8.

Knuenssn, M., 8994; \rhtiquns gueérhirns hu eécaitìqun hemine ‚sépuaturns nt eémrc-pcans jns scmiétés jheuoineens (>><</:9<< hv. K.-M.). \hris.

Bêstenr, ]., 8994; Wce Fheegrhune uej Tniofêeenre. Ntècìstcrism`n uej(ntèc)hrm`êcacdism`n Onispinan gñr Dnsmànm`tnrvhrihez ie jnr Jisbussice.Ntècdrhpìsm`-Hrm`êcacdism`n [nitsm`rigt =0; ><>->?<.

Aévi-]trhuss, M., 89>0; Het`rcpcacdin strumturhan . \hris (N trhesa. ]trumturha het`rcpc-acdy . Dhrjne Mity2 8974).

Aévi-]trhuss, M., 894>; Ah vcin jns fhsquns. Dneàvn; ]birh. Éjitice rnvun, hudfne-

tén, suivin jn trcis nxmursices, \hris (8949).

Aubns, H., \. \nttitt & F. [vnanoia (rnj.), z.k.; Oicmuaturha hrm`hncacdy hej pnrsceha oi-cdrhpìns cg t`n nhray AOB pcpuahtice ht Wnjrcvimn; h mhthacdun cg iejivijuha ourihas iet`n ]ircbè ^ Ansh mnfntnry & oichrm`hncacdimha rnsuats ce t`nsn sbnantces . ]`ngginaj.

Einsznry, E., 899>; Aienhrohejbnrhfism`n Drêonrgnajnr ie Ohynre. Nspnabhfp.

Crsmìnjt, K., 8990; Ohejbnrhfism`n ]injauedsonsthttuedne ie ]ñjwnstjnutsmàhej‚hrm`êcacdism`n uej het`rcpcacdism`n Onguejn . _h`jne, Tnstg. (Ietnrehticehan Hrm`êcacdin :=).



::

\hebcwsbè, H., ?<<0; @cjecmneæ s`cjy cj`hju pcàhvæ fnzi jvëfh ohthjnai eh scu-ocru aijsböm` bcstnreæm` pcznsthtbu z acbhaity @uaæe =. RNvhauhtice cg t`n jndrnncg hdrnnfnet ie snx jntnrfiehtices oy twc cosnrvnrs cg t`n mcaanmtices cg sbnantcesgrcf t`n hrm`hncacdimha sitn ‑@uaæe =‖V Hrm`ncacdimbé rczànjy AP; 4?>-4=?.

\hrbie, _. & A. ]tcen (rnj.), ?<<:; Biesìp hej ghfiay ---he het`rcpcacdimha rnhjnr .

Cxgcrj.\rimn, Z.J., _.H. Onetany, K. Añeied, J. Drceneocre & K. Thà, ?<<8; \rnìstcrim

ùfhe fidrhtice ie t`n Aienhrohejbnrhfib cg Mnetrha Nurcpn. Hetiquity 4>,>9=”7<=.

_hffiednr, O., ?<<9; `n nxm`hedn cg AOB hjzn oahjns ie mnetrha Nurcpn; henxhfpan gcr nmcecfim ievnstidhtices ie hrm`hncacdy. Ie; J. @cgfhee & \. Oimban(njs); Mrnhtied mcffueitins --enw hjvhemns ie Mnetrha Nurcpnhe Encaitìm rnsnhrm`.Cxgcrj & Chbviaan; Cxocw Occbs, 0<-9:.

_im`tnr, I., 8970/8979; Jin ohejbnrhfism`ne Drêonr vce Gacfocre, Brnis Hazny,

uej vcf Hjanronrd oni Tcrfs. Fhieznr [nitsm`rigt 7=/7:, 8>0-849.]`neehe, ]., 894>; `n scmiha crdheizhtice ht Orhem. Hetiquity :9, ?49-?00.

]infcenit, O., 8994; Jhs Biej ie jnr Aieineohejbnrhfib ‚Onguejn hus Drêonrgnajnreuej ]injauedne ie Fittnanurcph . _h`jne, Tnstg., (Ietnrehticehan Hrm`êcacdin :?).

]cghnr Jnrnvnesbi, K., 8994; Aiebied hdn hej dnejnr hs scmiha vhrihoans.Ntècdrhpìsm`- Hrm`êcacdism`n [nitsm`rigt =0, :0>-:9=.

Znsmànr-Eimcah, F., Z. \rc`hsbh & N.F. Tiaj, ?<<7; Jnr Guejbcfpanx vcf Hsphre/]màntz (Einjnr÷stnrrnim`) uej snien Onjnutued gñr jne hbtunaane Jisburs

nejaienhrohejbnrhfism`nr \`êecfnen [netrhanurcphs. Ie; K. \inb & . nronrdnr(@rsd.); Grñ`n ]purne jnr Dnwhat . ]m`wnrie (Onitrêdn zur ^r- uej Grñ`dnsmìm`tnFnmbaneourd-Wcrpcffnres :8), ]]. 78-47.

Zìssn”Jnrcunttn, _.2 K. Zìssn”Jnrcunttn & K. Zìssn kr, 89>?; Jémcuvnrtn j’uemifétiàrn cfhaine ì ritn gueérhirn ne jnux tnfps (mréfhtice nt negcuissnfnetjns mnejrns) ne @nsohyn aiédcisn ì @caacden”hux”\inrrns. Ouaantie jn ah ]cmiété\réìstcriqun Grheähisn PAIP(=/:), 84>”89<.

Wnajn, \. vhe jn, 8949; Ce ohejbnrhfib scmiha strumturn . Anijne. Ccb vnrsm`nene has Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih 8?.

Wnajn, \. vhe jn , 899>; Just hej hs`ns; t`n twc Encaitìm mnfntnrins cg Nasacc hejEinjnrfnrz mcfphrnj. Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih ?>, 84=-800.

Thà, K., ?<<4; Jhs ]tnieznitjrhfh vce ha`nif. Hrm`êcacdin ie Jnutsmàhej ?<<4(7),7-88.

Thà, K. & @.D. B÷eid, 8904; Het`rcpcacdism`-trhufhtcacdism`n êtnrsumùednejnr fnesmàim`ne ]bnanttrnstn hus jnf ohejbnrhfism`ne Fhssnedrho oni ha`nif,Brnis @niaoruee. Guejonrim`tn hus Ohjne-Tñrttnfonrd 8?, 7>-89=.



:>

Tnienr, K., 8990; Jrni Orueenebhstne, honr eur zwni Orueene; nien enun @ypct`nsnzur Ohudnsmìm`tn jns Orueenes vce Nrbnanez”Bñmb`cvne. Ie; @. Bcsmìb (@rd.);Orueene jnr Kuedstnieznit ‚Ietnrehticehans ]yfpcsiuf ie Nrbnanez , ?4-?9 Cbtconr 8994. B÷ae, ]]. 9>”88?.

Tnaiejnr, ]., 8909; He nxpnrifnet wit` t`n hehaysis cg snx hej dnejnr cg mrnfhtnj

ocens. cr ??; ?9-:8.[nno-Ahez, H.2 O. Ocuanstie2 G. @hhmb2 & M. Knuenssn, ?<<9; HuÓnrdnw÷èaim`n

ctneon`hejaued ” Ñonrrhsm`nejns hus jnr ohejbnrhfism`ne Heahdn vce@nrx`nif oni Ahejhu (]ñjpghaz). Fittniauedne jnr Onraienr Dnsnaasm`hgt gñr

Het`rcpcacdin, Ntècacdin uej ^rdnsmìm`tn =<, 88> ” 8?7.

[iffnrfhee, H., ?<8<; Tin vinan whrt i`r jnee3 Nie Onitrhd zur Jnfcdrhpìn jnswnstjnutsm`ne Encaitìbufs. Ie; M. Aim`tnr (@rd.), Kuedstnieznit if ^forum`.Jin ‑Fim`nasonrdnr Buatur‖ vcr 7<<< Kh`rne. Bhthacd zur Husstnaaued if Ohjism`neAhejnsfusnuf ]màcss Bhrasru`n ?<8<-88 (Bhrasru`n / Jhrfsthjt ?<8<),?=<-?=>.



:4,

NNE NDB-D_HGWNAJ ZN @NN_ANE3

N. Jrnet`, J. Bniknrs & D. im`nafhe

Ieanijied

ikjnes nne hrm`ncacdism` prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb tne on`cnvn vhe jn cetwib-bnaied vhe `nt onjrikvnetnrrnie riahejis (mh. ?9 `h) tn @nnrane wnrjne ie `ntvccrkhhr vhe ?<<9 jrin viejpahhtsne hhedntrcggne, jin tikjnes vahbjnbbnejn cp-drhviedne ie ?<8< ne ?<88 ehjnr zike cejnrzcm`t (im`nafhe ?<8<2 ie vccron-rnijied). @nt dhht cf nne drctn _cfniesn ie`nnfsn enjnrznttied (viejpahhts =),nne _cfniesn `caan wnd (viejpahhts :) ne - `nt cejnrwnrp vhe jit hrtibna - buianeuit `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf (viejpahhts >). Cp jn ahhtstdnecnfjn viejpahhts wnrjtikjnes `nt prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb nne buia fnt nne (hrm`ncacdism`) mcfpantn Haa-Cvnr-Crehfnetnj -onbnr, nne stnne ne `cutsbcca dnvcejne. Jn vcejst whs ne isvnrrhssnej tn ecnfne, hhednzine jnrdnaikbn onbnrs vhe jn [uij-Aifourdsn a÷ss-drcejne ehuwnaikbs onbnej zike. ikjnes jn cpdrhviedne ie ?<8<-?<88 bce nnedrctnr dnoinj rcejcf jn buia fnt onbnr wcrjne cejnrzcm`t. Jhhroik wnrj ie nabdnvha éée buia dnvcejne jin ie `nt ùijidn bhjnr, zchas wik `cpne hhe tn tcene,rnanvhet is. Ehhr cezn fneied is `nt dcnj fcdnaikb jht onijn buiane drhvne vhe jnahhtencaitìsm`n Nebnadrhgmuatuur zike. Ie `nt cejnrsthhejn wiaane wik jnzn ietnr-prnthtin tcnaim`tne. @nt hrtibna is has vcadt shfnednstnaj. Eh jn ahejsm`hppnaikbniebhjnried vhe jn viejpahhts wcrjne jn buiane, jn onbnr ne jn stnne onsm`rnvne2hhesauitnej sthht jn jhtnried nrvhe mnetrhha. Fnt jnzn dndnvnes has uitdhedspuetzuaane wik cezn ypct`nsn vhe ahhtencaitìsm`n drhvne tcnaim`tne ne cejnrocuwne.

Has ie`cujnaikbn hgsauitied vhe jn ùijidn oikjrhdn bcfne nebnan vhe jn scmihanjifnesins vhe `nt vnrfnnejn drhg fnt jn onbnr tnr sprhbn.

@nt ahejsm`hppnaikbn bhjnr

neniejn jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn aiddied vhe jn viejpahhts tn bueene ondrikpne, is ntvhe onahed tn wntne jht `nt ahejsm`hp vhe [uij-Aifourd vccrha is dnvcrfj jccrjn Fhhs tikjnes `nt \anistcmnne (mh. ?,: fiakcne-9.><< khhr v. M`r.2 Whe jne Onrd8909). Jnstikjs zike vnrsmìaanejn Fhhstnrrhssne dnvcrfj. @nt pahednoinj znag(mh. ?9 `h) aidt ietndrhha cp `nt nrrhs vhe ]ifpnavnaj ? (mh. 8,0 fiakcne khhr dnan-jne dnvcrfj). Dnjurnejn jn twnn ahhtstn ikstikjne, nt ]hhaine ne nt Tnim`snaine,is jit tnrrhs onjnbt jccr nne phbbnt a÷ss jht jccr jn wiej is hgdnznt. Has dnvcadvhe sfnatwhtnr hhe `nt niejn vhe `nt Tnim`snaine is ie `nt `ccdtnrrhs nne jrccd-jha fnt twnn hgthbbiedne jhane uitdnsantne (jrccdjha). Whehg `nt @cacmnne vnr-



:0

hejnrjn `nt ahejsm`hp ecd fhhr wnieid, fhhr vhewndn jn rnaiâgvnrsm`iaane ie `ntpahednoinj is wna nrcsin cpdntrnjne. Hhe jn vcnt vhe jn `naaiedne is `nt phbbntmcaauvihan cg vnrspcnajn a÷ss hgdnznt.

@njne tne jhdn onjrhhdt `nt fhxifhan `ccdtnvnrsm`ia oieene `nt pahednoinjruif 7,> f (84=,<7 - 849,00 f +EH\). Wiejpahhts > is dnandne cp nne zwhb `na-

anej tnrrniednjnnatn, mh. 8>< fntnr tne eccrjne vhe `nt tnrrhspahtnhu ne mh. 8<<f tne zuijne vhe `nt ccst-wnst vnracpnej jrccdjha (Gid. 8). Ie `nt vnaj vina `ntjrccdjha eint fnnr zc dcnj cp, hhednzine `nt tnrrnie tikjnes jn hheand vhe jniegrhstrumtuur vhe `nt onjrikvnetnrrnie aheds onijn zikjne vhe jn wnd gaieb whscpdn`ccdj.

Bhrhbtnristinbne vhe jn buiane

ikjnes `nt prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb wnrj ie sanug 8?0 nne drctn oruiedrikzn vnr-banuried (]?772 mh. ?,9> x 8,: f2 Gid. ?) hhedntrcggne, jin vrikwna prnmins ccst-wnst

dncriâetnnrj whs. Haanne ie nt zuijwnstne vhe jn vnrbanuried wnrj wht cutsbcca

Gid. 8; Acmhtin vhe viejpahhts > (rcjn stnr) cp `nt Jidithha @ccdtnfcjna Enjnrahej. @nt

jrccdjha is hhedndnvne fnt jn phhrsn stippnaaike. Orce; Whe jne Onrd 8909.



:9,

hhedntrcggne, fhhr vnrjnr whs jn vuaaied zc sm`cce jht vnrfcnj wnrj jht `nt cfnne ehtuuraikbn vnrbanuried died. Nm`tnr, tikjnes jn mcupn wnrjne neidn sm`nrvnednvcejne ne ha sena oannb jht `nt cf nne ehdnecnd mcfpantn onbnr died.8

ît anedtn- ne jwhrsprcginane bce wcrjne hgdnanij jht jn onbnr zim` onvcejie jn zuijwnstnaikbn `cnb vhe nne ahedwnrpidn buia. Jn onbnr stcej rnm`tcp cp jnocjnf. Jirnmt nrehhst onvcej zim` nne stub bwhrtsitism`n zhejstnne (Gid. =). cmòaikvne jn jinptn ne prnminzn jccrsenjn vhe jn buia cejuijnaikb. @nt wnstnaikbnjnna vhe jn buia, whhrie zim` jn onbnr onvcej, `nngt nne dnanijnaikbn ieseikjied ne

nne rnahting vahbbn ocjnf2 jn fhxifhan rnstjinptn whs <,:0 f (ccrsprcebnaikbnjinptn <,9 f3). Jn aim`tdriksoruien vuaaied whhrie jnzn pct zim` onvcej, is cvnr jn

Gid. ?; Aiddied vhe jn vnrsmìaanejn buiane oieene viejpahhts >. Jn euffnrs zike jn

spccreuffnrs.



><

vcaanjidn anedtn ne ornnjtn vhe jn buia tn vcadne. Ie `nt ccstnaikbn jnna vhe jn buiais ìnrcejnr ecd nne sm`nrp hgdnaikejn, sm`cen ‐vuaaied’ `nrbneohhr tct mirmh <,9>f dnrnbnej vhehg `nt cpdrhviedsvahb. @nt is nm`tnr cejuijnaikb cg jnzn ‐vuaaied’wna hetrcpcdnne is ne eint jccr ehtuuraikbn ocjnfprcmnssne is cetsthhe.

ikjnes jn cpdrhvied is rcejcf jn ocvnednecnfjn buia fnt onbnr nne dnoinj

vhe mirmh =.?0< f?

cejnrzcm`t, whhroik nm`tnr ehuwnaikbs juijnaikbn spcrne nevcejstne zike hhedntrcggne (Gid. ?). ]pccr 488 is jhhrvhe ie `nt ùijidn bhjnr `ntfnnst vnnaznddnejn. [chas wik vnrjnr zuaane zine, is spccr 488 ie nt ùijidn bhjnr`nt fnnst vnnaznddnejn drcejspccr. Jn EET-[[C dnrim`tn iedrhvied bnejn cp`nt nnrstn cpdrhviedsvahb nne bnre vhe mh. 8,: x <,9 f fnt nne aim`toruiedrikznvuaaied fnt oruien vanbbne ne nne onntkn `cutsbcca, tnrwika jn cfriednejn vua-aied (cerndnafhtid, drcctstn anedtn ne ornnjtn rnspnmtinvnaikb mh. =,: f ne ?,8> f)aim`tnr whs. Cp nne twnnjn cpdrhviedsvahb whs jn buia banienr ne `nt dnjcmufne-tnnrjn anedtnprcgina wikst cp nne rnjnaikb vahbbn buia fnt nne anedtn vhe 8,: f nenne rnstjinptn vhe <,?? f (mh. <,0 f ”fv.). @nt jwhrsprcgina is eint mcfpannt,

zcjht cejuijnaikb is cg jn buia cvnrjwhrs ccb vahb whs. Jn buia onvhttn hhe vcejs-tne haanne `cutsbcca.

Bhrhbtnrisnried vhe jn onbnr ne jn stnne uit spccr ?77

Wnrsprnij cvnr (ehdnecnd) jn dn`nan ouitnezikjn vhe jn onbnr onviejne zim`tcuwiejrubbne (Gid. :). Jhhrfnn on`ccrt jn pct tct jn drcnp vhe Haa-Cvnr-Crehfnetnj (HCC)-onbnrs, ie `nt oikzcejnr `nt typn ?IIo (Whe jnr Thhas &Dahsonrdne 89>>). Jn ouitnezikjn is aim`toruie fnt pahhtsnaikb oruiercjn panbbne,jn oieenezikjn aim`toruie, tnrwika jn bnre vhe `nt hhrjnwnrb jcebnrdriks is. Jnznbanurcpocuw dnngt hhe jht jn onbnr dnohbbne is ie zuurstcgrikbn cfsthejid`njne.

Has vnrsm`rhaied is bwhrtsdruis (drcctstn zim`tohrn phrtibna = ff) dnoruibt.@nt stub bwhrtsitism`n zhejstnne `nngt ie ocvnehhezim`t nne trhpnziufvcrf

ne hgfntiedne vhe mh. =,= x ?,9 x <,4 mf. Jn pahhtsnaikb rcjn banur dnngt hhe jhtjn stnne hhe ìttn oacctdnstnaj is.

Jhtnried vhe jn spcrne ?77 ne 488

Jn hhewnzid`nij vhe nne ?IIo-onbnr jhtnnrt spccr ?77 ie nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf nednngt hhe jht jn iedrhvied jccr jn Nebnadrhgmuatuur (NDB) is hhednandj. Jn NDBis jccr Jrnet` & H.N. Ahetied ie 8998 cejnrvnrjnnaj ie vinr ghsne. Ehjine is jit

m`rcecacdism`n sm`nfh wnaiswhhr oikdnstnaj ne hhednvuaj, fhhr ie nssnetin cedn-wikzidj dnoanvne (zin vccr jn oikstnaaiedne Muikpnrs nt ha. 899:, => (8?4); ecct >2Jrnet` ?<<>, =:92 Jrnet` & @cdnstike ?<<4, 70-472 Jrnet` & Fnurbnes ?<88,=<=-=<:2 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t 8999/?<<<, =>). HCC-onbnrs on`crne vca-dnes jnzn m`rcecacdin tct jn kcedn NDB, j.w.z. ie nab dnvha tct ghsn :, tnrwika jnnnrstn nxnfpahrne fcdnaikb rnnjs ie jn ghsn = cptrhjne. Ie bhanejnrkhrne wcrjnejnzn ghsne hm`tnrnnevcadnes tussne mh. ?>><-?:<< v. M`r. ne ?7><-?>>< v. M`r.dnpahhtst (Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t 8999/?<<<, =>). @cutsbcca uit spccr ?77 is8:M-dnjhtnnrj ne jn uitbcfst, :<0> ¸=> O\, onvnstidt jn tcnwikzied vhe jn buia



>8,

hhe jn NDB. @nahhs is eh nne ? ύ-bhaiorhtin nne sm`nrpnrn pcsiticenried `inr-oieene eint fcdnaikb. Jn jhtnriedsfcdnaikb`njne, tn wntne; ?07?-?0<4/?4>0-?480/?4<7-?>7=/?>=>-?:9= v. M`r., onstrikbne zc dcnj has jn vcaanjidn NDB.?

Whe nne fcestnr vhe jn `cutsbcca hgbcfstid uit spccr 488 is jn cujnrjcfnvnennes fnt on`uap vhe jn 8:M-jhtnried onphhaj. @nt rnsuathht, :<:< ¸=> O\ is

vnrdnaikbohhr fnt jn8:

M-jhtnried vccr spccr ?77. Bhaiorhtin (? ύ) anijt tct ?0=7-?087/?777-?:4? v. M`r.=

Gid. =; [T-mcupn vhe spccr ?77 fnt jn acmhtin vhe jn pct ne jn stnne.

Gid. :; Jn onbnr uit spccr ?77.



>?

Ietnrprnthtin

Whttne wik `nt ocvnesthhejn shfne, jhe `nngt `nt cejnrzcnb fiestnes twnn ahed-wnrpidn, rnahting sm`cen buiane uit `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf cpdnanvnrj, whhrvhe nréée nne ehdnecnd mcfpantn HCC-onbnr onvhttn. Onijn buiane `noone hgfntiednejin dcnj cvnrnnebcfne fnt jin vhe nnejuijidn NDB-drhvne (zin oikvccronnaj

Ahetied 8979). Ie vnrsm`nijnen vhe jnzn drhvne bcfne fie cg fnnr mcfpantnonbnrs vccr (c.h. Ahetied 89792 Jrnet` nt ha. ?<88). @nt aidt jnr`havn vccr jn`hej spccr ?77 has nne ieùfhtindrhg tn zine, whhroik `nt fnesnaikbn sbnantfh-tnrihha cevnrorhej fcnt zike dnwnnst ne jccr jn sanm`tn ocjnfmcejitins ie jnaccp vhe jn tikj fcnt zike vnrjwnene. @nt dndnvne jht jn buia ie bhabaczn a÷ssdndrhvne is, sprnnbt jnzn vnrbahried znbnr eint tndne. Jn mcesnrvnried vhe cevnr-orhejn octtne ie jnrdnaikbn ocjnfs is sanm`t. Cvnridnes whrn jn jcjn dnmrnfnnrjdnwnnst, jn vnrorhejn octtne zcujne znbnr zike dnvcejne. Mrnfhtinrnstne zikeoikzcejnr rnsistnet ne nne mrnfhtindrhg bhe jhhrcf ie `nt cejnr`hvidn dnvha uit-dnsactne wcrjne. ne sacttn zik vnrfnaj jht `nt vccrbcfne vhe nne orcb bwhrt-

sitism`n zhejstnne ie buia ?77 fcniaikb has nne hrdufnet tndne jn drhg`ypct`nsndnoruibt bhe wcrjne. it nne NDB-vahbdrhg fnt nne aikbsia`cunt cejnr drhg`nuvna0, jin ie jn Orcestikj wnrj hhednandj, bcft nne fie cg fnnr vnrdnaikbohrn vcejst(Ahetied & Whe jnr Thhas 894:, =: ne pa. PWI, ocvne). Tht jn ontnbneis vhe jnstnne ie buia ?77 whs, cetdhht ces. Ie nab dnvha is `nt cewhhrsmìkeaikb jht jnznjinejn tnr cejnrstnueied vhe nne jccjbist. Hhewikziedne vccr nne bist zike eintcetjnbt. Iejivijunan oikznttiedne aikbne vccr jn NDB jn ecrf tn zike dnwnnst nejinecvnrnnebcfstid enfne wik hhe jht ie jn buia fnt jn onbnr éée pnrscce tnrhhrjn is onstnaj. @cnwna cp drcej vhe jn ùijidn jhth eint hhetcceohhr, is `nt,iejhm`tid jn sanm`tn mcesnrvnriedscfsthejid`njne tnr panbbn, vccrstnaohhr jht

spccr 488 nvnennes nne drhg is, nm`tnr nne oikdigtaczn ieùfhtin. nr vnrdnaikbied,ie Eccrj-@caahej zike twnn vhe jnrdnaikbn NDB-drhvne fnt nab nne fnesnaikbsbnant cpdndrhvne (\hsvnnr & ^yttnrsm`hut 899?). Ocvnejine wnrj cp bhvna \8:ie jn Eccrjccstpcajnr nne drcnpkn vhe zns NDB-drhvne fnt fnesnaikbn sbnanttneoacctdnandj (ne Hesm`nr fcej.fnj.:2 ne Hesm`nr & Dn`hssn 899=, :8 ne gid.=.92 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t 8999/?<<<, >9). Oik jrin vhe jn ondrhvnene wnrjnednne drhgdigtne dnvcejne.

Ie nt aim`t vhe nt ocvnesthhejn onsthht jn fcdnaikb`nij jht tikjnes jn cpdrh-vied tn @nnrane fnnr NDB-oikznttiedne zcejnr (hecrdheism`n) drhgdigtne tn vccr-smìke zike dnbcfne. Cp viejpahhts > zike jivnrsn ocjnfvnrbanuriedne hhedntrcg-gne jin ie jn mcupn nne ‐buiavcrfidn iestnnb’ vnrtccejne (hona 82 Gid. ?). Jivnrsnvhe jnzn vnrbanuriedne noone hgfntiedne vhe nne ahhtencaitìsm` ieùfhtindrhg.[ik zcujne tnzhfne fnt jn spcrne ?77 ne 488 nne drhgvnaj uit jnzn pnricjn bue-ene vcrfne. Ie jnzn vnrbanuriedne zike nm`tnr dnne vcejstne dnjhhe ne fnjnjccr jn vnan ehtuuraikbn vnrbanuriedne jin zim` ie jit jnna vhe `nt pahednoinj on-vcejne, oaikgt nt jccrdhhes cejuijnaikb cg nt inr jhhjwnrbnaikb dndrhvne buianeontrngt cg jht `nt cf ehtuuraikbn vnrsmìkesnane dhht.

Nne onbecptn ocjnfbuejidn tcnaim`tied is eccjzhbnaikb. Whehg `nt ondie vhe`nt @cacmnne nngt ie nt a÷ssphbbnt ocjnfvcrfied pahhtsdnvcejne, whhroik zimànnforibdrcejne `noone cetwibbnaj. @inroik is jn ccrsprcebnaikb bhabrikbn a÷sstct cp nne jinptn vhe mh. = f cetbhabt, tnrwika ehjine cejnr ievacnj vhe nne ennr-



>=,

dhhejn whtnronwndied (iegiatrnrnej rndnewhtnr) uitspcnaied vhe bani `nngt pahhtsdnvcejne. Jn `crizcet whhr jn bani uitspcnat, wcrjt jn uitspcnaieds- cg N-`cri-zcet dnecnfj ne jn jinpnr dnandne ahhd whhr jn bani zim` ie pcriâe hgznt jn ie-spcnaieds- cg Ot-`crizcet. Jn stnrb vnrjim`tn Ot-`crizcet (oribahhd) is vhhb oruie-

rccj ne thfnaikb stud. Cejnr jn Ot-`crizcet onviejne zim` hm`tnrnnevcadnes nnecvnrdhedszcen (OM-`crizcet) ne `nt cehhednthstn, ccrsprcebnaikbn fcnjnrfhtn-

Ietnrprnthtin spccr er. vcrf ie vahb vcrf cp jccrsenjn

anedtn x ornnjtn

(mf) ie `nt vahb

fhxifhan jinptn

t.c.v. cpdrhvieds-

vahb (mf) criâethtin

buia ?7> cerndnafhtid cvhha cerndnafhtidn bcfvcrf ?9>x8?> >0 cg 8:< E-[

?77 trhpnzcãjhha bcfvcrfid ?9>x8:< :0 cg 9> C-T

704 cvhha cerndnafhtid 89<x0> 8? EET-[[C

79> cvhha vahbbn bcfvcrf 8:<x0> =< [T-EC

488-va8 trhpnzcãjhha vahbbn bcfvcrf =:<x?8> => EET-[[C

488-va? cvhha vahbbn bcfvcrf 8:<x9< ?? ET-[C

88:4 cvhha cerndnafhtid ?<<x88< ?< E-[

buia cg

ehtuuraikb

?>> cvhha bcfvcrf 8><x4> =: ET-[C

?>9 rcej cerndnafhtid 7<x7> 8?

70= hgdnrcej rnm`t`cnbid cerndnafhtid 8=<x:< 8: C[C-TET

707 cvhha bcfvcrf 88<x4< :? E-[

700 cvhha cerndnafhtid ?<<x8<< :? [T-EC

709 cvhha vahbbn bcfvcrf 8:>x0< ?? C[C-TET

799 cvhha vahbbn bcfvcrf 84>x4> ?0 [T-EC

4<> cerndnafhtid cvhha bcfvcrf 0<x7< 8> [T-EC

48< cerndnafhtid cvhha cerndnafhtid ?9<x8<< >> EEC-[[T

48? cvhha vahbbn bcfvcrf 8:<x0> ?> C-T

48: cednvnnr rcej bcfvcrf :<x=> 80

484 cerndnafhtid cvhha bcfvcrf 7>x>< 80 [C-ET

4?< cvhha bcfvcrf ><x:< 8: [T-EC

4=: cvhha cerndnafhtidn bcfvcrf 88<x7> 87 [[C-EET

4=7 cvhha bcfvcrf 9>x>> 8< T[T-CEC

88:9 cvhha cerndnafhtidn bcfvcrf 8>>x8<< =0 [T-EC

88>> cvhha cerndnafhtidn bcfvcrf 88>x7> =0 [T-EC

88>4 cednvnnr rcej bcfvcrf 4<x>< 8?

88>0 cerndnafhtid cvhha vahbbn bcfvcrf ?8>x88> :: C-T

887? cvhha cerndnafhtidn bcfvcrf 8<>x:> 8? [T-EC

887= cvhha cerndnafhtidn bcfvcrf 89<x0< ?? T[T-CEC

887> cvhha bcfvcrf 8<<x4> :< ET-[C

8877 cvhha cerndnafhtid 8?>x0> ?0 ET-[C

8874 cvhha bcfvcrf 9>x7< ?< C-T

884? rcej bcfvcrf :>x:< 8:

884= cvhha bcfvcrf 87<x9< :? ET-[C

8847 cvhha vahbbn bcfvcrf 8<>x7> 8< T[T-CEC

Zhona 8; Buiane ne fcdnaikbn buiane hhedntrcne cp viejpahhts > tn @nnrane-onjrikvnetnrrnie

Zriahejis



>:

rihha (jn M-`crizcet). Wnrsmìaanejn annforibdrcejne wcrjne cejnrsm`nijne. itjn rndnafhtid jinpnr hhednandjn bikbprcginane oaikbt jht jn ocjnf tnr `ccdtn vheviejpahhts > `nt onst has nne onrdoribdrcej bhe wcrjne onstnfpnaj. @inroik zikejn N-`crizcet ne fcdnaikb nne banie jnna vhe jn Ot-`crizcet jccr ‐`naaiednrcsin’vnrjwnene. Jn Ot-`crizcet ahd cp mh. <,:-<,> f ”fv. ne oannb ecd zc’e 7>-0>

mf jib. ne on`cnvn vhe jn ‐annsohhr`nij’ ahd `nt cpdrhviedsvahb cp mh. <,>-<,7>f -fv.Iejine nne buia wcrjt dndrhvne tct ie jn Ot-`crizcet ne vnrvcadnes fnt sm`cce

fhtnrihha wcrjt cpdnvuaj, nngt jn vuaaied nne acssnrn strumtuur jhe jn cfdnvied.@inrjccr bhe rndnewhtnr jinpnr iegiatrnrne ne is jn vuaaied stnrb cejnr`nvid hheuitacdied, whhrjccr jnzn nne aim`tdrikzn tct wittn banur brikdt. Jit is ccb juijnaikbvhstdnstnaj oik jivnrsn spcrne cp jn _cfniesn viejpahhts =. Eh neidn tikj wcrjt jnvuaaied wnnr mcfphmtnr ne bhe nr znags tnrud iespcnaied pahhtsviejne. Wnna vhe jnocjnfvnrbanuriedne cp viejpahhts > hjjne nne jnrdnaikbn aim`tdrikzn uitdnaccdjnvuaaied whhrie zim` scfs ikznrne fhedhhemcemrntins onvcejne. Cg jn onwustn

vnrbanuriedne tn @nnrane jhhjwnrbnaikb buiane zike, vhat nm`tnr tn onzine. Jn N- neOt-`crizcetne `cnvne vhe ehturn eint cvnrha cp jnznagjn jinptns vccr tn bcfnene ccb jn jibtns ne vnrsmìkeiedsvcrfne bueene pahhtsnaikb stnrb vnrsmìaane. Oiksm`cen, eint tct nne strumtuur `nranijohrn vnrbanuriedne is nne ietnrprnthtin (buiacg ehtuuraikb spccr) jnr`havn znnr fcniaikb.

On`havn `nt vccrecnfjn prcoannf is nr jn bwnstin vhe jn jhtnried. [ike jnbuiane wna ahhtencaitìsm`3 ]pccr 88:4, nne juijnaikbn buia, ahht zine jht jit eintzc `cngt tn zike. ît jn drikzn vuaaied bwhfne `cutsbcca ne vnrorhejn annf tnvccrsmìke. Wnrjnr nne banien sm`nrg vhe `hejdnvcrfj hhrjnwnrb, jin eint ehjnroieene jn prnìstcrin jhtnnrohhr is. @cutsbcca uit jnzn buia wnrj 8:M-dnjhtnnrj

cp 888> ¸ =< O\, nne uitbcfst jin ie Fijjnannuwne vhat. > Nne NDB-drhgvnaj, zc fcntne wik mcemaujnrne, nr vhat ent zc vnna vccr has tn-

dne tn znddne. Ontnr vnrjnjidohhr is nne ietnrprnthtin vhe spccr ?77 has onbnrdrhg.Jn vrhhd rikst jnr`havn cg cvnr jnzn vnrcejnrstnajn drhgbuia ccit nne `nuvna is dn-wcrpne. \csitinvn hhewikziedne zcujne jn ietnrprnthtin has drhg vnrjnr cejnrocu-wne. @nahhs `nngt `nt cejnrzcnb (iemausing nne stujin ehhr ìstcrism` bhhrtfhtnri-hha) juijnaikb dnfhhbt jht jnzn bwnstin eint cp tn acssne is.

@nt onbnrdrhg ie scmihha pnrspnmting

Jn ietnrprnthtin vhe spccr ?77 has drhg fhd jhe eint tn cejnrocuwne zike fntnne vnrwikzied ehhr rnstne vhe cg iejimhtins vccr nne (drhg)`nuvna, tcm` oaikgt nnejuijied has oikznttied jn fnnst vccr jn `hej aiddnejn2 fne vnrdnaikbn ie jit vnr-ohej jn anzied vhe vnrdnaikbohrn cetjnbbiedne najnrs ie Enjnrahej (Jrnet` nt ha. ?<882 Ahetied ?<<4/?<<0). Jn vrhhd rikst jhe ccb wnabn ijnetitnit jn jcjn ie `nt@nnranesn onbnrdrhg `hj. Jn ùijidn phrhdrhhg trhm`t jin vrhhd tn onhetwccrjne.

]anm`ts oik `cdn uitzcejnried zike ie NDB-drhvne sbnantrnstne hhedntrcggne,jin fnnr anrne cvnr jn anngtikj ne nt dnsahm`t vhe jn jcjn. Jit ennft eint wnd jhttcm` dnstnaj bhe wcrjne jht onphhajn hrtnghmtne ie drhgmcetnxt snxndnocejne zike.Wccr jn zustnrmuaturne vhe jn NDB, whhr sbnantfhtnrihha ontnr onwhhrj dnoanvne

is (oikvccronnaj jn Fijjne-Juitsn ne Oc`nnfsn ]mèurbnrhfib2 c.h. Oum`vhajnb89742 Oum`vhajnb & Bcutnmbö 894<2 @nie 8904)) oaikbt nne mcesistnet phtrcce.



>>,

[c zike stnene `hfnroikane, jitc oikane, vuurstnene pikapuetne ne saikpstnene(vccrehfnaikb) dnhsscminnrj fnt fheene, jin jccrdhhes fnt cpdntrcbbne beinâecgwna ie ùrb`cujied cp ùe rnm`tnrzikjn oikdnznt oaikbne tn zike.7 Jhhrnetndneoaikbne vrcuwne ie jn rndna has ‐aiebsùrbnejne’ tn zike oikdnznt. @nt hhetha bhrhb-tnristinbn vrcuwnaikbn drhghttrioutne aidt ahdnr jhe oik jn fheene. ]anm`ts spnmi-

ginbn sinrhjne ne hhrjnwnrbvcrfne, zchas jn zcdnecnfjn Jcsn , bueene dnecnfjwcrjne. Onbnrs bcfne jhhrnetndne vccr ie drhvne vhe onijn dnsahm`tne. Nr isdnne rnjne hhe tn enfne jht jn situhtin vccr jn NDB hejnrs is dnwnnst (vda.Ahetied 8979). ne ceznet zike onbnrs oaikbnes hsscmihtins fnt sbnantfhtnrihha ienab dnvha dnjnpcennrj ie twnn vrcuwnedrhvne. Jhhrvhe is `nt nen cpdndrhvne cpbhvna \8: ie jn Eccrjccstpcajnr (ne Hesm`nr & Dn`hssn 899=, :82 Jrnet` ntha. ?<88, thona >.8?. Ie `nt onwustn drhg ahd `nt sbnant vhe nne vcawhssne vrcuw(fcej. fnj. jrs. .K. tne Hesm`nr). @nt twnnjn drhg is nne mrnfhtinoikznttiedtn Ohhre-Jn Jrin Nibne (Whe net 8997), whhroik jn vnrorhejn rnstne vhe nnevrcuw vnrdnznaj diedne vhe sm`nrvne vhe twnn NDB-onbnrs vhe `nt typn 8n, twnn

vnrorhejn onene prinfne, nne spiebacs, ne nne `cnvnna`nij ehhbtn dnrst. Wccr jnvnrcejnrstnaaied jht NDB-fheene ie drhgmcetnxt scfs wnrjne uitdnrust fnt nnehhrjnwnrbne onbnr, sprnnbt cejnr fnnr `nt prifhirn mnetrhan drhg vhe jn tufuaus‐jn Bntneonrd’ tn Nnxt (Muikpnrs nt ha. 899:). Hhe jn jcjn, jin has ‐rnm`tsùrbnejn’tnr hhrjn whs onstnaj, whrne on`havn nne onbnr nne vuurstnene baied, jitc oika nenne stnene `hfnroika fnndndnvne.

Cg nne drhgievnethris jin uitsauitnej uit nne onbnr onsthht, zchas ie `nt dnvhavhe @nnrane ” dnfhbs`havn is jhhroik `nt orcb stnne ouitne onsm`cuwied dnahtne” oieene jn NDB spnmiginb hhe fheene jhe wna vrcuwne vccron`cujne whs, vhatcp drcej vhe ouitneahejsn vcejstne tn onzine.

Gid. >; \csitin vhe hhrjnwnrbne vhhtwnrb tne cpzim`tn vhe jn jcjn ie NDB-drhnuvnaieù-

fhtinoikzniedne ne -vahbdrhvne uit Enjnrahej. Ehhr @hvna (8940, d. :O) zike jn vcadnejn

acmhtins ie `nt vahb cejnrsm`nijne; 8 6 ocvne `nt `ccgj2 ? 6 hm`tnr `nt `ccgj ne jn enb2 = 6 hm` -

tnr jn rud, f.u.v. `nt cejnrstn dnjnnatn2 : 6 hm`tnr `nt cejnrstn jnna vhe jn rud, `nt fijjna ne

jn ocvneonene2 > 6 hm`tnr jn cejnronene2 7 6 vccr `nt `ccgj ne jn enb2 4 6 vccr jn rud, f.u.v.

`nt cejnrstn dnjnnatn2 0 6 vccr `nt cejnrstn jnna vhe jn rud, `nt fijjna ne jn ocvneonene2

9 6 vccr jn cejnronene2 8< 6 cejnr jn onene.

rnm`tsùrbnej

8<

> : = ?

8

9 0 4 7

8

? = : >

8<

4 0 97

aiebsùrbnej

hfgccr

onbnr



>7

@cnwna dnne fnesnaikb sbnantfhtnrihha onwhhrj dnoanvne is, fhd nr tcm` cpohsis vhe `nt hadnfnen onnaj (Ahetied 89792 Ahetied & Whe jnr Thhas 8947, ::)vheuit dndhhe wcrjne jht jn jcjn ie `nt @nnranesn onbnrdrhg fnt cpdntrcbbnebeinâe is oikdnznt, fnt jn oaib ie zuijnaikbn rim`tied. Fnt jnzn vnrcejnrstnaaiedhas vnrtrnbpuet `noone wik cejnrzcm`t ie `cnvnrrn jn pcsitin vhe jn onbnr oie-

ene `nt onwustn drhg hhednngt cg jn jcjn ondrhvne is cp jn aiebnr- cg rnm`tnrzikjn.Jhhrtcn is dnbnbne whhr tne cpzim`tn vhe nt aim`hhf `nt hhrjnwnrbne vhhtwnrb ishhedntrcggne ie Enjnrahejsn NDB-drhg`nuvnas ne -vahbdrhvne fnt aikbsia`cunttnene cevnrorhej sbnantfhtnrihha. Oik jn pahhtsonphaied is nne iejnaied jccr @hvna(8940) dnvcadj. Jn rnsuathtne vhe jn stujin zike dnprnsnetnnrj ie Gid. >.4 Jhhruitbcft ecm` oik ‐aiebnr-’ has ‐rnm`tùrbnejn’ nne vhstn pcsitin vhe `nt vhhtwnrb (iejn rndna onbnrs) ehhr vcrne.

Jnzn onviejiedne fhbne juijnaikb jht nne ehjnrn uitsprhhb cvnr jn jcjne-`cujied ie `nt dnvha vhe `nt onbnrdrhg vhe @nnrane cefcdnaikb is.

Jn hgfntiedne vhe jn drhgbuia jcne vnrfcnjne jht nt @nnranesn onbnrdrhg jn

ahhtstn rustpahhts whs vhe nne (oikeh-)vcawhssnen. Ccb `nt gcrfhht vhe jn onbnrwikst ie jin rim`tied, tnefiestn has jn onwnried vhe Jrnet` (899?, ?<9) dnvcadjwcrjt jht onbnrs uit biejnrdrhvne ie vnr`cujied banie (≪ 8< mf) zike.0 Nne vcejsttn Whhssne is nne vnrjnrn iejimhtin jht HCC-hhrjnwnrb ie NDB-drhvne vhe vca-whssnene cptrnnjt (Jrnet` ?<8<). @inr whrne mrnfhtinrnstne vhe nne vcawhssnenvnrdnznaj fnt sm`nrvne vhe twnn ?IIo-onbnrs.9

[chas dnzndj, is `nt cejuijnaikb cg cvnr jn drhgbuia ccrsprcebnaikb ha jhe eintnne `nuvna wnrj dnwcrpne. Wccr `nt vnrbrikdne vhe nne onnaj cvnr jn scmihan sth-tus vhe jn ondrhvnen vhat jit tn ontrnurne, whet, hadnfnne dnsprcbne, wikst nneondrhvied cejnr nne drhg`nuvna cp nne `cdnrn pcsitin jhe tnrhhrjnonstnaaied ie

nne vahbdrhg (Jrnet` 899<2 899?2 Jrnet` & Ac`cg ?<<>, ::4-::9). Anngtikj aikbtnne vhe jn mrumihan mritnrih tn zike dnwnnst hhe jn `hej whhrvhe onphhaj wnrj cgjn jcjn rnm`t `hj cp nne oikznttied cejnr nne tufuaus. Jhhrcp wikzne eint haannejn onviejiedne oieene jn NDB, fhhr tnvnes jin vccr jn Kutsn Nebnatdrhvsbuatur ne jn Fijjne-Juitsn ]mèurbnrhfib (Jrnet` 899?, ?8<, fnt vnrjnrn vnrwikzie-dne). Cvnridnes fcnt oik jn scmihan jiggnrnetihtin vhe jn NDB eint wcrjne dnjhm`thhe didhetism`n vnrtimhan sthtusvnrsmìaane. Jhhrcp juijt oikvccronnaj jn drccttnvhe jn drhg`nuvnas. Jn fnnst vcaufienuzn drhg`nuvna jin onbnej is, tufuaus Htn Bwhjneccrj, `nngt nne ie`cuj vhe mh. 8:> f=.8< ît nxpnrifnetne bcft ehhrvcrne jht nne ints drctnrn tufuaus (87< f=) ie twnn jhdne jccr =8 pnrscene dn-

ocuwj bhe wcrjne (Ac`cg 8998, ?7: ne gid. 8>4-8>92 fnt vnrjnrn vnrwikziedne).Jhhroik wcrjt uitdndhhe vhe wnrbjhdne vhe 8< uur nab, tnrwika jn wnrbzhhf`njneonsthhe uit `nt stnbne trhespcrtnrne cvnr >< f ne cpthstne vhe pahddne. Ccb jnNDB-enjnrznttiedne dnvne wnieid hheanijied tn jnebne hhe nne scmihha stnrb dn-strhtigimnnrjn shfneanvied (Jrnet` nt ha. ?<<0). @nt aikbt nrcp jht pnr wccepahhtséée cg `ccduit nebnan ùizne dnaikbtikjid `noone dnsthhe (vda. Fñaanr nt ha. ?<<9vccr Fijjne-Nurcph). Dnant cp jn drccttn vhe jn ùispahttndrcejne zha `nt hhe-tha iewcenrs fhxifhha nebnan tinethaane zike dnwnnst. [cwna drhvne has enjnrznt-tied iejimnrne, hejnrs dnzndj, nne baniesm`haidn shfneanvied. Ie zc’e mcetnxt, zcannrt ces jn muaturnan hetrcpcacdin, is nxcdhfin mrumihha vccr `nt cvnranvne vhe

jn scmihan drcnp. @nt bhe jnr`havn ehuwnaikbs tcnvha zike jht vccr jn NDB ne



>4,

`hhr zustnrmuaturne iejimhtins vccr uitùwnaikbied onsthhe (vda. Fñaanr nt ha. ?<<9,8:<2 ]infne 899?).

Wccr Enjnrahej ne `nt hhedrneznejn Juitsn drcejdnoinj zike `nt jn drhg-ievnethrissne fnt HCC-onbnrs jin cp uitùwnaikbied wikzne (Jrnet` & Ac`cg?<<9, 8?: ne Gid. 8). Ie Eccrj-Enjnrahej ne `nt hhedrneznejn Eccrjwnst-

Juitsn dnoinj zike jnrdnaikbn onbnrs ie vahbdrhvne ne drhg`nuvnas eccit tnzh-fne fnt (vuur)stnene oikane, jitc `hfnroikane ne jcabne vhe Grhesn vuurstnne(Drhej-\rnssidey-vuurstnne ne _cfidey-A`éry-vuurstnne cgwna Grhes tnrti-hir vuurstnne) dnvcejne. Jnrdnaikbn hsscmihtins zike jhhrnetndne wna onbnej uit

Gid. 7; _nsuathtne vhe `nt gcsghhtcejnrzcnb tn Acxstnjt, iemausing nne rnmcestrumtin

vhe jn jcjne`cujied. Ehhr ]trhà ?<<4.



>0

Fijjne- ne [uij-Enjnrahej has ccb `nt hhephanejn Juitsn drcejdnoinj, tnrwikajhhr tnvnes HCC-onbnrdrhvne zcejnr oikane, `hfnroikane ne jcabne zike cetjnbt.Cfjht jn aitìsm`n hrtnghmtne ie bwnstin cp tn vhttne zike has typism` fheenaikbndrhghttrioutne (zin jn nnrjnr hhedn`hhajn aitnrhtuur) rikst nt vnrfcnjne jht ie ntahhtstdnecnfjn Enjnrahejsn ne Juitsn dnoinj zcwna fheene has vrcuwne fnt

HCC-onbnrs wnrjne oikdnznt. Ie Eccrj-Enjnrahej ée Eccrjwnst-Juitsahej aik-bne jnrdnaikbn onbnrs jhhrnetndne haanne ie vrcuwnedrhvne vccr tn bcfne. @nt isvnranijnaikb jnzn vrcuwne has uit`nnfs tn zine ie `nt aim`t vhe jn whhrsmìkeaikb-`nij jht ie Fijjne- ne [uij-Enjnrahej hasfnjn `nt ehouridn Juitsahej onijnsnxne ie HCC-onbnrdrhvne ondrhvne zike. n fnnr jhhr `nt uitùwne vhe vrcu-wne vccr jn hhevnrwhetn Fijjne-Juitsahej ]mèurbnrhfib uitnrst hheenfnaikbis. Oaikbnes strcetiufisctcpnecejnrzcnb hhe sbnanttne uit nne drhgvnajkn tn Nuahu,dnandne aheds jn ]hhan ie ]hm`sne-He`hat zike jn ìnr ondrhvne vrcuwne eint ie-`nnfs2 ue nrbcfst cgwna pahhts vhe dnoccrtn wcrjt dnzcm`t ie jn rndic rcejcfjn @hrz (Fuà nt ha. ?<8<).

ct sact zik cpdnfnrbt jht Jrnet` nt ha. (?<<0) dnwnzne noone cp jn rndicehanvnrsm`nijne`nij oieene jn NDB. [ik cejnrsm`nijne cp drcej vhe enjnrznttieds-ne drhgvcejstne nne [uij-Enjnrahejsn drcnp, jin zim` ouitne jn Enjnrahejsndrnezne vccrtznt ie Onadiâ ne Juitsahej (zin vccr jn ahhtstn rndic Ohetnafhee890?). Bnefnrbnej vccr jnzn drcnp is jn stnrbn vnrtndnewccrjidied vhe HCC-onbnrs. @nt onbnrdrhg tn @nnrane vnrstnrbt jit onnaj.

Zcnbcfstid cejnrzcnb ehhr drhvne

Tnaaim`t jn onahedrikbstn vrhhd jin `nt cejnrzcnb tn @nnrane cprcnpt, is; ‑@cnbueene wik nr hm`tnr bcfne cg iedrhviedne drhgbuiane zike, iejine dnne fnesn-aikbn rnstne rnstnrne3‖ Gcsghhtcejnrzcnb bhe fnnr uitsauitsna oinjne. Jit ahht `ntcejnrzcnb vhe nne ahhtencaitìsm`n buia fnt nne stnene `hfnroika, nne vuursahduit vuurstnne ne nne hhrjnwnrbne onbnr ne jitc sm`hha tn Acxstnjt (Enjnrshbsne,Juitsahej) zine (]trhà ?<<4). Whe jn jcjn whs fnt `nt oactn ccd dnne spccr`nrbneohhr. Fhhr hhe jn `hej vhe gcsghhtwhhrjne bce eint haanne hhedntccejwcrjne jht `nt nne drhg ontrngt, fhhr whs `nt tnvnes fcdnaikb jn jcjne`cujiedtn rnmcestrunrne (Gid. 7)

Zct onsauit

Nrim Ac`cg hj has fnjnwnrbnr vhe _HH\ Hrm`ncacdism` Hjvinsournhu ie jn khrne’9< vhe jn vcridn nnuw has wnrbdnoinj cejnr fnnr Aifourd. Ie jnzn pnricjn fhhrccb jhhreh `nngt ìk ie vnrsm`nijnen puoaimhtins oaikb dndnvne vhe zike ietnrnssn iene bneeis vhe `nt Enjnrahejsn Ahht-Encaitìmuf (Jrnet` & Ac`cg ?<<>2 ?<<92Ac`cg 899:2 Ac`cg nt ha. ?<88). Tik `noone jnr`havn dnfnnej zike hgsm`nij auis-tnr oik tn znttne fnt jn ùijidn oikjrhdn. Nrim, fcdn jn vnr`hejnaied rnjne zikevccr `nt cp`hane vhe fccin `nrieenriedne ne tnvnes nne orce vhe iespirhtin zikevccr einuwn pneenevrum`tne. @nt dh kn dcnj!



>9,

Ectne

8 Wcejsteuffnrs 8?> ne 8=:. ikjnes `nt onrdne is jn onbnr hasecd uit nabhhr dnvhaane,whhreh _nsthurh jn pct `nngt dnrnsthurnnrj tct nne hrm`ncacdism`-mcfpantn pct.

? Aho er. \cz-=9=<0. Jn bhaiorhtin is uitdnvcnrj fnt CxMha v:.8.>.

= Aho er. \cz-=9=88. Jn bhaiorhtin is uitdnvcnrj fnt CxMha v:.8.>.

: Wccr jn tctsthejbcfied vhe jn ùijidn oikjrhdn wiaane wik jn `nrne jrs. .K. tne Hesm`nr,jrs. K.\. @uis ie ’t Wnaj ne jr. N. ]trhà jhebne.

> Aho er. \cz-=9=8?. Jn ? ύ-bhaiorhtin is uitdnvcnrj fnt CxMha v:.8.> ne dnngt has fcdn-aikb`njne 0==-0=7 H.J. (<,=%) ne 079-8<8: H.J. (9>,8 %).

7 Cejnr rnm`ts- ne aiebsùrbnej wcrjt ìnr zcwna jn jcjne`cujied vnrsthhe whhroik jnpnrscce ie zike/`hhr dn`nna cp nne zikjn is dnpahhtst has jin whhroik `nt ocvneaim`hhf fntonijn sm`cujnrs cp jn drcej aidt, tnrwika jn onene zikjnaieds dnpahhtst zike.

4 [in vccr nne cvnrzim`t Jrnet` nt ha. (?<88, thona >.8?, fnt vnrwikziedne). Jhhroikfcnt wcrjne hhedntnbnej jht jccr nne rnjhmticenan vnrdissied tnvnes tufuaus II cpjn Nrfnacsn @nijn is cpdnecfne. Ie jit drhg is dnne juijnaikb aikbsia`cunt hhedntrcne

(Fcjjnrfhe 89>:, ??-?=, d. >, 7 ne pa. IW, W, WIII, hgo. ? ne PPPIII). Wnrjnr is ie drhg8 tn @httnfnrorcnb-onjrikvnetnrrnie @httnfnrorcnb-[uij wnaiswhhr nne aikbsia`cunt cpjn aiebnrzikjn hhedntrcne, fhhr jn ie jn oikjrhdn vhe Jrnet` nt ha. (?<88, hgo. >.8>)is `nahhs nne gctc tnrnm`tdnbcfne, jin jit eint tccet. Jhhrneocvne is jn tnbneied vhejn aikbsm`hjuw cekuist (ioijnf, hgo. >.87), ie `nt oikzcejnr wht jn pcsitin vhe jn hrfneontrngt. Ie `nt rhppcrt cvnr `nt cejnrzcnb ie `nt pahednoinj @httnfnrorcnb-[uij zuaanednecnfjn gcutne wcrjne rnm`tdnznt (@hfourd & Ac`cg ie vccronrnijied). Ie jn uijidnoikjrhdn is nne NDB-aikbsia`cunt jht ceaheds tn Drceiedne-@napnrfhhr is cpdndrhvne(Gnes nt ha. ?<8<) ouitne onsm`cuwied dnahtne. Cp drcej vhe jn puoaimhtin whs `nt eintfcdnaikb jn pcsitin vhe jn neidn drhgdigt, nne onbnr, vcajcnejn tn hm`tnr`hane. Ehvrhhdoik jrs. K.\. @uis ie ’t Wnaj, jin hhe `nt onwust cejnrzcnb fnnwnrbtn, orhm`t ìnrie `nahhsdnne vnrhejnried.

0 Oik ehjnr iezine is `nt ontnr biejnrdrhvne tn cejnrsm`nijne cp drcej vhe jn jifnesins vhejn drhgbuia ée jn hgfntiedne vhe jn drhgdigtne (vccr zcvnr jin hhewnzid zike). @nt rnmnetcejnrzcm`tn drhg tn Drceiedne-@napnrfhhr (Gnes nt ha. ?<8<, := ne d. = ne :) fhhbtjit juijnaikb. @nt aikbsia`cunt wikst cp nne vcawhssnen cg nne puonr, tnrwika jn onbnr 8<,>mf `ccd is. nrzikjn zik cpdnfnrbt jht ‐biej’ ne ‐vcawhssnen’ scmihan mcestrumtins zike, jineint eccjzhbnaikbnrwikzn `cnvne tn mcrrnspcejnrne fnt oicacdism`n dndnvne`njne.

9 Oik jit mrnfhtindrhg fcnt wna wcrjne hhedntnbnej jht eint dn`nna uitdnsactne bhe wcrjnejht nt vhe Fijjne-IKznrtikj-cujnrjcf is. Jn oikznttied wnrj iffnrs cetjnbt tnfijjnevhe nne drhgvnaj uit `nt ondie vhe jin pnricjn, tnrwika `nt onbnej is jht tikjnes jn urene-vnajnepnricjn, j.w.z. jn Ahtn Orcestikj t/f ondie Fijjne-IKznrtikj, ie `nt Fijjne- neOnenjne-_ikednoinj encaitìsm`n coknmtne `nrdnoruibt wnrjne, cejnr fnnr has drhgdigtne

(Jrnet` ?<8<2 fnt vnrjnrn vnrwikziedne).8< Jn ie`cuj vhe `nt `nuvnaaim`hhf is onrnbnej has whrn jit nne ocasndfnet. Hhednzine

jit ie wnrbnaikb`nij eint zc is, fcnt `nt rnsuathht has nne uitbcfst oik onehjnried wcrjnednzine. Jn wnrbnaikbn `nuvnadrccttn zha nnrjnr banienr jhe drctnr zike.



7<

Aitnrhtuur

Hesm`nr, tne Z.K. tne & N.G. Dn`hssn, 899=; Encaitìsm`n ne Wrcndn Orcestikj-on-wceied aheds jn onenjneaccp vhe jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t, ie; [email protected]. Oacnfnrs, T.Drcnefhe-vhe Thhtnriedn & @.H. @nijiedh (rnj.), Wcntne ie jn hhrjn. Nne bne-eisfhbied fnt jn fcjnren Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin , Hfstnrjhf, ?>-::.

Ohetnafhee, E., 890?; Nejencaitìsm`n Guejn if r`nieism`-wnstgêaism`ne _huf (Cggh-Oñm`nr, ::, Enufñestnr.

Onrnejsne, @.K.H., ?<<< (?n jrub); Ahejsm`hp ie jnane. Cvnrzim`t vhe jn dncghmtcrne, Hssne.

Onrd, F.T. vhe jne, 8909; Dncfcrgcacdism`n bhhrt vhe Enjnrahej, sm`hha8;><.<<<. Bhhrtoahjne >9 Dneb, 7< ]itthrj, 78 Fhhstrim`t ne 7? @nnrane , Thdneiedne/@hhranf.

Oum`vhajnb, F., 8974; Jin ]mèurbnrhfib ie O÷`fne (Hmth êivnrsithtis Mhrcaiehn.

\ìacspcìmh nt @istcrimh Fcecdrhpìh, PIP), \rhhd Oum`vhajnb, F. & J. Bcutnmbö, fnt oikjrhdne vhe H.Z. Mahsce, K. M`cm`ca &

]. Wnema, 894<; Wibantimn. Nie smèurbnrhfism`ns Drêonrgnaj (\rhnìstcrimh, III),\rhhd.

Muikpnrs, H.D.G.F., N. Jrnet` & H.N. Ahetied, 899:; Jn drhg`nuvna ‐Jn Bntneonrd’tn Nnxt, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 888, 89-=0 (888-8=<).

Jrnet`, N., 899<; Nne cejnrzcnb ehhr hspnmtne vhe jn syfocaism`n ontnbn-eis vhe Drhej-\rnssidey- ne psnujc-Drhej-\rnssidey-jcabne ie drhvne vhe jnNebnadrhgmuatuur ie Enjnrahej, ie; H..A. Eibanwimz-@cbsn & M.H.D.Ahdnrwnrg

(rnj.), Ouejna vhe jn ]tnnetikjjhd 8 hpria 8909 , Drceiedne, 8<<-8?8.Jrnet`, N., 899?; Gaht drhvns hej ohrrcws cg t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn ie t`n

Ent`nrahejs ie scmiha pnrspnmtivn; He ietnrif rnpcrt, ie; F. Oum`vhajnb & M.]trh`f (rnj.), Jin bcetienethanurcpêism`ne Druppne jnr Buatur fit ]mèurbnrhfib.]mèurbnrhfib-]yfpcsiuf 899< (\rhnìstcrimh, PIP), \rhhd, ?<4-?8:.

Jrnet`, N, ?<<> (?n jrub); @nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf ie Enjnrahej, ie; K. Jnnone,N. Jrnet`, F.-G. vhe Ccrscuw (rnj.), Jn stnnetikj vhe Enjnrahej (Hrm`ncacdin88/8?), Fnppna, ===-=7>.

Jrnet`, N., ?<8<; Nne mrnfhtindrhg fnt HCC-hhrjnwnrb uit `nt drhgvnaj tn Whhssne,

ie; H.J. Wnraiejn & _.]. @uast, Jn drhgvnajne ne drhgvcejstne cp ne rcej jn Wnauwnvhe jn Ahtn Orcestikj tct ie jn Fijjne-IKznrtikj (Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n_hppcrtne, =9), Hfnrsgccrt, 88>-889.

Jrnet`, N. & H.N. Ahetied, 8998; Jn m`rcecacdin vhe jn Nebnadrhgmuatuur ieEnjnrahej; nebnan vccracpidn cpfnrbiedne, \hanc-hbtunna ?, :?-:7.

Jrnet`, N. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<> (?n jrub); @nuvnas vccr jn jcjne. Ondrhvied ne drhgri-tunna ie onbnrtikj, vrcndn ne fijjne-orcestikj, ie; A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, \.T. vhejne Orcnbn, @. Gcbbnes & H. vhe Dike, Enjnrahej ie jn prnìstcrin , Hfstnrjhf,:==-:>:.



78,

Jrnet`, N. & K.T.@. @cdnstike, ?<<4; Onbnrs vccr Ohbbnr. Einuwn ijnnâe cvnrjn ccrsprced ne cetwibbnaied vhe bacbonbnrs ie Enjnrahej, ie; [email protected]. Oacnfnrs(rnj.), ussne J?7 ne \8:; Khe Haonrt Ohbbnr 7> khhr , Hfstnrjhf, ==-8:7.

Jrnet`, N., C. Oriebbnfpnr & _.M.D.F. Ahuwnrinr, ?<<0; ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn]nttanfnets ie t`n Ent`nrahejs; t`n sthtn cg hgghirs heec ?<<7, ie; T. J÷rganr

& K. Fñaanr (rnj.), ^fwnat ” Tirtsm`hgt ” ]injauedne if jrittne vcrm`ristai-m`ne Kh`rthusnej Fittnanurcphs uej ]ñjsbhejiehvines (Cggh-Oñm`nr, E.G., 0:),Enufñestnr, 8:9-808.

Jrnet`, N., & N. Ac`cg, ?<<9; Fcoiaitêt wê`rnej jns Nejencaitìbufs uej jnrOrceznznit. Nien haadnfnien Ñonrsim`t gñr jin Einjnrahejn, ie; H. Brnee-Anno, @.-K.Oninr, N. MahÓne, G. Ghabnestnie & ]. ]m`wneznr (rnj.), Whrih encaitìmh W. Fcoiaitêt,

Fidrhtice uej Bcffueibhtice wê`rnej jns Encaitìbufs uej jnr Orceznznit.Onitrêdn jnr ]itzuedne jnr Hronitsdnfniesm`hgtne Encaitìbuf uej Orceznznitwê`rnej jnr Kh`rnsthdued jns Tnst- uej ]ñjjnutsm`ne Wnrohejns gñr Hatnrtufsgcrsmùedn.W. ie Phetne, 7.-0. Kuei ?<<7 (Onitrêdn zur ^r- uej Grñ`dnsmìm`tn Fittnanurcphs,>=), Ahednewnissohm`, 8?8-8=?.

Jrnet`, N. & A. Fnurbnes, ?<88; \rnìstcrism` hhrjnwnrb, ie; N. Ac`cg, @hfourd,. & K. Gahffhe (rnj.), ?<88; ]tnnetikj cpdnspccrj. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie `nttrhmé vhe jn @heznaike-Cujn Ahej (Hrm`ca rhppcrt, 8=0 hasfnjn HJM rhppcrt,?>47), Anijne/Hfnrsgccrt, ?08-==:.

Jrnet`, N. A. Fnurbnes & H.A. vhe Dike (fnt oikjrhdne vhe ]. Ohntsne, @. vhe @hhstnr & A.I. Bccistrh), ?<88; Ahht-encaitìsm`n drhvne, ie; N. Ac`cg, .@hfourd & K. Gahffhe, ?<88; ]tnnetikj cpdnspccrj. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie `nttrhmé vhe jn @heznaike-Cujn Ahej (Hrm`ca rhppcrt, 8=0 hasfnjn HJM rhppcrt,?>47), Anijne/Hfnrsgccrt, ?<9-?49.

Gnes, _.A., K.Y. @uis ie ’t Wnaj, K.\. Fnejnats, F.K.A.Z`. Einbus & H. ^gbns, ?<8<; Khdne, wcene ne ondrhvne cp jn gaheb vhe jn @cejsrud (Dr.), \hanc-hbtunna ?8,=9-:7.

@hvna, K., 8940; `n Ouriha _itn cg t`n Onaa Onhbnr Muaturn ie Oc`nfih hej Fcrhvih,Whrih Hrm`hncacdimh 8 (\rhnìstcrimh, WII), \rhhd, 98-884.

@nie, F., 8904; êtnrsumùedne zur Buatur jnr ]mèurbnrhfib ie Fittnajnutsmàhej.nxt (]hhrorñmbnr Onitrêdn zur Hatnrtufsbuejn, ><), Ocee.

Ahetied, H.N., 8979; Ints cvnr jn drhgdnoruibne vhe jn sthejvcntonbnrbuatuur, EinuwnJrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 04, >-80 (87>-840).

Ahetied, K.E., ?<<4/?<<0; Jn EC-Enjnrahejsn/ET-Juitsn bacbonbnrdrcnp; muatu-rnan hm`tnrdrcej, typcacdin vhe `nt hhrjnwnrb, jhtnried, vnrsprnijied ne drhgritu-nna, \hahncìstcrih :9/><, 88-=?7.

Ahetied, K.E. & K. vhe jnr \aim`t, 8999/?<<<; Jn 8:M-m`rcecacdin vhe jn Enjnrahejsnprn- ne prctcìstcrin, III; Encaitìmuf, \hahncìstcrih :8/:?, 8-88<.

Ahetied, K.E., & K.J. vhe jnr Thhas, 894:; Cuj`nijbuejid cejnrzcnb oik ]whafne.I \rhnìstcrin. Cpdrhviedne ie jn khrne 89=7-89=0 ne 8970-894=, Cuj`nijbuejidn

Fnjnjnaiedne uit `nt _ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne tn Anijne AW, 8-888.



7?

Ahetied, K.E., & K.J. vhe jnr Thhas, 8947; Onhbnr Muaturn rnahtices ie t`n Acwnr_ìen Ohsie, ie; K.E. Ahetied & K.J. vhe jnr Thhas (rnj.), Dacmbneonm`nrsyfpcsiceConrrinj 894: , Oussuf/@hhranf, 8-0<.

Ac`cg, N., 8998; Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejnried ie jn orcestikj vhe Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej , Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 899:; rhjitice hej m`hedn. Ouriha prhmtimns ie t`n Ahtn Encaitìm hejOrcezn Hdn ie t`n ecrt`-nhstnre Ent`nrahejs, Hrm`hncacdimha Jihacduns 8 (?),90-880.

Ac`cg, N., @hfourd, Z. & K. Gahffhe (rnj.), ?<88; ]tnnetikj cpdnspccrj. Hrm`ncacdism`cejnrzcnb ie `nt trhmé vhe jn @heznaike-Cujn Ahej (Hrm`ca rhppcrt, 8=0 hasfnjn HJM rhppcrt, ?>47), Anijne/Hfnrsgccrt.

Fcjjnrfhe, \.K._., 89>:; Drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb ie Fijjne-Enjnrahej, Onrim`tnevhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb W, 4-::.

Fuà, H., @. Fnaanr & B. @nmbne`hè, ?<8<; htcrt Nuahu. Nie :><< Kh`rn hatnsWnrornm`ne wirj hugdnbaêrt , ]tuttdhrt.

Fñaanr, K., Z. ]nrndéay, M. Onmbnr, H.-F. M`ristnesne, F. Gum`s, @. Brcaa, J.Fism`bh & . ]màñssanr, ?<<9; H rnvisice cg t`n Mcrjnj Thrn ]nttanfnet \httnre”Enw _nsuats grcf t`n Mnetrha Nurcpnhe Acw Fcuethie _hedn, \rcmnnjieds cg t`n\rnìstcrim ]cminty 4>, 8?>-8:?.

\hsvnnr, K.F., & @.Z. ^yttnrsm`hut, 899?; wnn Ahht-Encaitìsm`n sbnanttneuit Eccrj-@caahej. Nne gysism`-het`rcpcacdism` cejnrzcnb, Tnstnr`nnf :8,?70-?4:.

]infne, \., 899?; ]cmiha strumturn cg t`n Naon-]hhan Mcrjnj Thrn Muaturn ” h prn-aifiehry fcjna, ie; F. Oum`vhajnb & M. ]trh`f (rnj.), Jin bcetienethanurcpêi-sm`ne Druppne jnr Buatur fit ]mèurbnrhfib. ]mèurbnrhfib-]yfpcsiuf 899< (\rhnìstcrimh, PIP), \rhhd, ??9-?:<.

]trhà, N., ?<<4; Drnezdêednr zwism`ne Nieznadrho- uej Dacm`neonm`nrbuatur, Hrm`êcacdin ie Einjnrshm`sne 8<, 4?-4>.

Znet, T.K. vhe, 8997; Ohhre Jn Jrin Nibne, ie; J.@. Bcb, ].D. vhe Jcmbuf &G. Wcdnazhed (rnj.), H rm`ncacdism`n Brceinb \rcviemin ^trnm`t 8900-8909 , ^trnm`t,=<-=8.

Zim`nafhe, D., ?<8<; Onjrikvnetnrrnie riahejis. Dnfnnetn @nnrane. Hrm`ncacdism` vccr-cejnrzcnb; nne ievnethrisnrnej vnajcejnrzcnb (prcngsanuvne), (_HH\-rhppcrt 8977), Tnnsp.

Zim`nafhe, D., ie vccronrnijied; Onjrikvnetnrrnie irahejis. Dnfnnetn @nnrane. Hrm`ncacdism`n cpdrhvied (wnrbtitna).

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr, & T. Dahsonrdne, 89>>; Onhbnr typns hej t`nir jistriouti-ce ie t`n Ent`nrahejs. Ietrusivn typns, futuha iegaunemns hej acmha nvcautices,\hahncìstcrih IW, >-:7.



7=

W AHBD_HWNE CG D_HG@N^WNA]3

Jn mcesnqunetins vhe ocjnffimrcfcrgcacdism`cejnrzcnb ehhr nne ‐vahbdrhg ’ uit jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn

@.F. vhe jnr Wnajn & _.\. Nxhatus

Ieanijied

cne Nrim Ac`cg ie jinest bwhf oik HJM Hrm`nc\rcknmtne, ints wht nne nnu-wid`nij dnanjne aikbt, `hj ìk ha nne iejrubwnbbnejn wntnesm`hppnaikbn mhrriàrnhm`tnr jn rud.8 @nt fnnst ie `nt ccd spriednejn rnsuathht jhhrvhe is wna zikeprcngsm`rigt whhrie `nt ondrhgneisritunna dnjurnejn jn Orcestikj mnetrhha sthht.@nahhs is Nrim oik `nt HJM znajne ie jn dnandne`nij dnwnnst cf zike drctn bne-eis cp jit dnoinj tne tcce tn sprnijne. Wnna einuwn drhg`nuvnas zike eint fnnrdnvcejne. Tna fcnst ìk zim` ie zike nnrstn khrne dhhe onbwhfne ie jn hrm`ncac-

Gid. 8; Jn Eccrjns vhe Thm`tuf fnt jhhrie nne cvnrzim`t vhe jn ìnr onsm`rnvne drcejspc -rne uit `nt Encaitìmuf ne Orcestikj.



7:

din vhe fijjnannuwsn enjnrznttiedne zchas oik ]t. Cnjnercjn cg nne 80n-nnuwsnbhstnnatuie oik @cutne (Ac`cg & Nejnrfhe ?<<82 Ac`cg ?<<?). Fnt jn `nf on-bnejn prcgnssicehaitnit sacnd Nrim zim` jhhr jhppnr jccr`nne cf tndne `nt niejnvhe zike mhrriàrn tcm` ecd oikzcejnrn cejnrzcnbne cp zike ehhf tn sm`rikvne oie-ene `nt vhbdnoinj whhrhhe ìk zc vnrbecm`t is; jn drcctsm`haidn cpdrhviedne oik

`nt beccppuet @httnfnrorcnb ne ie Tnst-Grinsahej whhr jn hrm`ncacdin vhe jnFijjne-Orcestikj wnnr einuw anvne is iednoahzne (Ac`cg nt ha . ?<882 _cnssied`& Ac`cg ?<88). Has hhejnebne hhe jn oikzcejnrn shfnewnrbied fnt Nrim ondnngtjn nnrstn hutnur zim` cp dahj iks. Has vhe ccrsprced cpdnanij ie jn _cfniesn hr-m`ncacdin, no ccb ib nrvhrne cn wnieid rnbnesm`hp nt ocjnfhrmìng cujt fntjn spnmihaishtin vhe zike cpdrhvnrs. Cednvnnr nne khhr vccr Nrims bcfst ehhr `nt

HJM vcej nne cpdrhvied pahhts ie Thm`tuf (Jrnet`n). On`havn rnstne uit jnIKznrtikj, _cfniesn tikj ne Fijjnannuwne wnrjne jhhr jrin ahhtencaitìsm`n drh-vne hhedntrcggne (Whe jnr Wnajn nt ha. ?<<<). [n jhtnrne uit jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn(mh. ?0<<-?:<< v. M`r.) ne zike `nt cejnrwnrp vccr jnzn oikjrhdn. Eint cfjht zn

zc oikzcejnr zike, fhhr cfjht nne nrvhe cejnrwcrpne is hhe fimrcfcrgcacdism`cejnrzcnb. Jn rnsuathtne jhhrvhe zike vhe onahed vccr jn juijied vhe jit sccrtdrhvne, jin dnwcceaikb ontitnaj wcrjne has vahbdrhg. Fhhr zchas wna vhhb ie jnmcffnrmiâan hrm`ncacdin; eints is wht `nt aikbt.

Jn cpdrhvied oik Thm`tuf

Jn cpdrhvied is nne dcnjn iaaustrhtin vhe jn wikzn whhrcp jn hhe Fhath dnrnah-tnnrjn hrm`ncacdin tct sthej bcft. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb vcadt iegrhstrumturnancetwibbnaiedne cp jn vcnt ne `nngt ontrnbbnaikb wnieid ievacnj cp jht wht cejnr-zcm`t bhe wcrjne. @nt dnvcad inrvhe whs nne prcngsanug ie jn vcrf vhe nne ahednne sfhaan strccb aheds jn hutcwnd =4, jin tussne @ccdnvnne ne jn Juitsn drnescfdnocuwj wnrj tct rikbswnd. Dnaubbid wnrj jn jismussin fnt jn onvcndjn cvnr-`nij ne cpjrhm`tdnvnr dnwceene ne bcejne oik tikj ne wikan ccb jnane vhe jn tcn-bcfstidn fijjneonrf cejnrzcm`t wcrjne. Has ‐drctn prcngsanug ’ jccr `nt dnoinjoccj jn cpjrhm`t nne dnwnajidn fcdnaikb`nij. Jn dnriedn ornnjtn vnrìejnrjnnm`tnr wna nne dnjnthiaannrjn stujin vhe jn cpdndrhvne spcrne vhe fnesnaikb `he-jnane. [c oaikbt `nt eint fcdnaikb cf jn mcetnxt vhe jn dnvcejne hrm`ncacdism`nrnstne tn ondrnezne. Wccr jnzn oikjrhdn is jht dnaubbid vhe cejnrdnsmìbt onahed,ha aikbt jn bhes jht wn oieenebcrt bueene vhststnaane cg nr ecd fnnr drhvne vnr-

ocrdne aiddne ie jn ocjnf vhe jn Eccrjns oik Thm`tuf, dnried.Wccrhgdhhej hhe jn hheand wnrj nne drcct hhetha prcngputkns dndrhvne. Haannejn prcngputtne jin cp jn gaheb vhe jn Eccrjns dnsitunnrj ahdne, oanbne spcrne tnonvhttne. ikjnes jn jhhrcpvcadnejn cpdrhvied wnrjne rnstne dnvcejne vhe nneocnrjnrik uit jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj (typn Thm`tuf), jn Ahtn IKznrtikj (typn @ikbne)ne jn ennrsahd vhe nne zcdnecnfjn @nssnewnd, nne ouejnaied bhrrnespcrne jinhgbcfstid vhe Jhane vnrjnr rim`tied Drceiedne dhht. Cpvhaanej whs nne mcemne-trhtin phhaspcrne ne nne cpsahdbuia uit jn Wrcndn Orcestikj. Has nrvhrne hrm`nc-accd zha Nrim fcntne onhfne jht kn nne iestiemt cetwibbnat vccr jn juijied vhejit sccrt mcestnaahtins. @nt zcu jn cpdrhvnr jhe ccb eints vnrohzne has jit spcrne-

maustnr jn ennrsahd ontrngt vhe nne twnnonubidn pahttndrcej. @nahhs cetornbne nrtn vnna phhaspcrne cf jit dnvcna ccb wntnesm`hppnaikb tn sthvne.



7>

Jn encaitìsm`n drhvne bwhfne has nne vnrrhssied. Eint ie jn zie jht `nt znaj-zhfn vcejstne ontrngt, tikjnes vrikwna nab drcctsm`haid enjnrznttiedscejnrzcnb ieEccrj- ne Ccst-Enjnrahej juibt nr wna nnetkn cp, fhhr nnrjnr cfjht jn drhgbui-ane znag eint `nrbnej wnrjne tikjnes jn hheand vhe jn wnrbputtne. Jn cpdrhvnrstcej pactsnaied fnt nne stnene oika ie zike `hejne. Has dnvcad jhhrvhe is nne

drcct jnna vhe jn wnrbput `hejfhtid cpdnsm`hhgj. Nr oanbne wna jndnaikb drhg-buiane tn zike, fhhr zn whrne sanm`t zim`tohhr ne cerndnafhtid vhe vcrf. Jn jrindrhvne zike, zchas dnzndj, tcn tn sm`rikvne hhe jn Nebnadrhgmuatuur. Ie `nt cejnr-sthhejn wcrjt nnrst jn vcejstmcetnxt onsm`rnvne, vnrvcadnes rim`t jit vnr`hha zim`cp jn hhrj vhe jn jrin oikznttiedne, ie `nt oikzcejnr drhg 8. ikjnes `nt cpdrhvnebwhf ehfnaikb jn vrhhd ehhr ocvne cg cvnr jit drhg, jht cfdnvne wnrj jccr nnebrieddrnppna, ccit nne `nuvna whs dnwcrpne. Hejnrs dnzndj, `noone wik ìnr tnfhbne fnt nne oikznttied cejnr nne drhg`nuvna3 Jccr fijjna vhe nne saikppahht-cejnrzcnb is dntrhm`t ìnrcvnr uitsauitsna tn vnrbrikdne.

Jn drhvne@nt nnrstn drhg wnrj jccrsenjne jccr nebnan phane vhe nne uispahttndrcej uit jnAhtn IKznrtikj Ocvnejine `nngt jn pacnd jn drhgbuia ne oikon`crnejn rcejn drnp-pna dnrhhbt.

Jn drhgstrumtuur onstcej uit nne drhgbuia, jin wnrj cfsactne jccr nne bried-drnppna fnt nne jccrsenn vhe ?,:> f. Jn drnppna `hj nne ornnjtn vhe =: mf nenne jinptn vhe ?< mf. Jn vnrbanuried vhe jn drhgbuia whs ecd fhhr ehuwnaikbswhhrennfohhr. Jn drhgbuia whs ecd 8 f ahed ne >< mf ornnj. Jn criâethtin vhejn buia whs ccst-wnst. Jn drhgbuia wnrj phs `nrbnej ie `nt vahb eh jn vcejst vhenne vuurstnene oika. Jhhreh is jn drhgbuia fnt jn sm`cp sm`hvnej vnrjinpt. ikjnes`nt uitdrhvne zike dnne mcetcurne whhrdnecfne vhe nne aikbsia`cunt. Jn drhgbuiaoannb ecd dnne 8< mf jinp tn zike.

Gid. ?; Drhg 8 vhe jn cpdrhvied oik jn Eccrjns tn Thm`tuf.



77

ikjnes `nt hheanddne vhe `nt vahb ne oik `nt uitsm`hvne vhe jn drhgbuia wnr-jne nebnan oikdigtne dnvcejne. Jn acmhtin vhe jn stnene oika ie jn drhgbuia whs ecdwna tn `nranijne. Jhhrehhst wnrjne sm`nrvne vhe nne vnrpacndjn sthejvcntonbnrdnvcejne, fhhr `nt drcctstn jnna is ie jn rnmnetn ocuwvccr tnrnm`t dnbcfne nevnrjwnene. ikjnes `nt uitdrhvne vhe jn drhgbuia wnrjne ccb nebnan hgsahdne vhe

Gid. =; Jn drhevnethris vhe jn jrin drhvne uit jn Eccrjns oik Thm`tuf.



74

vuurstnne hhedntrcggne. Cejuijnaikb is cg ùe hhewnzid`nij shfne`hedt fnt `ntdrhgritunna cg jht jnzn cujnr zike ne jccr cpspit ie jn drhgbuia tnrnm`t zike dnbc-fne. Jn oikdigtne fcntne cp jn ocjnf vhe jn drhgbuia `noone dnandne.

Ccb jn brieddrnppna is uitdnsm`hhgj, fhhr nr wnrjne dnne vcejstne ie hhedn-trcggne. Oik `nt uitsm`hvne vhe jn brieddrnppna vhe jit drhg zike dnne phhaspcrne

`nrbnej.@nt stnene oikatkn is vnrvhhrjidj uit jihohhs. Jn drcctstn anedtn ne ornnjtn zikehm`tnrnnevcadnes mh. 0,> mf ne mh. :,> mf drcct, tnrwika jn drcctstn jibtn mh. ?,>mf is. Whewndn jn rnm`t`cnbidn jwhrsjccrsenjn ontrngt `nt nne Gnas-_nm`tnmbonia .Fnnr ie `nt oikzcejnr is `nt oikatkn uit Thm`tuf vhe `nt typn O8 vcadnes jn typc-acdin vhe Orhejt; nne bacbvcrfidn ne ornjn, fnnstha bcrtn oika, whhroik jn drcctstnornnjtn drctnr is jhe jn `havn anedtn (mg. ]mùt 8904, ?9).

Whe jn sthejvcntonbnr bueene sanm`ts jn rhej ne jn `has wcrjne dnrnmcestru-nnrj. Jn jibtn vhe jn sm`nrvne is : ff. Jn jihfntnr vhe jn rhej is oikeh 9 mf,cp jn cvnrdhed ehhr jn ouib is jnzn 7 mf. Jn `nan onbnr zha mh. 8? tct 8> mf `ccd

zike dnwnnst. Cp jn `has is nne vnrsinried vhe `crizcethan drcnvne hhednorhm`t.@nt ontrngt ìnr nne sthejvcntonbnr vhe `nt typn 8o vcadnes jn typcacdin vheDahsonrdne (Whe jnr Thhas & Dahsonrdne 89>>).

Ccb vhe `nt twnnjn drhg whs jn drhgbuia ehuwnaikbs zim`tohhr. Jn eccrjccst-zuijwnst dnrim`tn drhgbuia fht 8,07 f oik 07 mf ne whs ecd mh. 8? mf jinp.Nne aikbsia`cunt wnrj eint whhrdnecfne. Ccb eu wnnr wnrj jn drhgbuia `nrbnej,jccrjht tikjnes jn hheand vhe `nt vahb sm`nrvne vhe nne aiddnej hhedntrcggnesthejvcntonbnr wnrjne dnvcejne. Jn sm`nrvne on`crne tct nne sthejvcntonbnr,jin aiddnej wnrj hhedntrcggne. Ie jn jirnmtn ehoik`nij stcej nne banie hfgccrtkn.Jhhrehhst zike nebnan vuurstnene hgsahdne vnrzhfnaj tikjnes `nt uitsm`hvne vhe

jn drhgbuia. Jn hrtnghmtne stcejne (ahdne) cp jn ocjnf vhe jn drhgbuia.Whe jn sthejvcntonbnr is éée `nagt, ie zike dn`nna, aiddnej ie `nt vahb tnrud-

dnvcejne (gid. =). Jn onbnr is 84 mf `ccd, jn drcctstn jihfntnr, tnr `ccdtn vhejn ouib, is 8: mf. Jn jihfntnr vhe jn `hascpneied is 8? mf ne jn jibtn vhe jnsm`nrg is 4 ff, ints jibbnr wcrjnej ehhr jn ocjnf. Haanne jn ocvnestn `nagt vhejn onbnr is vnrsinrj. Jn vnrsinried onsthht uit hgwissnanejn ohene vhe tcuwvnrsin-ried ne banien putkns, jn zde. ‐ [wism`nezinr ’. Ouitne cf jn rhej onviejt zim` ééeohhe [wism`nezinr dnvcadj jccr vikg `crizcethan tcuwiejrubbne. Jhe twnn ohene [wism`nezinr ne wnnr vikg ohene tcuw. Ent ocvne `nt ornnjstn jnna vhe jn ouib, jndrcctstn jihfntnr, niejidt jn vnrsinried fnt wnnr nne juoonan ohhe [wism`nezinr .

Jn ocjnf vnrtccet nne hheznt tct nne sthejried ne is vhe cejnrne vahb ne vheoieene mcemhhg.

@nt hfgccrtkn is nne ocarcej pctkn fnt twnn `crizcethha jccroccrjn beco-onaccrtkns cp jn drcctstn jihfntnr. @nt is 7,= mf `ccd, fnt nne jihfntnr vhe 7,>mf (vhe ccr tct ccr dnfntne). Jn whej is sanm`ts = ff jib. Jn ocvnestn `nagtis dnjnmcrnnrj fnt cerndnafhtidn vnrtimhan drcnvne, hgdnsactne jccr nne `crizce-than drcng tussne jn ccrtkns. Jn ocjnf is vhe oieene `nna aim`t mcevnx ne hhe jncejnrbhet aim`t mcemhhg. Nr is dnne sprhbn vhe nne sthejried. Jn rhej is ruw nesm`nng ne nr aikbt dnne `has hhewnzid tn zike dnwnnst.



70

@nt dhht ìnr cf nne hfgccr, jin ecd `nt fnnst cvnrnnebcft fnt nne ]trimòñejna -hfgccr.? Cpfnrbnaikb hhe jn ìnr dnvcejne hfgccr zike `nt cetorn-bne vhe nne `has ne jn wht ‐sacrjidn’ jnmcrhtin; jn drcnvne zike eint dnouejnaj,fhhr wiaanbnurid cvnr jn hfgccr vnrjnnaj. Tht cpvhat, is jn nxtrnnf banien hgfn-tied vhe `nt hfgccrtkn. Hfgcrne uit jn Nebnadrhgmuatuur wcrjne ie Enjnrahej

znajne hhedntrcggne. Wnrdnaikbohrn hfgcrne zike dnpuoaimnnrj jccr Whe jnr Thhas(897:). ]iejsjine zike ecd fhhr nebnan nxnfpahrne dnvcejne. Jn hfgcrne jinnajnrs ie Nurcph zike dnpuoaimnnrj `noone cvnr `nt hadnfnne drctnrn hgfntie-dne, ocvnejine zike jn fnnstn hgbcfstid uit ùenonjjne (dnocuwj jccr jnrnm`tnronbnrmuatuur). Ecrfhha dnsprcbne `nngt nne hfgccr nne ahdn `has, fhhrccb uit Jnenfhrbne is nne `hasaccs nxnfpahhr onbnej (]ifcesne 8907, 8:0)._cejcf `nt hfgccrtkn is nne jrintha vuurstnnehgsahdne dnvcejne.

@nt jnrjn drhg is tikjnes jn hheand vhe `nt cpdrhviedsvahb eint has drhgbuia `nr-bnej. ikjnes `nt cpdrhvne wnrj nne vuurstnene baied dnvcejne. Hhednzine jnr-dnaikbn baiedne vhhb has drhgdigt wcrjne fnndndnvne, is `nt hheenfnaikb jht jnzn

buia has drhg fcnt wcrjne dnãetnrprntnnrj. Ccb jn hgfntiedne ne jn banur vhe jnbuia fhbne `nt hheenfnaikb jht wn ìnr nne drhg dnandne `nngt. Jn drhgbuia whs8,: f oik <,0 f, jn (rnst)jinptn whs 4 mf. Jn drhgbuia `hj nne vahbbn ocjnf. Jncriâethtin whs eccrj/eccrjccst- zuij/zuijwnst.

Jn neidn vcejstne uit jit drhg zike jn rnnjs dnecnfjn vuurstnene baied ne nnebanie sm`nrgkn, jht fcdnaikb hgbcfstid is vhe nne sthejvcntonbnr. Jn baied is 9,>mf ahed ne ?,? mf ornnj ne cp `nt jibstn jnna <,0 mf jib. @nt vuurstnne, whhr-uit jn baied vnrvhhrjidj is, is eint vhe acbhan ccrsprced. Jn gikebcrrnaidn strum-tuur wikst nrcp, jht jn vuurstnne is dnãfpcrtnnrj, whhrsmìkeaikb uit `nt eccrjne.Ahedn, vhhb spitsn vuurstnnebaiedne bcfne rndnafhtid vccr ie drhgievnethrissne

uit jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn. Fnnstha vnrtcene jnzn baiedne dnne zim`tohrn (fhmrcs-mcpism`n) dnoruibsspcrne. Wnrdnaikbohrn nxnfpahrne zike cejnr fnnr dnvcejne ie

Heacc, vahbdrhg J (Nvnrtsocs) ne Nnxt, tufuaus jn @uttne`nuvna (Khdnr 890>).Ccb dnrntcum`nnrjn baiedne bcfne vccr, cejnr hejnrn ie jn tufuaus ‐OnrdhbbnrsII’ tn Nnxt.

Drhgritunna tikjnes jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn ne jn bwnstin vhe vahbdrhvne cg drhg`nuvnas

@nt Encaitìmuf is oik uitstnb nne pnricjn jin dnbnefnrbt wcrjt jccr jn stujin

ehhr drhgmuatuur. Cp nebnan uitzcejnriedne eh (zchas enjnrznttiedne uit jn pn-ricjn vhe jn Aienhirn ohejbnrhfinb) onrust `nt fnrnejnna vhe cezn bneeis cptypcacdism`n ne scmihha muaturnan stujins vhe `nt drhgritunna ne oikdigtne ie `ntoikzcejnr. @nt is ìnr jhe ccb eint jn panb cf jhhr uitdnornij oik stia tn sthhe. Ienne cvnrzim`tshrtibna `noone N. Ac`cg ne N. Jrnet` ìnrtcn ha nne stnvidn hhezntdndnvne (Jrnet` & Ac`cg ?<<>). Jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn bnejn vnrsmìaanejn drhg-vcrfne; vahbdrhvne, drhg`nuvnas, whhrsmìkeaikb ehoikznttiedne ie fndhaintdrhvnene vnrfcnjnaikbn hejnrn vccr `nt hrm`ncacdism`n ccd cezim`tohrn vcrfne. Whejnzn vcrfne vhe oikznttied zike jn vahbdrhvne ne drhg`nuvnas `nt fnnst onbnej.@nt is nm`tnr eint hatikj juijnaikb fnt wnab vhe onijn wn tn jcne `noone. Cvnr

`nt hadnfnne wcrjt vhe nne vahbdrhg uitdndhhe, iejine nr dnne cvnrjnbbnejn`nuvna hhewnzid is cg nr fhmrcsmcpism`n ocjnfbuejidn hhewikziedne zike jht jin



79

nr ccit dnwnnst (zin oikvccronnaj Ahetied ?<<4/?<<0). Jn bwnstin is cg jnzn vi-sin jn kuistn is. [c zike nr nebnan hrm`ncacdism` hhewikziedne jht tnefiestn nnejnna vhe jn vahbdrhvne vccrzine is dnwnnst vhe nne (ahdn) `nuvna. Oik nne drhg-buia uit @httnfnrorcnb (acmhtin Onjrikvnetnrrnie) is zcwna nne ievnethris uit jnNebnadrhgpnricjn hhedntrcggne has nne bacbonbnrsm`nrg. Jn ahhtstn bhe dnãetnrprn-

tnnrj wcrjne has jn ennrsahd vhe nne ehoikznttied ne jus iejirnmt vnrwikzne ehhrnne fhrbnried vhe `nt drhg uit jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn fijjnas nne `nuvna (Jrnet`& Fnurbnes ?<88, ?>7). Ints vnrdnaikbohhrs is ccb vccrstnaohhr vccr nne drhg oikJhane (Najikb). Ccb ìnr bhe nne kcednrn vcejst cp jn aiddied vhe nne drhg`nuvnawikzne (mg. Ahetied ?<<4/0, 848 dhht uit vhe nne vahbdrhg2 Jrnet` & @cdnstike?<<4, 8?? wikzne cp jn fcdnaikb`nij vhe nne drhg`nuvna tnr pahhtsn).

Jccrsahddnvnej onwiks vccr jn hhe- cg hgwnzid`nij vhe drhg`nuvnas vcrfnejnzn vcejstne eint. cm` is `nt vhe onahed vhst tn stnaane cg `nt hhetha drhg`nuvnasuit jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn drctnr is jhe cp ohsis vhe jn ùijidn sthej vhe bneeiswcrjt hhednecfne. Drhg`nuvnas vcrfne iffnrs nne zim`tohhr nanfnet ie nt mua-

tuurahejsm`hp ne zike jhhrfnn fnjnonphanej dnwnnst vccr jn vcrfied jhhrvhe(mg. _cyfhes 899>2 Dnrritsne ?<<=). Thhr drhg`nuvnas uit jn Nebnadrhgpnricjneu ecd vhhb scaithir wcrjne onstujnnrj, zcu nne ietnrprnthtin vhe vahbdrhvnehas drhg`nuvnas ontnbnene jht nr nnrjnr sprhbn is vhe drcnpne. Jht dnjurnejn jnNebnadrhgpnricjn wna jndnaikb hhejhm`t is onstnnj hhe `nt uitnraikbn hspnmt vhe`nt drhgritunna oaikbt cejnr hejnrn uit jn vnrcejnrstnajn phhabrhesne jin oik scf-fidn mirbnavcrfidn drnppnas zike hhedntrcggne ne jn zcdnehhfjn oiknebcrgdrhvne(Jrnet` & Ac`cg ?<<>).

Wccr jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn `cngt jit cvnridnes eint tn ontnbnene jht drhg`nu-vnas vhe nne fceufnethha gcrfhht dnwnnst zike, `nt tndnejnna aikbt nnrjnr `nt

dnvha. [n bueene wna nne cejnrsm`nijohrn pcsitin `noone dn`hj ie `nt ahejsm`hp.nefiestn, jht is hg tn anijne uit jn wikzn whhrcp jnzn drhg`nuvnas dnãemcrpcrnnrjzike ie ahtnrn drhgritunane zchas `nrondrhviedne dnjurnejn jn Orcestikj. Ccb zikenr vccronnajne vhe drhg`nuvnas uit jnzn pnricjn (shfne fnt jin uit hejnrn pnri-cjns) jin ie aienhir vnrohej vccrbcfne, ne zcjcnejn bueene wikzne cp jn aid-died vhe prnìstcrism`n rcutns (Jrnet` & Ac`cg ?<<>, :==). Ie jit cpzim`t bhejn onehfied vhe vahbdrhg nidneaikb wht cednaubbid dnbczne zike. @nt suddnrnnrtiffnrs nt vccrbcfne vhe nne drhgritunna zcejnr ecnfneswhhrjidn ifphmt cp jnierim`tied vhe `nt cfriednejn ahejsm`hp.

Drhg 8 tn Thm`tuf; vahbdrhg cg drhg`nuvna3 @ntocjnffimrcfcrgcacdism`n cejnrzcnb

Eu fcntne wn eint tn `hrj vhe sthpna acpne. Ie jn nnrstn pahhts oaikbne hrm`nc-acdism`n hhewikziedne ecd wnieid jccrsahddnvnej. Ie jn twnnjn pahhts wia nnemcemausin cvnr nne nebna vahbdrhg ecd eints znddne cvnr jn ietnrprnthtin vhe jncvnridn drhvne. cm` is `nt jn fcnitn whhrj cf nne nebna drhg nnes ehjnr tn on-stujnrne. Wccr nne hetwccrj cp jn vrhhd cg nr eu sprhbn whs vhe nne vahbdrhg cgjht nr tcm` nne (ahdn) drhg`nuvna is cpdnwcrpne ie `nt dnvha drhg 8 tn Thm`tuf, isnne ocjnffimrcfcrgcacdism`n hehaysn uitdnvcnrj. ikjnes `nt vnajwnrb zike fnt

onùap vhe pcaaneohbbne (=< oik = mf) fcestnrs dnecfne. Éée pcaaneohb (prcgina8) is hgbcfstid uit jn ocjnf ehhst jn drhgstrumtuur ne jinet has rngnrnetinfce-



4<

stnr. Nne twnnjn pcaaneohb (prcgina ?) sthft uit jn drnppna jin jn drhgstrumtuurcfdhg. Jn jnrjn pcaaneohb tne sacttn (prcgina =), bcft uit jn drhgbuia ie `nt jccrjn drnppna cfsactne dnjnnatn vhe jn drhgstrumtuur. it nabn pcaaneohb zike hhenne-dnsactne, vinr fcestnrohbkns vhe 7 mf `ccdtn ne ? mf ornnjtn vnrzhfnaj, whhroik`nt ocvnestn fcestnr tndne jn ocvnebhet vhe jn pcaaneohb is dnpahhtst. ît jnzn

fcestnrs zike saikppahtne vnrvhhrjidj jin vnrvcadnes fimrcsmcpism` zike onstujnnrjjccr _. \. Nxhatus.= @nt onfcestnrjn fhtnrihha onsthht cvnrwndnej uit znnr gike ne fhtid gike zhej.

@inrie is crdheism` fhtnrihha hhedntrcggne (stcgùfus). @nt hhejnna jhhrvhe vnr-smìat vhe prcgina tct prcgina ne ccb oieene jn prcginane zike nr vnrsmìaane whhr-ennfohhr. Cp jn pahhtsne whhr jn fnnstn stcgùfus hhewnzid is, dhht `nt cfcecejnrorcbne ùijkns rcejcf jn zhejbcrrnas, whhroik jnzn dn`nna jccr nne jueahhdkn stcgùfus cfsactne zike. Jit is `nt dnvha ocvneie jn prcginane 8 ne ?,whhroik jn ùijkns ocvneie prcgina ? jibbnr zike jhe jin ie prcgina 8. Ie prcgina =is dnne trhknmt hhewnzid whhrie jn zhejbcrrnas dn`nna jccr ùijkns vhe stcgùfus

cfsactne zike. Ehhrfhtn nr fiejnr stcgùfus hhewnzid is, zike jn uijkns jueenrne ie vnna dnvhaane znags cejnrorcbne. Ie nab vhe jn jrin onfcestnrjn prcginaneennft jn `cnvnna`nij stcgùfus ehhr onenjne tcn dnanijnaikb hhe hg. \rcgina 8 is`nt hrfst hhe stcgùfus2 prcgina ? is jccr jn hhewnzid`nij vhe rnahting jibbn stcg-ùfus-ùijkns ocvneie `nt prcgina `nt rikbst hhe stcgùfus.

Ie jn jrin onfcestnrjn prcginane zike cpdnvuajn drhhgdhedne vhe rndnewcr-fne hhedntrcggne. Ie jn prcginane 8 ne = bcfne jnrdnaikbn drhhgdhedne sanm`tsspcrhjism` vccr. Ie prcgina ? zike jn drhhgdhedne tharikbnr.

Ie haan prcginane bcfne mcemnetrhtins vhe jccr ikznr shfnednbittn zhejbcr-rnas vccr. nabnes enfne zcwna jn `cnvnna`nij has jn drccttn (fhxifhha nebnan

fiaaifntnrs) vhe jnzn mcemnetrhtins tcn fnt jn jinptn. Ie prcgina 8 bcfne jnrdn-aikbn mcemnetrhtins `nt fiest vccr ne zike jnzn ocvnejine `nt baniest. Ie prcgina =zike jn fnnstn mcemnetrhtins vhe jccr ikznr hhenne dnbittn zhejbcrrnas hhewnzidne zike jnzn `nt drcctst. Ie nab prcgina dnajt jht `nt ikznr (jht zhejbcrrnas has mce-mnetrhtins hhennebit) hhe jn rhejne vhe jn mcemnetrhtins jnnas vnracrne is dndhhetnednvcadn vhe jn fcoiaishtin ìnrvhe. Ie dnne vhe jn onfcestnrjn prcginane is`cutsbcca hhedntrcggne.

Ie `nt znnr giken ne fhtid giken zhej whhruit jn ocjnf cp jn jrin onfcestnrjnacmhtins is cpdnocuwj, zike sanm`ts ie onpnrbtn fhtn spcrne vhe ocjnfvcrfiedhhedntrcggne. Jn hhewnzid`nij vhe stcgùfus rcej jn zhejbcrrnas wikst cp jn

iespcnaied vhe ùfus. Jit is nne vnna vccrbcfnej prcmns ie zurn zhejocjnfswhhrie pcjzcanried cptrnnjt.

ussne jn onfcestnrjn prcginane zike juijnaikbn vnrsmìaane tn zine ie jn fhtnwhhrie stcgùfus is iednspcnaj. ne cpzim`tn vhe prcgina 8 jht has rngnrnetin vccrjn cvnridn ? prcginane is onfcestnrj, onvht prcgina ? fnnr stcgùfus ne prcgina =fiejnr. @nt aidt vccr jn `hej jht jn drctnrn `cnvnna`nij stcgùfus ie prcgina ?`nt dnvcad is vhe iespcnaied ne cp`cpied vhe crdheism` fhtnrihha ie jn vccrfh-aidn drnppna. @inrjccr is cp jnzn pahhts fnnr crdheism` fhtnrihha hgdnorcbne tctstcgùfus havcrnes ie jn ocjnf ie tn spcnane. Ie prcgina = zike ha vnna `cdnr ie`nt prcgina jueen, cejnrorcbne ùijkns rcejcf jn zhejbcrrnas hhedntrcggne jhe

ie jn prcginane 8 ne ?. Jit wikst nr cp jht jn iespcnaied vhe stcgùfus tnr pahhtsn



48

vhe prcgina = ccrsprcebnaikb vhehg nne `cdnr eivnhu `nngt pahhtsdnvcejne jhe iejn cvnridn prcginane.

Hhe jn rhejne vhe jn mcemnetrhtins vhe jccr ikznr hhennednbittn zhejbcrrnasaikbt `nt ikznr kuist tn zike cpdnacst ne uitdnspcnaj. Jn iene uitspcnaied vhe ikznris nne vnna vccrbcfnej vnrsmìkesna jht shfne`hedt fnt `nt pcjzcanriedsprcmns

ie zurn zhejocjnfs. Jn hhedntrcggne cpacssiedsvnrsmìkesnane wikzne nr cp jhtrnnjs dnjurnejn dnruifn tikj dnne iespcnaied, fhhr ecd sanm`ts uitspcnaied vheikznr pahhtsvcej. Jit prcmns is tnr pahhtsn vhe prcgina = nt fiest vnr dnvcrjnrj. Jitaikbt nr ent has jn hhewnzid`nij vhe jueen cejnrorcbne uijkns vhe stcgùfus, cptn wikzne jht jn ocjnf ocvne jit prcgina ccrsprcebnaikb jibbnr whs jhe jn ocjnfocvne jn cvnridn twnn prcginane.

@nt zhej is jccr rndnewcrfne ne pahetnewcrtnas ie dnriedn fhtn dnoictur-onnrj. Jn pahetnewcrtnas zike vnrs ne jnr`havn `nt dnvcad vhe rnmnetn jccrwcrtn-aied. Neidn ontnbneis vccr jn ietnrprnthtin vhe jn spcrne `nngt jit jhe ccb eint.Jn cpdnvuajn drhhgdhedne vhe rndnewcrfne zike `nt fnnst tharikb ie prcgina ?.

Jccrjht tnr pahhtsn vhe prcgina ? ccrsprcebnaikb fnnr crdheism` fhtnrihha aikbttn zike hgdnznt, is jnzn pahhts hhetrnbbnaikbnr dnwnnst vccr lvcnjsnazcnbnejn’rndnewcrfne.

Jn dnriedn spcrne vhe ocjnfvcrfied jin ie jn fcestnrs zike hhedntrcggne,vnrsmìaane pnr prcgina. @inroik is sprhbn vhe vnrsmìaane ie jn `cnvnna`nij stcgù-fus-iespcnaied ne `nt cpacssne vhe ikznr uit mcemnetrhtins vhe jccr ikznr hhenne-dnbittn zhejbcrrnas. Ie prcgina =, dnsitunnrj oieene `nt jccr jn drnppna cfsactnejnna vhe jn drhgstrumtuur, is fiejnr stcgùfus hhewnzid ne `nngt ie dnriednrnfhtn cpacssied vhe ikznr pahhtsdnvcejne jhe ie jn cvnridn twnn prcginane. Nne fc-dnaikbn ne ie jit dnvha vccr jn `hej aiddnejn vnrbahried ìnrvccr is jht tnr pahhtsn

vhe prcgina = nne cpdnwcrpne `nuvna hhewnzid is dnwnnst. @inrjccr ahd `nt ie jitprcgina onfcestnrjn jnna vhe jn ocjnf ccrsprcebnaikb jinpnr cejnr `nt fhhivnaj,whhrjccr fiejnr stcgùfus iespcnajn ne fiejnr vhe nt nnrjnr ennrdnsahdne ikznrwnnr uitspcnajn. Dnzine jn dnriedn vnrsmìaane ie jn hhedntrcggne vnrsmìkesnanebhe nne jnrdnaikbn drhg`nuvna nm`tnr eint nrd `ccd zike dnwnnst; eint fnnr vnrsmìajhe nebnan jnmifntnrs tne cpzim`tn vhe `nt cfaiddnejn fhhivnaj.

Mcemausins ne onsauit

ikjnes nne cpdrhvied oik Thm`tuf zike cp bcrtn hgsthej vhe nabhhr jrin drhvne

dnvcejne jin jhtnrne uit jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn. Cp zim` is jit eint nne oikzcejnrdndnvne. Tn bneene fnnr jhe ?<< vhe jit typn drhvne jht rndnafhtid cpjuibt tik-jnes (drcctsm`haid) enjnrznttiedscejnrzcnb. cm` oaikvne jnzn drhvne vhhb sanm`tscppnrvahbbid onsprcbne ne is ecd vnna cejuijnaikb`nij cvnr ùe aiddied ie `ntmuatuurahejsm`hp ne ùe rnahtin tct enjnrznttiedsrnstne. Jnzn drhvne zike vhhb,nvnehas hejnrn vnrjwhhajn encaitìsm`n vcejstne, nne ‐oikprcjumt’ zike vhe (drcct-sm`haid) enjnrznttiedscejnrzcnb vhe jn kcednrn pnricjns. Eint znajne wcrjt jitcejnrzcnb uitdnvcnrj jccr hrm`ncacdne fnt fhhr wnieid bneeis cvnr jnzn gnec-fnene. @nt dnvhhr is jhe jht jnzn drhvne wnaiswhhr tnmèism` dcnj cejnrzcm`twcrjne ne nr, eh mcesuathtin vhe spnmihaistne, nne vnrhetwccrjn jntnrfiehtin vhe

`nt vcejstfhtnrihha pahhts viejt.



4?

Wccr jn cpdrhvied oik Thm`tuf dcaj `ntznagjn nuvna. Jn cpdrhvnr is K.E.Ahetied (DIH) oikzcejnr jhebohhr vccr zike ùap oik `nt jcmufnetnrne ne on-sm`rikvne vhe jnzn vcejstmcetnxt, whhrvhe ccb `nt vcejstfhtnrihha fnnr jhe jnfcnitn whhrj oannb. Cfjht jnstikjs onsactne is tnvnes cejnrzcnb tn jcne rcejcfjn vrhhd cg nr oik `nt nnrstn drhg sprhbn bhe zike dnwnnst vhe nne drhg`nuvna, jrh-

dne jn rnsuathtne ocvnejine oik hhe `nt wntnesm`hppnaikbn jnoht cvnr jn vrhhd cgtnefiestn eint nebnan vahbdrhvne ccrsprcebnaikb drhg`nuvnas fcntne zike dnwnnst. Tht cp ohsis vhe nebnan hrm`ncacdism`n whhrenfiedne ha wnrj dncppnrj, bce fntonùap vhe fimrcfcrgcacdism` cejnrzcnb onvnstidj wcrjne.

Jit rnsuathht cpnet einuwn cejnrzcnbsfcdnaikb`njne. Ie jn nnrstn pahhts bhednmcemaujnnrj wcrjne jht nr jus wna jndnaikb nne fnt`cjn is, jin `nt fcdnaikbfhhbt cf uitsprhbne cvnr jn hhe- cg hgwnzid`nij vhe drhg`nuvnas tn cejnrstnuene.

Theennr jnzn fnt`cjinb vhbnr (zc eint sthejhhrj) zcu wcrjne tcndnphst bhe wcr-jne cejnrzcm`t cg nr nidneaikb wna sprhbn is vhe `nuvnaaczn vahbdrhvne (ne cg jntnrf znag ecd wna tcnrnibnej is). Ocvnejine onpnrbne vahbdrhvne zim` eint haanne

tct jn Nebnadrhgpnricjn.Ie jn twnnjn pahhts oinjt nne jnrdnaikbn cejnrzcnbscpznt jn fcdnaikb`nij cfoik tn jrhdne hhe nt hmhjnfism`n jnoht cvnr jn ierim`tied vhe nt ahhtencaitìsm`nmuatuurahejsm`hp.

@cnwna nr fcdnaikb nne vnrsmìa onsthht ie fceufnethaitnit ne nr sprhbn bhezike vhe drctn ne banien drhg`nuvnas cpnet `nt rndnafhtid ne drcnpsdnwiks vccrbc-fne vhe ahhtencaitìsm`n drhvne jn fcdnaikb`nij zn ie jn mcetnxt vhe nne jcjne-ahejsm`hp tn onstujnrne (mg. Dnrritsne ?<<=2 Gcetike & Muikpnrs ?<<?). Wccrjht`nt zcvnr is fcnt nr ecd vnna dnonurne. Nne nebnan hehaysn is ecd vnna tn wnieidcf tct jngieitinvn mcemausins tn anijne. @inr aidt nne sm`cen thhb vccr jn uitvcn-

rnejn hrm`ncacdin ie `nt vnrsmìnt. Eu wn fnt `nt hgsm`nij vhe Nrim nne spnmihaistcp jit vhbdnoinj dhhe vnrainzne, zuaane hejnrne jn uitjhdied hhe fcntne enfne.

Hrm`ncacdne fcntne vnrjnr bikbne jhe haanne ùe \rcdrhffh vhe Nisne whhriejit typn vcejst vhhb eint dnecnfj wcrjt. Fnt `nt dnrim`t ieznttne vhe hatnreh-tinvn cejnrzcnbsfnt`cjns is vnna einuwn bneeis tn vnrwnrvne. Fne vnrdnaikbn jnoikjrhdn jccr Jrnet` nt ha . ie jn ùijidn ouejna.

Ectne

8 Jn hutnurs jhebne N. Jrnet` vccr zike mcffnethhr cp nnrjnrn vnrsins vhe jit hrtibna.

? Fnt jheb vccr jn iegcrfhtin hhe K.E. Ahetied (DIH).= Jn cejnrzcnbsfnt`cjinb is tcndnaim`t ie Whe jnr Wnajn nt ha. ?<<<.



4=

Aitnrhtuur

Jrnet`, N. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<>; @nuvnas vccr jn jcjne2 Ondrhvied ne drhgritunna ieonbnrtikj, vrcndn ne fijjne orcestikj, ie; A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, \.T. vhe jneOrcnbn, @. Gcbbnes & H.A. vhe Dike (rnj.), Enjnrahej ie jn prnìstcrin , Hfstnrjhf,:==-:>:.

Jrnet`, N. & K.T.@. @cdnstike, ?<<4; Onbnrs vccr Ohbbnr. Einuwn ijnnâe cvnrjn ccrsprced ne cetwibbnaied vhe bacbonbnrs ie Enjnrahej, ie; [email protected]. Oacnfnrs(rnj.), ussne J?7 ne \8:; Khe Haonrt Ohbbnr 7> khhr , Hfstnrjhf, ==-8:7.

Jrnet`, N. & A. Fnurbnes, ?<88; Ahht-encaitìsm`n drhvne, Ac`cg, @hfourd &Gahfhe (rnj.), ?<88, ]tnnetikj cpdnspccrj. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie `nt trhmé vhejn @heznaike-Cujn Ahej . Hfnrsgccrt , ?<9-?08.

Gcetike, J._. & H.D.G.F. Muikpnrs ?<<?; _nvisitied Ohrrcws; h Fijjan Orcezn HdnOuriha Drcup ht t`n Bcps \ahtnhu, Eikfndne, Onrim`tne vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `ntCuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb :> , 8>>-809.

Dnrritsne, G., ?<<=; Acmha ijnetitins. Ahejsmhpn hej mcffueity ie t`n ahtn prnìstcrim Fnusn-Jnfnr-]m`najt rndice, Hfstnrjhf.

Khdnr, ].T., 890>; H prnìstcrim rcutn hej heminet mhrt-trhmbs ie t`n dnfnnetn cg Heacc (\rcviemn cg Jrnet`n), \hahncìstcrih ?4 , 80>-?:>.

Khdnr, ].T., 899?; Heacc-Jn ]truoone, Beip`crstocs; nne hrm`ncacdism`n bhrtnried, ie-vnethrishtin ne whhrjnried , Hfnrsgccrt (EH_ 4).

Ahetied K.E., ?<<4/0; Jn EC-Enjnrahejsn/ET-Juitsn Bacbonbnrdrcnp; muaturnanhm`tnrdrcej, typcacdin vhe `nt hhrjnwnrb, jhtnried, vnrsprnijied ne drhgritunna,

\hancìstcrih :9/>< , 88-=?7.Ac`cg, N. & F.T. Nejnrfhe, ?<<8; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ne ocuwìstcrism`n

cpehfn ie `nt zuijwnstnaikb jnna vhe jn tuiene vhe bhstnna @nnfstnjn tn @cutne,Ouesm`ctne (HJM _hppcrt 77).

Ac`cg, N., ?<<?; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie `nt trhmé vhe jn H>< tne ccstne vhe ]t.-Cnjnercjn , Ouesm`ctne (HJM _hppcrt 8=9).

Ac`cg, N., Z. @hfourd & K. Gahffhe (rnj.), ?<88; ]tnnetikj cpdnspccrj. Hrm`ncacdism`cejnrzcnb ie `nt trhmé vhe jn @heznaike-Cujn Ahej . Hfnrsgccrt (Hrm`ca rhppcrt8=0 / HJM _hppcrt ?>47).

_cnssied`, T. & N. Ac`cg, ?<88; Orcestikjocnrne cp jn bwnajnrs; hrm`ncacdism` ce-jnrzcnb ie Nebùizne-Bhjikbne, (HJM Fcecdrhgin 8</ HJM _hppcrt ??<<), Hfnrsgccrt.

_cyfhes, E., 899>; `n muaturha oicdrhp`y cg ureginajs hej t`n aced-tnrf ìstcry cgh fytìmha ahejsmhpn, Hrm`hncacdimha Jihacduns ? , ?-=0.

]mùt, \., 8904; Nne ievnethristin vhe Encaitìsm`n vcejstne uit jn Hm`tnr`cnb,Dnajnrahej , Hfnrsgccrt (EH_ :).



4:

]ifcesne, K., 8907; ]nttanfnets grcf t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn ie ET-Kutahej. Hprnaifiehry survny, Kcureha cg Jheis` Hrm`hncacd y 0 , 8=>-8>8.

Wnajn, @.F. vhe jnr, @. vhe @hhstnr, Z`. ]pnb & N. Zhhybn, ?<<<; Hrm`ncacdism`cejnrzcnb aheds jn senawnd. Cpdrhviedne ie `nt bhjnr vhe jn hheand vhe jn _ikbswnd

=4; jn nssne vhe Thm`tuf ne [wiejnrne, Ouesm`ctne (HJM rhppcrt 88).

Thhas, K. vhe jnr & T. Dahsonrdne, 89>>; Onhbnr typns hej t`nir jistrioutice ie t`nEnt`nrahejs. Ietrusivn typns, futuha iegaunemns hej acmha nvcautices, \hahnc`istcrihIW , >-:7.

Thhas, K. vhe jnr, 897:; Jn hfgccr vhe jn @hebneonrd ne jn hejnrn hfgcrne vhe jn]thejvcntonbnrmuatuur ie Enjnrahej, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 0? , 84=-?<:.



4>

W HE @NZ @Î] WHE JN JCJNE EHH_ @NZ @Î] WHE JN ANWNEJNE

Cp zcnb ehhr trnm`tnronbnrenjnrznttiedne ie Jrnet`n

J. _hnfhnbnrs

Ieanijied

Jn hgdnacpne twnn jnmneeih `nngt jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin nne drctn drcnijccrdnfhhbt. Whehg `nt ondie vhe jn khrne endnetid vhe jn vcridn nnuw whs nrsprhbn vhe tcnenfnejn vrhhd ehhr hrm`ncacdism`n nxpnrtisn. ]tim`tied _HH\, eu_HH\ Hrm`ncacdism` Hjvinsournhu, vcnrjn vhehg 8900 vnajvnrbneeiedne uit ne`hj jhhrfnn ahed `nt rikb haanne. Eh jn vha vhe jn fuur whhdjn _HH\ zim` ieJuitsahej, whhr fnt ehfn jn hvceturne ie `nt ‐Tiajn Ccstne’ tct jn vnronnajiedsprhbne (]mùtn ?<<>). Nrim Ac`cg whs nroik. Eh nt onâiejidne vhe _HH\’s wnrb-zhhf`njne ie Juitsahej bnnrjne Ac`cg m.s. tnrud ehhr Enjnrahej. Fnt jn cfvcr-fied vhe jn Kche Tiaanfs ]tim`tied vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejidOcjnfcejnrzcnb cpdrhhgonjrikg HJM ie 8990 orhb jn twnnjn ghsn vhe drctn drcni

vhe jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin hhe. Nr cetstcej nne ‐hrm`ncacdism`n fhrbt’ whhr-oik vnrsmìaanejn hrm`ncacdism`n onjrikvne ie mcemurrnetin ùe jinestne hheoc-jne. Ne Nrim Ac`cg whs nroik; ie 8999 vnrruiajn ìk _HH\ vccr HJM.

Jn drcni ie wnrbdnandne`nij ne prcknmtne is nvijnet ne `nngt vnna einuwn oik-jrhdne hhe `nt Wnr`hha vhe Enjnrahej cpdnanvnrj. ndnaikbnrtikj is juijnaikb jhteint haan hrm`ncacdism`n pnricjne ne t`nfh’s ie dnaikbn fhtn fnt einuwn iezim`tnezike vnrwnej. Jnzn oikjrhdn dhht ie cp zc’e cejnronaim`t t`nfh; jn ocnrjnriktrhji-tin tussne ><<< v. M`r. (`nt niejn vhe jn Aienhrn Ohejbnrhfinb) ne 8><< v. M`r.(`nt ondie vhe Fijjne-Orcestikj O). Jn oikjrhdn cejnrzcnbt jn rnjnene vccrjn sm`hhrsn dndnvnes ne prnsnetnnrt nne hheznt tct nne cpacssiedsrim`tied, whhr-

oik ìnr jn hhejhm`t onpnrbt oaikgt tct jn pnricjn vhe jn Jrcuwnenr ne @hvnatnrtrnm`tnronbnrmuatuur, =:<<-?0>< v. M`r.

Ocnrjnrikpahttndrcejne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur

Nne onsm`rikvied vhe ocnrjnrikpahttndrcejne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur ieEnjnrahej is nne bcrt cvnrzim`t; nr onsthhe dnne dnpuoaimnnrjn juijnaikbn pahttn-drcejne. Jn viejpahhts jin ecd `nt fnnst ie jn ouurt bcft is Ocuwaust (Eccrj-@caahej). @nt ontrngt nne rnm`t`cnbidn vnrsprnijied vhe phhabuiane, jin vccrhasecdcevcajcnejn dnpuoaimnnrj is cf tn onsprnbne has cejnrjnna vhe nne ocnrjnriktrh-

jitin (Gid. 8). Tna is jhebzik vcejstfhtnrihha nne tcnwikzied hhe jn trnm`tnronbnr-muatuur znbnr. Bhe nne uitsthpkn cvnr jn drnes fnnr iezim`tne cpanvnrne3



47

Gid. 8; Hm`t vccrdnstnajn ocnrjnrikpahndrcejne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur ie Enjnr-

]hbsne ne Enjnrahej. 86 Ga÷dnae 8 ([iffnrfhee 890<)2 ?6Ga÷dnae ? ([iffnrfhee ?<<0)2

=6\neeedsoñna H (Hssnejcrp ?<<<)2 :6 \neeiedsoñna O (Hssnejcrp ?<<<)2 >6_uaastcrg

(Dnonrs ?<<:)2 76Tinewhtnr (Wcss 897>)2 46Nedtnr (_cst ne Tiaonrs-_cst 899?)2 06Ocuwaust (@cdnstike ne Jrnet` ?<<</?<<8).



44

Ie Enjnr-]hbsne zike jn hgdnacpne jnmneeih jivnrsn ocnrjnrikpahttndrcejnednprnsnetnnrj has on`crnejn tct jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur (Gid. 8). Cpvhaanej isjn vhrihtin tussne jn znvne pahttndrcejne. Ha is `nt jnebohhr jht ie nne hrm`nc-

acdism`n pnricjn jivnrsn ocnrjnriktrhjitins ehhst nabhhr onsthhe (zin oikvccronnaj Thtnrocab ?<<9 vccr jivnrsn vccronnajne), tcm` is `nt dcnj britism` tn bikbneehhr jn hrdufnetne vccr nne tcnwikzied hhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur. Jn prifhirnaitnrhtuur ontrnggnejn jn znvne vccrdnstnajn pahttndrcejne is onstujnnrj tneniejnjrin bwhaitnitsphrhfntnrs tn ievnethrisnrne. ne nnrstn is vhstdnstnaj cg nr 8:M-jh-tnriedne uit jn tikj vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur zike. Nne twnnjn phrhfntnr is `ntvccrbcfne vhe hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur. Nne jnrjn ph-rhfntnr is `nt cetornbne vhe hrm`ncacdism`n vhe hejnrn hrm`ncacdism`n pnricjne(hona 8).

Cp ohsis vhe jnzn jrin bwhaitnitsphrhfntnrs vhat cp jht jn vinr pahttndrcejne

jin `nt fnnst cp nabhhr aikbne, jn pahttndrcejne Ga÷dnae 8 ne ? ne \neeiedsoñttna H ne O dnfijjnaj fnnr jhe twnn stnrrne smcrne (?,8)2 jn cvnridn jrin pahttndrce-jne (Tittnewhtnr, _uaastcrg ne Nedtne) smcrne dnfijjnaj 8,=. Jit is nne onahed-rikbn hhewikzied jht jn tcnwikzied vhe jnzn jrin pahttndrcejne hhe jn trnm`tnr-onbnrmuatuur fiejnr znbnr is. Ie cejnrsthhejn onsprnbied wcrjt cf jin rnjneuitdndhhe vhe jn vinr fnnr znbnrn pahttndrcejne uit Enjnr-]hbsne (hona ?).

Jn onahedrikbstn twnn cvnrnnebcfstne tussne jn vinr pahttndrcejne zike `ntgcrfhht (dnfijjnaj 88,8 f ahed ne :,9 f ornnj) ne jn hhewnzid`nij vhe drnp-pnaspcrne jin wikzne cp jn hhewnzid`nij vhe jwhrswhejne. Cpvhaanej is jht nnevhe jn pahttndrcejne eint rnm`t`cnbid is, fhhr trhpnzn-vcrfid. Jit is nne ohsis-

vcrf jin onbnej is uit nne nnrjnr encait`ism`n pnricjn (_÷ssne-muatuur), fhhr

Wiejpahhts Euffnr 8:M-jhtnriedne Wcejstfhtnrihha ]tnrrne Aitnrhtuur

Z_O Cvnrid

Ga÷dnae 8 @v 0:><; :><< 7> kh enn *** [iffnrfhee 890<

@v 0:>8; 9?4> 0>

@v 0:>?; :49> 7<

@v 0:>:; :4=< 0>

@v 0:>=; ::<< 0>

Ga÷dnae ? dnne kh 3 **¶ [iffnrfhee ?<<0

\neeiedsoñttna H dnne kh enn ** Hssnejcrp ?<<<

\neeiedsoñttna O dnne kh enn ** Hssnejcrp ?<<<

_uaastcrg BI :094; =:9>-=88> OM kh kh ** Dnonrs ?<<:

BI :090; ===>-?9?> OM

Tittnewhtnr dnne kh kh * Wcss 897>

Nedtne dnne kh kh * _cst ne Tiaonrs-

_cst 899?

Ocuwaust dnne kh enn ** @cdnstike ne Jrnet`

?<<</?<<8

Zhona 8; Nne cvnrzim`t vhe hm`t vccrdnstnajn ocnrjnrikpahndrcejne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmua -

tuur ie Enjnr-]hbsne ne Enjnrahej.



40

ccb vhe dnaikbtikjidn pahttndrcejne ie [uij-Enjnrahej (Wnaj`cvne, prcknmt @O]cejnr anijied vhe M.T. Bcct). Jhhrehhst is cpvhaanej jht nr drctn mcestrumtinvnvnrsmìaane zike. Ga÷dnae 8 ne \neeiedsoñttna O zike twnnsm`npid, whhroik jn rikfijjnesthhejnrs has juoonan phhaznttied is uitdnvcnrj. Jn mcestrumtin vhe Ga÷dnae? is cejuijnaikb, tnrwika \neeiedsoñttna H nne nnesm`npidn pahttndrcej aikbt tn zike.

Ccb ie jn criâethtin zike drctn vnrsmìaane tn zine.@cn sauit jn vnrcejnrstnajn pahttndrcej vhe Ocuwaust hhe oik jn dndnvnes uit

Enjnr-]hbsne3 ne nnrstn is vhe onahed vhst tn stnaane jht jn jhtnried uitsauitnejdnohsnnrj is cp jn hhewnzid`nij vhe vcejstfhtnrihha vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur;nr zike dnne 8:M-jhtnriedne. @nt cetornbne vhe hrm`ncacdism` vcejstfhtnrihha uithejnrn hrm`ncacdism`n pnricjne anijt tct jn mcemausin jht Ocuwaust nne twnn stnr-rne-viejpahhts is. Ha zike jn phhaspcrne cevcajcnejn dnhehaysnnrj, wna is juijnaikbjht nr sprhbn is vhe nne rnm`t`cnbidn sprnijied vhe phhaspcrne fnt nne cfvhedjin dcnj hhesauit oik jn vinr pahttndrcejne uit Enjnr-]hbsne. Dnjnthiaannrjn ruif-tnaikbn hehaysn vhe Ocuwaust zcu nne onahedrikbn oikjrhdn bueene anvnrne hhe ces

onnaj vhe enjnrznttiedne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur.

@ypct`nsn

Jht jn fnesne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur hbbnrocuw onjrnvne is cvnrjuijnaikb,dnzine `nt vccrbcfne vhe jivnrsn pcaanejihdrhffne whhrie eint haanne nne ahej-ehf hhewiksohhr is, fhhr ccb pcaane vhe Mnrnhaih ne jivnrsn hbbnrcebruijne, zchas\ahethdc ahemncahth (Ohbbnr ?<<=). Has nr vhe wcrjt uitdndhhe jht hbbnrocuw nnenmcecfism`n hmtivitnit vhe onahed whs, bhe nne `ypct`nsn wcrjt cpdnstnaj cf-trnet jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn aiddied vhe hbbnrs tne tikjn vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur.

Jn `ypct`nsn is has vcadt cpdnocuwj;ne on`cnvn vhe einuwn hbbnrs viejt nne ahejehf pahhts, whhroik stubbnecnrocs wcrjne cfdnznt ie hbbnrhrnhane (Ohbbnr ?<<=)2Jn aiddied vhe hbbnrs wcrjt onphhaj jccr jn vrum`tohhr`nij vhe jn drcejne jn fcdnaikb`nij jnrdnaikbn drcej tn onwnrbne. Ha whrne jn fnesne vhe jntrnm`tnronbnrmuatuur dnne gysism`-dncdrhgne, zn zuaane jccr ùe dcnjn bne-eis vhe vndnthtin znbnr ie sthht dnwnnst zike `nt ahejsm`hp tn ‐anzne’ ne jn dn-wnestn acmhtins tn ijnetigimnrne2

8.

?.

Zhona ?; Bnefnrbne vhe vikg dnsnanmtnnrjn ocnrjnrikpahndrcejne.

\ahttndrcej Anedtn (f) Ornnjtn (f) Ohsisvcrf Criâethtin Fijjnesthhejnrs

Ga÷dnae 8 8?,0 :,0 _nm`t`cnb ET-[C kh

Ga÷dnae ? 8?,9 > _nm`t`cnb EEC-[[T enn3

\neeiedsoñttna H 4,< :,> _nm`t`cnb TET-C[C enn

\neeiedsoñttna O 5 88,0 :,>-7,< Zrhpnziuf T-C kh

Ocuwaust 88 : _nm`t`cnb ET-[C kh



49

Ha zike onijn ghmtcrne vhe onahed, jn fcdnaikb`nij drcej tn onwnrbne is vheprifhir onahed; `nt nnrdntcuw is nne rnahting aim`tn pacnd jin fiejnr dnsmìbtis vccr zwhrn drcejne. Jn vccrbnur dhht uit ehhr annfhrfn zhejdrcejne(]pnb, ?<<:; 8?9)2Jn dnfhbbnaikb tn onwnrbne aim`tnrn drcejne zike rnahting hrf hhe vcnjieds-

stcggne ne zike senaanr uitdnput2Einuwn hbbnracmhtins wcrjne uitdnzcm`t ne jn mymaus ondiet wnnr.

Jn `ypct`nsn bhe vnrvcadnes wcrjne jccrdnznt ehhr jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn aid-died vhe enjnrznttiedne;

Dnzine `nt nmcecfism`n onahed vhe jn hbbnrs zike enjnrznttiedne ehoik jnhbbnrs dnandne2Jn enjnrznttiedne onviejne zim` jhe ie jn rndna nvnennes cp jn annfhrfnzhejdrcejne2

Jn annfhrfn zhejdrcejne zike rnahting hrf hhe vcnjiedsstcggne ne zike sena-anr uitdnput2Jn annfhrfn zhejdrcejne bneene nne rnahting dnfhbbnaikbn uitspcnaied vheocjnffienrhane. Jit ontnbnet jht ccb hrm`ncacdism`n drcejspcrne uitspcn-ane ne cezim`tohhr wcrjne.

Jn mcemausin vhe jn `ypct`nsn is nne endhtinvn; cejnrzcnb ehhr trnm`tnronbnren-jnrznttiedne fnt drcejspcrne is nt zcnbne ehhr acmhtins jin zim` eint cujne hheocvnesthhejn `ypct`nsn! Jht ìnrfnn `nt cejnrzcnb sanm`t hgaccpt, is tn vccroh-rid. Nr zike ehfnaikb hhewikziedne jht jn fnesne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur zim`ccb cp annfrikbn drcejne ondhvne. @nt fnnst nxpaimintn vccronnaj inrvhe is Heac.

@inr drcng `nt tcnefhaidn Oicacdism`-Hrm`hncacdism` Iestituut cejnr hejnrn nneurenevnaj ne ahht-encaitìsm` drhgvnaj cp, fhhr jn hhejhm`t dhht ìnr uit ehhr whtie jn whejnadhedne jn vnnbrhha wcrjt dnecnfj (Thtnrocab 897<) @nt ontrngt nnedrcgwnd jrin`cnbid tnrrnie jht ondrnesj wcrjt jccr jrin phaisshjns. @nt baniestnhrnhha is <,?= `h drcct2 `nt drcctstn <,:0 `h. Thtnrocab sm`rikgt `nt vcadnejn cvnrjn annsohhr`nij vhe jnzn drcejspcrne uit jn tikj vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur;

‑Z`n suo-scia cg t`n hrnh is gcrfnj oy h fcrn cr anss ht ocuajnr-mahy.....It rnhm`ns t`n

surghmn ie t`n ecrt`-nhstnre phrt cg t`n nxmhvhtice. @nrn t`n scia whs achfy....Ie t`n fij -

jan hej scut`nre phrt cg t`n hrnh tìs ocuajnr-mahy is mcvnrnj oy h sc-mhaanj mcvnrshej....

Zcwhrjs t`n scut`-wnst it iemrnhsns ie tìmbenss.... Hs h rnsuat cg t`nsn vhryied dncacdimhahej pnjcacdimha mirmufsthemns, t`n quhaity hej hspnmts cg t`n hrm`hncacdimha scia trhmns jig-

gnr h drnht jnha cvnr t`n hrnh. Hs he nxhfpan t`n gcuejhtice trnem`ns Rcg t`n phaishjnsV

fhy on fneticenj. Ie t`n....ocuajnr-mahy t`ny s`cwnj hs jistiemt oahmb trhmbs2 ce t`n id`nr

mcvnrshej phrts, `cwnvnr, t`ny wnrn nxtrnfnay ghiet.‖ (Thtnrocab 897<; 78).

@nt mithht fhhbt juijnaikb jht jn bhesne vccr `nt jcmufnetnrne vhe drcej-spcrne uit jn pnricjn vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur iejnrjhhj hhewnzid zike cpannfrikbn cejnrdrcejne.

=.

:.

>.

7.

4.

0.

9.



0<

Whe H_M@I]-whhrenfied ehhr enjnrznttied

Jn nnrstn sthp ie `nt cejnrzcnb is `nt vnrzhfnane vhe viejpahhtsne jin has enjnr-znttiedne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur bueene wcrjne dnãetnrprntnnrj. @inrtcn isdnoruib dnfhhbt vhe H_M@I]. Ie tcthha zike 44 Jrnetsn acmhtins dnsnanmtnnrj jin-vcadnes jn ievcnrjnrs- vcejstfhtnrihha vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur onvhttne ne

eint has drhg cg jnpct zike tn ietnrprntnrne.Jnzn 44 acmhtins zike ie twnn drcnpne cejnrvnrjnnaj cp ohsis vhe `nt hhetha

hhewnzidn vcejstmhtndcrinâe, whhroik nne cejnrsm`nij is dnfhhbt tussne hhrjn-wnrb, vuurstnne ne ehtuurstnne. Jn :? viejpahhtsne fnt twnn cg jrin mhtndcrinâezike has ‐enjnrznttied’ onsm`cuwj2 jn => viejpahhtsne fnt éée mhtndcrin has fcdn-aikbn ‐enjnrznttied’. Jnzn ahhtstn mhtndcrin wcrjt ìnr vnrjnr ouitne onsm`cuwieddnahtne.8

Dissne ehhr acmhtinbnuzn

Jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn aiddied vhe jn :? ‐enjnrznttiedne’ is cejnrzcm`t fnt onùapvhe jn jidithan ocjnfbhhrt (sm`hha 8;><.<<<). @inroik is jn bhhrt vnrnnevcujidjtct vinr bhhrtnne`njne; annfrikbn drcejne, annfhrfn drcejne, ehttn dnoinjne necvnrid (zchas onocuwj). Haan ‐enjnrznttiedne’ zike hhe jnzn bhhrtnne`njne dnbcp-pnaj2 jhhrehhst is onphhaj wnab pnrmnethdn jn vinr mhtndcrinâe vcrfne vhe `ntdrcejdnoinj vhe Jrnet`n. Cp jnzn wikzn bhe eint haanne onphhaj wcrjne cp wna-bn ahejsm`hppnaikbn nne`nij jn viejpahhtsne dnandne zike, fhhr ccb cg zn cp jinbhhrtnne`nij zike cvnrvnrtndnewccrjidj cg kuist cejnrvnrtndnewccrjidj (hona=). Hhednzine ìnr wcrjt iedndhhe cp `nt cejnrsm`nij tussne annfhrfn ne annf-rikbn drcejne, zike ie twnnjn iesthetin sanm`ts jnzn twnn mhtndcrinâe onsm`cuwj.

@inruit oaikbt jht jn ‐enjnrznttiedne’ vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur cvnrvnrtndne-wccrjidj zike cp annfhrfn drcejne, zchas jn ocvnesthhejn `ypct`nsn vccrspnat(Tinrsfh ne _hnfhnbnrs ?<88).

@cnwna `nt pcsiting is tn mcesthtnrne jht jn fnnstn viejpahhtsne jn `ypct`nsncejnrsm`rikvne, is `nt ietridnrnej stia tn sthhe oik jn endne viejpahhtsne jin einthhe jn `ypct`nsn vcajcne ne cp annfrikbn drcejne dnvcejne zike. ne nnrstn zcujit `nt dnvcad bueene zike vhe jn bhhrtsm`hha. Jn bhhrtsm`hha dnngt hhe wnabnehuwbnurid`nij nne bhhrt `nngt, cg prnminznr cp `cnvnna hm`tnraiddnejn dndnvnesjn bhhrt is dnohsnnrj. Ie `nt dnvha vhe nne ocjnfbhhrt 8;><.<<< ontnbnet jht dn-

Enjnrznttiedne Fcdnaikbn enjnrznttiedne Jrnet`n

e % e % %

Annfrikbn ocjnf 9 ?8 9 ?7 8=

Annfhrfn ocjnf ?4 7: 80 >8 8=

Ocjnf ceonbnej : 8< > 8: >8

Eht ? > = 9 ?=

Zctha :? 8<< => 8<< 8<<

Zhona =; Jn rnahtin tussne cejnrdrcej ne `nt vccrbcfne vhe enjnrzniedne vhe jn

trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur.



08

fijjnaj 8 ocried pnr `h. Dnjnthiaannrjnr ocjnfcejnrzcnb zcu bueene uitwikznejht tnr pahhtsn vhe jn hrm`ncacdism`n vcejstne tcm` sprhbn is vhe nne annfhrfncejnrdrcej. Ccb zcu bueene wcrjne vnrcejnrstnaj jht tnrwika jn ‐enjnrznttied’cp annfrikbn drcej dnandne whs, jn oikon`crnejn hbbnrhrnhane cp ehoikdnandneannfhrfn drcejne ahdne. Fnt hejnrn wccrjne, jht jn drnes tussne annfrikbn ne

annfhrfn cejnrdrcej kuist tussne hbbnr ne enjnrznttied is dnandne. ne sacttn zcudnjhm`t bueene wcrjne hhe hejnrn ietnrprnthtins vhe jn ‐enjnrznttiedne’ jhe en-jnrznttied; `nt zike cppnrvahbtnviejpahhtsne vhe twnn cg fnnr vcejstmhtndcrinâe.Eint fnnr ne eint fiejnr. Ha jnzn cptins wcrjne `inr eint ehjnr cejnrzcm`t.

Wnajtcnts

Jn endne acmhtins zike vnrvcadnes fnt dccdan nhrt` cejnrzcm`t. @inroik wnrj vhstdn-stnaj jht viejpahhts 8 dnandne is cp nne dcagtnrrnie. Dnzine jn dnriedn bhes jht inrvnajcejnrzcnb bce wcrjne uitdnvcnrj is jnzn viejpahhts eint ehjnr cejnrzcm`t.

Jn cvnridn hm`t viejpahhtsne zike cp 87 gnoruhri ?<88 jccr fijjna vhe nnevnajonzcnb ehjnr cejnrzcm`t (Gid. ?2 hona :). wnn acmhtins vinane vhewndn sanm`-tn tcndhebnaikb`nij hg (viejpahhtsne : ne 4). Jn cvnrdnoanvne zns viejpahhtsne zikefnt nebnan drcejocriedne fnt nne zhejduts cejnrzcm`t. Jhhrehhst zike jn on-sm`ibohrn dndnvnes ie jn thona cpdnecfne cf zc tct nne dcnjn hgwndied tn bcfnevccr jn snanmtin vhe tnrrniene vccr cejnrzcnb ie jn vcrf vhe prcngsanuvne.

Whe jn cvnrdnoanvne viejpahhtsne zike vccrha jn vcadnejn ietnrnsshet;

Wiejpahhts ?. Jnzn viejpahhts is jn neidn whhroik jn drcejocriedne cp jnhhewnzid`nij vhe nne N-`crizcet wnzne. Jit suddnrnnrt jht jnzn viejpahhtsfcdnaikb `nt onst dnmcesnrvnnrj is2

•

Gid. ?; Aiddied vhe jn hm`t onsprcbne trnm`tnronbnrviejpahhtsne ehoik Cjccre.



0?

Wiejpahhts =. Jnzn viejpahhts is dnandne jirnmt tne zuijne vhe ùenonj J=?2

Wiejpahhts 7 . Whe jnzn viejpahhtsne bcfne twnn hgsahdne vhe @nadcahej-vuurstnne. Jnzn vuurstnnesccrt is nne znajzhfn vcejst ie Enjnrahej (Onubnr,?<8<; pp. ==-:<). Wnajcejnrzcnb zcu ìnr bueene uitwikzne cg @nadcahej-vuurstnne tnr pahhtsn wnrj onwnrbt.

•

•

Zhona :; Jn endne H_M@I]-viejpahhtsne ie Jrnet`n jin has fcdnaikbn enjnrzniedne vhe jn

trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur zike dnãetnrprntnnrj.

Wiejpahhts H_M@I] Wcejstne Z_O Cpfnrbied AitnrhtuurJibtn ns/

H-`crizcet

Hhewnzidn

ocjnfahdne

8 889>: Hhrjnwnrb sm`nrvne

ne jivnrsn vuurstnene

whhrcejnr sm`rhoonrs,

trhesvnrshan spitsne,

sm`hvne, baiedne, hgsah-

dne, bnrene, nne occrne nne fnsgrhdfnet

Dnne Wnrvhaane ie vnrohej fnt

aiddied cp dcagohhe

? 8000> Hhrjnwnrb sm`nrvne,

ehtuurstnene fhha-

stnne ne bacpstnne ne

jivnrsn vuurstnene

Khdnr, 899=;

mht.er. :?

?< HNOM

= 80988 Hhrjnwnrb sm`nrvne

whhrcejnr nne

ohbpahhtgrhdfnet, nne

ehtuurstnene saikpstnne


whhrcejnr nne sm`rho-

onr ne oika

Oik

ùenonj

J=?

Khdnr, 899=;

mht.er. 79

=< HM

: 80984 Hhrjnwnrb ccrgrhd-

fnet ne trhesvnrshanspits

Khdnr, 899=;

mht.er. 4:

Wnrvhaane ie vnrohej fnt

aiddied ie ocs

> 809:> Hhrjnwnrb sm`nrvne


whhrcejnr nne

sm`rhoonr

Dnne ?> HM ne HOM

7 80979 Hhrjnwnrb sm`nrvne

whhrcejnr nne

ohbpahhtgrhdfnet ne

jivnrsn vuurstnene

whhrcejnr nne

sm`rhoonr, hgsahdne,

trhesvnrshan spits ne

trhpnziuf

Zwnn hg-

sahdne vhe

@nadcahej-

vuurstnne

Khdnr, 899=;

mht.er. 8?>

=> HM

4 80997 Hhrjnwnrb sm`nrvne

ne jivnsrn vuurstnene

whhrcejnr hgsahdne ne

nne sm`rhoonr

Khdnr, 899=;

mht.er. 8>?

Wnrvhaane ie vnrohej fnt

aiddied ie ocs

0 89<?0 Hhrjnwnrb sm`nrvne


whhrcejnr nne

sm`rhoonr

Khdnr, 899=;

mht.er. ?>?

=< HOM ne HM

9 89<9: Hhrjnwnrb sm`nrvne


whhrcejnr nne

sm`rhoonr

Khdnr, 899=;

mht.er. 80>

=< HM



0=

]nanmtin vhe nne viejpahhts

Cp 84 gnoruhri ?<88 onsacct ib jn drcnen bahppnr fnt cejnrzcnbswhhrenfiednevhe `nt OHI ie jn vccrfhaidn dnfnnetn Cjccre (eu dnfnnetn Ocrdnr-Cjccre)jccr tn enfne. Ie jnzn bahppnrs zike haan cejnrzcnbsprcknmtne vhe nt OHI dnoue-jnaj2 nt vcrft nne vhe jn orceene whhrfnn H_M@I] is cpdnsthrt. \rcknmtne whhr-

oik jn tcpcdrhgism`n prnmisin vcajcnejn is, zike cpdnecfne ie H_M@I]. Jhhrehhstzike nr prcknmtne jin cednsmìbt wnrjne onvcejne vccr H_M@I] vhewndn ceznbn-rn tcpcdrhgism`n dndnvnes. Ib `ccptn oik `nt jccrenfne vhe jn bahppnr pctnetinnaietnrnsshetn acmhtins tn viejne jin eint ie H_M@I] zike cpdnecfne.

@nt ainp hejnrs. H_M@I]-whhrenfied 80988 (viejpahhts = ie thona =) ontrcgnne jcssinr onsthhejn uit eint fnnr jhe nne jhdrhppcrt. @cnwna nr dnne vnrwik-zied whs ehhr cvnridn hhewnzidn jcmufnethtin ahs ib;

‑Ie jn wnnb vhe 87 tct ?? cbt. 894? wnrj nne vnrbneenej cejnrzcnbkn vnrrim`t. Ehoik

jn [.T.-`cnb vhe `nt ùenonjpnrmnna wnrj, nvnewikjid hhe jn [.-pnrmnnadrnes jhhrvhe,nne mh. =< f ahedn, : f ornjn sanug dndrhvne. @hhbs jhhrcp ie `nt fijjne wnrj nne mh.

8< fa ahedn, : f ornjn jwhrssanug ehhr `nt [. dndrhvne. Jnzn ahhtstn uitornijied oannb

ecjid cfjht ie `nt mnetruf vhe jn ahedn sanug nne vhhd ondrnesjn ‑buia‖ fnt drikzn vua - aied zim`tohhr. Ie jnzn ‑buia‖ ne nr cf`nne nebnan ‑phhadhtne‖ fnt zwhrtn vuaaied, ie jn

fnnstn dnvhaane nm`tnr zcejnr `cutsbccaorcbkns vhe fnrbohrn hgfntied. @nt bhrhbtnr vhe

jnzn drcejspcrne oanng, ccb eh vnrjinpne, cejuijnaikb. Nne hejimhp whs ocvnejine jht nr

nebnan jinrdhedne jccr jn ‑buia‖ whrne dndrhvne jin fnt drikzn drcej whrne cpdnvuaj. Ie jn

buia wnrjne dnvcejne; nne vuistdrctn vnajbni fnt saikpghmnt, `nt vnrorhejn senjndnjnnatn vhe

nne vuurstnene oika ne ? cevnrsinrjn sm`nrgkns. ît jn cfdnvied, uit `nt dnan zhej, bwhfnefnnrjnrn cevnrsinrjn sm`nrvne + 8 vnrsinrj Z_O-sm`nrgkn, ne vnrjnr vnna (ceonwnrbt) vuur -

stnnefhtnrihha. Oik `nt jim tdccine wnrj ecd nne Z_O-sm`nrg fnt tueenaccrtkn dnvcejne.@cnwna `nt cejnrzcnbkn wnieid cpanvnrjn, is `nt pcsitinvn puet jht ie jnzn Z_O-enjnrznt - tied bneenaikb wna `nrbneohrn buiane ne phhadhtne vccrbcfne‖ (Ahetied, 894?).

Nurnbh! @nt jhdrhppcrt anvnrt eint haanne nne prifh vnrtrnbpuet vccr vnajce-jnrzcnb hhednzine jn hhewnzid`nij vhe drcejspcrne uit jn tikj vhe jn trnm`tnr-onbnrmuatuur znbnr aikbt, fhhr is ccb onvnstidied vhe jn ocvnedngcrfuannrjn `y-pct`nsn. [cejnr bneeis vhe jnzn vnajwhhrenfied is jnzn H_M@I]-whhrenfieddnsnanmtnnrj cp ohsis vhe jn annfrikbn cejnrdrcej. Wnrjnr hrmìngwnrb anvnrjn jnvnajtnbneiedne cp, whhrcp iejnrjhhj nne drctn buia is wnnrdndnvne.?

Mcemausin

Jn smìkeohrn hgwnzid`nij vhe pahttndrcejne juurt tct hhe jn fijjne-orcestikj.Ie jnzn oikjrhdn is jn `ypct`nsn cejnrzcm`t jht jn acmhtinbnuzn ne jhhruit vccrt-vacninejn mcesnrvnried vhe drcejspcrne jnont is hhe nt cetornbne vhe ocnrjnrik-pahttndrcejne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur cp jn Jrnetsn zhejdrcejne. Jit rcnptjn vrhhd cn tn vnrbahrne jht vhehg jn fijjne-orcestikj O zcvnna fnnr pahttndrce-jne onbnej zike. @nt is juijnaikb jht nr dnne sprhbn is vhe nne dnanijnaikbn drcnihhe pahttndrcejne pnr pnricjn, jnsdnwnest tn ietnrprntnrne has wnnrsahd vhe nne



0:

onvcabiedsdrcni. Fcdnaikb fcnt nnrjnr dnjhm`t wcrjne hhe nne hejnrn ocuwtrh-jitin, whhroik phane jinpnr zike iedndrhvne (oik dnornb hhe prn-fijjne-orcestikjO-pahttndrcejne eint tn cejnrzcnbne) cg vnrhejnriedne ie jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn aid-died vhe enjnrznttiedne. Nne nnrstn vnrbneeied vhe H_M@I]-dndnvnes suddnrnnrtjht vhehg jn fijjne-orcestikj O `nt pnrmnethdn viejpahhtsne cp annfrikbn ce-

jnrdrcej vnrjuoonat tct mh. :<% (fcejnaiedn fnjnjnaied N. @nesorcnb ?<88).Fnt jn acbhtinbnuzn`ypct`nsn has vnrtrnbpuet, zcu jit ontnbnene jht jn cvnrvnr-tndnewccrjidied vhe viejpahhtsne cp annfhrfn drcejne vccroik is ne jht vccrjn aiddied vhe einuwn hbbnrs vrum`tohhr`nij nne onahedrikbnrn ghmtcr is dnwcrjnejhe jn fcdnaikb`nij jn drcej tn onwnrbne. Fnt hejnrn wccrjne, jn tnmèism`nonpnrbied dnstnaj jccr `nt nnrdntcuw is vnr`capne. Jn dndrcnijn vccrbnur vccrannfrikbn drcejne bhe vnrvcadnes wcrjne cejnrsm`rnvne jccr jn acmhtinbnuznvccr Mnatim Ginajs ; 4>% vhe jnzn hbbnrhrnhane onviejt zim` cp annfrikbn cejnr-drcej (]pnb ?<<:, 8:?).

Ceonjcnaj is `nt cejnrzcnb dntcntst jccr jn ahtn vcejst vhe jn vnajdndn-

vnes uit 894?. Jn acmhtin whs dnsnanmtnnrj cp ohsis vhe jn hhewnzid`nij vhe jrinvcejstmhtndcrinâe ne annfrikbn cejnrdrcej. Jn dndnvnes uit 894? aikbne nrcptn wikzne jht ìnr iejnrjhhj drcejspcrne vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur hhewnzidzike.

\cst-smript; vnajcejnrzcnb tne eccrjne vhe J=?-Cjccre

Ie jn pnricjn ?= fni-84 kuei ?<88 is viejpahhts = cejnrzcm`t jccr jn nnrstnkhhrsstujnetne vhe jn cpanijied hrm`ncacdin cejnr ondnanijied vhe Fhstnr-stujnet Nvh@cpfhe ne jn hutnur. Ie nne = oik :> f drctn cpdrhvied stcej `nt ie bhhrt orne-dne vhe drcejspcrne uit jn tikj vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur mnetrhha. Oik `nt ce-jnrzcnb oannb jht nt nnrtikjsn cppnrvahb ha vccr 89?< whs vnrstccrj ne hgdnvcnrj;ie nne jnrjn jnna vhe jn cpdrhvied tct ie jn O-`crizcet ne ie jn rnst tct ie jn tcpvhe jn M-`crizcet. Wcejstfhtnrihha is jhe ccb vrikwna eint vnrzhfnaj. Tna zike nrtine vhdn drcejspcrne fnt ndhha aim`tdrikzn vuaaied fnt gike `cutsbcca hhedntrcg-gne. Oik jn uitwnrbied zuaane nebnan 8:M-jhtnriedne ne bcrrnadrccttnhehaysns fnnrjuijnaikb`nij fcntne vnrsm`hggne cvnr jn cujnrjcf vhe jn phhaspcrne ne jn rnah-tin tct `nt annfdn`hatn vhe jn cejnrdrcej.

Ectne

8 ît jn DI]-hehaysn oaikbt jht jnzn ahhtstn mhtndcrin eint cp dnaikbn wikzn has jn ‐enjnr-znttiedne’ ie `nt ahejsm`hp vnrsprnij aidt. Jit juijt nrcp jht jn mhtndcrin ‐fcdnaikbnenjnrznttiedne’ eint (dn`nna) dnãetnrprntnnrj jinet tn wcrjne has ‐enjnrznttied’ whhrfiejnr vcejstne vhe onbnej zike. Jn mhtndcrin ‐fcdnaikbn enjnrznttiedne’ cfvht znnrwhhrsmìkeaikb ccb hejnrn, ecd ceonbnejn, viejpahhtstypne.

? @nt vcejstfhtnrihha is ecd eint onstujnnrj ne onviejt zim` ie jn mcaanmtin vhe `ntEccrjnaikb Hrm`ncacdism` Jnpct tn Euis.



0>

Aitnrhtuur

Hssnejcrp, K.K., ?<<<; Jin Ohuhrt jnr trim`tnronm`nrznitaim`ne Dnoêujn vce\neeiedoñttna, Einjnrshm`sne. Ie; _. Bnaf (rnj.), Wcf \gcstneacm` zuf]tnieznit`hus. Hrm`êcacdism`n Gcrsmùed uej _nbcestrubtice kuedstnieznitai-m`nr @hus- uej ]injauedonguejn if ecrjwnstaim`ne Fittnanurcph. Haonrsjcrgnr

Gcrsmùedne zur Hrm`êcacdin uej ^fwnatdnsmìm`tn 8. @nijn, 887-8?>.Ohbbnr, _., ?<<=; `n nfnrdnemn cg hdrimuaturn ce t`n Jrnet`n \ahtnhu. H phahnc-

octheimha stujy suppcrtnj oy ìd`-rnscautice 8:M-jhtied. ( Hrm`êcacdism`n Onrim`tn 87).

Onubnr, K._., ?<8<; Wuurstnene wnrbtuidne. nmècacdin cp `nt sm`nrpst vhe jn senjn ,Anijne.

Dnonrs, T., ?<<:; _uaastcrg. ?< Kh`rn Hrm`êcacdin hf _hej jnr Naofhrsm`. Ie; @.@h οfhee, F. Ghesh ne G. Oct` (rnj.), Hrm`êcacdinAhejEinjnrshm`sne; ?> Kh`rnJnebfhasmùtzdnsntz; :<< <<< Kh`rn Dnsmìm`tn. Hrm`êcacdism`n Fittniaauedne hus

Ecrjwnstjnutsmàhej2 oni`ngt :?. Cajneourd, :8?-:8=.

@cdnstike, K.T.@. & N. Jrnet`, ?<<</?<<8; Ie ]acctjcrp stcej nne rnm`tnronbnr-ùis3 Cvnr fijjnene ahht-encaitìsm`n ùispahttndrcejne uit Enjnrahej,

Hrm`ncacdin 8<, :?-49.

Ahetied, K.E., 894?; Cjccre, dnf. Cjccre. Wnrbneenej cejnrzcnbkn cp _O-enjnrznt-tied oik ùenonj J=? . \AHH]3

_cst, H. & ]. Tiaonrs-_cst, 899?; Jin vcrdnsmìm`taim`n Onsinjaued hf BhabrinsnrOnrd zwism`ne Nedtnr uej ]m`whdtcrg, Dnrfheih 4<, =::-=:9.

]pnb, Z., ?<<:; @nt Jrnetsn nsjcrpneahejsm`hp. Nne ìstcrism`-dncdrhgism`n stujin ,^trnm`t.

]mùtn, I., ?<<>; Jrikvnejn rhohetne. Bccpfhe & Brhhikneorieb, Jnagt.

Wcss, B.A., 897>; ]trhtidrhgism`n Ectizne zu nienf Ahed`hus jnr rim`tnronm`nrbuaturoni Tittnewhtnr, Br. ^nazne, Dnrfheih :=, =:=-=>8.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., 897<; \rnaifiehry _npcrt ce t`n Nxmhvhtices ht Heac ie 89>4 hej89>0, \hahncìstcrih 0, >9-9<.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., ?<<9; Dntiffnrj vnranjne. ]pcrne vhe vccr- ne vrcndìstc-rism`n `cutocuw cp jn zhej- ne banidrcejne tussne Nnfs ne IKssna (Drceiedne

Hrm`hncacdimha ]tujins 0).

Tinrsfh, K.K. & J.M.F. _hnfhnbnrs, ?<88; Cvnr jn pahhts vhe anvne ne jccj ie ntencaitìmuf. Nne ahejsm`hpsonehjnried vhe jn trnm`tnronbnrmuatuur ie Jrnet`n.Ie; F.K.A.`. Einbus (rnj.), Dnvcrfj ne cfdnvcrfj ahejsm`hp. Whe prnìstcrin tct

Fijjnannuwne , Jrnets \rnìstcrism`n Wnrneidied, =?-:=.

[iffnrfhee, T.@., 890<; Nie trim`tnronm`nrznitaim`nr @husdruejriss vce Ga÷dnae-If ×rtkne, Br. Mux`hvne. Ie; . Brñdnr ne @.-D. ]tnp`he (rnj.), Onitrêdn zur Hrm`êcacdin Ecrjwnstjnutsmàhejs uej Fittnanurcphs. Gnstsm`rigt gñr B. _hjjhtz. Fhtnriha`ngtn zur ^r- uej Grñ`dnsmìm`tn Einjnrshm`snes 87. @iajns`nif, :49-:09.



07

[iffnrfhee, T.@., ?<<0; \`csp`htn fhppied cg h Gueena Onhbnr Muaturn `cusngrcf Ga÷dnae-Nnb`÷atkne, jistrimt cg Mux`hvne, Acwnr ]hxcey. Ie; Gcbbnes, @., O.K.Mcans, H.A. vhe Dike, K.\. Baniken, @.@. \ceknn & M.D. ]ahppnejna (njs), OntwnneGcrhdied hej Ghrfied. He nxtnejnj orchj spnmtruf cg phpnrs prnsnetnj tc AnnejnrtAcuwn Bccikfhes , Anijne (6Hehanmth \rhn`istcrimh Anijnesih :<), 8?=-8?9.

Mcethmtdndnvnes_ikbsueivnrsitnit DrceiedneDrceiednr Iestituut vccr Hrm`ncacdin\cststrhht 7 948? N_ Drceiednej.m.f.rhnfhnbnrsLrud.ea



04

@NZ DN@NIF WHE JN ]FIJ3

Nne cpfnrbnaikb jnpct vhe jn Bacbonbnrmuatuur uit@nednac (Daj.)

N. Jrnet` & D.A. Tiaaihfs

Ieanijied

ît vnrsm`nijnen zhbne oaikbt jht Nrim Ac`cg nne whrfn onahedstnaaied bcnstnrtvccr prnìstcrism`n fnthhaonwnrbied. Jnzn ietnrnssn bcft oikvccronnaj tct uit-jrubbied ie nne hrtibna jht ìk tnzhfne fnt jn nnrstn hutnur bcrtdnanjne dnpu-oaimnnrj `nngt (Jrnet` & Ac`cg ?<<9). Jhhrie wcrjt cejnr hejnrn iedndhhe cpjn bwnstin ie `cnvnrrn sfnjne tikjnes jn ahhtencaitìsm`n Bacbonbnrmuatuur nejn Orcestikj has hfohm`tsainjne rcejtrcbbne. @nt zha Nrim jhhrcf cedntwikgnaj

@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA@CCD BN\\NA

AHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NAAHHD BN\\NA

OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB OHHB O_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]ZO_CEB@C_]Z

J_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\ZJ_NF\Z

@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HAA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA@HA

@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ@NEDNAC DAJ

@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC@^FFNAC

BNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_DBNIKNEOC_D

]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE]ZNNEJN_NE

ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB ZCAJIKB

WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WIN_HBBN_WC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNEWC_JNE

TIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJTIM@FCEJ

[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF[NA@NF

? 8 < < < < ? 8 > < < < ? ? < < < < ? ? > < < <

: : > < < <

: > < < < <

: > > < < <

EEEEEEEEE

><<<f<

Gid. 8; Zcpcdrhsm`n aiddied vhe jn viejpahhts @nednac-Najnriebwnd.



00

jnudj jcne jht wik tnr cpauistnried vhe zike hgsm`nij nt ceaheds cetjnbtn ahhtenc-aitìsm`n jnpct vhe stnene wnrbtuidne uit @nednac (Daj.) vccr nt vcntaim`t wiaaneornedne (Gid. 8). Jn vcejst wnrj dnjhhe tikjnes nne vhe jn HJM-cpdrhviedne,whhrvhe Nrim jn anijied `hj. Jn cpdrhvied vcej pahhts hhe jn Najnriebwnd vhe?> snptnfonr tct ne fnt ? ecvnfonr ?<<4. Jn hheanijied jhhrtcn whs `nt vccr-

enfne nne einuw dnfnnetnùis tn ocuwne.Iefijjnas is ie nne vhe jn HJM-rhppcrtne vnrsahd dnjhhe vhe `nt jnpct(Jrnet` nt ha. ?<<9), fhhr jccr `nt oikzcejnrn bhrhbtnr nrvhe vnrjinet jnzn znbnrvnrjnrn puoaimhtin. Nrim is zim` ìnrvhe hatikj dcnj onwust dnwnnst ne `nngt cesvccrtjurnej hhednspccrj vcajcnejn rum`tohhr`nij hhe jn cetjnbbied tn dnvne.

Tik wiaane fnt jnzn oikjrhdn hhe zike vnrzcnb vcajcne.8

Jn buia

Cejnr jn drcejspcrne jin hhe jn Najnriebwnd tn @nednac (vnrjnr @nednac) tnvccrsmìke bwhfne, onvcej zim` ie put = nne cpfnrbnaikbn buia; drcejspccr ]=>.@nt drcejspccr cetannet `nt oikzcejnrn bhrhbtnr hhe zike ie`cuj; nne hhetha stn-ene wnrbtuidne uit `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf (Gid. ?). Nr is neidn ceznbnr`nij cvnrjn hgfntiedne vhe jn buia. Cp nne vhe jn vahbgctc’s is tn zine jht jn stnene zim`vcadnes jn hhednbrhstn aikene onvcejne ie nne hgdnrcej-rnm`t`cnbid drcejspccr.Oaikbnes jn vnajtnbneied `hj jn dnfhrbnnrjn zcen ie `nt `crizcethan vahb hgfn-tiedne vhe mh. 8,0 f x 8,7 f. Cp `nt nnrstn dnzim`t aikbne jn stnene ie jnzn buia tnzike oikdnznt. Fhhr oaikbnes prcginagctc’s is `nt whhrsmìkeaikbnr jht nr twnn spcrnehhewnzid whrne. Jhhroik zike jn stnene dnjnpcennrj ie jn kcedstn iedrhvied. Jnzn`hj nne fhxifhan anedtn vhe mh. 8 f ne nne drcctstn ornnjtn vhe mh. <,> f. Jn

Gid. ?; Gctc vhe jn buia fnt stnene.



09

buiavuaaied onstcej uit `cfcdnen, oruien, `cutsbccavrikn drcej, jht stnrb mce-trhstnnrjn fnt jn ocetdnbanurjn, fnt `cutsbcca dnahrjnnrjn cfdnvied. Haan dndn-vnes tnzhfne dnecfne wnrj nne `cutsbccarikb drcejspccr `ccdstwhhrsm`ikeaikbjccrsenjne jccr nne buia fnt jhhrie jn onwustn stnene. Jn ahhtstn iedrhvied `hjnne fhxifhan rnstjinptn vhe mh. <,8> f. Oaikbnes `nt hhedrneznejn prcgina fcnt

jn ccrsprcebnaikbn jinptn fhxifhha mh. <,: f zike dnwnnst.

Jn stnene; typcacdin

Jn buia ie bwnstin onvhttn ?= stnene vccrwnrpne tn vccrsm`ike dnbcfne. Endnetinenxnfpahrne vnrtcene fhmrcsmcpism`n spcrne vhe fnesnaikb dnoruib ne/cg onwnr-bied. @nt ontrngt;

nne Gnas-_nm`tnmbonia (on`crnej tct drcnp H, j.w.z. ornnjtn 1 `havn anedtn,ehhr Orhejt 8974, 8:<2 Gid. =)2nne `hfnr(stnne) fnt twnn dnpcaikstn bcrtn uitniejne (Gid. :)2twnn ‐bussnestnene’ (Gid. >)2jrin bacpstnene (Gid. 7)2twnn pikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs (Gid. 4)2zns tct znvne saikpstnene Gid. 0 t/f Gid. 8<2éée cg twnn wrikgstnene (Gid. 88)2nne vnrorhej stub zhejstnne zcejnr vnrjnrn fhmrcsmcpism`n spcrne vhe on-wnrbied ne/cg dnoruib (Gid. 8?).

Jn cvnridn, ceonwnrbtn ne/cg cednoruibtn, vccr zcvnr fhmrcsmcpism` `nrbne-ohhr, vcejstne onsthhe uit twnn stubbne vuurstnne (Gid. 8=), nne zhejstnne ne nne_évieine-bwhrtsint (Gid. 8:).

•

•••••••



9<

Gid. =; Gnas-_nm`tnmbonia



98

Gid. :; @hfnr(stnne)



9?

Gid. >; Bussnestnene



9=



9:

Gid. 7; Bacpstnene

Gid. 4 (cejnr ne rnm`ts);

\ikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs



9>



97

Gid. 0; ]aikpstnene



94

Gid. 9; ]aikpstnene

Gid. 8<; ]aikpstnene, iemausing

éée fcdnaikb nxnfpahhr



90

Gid. 88; Trikgstnene, iemausing

éée fcdnaikb nxnfpahhr



99

Gid. 8?; Nne vnrorhej

stub zhejstnne

Gid. 8=; Wuurstnne zce-

jnr spcrne vhe onwnrbied

jhe wna dnoruib



8<<

Jhtnried

Jn hssnfoahdn bhe hhe jn ahhtencait`ism`n Bacbonbnrmuatuur (BOM) wcrjne tcn-dnwnzne, jin ie Enjnrahej tussne mh. ?:<<-89<< v.M`r. fcnt wcrjne dnjhtnnrj(Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t 8999/?<<<, =7-:?, 08-9>2 vda. Ahetied & Whe jnr\aim`t ?<<8/?<<?, 8=0-8=9, 8>?-8>=). Jhhrvccr sprnbne jn h) typcacdism`n sh-fnestnaaied vhe `nt vcejstmcfpanx, o) nne 8:M-jhtnried ne m) jn cp nebnan stnenehhedntrcggne fnthhaspcrne ne. @inrcejnr vcadt nne tcnaim`tied.

Ie jn nnrstn pahhts vcrfne jn twnn bussnestnene ne jn `hfnrstnne fnt dn-pcaikstn uitniejne nne iejimhtin. wnn dnsactne vcejstne ie Enjnrahej wnrpnefnnr aim`t cp jn cujnrjcf vhe jnzn typne (Outanr & Whe jnr Thhas 8977). ? nAuetnrne-jn Whab wnrjne bussne- ne `hfnrstnene dnvcejne ie nne drhg`nuvnaoik-znttied, jin cejnr fnnr cp drcej vhe jn hhewnzid`nij vhe twnn bacbonbnrs tct jnBOM dnrnbnej bhe wcrjne. Oik nne vcejst vhe ]cnstnronrd (nne drhguitrustied cgjnpct) whrne jrin vhe zuabn stnene hrtnghmtne whhrsm`ikeaikb nvnennes dnhsscminnrjfnt nne bacbonbnr. Cfjht jn vcejsthssnfoahdn vnrjnr nne pcasonsm`nrfnr cfvht,bhe ccb ie jit dnvha nne BOM-cujnrjcf wcrjne hhednecfne. Bussnestnene ne`hfnrs fnt dnpcaikstn uitniejne najnrs ie Nurcph dnvne vnrjnr hhe jht zik, `cnwna

Gid. 8:; Nne zhejstnne ne nne

_évieine-bwhrtsint, onijn zcejnr spc-

rne vhe onwnrbied jhe wna dnoruib



8<8

eint nxmausing, grnqunet cptrnjne ie jn BOM (zin c.h. Oètcrh ?<<?2 Grnujneonrd?<<72 Fñaanr 8904).

Jn tcnwikzied vhe jn @nednacsn vcejstne hhe jn BOM wcrjt eint wnnrsprc-bne jccr jn cvnridn vcejstne. [c zike pikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs rnnjs onbnej uit `ntAhht-\hancaitìmuf. Fhhr ie Enjnrahej `nngt jit typn nne ahedn anvnesjuur ne is

cejnr fnnr dnvcejne ie twnn drhg`nuvnaoikznttiedne vhe jn Bacbonbnrmuatuur;tufuaus N tn ^jjnanrfnnr ne Fnnrac (hm`tnrnnevcadnes @cawnrjh 89882Baiebneonrd 8908 ne Wnrwnrs 897:). Wnrfnajneswhhrjid zike vccrts twnn pika-sm`hm`tpcaikstnrs uit `nt enjnrznttiedsmcfpanx tn Fntnrne-Occd M-Eccrj (Einbus& @uisfhe ?<<8, 88= ne hgo. >.7 ne >.4). Jit mcfpanx onvht zcwna bacbonbnr- haswibbnajrhhjhhrjnwnrb.

Tht jn Gnas-_nm`tnmbonia ontrngt, oikane vhe jit typn zike ie Enjnrahej ie dnoruibdnwnnst tikjnes (ie nab dnvha) `nt Fijjne- ne Ahht-Encaitìmuf (]mùt 8998, ?:-?>, mg. Orhejt 8974, 8:7-8:0). Ie nne buia (vnrfcnjnaikb nne drhg) tn ]mìpocrdzike oikvccronnaj nne Gnas-_nm`tnmbonia ne nne bacpstnne dnfhhbt vhe nne grhdfnet

vhe zc’e oika tnzhfne fnt nne bacbonbnr hhedntrcggne (Whe jnr Thhas 897?, ?=7(>7) ne gid. ?=).Jn oika uit @nednac is, zchas dnzndj, vcadnes jn iejnaied vhe Orhejt nne vccr-

onnaj vhe drcnp H. Jit suotypn is tnzhfne fnt nne bacbonbnr ne nne pcasonsm`nr-fnr dnvcejne ie nne drhg`nuvna cp jn Naspnntsn @nijn ie jn dnfnnetn Euespnnt(Naziedh 897:, 8:-8>, 80 ne hgo. 8:; ers. :, 7H ne ”O). Fcdnaikb vcrfne jnznjrin vccrwnrpne nne dnsactne hsscmihtin (vda. ]mùt 8998, ?>), cnwna Naziedh vnr-fcnjt jht jn stnene oika tct jn Nebnadrhgmuatuur on`ccrt, jin jirnmt hhe jn BOMvccrhgdhht.

@cutsbcca uit jn buia jin jccrsenjne wnrj jccr jn onwustn iedrhvied fnt

jn stnene (zin jn ieanijied) is 8:M-dnjhtnnrj. Jn uitbcfst, =4>> ¸ :< O\ (^h-=7:0?), vhat eh bhaiorhtin fnt Cxmha =.8< (? ύ2 ??9<-?<=< v.M`r.) bnurid oieenejn BOM. Jn jhtnried is nne tnrfieus pcst qunf vccr jn stnene.

Cp jrin stnene, jn onijn bussnestnene ne nne saikpstnne, zike jccr fijjna vheenutrcenehmtivnriedshehaysn (zin jn oikjrhdn vhe \nreimbh ie Jrnet` nt ha. ?<<9)spcrne vhe dcuj ne bcpnr hhedntrcggne. Jit whrne ie Enjnrahej jé fnthhasccrtnejin oik jn Bacbonbnrmuatuur dhedohhr whrne (Outanr & Whe jnr Thhas 8977).

ct sact, tikjnes jn cpdrhvied tn @nednac zike dnne hejnrn BOM-vcejstne cg-drcejspcrne tn vccrsmìke dnbcfne. Jn hejnrn hrm`ncacdimh jin zike hhedntrcg-gne jhtnrne uit jn IKznrtikj, whhrcejnr vinr ùispahttndrcejne. Ontnbnet jit wna-

aim`t jht jn stnene ie bwnstin tikjnes jn ahhtstdnecnfjn pnricjn zike dnvcejne,fcdnaikb znags `nrdnoruibt ne tne sacttn dnjnpcennrj zike3 @nt vccrbcfne vhecujnrn hrtnghmtne ie nne kcednrn mcetnxt is iffnrs onbnej.= @cnwna t`ncrntism`vccr @nednac nne hehm`rceisfn eint bhe wcrjne uitdnsactne, zike dnne hhewikzie-dne ie jin rim`tied dnvcejne. @nt fnnst pahusiona is jnr`havn nne ahhtencaitìsm`njhtnried.



8<?

Wnrfcnjnaikb nne jnpct

Jn @nednacsn vcejst stnat vnrfcnjnaikb nne jnpct vccr. ct jnzn sactscf zike wikdnbcfne eh hehaysn vhe h) jn hadn`nan mcetnxt, jht wia znddne jn ahejsm`hppnaikbnaiddied ne hhewnzid`nij vhe hejnrn drcejspcrne ne vcejstne, o) jn bhrhbtnristin-bne vhe jn buia whhrie jn stnene ahdne, ne m) jn aiddied vhe jn stnene ie jn buia.

@inrcejnr vcadt nne tcnaim`tied.@nt drcejspccr fnt jn stnene onvcej zim` oieene jn cpdrhvied ie nne zcen

fnt rnahting wnieid drcejspcrne ne hejnrn hrm`ncacdism`n rnaimtne (Gid. 8>). Jnbuia fnt stnene is hhetrcggne cp nne jnbzhejrud, j.w.z. ie nne `cdn ne jrcdn mce-tnxt. [chas rnnjs hhedndnvne is, zike ouitne jnzn buia fnt ie`cuj dnne hejnrn rns-tne vhe jn BOM tikjnes jn cpdrhvied hhedntrcggne. Jhhrfnn is nt cehheenfnaikbjht wik tn fhbne `noone fnt nne vcejst uit nne enjnrznttied vhe jnzn muatuur.

Jn `ccdstwhhrsm`ikeaikb dnriedn hgfntiedne vhe jn buia (zin nnrjnr) fhbne`nt cewhhrsm`ikeaikb jht wik tn fhbne `noone fnt nne drhgbuia. Jit wcrjt jnstn juijnaikbnr has onjhm`t wcrjt jht jcjne, vccr zcvnr wik wntne, ie jn rndna aid-

dnej fnt cpdntrcbbne beinâe wnrjne ondrhvne (Onubnr nt ha. ?<<82 Ahetied &Whe jnr \aim`t 8999/?<<<, spnmihha :8-:?2 Ahetied & Whe jnr Thhas 8947). Jccrjn hhewnzid`nij vhe jn stnene cvnr nne cppnrvahb vhe mh. <,7 f x <,= f oanngocvnejine cp jn ocjnf dnne pahhts cvnr vccr nne jnrdnaikbn ondrhvied. nezik

?840=< ?840:<

: > 8 ? ? <

: > 8 ? = <

EEEEEEEEE

?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f?.>f<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

Gid. 8>; Jn acmhtin vhe jn buia fnt stnene (rccj iednbanurj) oieene jn cpdrhvied



8<=

`nt died cf nne ohoy cg nne znnr kced biej jin cp jn zc-nvne onsm`rnvne wikzntnr hhrjn wnrj onstnaj. Fhhr jit is eint pahusiona. @cnwna jirnmt onwiks `inrvccruit Enjnrahej cetornnbt, dnvne ouitneahejsn vcejstne hhe jht stnene wnrbtuidnevccr fnthhaonwnrbied ie BOM-drhvne dnhsscminnrj zike fnt vcawhssne fheene(c.h. Oètcrh ?<<?2 Onrtnfns nt ha. ?<<<2 Fcum`h 8909). Nne hejnrn fcdnaikb`nij

is jht jn @nednacsn buia fnt stnene jn oikznttied vhe dnjishrtimuannrjn onnejn-rne fnt oikon`crnejn drhgdigtne vccrstnat. Fhhr jit sccrt ondrhviedne is vccr jnBOM ie Enjnrahej sanm`t onbnej2 wik bueene has neidn znbnrn vccronnaj sanm`tsjn viejpahhts Cttcahej-Brcffn Naanoccd ecnfne whhr ie nne drhgbuia on`havnnne sbnant ie hehtcfism` vnrohej nne `cnvnna`nij dnjishrtimuannrj fnesnaikb oct-fhtnrihha wnrj cetjnbt (Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t 8999/?<<<, 98-9?2 AcuwnBccikfhes 894:, =8? ne Hppnejix III; er. =4). Jnr`havn is nrestid tn ontwikgnanecg jn buia fnt stnene uit @nednac zc’e sccrt ondrhvied vnrtndnewccrjidt.

Cpvhaanej is jn pcsitin vhe jn stnene oieene `nt drcejspccr. [ik ahdne jim`tcp nabhhr dnphbt cp nne cppnrvahb vhe mh. <,7 x <,= f. Jn mcemnetrhtin ahd, zc

oaikbt uit jn cpdrhviedsgctc’s, cp nebnan mf ocvne jn ocjnf vhe jn buia. Jnstnene zike jhhrcf vnrfcnjnaikb ccrsprcebnaikb ie nne mcethienr vhe crdheism`fhtnrihha ie jn buia dnpahhtst. Hhe jn `hej vhe vnrsm`nijnen gctc’s is vhe `nt fn-rnejnna vhe jn stnene jn aiddied oieene jn buia onbnej. Ie jn fnnstn dnvhaane isznags juijnaikb cp wnabn zikjn cg bhet zn ahdne. Jn nxnfpahrne whhrvccr iegcrfh-tin cvnr jn aiddied vcaanjid cetornnbt, zike jn twnn bussnestnene, nne vhe onijnpikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs, twnn (fcdnaikbn) saikpstnene, jn (znbnrn) wrikgstnne, `nt stuboryczcâe-vuurstnne, `nt vnrorhejn orcb zhejstnne zcejnr vnrjnrn spcrne vhe on-wnrbied ne/cg dnoruib ne nne jitc orcb (nm`tnr cevnrorhej). Jn prnminzn pcsitinvhe jn oika is eint znbnr, cfjht jn gctc’s cp jit puet eint nnejuijid zike. Wnrjnr

onsthhe nr vnrsm`iaane cp jn gctc’s ie jn aiddied vhe jn oika tne cpzim`tn vhe jncvnridn vccrwnrpne. Wcadnes vnrsm`nijnen cpehfns ahd jn oika neidszies dnãscannrjtne wnstne vhe jn cvnridn vcejstne. Fhhr nne gctc dnecfne vhe `nt vahb cp nnernahting `ccd eivnhu ahht dnne hgzikjid dnandne oika zine. Bneenaikb is `nt vccrwnrptikjnes jn cpdrhvied cpdnphbt ne eint cp jn cridienan panb tnruddnandj. Jnr`havndhhe wik nrvhe uit jht `nt onwustn coknmt ie jnznagjn mcethienr `nngt dnzntne hasjn cvnridn itnfs. Jn gctc’s dnvne dnne hheanijied tn jnebne jht jn ahhtstn tikjnesjn cpdrhvied wnzneaikb zike vnrpahhtst. Jit ontnbnet jht jn drctn saikpstnne fnt ntwnrbvahb ehhr ocvne ahd ne nne hhetha hejnrn wnrbtuidne hgjnbtn. Fnt znbnr`nijwhrne jit nne bacpstnne ne `nt ceonwnrbtn hasfnjn cednoruibtn stub _évieine-

bwhrtsint. Tnaaim`t onvcejne zim` cejnr jn hgdnjnbtn stnene nvnennes jn onijnbussnestnene. Wccr zcvnr jit hm`tnr`hhaj bhe wcrjne, ahdne jn saikpstnene (iemau-sing nt grhdfnet vhe nne fcdnaikbn wrikgstnne :x) fnt jn (vccrehhfstn) wnrbbhetcgwna `nt saikpvahb ehhr onenjne. Jnzn aiddied suddnrnnrt jht zik zc dnpahhtst zikecf onsm`hjidied nrvhe tn vccrbcfne. Jn drctn saikpstnne aikbt cp `nt nnrstn dn-zim`t nne uitzcejnried tn zike, whet jn wnrbbhet ahd ocvne. Fhhr ccb jnzn pcsitinbhe cp jnznagjn fheinr uitdnandj wcrjne. Cejnr jn saikpstnne ahdne hejnrn stnenene jn bhes cp onsm`hjidied vhe `nt saikpvahb zcu drctnr zike, iejine jit ehhr onen-jne zcu wikzne. ]hfnednvht, jn aiddied vhe jn stnene juijt cp nne zcrdvuajidnpahhtsied vhe jn itnfs ne jhhrfnn cp nne jnpct.



8<:

Cp ohsis vhe `nt ocvnesthhejn bcfne wik tct vcadnejn rnmcestrumtin vhe jnjnpcsitin;

sthp 8; jn buia wcrjt hhednandj ie nne rnahting `cdn ne jrcdn mcetnxt2sthp ?; nne mcethienr wcrjt ie jn buia dnpahhtst2sthp =; stnene wcrjne ie jn mcethienr dnpahhtst, whhroik jn banienrn saikpstn-

ene fnt cpznt fnt jn wnrbbhet ehhr cejnrne wcrjne ennrdnandj2sthp :; jn drctn saikpstnne wcrjt, fnt `nt saikpvahb nm`tnr ehhr ocvne, cp jnhejnrn stnene dnjnpcennrj2sthp >; jn buia wcrjt jim`tdndccij.

Jn onzittiedne vhe nne sfij3

Eu pahusiona is jht jn buia fnt stnene nne jnpct is, auijt jn vrhhd ‑Tht stnaanejn stnene vccr ne hhe win `noone zik tcnon`ccrj3‖ Jn fnnst hheenfnaikb vnrbah-ried is jht hm`tnr jn vcejstne ie bwnstin nne sfij sm`uiadhht (Gid. 87). Jn hhe-wnzid`nij vhe twnn bussnestnene ne nne `hfnr wikst ie jin rim`tied. [ik on`crnetct hrtnghmttypne jin hadnfnne dnzine wcrjne has dnrnnjsm`hp vccr `nt onwnrbnevhe bcpnr ne dcuj (Outanr & Whe jnr Thhas 89772 Onrtnfns ?<<:2 Onrtnfnsnt ha. ?<<<2 Oètcrh ?<<?2 Grnujneonrd ?<<72 Fñaanr 8904). Ie jn khrne znstidvhe jn vcridn nnuw `noone Outanr & Whe jnr Thhas (8977, 4?) jccr fijjna vher÷etdnegaucrnsmnetin (nne jnna vhe) jn `ne onbnejn nxnfpahrne uit Enjnrahejahtne cejnrzcnbne. Fhhr spcrne vhe fnthha wnrjne jhhroik eint hhedntccej. Jntwnn bussnestnene ne jn `hfnrstnne uit @nednac zike cp jit puet cejnrzcm`t fntzcwna nne stnrnc- has nne rhstnrnanbtrcenefimrcsmccp hasfnjn jccr fijjna vhe

•••

•

•

Gid. 87; Nne BOM-sfij hhe `nt wnrb. Hrtist’s ifprnssice vhe B. Tiasce.



8<>

enutrcenehmtivnriedshehaysn (zin jn oikahdn jccr \nreimbh ie Jrnet` nt ha. ?<<9).nrwika fnthhaspcrne cp jn `hfnrstnne eint zike cetjnbt, zike oik jn onijn bus-snestnene vnr`ccdjn bcpnrne dcujwhhrjne dnvcejne.: Jit juijt cp ùe iezntoik fnthhaonwnrbied.

@cn fcnt fne zim` `nt dnoruib vhe jn stnene fnthhaonwnrbiedsiestrufnetne

vccrstnaane3 Jn bussnestnene jinejne has hhfonnaj, jn `hfnr(stnene) has sahdie-strufnet. Jhhroik wnrj jn bussnestnne vhstdnznt ie nne `cutne oacb, zchas nnevcejst tn Huvnreinr ie [witsnrahej tccet (Drcss 800=). Jn vcrf ne jn cppnrvahb-tnhgwnrbied vhe jit sccrt hrtnghmtne zike cp nne dnoruib has hhfonnaj hgdnstnfj.> Wccr nne dcnj guemticenrne is `nt nssnetinna jht zn vcajcnejn dnpcaikst zike. \utkns,brhssne ne hejnrsccrtidn vnrjinpiedne ne vnr`cdiedne cp jn wnrbbhetne vhe jnbussnestnene ahtne spcrne cp `nt onwnrbtn fnthha eh. Jit is eint wnesnaikb, zcwnavheuit nst`ntism`, nmcecfism` has guemticenna ccdpuet. Wnrjnr onzittne jn bus-snestnene, zchas jn nxnfpahrne uit @nednac grhhi iaaustrnrne, vnrsm`nijnen dnghmnt-tnnrjn jhe wna hgdnrcejn `cnbne (Outanr & Whe jnr Thhas 8977). Cednghmnttnnrjn

`cnbne vhe mh. 9<¼ `noone ie vnrdnaikbied fnt dnghmnttnnrjn `cnbne oik fnthha-onwnrbied nne ehjnna. Theennr jn `hfnr vnrbnnrj trngt, bueene jhhrcp zwhrnonsm`hjidiedne cetsthhe. @nt bcst jhe vnna fcnitn jnzn onsm`hjidiedne cedn-jhhe tn fhbne. Dnghmnttnnrjn ne hgdnrcejn `cnbne vccrbcfne jnzn prcoanfne.Nxpnrifnetnna-hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb jccr jr. F. Grnujneonrd annrt vnrjnr jhtjn dnecnfjn fcniaikb`njne phs wnrbnaikb cejnrvhedne wcrjne, wheennr zikjnetnzhfne nne `cnb vhe fnnr jhe 88<¼ fhbne.7

Nne twnnjn hrdufnet vccr jn sfij-`ypct`nsn is jht cp nne vhe jn ehtuur-wntnesm`hppnaikb (zin ocvne) cejnrzcm`tn saikpstnene nvnennes dcujne bcpnrs-pcrne zike whhrdnecfne. @nt ontrngt `nt nxnfpahhr fnt nne banien, fie cg fnnr

rcejn vnrjinpied cgwna nne jna, whhrvhe jn ontnbneis ces cetdhht. Jn hejnrnsaikpstnene bueene nne vnrdnaikbohrn guemtin `noone dn`hj, `cnwna `nt ehtuur-wntnesm`hppnaikbn cejnrzcnb ehhr fnthhaspcrne oik twnn jhhrvhe, whhrcejnr `ntdrctn nxnfpahhr4, endhting uitvina. _nbneied fcnt wcrjne dn`cujne fnt jn fcdn-aikb`nij jht rnstne vhe bcpnr ne dcuj jccr vnrwnried vnrjwnene zike. @nt is ccbfcdnaikb jht nne jnna vhe jn saikpstnene, tnzhfne fnt jn bacpstnene, jinejn vccr`nt cejnr`cuj ne jn rnphrhtin vhe jn stnene vccr fnthhaonwnrbied. Jn ahhtstnfcntne iffnrs sfnttnaccs dnpcaikstn wnrbbhetne `noone tneniejn zc fie fcdn-aikb iejrubbne ie `nt fnthha eh tn ahtne.

Jn Gnas-_nm`tnmbonia jin tn @nednac is hhedntrcggne, is dnfhhbt vhe hfgiocaint.

_nnjs nnrjnr zike ie Enjnrahej jnrdnaikbn oikane vhe jnzn drcejstcg ie Enjnrahejhhedntrcggne (Onubnr nt ha. 899?, thona ?2 ]mùt 8998, thona >). Cfjht hfgiocaintjn nidnesm`hppne vhe thhi`nij ne hrj`nij mcfoiennrt (Onubnr nt ha. 899?, 8<-88(88:-88>)), is nne grnqunet dn`ccrjn cpvhttied jht jnrdnaikbn wnrbtuidne wnrjneiednznt oik `cutonwnrbied, zchas `nt vnaane vhe ocfne ( ioijnf, 88 (88>)). cmìs `nt fcdnaikb jht `nt nxnfpahhr uit @nednac shfne`hedt fnt fnthhaonwnrbied(zin ie jit vnrohej @uejt 894>2 ]m`whrz ?<<0, 9?-9:) Jccr jn vcrf ne `ntdndahjjn jhe wna dnpcaikstn cppnrvahb aikbne Gnas-_nm`tnmbonian , vccrha wheennrzik hgdnrcejn bhetne `noone, iffnrs stnrb cp bussnestnene. [ik onzittne, hejnrsdnzndj, nidnesm`hppne jin oik jn onwnrbied vhe fnthha dcnj vhe phs bcfne. Cp

nne oika uit drhg 9 tn Bñezied-Orumb zike fnt onùap vhe nne rhstnrnanbtrcenefi-



8<7

mrcsmccp gaietnrtkns dcuj ne bcpnr whhrdnecfne, jin nne dnoruib has fnthhaon-wnrbiedsiestrufnet hhednvne (Onrtnfns ?<<:, 8:7 ne 8:02 Onrtnfns nt ha. ?<<<,>7->0. Nne oika fnt nne hgdnstcfptn senjn uit urcvimn fcnt nvnennes wcrjne dn-ecnfj, cfjht inrcp spcrne vhe dcuj zike hhedntrcggne (Onrtnfns & @nyj ?<<?,?87-?842 ]m`whrz ?<<0, 9:). @nt gnit jht `nt inr dhht cf nne drcct grhdfnet vhe

nne oika wikst cvnridnes cp rnmymaied (zin ie jit vnrohej tnvnes ]m`whrz ?<<0, 9:).Jit vnrsmìkesna is nvnennes onbnej uit ]annswikb-@castnie, whhr nne `hfnroika vhejn fijjneencaitìsm`n Eccrjdrcnp vhe jn rnm`tnronbnrmuatuur (mh. =:<</==><-?0<</?4>< v.M`r.) cfdnvcrfj wnrj tct nne wnrbtuid vccr fnthhaonwnrbied(Grnujneonrd ?<<7, =8>2 ?<<9, =::, =:4 ne hgo. >). Nne hejnr vccronnaj vhernmymaied is `nt tct `hfnr dntrhesgcrfnnrjn grhdfnet vhe nne Gnas-Cvhaonia uit jnrnnjs dnecnfjn BOM-drhgievnethris cg jnpct uit ]cnstnronrd (Outanr & Whe jnr

Thhas 8977, 70, 8=?-8==). Jn jnpctvcejst vhe Thdneiedne fcnt ie jnzn shfne-`hed nvnennes hhedn`hhaj wcrjne. @nt jnpct, jht tct jn Ahtn Bacbonbnrmuatuurcg jn Wrcndn Orcestikj on`ccrt (Outanr 899<, 70-482 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t

?<<8/?<<?, 8>4), wcrjt jccr Outanr has nne jnpct vhe nne fnthhasfij dnzine(Outanr 899<, 48). Cpfnrbnaikb is jht `nt neidn eint-fnthane coknmt vhe jit jnpctnne stnene oika is. Tnrj jit coknmt vccr fnthhaonwnrbied oneut3

@nt nrdnoruibne vhe oikane ne hfnroikane wnrj cedntwikgnaj iedndnvne jccrprhbtism`n rnjnene. Nne einuwn bussnestnne cg `hfnr ahht zim` vhewndn jn rnnjshhewnzidn vcrf ne `nt dndahjjn cppnrvahb iffnrs senaanr fhbne uit nne (drcct)grhdfnet vhe nne oika cg `hfnroika jhe uit nne stnne jin ruw is ne ecd dnvcrfjfcnt wcrjne. @cn `nt ccb zik, jn `ypct`nsn jht jn @nednacsn oika wnaaim`t dn-oruibt is vccr fnthhaonwnrbied, is eint dntnst jccr fijjna vhe nne ehtuurwntne-sm`hppnaikb cejnrzcnb ehhr fnthhaspcrne. Wnrwnried cp nne drcct jnna vhe `nt

vccrwnrp `nngt ces ìnrvhe jcne hgzine.Dnne vhe jn jrin bacpstnene uit @nednac is dnhehaysnnrj cp `nt vccrbcfne

vhe fnthharnsiju. Jnr`havn fcntne wik ie `nt fijjne ahtne cg zik jirnmt iedn-znt wnrjne oik jn ghorimhdn vhe fnthane coknmtne. Wuurstnene bacpstnene ziketrcuwnes dcnj dnsmìbt vccr `nt pibbne cg pnmbne vhe ehtuurstnene wnrbtuidne(fcej. fnj. @. \huasne)0, zcjht `nt nxnfpahhr uit @nednac ccb vccr jit jcnaoneut bhe zike. Jn twnn hejnrn bacpstnene vhe jnzn viejpahhts zike vhe rnspnmtin-vnaikb bwhrtsint ne zhejstnne.

Nr is vnrjnr nne grhdfnet vhe nne bwhrtsintne hrtnghmt, jht has wrikgstnne isdnjntnrfiennrj. Wccrts is nr nne stub vhe nne drheintne hrtnghmt jht, vccrha vhe-

wndn jn drcejstcg, fnt jn ecjidn vccrzim`tid`nij is hhednfnrbt has wrikgstnne.Wnrfcnjnaikb `hjjne jn twnn hrtnghmtne dnne jirnmtn rnahtin fnt fnthhaonwnr-bied, nne `ypct`nsn jin jccr fijjna vhe ehtuurwntnesm`hppnaikb cejnrzcnb has-ecd bhe wcrjne dntcntst.

@nt ijnn jht eint haan stnene wnrbtuidne uit @nednac jirnmt jhe wna iejirnmtvnrohej `cnvne tn `cujne fnt fnthhaonwnrbied, wcrjt vccrha iedndnvne jccr jntwnn pikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs. Tnaiswhhr zcujne zik nne sccrt hhfonnaj dnwnnst bue-ene zike, fhhr juijnaikbn hhewikziedne ìnrvccr cetornbne. Ehhr cezn fneiedjinejne jn vccrwnrpne nnrjnr vccr `nt dahjjne vhe `cutne pikane.9 Ccb ie `ntdnvha vhe jn twnn dngrhdfnetnnrjn (fcdnaikbn) wrikgstnene zine wik dnne jirnmtn

rnahtin fnt fnthhaonwnrbied. @cn `nt ccb zik, haans cvnrzinejn is nr haan rnjne cf



8<4

nne drcct jnna vhe jn stnene uit @nednac has coknmtne uit jn dnrnnjsm`hpsbistvhe nne sfij cgwna has dnrnnjsm`hp vccr jn ghorimhdn ne onwnrbied vhe fnthanehrtnghmtne tn zine. @nt dndnvne jht ie nab dnvha scffidn hrtnghmtne dnne rca iejn fnthhaonwnrbied aikbne tn `noone vnrvuaj, `cngt zc’e vnrbahried eint tndne tnsprnbne. Tik wiaane httnejnrne cp vnrdnaikbohrn situhtins ie vnrsm`nijnen vhe jn has

sfijsdrhvne dnãetnrprntnnrjn oikznttiedne vhe jn Bacbonbnrmuatuur (Oètcrh ?<<?2Onrtnfns nt ha. ?<<<2 Outanr & Whe jnr Thhas 89772 Fñaanr 8904).Wnrfcnjnaikb whrne jn stnene uit @nednac `nt onzit vhe nne (vcawhssne) fhe.

Drhvne vhe jn Bacbonbnrmuatuur ie Nurcph whhrie fnesnaikb sbnantfhtnrihha on-whhrj dnoanvne is, dnvne hhe jht stnene oikane, pikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs ne wnrbtui-dne vccr fnthhaonwnrbied typism` fheenaikbn drhgdigtne zike (c.h. Oètcrh ?<<?2Orcjin ?<<82 Fcum`h 89092 ]m`whrz ?<<0). Wccr Enjnrahej bhe ie jit vnrohejdnwnzne wcrjne cp nne drhg tn Fnnrac jht jn mrnfhtinrnstne vhe nne ::-7>-khridnfhe onvhttn, jin cejnr fnnr uitdnrust whs fnt twnn pikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs (Whe jnrOnnb ?<<:, 84<2 Wnrwnrs 897:).

Cvnr `nt whhrcf vhe jn vnrfnnejn jnpcsitin thstne wik ie `nt juistnr. Tnais juijnaikb jht `nt hssnfoahdn cvnrwndnej onsthht uit hrtnghmtne fnt juijnaikbnspcrne vhe dnoruib. Jit wia eint znddne jht jnzn vccrwnrpne jccr fijjna vhejnpcsitin hgdnjhebt zike, cfjht zn cpdnoruibt whrne. Nag hrtnghmtne (jn oika, twnnbacpstnene, onijn bussnestnene, nne vhe jn twnn pikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs, vinr saikp-stnene ne jn vnrfcnjnaikbn wrikgstnne) zc auijt cezn ietnrprnthtin, bcejne zcejnrprcoanfne vnrjnr oneut wcrjne vccr jn wnrbzhhf`njne whhrvccr zik rnnjs hhe-dnwnej whrne. Ie vikg ì zns dnvhaane whs `nt nvijnet cg whhrsmìkeaikb jht jit eintfnnr died. wnn vhe jnzn hrtnghmtne (nne saikpstnne ne jn znbnrn wrikgstnne) aikbnecpznttnaikb bhpct dnsahdne tn zike. Nne vhe jn eint-oruibohrn hrtnghmtne (nne grhd-

fnet vhe nne saikpstnne3) is vnrorhej. Tht vnrjnr cejuijnaikb is ne whhrsmìkeaikb wna hatikj zha oaikvne, is jn rnahtin

tussne jn buia fnt jn stnene ne jn cujnrn `cutsbccarikbn iedrhvied. Thhrcfjccrsennj jn nnrstn jn ahhtstn3

Nnrjnr is ha dnhttnejnnrj cp jn zcrdvuajidn wikzn whhrcp jn (fcdnaikbn) saikp-ne wrikgstnene ie jn buia ennrdnandj zike, ehfnaikb cp zc’e wikzn jht jn wnrbvahb-bne tndne onsm`hjidied wnrjne onsm`nrfj. Jit is znags dnonurj oik nxnfpahrnejin wik has eint ahednr guemticenna onsm`cuwne. Jnr`havn is nne vnrbahried vhe nnetikjnaikb jnpct, jht wia znddne jht jn vccrwnrpne ondrhvne zike fnt jn onjcnaiedzn ahtnr cp tn `hane, fcniaikb vccrstnaohhr. Jhhroik jinet wna hhedntnbnej tn wcr-

jne jht ie jht dnvha whhrsmìkeaikb eint jn dn`nan uitrustied hhe sfnnjdnrnnjsm`hpis dnjnpcennrj. Jhebzik nxpnrifnetnna-hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb jccr jr. F.Grnujneonrd wntne wik jht nne sfij fnt éée `hfnrstnne tikjnes fnthhaonwnrbiedonpnrbt ie zike fcdnaikb`njne zha zike dnwnnst (zin ie jit vnrohej Grnujneonrd?<<9). Nne sfij vhe jn BOM `hj whhrsmìkeaikb vnrsm`nijnen `hfnrs vhe uitnne-acpnej dnwim`t ne fnt vnrsmìaanej dnvcrfjn wnrbbhetne. @cn jhe ccb, jn pcsi-tin vhe jn (fcdnaikbn) saikpne wrikgstnene jcnt vnrfcnjne jht jn stnene jnstikjsfnt rnspnmt, cf wht vccr rnjne jhe ccb, zike on`hejnaj. Jit wcrjt onehjrubtjccr nt gnit jht jn drctn saikpstnne ocvnecp vnrsm`nijnen hejnrn stnene ahd ne jinhajus hg- ne jhhrfnn wnaaim`t onsm`nrfjn. Tht jn ontnbneis is vhe nne vikgtha stn-

ene zcejnr spcrne vhe fnesnaikb dnoruib ne/cg onwnrbied (iemausing nne vnrorhej



8<0

stub stnne) cetdhht ces. Jhhrvhe zike jn twnn vuurstnene vhewndn jn sanm`tn bwh-aitnit ie nab dnvha eint has drcejstcg vccr hrtnghmtne tn dnoruibne

Zct onsauit

Eints fnesnaikbs is Nrim Ac`cg vrnnfj. Wccr `nt HJM-rhppcrt cvnr jn cpdrhvied

tn @nednac aint ik pnr cednaub nne tussnetikjs mcemnpt cvnr jn stnene uit @nednacie pahhts vhe jn niejvnrsin cpfhbne. cne jn nnrstn hutnur jit onfnrbtn, `nngt `ikie ?<<9 tussne Bnrst ne Cuj ne Einuw ecd whe`cpid dnpccdj `nt fheusmripttn ‐rnjjne’. Fhhr `nahhs is nne hhetha cezcrdvuajid`njne ne gcutne oaikvne sthhe,whhrvhe ‐nrrhth’ ie pahhts vhe ‐nrrhtimh’ wna jn fnnst bcfism`n is. @nt zik `nf vnr-dnvne, whet Nrims whrftn ne wiks`nij fhbne vnna dcnj. Nrim, `nt dh kn dcnj nesummns fnt kn vnrjnrn mhrriàrn!

Ectne

8 Nne Nednasthaid hrtibna cvnr nt jnpct uit @nednac wcrjt vccronrnij jccr N. Jrnet`, F.Grnujneonrd, ]. @hrtz & D.A. Tiaaihfs. Jhhrehhst zike jn twnn nnrstdnecnfjne onzidfnt `nt shfnestnaane vhe nne mhthacdus vhe stnene wnrbtuidne vccr fnthhaonwnrbied uitEnjnrahej.

? nrzikjn bhe cpdnfnrbt wcrjne jht tn Nrfnac nne bussnestnne hhe `nt cppnrvahbtn wnrjdnvcejne tnzhfne fnt sm`nrvne uit jn Wrcndn Orcestikj (Fntz 894>), jin tussne mh.89<<-87<< v.M`r. tn jhtnrne is. nr pahhtsn wnrjne tnvnes, `cnwna onjuijnej dnriednrie hhetha, hhrjnwnrbgrhdfnetne vhe zcwna jn Nebnadrhg- has jn Bacbonbnrmuatuur vnr-zhfnaj. Jnr`havn is jn bussnestnne eint fnt znbnr`nij tn jhtnrne. @ntznagjn dnajt vccrnne bussnestnne ne nne `hfnr jin oik Nnxt zike dnvcejne (Jrnet` & Grnujneonrd ?<<9).cm` is ccb ie jit dnvha nne BOM-cujnrjcf pahusiona. Jn viejpahhts `nngt nebnan vuur-stnene hrtnghmtne cpdnanvnrj jin tct jnzn muatuur on`crne jhe wna bueene on`crne; nnepikapuet fnt sm`hm`tjccre ne twnn wnnr`hbne, nne fnskn fnt vahbbn rntcum`n ne nne]mhejiehvism`n jcab vhe `nt typn I.

= [c is ie drhg =O uit jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj ie `nt urenevnaj tn ]itthrj-@ccdvnaj nne pcas-onsm`nrfnr dnvcejne (ca ?<<<, 8<7, thona :.= ne d. :.8< ne :.84h; ers. =Oh-m.). Jithrtnghmttypn is ie Enjnrahej typism` vccr jn BOM. Nxnfpahrism` is ccb nne cetjnbbiedtn Ittnrvccrt, whhr mrnfhtinrnstne tnzhfne fnt nne wibbnajrhhjpct wnrjne dnvcejne,whhroik scffidn vhe jn vnrorhejn octtne znags ecd hhe jn pct banngjne (Ahetied & Whejnr \aim`t ?<<8/?<<?, 8442 ]m`rnurs & Znueissne e.j.). Nne fcestnr vhe jn mrnfh-tinrnstne wnrj twnnfhha 8:M-dnjhtnnrj fnt has niejrnsuathht ?:8< ¸ => O\ (Ahetied &Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<8/?<<?, 8442 DrH-87<87 ne DrH-8448<). nrwika jn pct juijt cp jnWrcndn Orcestikj, dnvne jn jhtnriedne hhe; Wrcndn cg Fijjne-IKznrtikj.

: Jhebzik `nt ehtuurwntnesm`hppnaikbn cejnrzcnb hhe jn twnn bussnestnene ne nne saikp-stnne uit @nednac is vhst bcfne tn sthhe jht ie Enjnrahej tikjnes jn BOM ntznagjn stnenecoknmt zcwna oik jn onwnrbied vhe dcuj has bcpnr jinest jnnj. Ijnetinbn whhrenfiednezike dnjhhe cp stnene vccrwnrpne vhe jn BOM ie Oninrne ne Fcrhviâ (Bñezied-Orumb,drhg 9; Onrtnfns ?<<:, 8:7 ne 8:02 Onrtnfns nt haii ?<<<, >92 urcvimn; Oètcrh ?<<?,?<8). Ocvnejine zike cp nne stnene wnrbtuid vccr fnthhaonwnrbied uit [wnebhu ieEccrjwnst-]hbsne spcrne vhe dcuj, bcpnr ne ziavnr dnmcesthtnnrj (Mcerhj ?<<9/?<8<,4?).

> @nt drcejstcgdnoruib fcnt ie jit vnrohej wcrjne tnvnes dnecnfj. Cednvnnr twnnjnrjnvhe jn uit Enjnrahej onbnejn bussnestnene ne `hfnrstnene fnt dnpcaikstn uitniejne on-sthht uit bwhrtsint, whhrvhe jn fnnrjnr`nij [nfnet-Xuhrtzit (mnfnetbwhrtsint) oaikbt tn

zike. Outanr & Whe jnr Thhas (8977, 48) fnrbne cvnr jn nidnesm`hppne ne `nrbcfst vhe`nt ahhtstdnecnfjn fhtnrihha nt vcadnejn cp. @nt ontrngt nne znnr thhin stnne, jin oikzce-



8<9

jnr ìttnonstnejid is, whhrjccr `nt uitnrfhtn dnsmìbt is has drcejstcg vhe hhfonnajnene `hfnrs. [nfnet-Xuhrtzit bcft vhe ehturn vccr ie prifhirn mcetnxt ie jn Hrjneenene `nt _`nieism`n ]mìngnrdnoirdn ne wcrjt has nrrhtimh hhedntrcne ie hgznttiedne vhe jnrivinrne jn Fhhs ne _ike. Jit sccrt bwhrtsint bhe cp jn Wnauwn wcrjne cpdnrhhpt. îtjn wccrjne vhe vccrecnfjne oaikbt jht `nt fcniaikb tn znddne is cg jn bussnestnene ne`hfnrstnene uit Fijjne-Enjnrahej ifpcrtne (ie jn vcrf vhe drcejstcg, `hahorimhtne

cg niejprcjumtne) zike. Xuh nidnesm`hppne sauitne jn stnene vccr fnthhaonwnrbied uit@nednac hhe cp `nt zckuist dnsm`ntstn onnaj. Jn twnn bussnestnene zike vnrvhhrjidj uitrnspnmtinvnaikb jihohhs/jcanrint ne jcanrint/ohshat. Jit zike thhin ne jhhrfnn fnm`heism`dnzine stnrbn dnstnnetnsccrtne, jin jn ocvnednecnfjn nidnesm`hppne nvnennes `noone(Onubnr nt ha. 899?, 8<-88 (88:-88>). [n zike `hrj ne bueene dcnj dnpcaikst wcrjne.@naaniet, whhrvhe jn `hfnrstnne is dnfhhbt, `nngt nvnennes nidnesm`hppne jin stnrbcvnrnnebcfne fnt jin vhe [nfnet-Xuhrtzit . @nt is nne rnahting `hrj dnstnnetn, fhhreint zc thhi has oikvccronnaj jihohhs (fcej. fnj. prcg. jr. @. Bhrs). Jit fhhbt `naanietbwntsohhr, `ntdnne dnãaaustrnnrj wcrjt jccr jn `hfnr uit @nednac. Jnzn tccet ietnrensm`nurne. ct sact, nr zike dnne hhewikziedne jht jn bussnestnene ne `hfnrstnne vhe@nednac vhe vnrrn dnãfpcrtnnrj zike. [cwna ohshat, jihohhs, jcanrint has `naaniet bcftvhe ehturn acbhha jhe wna rndicehha vccr. @ntznagjn dnajt vccr jn cvnridn vccrwnrpne,

jin uit hfocaint, drheint, bwhrtsint, bwhrtsitism`n zhejstnne ne zhejstnne onsthhe. Jnzndnstnnetnsccrtne `noone nne ruifn ehtuuraikbn vnrsprnijied (zin ie jit vnrohej Whe jnr@nijn & @naaiedh 894:2 Whe jnr Aike 8907). [ik zcujne jnr`havn hgbcfstid bueenezike uit pahhtsnaikbn cg rndicehan hgznttiedne. Jnzn vnrcejnrstnaaied wcrjt vnrstnrbt jccr`nt vccrbcfne ie `nt jnpct vhe @nednac vhe nne ceonwnrbt stub oryczcâe-vuurstnne.Jit typn stnne on`ccrt tct jn drcnp vhe ‐eccrjnaikbn vuurstnne’, jht tikjnes `nt ]hhaineehhr Enjnrahej dntrhespcrtnnrj wnrj. Ie `nt eccrjne ne `nt mnetruf vhe ces ahej isjnzn dnstnnetnsccrt ie `nt bniannf ne bnizhej tn viejne. @ntznagjn vnr`hha bhe dn`cujnewcrjne vccr `naaniet. Nne vhe jn ceonwnrbtn stnene, tne sacttn, is nne _évieine-bwhrt-sint. Tnaiswhhr vcrfne jn Hrjneene `nt prifhirn vccrbcfne vhe jit sccrt bwhrtsint,fhhr ie snmuejhirn jhe wna tnrtihirn mcetnxt is jit fhtnrihha ccb hhe tn trnne ie Fhhs- ne_ikehgznttiedne ne jhhrfnn ie (jnane vhe) Dnajnrahej (fcej. fnj. prcg. jr. @. Bhrs).

7 Ie jit vnrohej wiaane wik stiasthhe oik jn cpfnrbied vhe \nreimbh (zin jines oikahdn ieJrnet` nt ha. ?<<9, spnmihha p. 04) cvnr `nt dnoruib vhe jn bussnestnene uit @nednac.

Hhednzine jn spcrne vhe dcuj ne bcpnr cp jnzn stnene sanm`ts jccr fijjna vhe enu-trcenehmtivnriedshehaysn zike hhedntccej, cgwna cfjht juijnaikb zim`tohrn fnthharnstneie jn vcrf vhe strnpne eint zike vhstdnstnaj, vnrfcnjt ìk jht jnzn hrtnghmtne nnrjnrdnoruibt zike cf fnn tn sahhe cg `hfnrne jhe cf fnn tn saikpne cg pcaikstne. @nt zcuoik jn nnrstn wnrbwikzn fiejnr whhrsmìkeaikb zike jht fnthha (ie jn vcrf vhe strnpne nebrhssne) cp jn stnene hm`tnroaikgt. Nxpnrifnetne fnt rnpaimh’s jccr jr. F. Grnujneonrd`noone nm`tnr uitdnwnzne jht jn fnnstn fnthhaspcrne hm`tnroaikvne cp jn `hfnr ne ieints fiejnrn fhtn cp `nt hhfonnaj (zin Grnujneonrd ?<<9). Cp saikpstnene is jn fnthha-hhesahd, cejhebs ietnesing dnoruib, rnahting dnried2 jn saikpstnene wnrjne cvnridnes oik jnnxpnrifnetne eht dnoruibt. Jnzn mcesthtnried zcu dcnj hhesauitne cp `ntdnne vccr nnesaikpstnne uit @nednac dnvcejne is. Oaikbnes `nt ehtuurwntnesm`hppnaikbn cejnrzcnb zikednne mcemnetrhtins fnthha, zchas brhssne ne strnpne, whhrdnecfne. Tna bcfne uit jnenutrcenehmtivnriedshehaysn vnr`ccdjn dcujne bcpnrwhhrjne ehhr vcrne. cm` wiaanewik jn saikpstnne eint zine has nne onvnstidied vhe Grnujneonrds onviejiedne. Cfjht `ntvccrwnrp vnrwnnrj is, is wnaaim`t vnrtnbneied cpdntrnjne. Jnzn dnjhm`tn wcrjt dnvcnjjccr `nt gnit jht ie `nt dnvha vhe jn `hfnrstnne uit @nednac dnne fnthhaspcrne cetjnbtwnrjne, `cnwna `nt hrtnghmt wna jndnaikb dnoruibsspcrne vnrtccet.

4 Jrs. B. Tnetieb (fcej. fnj.) fnnet jht nt dnne saikpstnne is, fhhr nne fhhastnne.

0 Wccr jn tctsthejbcfied vhe jnzn oikjrhdn jhebne wik jr. F. Grnujneonrd, @. \huasne,prcg. jr. @. Bhrs ne jrs. B. Tnetieb.



88<

9 Onrtnfns & @nyj (?<<?, ?84) `noone dncppnrj jht scffidn pikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs wna-aim`t oik jn onwnrbied vhe fnthha jinejne has hhfonnajne fnt nne ria ( _iaanehfocssn ).Jhhroik tnbnene zik uitjrubbnaikb hhe jht jnzn `ypct`nsn ecd wna fcnt wcrjne dntcntst.Jn twnn hrtnghmtne zike vhe rnahting drcgbcrrnaidn zhejstnne dnfhhbt2 ie jn rndna zikepikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs uit jnzn cg nne ehuw hhevnrwhetn dnstnnetnsccrt vnrvhhrjidj. Hasvccronnajne ecnfne wik jn zhejstnene nxnfpahrne uit nne BOM-drhg`nuvnaoikznttied

tn Fnnrac (Wnrwnrs 897:, ??). Nxnfpahrism` zike vnrjnr jn pikasm`hm`tpcaikstnrs uitbwhrtsitism`n zhejstnne jin zike cpdndrhvne tn Occd M-Eccrj ehoik Fntnrne (Einbus& @uisfhe ?<<8, 88= ne hgo. >.7 ne >.4). @nt ontrngt nne enjnrznttiedsmcfpanx jhtdnjhtnnrj is cp jn cvnrdhed vhe `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf ehhr jn Orcestikj. @nt drcejstcg-dnoruib vhat dcnj tn rikfne fnt nne guemtin cf `cutne pikane dahj tn fhbne, zchas jnhadnfnen vnrcejnrstnaaied vccr jit sccrt hrtnghmtne is ne whhrhhe zik jinecvnrnnebcfstidùe ehhf cetanene.

Aitnrhtuur

Oètcrh, K., ?<<?; Mcetrioutice tc t`n prcoanf cg ―mrhgtsfne drhvns‖ ht t`n nej cg t`n Hnencaitìm hej ie t`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn ie Mnetrha, Tnstnre hej Nhstnre Nurcpn,]acvnesbè Hrm`ncaýdih A, 849-??0.

Onnb, [. vhe jnr, ?<<:; He hemnstrha why cg ouriha. Ahtn Encaitìm drhvns ie t`n scut-`nre Ent`nrahejs, ie; F. Onssn & K. Jnsijnri (nj.), Drhvns hej Guenrhry _ituhas ju-ried t`n Ahtn Encaitìm hej Nhray Orcezn Hdn ie Nurcpn (?4<<-?<<< OM). \rcmnnjiedscg t`n Ietnrehticeha Mcegnrnemn `naj ht t`n Mhetceha Hrm`hncacdimha Fusnuf, ]ice(]witznrahej) Cmtconr : t`-4 t` ?<<8 (Oritis` Hrm`hncacdimha _npcrt Ietnrehticeha]nrins, 8?0:), Cxgcrj, 8>4-89:.

Onrtnfns, G, ?<<:; Grñ`n Fnthaaurdne ie jnr ]pêtbupgnr- uej Grñòrceznznit, ie;@. Fnaanr (rnj.), Jnr dnsm`finjntn @iffna. Jin wnitn Tnat if @nrzne Nurcphs vccr

=7<< Kh`rne, ]tuttdhrt, 8::-8:9.Onrtnfns, G. & W. @nyj, ?<<?; Jnr Ñonrdhed Bupgnrznit/Grñòrceznznit hf

Ecrjwnstrhej jns Bhrphtneonmbnes ” Buaturdnsmìm`taim`n uej phaêcfnthaaur-dism`n Ontrhm`tuedne, ie; F. Ohrtna`nif, N. \nreimbh & _. Brhusn (rnj.), Jin

Hegêedn jnr Fnthaaurdin ie jnr Hatne Tnat (Gcrsmùedne zur Hrm`êcfntrin uej Hatnrtufswissnesm`hgt, 8), _h`jne/Tnstg., 80>-??0.

Onrtnfns, G., B. ]m`fctz & T.-_. Zìnan, ?<<<; Jhs Fnthaaurdnedrho 9 jnsDrêonrgnajns jnr Dacmbneonm`nrbuatur vce Bñezied, Abr. Jnddnejcrg, ie; F.M`ytrèĆnb, K. Fim`èanb & B. ]m`fctz (rnj.), Hrm`êcacdism`n Hronitsdnfniesm`hgtCstohynre/Tnst- uej ]ñjo÷`fne. 9. rnggne ?=. ois ?7. Kuei 8999 ie Enubirm`ne o.

@a. Oaut , _h`jne/Tnstg. , >=-78.

Onubnr, K._., H.D.G.F. Muikpnrs, N. Jrnet`, H.N. Ahetied & D.K._. Fhht, ?<<8; Ecdfhhas jn drhg`nuvna ‐jn bntneonrd’ tn Nnxt; cvnr jn jcjne`cujied ie drhvne vhejn Bacbonbnrmuatuur ie Enjnrahej, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabhafhehb 880, 8<9-880.

Onubnr, K._., N. Jrnet`, H.N. Ahetied & H.\. ]mùjjnonurs, 899?; Jn stnene oikanene `hfnroikane vhe `nt Jrnets Fusnuf; nne cejnrzcnb ehhr jn dnoruibtn stnne-sccrtne, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 8<9, 4-=> (888-8=9)



888

Orhejt, B.@., 8974; ]tujine ñonr stnienren Êxtn uej Onian jnr Kñednrne ]tnieznituej jnr ]tnie-Bupgnrznit Ecrjwnstjnutsmàhejs (6 Fñestnrsm`n Onitrêdn zurWcrdnsmìm`tsgcrsmùed. Wnr÷ggnetaimùedne jns ]nfiehrs gñr Wcr- uejGrñ`dnsmìm`tn jnr êivnrsitêt, ?), @iajns`nif.

Orcjin, E., ?<<8; nmècacdimha grcetinrs hej t`n nfnrdnemn cg t`n Onhbnr muaturn,

ie; G. Eimcais (rnj.); Onaa Onhbnrs tcjhy. \cttnry, pncpan, muaturn, syfocas ie prnìstcrimNurcpn. \rcmnnjieds cg t`n Ietnrehticeha Mcaacquiuf _ivh jna Dhrjh (rnetc, Ithay)88-87 Fhy 8990 , rnetc, jnna II, :04-:97.

Outanr, K.K., 899<; Orcezn Hdn fntha hej hfonr ie t`n Ent`nrahejs (I), \hahncìstcrih =?, :4-88<.

Outanr, K.K., & K.J. vhe jnr Thhas, 8977; Onaa Onhbnrs hej Nhray Fntha-wcrbied iet`n Ent`nrahejs, \hahncìstcrih PII, :8-8=9.

Mcerhj, F., ?<<9/?<8<; Dacmbneonm`nrznitaim`n Drêonr ie Ecrjwnstshm`sne, Hronits-uej Gcrsmùedsonrim`tn zur sêm`sism`ne Ocjnejnebfhapgandn >8/>?, =9-8=<.

Jrnet`, N. & F. Grnujneonrd, ?<<9; Nne oikzcejnrn cetjnbbied oik Nnxt; twnn stn-ene vccr fnthhaonwnrbied vhe jn bacbonbnrmuatuur, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 8?7, 878-874.

Jrnet`, N., F. Grnujneonrd & ]. @hrtz, ?<<9, fnt nne oikjrhdn vhe N. \nreimbh; Nne jnpct vhe stnene wnrbtuidne hgbcfstid vhe nne sfij vhe jn Bacbonbnrmuatuur3,ie; D.A. Tiaaihfs, Whe cejnr jn ns. Nne hrm`ncacdism`n cpdrhvied hhe jn Najnriebwndtn @nednac, dnfnnetn Orcemb`crst (HJM _hppcrt 8>47), @nednac, :?-7:, 4>-04.

Jrnet`, N., & N. Ac`cg, ?<<9; Fcoiaitêt wê`rnej jns Nejencaitìbufs uej jnrOrceznznit. Nien haadnfnien Ñonrsim`t gñr jin Einjnrahejn, ie; H. Brnee-Anno, @.-K.

Oninr, N. MahÓne, G. Ghabnestnie & ]. ]m`wneznr (rnj.), Whrih encaitìmh W. Fcoiaitêt, Fidrhtice uej Bcffueibhtice wê`rnej jns Encaitìbufs uej jnr Orceznznit.Onitrêdn jnr ]itzuedne jnr Hronitsdnfniesm`hgtne Encaitìbuf uej Orceznznit wê-`rnej jnr Kh`rnsthdued jns Tnst- uej ]ñjjnutsm`ne Wnrohejns gñr Hatnrtufsgcrsmùedn.W. ie Phetne, 7.-0. Kuei ?<<7 (Onitrêdn zur ^r- uej Grñ`dnsmìm`tn Fittnanurcphs,>=), Ahednewnissohm`, 8?8-8=?.

Naziedh, D., 897:; Nebnan ahht-encaitìsm`n drhgvcejstne vhe jn Wnauwn, prcv.Dnajnrahej, Onrim`tne vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb 8:, 4-??.

Grnujneonrd, F., ?<<7; Musìce stcens hej ct`nr stcen tccas gcr nhray fnthawcr-

bied ie ]mànswid-@castnie. ]cfn enw hspnmts ce acmha Orcezn Hdn scminty, ie;A. Hstrum, G. Oce, W. Aéh, \.-Y. Fiamnet & ]. \ìaionrt (rnj.), Ecrfns tnmèiqunsnt prhtiquns scmihans. Jn ah sifpaimité jns cutiaahdns pré- nt prctcìstcriquns , Hetions,=8=-=?<.

Grnujneonrd, F., ?<<9; ]tniednrêtn zur Fnthaaonhronitued. Nieidn enun Hspnbtn zufspêtencaitìsm`ne uej grñòrceznitaim`ne Fnthaa`hejwnrb vcr jnf @ietnrdruejjns smànswid-`castnieism`ne Guejfhtnrihas, Hrm`êcacdism`ns Bcrrnspcejnezoahtt =9,=:8-=>9.



88?

Drcss, W., 800=; Ans \rctc`navàtns cu ans prnfinrs mcaces sur ans ocrjs jns ahms jn Oineennt Enum`ïtna , Onraike.

@nijn, D.J. vhe jnr & T.Zk. @naaiedh, 894:; [wnrgstnene. @nrbcfst ne onecnfiedvhe dncacdism`n fhtnrihane ie Enjnrahej , Ehhrjne.

@cawnrjh, K.@., 8988; \rhnìstcrism`n enjnrznttiedne hhe `nt ^jjnanrfnnr,Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnnaiedne uit ’s _ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne tn Anijne W,>-84.

@uejt, @.-K., 894>; ]tnienren uej bupgnren @êffnr jnr grñ`ne Orceznznit, Hrm`êcacdism`ns Bcrrnspcejnezoahtt >, 88>-8?<.

Baiebneonrd, G.F., 8908; Nne drhg`nuvna hhe `nt ^jjnanrfnnr (cednpuoaimnnrjn jcm-tcrhhasmriptin êivnrsitnit vhe Anijne), Jne @hhd.

Ahetied, K.E., & K. vhe jnr \aim`t, 8999/?<<<; Jn 8:M-m`rcecacdin vhe jnEnjnrahejsn prn- ne prctcìstcrin, III; Encaitìmuf, \hahncìstcrih :8/:?, 8-88<.

Ahetied, K.E., & K. vhe jnr \aim`t, ?<<8/?<<?; Jn 8:M-m`rcecacdin vhe jnEnjnrahejsn prn- ne prctcìstcrin, IW; orcestikj ne vrcndn ikznrtikj, \hahncìstcrih :=/::, 884-?7?.

Aike, \. vhe jnr, 8907 (4n jrub); @nt bnineocnb. Fienrhane, dnstnnetne ne gcssinane ieEnjnrahej , [utp`ne.

Acuwn Bccikfhes, A.\., 894:, fnt nne oikjrhdn vhe H.]. Beip; `n _ìen/Fnusnjnath. Gcur stujins ce its prnìstcrim cmmuphtice hej @cacmnen dncacdy (Hehanmth\rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih WII), Anijne.

Fntz, T.@, 894>; Nne stnene fnthhaonwnrbiedsiestrufnet uit Nrfnac, Tnstnr`nnf PPIW, 98-8<<.

Fcum`h, W., 8909; O÷`fne hf Husbahed jns Êencaitìbufs uej hf Heghed jnrOrceznznit, ie; F. Oum`vhajnb & N. \ansacvè-Ŭtibcvè (rnj.), Jhs Êencaitìbufuej jin grñ`nstn Orceznznit (M 8: =<<< -?<<< o.m.) ie Fittnanurcph; buaturnaan uejm`rcecacdism`n Onzinùedne. Hmth jns PIW. Ietnrehticehane ]yfpcsiufs \rhd ” Aioaimn

?<.-?:.8< 8907 (\rhnìstcrimh PW-PIW), \rhhd, ?8=-?80.

Fñaanr, J.T., 8904; Drêonr vce Fnthaawnrbnre hus jnr Dacmbneonm`nrbuatur jnsFittnanaon-]hhan-Dnointns, Husdrhouedne uej Guejn =?, 84>-849.

Einbus, F.K.A.Z`. & @. @uisfhe, ?<<8; Ehtuurstnne, ie; K. ]m`cenvnaj & N.Dn`hssn (rnj.), Hrm`ncacdin ie jn Ontuwnrcutn. Occd M-Eccrj, nne viejpahhts oik

Fntnrne cp jn cvnrdhed vhe Encaitìmuf ehhr Orcestikj (_hppcrthdn Hrm`ncacdism`nFceufnetnezcrd, 0:), Hfnrsgccrt, 8<=-8==.

]m`rnurs, K. & A. Z`nueissne, e.j. R?<<4V; Nne wibbnajrhhjonbnr fnt mrnfhtinrns-tne. Nne ueinb drhg cg eint3, ie; @. @nikfhes, N. Jrnet`, J. Bniknrs & K. ]m`rnurs(rnj.), Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb tn Ittnrvccrt. Cujn onjrikvid`nij cp `nt iejustrintnr-rnie ]hetgcrt cetsactne, z.p. R@uesnaV, 0=-97.



88=

]mùt, \., 8998; Nne ievnethrishtin vhe encaitìsm`n oikane uit Dnajnrahej, tne eccrjnevhe jn _ike (Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n _hppcrtne, 88), Hfnrsgccrt.

]m`whrz, F., ?<<0; ]tujine zur ]czihastrubtur jnr Dacmbneonm`nrbuatur if Onrnim`jnr Cstdruppn hug jnr Druejahdn jnr Drhoguejn (]hhrorñmbnr Onitrêdn zur Hatnrtufsbuejn, 0>), Ocee.

Zca, H., ?<<<; Cpdrhviedne ie `nt @ccdvnaj tn ]itthrj. Mhfphden 8990, ie; H. ca,E, _cyfhes, @. @ijjieb & G. Bcrtahed (rnj.); wnn urenevnajne ie Aifourd.Nne vnrsahd vhe cpdrhviedne tn _cnrfcej ne ]itthrj, 8994-8990 ([uijenjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n _hppcrtne, 7), Hfstnrjhf, 9=-87<.

Wnrwnrs, D.K., 897:; H Wnauvihe Onaa Onhbnr wit` rnfhies cg h mrnfhtice ie h tufuausenhr Fnnrac, Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih I, 84-?:.

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr, 897?; ]pcrne vhe onwceied ne ondrhvied uit Encaitìmuf neOrcestikj oik `cnvn ,,Jn ]mìpocrd‖, dnf. Heac, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabhafhehb 0<,??=-?4? (:=-9?).



88>

OND_HWNE IE @NZ T N]ZG_IN]N AHEJ

T. _cn ssied` & T. vhe [ikvnrjne

Ieanijied

Ondie ?<88 `nngt jn Enjnrahejsn Crdheishtin vccr Tntnesm`hppnaikb Cejnrzcnb(ETC) nne hhevrhhd vhe jn ^eivnrsitnit Anijne vccr cejnrzcnb ehhr orcestikj-onwceied ie Tnst-Grinsahej dn`cecrnnrj. Ie jit prcknmt, ‐Ghrfnrs cg t`n mchst.Mchstha ghrfied mcffueitins ce t`n scut`nre Ecrt` ]nh mchst (?<<<-0<< OM)’, zua-ane jn t`nfh’s ahejsm`hp, enjnrznttiedne, `nt ocnrneonjrikg, rndicehan ijnetitnitne jn rca ie mcethmtne fnt hejnrn dnfnnesm`hppne mnetrhha sthhe. Nr zha eh-jrubbnaikb dnbnbne wcrjne ehhr cvnrnnebcfstne ne vnrsm`iaane tussne jn onwc-eied ie Tnst-Grinsahej ne hejnrn bustdnoinjne. Onijn hutnurs phrtimipnrne ie jitcejnrzcnb.

Ie jit hrtibna wcrjt nne cvnrzim`t dnprnsnetnnrj vhe onbnejn drhg`nuvnas uitjn Orcestikj ie `nt ccstnaikb jnna vhe Tnst-Grinsahej. Jn vnrsprnijiedsbhhrt is tctsthej dnbcfne jccr nne mcfoiehtin vhe dndnvnes uit vcejstfnajiedne, aum`tgc-tc’s ne cpdrhviedne. Nnrst zha jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn snttied vhe `nt ccstnaikb jnna vhe

Gid. 8. Aiddied vhe `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj.



887

Tnst-Grinsahej wcrjne onsm`rnvne. Wnrvcadnes wcrjt iedndhhe cp jn vnrsprnijiedvhe jn drhgfceufnetne. @cn aiddne jn `nuvnas ie `nt ahejsm`hp ne wnabn pahhtsenfne zn ie tne cpzim`tn vhe jn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene3

Jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn snttied

Tnst-Grinsahej is dnandne ie `nt eccrjne vhe Eccrj-@caahej ne onsahht `nt dn-oinj jht is dnandne oieene jn fijjnannuwsn Tnstgrinsn Cfriedjikb (gid. 8). Jndnensn vhe `nt ahejsm`hp vhe jit dnoinj is uitdnornij cejnrzcm`t ne onsm`rnvnejccr \ces & Tiddnrs (89>9/7<). Ie jn khrne 0< vhe jn vcridn nnuw puoaimnnr-jne Jn Fuajnr & Ocsm` nne dcnj dnjcmufnetnnrj cvnrzim`t vhe haan tct jhe tcnonsm`ibohrn bccastcgjhtnriedne ne prnsnetnnrjne nne snrin sm`nfhtism`n phancdn-cdrhgism`n bhhrtne (Jn Fuajnr & Ocsm` 890?). Jit hrtibna vcrfjn `nt uitdheds-puet vccr haan stujins ehhr `nt ahejsm`hp vhe Tnst-Grinsahej.

Jn ohsis vhe `nt ahejsm`hp wcrjt dnvcrfj jccr `nt drctn panistcmnen cnr-strccfjha vhe jn IKssna ne jn Wnm`t. Theennr jn znnspindnastikdied rcej ><<< O\(mh. =0>< v. M`r.) sthoiaisnnrt, vcrft zim` nne rik strhejwhaane vccr jn Enjnrahejsnbust. nr `ccdtn vhe `nt pahhtskn Onrdne oaikgt nne cpneied onsthhe ie jnzn rikstrhejwhaane, nt zcdnehhfjn [nndht vhe Onrdne. ct ie `nt ]uohtahetimuf vcrftjnzn cpneied `nt nstuhriuf vhe jn Wnm`t. Jn Wnm`t `nngt nm`tnr nne rnahting dn-riedn hgvcnr ne vnr`hed whhrjccr jn znn vih `nt [nndht vhe Onrdne jinp ahejie-whhrts bhe oieenejriedne. Ie `nt dnoinj hm`tnr jn bust cetsthht nne orhbwhtnrdntikjneahejsm`hp2 nne whj-bwnajnrahejsm`hp jht is jccrsenjne jccr nne drccthhetha brnbne. @nt ahejsm`hp bhe ie priemipn dcnj wcrjne vnrdnanbne fnt jn]augtnr cp nxna fhhr jhe vnan fhane drctnr. Ie jit ahejsm`hp vnstidne zim` fnesneaheds prinane cp jn `ccdstn jnane vhe jn bwnajnrs. _nmnet cejnrzcnb `nngt hhe-dntccej jht ie jnzn pnricjn jn bwnajnrs fnt neidn rndnafhht jcnaonwust wnrjnehgdnorhej, fcdnaikb ie vnrohej fnt `nt wnijne vhe vnn (@cubns & Bcjjn ?<<9,882 _cnssied` & Ac`cg ?<88, :7).

_cej =?<< O\ (mh. 8:>< v. M`r.) viejt nne drctn cfsahd pahhts ie `nt ahej-sm`hp has `nt [nndht vhe Onrdne sauit. Jnzn jhtnried is dnohsnnrj cp nne drccthhetha 8:M-jhtnriedne ne vhat fie cg fnnr shfne fnt `nt ondie vhe jn fnnstnenjnrznttiedne ie ccstnaikb Tnst-Grinsahej. Ie jn accp vhe jn Fijjne-Orcestikjstikdt jn drcejwhtnrspindna ne ennft jn vnnedrcni ie `nt dnoinj tcn. Ehhst ahhd-vnne wcrjt ie `nt dnoinj ccb `ccdvnne dnvcrfj. Has dnvcad vhe nne vnrfiejnrjn

hmtivitnit vhe jn zce rcej ?4<< O\ (mh. 0>< v. M`r.) viejt nne banien baifhht-vnrsanm`tnried pahhts, vnrdnaikbohhr fnt jn zcdnehhfjn Banien IKstikj (Whe Dnnant ha. 8997). Octheism` cejnrzcnb hhe `ccdvnene ie Ccst-Enjnrahej ne Eccrj-Juitsahej ahht zine jht ie jnzn pnricjn ccdvnnevcrfnejn vndnthtins cetsthhe jiniejimhting zike vccr nne `cdnrn onwcabiedsdrhhj, `cdnrn ennrsahdietnesitnit ne nneahdnrn dnfijjnajn kuaitnfpnrhtuur. Cp ohsis vhe jn hhewnzid`nij vhe `ccdvnnecejnr jn Tnstgrinsn Cfriedjikb, jn bnrb vhe @ccdwcuj ne `nt Bacbbnwnnavnnewcrjt hhednecfne jht ccb ie Tnst-Grinsahej ie jnzn pnricjn `ccdvnnebussneszim` sena ahtnrhha bcejne uitornijne (ijnf, :>?-:>=). Jn vnrbhvnaied zchas jnzn`nngt onsthhe tct hhe jn ruiavnrbhvnaied ie jn khrne 4< vhe jn vcridn nnuw is typism`

vccr nne eht vnne-wnijndnoinj (Ocrdnr 894>). Jhhrehhst bcfne buiane vccr iejnane vhe Tnst-Grinsahej jin wcrjne dnãetnrprntnnrj has fcnrenriedsbuiane. Cp



884

ohsis vhe jnzn hrdufnetne ne `nt dnriedn hhetha viejpahhtsne uit jn Wrcndn- neFijjne-IKznrtikj, wcrjt vnrcejnrstnaj jht Tnst-Grinsahej eh jn Orcestikj nne vca-anjidn vnneonjnbied `nngt dn`hj. _nmnet cejnrzcnb jht is uitdnvcnrj ie `nt bhjnrvhe jn cpdrhvied oik Nebùizne-Bhjikbne ahht zine jht cp jin acmhtin `nt dnoinjeint hgdnjnbt is dnwnnst fnt vnne, fhhr jht hhe `nt niej vhe jn onwceied ie jn

Orcestikj cpeinuw snjifnethtin `nngt pahhtsdnvcejne. @nt fiainu whhrie jnzn sn-jifnethtin is cpdntrnjne, bhe wcrjne dntypnnrj has nne ohmbswhfp, nne hm`tnr jnbust dnandne ahhdtn whhrie `nt whtnr sthdennrt vnrdnaikbohhr fnt nne bcfdnoinj ie`nt rivinrnednoinj (_cnssied` & Ac`cg ?<88).

Cp ohsis vhe `nt onsmìbohrn ahejsm`hppnaikbn cejnrzcnb ne jn vnrsmìaanejnhrm`ncacdism`n cejnrzcnbne jin zike uitdnvcnrj ie `nt bhjnr vhe jn ruiavnrbhvn-aied ‐@nt Drcctsahd’, is nne onwceiedsfcjna cpdnstnaj (Whe Dnna nt ha. 890=, =<72IKznrnng & Whe _ndtnrne Hatneh 8998). Eh jn sauitied vhe `nt [nndht vhe Onrdnewnrj Tnst-Grinsahej dnbcaceisnnrj. Ocnrne vnstidjne zim` cp jn rnahting `ccd-dnandne brnnbruddne, jin whrne cetsthhe has dnvcad vhe rnaiâgievnrsin. Has dnvcad

vhe nne dnanijnaikbn vnrehttied mcemnetrnnrjn jn onwceied zim` ie jn accp vhe jntikj stnnjs fnnr cp jn ruddne. îtniejnaikb wnrjne vhehg jn Ahtn Orcestikj tnrpnecpdnwcrpne, whhrcp jn ocnrjnrikne wnrjne dnpahhtst. Has dnvcad vhe jn inrocvnednecnfjn baifhhtsvnrsanm`tnried wnrj `nt dnoinj hhe `nt ondie vhe jn WrcndnIKznrtikj vnrahtne. ikjnes jn onwceied bhe `nt ahejsm`hp wcrjne cfsm`rnvne hasnne znnr cpne, zcnt whtnr ahejsm`hp whhrie vnna pahssne ne fnnrtkns vccrbcfne.

_nmnet cejnrzcnb euhemnnrt jit onnaj neidszies (Whe Onnb & @hfourd ?<<?,872 ]mùrfhes ?<8<, 8:=2 _cnssied` & Ac`cg ?<88, =<<). Jn fnes `nngt ehhstzcntn ahejsm`hppne orhbbn ne znags zcutwhtnrfiainus dnâxpacitnnrj. @nt hhewn-zidn wiajspnmtruf wikst nrcp jht ehhst pahssne ne fnnrtkns ie jn ehoik`nij vhe jn

enjnrznttiedne `hag cpne ocs ne fcdnaikb znags dnsactne ocs hhewnzid fcnt zikednwnnst. Hehaysn vhe `nt dnvcejne `cut vhe rnmnetn cpdrhviedne wikst cp jn hhe-wnzid`nij vhe `hrj`cutne cciocssne ie jn cfdnvied vhe jn enjnrznttiedne.

Jn cejnrsthhejn gctc’s iaaustrnrne nt vnrsmìa ie ahejsm`hpietnrprnthtin (gid. ?).Jn aiebnrgctc ahht nne cpne ahejsm`hp zine fnt nne wikjs uitzim`t. _naiâgvnrsmìaanewcrjne ie jit ahejsm`hp onehjrubt jccr vnrsmìaane ie jn vndnthtin. Ie jn cejnr-stn gctc (gid. ?) is jn bhabrikbn rud onehjrubt jccr nne vnaj vhe dnan octnroacn-fne. Jn rhejne vhe jn rud whhr `nt drcejwhtnr dnjurnejn `nt `nan khhr ehoik`nt fhhivnaj sthht wcrjt dnfhrbnnrj jccr `nt jcebnrn drcne vhe pitrussne. Jnehoikdnandne jnane vhe `nt ahejsm`hp jin dnjurnejn nne drcct jnna vhe `nt khhr

cejnr whtnr sthhe zike zim`tohhr has drcnen vanbbne jccr jn ie drctn `cnvnna`nijhhewnzidn whtnrfuet. Banien vnr`cdiedne ie `nt ahejsm`hp zike vhe drctn hgsthejzim`tohhr has dnvcad vhe jn cpne`nij vhe `nt ahejsm`hp ne jn fhrbhetn vndnthtin-vnrsmìaane jin zike dnrnahtnnrj hhe jn drcejwhtnrsthej ne ocjnfnidnesm`hppne.Jn gctc rnm`ts ahht nne ahejsm`hp zine whhrie zim`taikene wcrjne cejnrorcbnejccr jn hhewnzid`nij vhe ocssne ne ocssm`hdns. Ccb ie jit ahejsm`hp zike banienvnrsmìaane ie drcejwhtnrsthej ne ocjnfnidnesm`hppne onphanej vccr jn hhrjvhe jn vndnthtin, fhhr jnzn zike jccr jn cejnrorcbne zim`taikene eint cvnr drctnhgsthejne zim`tohhr.



880

Gid. ?. Aiebsocvne cpne ahejsm`hp, rnm`tsocvne `hag cpne ahejsm`hp, cejnr cvnrdhed vhe

‑ehn‖ bhabaczn bcfdrcej ehhr ‑jrcdn‖ bhabrikbn brnnbrud fnt `hag-ehtuuraikb drhsahej.

Drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb ie Tnst-Grinsahej

Ie jn khrne 4< vhe jn vcridn nnuw vcej nne drcctsm`haidn ruiavnrbhvnaied pahhts

ie ccstnaikb Tnst-Grinsahej. ikjnes jn ruiavnrbhvnaied is nne drcct jnna vhe `ntfhhivnaj ie Tnst-Grinsahej dnâdhaisnnrj. Wýýr jin tikj fcntne tinethaane drhg`nu-vnas ie `nt ahejsm`hp zim`tohhr zike dnwnnst. Ie 89:? wnrj jccr `nt Oicacdism`-

Hrm`hncacdism` Iestituut (OHI) vhe jn _ikbsueivnrsitnit Drceiedne nne cpdrhvieddnsthrt vhe nne jrintha drhg`nuvnas oik [whhdjikb. wnn vhe jn `nuvnas whrne ecdruif 8 f `ccd ne zuaane jus ecd dcnj zim`tohhr zike dnwnnst (Whe Diggne 89::,8?=-8?7). Ie jn jhhrcpvcadnejn khrne wnrj ie Tnst-Grinsahej ecd nne hhetha `nu-vnas cpdndrhvne (gid. =).8

Wccrhgdhhej hhe jn ruiavnrbhvnaied ‐@nt Drcctsahd’ ie `nt ccstnaikb jnna vhe Tnst-Grinsahej, `nngt ie jn khrne >< nne uitvcnridn ocjnfbhrtnried pahhtsdnvce-

jne jccr Netn. Ie zike cejnrzcnbsdnoinj ‐Jn ]trnnb’ `nngt ìk vnrsmìaanejn drhg-`nuvnas whhrdnecfne ne dnbhrtnnrj (Netn 897=, oikahdn :). ikjnes jn ruiavnrbh-vnaied wnrj `nt ccstnaikb jnna vhe Tnst-Grinsahej gaieb cejnr `hejne dnecfne.@inroik wnrj jn drcej tct cp drctn jinptn dnpacndj, whhrjccr hrm`ncacdism`nrnstne cp jn cfdnpacndjn hbbnrs tnrnm`t bwhfne. @nt whs ie jnzn pnricjn jht`nt Iestituut vccr \rhn- ne \rctcìstcrin (I\\) vhe jn eivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhfnebnan drcctsm`haidn cejnrzcnbne uitvcnrjn ie Tnst-Grinsahej. Jccr fijjna vhevnajvnrbneeiedne, cpdrhviedne ne vnrbneeiedne vheuit jn aum`t zike jnane vhe`nt orcestikjahejsm`hp ie bhhrt dnorhm`t. @inroik zike ccb drhg`nuvnas cetjnbtne vhstdnandj. Jn dndnvnes vhe jn vnajvnrbneeiedne zike cpdnecfne ie `nt

Hrm`ncacdism` Iegcrfhtinsystnnf (H_M@I]). Jn cpdrhviedne zike ecd eint vcaan-



889

jid uitdnwnrbt ne jn rnsuathtne sthhe sanm`ts bcrt onsm`rnvne ie nebnan hrtibnane.? Jn vnrbneeiedne vheuit jn aum`t zike uitdnvcnrj jccr Fntz ne jn rnsuathtne sthhe

onsm`rnvne ie `hhr prcngsm`rigt (Fntz 899=).Jn ahhtstn khrne is `nt cejnrzcnb ehhr onwceied ie jn Orcestikj ie Tnst-

Grinsahej wnnr cejnr jn hhejhm`t dnbcfne. Jccr `nt Wnrjrhd vhe Fhath ne jnjhhrhhe dnrnahtnnrjn tcnehfn vhe hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb zike vnna einuwn viej-pahhtsne cetjnbt ne cejnrzcm`t.= _nstne vhe drhg`nuvnas zike jn ahhtstn khrne eintfnnr cetjnbt cg cejnrzcm`t, fnt uitzcejnried vhe nne riedsacct ie Neb`uizne-Bhjikbne (_cnssied` & Ac`cg ?<88, 99-8<<).

Tcatnried `nngt ie 890> nne bcrt cvnrzim`t dnprnsnetnnrj vhe jn drhg`nuvnasne `nt drhgonstna ie jn Orcestikj ie Tnst-Grinsahej (Tcatnried 890>, ??<-??=).Wcadnes Tcatnried onjrhhdt jn jihfntnr vhe jn drhg`nuvnas 8> tct ?> f. Drctnrnnxnfpahrne bcfne nm`tnr ccb vccr, oikvccronnaj nne `nuvna ie Drcctnorcnb fntnne jihfntnr vhe =? f (Whe Diggne 89>=, =:). Haan cejnrzcm`tn `nuvnas `noonenne rhejstrumtuur, fnnstha nne drnppna (riedsacct), scfs nne juoonan phhabrhes cgnne buianebrhes. Jn pcsitin vhe jn jcjn ie `nt drhgfceufnet bnet vnna vhrihtin2nne mnetrhha drhg ne scfs oikznttiedne najnrs ie jn `nuvna, scfs znags ie jn ried-sacct. Ie`ufhtin bcft `nt fnnstn vccr, fhhr mrnfhtindrhvne wcrjne ccb hhedn-trcggne. Wnna nuvnas onsthhe uit vnrsm`nijnen nuvnapnricjne.

Jn ornnjtn ne jinptn vhe jn riedsactne bnet vnna vhrihtin. Jn ornnjtn vhrinnrtvhe <,> tct wna = f ne jn jinptn onjrhhdt scfs wna 8 f.: @nt is jn jcebnrn vua-aied vhe jnzn jinpn sactne jin tikjnes jn ruiavnrbhvnaied vheuit jn aum`t juijnaikb`nrbneohhr whrne ne jccr Fntz zike vhstdnandj.

Gid. =. Zufuaus I ie @ccdbhrspna-Thtnrtcrne (ehhr Ohbbnr 89>9, d. 88).



8?<

Wnna is ecd cejuijnaikb cvnr jn jhtnried vhe jn Tnstgrinsn drhg`nuvnas, vccrhacfjht wnieid jhtnnrohhr vcejstfhtnrihha cg ontrcuwohrn 8:M-jhtnriedne vccr-`hejne zike. Hhednecfne wcrjt jht jn `nuvnas wnrjne hhednandj vhe jn 8>n tctne fnt jn 8?n nnuw v. M`r. Eh 8?<< v. M`r. wcrjne dnne einuwn `nuvnas fnnrhhednandj, fhhr oikznttiedne ie cujn `nuvnas bcfne eh jin tikj ecd wna vccr. Jn

fnnstn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene jhtnrne vhehg 8><< v. M`r. ne bneene nne dnoruibs-juur vhe nebnan nnuwne, tct cfstrnnbs 0<< v. M`r. Oik vnna enjnrznttiedne aikbt`nt zwhhrtnpuet vhe jn onwceied tn bueene wcrjne dnjhtnnrj tussne 8:<< ne8?<< v. M`r. @cn jn orcestikjonwcenrs ie jin pnricjn fnt ùe cvnranjnene zikecfdndhhe, is ecd nne drcct rhhjsna (_cnssied` & Ac`cg ?<88, =<4).

Wnrsprnijied vhe jn Tnstgrinsn drhg`nuvnas

Giduur : dnngt nne cvnrzim`t vhe haan drhg`nuvnas jin ie `nt ccstnaikb jnna vhe Tnst-Grinsahej zike dnbhrtnnrj. Has cejnrdrcej is nne vnrnnevcujidjn ocjnf-bhhrt dnoruibt jin is dnohsnnrj cp jn bhhrt vhe Netn. Jn wnstnaikbn ondrnezied vhezike cejnrzcnbsdnoinj is tnvnes jn drnes vhe jn vnrsprnijiedsbhhrt.> Oieene `ntcejnrzcnbsdnoinj zike ie tcthha 887 drhg`nuvnas dnrndistrnnrj.7 Oik `nt vnrvhhrji-dne vhe jn vnrsprnijiedsbhhrt is dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe jrin vnrsmìaanejn orceene;

H_M@I], whhrenfiedne jccr Fntz ne cpdrhviedsdndnvnes. Ie H_M@I] sthhe :9`nuvnas dnjcmufnetnnrj. Jn fnnstn whhrenfiedne `noone ontrnbbied cp cp`c-diedne jin tikjnes vnajvnrbneeiedne ie jn khrne 4< zike vhstdnstnaj. Fntz `nngtecd nnes :9 einuwn acmhtins hhe jn bhhrt tcndnvcndj. Jccr hrm`ncacdism`n cejnr-zcnbne zike ecd 80 drhg`nuvnas hhe `nt aim`t dnorhm`t. Ie nebnan dnvhaane bcfnejuoonan whhrjne vccr. Thhrenfiedne ie H_M@I] jin ccb jccr Fntz whrne dn-bhrtnnrj cg jccr fijjna vhe nne cpdrhvied whrne vhstdnandj. Ie jht dnvha is jnwhhrenfied vhe H_M@I] hhedn`cujne.

Jn zim`tohhr`nij vhe jn `nuvnas is ie stnrbn fhtn onphanej oik jn bhrtnriedne.Jn `nrbneohhr`nij is ehtuuraikb vhe nne hhetha ghmtcrne hg`hebnaikb. Wnna `nuvnaszuaane jccr ahejonwnrbied, onocuwied cg ondrcniied eint fnnr zim`tohhr zike dn-wnnst. ]anm`ts nne banie jnna vhe nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj is jccr fijjna vhe vnajbhr-tnriedne cejnrzcm`t ne ccb jn whhrenfiedne uit jn aum`t zike hg`hebnaikb vhe jnacmhtin vhe (jinp dnpacndjn) hbbnrs. Ocvnejine is eint nab dnpacndj pnrmnna oieene`nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj dngctcdrhgnnrj.

Jn fnnstn whhrenfiedne ie H_M@I] `noone ontrnbbied cp cp`cdiedne jin

tikjnes vnajbhrtnriedne zike whhrdnecfne. Netn `nngt cp jnzn wikzn jn nnrstn `nu-vnas dnbhrtnnrj tikjnes jn ocjnfbhrtnried (Netn 897=, 8>7-8>9 ne oikahdn :). Wnna`nuvnas zike vhehg 894? tikjnes systnfhtism`n vnrbneeiedne jccr jn _CO dnbhr-tnnrj (Fntz 899=, 8>4). ]anm`ts nebnan jhhrvhe zike ccb jhhjwnrbnaikb cpdndrh-vne, zcjht `nt eint znbnr is jht haan whhrenfiedne drhg`nuvnas zike dnwnnst.

Fntz `nngt fnt onùap vhe aum`tgctc’s oieene `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj nebnantnrrniene ie bhhrt dnorhm`t, whhr jn hbbnrs whrne cfdnpacndj ne jn jcebnrnorcestikjspcrne hhe `nt cppnrvahb zim`tohhr whrne (gid. >). Jn drhg`nuvnas jinjccr `nt pacndne zike hhednthst, zike `nrbneohhr jccr jn hhewnzid`nij vhe nnercejn riedsacct. Ie nne hhetha dnvhaane zike jn aum`twhhrenfiedne ie `nt vnaj

dnmcetrcannrj jccr fijjna vhe vnajbhrtnriedne, ocriedne ne cpdrhviedne (Fntz899=, 8:9-?80). Whe jn fnnstn whhrenfiedne is nm`tnr eint fnt znbnr`nij tn znd-



8?8

dne jht `nt ccb jhhjwnrbnaikb drhg`nuvnas zike dnwnnst. @nt bueene ccb spcrnevhe hejnrn strumturne zike dnwnnst (oikvccronnaj vnrbhvnaiedsdrnppnas) cg spcrnevhe kcednrn jhtuf.

Jn cpdndrhvne drhg`nuvnas vcrfne jn fnnst ontrcuwohrn whhrenfiedne.Fhhr ccb ie jn cpdrhviedsvnrsahdne wcrjne drhg`nuvnas dnecnfj, jin eint (cgeint vcaanjid) zike cejnrzcm`t, zchas `nt drctn maustnr `nuvnas oik @ccdbhrspna-

Thtnrtcrne. Jit zike vnajwhhrenfiedne jin fiejnr ontrcuwohhr zike (Ohbbnr ntha. 89442 Fntz 899=, 887).

Cp gid. : is tn zine jht jn drhg`nuvnas vnrsprnij vccrbcfne ie `nt cejnrzcnbs-

dnoinj, fhhr jht nebnan maustnrs tn cejnrsm`nijne zike. Jn maustnrs bnefnrbnezim` jccr jn hhewnzid`nij vhe rnahting vnna `nuvnas oieene nne onpnrbt dnoinj.Cp jn vnrsprnijiedsbhhrt `noone jn maustnrs nne rcejn vcrf fnt nne jihfntnrvhe 8,> biacfntnr, whhroieene fieifhha zns `nuvnas vccrbcfne. Née maustnr isdrctnr, fnt nne jihfntnr vhe ?,> biacfntnr. Jn fnnstn drhg`nuvnas onviejne zimìe nne maustnr (e699).4

Ie tcthha zike zns maustnrs hhewnzid jin zim` mcemnetrnrne ie `nt eccrjccstn-aikbne zuijwnstnaikb jnna vhe `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj. Jrin mcemnetrhtins onviejnezim` ie `nt eccrjccstne, tussne Hejikb-Tnst ne Nebùizne-Eccrj. @inr onviejnejn fnnstn `nuvnas zim` tne ccstne vhe Hejikb ne tne eccrjne vhe Nebùizne. Ie

`nt zuijwnstne vhe `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj zike jn fnnstn `nuvnas whhrdnecfne,

Gid. :. Wnrsprnijied drhnuvnas oieene `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj.



8??

cednvnnr twnnjnrjn vhe haan whhrenfiedne. wnn jim`tn maustnrs onviejne zimòik [whhdjikb ne @ccdbhrspna ne nne drcct maustnr aidt tussne Drcctnorcnb neWneùizne.

Cednvnnr jn `nagt vhe jn drhg`nuvnas is hhednandj cp jn zhvnaidn tct zhejidnbrnnbruddne. [n aiddne vccrha cp jn `cdn gaheb, cp jn `ccdstn jnane vhe jn rudbcfne jn `nuvnas ehuwnaikbs vccr. Ccb cp jn fnnr baniidn / zhvnaidn drcejne,

jin ints ahdnr aiddne, zike drhg`nuvnas cpdnrim`t. Jn mcemnetrhtins tne eccrjne vheNebùizne ne jirnmt tne eccrjne vhe Wneùizne zike vccronnajne ìnrvhe. Jn`nuvnas oieene `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj bcfne jus zcwna cp jn `cdnr dnandne gahe-bne vhe jn ruddne vccr, has cp jn ahdnr dnandne jnane. @nt mnetrhan jnna vhe `ntcejnrzcnbsdnoinj is fiejnr dcnj vnrtndnewccrjidj. @nt ontrngt nne strccb jinaccpt vhe `nt eccrjwnstne ehhr `nt zuijccstne, vhe `nt ccstne vhe Tnrvnrs`ccgtct `nt wnstne vhe Nebùizne.

Tnabn acmhtinghmtcrne zike vccr jn Tnstgrinsn orcestikjonwcenrs onphanejdnwnnst oik `nt cprim`tne vhe jn drhg`nuvnas3 Wccrjht wn iedhhe cp jnzn vrhhdis `nt vhe onahed tn wntne whhr jn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene zim` onviejne ne ie

wnabn pnricjn jn drhg`nuvnas zike cpdnrim`t cg ie dnoruib zike dnecfne. Ent has

Gid. >. Orcestikjspcrne oik Orcnbnr`hvne, tne zuijwnstne vhe Nebùizne (gctc; T. Fn).



8?=

oik jn drhg`nuvnas zike jn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene hhe jn `hej vhe vnrsmìaanejnorceene cp jn bhhrt dnznt (gid. 7). Wccr jn vnrsprnijied vhe jn enjnrznttiedne isdnoruib dnfhhbt vhe cpdrhvieddndnvnes, whhrenfiedne jccr Fntz ne whhren-fiedne uit H_M@I].0 Cp jn hgonnajied zike tnvnes jn vcejstfnajiedne vhe jn@ccdbhrspna muatuur (hhrjnwnrb) wnnrdndnvne, jin has enjnrznttiedshgvha bueenewcrjne dnietnrprntnnrj.

Jn fnnst ontrcuwohrn whhrenfiedne zike jn dndnvnes vnrbrndne vhe cpdrh-viedne ne aum`tgctc’s. Jnzn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene zike has stippnaaike cp jn hgonna-jied wnnrdndnvne ne onviejne zim` rcej Hejikb, Nebùizne, Ocvnebhrspna ne

@ccdbhrspna. @nt dhht cf vnrsmìaanejn tnrrniene fnt nne cppnrvahb vhe ie tcthharuif 4=< `h. @nt is vhe onahed tn onsnggne jht vhe jn fnnstn enjnrznttiedstnr-rniene sanm`ts nne banie jnna is cejnrzcm`t. Jn enjnrznttiedsspcrne strnbbne zim`vhhb ecd ie haan rim`tiedne uit.9 Jn sprnijied vhe vcejstne vhe jn @ccdbhrspna-muatuur is on`ccraikb cfvhedrikb, oikeh ?><< `h. Wrikwna haan jccr cpdrhviedne neaum`tgctc’s dnbhrtnnrjn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene onviejne zim` ie jit vnrsprnijieds-dnoinj. Haanne tne zuijwnstne vhe Nebùizne, oik Orcnbnr`hvne ne Wneùizne,zike enjnrznttiedsspcrne whhrdnecfne jin eint jccr jn vcejstvnrsprnijied wcrjtonvnstidj.

Gid. 7. Wnrsprnijied vhe drhnuvnas ne enjnrzniedstnrrniene oieene `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj.



8?:

Bikbnej ehhr jn aiddied vhe jn drhg`nuvnas tne cpzim`tn vhe jn enjnrznttie-dne vhaane nebnan zhbne cp. Nr zike =0 drhg`nuvnas dnbhrtnnrj ie jn cejnrzcm`-tn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene, jus cednvnnr nne jnrjn vhe `nt tcthha hhetha `nuvnas.Oieene `nt drctn dnoinj jht ie onsahd wcrjt dnecfne jccr jn vcejstsprnijiedzike 7> `nuvnas dnbhrtnnrj, jus fnnr jhe jn `nagt vhe `nt tcthha. Tn bueene nr

jus vheuit dhhe jht fieifhha jn `nagt vhe haan drhg`nuvnas oieene enjnrznttieds-tnrrniene is dnandne. Cpvhaanej is `nt drctn maustnr `nuvnas ie `nt zuijne vhe `ntcejnrzcnbsdnoinj, tne eccrjne vhe Wneùizne. @inr zike ?7 `nuvnas dnbhrtnnrjjin zim` ouitne jn (dnbhrtnnrjn) enjnrznttiedstnrrniene onviejne. Tn bueene `ntcetornbne vhe enjnrznttiedsiejimhtcrne ie jit dnoinj vnrbahrne jccr `nt dnornbhhe cejnrzcnb cg hmtivitnitne vhe (hfhtnur)hrm`ncacdne. @nahhs `noone wn vhejn pnricjn jht jn nnrstn drhg`nuvnas wnrjne cpdnrim`t (vnrfcnjnaikb rcej 87<< v.M`r.) ehuwnaikbs hhewikziedne vccr onwceied. \hs vhehg mh. 8><< v. M`r. wcrjnejn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene vccr ces `nrbneohhr jccr `nt vccrbcfne vhe jrinonu-bidn wccesthaùizne.

IKznrnng ne Whe _ndtnrne Hatneh `noone ccb nne cvnrzim`t dnprnsnetnnrj vhejn onwceiedsbnrene uit jn Orcestikj ie eccrjccst Tnst-Grinsahej (IKznrnng & vhe_ndtnrne Hatneh 8998, 7=, gid. ?). Ie ue bhhrt noone zn onwceiedsbnrene uit jnbcaceishtinghsn hhedndnvne, dnohsnnrj cp jn hhewnzidn drhg`nuvnas. Jn drhg`nu-vnas zike eint wnnrdndnvne, fhhr wna znvne maustnrs, oik [whhdjikb, @ccdbhrspna,Drcctnorcnb, Ocvnebhrspna, Ocvnebhrspna-@nt Whabkn, Hejikb-Ccst ne Hejikb-

Tnst. Jn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene zike ccb cp jn bhhrt wnnrdndnvnene jn maustnrsfnt drhg`nuvnas onviejne zim` oieene jit uitdnstrnbtn enjnrznttiedshrnhha.

Jn bhhrt vhe IKznrnng & Whe _ndtnrne Hatneh bcft ie drctn aikene cvnrnne fntjn jccr ces cpdnstnajn bhhrt, ha zike nr nebnan onahedrikbn vnrsmìaane. @nt dnoinj

tne ccstne vhe Ocvnebhrspna-@nt Whabkn is cp jn cujn bhhrt annd. @nt einuwncvnrzim`t ahht zine jht ie jit dnoinj, tne eccrjne vhe Nebùizne, vnna drhg`nuvnaszike hhednandj. Ocvnejine ahtne jn vcejstne ne rnsuathtne vhe cpdrhviedne zinejht ìnr wna jndnaikb uitdnstrnbtn enjnrznttiedstnrrniene hhewnzid zike. Nne hejnrvnrsmìa is jn `cnvnna`nij drhg`nuvnas pnr maustnr. Ie jn maustnrs vhe Hejikb-Tnstne Ocvnebhrspna zike rnahting wnieid `nuvnas whhrdnecfne. Ie Hejikb-Ccst ne tneeccrjne vhe Nebùizne aikbne fnnr nuvnas tn zike hhednandj. Jn fnnstn drhg`nu-vnas onviejne zim` ie nt wnstne ne zuijwnstne vhe nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj, tne zui-jne vhe Drcctnorcnb ne tne eccrjne vhe @ccdbhrspna (gid. :). Jn cnvnna`nij nevnrsprnijied vhe drhg`nuvnas rcej Drcctnorcnb is jhhrehhst drctnr jhe vccr`nne

wnrj hhednecfne.Jn vnrsprnijied vhe enjnrznttiedne vnrtccet vnna cvnrnnebcfstne. Jn drhg-

`nuvnamaustnrs onviejne zim` cp enjnrznttiedstnrrniene, fhhr vccr jn `nuvnas oikDrcctnorcnb ne [whhdjikb is jit eint cvnrtuidnej vhstdnstnaj. Oieene onijn maus-tnrs zike sanm`ts nebnan vcejstne uit jn Orcestikj dnbhrtnnrj. Jit sthht ie sm`riamcetrhst fnt jn drctn `cnvnna`nij vcejstne jin oieene jn cvnridn maustnrs is hhe-dntrcggne. Tik zike nr jhe ccb eint vhe cvnrtuidj jht haan drhg`nuvnas zim` cp en-jnrznttiedstnrrniene onviejne. Wccrhasecd dhhe wn uit vhe nne vinrtha enjnrznt-tiedstnrrniene ie `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj. Jit zike jrin rnahting banien tnrrniene ie`nt (zuij)wnstne vhe `nt cejnrzcnbsdnoinj, oik [whhdjikb, @ccdbhrspna ne tne



8?>

wnstne vhe Drcctnorcnb. Nne vinrjn enjnrznttiedstnrrnie onviejt zim` ie `nt ccs-tne, tussne Ocvnebhrspna ne Hejikb. Jit necrfn enjnrznttiedshrnhha strnbt zim`vnna vnrjnr ie ccstnaikbn rim`tied uit jhe tct eu tcn wnrj hhednecfne (gid. 7).

Drhg`nuvnas cp `nt nrg3

@nahhs zike nr fhhr wnieid vccronnajne vhe drcctsm`haidn cpdrhviedne, whhroikzcwna jn enjnrznttiedsstrumturne has drhg`nuvnas zike cejnrzcm`t. Jit `nngt vccrhatn fhbne fnt jn cejnrzcnbsdnsmìnjneis. Jn fnnstn nuvnas zike cejnrzcm`t ie jn

khrne :< ne >< vhe jn vcridn nnuw zcejnr hhejhm`t tn onstnjne hhe jn cfdnvied.Ie @ccdbhrspna, Hejikb, Ocvnebhrspna ne Nebùizne zike drhg`nuvnas cp enjnrznt-tiedstnrrniene cpdndrhvne. Ie @ccdbhrspna is jn ruiftn tussne twnn drhg`nuvnascpdnvuaj, whhreh nr cp onijn `nuvnas nne ocnrjnrik is dnocuwj (Ohbbnr nt ha .8944, ?8:). Jn twnn drhg`nuvnas vhe Hejikb, fhbne cejnrjnna uit vhe nne baniendrhg`nuvnadrcnp. Hhe wnnrszikjne vhe jn `nuvnas zike enjnrznttiedsstrumturne uitjn Orcestikj cpdndrhvne. Ie Ocvnebhrspna is nne cujn drhg`nuvna ie jn enjnrznt-tied cpdnecfne (gid. 4).

Ie Ocvnebhrspna ahdne enjnrznttiedsdrnppnas cf jn riedsacct `nne ne nebn-an drnppnas jccrsenjne jn riedsacct.8< Whe jn drhg`nuvna ie Nebùizne rnstnnrjnsanm`ts nne cejinpn riedsacct, jin jccr vrikwna haan enjnrznttiedsspcrne wnrj dn-rnspnmtnnrj. Jn drhg`nuvna vhe Nebùizne on`ccrt tct jn vrcndstn spcrne. Nebnannnuwne ahtnr is ie jn cujn `nuvna ecd nne kcedn fhe oikdnznt (_cnssied` & Ac`cg?<88, 99-8<<). Jn drhg`nuvnas jin cp enjnrznttiedstnrrniene zike hhedntrcggnezike jus cpdnecfne ie jn enjnrznttied. Ie @ccdbhrspna ne Ocvnebhrspna onvie-jne jn `nuvnas zim` hhe jn rhej vhe `nt nrg, whhroik `nt cejuijnaikb is cg jit sh-fnevhat fnt jn rhej vhe jn enjnrznttied. Jn nuvna vhe Nebùizne aidt fijjneienne enjnrznttiedstnrrnie.

Gid. 4. Jnna vhe jn cpdrhvied Ocvnebhrspna-@nt Whabkn fnt nne drhnuvna cp (cg hhe jn rhejvhe) `nt nrg (ehhr IKznrnng 890=, d. 7).



8?7

Nebnan hgsauitnejn cpfnrbiedne

ikjnes jn wcrbs`cp ‑]injauedne jnr êatnrne Orceznznit‖ ie ]hebnafhrb wnrjnne drcct hhetha viejpahhtsne uit jn Orcestikj dnprnsnetnnrj uit jn rndic Eccrj-Juitsahej ne [uij-]mhejiehviâ.88 Ie jnzn rndic ennft fne vcntstccts hhe jhtsprhbn is vhe nne twnnjnaied ie `nt ahejsm`hp, nne ahejsm`hp vhe jn jcjne (vccr-

cujnrs) ne nne ahejsm`hp vhe jn anvnejne. Jnzn twnn ahejsm`hppne bcfne jccr-dhhes ruiftnaikb dnsm`nijne vhe nabhhr vccr. Drhg`nuvnas wcrjne jhhrehhst zcejnrvnna jismussin dnzine has tnrritcriha fhrbnrs . Jn nuvnas syfocaisnnrjne ne fhrbnnr-jne `nt drcejdnoinj vhe nne scmihan drcnp. Jivnrsn vccronnajne wnrjne tikjnesjnzn wcrbs`cp dnprnsnetnnrj. Ie rnaiâgrikbn dnoinjne, zchas Okêrrn ie [wnjne, is`nt juijnaikb jht drhg`nuvnas cp fhrbhetn pahhtsne ie `nt ahejsm`hp dnandne zike,pahhtsne jin vhehg rnahting drctn hgsthej zim`tohhr zike. Jhhrehhst zike drhgfceu-fnetne ne enjnrznttiedne ie jnzn rndic ruiftnaikb stribt dnsm`nijne.8? _nmnet isie ]mànswid-@castnie nne cejnrzcnb uitdnvcnrj ehhr jn rnahtin tussne ruiftnaikbdnsm`nijne drhg`nuvnadrcnpne ne enjnrznttiedne. Cp ohsis vhe nne uitdnornijn

DI]-hehaysn whhroik zim`taikene wnrjne dnrnmcestrunnrj, wnrj vccr nebnan orces-tikjenjnrznttiedne vhstdnstnaj jht jnzn ie `nt zim`tonrnib aiddne vhe dnaikbtikjidndrhg`nuvnadrcnpne. Cp ohsis vhe jnzn aiddied wnrj `nt znnr hheenfnaikb dnhm`tjht jn drhg`nuvnadrcnp ne jn enjnrznttied fnt nabhhr vnrocejne whrne.8=

@noone wik ie Tnst-Grinsahej ccb tn fhbne fnt nne ruiftnaikbn sm`nijied tus-sne ahejsm`hppne vhe jn jcjne ne ahejsm`hppne vhe jn anvnejne3 Cg is sprhbnvhe nne jcjneahejsm`hp jht cp nne ahtnr fcfnet (dnjnnatnaikb) ie `nt enjnr-znttiedsahejsm`hp is dnãemcrpcrnnrj3 Jnzn nnrstn ievnethrishtin dnngt ìnrcp dnnennejuijid hetwccrj. @nt aikbt nrcp jht maustnrs drhgfceufnetne onsthhe, whhrspcrne vhe enjnrznttiedne cetornbne. Drhg`nuvnas zike tct cp `njne nne rnah-

tinvn znajzhhf`nij ie enjnrznttiedsmcetnxt. Jhhrehhst aikbne ie jn maustnrs oikDrcctnorcnb ne [whhdjikb enjnrznttiedne tn cetornbne. Fnt hejnrn wccrjne, ntaikbt eint cehheenfnaikb jht ccb ie Tnst-Grinsahej sprhbn is vhe twnn dnsm`nijneguemtins ie `nt ahejsm`hp. Jit on`cngt nm`tnr ehjnr cejnrzcnb.

Wcrfjne jn drhg`nuvnas tnrritcriha fhrbnrs 3 Tnst-Grinsahej whs ne is oik uitstnbnne rnaiâghrf ahejsm`hp. @nuvnas fnt nne dnsm`httn ccdtn vhe fhxifhha ? f zikecp drctn hgsthej zim`tohhr. Jit is znbnr `nt dnvha wheennr sprhbn is vhe nne wnijsne cpne ahejsm`hp, whhrie nne hgwikbnejn whtnrùis`cujied ne ocjnfshfnestna-aied jirnmt anijt tct nne hgwikbnejn vndnthtin. Theennr nm`tnr dnne sprhbn is vhezc’e ahejsm`hp fhhr vhe nne `hag cpne tct dnsactne ahejsm`hp wcrjne zim`taikenebcrt. Drhg`nuvnas vhe dnecnfjn cfvhed zike jhe eint cg ehuwnaikbs zim`tohhrcvnr neidn hgsthej.

Ie nne vnrdnaikbohhr ahejsm`hp, `nt rivinrnednoinj, zike nebnan khrne dnanjnetwnn drhg`nuvnas ne nne brieddrnppna (vnrfcnjnaikb dneivnaannrjn drhg`nuvna) cp-dndrhvne.8: Onijn `nuvnas `hjjne nne dnriedn `ccdtn ne onvcejne zim` ie nne `hagcpne ahejsm`hp. Née vhe jn cpdrhvnrs vina `nt drctn hhetha occfvhaane rcejcfjn brieddrnppna cp. Theennr jit wcrjt dnvisuhaisnnrj, cetsthht ccb ie nne `hagdnsactne ahejsm`hp nne tnrritcriha fhrbnr vhe gcrfhht (gid. 0). Jit t`nfh on`cngtnvnennes ehjnr cejnrzcnb, whhroik vnna hhejhm`t fcnt uitdhhe ehhr jn shfne-`hed fnt strumturne ouitne `nt nidneaikbn drhgfceufnet.



8?4

Gid. 0. Ocvne; `uispahndrcej, brieddrnppna ne occfvhaane viejpahhts Nidneoacb. Cejnr; drhnuvna oik Ocrdnr.



8?0

Ectne

8 Ie Drcctnorcnb ie 89:9 (Whe Dine 89>=2 Whe Dine 89>:), Tnrvnrs`ccg ie 89>=->:(Whe jnr Thhas 8978h/o), Ccstwcuj ie 89>7->4 (vhe Dine 897?), @ccdbhrspna ie89>0 (Ohbbnr 89>92 8978) ne Nebùizne (An`fhee 897=).

? Jn jrin drcctsm`haidn cpdrhviedsmhfphdens ie @ccdbhrspna, Hejikb ne Ocvnebhrspna

zike onsm`rnvne ie Ohbbnr nt ha. 8944 (@ccdbhrspna) ne IKznrnng & Whe _ndtnrne Hatneh8998 (Hejikb ne Ocvnebhrspna). [in vnrjnr jivnrsn khhrdhedne vhe `nt tikjsm`rigt Tnst-Grinsahejs Cuj ne Einuw ne jn Brceinb vhe Eccrj-@caahej.

= [in oikvccronnaj jn drctnrn cejnrzcnbne ie [whhdjikb (^gbns & Wnajùis ?<<=), Cpfnnr(Ac`cg & Whhrs ?<<7), Fnjnfoaib (]mùrfhes ?<8<) ne Nebùizne (_cnssied` & Ac`cg?<88).

: [in oikvccronnaj jn drhg`nuvnas vhe [whhdjikb ne Drcctnorcnb (Whe Dine 89::289>=).

> @inrjccr is nne hhetha drhg`nuvnas eint fnndnecfne ie jn vnrsprnijied, whhrcejnr nnedrhg`nuvnadrcnp oik @ccdbhrspna ne Tnrvnrs`ccg.

7 Tcatnried `nngt ha nnes nne sm`httied dnfhhbt vhe `nt hhetha drhg`nuvnas jht vccrbcftie Tnst-Grinsahej. @ik bwhf uit cp fieifhha ?<< `nuvnas ie dn`nna Tnst-Grinsahej(Tcatnried 890>, ??<).

4 Jnzn fhhtvcnried ne vnrjnaied is vcastrnbt hroitrhir ne eint sthtistism` cejnrocuwj.Nebnan `nuvnas onviejne zim` ouitne jn drnezne vhe nne maustnr.

0 Jn whhrenfiedne uit H_M@I] `noone ontrnbbied cp enjnrznttiedspcrne jin zikevhstdnstnaj.

9 [in oikvccronnaj jn cvnrzim`tne vhe jn cpdrhviedne @ccdbhrspna-Thtnrtcrne (Ohbbnrnt ha. 8944, 898), Fnjnfoaib-]m`npnewikb II (]mùrfhes ?<8<, :=) ne Nebùizne-Bhjikbne (_cnssied` & Ac`cg ?<88, >=).

8< Ie Ocvnebhrspna is tnvnes nne vahbdrhg dnvcejne, fnt jhhrie jn sbnanttne vhe nne kcedn

fhe ne vrcuw (Whe _ndtnrne Hatneh 8947, 892 IKznrnng 890=, ??:).88 Tcrbs`cp ]injauedne jnr êatnrne Orceznznit ]hebnafhrb (4 ” 9 Hpria ?<88).

8? \rnsnethtin Kneey Ecrj, M`hedied ahejsmhpns hej pnrsistnet pahmns ” nvijnemn grcf ie-vnstidhtices hej pcaane hehaysis ht t`n Okêrn pneiesuah, ]cut`nre ]wnjne.

8= \rnsnethtin Nrim` @haowija, ]thejcrtghbtcrne orceznznitaim`nr ]injauedspaêtzn ie]mànswid-@castnie uej jnf sñjaim`ne Kñtahej.

8: Kcedstn & Whe Tikedhhrjne ?<<?2 Fnikaieb & Brhenejceb ?<<?.

Aitnrhtuur

Ohbbnr, K.H., 89>9; Cpdrhviedne tn @ccdbhrspna I. @nt cejnrzcnb vhe tufuaus I neehhstn cfdnvied . @ccre (Tnst-Grinsahejs Cuj ne Einuw ?7).

Ohbbnr, K.H., 8978; Nne drhg`nuvna ne cuj hbbnrahej tn @ccdbhrspna (E.@.). Ie; T.Dahsonrdne & T. Drcnefhe ” Whe Thhtnriedn (rnj.), Ie nt vcntspccr vhe H.N. WheDiggne, Drceiedne, 8<=-8<9.

Ohbbnr, K.H., _.T. Orhejt, O. vhe Dnna, F.K. Khesfh, T.K. Buikpnr, \.K.H. vheFnesm`, K.\. \has & D.G. IKznrnng, 8944; @ccdbhrspna-Thtnrtcrne; tcwhrjs h rn-mcestrumtice cg nmcacdy hej hrm`hncacdy cg he hdrhrihe snttanfnet cg 8<<< OM. Ie;O.A. vhe Onnb, _.T. Orhejt & T. Drcnefhe-vhe Thhtnriedn (rnj.), Nx @crrnc.

(Mieduah, IW), Hfstnrjhf, 804-??>.



8?9

Onnb, _. vhe & Z.J. @hfourd, ?<<?; Orcestikj-viejpahhtsne tn @ccdwcuj-Ccst. Nnehhevuaanejn hrm`ncacdism`n Ievnethrishtin. Anijne (Hrm`ca _hppcrt 8:).

Ocrdnr, D.K., 894>; Jn Wnne`ccp. Nne ìstcrism`-dncdrhgism` cejnrzcnb ehhr `nt vnrjwik-ene vhe `nt vnnejnb ie nne jnna vhe Tnst-Grinsahej. Hfstnrjhf (\rcngsm`rigt).

Netn, \.K. 897=; Nne ocjnfbhrtnried vhe tuieocuwmnetruf ‑Jn ]trnnb‖ (Wnrsahdne vheAhejocuwbuejidn Cejnrzcnbiedne, 70.87), Thdneiedne.

Dnna, O. vhe, @haanwhs, J.\. & \has, K.\., 890=; H Ahtn @cacmnen jnpcsit uejnr t`n Tnstgrinsn [nnjikb enhr Nebùizne (\rcv. cg E-@caahej, `n Ent`nrahejs); phahn-cnmcacdimha hej hrm`hncacdimha hspnmts. _nvinw cg \hahncocthey hej \hayecacdy =0,?79-==>.

Dnna, O. vhe, K. Ouurfhe & @.Z. Thtnrocab 8997. Hrm`hncacdimha hej phahncnmc-acdimha iejimhtices cg he horupt maifhtn m`hedn ie `n Ent`nrahejs, hej nvijnemngcr maifhtcacdimha tnanmceenmtices hrcuej ?7>< O\. Kcureha cg Xuhtnrehry ]minemn 88, :>8-:7<.

Diggne, H.N., 89::; Drhg`nuvnas tn [whhdjikb dnf. Tnrvnrs`ccg, E.@. (Tnst-Grinsahej’sCuj ne Einuw 84), @ccre.

Diggne, H.N., 89>=; Cejnrzcnb vhe jrin orcestikjdrhg`nuvnas oik Drcctnorcnb, dnf.Drcctnorcnb, vccracpid vnrsahd (Tnst-Grinsahejs Cuj ne Einuw ?<), @ccre.

Diggne, H.N., 89>:; Cejnrzcnb vhe jrin orcestikj-drhg`nuvnas oik Drcctnorcnb (Tnst-Grinsahejs Cuj ne Einuw ?8), @ccre.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 897?; Drhg`nuvnas uit jn Fijjne-Orcestikj fnt enjnrznttiedsspcrnevhe jn bacbonbnrmuatuur oik Ccstwcuj (Tnst-Grinsahejs Cuj ne Einuw ?9).

@cubns, F.M.N. & ].T. Bcjjn, ?<<9; Ahednjikb Jn Jruppnas. Hrm`ncacdin tussne jnbcane. Nne Ievnethrisnrnej Wnajcejnrzcnb ie jn vcrf vhe prcngsanuvne. Hfnrsgccrt(HJM _hppcrt, 8480).

IKznrnng, D.G., 890=; Ocnrne ie jn orcestikj oik Ocvnebhrspna. ]pindna @istcrihna PWIII,(8?), 7=>-7:=.

IKznrnng D.G. & K.G. vhe _ndtnrne Hatneh, 8998; Enjnrznttiedne uit jn fijjne- neahtn orcestikj oik Hejikb ne Ocvnebhrspna. Ie; @. Gcbbnes & E. _cyfhes (rnj.),Enjnrznttiedne uit jn Orcestikj ne jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj ie jn Ahdn Ahejne (EH_8=), Hfnrsgccrt, 78-08.

Kcedstn, \.G.O., & D.F.K. vhe Tikedhhrjne, ?<<?; @nt nrgdcnj vhe Nidneoacb2 onwc-eiedsspcrne uit jn Fijjne-Orcestikj ie `nt trhmé vhe jn Ontuwnrcutn (viejpahhtsne 4,0 ne :0). Hfnrsgccrt (_hppcrthdn Hrm`ncacdism`n Fceufnetnezcrd, 07).

An`fhee, A.Z`., 897=; @nt phrtiâan cejnrzcnb vhe tufuaus I ie jn dnfnnetn Nebùizne (Tnst-Grinsahejs Cuj ne Einuw =<), @ccre.

Ac`cg, N. & K. Whhrs, ?<<>; Nne enjnrznttied uit jn Orcestikj tn @ccdwcuj, dnfnnetnCpfnnr . (HJM-rhppcrt, :<8), Hfnrsgccrt.

Fnikaieb, [email protected]., & \. Brhenejceb (rnj.), ?<<?; Hrm`ncacdin ie jn Ontuwnrcutn;Ocnrne nrvne ne drhvne; Jn ocnrnednfnnesm`hp vhe Jn Ocdne oik Fntnrne (?:><” 8?>< v. M`r.). Hfnrsgccrt (_hppcrthdn Hrm`ncacdism`n Fceufnetnezcrd, 04).



8=<

Fntz, T.@., 899=; Aum`tgctc-hrm`ncacdin ie ccstnaikb Tnst-Grinsahej. Fcdnaikb`njne nernsuathtne vhe hrm`ncacdism`n _nfctn ]nesied ie nne vnrjwikenej prnìstcrism` ahej-sm`hp. (\rcngsm`rigt êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf), Hfstnrjhf.

Fuajnr, N.G.K. jn & [email protected]. Ocsm` 890?; @cacmnen strhtidrhp`y, rhjicmhroce jhtiedshej phahncdncdrhp`y cg mnetrha hej ecrt`nre Ecrt`-@caahej (`n Ent`nrahejs).

Fnjnjnaiedne _ikbs Dncacdism`n Jinest =7, 888-87<.\ces, A. K. & H. K. Tiddnrs, 89>9/7<; Jn `cacmnen wcrjiedsdnsmìnjneis vhe Eccrj-

@caahej ne `nt [uijnrznndnoinj. ikjsm`r. Bce. Enj. Hhrjr. Dne. 47, 8<:-8>? ne44, =->4.

_ndtnrne Hatneh, K.G. vhe, 8947; \cajnr @nt Drcctsahd (E.@.). Enjnrznttiedsspcrneuit jn Fijjne- ne Ahtn Orcestikj . Hfnrsgccrt, (Khhrvnrsahd _CO 894:), 8=-?<.

_cnssied`, T., & N. Ac`cg, ?<88; Orcestikjocnrne cp jn bwnajnrs. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnr-zcnb ie Nebùizne-Bhjikbne. Hfnrsgccrt (HJM-rhppcrt ??<<).

]mùrfhes, F.J._., ?<8<; Nne enjnrznttied uit jn Fijjne ne Ahtn Orcestikj tn Fnjnfoaib-]m`npnewikb II, dnfnnetn Fnjnfoaib. Hfstnrjhf ([uijenjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n _hppcrtne, :<).

^gbns, H. & K._. Wnajùis, ?<<=; Enjnrznttiedsspcrne uit jn Orcestikj oik [whhdjikb-Ccst. Nne jngieiting hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie `nt \ahednoinj [whhdjikb-Ccst, dn-fnnetn Tnrvnrs`ccg (E.-@.). Drceiedne (H_M-puoaimhtin, 88=).

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr, 8978h; Jn zcca vhe tufuaus PIII oik ‑Jn Hrb‖, dnfnnetnTnrvnrs`ccg. @ccre (Tnst-Grinsahejs Cuj ne Einuw ?0).

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr, 8978o; Jn zcca vhe tufuaus PIII oik Tnrvnrs`ccg (E.@.). Ie;

T. Dahsonrdne & T. Drcnefhe ” Whe Thhtnriedn (rnj.), Ie `nt vcntspccr vhe H.N.Whe Diggne, Drceiedne, 90-8<?.

Tcatnried,\.K., 890>; \rnìstcrin ne _cfniesn ikj ie Tnst-Grinsahej (Tnst-GrinsahejsCuj ne Einuw >?), @ccre.



8=8

C WN_ JN FNZ@CJINB WHE @NZ D_HG@N^WNACEJN_[CNB

Nne pnrscceaikbn tnrudoaib

@.. Thtnrocab

Ieanijied

Bcrt eh fike onecnfied tct `ccdanrhhr ie 89>: zni fike vccrdhednr H.N. vheDiggne jht nr tussne jn Jrnetsn jcrpne Crvnatn ne Tnzup cp nne phrtimuainr `ni-jnvnaj ecd nne drhg`nuvna ahd, jin ìk vhe jn nidnehhr fcm`t cpdrhvne. Ib bcejhhr eu fike dhed dhhe. Jht whs nne hhrjidn dnstn, fhhr jin phstn tcm` eint oik jn`cujied jin Tiaanf Dahsonrdne ne ib, ne znbnr ccb hejnrn kcedn hrm`ncacdne, iejin tikj hjjne cetwibbnaj tne cpzim`tn vhe nt cpdrhvne vhe drhg`nuvnas jin eintjccr cetdieeied onjrnidj wnrjne.

Ie 89>= `hj Whe Diggne zcejnr neidn spnmihan wntnesm`hppnaikbn vrhhdstna-aied ecd nag drhg`nuvnas cpdndrhvne jin vniaid ahdne ie nne rnsnrvhht cp `nt ahej-dcnj @ccd`hane vhe jn Anvnesvnrznbnriedsfhhtsm`hppik Jn ^trnm`t (Whe Wnne

& Ahetied 8998). @nt dnoinj is t`hes nidnejcf vhe jn ]tim`tied @nt JrnetsnAhejsm`hp ne cejnrjnna vhe `nt ehtuurrnsnrvhht @ikbnrvnaj.

Ib jneb jht jhhr wht ces ontrngt jn cffnbnnr ie `nt jnebne `nngt dnandne.[nag `hjjne Tiaanf ne ib has stujnetne ie jn khrne 89:4 ne 89:0 ecd net`cusihstfnndnwnrbt hhe jn cpdrhvied vhe nebnan drhg`nuvnas cp `nt ahejdcnj Thresocrevhe jn ]tim`tied @nt Dnajnrsm` Ahejsm`hp oik ]m`hhrsonrdne (Dahsonrdne &

Thtnrocab 89>8). [chas wn `nt ccb vheznagsprnbnej `hjjne dnvcejne jht ie 89:7nne drhg`nuvna wnrj cpdndrhvne, jin oik jn hheand vhe nne Juits vaindvnaj ie fikednoccrtnpahhts @hvnatn dnsphhrj whs dnoanvne. Jht whs `nt Nupne Ohrmìne, jhtfik jccr nne jcrpsdnecct whs dnwnzne, ne hhe `nt cejnrzcnb whhrvhe wik onijne

vnna panzinr onanngjne (Dahsonrdne & Thtnrocab 89:7, Thtnrocab & Dahsonrdne89>8). Ne jhe whrne nr ehtuuraikb ecd jn drctn mhfphdens dnwnnst ie jn Hm`t[haid`njne ie Eccrj Orhohet ie jn khrne 89:0-89>8, whhr fnt drctn fnjnwnr-bied vhe Orhohets @nnf cednvnnr :< drhg`nuvnas wnrjne cpdndrhvne, `nt oh-sisfhtnrihha vccr `nt prcngsm`rigt whhrcp Tiaanf Dahsonrdne zcu prcfcvnrne(Dahsonrdne 89>:).

Tna wnrjne jnstikjs jn eint jccr cetdieeiedne onjrnidjn `nuvnas eh `nt ce-jnrzcnb wnnr dnrnsthurnnrj, fhhr `nt onsng cetorhb tcthha jht fissmìne wna nneonbnr cg nne stnene oika dnocrdne ne nne phhabrhes cg riedsacct vhstdnandj whs,fhhr jht vnrjnr haanrani jcmufnethtin uit `nt vnranjne vccr hatikj vnreinaj whs ne

jht jn `nuvna has fceufnet onsm`hjidj whs.



8=?

@cn cevnrwhm`t euttid vccr wntnesm`hppnaikb cejnrzcnb nt on`cuj vhe drhg-`nuvnas bhe zike `no ib znag nrvhrne. Jccrjht ie scffidn jccr Whe Diggne havrcndnr cpdndrhvne `nuvnas tne on`cnvn vhe jn rnsthurhtin prcginajhffne whrneonwhhrj, bce ib jhhr ecd drcejfcestnrs vhe `nt cujn cppnrvahb enfne vccr `ntstuigfnnacejnrzcnb, whhrcp ib one dnprcfcvnnrj (Thtnrocab 89>:).

Ie ]m`hhrsonrdne `hj `nt onstuur vhe @nt Dnajnrsm` Ahejsm`hp vcaanjid fnn-dnwnrbt ne zim` nrd dnãetnrnssnnrj dntccej ie jn rnsuathtne. Jht whs cvnridnes ienne tikj jht jn Wnrneidied tct On`cuj vhe Ehtuurfceufnetne ie Enjnrahej,dnanij jccr fr. \.D. vhe ine`cvne, nabn cpdrhvied ie `hhr tnrrniene mhtndcrism`wnidnrjn, tct drcct cednecndne vhe Whe Diggne, jin dnwnej whs cvnrha zike zietn brikdne.

Wnna ahtnr is `nt fik cvnridnes ecd cvnrbcfne jht jn nidnehrnssn vhe nne ahej-dcnj fik vrcnd cf nebnan drhg`nuvnas cp `hhr tnrrnie cp tn drhvne ne jht ib `hhrfcnst uitanddne jht jn wntnesm`hppnaikbn eccjzhhb jhhrtcn cetorhb.

Nr whs ehtuuraikb fnnr hhe jn hej ie jn khrne vahb eh jn ccracd. @nt onsng vhe

`nt onahed vhe nne fceufnetnewnt whs tikjnes jn ccracd dndrcnij ne jht jhhroikccb jn hrm`ncacdism`n fceufnetne fcnstne wcrjne fnndnecfne ahd vccr jn`hej. Tif vhe Ns (894?) `nngt `nt cetsthhe vhe jnzn wnt ie jnthia onsm`rnvne.

Ecd nne twnnjn ghmtcr spnnajn nne rca. Jn drcctsm`haidn `nijncetdieeiednetnr onstrikjied vhe jn wnrbaccs`nij jin ie jn khrne ’=< nne drctn vaum`t `hjjnednecfne, bwhfne eh jn ccracd dnanijnaikb tct stiasthej. Ie jn trccernjn vhe 8978wnrj vnrbahhrj jht nr vccrthhe dnne wcnstn drcejne fnnr zcujne wcrjne cetdce-ene. Tnaiswhhr brnnd jn ahejocuw nne einuwn ifpuas vih jn ruiavnrbhvnaiedne,fhhr jin onpnrbtne zim` fnnstha tct drcej jin ha ie muatuur dnorhm`t whs. ]cfswnrjne jhhroik tnr hgrcejied ecd wna nnes drhg`nuvnas cpdnruifj. Ccb nt dnsuo-

sijinnrj (`nr)cetdieene vhe phrtimuainrn bhvnas, zcdnehhfjn H?-wnrbne, whhroikscfs drhg`nuvnas ontrcbbne whrne, ìnaj cp.

[c bwhf nr ie gnitn nne niejn hhe `nt cpdrhvne vhe drhg`nuvnas, jht ie jn nnr-stn `nagt vhe jn vcridn nnuw nne mnetrhan pahhts ieehf oik `nt cejnrzcnb vhe jnprnìstcrin. @nahhs is ccb jn nrvhried jhhrfnn oik jn jcmnetne ne `nt tnmèism`npnrscenna vhe jn hrm`ncacdism`n iestnaaiedne vnrjwnene.

Jht jit cejnrzcnb vnan guejhfnetnan dndnvnes cvnr jn ahhtprnìstcrism`n mua-turne ie ces ahej `nngt cpdnanvnrj sthht ehtuuraikb ouitne bikg. ]tujins has jin vheNrim Ac`cg (8998) ne Ainsont` `nueissne (8999) cvnr jn scmihan vnr`cujiedne iejn orcestikj zcujne eint fcdnaikb zike zcejnr jit fhtnrihha.

Wrikwna haan ecd ie ces ahej hhewnzidn drhg`nuvnas `noone iefijjnas jn sthtusvhe onsm`nrfj fceufnet. [n bueene haanne ecd cejnrzcm`t wcrjne has jhhr-vccr nne jriednejn wntnesm`hppnaikbn eccjzhhb bhe wcrjne hhedntccej.

Hg ne tcn jcnt zim` eu ecd jn eccjzhhb vccr cf jn zcane vhe drhg`nuvnas cptn drhvne jin tnvccrsmìke bcfne cp cuj hbbnrahej has jhhr `nt pahddnejnb jccrvnrwnried is vnrjuej, cg jin tcnvhaaid wcrjne dnvcejne oik hejnrn hrm`ncacdism`nprcknmtne. @nt rngnrnetinbhjnr jhhrvccr wcrjt jhe tcm` dnvcrfj jccr `nt mcrpusvhe jn ruif ><< cpdndrhvne ne ie wntnesm`hppnaikbn tikjsm`rigtne dnpuoaimnnrjndrhg`nuvnas.



8==

@nt vhb nngt eint stia dnsthhe ne nt aidt vccr jn hej jht fne eu hejnrs tndnejn drhg`nuvnas hhebikbt jhe ie fike stujnetnetikj. ]iejs ?<<4 is ie Anijne cejnranijied vhe Jhvij Gcetike fnt stnue vhe ETC jn wnrbdrcnp ‐Hemnstrha Fcuejs’hmting. [n rim`t zim` fnt einuwn vrhdne cp `nt cejnrzcnb vhe drhg`nuvnas. Jhhroikfhhbt zn eint haanne dnoruib vhe jn oik cpdrhvnejn iestnaaiedne ne ie fusnh on-

whhrjn jcmufnethtin vhe vrcndnr cejnrzcnb, fhhr zn vnrrim`t ccb `nrcpdrhvie-dne vhe vrcndnr cejnrzcm`tn drhg`nuvnas ne znags, cp onpnrbtn sm`hha, einuwn cp-drhviedne. Jn ehjrub aidt cp `nt fijjne vhe `nt ahej ” ^trnm`tsn `nuvnarud,Wnauwn - cfjht jhhr ie jn ocssne ehhr vnr`cujied nne drctnr hhetha drhg`nuvnasonwhhrj is dnoanvne jhe ie `nt stnrb cetdceene eccrjne ne zuijne vhe `nt ahej.Jn ietnrnssn dhht vccrha uit ehhr jn cfdnvied vhe jn drhg`nuvnas, ehhr `nt prnìs-tcrism`n muatuurahejsm`hp, whhrvhe zn jnna uitfhhbtne. Fne `ccpt jht nr phtrc-ene tn `nrbneene zike ie jn wikzn whhrcp jin ahejsm`hppne whrne dnstrumturnnrjne ie jn vnrhejnriedne jin jhhrie ie jn accp vhe jn tikj pahhtsvcejne. Nne vccr-onnaj vhe jn einuwn onehjnried is `nt ocnb Aivied enhr t`n Jnhj (Gcetike ?<8<).

Ie vccronrnijied is nne ocnb cvnr cpdrhviedne vhe drhg`nuvnas oik jn Nm`cput iejn cfdnvied vhe Hpnajccre.Ccb ie jit vnrohej is `nt wnaaim`t ietnrnsshet cf tnrud tn bikbne cp jn vnr-

smìaanejn wnrbwikzne, jin ie `nt vnranjne oik `nt cpdrhvne vhe drhg`nuvnas zikednvcadj, ne nebnan nrvhriedne jccr tn dnvne jin ib znag jhhroik `no cpdnjhhe.8

Jn cpdrhvied vhe nne drhg`nuvna

Jn wntnesm`hppnaikbn cpdrhvied vhe nne drhg`nuvna `hj eint haanne has jcna cfnne zcrdvuajid cejnrzcnb vhe jn oikznttiedne fcdnaikb tn fhbne, fhhr ccb cf jnccrsprcebnaikbn strumtuur vhe `nt drhgfceufnet tn anrne bneene.

Oik jit cejnrzcnb fcnt onjhm`t wcrjne jht nne nuvna fnnrfhane bhe zike dn-oruibt, oikvccronnaj vccr einuwn mnetrhan oikznttiedne, ha jhe eint dnphhrj dhhejnfnt nne cp`cdied vhe jn `nuvna ne/cg einuwn rhejstrumturne, cg vccr ehoikznt-tiedne aheds jn nuvnavcnt. Haanne jccr nne dnmcfoiennrjn hehaysn vhe sm`ccedn-sm`hhgjn vahbbne ne prcginane bhe nne onnaj wcrjne vnrbrndne vhe jn jrinjifne-sicehan cetsthhesdnsmìnjneis vhe `nt fceufnet.

@nt anzne vhe vahbbne ne prcginane is nm`tnr eint dnfhbbnaikb. Tn `noone tnfhbne fnt nne vnna`nij vhe cfsthejid`njne ne prcoanfne, zchas;

jn dncacdism`n situhtin tnr pahhtsn

`nt ocjnfprcgina cejnr jn drhg`nuvna`nt fhtnrihha whhrvhe jn drhg`nuvna is cpdnwcrpne

`nt nggnmt vhe jccrwcrtnaied has cp jn `nuvna ccit ocs `nngt dndrcnij

(suo)rnmnetn vnrstcriedne vhe jn cpocuw vhe jn `nuvna has dnvcad vhe drhhg-hmtivitnitne vhe fnesne cg vhe jinrne has bceikene cg vcssne

`nt gnit jht fnesnaikbn rnstne, `cutne bistne ne hejnrn crdheism` fhtnrihanezike vnrdhhe ne jht jhhrvhe `ccdstnes vhdn vnrbanuriedne ie jn drcej zikecvnrdnoanvne

•

••

•

•

•



8=:

jn nvnetunan hhewnzid`nij vhe phhaznttiedne oik `nt drhg ne vhe ietnrfnjihirnne/cg pnrignrn rhejstrumturne, zchas sthejspcrne, phhabrhesne, brieddrnppnasne riedwhaane

jn mcrrnahtin vhe jnzn strumturne fnt jn mnetrhan oikznttiedne

jn vhhb znnr dnmcfpaimnnrjn snmuejhirn ocjnfvcrfied cvnr jn `nuvna ne, oik

fnnrpnricjne`nuvnas, nne nvnetunan ietnrfnjihirn ocjnfvcrfied

jn rnhmtin vhe `nuvnaaim`hhf, drhgbuiane, phhabuiane, sthejspcrne ne bried-drnppnas cp jn snmuejhirn ocjnfvcrfied

nvnetunan drcejspcrne ne vccrwnrpne jin wikzne cp nne vccrhgdhhejn fne-snaikbn hmtivitnit tnr pahhtsn

nvnetunan drcejspcrne ne vccrwnrpne jin wikzne cp ahtnrn fnesnaikbn hmtivi-tnit ie jn jirnmtn ehoik`nij vhe jn drhg`nuvna

Nne dcnjn cpdrhviedsfnt`cjn fcnst `nt fcdnaikb fhbne cf hhe ha jnzn hspnm-tne hhejhm`t tn sm`nebne. Nabn sm`cpstnnb is ce`nrrcnpnaikb ne fcnst zcrdvuajidwcrjne cvnrwcdne.

Ie nt vnranjne spnnajn oik jn bnuzn vhe jn tn vcadne wnrbwikzn jn vrhhd nne rcacg jn `nuvna eh `nt cejnrzcnb zcu wcrjne dnâdhaisnnrj, wht oik cetdieeiedne `ntdnvha whs, cg jht ìk eh `nt cejnrzcnb fcnst wcrjne dnrnsthurnnrj. Ie `nt ahhtstndnvha whs `nt haanne ha uit prhbtism`n cvnrwndiedne dnwnest cf cp zike fiest ne-bnan prcginajhffne iethmt tn ahtne.

Tn fcntne ces vnrjnr rnhaisnrne, jht vnan drhg`nuvnas výýr `nt cejnrzcnb haonsm`hjidj whrne. Ie `nt mnetruf whs vrcndnr dndrhvne jccr sm`htdrhvnrs, jccrnne sm`hhp`nrjnr jin nr nne ùt `hj dnocuwj vhewhhr ìk jn bujjn bce cvnrzine,cg jccr strcpnrs jin nr bceikene `hjjne uitdndrhvne. [c `hjjne vrikwna haan jccrDahsonrdne (89>:) onsprcbne drhg`nuvnas vhe @havn Fika-ctnrgcut zuabn mnetrhanonsm`hjidiedne. ]cfs ccb whs nne sndfnet vhe `nt `nuvnaaim`hhf jccr cetdie-eied cg wndnehheand vnrjwnene. Wnrjnr fcnst fne scfs rnbneied `cujne fntoccfdrcni cp jn `nuvna.

Wnna drhg`nuvnas whrne oik cetdieeiedswnrbzhhf`njne ie `nt vnranjne ha dn-sanm`t. Ccb vccr `nt cejnrzcnb vhe jn zcane jhhrvhe whs `nt dnwnest nne dcnjnwnrbwikzn tn binzne. Cp vccr`hej whs `nt vhhb eint juijnaikb cg nr ecd rnstnevhe `nt `nuvnaaim`hhf onwhhrj whrne dnoanvne. Wccr `nt cejnrzcnb vhe pnrignrnstrumturne zcu fne tcm` hatikj prcginane tct ie jn cejnrdrcej fcntne drhvne. @nt

ahd jhe ccb vccr jn `hej jht vccr `nt cejnrzcnb vhe jnzn zcane ie ondiesna jn-znagjn wnrbwikzne wnrjne dnvcadj has oik `nt cejnrzcnb vhe jn iethmtn `nuvnas.Jn hgfntied vhe jn `nuvna whs vhe onahed. Oik nne `cdn `nuvna bce nne cp-

ocuw ie fnnr ghsne wcrjne vnrwhm`t ne whs jn stujin vhe jn prcginane onahedrik-bnr jhe oik nne ahdn `nuvna jin ie éée bnnr whs cpdnwcrpne.

Ie jn prhbtikb spnnajn ccb jn vnrwhm`tn cujnrjcf nne rca. Encaitìsm`n `nu-vnas, whhrie ietnrnsshetn drhgdigtne bcejne wcrjne vnrwhm`t, cg orcestikj`nuvnasfnt ue dnvhrinnrjn phhabrhesne pahm`tne vcaanjidnr cejnrzcm`t tn wcrjne jhe jnvhhb vcejstaczn orhej`nuvnas uit jn IKznrtikj.

]cfs ahdne twnn `nuvnas jim`t oik nabhhr ne ahd `nt vccr jn `hej zn has éée dn-

`nna cp tn drhvne ne jn wnrbwikzn hhe tn phssne.

•

•

•

•

•

•



8=>

ne sacttn bcejne giehemiâan onpnrbiedne cg tikjsdnornb jn ccrzhhb zike vhenne vccrtikjid niejn vhe nt cejnrzcnb ne `nt eint vcaanjid uitvcnrne vhe jn vccr-dnecfne wnrbwikzn.

]nmuejhirn ocjnfvcrfied

Oikzcejnrn hhejhm`t vnrjinet `nt vnrsmìkesna vhe jn snmuejhirn ocjnfvcrfied.Ie fike prcngsm`rigt `no ib jn pcaanehehaysns onsprcbne vhe drcejfcestnrs vhe`nt cujn cppnrvahb ne pahddne vhe ie tcthha cednvnnr 4< drhg`nuvnas. Jin fce-stnrs `hj ib vrikwna haan znag dnecfne ie jn khrne 89:7-89>8 (Thtnrocab 89>:).Jht whrne nvne zcvnan mcegrcethtins fnt scfs fcniaikb tn ietnrprntnrne drhg`nu-vnaprcginane. Nne vhe jn prcoanfne wnrj dnvcrfj jccr nne vnrsmìkesna jht cesphs juijnaikb wnrj oik jn cpdrhvied vhe nne drhg`nuvna cp `nt ahejdcnj Jn Nnsnie 89>7 (Thtnrocab 897:h). @nt dhht cf `nt wikjvnrornijn ne vhrihonan, fhhreint hatikj `nrbnejn vnrsmìkesna vhe jn snmuejhirn pcjzcanried oik drhg`nuvnascp `nijnvnajne fnt nne cejnrdrcej vhe jnbzhej cg bnizhej. Ib sm`rnng jhhrcvnrnne hphrtn stujin ne iaaustrnnrjn jin fnt gctc’s uit `nt rikbn hrmìng vhe `nt tcne-fhaidn Oicacdism`-Hrm`hncacdism` Iestituut (OHI, t`hes Drceiednr Iestituut vccr

Hrm`ncacdin, DIH) (Thtnrocab 897:o).Jn vnrsmìkeiedsvcrf vhe phhabuiane ne riedsactne hhe jn vcnt vhe jnzn `nu-

vnas wcrjt ie onahedrikbn fhtn onphhaj jccr jnzn snmuejhirn ocjnfvcrfied. Ie`nt `nuvnaaim`hhf znag zike `nt jn phrhaanaan iegiatrhtinohejne jin scfs ha rnhdnrnecp nne drhg ocvne nt eivnhu vhe jn gnitnaikbn iestnnb. Oik fnnrpnricjne`nuvnas rn-hdnrne jn iegiatrhtinohejne eint znajne cp jn drnes tussne jn ocuwghsne ne napnejhe cf jin tn `nrbneene. Aikbsia`cunttne bueene cp nne driaaidn fheinr cpdn-ecfne zike ie snmuejhirn iegiatrhtinohejne ne jhhrjccr fcniaikb `nrbneohhr zike.]cfs is `nt `nan `nuvnaaim`hhf ie `nt bhjnr vhe jn snmuejhirn ocjnfvcrfieduitdnaccdj ne is jn prifhirn O-`crizcet jhhrjccr vnrstnrbt. Jht whs `nt dnvha oikjn ocvnednecnfjn `nuvna cp `nt ahejdcnj Jn Nnsn.

Oik drhg`nuvnas ie ocssne `noone wn tn fhbne fnt jn nggnmtne vhe jn jccr-wcrtnaied ne fnt nne ocjnfvcrfied, jin zc jinp bhe zike jht oik ahdn `nuvnas `ntcujn cppnrvahb eint fnnr `nrbneohhr is ne jn `nuvna ehtuuraikb aikbt. Nne vnrbne-eied vhe nne fcdnaikbn drhg`nuvna jccr nne nebnan sanug bhe jhe dnne znbnr`nijdnvne.

Nne hgwissnaied vhe nne ahedjuridn pnricjn vhe nijndrcni ne ondrhzied fnt jn

vcrfied vhe ocs, oikvccronnaj ie jn vcrf vhe nibnestruoone, bhe znnr dnmcfpai-mnnrjn nggnmtne `noone, zchas jn jccr fik onsprcbne ‐rikbsjhhajnrstrumtuur’.Fnjn jccrjht nr ie 897: ha nne niejn whs dnbcfne hhe `nt drcctsm`haidn ce-

jnrzcnb vhe drhg`nuvnas, is hhe `nt vnrsmìkesna vhe jn snmuejhirn ocjnfvcrfiedehjine wnieid hhejhm`t dnsm`cebne. @nt vnrjinet ehhr fike fneied ehjnr fcr-gcacdism` ne ocjnfbuejid cejnrzcnb. Jht dnajt uitnrhhrj ccb vccr jn prifhirnocjnfprcginane cejnr jn `nuvnas.



8=7

Zwnn trhjitins

Ie jn dnsmìnjneis vhe nt wntnesm`hppnaikbn drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb ie ces ahej bue-ene wn cejnrsm`nij fhbne tussne twnn trhjitins, jin wn jn Anijsn ne jn Drceiedsntrhjitin bueene ecnfne. Ie Anijne wnrj dndrhvne vheuit `nt _ikbsfusnuf vheCuj`njne (_FC), ie Drceiedne vheuit `nt Oicacdism`-Hrm`hncacdism` Iestituut

vhe jn _ikbsueivnrsitnit (OHI). Hhe jn Anijsn trhjitin zike jn ehfne vnrocejne vhe K.@. @cawnrjh ne zike fnjnwnrbnrs H.N. _nfcum`hfps, F.H. Nvnanie ne G.M.K.Oursm`, hhe jn Drceiedsn trhjitin jn ehfne vhe H.N. vhe Diggne ne zike annraie-dne @. Oruestied, T. Dahsonrdne, M.M.T.K. @iksznanr, \.K._. Fcjjnrfhe, M.D.N.ôones, K.J. vhe jnr Thhas, @.. Thtnrocab, K. Tiaanfs ne T.K.H. Tiaanfs.

Jn Anijsn trhjitin (89<7-89:>)

Ie jn khrne 89<7-8988 zike jccr @cawnrjh (89<4, 898<h, 898<o, 8988) drhg`nu-vnas cpdndrhvne ie @ccdscnrne, Einrsne, Whhssne, Nfst ne ^jjna. @nt dhht cfnne tcthha vhe ?4 drhg`nuvnas. Wccr zcvnr uit jn puoaimhtins hg tn anijne drhhgt ik iejn fnnstn dnvhaane jn `nuvnas ie ùe dn`nna hg, whhroik scfs nne mcfpannt jwhrs-prcgina wcrjt dntnbnej ne dnpuoaimnnrj. Jht ontnbnet jht ie jin dnvhaane nnrstjn nen `nagt, cg hat`hes nne sanug aheds `nt mnetruf zha zike uitdndrhvne. Ie nnenebna dnvha is `nt juijnaikb jht nne sanug fijjne jccr jn drhg`nuvna is dndrhvne(Whhssne tuf. 8). Hhe jn ehhf vhe @cawnrjh is jn ypct`nsn vhe jn bcnpnadrhvnevnrocejne. Ie 8989 wcrjt ìk onecnfj tct jirnmtnur vhe `nt _ikbsfusnuf vheCuj`njne, has cpvcadnr vhe zike vhjnr H.N.K. @cawnrjh.

@nt drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb wcrjt jhe wnnr cpdnphbt jccr zike fnjnwnrbnr_nfcum`hfps, jin ie Nrfnac ie 89?= hm`t drhg`nuvnas cpdrhhgt, ie haan dnvha-

ane fnt nne fijjnesanug, jin ie twnn dnvhaane wcrjt uitdnornij fnt nne `hhb-sn sanug. ]anm`ts twnnfhha puoaimnnrt ìk on`havn jn pahttndrcej ccb nne prcginajccr jn `nuvna (_nfcum`hfps 89?=). Ccb drhhgt ìk drhg`nuvnas cp ie Ahrne(_nfcum`hfps 89?7) ne Dciran (_nfcum`hfps 89?0).

Eh zike cvnraikjne ie 89?4 wcrjt nt drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb vheuit Anijne vccrt-dnznt jccr zike cpvcadnr Oursm` fnt ie 89?0 mhfphdens ie \uttne (8? nuvnas) ne]pnuajn (9 `nuvnas) ne ie 89?9 ie Cffne (nne `nuvna) ne Ccstnrned (: `nuvnas)(Oursm` 89==). Fnnstha ondiet ik fnt nne fijjnesanug, jin ik scfs uitornijt fntnne `hhbsn sanug. Ccb zine wn nne nebnan bnnr nne onwhhrjn fijjneprcginajhfie mcfoiehtin fnt twnn uitdndrhvne sndfnetne. wnnfhha wcrjt nne `nuvna vccr

jn `nagt cpdndrhvne, zcejnr jht nne prcgina wcrjt dnpuoaimnnrj. Wnrjnr zine wnnnefhha bruisnejn fijjnesanuvne. Ie jn fnnstn dnvhaane puoaimnnrt ik nne prcginajccr jn `nuvna.

Ie jn khrne 89=<-89=9 znt Oursm` zike drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb vccrt fnt cejnrfnnr mhfphdens ie Cctfhrssuf (89=<), Npn (89=8), Dhrjnrne (89=8), Nffne(89=8, 89=4), Fhruf (89=?), ]cnstnronrd (89=?), Css (89=?, 89=>), @iavnrsuf(89=:), What`n (89=4), @najne (89=0) ne @cnejnracc (89=9).

Neidn ievacnj vhe jn jccr Whe Diggne ie 8987 vccr `nt nnrst dnoruibtn ne iezike onbnejn ocnb Jin Ohuhrt jnr Nieznadrêonr vhe 89=< uitdnornij onsprcbnebwhjrhetnefnt`cjn zine wn eint. Ietndnejnna, `cnwna ìk fnnstha vccr jn fij-



8=4

jnesanug binst, drhhgt Oursm` scfs wnnr `nuvnas ie ùe dn`nna hg fnt ie jn puoai-mhtin `ccdstnes nne nebna fijjneprcgina.

Nne hphrtn vnrfnajied vnrjinet `nt cejnrzcnb jht ie 89== wcrjt vnrrim`t ieCss cp jn pahhts whhr oikzcejnrn vcejstne uit jn IKznrtikj whrne dnjhhe. Jit ‐vcr-stnedrhg’ is dnpuoaimnnrj jccr @cawnrjh (89=:), fhhr jn cpdrhvied is znnr whhr-

smìkeaikb ie gnitn vnrrim`t jccr Oursm` (Gcbbnes & Khesne ?<<:). Wheuit jn pahhtsvhe jn vcejst zike nne vikgtha rhjihirn sanuvne dndrhvne fnt nne ornnjtn vhe ? tct= f. Jhhrie wcrjne jn spcrne dnvcejne vhe twnn mcemnetrism`n drnppnas fnt nnejihfntnr vhe 4 ne >? f. Jccr nne vikgtha nxtrh rhjihirn sanugkns wcrjt `nt vnraccpvhe jn ouitnestn drnppna ehjnr onphhaj.

Ie 89:4 dhht jn cpdrhviedsjinest vhe `nt _FC cp ie jn ie jht khhr cpdnrim`tn_ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb.

Jn Drceiedsn trhjitin (vhehg 8987)

Jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjnWhe Diggne whs ie Drceiedne cpdnanij has oicaccd ne `hj zim` ie zike stujin-tikj vnrjinestnaikb dnfhhbt oik `nt cejnrzcnb vhe tnrpne. Whe 898?-898> whs ìkwnrbzhhf hhe `nt _ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne ie Anijne. Ie jin tikj zha ìk bne-eis noone dnecfne vhe jn wnrbwikzne jin @cawnrjh hj tcndnphst oik nt cejnr-zcnb vhe drhg`nuvnas. Eh nne mcegaimt fnt jn onijn @cawnrjh’s bnnrt Whe Diggneie 8987 tnrud ehhr Drceiedne. @ik `hj vhe zike annrfnnstnr K.F. Fcaa dnannrj jhtjn iewnejidn strumtuur vhe nne pahetnecrdhhe bhe wcrjne dnvcejne jccr vnr-smìaanejn jccrsenjne fnt nabhhr tn mcfoienrne. Jht priemipn phst ìk tcn oik `ntcejnrzcnb vhe drhg`nuvnas. Ha oik zike haanrnnrstn cpdrhvied vhe nne drhg`nuvna ie

8987 oik [nikne fhhbt ìk jn nandhetn mcfoiehtin vhe vahbbne ne jccrsenjne, jinonbnej is dnwcrjne has jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn . Jin fnt`cjn dnoruibt ìk ccb oikhejnrn `nuvnas jin ìk ie 8984 ne ie 8989 ie [nikne cpdrhhgt ne ccb oik jrin vhejn vinr ie 8980 cp `nt ahejdcnj Jn Nnsn cejnrzcm`tn drhg`nuvnas. Jit nnrstn ce-jnrzcnb vhe Whe Diggne wcrjt jccr phrtimuainrne dngieheminrj. \hs ie 89?< brikdtìk nne nidne iestituut hhe jn _ikbsueivnrsitnit vhe Drceiedne.

Ie ecvnfonr 8984 onsm`rikgt ìk zike fnt`cjn has vcadt (Whe Diggne 8980);

‐Jhhroik vcrfjn nt tne ehhstnoik onphane vhe nt fijjnapuet jne hhevhed. Jccr jht puet

wnrjne jhhreh twnn, rnsp. eccrj-zuij ne ccst-wnst vnracpnejn aikene dntrcbbne, wnabn jne

tufuaus ie vinr bwhjrhetne vnrjnnajne. Ehjht `nt eccrjccstnaikbn bwhjrhet dnanijnaikb whs hgdndrhvne, wnrj `nt zuijwnstnaikbn

nvnennes wnddnecfne. Cp jin wikzn bcejne rnnjs spcnjid jn twnn, ehhr jn wiejstrnbne

dnrim`tn hsprcnane cg vnrtimhan fijjnevahbbne ie ùe dn`nna onstujnnrj ne vhstdnandj

wcrjne.

Wnrvcadnes wnrjne jn rnstnrnejn bwhjrhetne nvnennes vnrwikjnrj, jcm` zcc, jht ie jn dn - ecnfjn hsaikene hatnrenrnej, strcbne vhe <.?< F. oanvne sthhe. Jnzn fnt`cjn, whhroik has

`nt whrn vinr fnjihen bruishrfne wnrjne uitdnsphhrj, anvnrjn drctn vccrjnane cp ne wnrj

ccb oik jn hejnrn tufuai fnt summns tcndnphst.’



8=0

Ie jn Ohuhrt vhe 89=< prnmisnnrt Whe Diggne jn wnrbwikzn. Has pahhts vhe `nthssnebruis ennft ìk nne puet jht 8<-?< mf eccrjccstnaikb vhe `nt smìkeohrnfijjnapuet vhe jn `nuvna aidt. Has nnrstn wcrjt eu eint `nt eccrjccstnaikbn fhhr`nt zuijwnstnaikbn bwhjrhet uitdndrhvne. Jccrjht jit wht drctnr is jhe jn hejnrnjrin is, dnzine ccb jn cvnr`nnrsnejn zuijwnstnaikbn wiej ie cezn strnbne, jn bhes

drcct jht ie jit bwhjrhet `nt ccrsprcebnaikbn fijjnapuet vhe jn `nuvna aidt nejus `nt mnetrhan drhg. Hhe jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn jhebt Whe Diggne zike ehhf has cpdrhvnr vhe drhg-

`nuvnas, fhhr wn fcntne eint vnrdntne jht ìk ie jn ondiekhrne ccb haanrani hejnrnfnt`cjne `nngt dnoruibt oik `nt cejnrzcnb vhe drhg`nuvnas.

Nxpnrifnetne fnt hejnrn fnt`cjne (8980-89?9)

Ie 8980 drhhgt Whe Diggne oik @hvnatn on`havn `nt drctn ùenonj J>= ccb 8=fnrnejnnas banien ne ahdn orhej`nuvnas cp, jin cp jn ehoikn @hvnatnronrd zikednandne. Jhhroik wcrjne vnrsmìaanejn fnt`cjne dnoruibt. [nvnefhha onpnrbt ik

zim` tct nne mnetrhha ie jn `nuvna dndrhvne rnm`t`cnbidn buia, jrinfhha drhhgt ìknne sanug fijjne jccr jn `nuvna, twnnfhha twnn nabhhr bruisnejn fijjnesanuvne.Nnefhha ahht ìk ie nne `nuvna nne mnetrhha bruis vhe prcginajhffne sthhe nedrhhgt jhe vinr bwhjrhetvcrfidn fctne uit, jin ib psnujcbwhjrhetne zcu wiaaneecnfne. Ints jnrdnaikbs `hj ìk ccb dnjhhe oik nne vhe jn vinr drhg`nuvnas cp `ntahejdcnj jn Nnsn, jin ìk nnrjnr jht khhr `hj cejnrzcm`t. Ie nne nebna dnvha mcf-oiennrt ìk nne fijjnesanug fnt nne cg fnnr psnujcbwhjrhetne. Oik dnne vhe jn`nuvnas wcrjt nm`tnr jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn tcndnphst.

@nt cejnrzcnb wcrjt phs dnpuoaimnnrj ie 89>8, shfne fnt jn rnsuathtne vhejn cpdrhviedne jin ie jn cfdnvied whrne vnrrim`t ie 89:=, 89:: ne 89:7 (Whe

Diggne 89>8). @nt dn`nna fhhbt hhe jn nen bhet jn iejrub vhe `hhstwnrb, hhejn hejnrn bhet aikbt nr tcm` ccb dnâxpnrifnetnnrj tn zike fnt vnrsmìaanejn wnrb-wikzne. Whe Diggne uit zim` jhhrcvnr eint. @ik zndt ie 89>8 cvnr `nt cejnrzcnb ie8980 haanne jht `nt ‐tnraccps’ whs dnonurj.

Wnrsmìaanejn vhe jn jccr `nf cp jn @hvnatnronrd dnoruibtn wnrbwikzne phstìk tcn oik zike ahtnrn cejnrzcnb. Jit oaikbt fntnne ha has ìk ie 8989 ie [nikne ccbtwnn orcestikjdrhg`nuvnas cejnrzcnbt. Oik jn nen drhhgt ìk nne sanug fijjne jccrjn `nuvna, oik jn hejnrn nne buia ie `nt mnetruf (Whe Diggne 89?<).

[ike bneenaikbn aust tct nxpnrifnetnrne zine wn ccb has ìk ie 89?? oik@hrnenrfcane nne `nuvna snmtcr-dnwiks cpdrhhgt, nne wnrbwikzn jin ìk ccb dn-

oruibt oik jn cpdrhvied vhe nebnan `nuvnas oik [nikne ie 89?= ne 89?: ne ccb ecdie 89?0 oik jn Becaan. Ie hgdnanijn vcrf zine wn jnzn fnt`cjn ie 89?4 dnoruibtoik `nt cejnrzcnb vhe nne drhg`nuvna ie Jrcuwne jin eint vcaanjid onwhhrj whs.

Ie 89?: ne 89?> ondiet Whe Diggne cpdrhviedne oik [nikne ne Jcebnrorcnbfnt `nt drhvne vhe nne fijjnesanug. Jin wnrbwikzn phst ìk ccb tcn oik zike ce-jnrzcnb ie Nnxt (89?4) ne Gcm`tnacc (89?0).

Ie 89?4 zine wn wnnr nne hejnr nxpnrifnet. @ik ondiet jhe jn cpdrhviedvhe nebnan drhg`nuvnas oik Nnxt ne Ahdn Wuursm`n fnt `nt drhvne vhe rhjihirnsanuvne.



8=9

Oik jn cpdrhvied vhe jn stnnebist`nuvna ie Jinvnr ie 89?9 vnrbnet ìk jn drctnne dhvn `nuvna jccr twnn phhr bruisnejn sanuvne cednvnnr jccr `nt fijjne vhejn `nuvna tn drhvne.

@nt is cpvhaanej jht wn vhe ha jht dnâxpnrifnetnnr fhhr wnieid tnrudviejneie jn tnbst vhe jn Ohuhrt , whhrie jn fnnstn vhe jnzn cpdrhviedne zike onsm`rnvne.

Ie jn ieanijied onsm`rikgt ne iaaustrnnrt Whe Diggne ehhst jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn ne jn snmtcrnefnt`cjn haanne ecd twnn fnt`cjne jin ìk ie jn prhbtikb `nanfhhaeint dnoruibt `nngt, ehfnaikb jn sndfnetne- cg smìkgfnt`cjn ne jn myaiejnrfhetna-fnt`cjn . @nt ehjnna vhe jn smìkgfnt`cjn , whhroik fne oik jn tcp ondieenej jndrcej smìkgsdnwiks hgdrhhgt, is vcadnes Whe Diggne jht `nt zim`t cp jn prcginanevnracrne dhht. @ntznagjn dnajt vccr jn myaiejnrfhetnafnt`cjn , whhroik fne hhejn vcnt ondieenej trhpsdnwiks riedne vhe hhrjn vnrwikjnrt tctjht tnesacttn ie `ntmnetruf nne zuia cvnroaikgt. Cvnr jn snmtcrnefnt`cjn sm`rikgt Whe Diggne jht jin`nt vccrjnna `nngt jht fne tikjnes `nt cejnrzcnb cvnr fnnr prcginane onsmìbt nebhe binzne whhr fne jin wia hheanddne. [n is vcadnes `nf nm`tnr juurjnr jhe jn

bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn ne bcst fnnr tikj.Jn onsprnbied vhe jnzn onijn eint dnoruibtn fnt`cjne jcnt fnrbwhhrjid hheie nt aim`t vhe jn cfsthejid`nij jht ik dnne nebnan hhejhm`t sm`nebt hhe jn vnanhejnrn wnrbwikzne jin ìk wna dnoruibt `nngt.

Whe jn =7 ie jn Ohuhrt onsm`rnvne drhg`nuvnacpdrhviedne zike nr sanm`ts twhhaguitdnvcnrj vcadnes jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn ne vinr vcadnes jn snmtcrnefnt`cjn.Jht is shfne fiejnr jhe jn `nagt! Ie vikg dnvhaane is ìk jn cpdrhvied ondceenefnt `nt drhvne vhe fijjnesanuvne, jin ìk scfs mcfoiennrt fnt hhevuaanejn(psnujc)bwhjrhetne cg snmtcrne. Ie jrin dnvhaane zine wn jn ha dnecnfjn nxpnri-fnetne fnt rhjihirn sanuvne. Ccb jrinfhha ahht ik ie jn nuvna bruisnejn prcgina-

jhffne sthhe. Winrfhha onpnrbt Whe Diggne zim` tct nne ie `nt `nuvnamnetrufdndrhvne rnm`t`cnbidn buia. Nnefhha jcmufnetnnrt ìk vhe nne aheddnrnbtn ahdn`nuvna haanne `nt vahb. Ie jn rnstnrnejn dnvhaane ontrngt `nt `nuvnagrhdfnetne jinfnt hj `cm fnt`cjne zike cpdndrhvne. Whe Diggne onsprnnbt ie `nt ocnb wna jnrnsuathtne vhe jn ontrnggnejn cpdrhviedne, fhhr ie dnne nebna dnvha aim`t ìk tcn,whhrcf ìk vccr nne onphhajn wnrbwikzn oik `nt cpdrhvne `nngt dnbczne.

Jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn wcrjt jn sthejhhrj

Eh 89=< dhht oik jn cpdrhviedne vhe Whe Diggne jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn cvnr-`nnrsne, ne `nt is jin fnt`cjn jin ìk jccr zike tnmèism` pnrscenna rcutienfhtid

ahht uitvcnrne ne jin ìk hhe zike annraiedne cvnrjrhhdt. Haanne wheennr cejnrdrctn tikjsjrub cpdrhviedne fcntne wcrjne vnrrim`t, zchas ie jn ccracdskhrne ie[nikne ne @hvnatn, vhat ìk scfs tnrud cp nnevcujidnr wnrbwikzne, zchas jn bwh-jrhetsanuvne, jn fijjnesanug cg jn fijjneprcginajhf.

Wccr nt cejnrzcnb vhe cvhan cg ahedwnrpidn nuvnas binst ik nm`tnr stnnjs vccrnne hphrtn wnrbwikzn, jin jn psnujc-bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn bhe wcrjne dnecnfj.Jhhroik oaikgt ie jn `nuvna nne bruis vhe prcginajhffne sthhe, vccrjht wcrjtcvnrdndhhe tct `nt cejnrzcnb vhe jn oikznttiedne. @ik phst jnzn wnrbwikzn ecdtwnnfhha tcn oik zike ahhtstn drctn cejnrzcnb ie 89>= cp `nt ahejdcnj @ccd`hane(Whe Wnne & Ahetied 8998). Wccr zcvnr ib zin `nngt Whe Diggne jn vccrbnur vccr

jnzn wnrbwikzn eccit tcndnaim`t.



8:<

Wccr zike cpdrhviedne onsmìbt Whe Diggne cvnr jccr `nf znag cpdnanij pnr-scenna, nne vccrdrhvnr ne nne tnbnehhr, jin ie jinest zike vhe jn êivnrsitnit. Iejn pnricjn vhe jn nxpnrifnetnan cpdrhviedne `noone zik nne drctn nrvhried cpdn-jhhe. Jn vccrdrhvnr dnngt anijied hhe jn iednùurjn pacnd hronijnrs ne vnrrim`tvhhb znag `nt sm`hhgwnrb. Jn tnbnehhr is vnrhetwccrjnaikb is vccr jn whtnrphssied,

`nt uitznttne vhe jn wnrbputtne ne `nt iefntne vhe jn vahbbne ne prcginane. Nnewntnesm`hppnaikb hssistnet `napt oik `nt iefntne, `nt cejnrzcnb vhe jn oikznttie-dne ne `nt onrdne vhe jn vcejstne. Tiaanf Dahsonrdne ne ib - ne cezn vccrdhe-dnrs - noone nt cpdrhvne ie gnitn dnannrj vhe vccrdrhvnr Khe Ahetied ne tnbnehhr@hrf \rhhfstrh, jin ie 89=9 Ahfonrtus \cstnfh whs cpdnvcadj. Whe Diggne vnr-trcuwt vcaanjid cp `ne has ìk eint pnrscceaikb hhewnzid bhe zike, wht ie jn nnrstnehccracdsn khrne `nt ecrfhan phtrcce is. Ie jin tikj is ìk onzid fnt haanrani crdh-eishtcrism`n bwnstins ne jn cpdrhvied vhe jn _cfniesn mhstnaah ie Whabneourd neWnm`tne. @ik bcft jhe haanne hg ne tcn aheds cf jn dhed vhe zhbne tn onsprnbne.Jhhrehhst is nr jhdnaikbs tnangceism` mcethmt.

Oik `nt rcutienfhtidn wnrbne vcadnes jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn `noone nebnanzwhb`njne ie jin wnrbwikzn cevcajcnejn hhejhm`t dnbrndne. Ie jn sactphrhdrhhgzha ib jhhr ehjnr cp iedhhe.

Einuwn spnanrs eh 89:>

Ie 89:4 ondiet jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb (_CO)`hhr wnrb. Whehg cbtconr 89:9 is zik ie Hfnrsgccrt dnvnstidj. Whe Diggne is `ntnnrstn `ccgj, fhhr oaikgt jhhrehhst jirnmtnur vhe `nt OHI. Ie jn khrne 89><-89>4dhht jn _CO cp vnrsmìaanejn pahhtsne ie Eccrj Orhohet drhg`nuvnas cpdrhvnecejnr anijied vhe Fcjjnrfhe, Oruestied (vnrocejne hhe nt _FC) ne @iksznanr(jirnmtnur vhe `nt _ikbsfusnuf wnetn ie Nesm`njn) (Fheb & Acno 894?). Ie89>? anijt Fcjjnrfhe drctn mhfphdens cp jn Wnauwn ie Nrfnac, ]pnuajn neNaspnnt (Fcjjnrfhe 89>:).

Wnrsmìaanejn cpdrhviedne jin ie jn khrne 89:4-89:9 vheuit Drceiedne cejnrsupnrvisin vhe Whe Diggne fnt tnmèism` pnrscenna vhe `nt OHI wcrjne vnrrim`t,zcujne ccb tct `nt wnrb vhe jn _CO bueene wcrjne dnrnbnej. Dahsonrdne isie jn khrne 89:4-89:9 has hssistnet vnrocejne dnwnnst hhe jn _CO, jn hutnur ie89:0 ne 89:9. Whehg 8 kheuhri 89>< sm`nijne jn wndne vhe jn _CO ne `nt OHIzim` wnnr vcaanjid.

Ie 89>?, 89>= ne 89>7 wcrjne jccr nt ccb jccr Whe Diggne dnanijn Iestituutvccr \rn- ne \rctcìstcrin vhe jn êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf (I\\) cejnr jnanijied vhe Whe jnr Thhas nebnan cpdrhviedne vnrrim`t cp jn Wnauwn ne ie Tnst-Grinsahej. Eh jn onecnfied vhe Dahsonrdne tct cpvcadnr vhe Whe Diggne pnr 8

kheuhri 89>4 cejnrzcnbt `nt I\\ ecd nebnan drhg`nuvnas ie Tnst-Grinsahej, oikEikfndne (]t. Tharimb) ne ie [uij-Aifourd (@casnt) (Jn Tnnrj 8978).

Has dhst vhe jn _CO drhhgt @iksznanr ie jn khrne 89>4-8978 nebnan drhg`nuvnascp oik Fhejnr ne Dhffnabn.

Jn cejnrzcnbnrs ie Hfnrsgccrt, Hfstnrjhf ne Nesm`njn zike haane annraiednevhe Whe Diggne ne wnrbne vcadnes jn Drceiedsn trhjitin.



8:8

Cvnrzim`t vhe jn wnrbwikzne

nr vccronrnijied vhe jnzn oikjrhdn `no ib nne cvnrzim`t dnfhhbt vhe jn ie jn khrne 89<7 tct ne fnt 897> cpdndrhvne ne dnpuoaimnnrjn drhg`nuvnas fnt nnesuffinrn hhejuijied vhe jn jhhroik dnoruibtn wnrbwikzne. Ib no fik onpnrbt tctjn drctnrn snrins ne jn vccr fik dnfhbbnaikb tcndhebnaikbn puoaimhtins. Jn urene-

vnajne fnt `ue fnnst znnr ahdn `nuvnas `no ib ouitne onsm`cuwied dnahtne.@nt ondiekhhr 89<7 is dnbczne cfjht jhe nt drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb nne wntne-

sm`hppnaikb bhrhbtnr brikdt jccr `nt wnrb vhe K.@. @cawnrjh. Ib vcad ie jit cp-zim`t jn fneied vhe Oruestied (89:4). Ie `nt cvnridnes ontrnbbnaikb wiaanbnuridnniejkhhr 897> wnrjne ie Nffnrsm`hes ne @ccdbhrspna ecd nebnan drhg`nuvnascpdndrhvne. Hhe `nt drcctsm`haidn drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb whs ie gnitn ha ie 89>:nne niejn dnbcfne. Eh 897> zike haanne ecd drhg`nuvnas cejnrzcm`t jin eint fnnron`cujne bcejne wcrjne.

@nt dn`nan fhtnrihha cvnrzinejn bcf ib tct nne tcthha vhe nag vnrsm`iaanejnwnrbwikzne. @nt dhht fik jhhroik cf jn dnpahejn wnrbwikzn zchas jin uit jn dn-

puoaimnnrjn pahttndrcejne ne prcginane bhe wcrjne hgdnanij. @nt jnthiacejnrzcnbvhe jn drhvne ne rhejstrumturne ahht ib ouitne onsm`cuwied. Whe nabn wnrbwikzndnng ib cp Gid. 8nne sm`nfhtism`n iaaustrhtin. Wnrjnr dnng ib nebnan vccronnajne nenne bcrtn onsm`cuwied vhe jn vccr- ne ehjnane.

Tnrbwikzn 8; tcthan hgdrhvied (Gid. 8.8)

Jn drhg`nuvna wcrjt ie zike dn`nna hgdndrhvne ne haanne `nt ohsisvahb wcrjt dn-tnbnej ne dnpuoaimnnrj (Gid. 8.8). Fne brikdt nne vcaanjid onnaj vhe `nt mnetrhandrhg ne nvnetunan ietnrfnjihirn ne pnrignrn strumturne. Jn cpocuw vhe jn `nuvna

oaikgt nm`tnr ouitne onsm`cuwied. Jnzn wnrbwikzn is dnoruibnaikb oik nt cejnrzcnbvhe jn fnnstha znnr ahdn, ne haanne uit drnppnadrcej cpdnocuwjn urenevnaj`nu-vnas. Wccr `nt cejnrzcnb vhe drctnrn `nuvnas jinet zn tn wcrjne hgdnwnzne, cf-jht dnne dndnvnes cvnr jn cpocuw vhe jn `nuvna ne `nt ocuwfhtnrihha wcrjnednjcmufnetnnrj.

Wccronnajne; @ccdscnrne, 89<7 (@cawnrjh 89<7)2 Tnnrjiedn tuf. I, 89?<(Whe Diggne 89=<)2 Nffne tuf. 8, 89=8 (Oursm` 89=7).

Tnrbwikzn ?; tcthan hgdrhvied, fnt fijjneprcgina (Gid. 8.?)

ikjnes nt hgdrhvne vhe jn dn`nan nuvna wcrjt nne fijjneprcgina dntnbnej (Gid.8.?h). Jit ontnbnet jht nnrst nne `nagt vhe jn `nuvna is hgdndrhvne, cg jht nnrst nnesanug fijjne jccr jn nuvna is dndrhvne. Ccb oik jnzn wnrbwikzn dhhe ecd vnna dn-dnvnes vnracrne. ]cfs vcasthht fne fnt nt hgdrhvne vhe nne havn nuvna, whhroikfnnstha dnne prcgina wcrjt dntnbnej (Gid. 8.?o).

Wccronnajne; Whhssne tuf. ?, 89<9 (@cawnrjh 89<9)2 Nffne tuf. :,89=8 (Oursm` 89=7)2 ]cnstnronrd tuf. ?, 89=? (Oursm` 89=:)2 `havn `nuvna;Ahujnrfhrbn tuf. III-08, 89=? (Whe Diggne 89=>).



8:?

Tnrbwikzn =; fijjnebuia (Gid. 8.=)

Ie `nt mnetruf vhe jn `nuvna wcrjt nne drctn vinrbhetn cg rnm`t`cnbidn buiadndrhvne (Gid. 8.=). Nebnan prcginane jhhrvhe wcrjne dntnbnej. Jnzn wnrbwikznbhe oik fnnrpnricjne`nuvnas nne znbnr vccrjnna `noone, cfjht jn tnvccrsm`ikebcfnejn mnetrhan drhvne fntnne ie `ue dn`nna bueene wcrjne oacctdnandj ne

Gid. 8; Fcdnaikbn wnrbwikzne oik hrm`ncacdism` drhnuvnacejnrzcnb



8:=

onstujnnrj, eint dnìejnrj jccr prcginajhffne. îtnrhhrj dhht jit tne bcstn vheiezim`t ie nvnetunan ietnrfnjihirn ne pnrignrn strumturne. Whe jn cpocuw vhe jn`nuvna brikdt fne dnne vcaanjid onnaj, ccb ha wcrjne jn prcginawhejne vhe jn buiadntnbnej. Nne vccrjnna oik tn rnsthurnrne `nuvnas is jht nne hhezineaikb jnna nrvheonwhhrj oaikgt vccr nvnetunna ahtnr cejnrzcnb.

Wccronnajne; @hvnatn tuf. II, 8980 (Whe Diggne 89>8)2 Heenrtca tuf. I, 89??(Whe Diggne 89=<)2 Nnxt tuf. ?, 89?4 (Whe Diggne 89=<).

Tnrbwikzn :; fijjnesanug (Gid. 8.:)

Fijjne jccr jn dn`nan `nuvna wcrjt nne sanug tct ie jn cejnrdrcej dndrhvne(Gid. 8.:h). Jnzn fijjnesanugfnt`cjn is vccrha vhe vccrjnna has `nt mnetruf zwhhronsm`hjidj is. Jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn vnrainst jhe `hhr onahedrikbstn guemtin. Jnornnjtn vhe jn sanug bhe fne hg ahtne `hedne vhe jn cfvhed vhe jn mnetrhan on-sm`hjidied. Fne brikdt eu ccb twnn vrik `cdn jccrdhhejn prcginane, hhe jn `hej

whhrvhe jn cpocuw vhe jn `nuvna bhe wcrjne onstujnnrj. Nne bruisnejn fij-jnesanug (Gid. 8.:o), `hhbs cp jn fijjnesanug sthhejn sanuvne cg psnujcbwhjrhe-tne (Gid. 8.:m) bueene jn jcmufnethtin mcfpantnrne. Wccr `nt vnrbneene vhe jncfdnvied vhe jn `nuvna bhe jn sanug wcrjne vnranedj (Gid. 8.:j).

Wccronnajne, zcejnr hhevuaanejn sanuvne ne/ cg bwhjrhetne; Whhssne tuf. 8,89<9 (@cawnrjh 89<9)2 @hvnatn tuf. III, 8980 (Whe Diggne 89>8)2 Jcajnrsuftuf. h, 89=4 (Whe Diggne 89=9o)2 fnt hhevuaanejn sanuvne ne/cg psnujcbwh-jrhetne; @hvnatn tuf. PIII, 8980 (Whe Diggne 89>8)2 [nikne tuf. II, 89?>(Whe Diggne 89=<)2 Nffnrsm`hes tuf. II, 897> (]whrt-\cnafhe 8974)2 fntbruisnejn fijjnesanug; @hvnatn tuf. !, 8980 (Whe Diggne 89>8)2 ]tndnrne

tuf. 8, 89?9 (Oursm` 89==)2 Hhajne tuf. III, 89=0 (Whe Diggne 89:<).

Nnefhha tcndnphst is nne vhrihet fnt phrne bruisnejn fijjnesanuvne(Jinvnr stnnebist`nuvna, 89?9) (Whe Diggne 89=<).

Tnrbwikzn >; wiebna`hhbvcrfidn sanug cg nebna bwhjrhet (Gid. 8.>)

@nt cejnrzcnb onpnrbt zim` tct nne wiebna`hhbvcrfidn sanug ie nne jnr bwhjrhe-tne (Gid. 8.>h). Jnzn wnrbwikzn is dnsmìbt vccr nne nnrstn vnrbneeied vhe jn hhrjne cpocuw vhe jn nuvna. [n bhe wcrjne uitdnornij fnt jn rnst vhe nt bwhjrhet(Gid. 8.>o) ne ahht jn fcdnaikb`nij cpne vccr nne vnrvcad fnt jn wnrbwikzne 4

ne 0 .

Wccronnajne, haanne wiebna`hhbsanug; ]cnstjikb II, 89?7 (Whe Diggne 89=<)2Nnxt tuf. [= ne [4, 89?4 (Whe Diggne 89::)2 Onrds`hf tuf. 0, 89=> (WheDiggne 89=4o)2 vcaanjid bwhjrhet; Tnnrjiedn tuf. II \hhsmònrd, 89=: (WheDiggne 89=7)2 Onrds`hf tuf. ?, 89=> (Whe Diggne 89=4o)2 Dhstnrne tuf. 0,89=9 (Whe Diggne 89:>).



8::

Tnrbwikzn 7; hgdrhvied fnt on`cuj vhe nnefijjneprcginajhf (Gid. 8.7)

Jnzn wnrbwikzn is vnrdnaikbohhr fnt wnrbwikzn ?, fhhr `nngt has vccrjnna jhttikjnes `nt drcctstn jnna vhe jn cpdrhvied twnn phrhaanaan prcginane vccr stujinonsmìbohhr oaikvne. [n ahht nm`tnr drctn jnane vhe `nt `nuvnaaim`hhf zcejnr

jcmufnethtin.

Wccronnajne; \uttne tuf. 8?, 89?0 (Oursm` 89==)2 Cctfhrsuf tuf. =, 89=<(Oursm` 89==)2 Npn tuf. >, 89=8 (Oursm` 89==).

Tnrbwikzn 4; hgdrhvied fnt on`cuj vhe bruisnejn prcginajhffne (Gid. 8.4)

Jnzn wnrbwikzn sthht jim`t oik jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn ne `nngt `nt vccrjnnajht fntnne fnnr prcginane vccr onstujnried onsmìbohhr bcfne (Gid. 8.4h). Fne

bhe zn ontitnane has jn psnujc-bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn . [n is hhednwnzne vccr `nt cp-drhvne vhe cvhan cg ahedwnrpidn drhg`nuvnas, whhroik `nt cp vccr`hej eint jui-jnaikb is whhr `nt mnetruf aidt. Ie jht dnvha is vhhb dnbczne vccr éée prcginajhfie jn anedtnrim`tied ne jwhrs jhhrcp twnn cg jrin prcginajhffne. Jccr jn wnrb-puttne uit tn ornijne tct vinrbhetne, m.q. rnm`t`cnbne bhe ccb nne onnaj wcrjnevnrbrndne vhe jn cfdnvied vhe jn `nuvna (Gid. 8.4o). Ccb vccr `nt cejnrzcnbvhe drhg`nuvnazcane is jit nne oruibohrn wnrbwikzn.

Wccronnajne, rcejn `nuvnas; @hvnatn tuf. W, 8980 (vhe Diggne 89>8)2 [niknetuf. o, 89=: (Whe Diggne 89=7)2 [nikne tuf. >4, 89:: (Whe Diggne 89:9o)2cvhan ne ahedwnrpidn `nuvnas; Tnnrjiedn tuf. II, 89?< (Whe Diggne 89=<)2

Nnxt tuf. IW, 89=< (Whe Diggne 89::)2 Cjccre Nppinsonrdkn 89=4 (WheDiggne 89=9h).

Tnrbwikzn 0; hgdrhvied vhe bwhjrhetne (Gid. 8.0)

Jit is jn bahssinb dnwcrjne bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn jin ìnrocvne ha onsprcbne is(Gid. 8.0h). Ie jn prhbtikb bhe fne zim` onpnrbne tct twnn cg jrin bwhjrhetne cgtct sanuvne aheds jn `ccgjprcginane, jin fne bwhjrhetsanuvne bhe ecnfne (Gid.8.0o). Wccr `nt vnrbneene vhe jn cfdnvied bhe fne jn prcginasanuvne vnranednene/cg nne cg fnnr bwhjrhetne uitornijne tct nne vinrbhet cg rnm`t`cnb (Gid. 8.0m).Ccb vccr `nt cejnrzcnb vhe drhg`nuvnazcane is jit nne oruibohrn wnrbwikzn.

Haanne vhe jn onpnrbtn ne jn uitdnornijn uitvcnried dnng ib ìnr nebnan vccr-onnajne; fnt bwhjrhetsanuvne Ahhd`hanrvnaj tuf. I, 89=< (Ahetied 894=),Ahujnrfhrbn tuf. IW-4, 89=? (Whe Diggne 89=>)2 fnt twnn bwhjrhetneAhujnrfhrbn tuf. I-88, 89=? (Whe Diggne 89=>)2 fnt uitdnornijn bwhjrhe-tne; @ccdnfinrjn tuf. h, 89=: (vhe Diggne 89=4h), @ccd`hane tuf. 7, 89>=(Whe Wnne & Ahetied 8998), Nap 89>9 (Thtnrocab 897:m).

Tnrbwikzn 9; hgdrhvied vih rhjihirn sanuvne (Gid. 8.9)

@nt drhvne vhe rhjihirn sanuvne is, zchas ìnrocvne rnnjs is vnrfnaj, jccr Whe

Diggne jrinfhha tcndnphst ie 89?4 (Gid. 8.9). Jnzn wnrbwikzn bhe fne ontitnanehas jn rhjihirn-sanugfnt`cjn . Jn wnrbwikzn `nngt jn vccrjnane vhe jn snmtcr-dn-



8:>

wikzn hgdrhvied jht vnna prcginane vccr cejnrzcnb tnr onsmìbbied bcfne ne jhtfne ùe pahhts bhe binzne, fhhr zn anijt tct mcfpaimhtins ie `nt mnetruf vhe jn`nuvna. _hjihirn sanuvne bueene euttid zike oik `nt vnrbneenejn cejnrzcnb vheznnr drctn coknmtne, zchas oik `nt Wcrstnedrhg vhe Css is dnsmìnj (@cawnrjh 89=:,Gcbbnes & Khesne ?<<:). Ccb vccr jn vnrbneeied vhe jn cfdnvied ne vccr jn

ijnetigimhtin has fceufnet vhe cejuijnaikbn cg zwhhr onsm`hjidjn nuvnas bhe ntdrhvne vhe nne cg fnnr rhjihirn sanuvne zike eut `noone.

Wccronnajne; Ahdn Wuursm`n tuf. I ne II, 89?4 (Whe Diggne 89=<)2 Nnxt-Bntneonrd, 89?4 (Whe Diggne 89=<), Css, 89== (@cawnrjh 89=:).

Tnrbwikzn 8<; hgdrhvied vhe snmtcrne (Gid. 8.8<)

Ccb jnzn wnrbwikzn, jn snmtcrnefnt`cjn , is ìnrocvne ha onsprcbne. Wccr zcvnr ibzin is zn eh Whe Diggne eint fnnr dnoruibt. Jn fnt`cjn `nngt nvnehas jn vcridnwnrbwikzn `nt ehjnna jht tikjnes jn cpdrhvied dnne hhennednsactne `crizcethan

vahbbne wcrjne vnrbrndne.

Tnrbwikzn 88; hgdrhvied vhe snxthetne (Gid. 8.88)

Jn nnefhha tcndnphstn hgdrhvied fnt (psnujc)snxthetne (Onrdnikb-Bhttneonrd)(Fcjjnrfhe 8974) is nne hetwccrj cp jn on`cngtn hhe fnnr prcginane oik drctn`nuvnas, fhhr anijt cevnrfikjnaikb tct nne cecvnrzim`tnaikbn situhtin ie `nt mne-truf vhe jn `nuvna (Gid. 8.88). [n onrust cp jnznagjn priemipns has jn bwhjrhe-tnefnt`cjn ne bhe wcrjne dnzine has nne vhrihet jhhrvhe.

Ehhr fike fneied zike nr vikg wnrbwikzne, jin has wntnesm`hppnaikbn fnt`cjn bue-

ene wcrjne hhednfnrbt cfjht zik `nt fcdnaikb fhbne cf hhe haan ie phrhdrhhg ?dnecnfjn hspnmtne vhe `nt drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb hhejhm`t tn sm`nebne; jn fij-jnesanugfnt`cjn , jn psnujc-bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn , jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn , jn rhji-hirn-sanugfnt`cjn ne jn snmtcrnefnt`cjn . Hg`hebnaikb vhe jn jcnastnaaied vhe `ntcejnrzcnb ne jn drccttn, vcrf ne tcnsthej vhe jn drhg`nuvna ne zike cfdnviedbhe jhhruit wcrjne dnbczne. Wccr vnrbneenej cejnrzcnb bcft ccb jn wnrbwikzn> (nne nebna bwhjrhet) ie hhefnrbied.

M`rcecacdism` cvnrzim`t vhe jn dnoruibtn wnrbwikzne

Ie jn hona 8 ne hona ? dnng ib pnr pnricjn vhe 8< khhr jn hhethaane bnrne jht jnvnrsmìaanejn wnrbwikzne ie jn prhbtikb zike dnoruibt. Ib `no nne sm`nijied dn-fhhbt tussne jn Anijsn ne Drceiedsn trhjitin. [chas ib ha hhedhg, onsmìb ib eintcvnr haan puoaimhtins ne bueene nne hhetha cpdrhviedne fik zike cetdhhe. Jn dn-thaane dnvne jus haanne nne dacohan iejimhtin vhe `nt dnoruib vhe jn vnrsmìaanejnwnrbwikzne ie jn accp vhe jn tikj. @nt cejnrzcnb vhe drhg`nuvnazcane `no ib oik`nt onphane vhe jn hhethaane ouitne onsm`cuwied dnahtne.

Oieene jn Anijsn trhjitin rim`t fne zim` hhevhebnaikb vccrha cp `nt ohsisvahbvhe jn drhg`nuvna, whhroik stnnjs vhbnr ccb nne fijjneprcgina wcrjt dnjcmufne-tnnrj. Oik `nt ahtnrn cejnrzcnb cvnr`nnrst jn fijjnesanug. Neidn ievacnj vhe jn

fnt`cjne vhe Whe Diggne is eint fnrbohhr.



8:7

Oieene jn Drceiedsn trhjitin dhht eh nne pnricjn vhe haanrani nxpnrifnetnejn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn cvnr`nnrsne, fhhr jn fijjnesanugfnt`cjn ne jn psnujc-bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn oaikvne jhhrehhst ie dnoruib. Cvnr `nt dn`nna dnecfne zikeoieene jn Drceiedsn trhjitin sanm`ts ruif 7< % vhe jn `nuvnas vcadnes jn bwh-jrhetnefnt`cjn cpdndrhvne. Jn nxpnrifnetne fnt jn snmtcrnefnt`cjn ne jn rhji-hirn-sanugfnt`cjn noone eint dnanij tct dnrndnajn tcnphssiedne. Jn fijjnebuia nejn fijjneprcginajhf zike nvnennes ouitne dnoruib dnrhhbt.

@nt hhetha cpdrhviedne jhhat spnmthmuahir eh 89>>.

Tnrbwikzn 89<7/8> 8987/?> 89?7/=> 89=7/:> 89:7/>> 89>7/7> tcthha

(8) haanne vahb 8> - 7 8 - - ??

(?) fijjneprcna > - 88 - - - 87

(=) fijjnebuia - - - - - - -

(:) fijjnesanug 8 0 =< ? - - :8

(>) nebna bwhjrhet - - - - - - -

(7) fijjneprcnajhf - - : = - - 4

(4) psnujcbwhjrhetne - - - - - - -

(0) bwhjrhetne - - - - - - -

(9) rhjihirn sanuvne - - 8 - - - 8

(8<) snmtcrne - - - - - - -

(88) snxthetne - - - - - - -

tcthha ?8 0 >? 7 - - 04

Zhona 8; Jn Anijsn trhjitin

Tnrbwikzn 89<7/8> 8987/?> 89?7/=> 89=7/:> 89:7/>> 89>7/7> tcthha

(8) haanne vahb - 8 : = ? - 8<

(?) fijjneprcna - - = = ? - 0

(=) fijjnebuia - 9 : - 8 - 8:

(:) fijjnesanug - 8< ?= 87 ? ? >=

(>) nebna bwhjrhet - - 9 : = 8 84

(7) fijjneprcnajhf - 8 > > - - 88

(4) psnujcbwhjrhetne - : 9 8< 8> 7 ::

(0) bwhjrhetne - 88 :7 8<< 98 4 ?>>

(9) rhjihirn sanuvne - - = - ? 8 7

(8<) snmtcrne - : > 8 - - 8<

(88) snxthetne - - - - 8 - 8

tcthha - :< 888 8:? 88: 84 :?:

Zhona ?; Jn Drceiedsn trhjitin



8:4

Nebnan zwhbbn bhetne vhe jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn

Jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn fhhbt jht fne tikjnes jn dn`nan hgdrhvied bhe onsmìb-bne cvnr twnn dnaikbwhhrjidn, jccracpnejn fijjneprcginane. Jit is vccrha vheonahed oik `nt cejnrzcnb vhe drhg`nuvnas fnt nne ceonsm`hjidj mnetruf. cm`banvne nr nebnan onzwhrne hhe jnzn wnrbwikzn, hat`hes ie jn vcrf zchas jin cejnr

Whe Diggne dnanijnaikb hhe ie jn prhbtikb jccr zike tnmèism` pnrscenna rcutienfh-tid wnrj uitdnvcnrj.

]nmuejhirn mnetrhan drhvne

]nmuejhirn mnetrhan drhvne jin ie ùe dn`nna oieene nne bwhjrhet aiddne ne jineint tct ie jn cejnrdrcej rnibne, bueene wcrjne dnfist. Dahsonrdne ne ib ce-jnrvcejne jht oik jn cpdrhvied vhe nne drhg`nuvna ie `nt Nnxtnrvnaj ie 89>>(Thtnrocab 89>4). ikjnes jn hgdrhvied vhe `nt zuijwnstnaikbn bwhjrhet vhe jnzn`nuvna wnrj ib dntrcggne jccr nne hgwikbnejn drcejbanur, jin fik hhe nne aikb-sia`cunt jnnj jnebne. @crizcethha vnrjnr drhvnej vcejne wn zc `nt snmuejhirn`ccgjdrhg vhe jnzn `nuvna. Jn phhabrhes aheds jn vcnt vhe jn `nuvna on`ccrjn oikjit drhg.

Jn prhbtikb whs dndrcnij jht nne bwhjrhet, oik jn vcnt ondieenej, ie zikedn`nna wnrj uitdndrhvne zcejnr nnrst cp `cdnr eivnhu `crizcethan vahbbne hhe tnanddne ne tn sm`hvne.

Tn bcfne ccb dnvhaane tndne whhrie nne snmuejhir mnetrhha drhg haanne dnzineis ie nne prcginawhej. Wccronnajne zike `nt snmuejhirn mnetrhan drhg ie jn `nuvnaoik jn Nnxtnr Wispahs (Whe Diggne 89=9m) ne `nt tnrtihirn mnetrhan drhg ie tuf. IIoik Heacc (Oruestied 89:=).

Zhednetihan ehoikznttiedne

Ccb thednetihan ehoikznttiedne, jin eint tct ie jn cejnrdrcej rnibne, bueenececpdnfnrbt oaikvne, has zn dn`nna oieene jn ondrnezied vhe nne bwhjrhet vhaanene jht bwhjrhet eint ahhdsdnwiks wcrjt vnrjinpt. Wccronnajne vhe haanne ie prcgin-ane dnjcmufnetnnrjn thednetihan ehoikznttiedne viejne wn ie jn puoaimhtins vhe

Thpsn-wnnâeohrd (Whe Diggne 89=7h) ne Tnstnrocrb-Dhadneonrd (Whe Diggne89=7m).

@nt is cg Whe Diggne zim` `nt prcoannf vhe fcdnaikb cecpdnfnrbtn ehoikznt-tiedne onwust is dnwnnst, whet wn zine `nf ha oik zike vrcndn cejnrzcnb scfs

nxtrh prcginane fhbne ie jn bwhjrhetne, zchas oik jn ie 89?8 cpdndrhvne `nuvna88? ie [nikne (Whe Diggne, 89:9). Ccb Whe Wnne ne Ahetied (8998) panitne vccrnxtrh rhjihirn prcginane ie jn bwhjrhetne.

Drhvne cejnr jn prcginajhffne

Oik `nt wnrbne fnt jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn bueene mnetrhan drhvne, jin cejnrprcginajhffne aiddne, wcrjne dnfist. Jit bhe fnt ehfn `nt dnvha zike has oik`cdn `nuvnas jn jhffne rnahting ornnj zike ne jn drhvne banie zike cg drctnejnnasouitne `nt [T-bwhjrhet aiddne. Ie jn prhbtikb acpne jn drhvne jhe jn bhes jhtzn eint tikjid wcrjne `nrbnej ne wcrjne onsm`hjidj. Jht dnvhhr is fiejnr drcctoik oikvccronnaj `nt drhvne vhe nne fijjnesanug (cg znags oik `nt drhvne vhe nne



8:0

fijjnebuia!), cfjht jhhroik jn mnetrhan drhvne ie ùe dn`nna cg drctnejnnas ieéée wnrbput bcfne tn aiddne. Jn situhtin is jhe vccr `nt cejnrzcnb vhe jn drhvnecvnrzim`tnaikbnr jhe oik `nt wnrbne vcadnes jn bwhjrhetne- ne psnujc-bwhjrhe-tnefnt`cjn, whhroik vnan prcginane ie `nt mnetruf shfnebcfne.

Oik jn drhg`nuvnas vhe @havn Fika-ctnrgcut (Dahsonrdne 89>:) onstcej jn

mnetrhan oikznttied oik tuf. 8: uit nne cejinpn buia, dnvuaj fnt `cutsbcca ne mrn-fhtinrnstne, fnt nne cfvhed vhe sanm`ts 0< x 0< mf, j.i. jnznagjn ornnjtn has jnprcginajhffne. Oik tuf. 8=, whhrie dnne mnetrhha drhg wnrj dnvcejne, bhe nnemnetrhan oikznttied fnt jnznagjn cfvhed zike dnfist.

Drhvne cp ocjnfeivnhu

@nt dnvhhr eint `nrbnej tn wcrjne is oikzcejnr drcct oik mnetrhan drhvne cp oc-jnfeivnhu, whhrvccr dnne buia is dndrhvne. Jn jcjne zike jhe oikdnznt cp `ntcujn cppnrvahb, ha jhe eint ie nne bist. Cfjht zn fnnstha stnrb zike vnrdhhe, zikezn jhe fcniaikb tn `nrbneene. Dahsonrdne ne ib `noone jht nrvhrne oik `nt ce-

jnrzcnb vhe `nt Nupne Ohrmìne, whhr hhe jn ohsis vhe jn `nuvna jccr znnr zcrd-vuajid nidne cejnrzcnb twnn aikbsia`cunttne wnrjne vhstdnstnaj, nne fnt ne nnezcejnr nne drhgdigt (Thtnrocab & Dahsonrdne 89>8).

Nne vcejstaccs mnetrhha drhg cp ocjnfeivnhu bhe wcrjne dnfist has `nt [T-bwhjrhet dn`nna wcrjt uitdndrhvne tctjht jn fnnstha ocetn `nuvnadrcej pahhtsfhhbt vccr jn fnnr `cfcdnen cejnrdrcej. Fne `nngt jhe nne ‐annsohhr’ vahbwhhrie phhabuiane, sthejspcrne ne riedsactne zim` juijnaikb hgtnbnene. Fhhr jhezit fne ha wna nebnan mnetifntnrs cejnr `nt eivnhu vhe nne nvnetunna mnetrhha drhgcp ocjnfeivnhu, whhrvhe jn prnminzn pahhts uitnrhhrj eint onbnej is! Ne has jhe`ntznagjn dnsmìnjt ie `nt EC-bwhjrhet bhe fne aim`t tct `nt cetornbne vhe nne

mnetrhan oikznttied mcemaujnrne. Juijnaikbn vccronnajne dnngt `nt cejnrzcnb vhe@havn Fika-ctnrgcut (Dahsonrdne 89>:). uf. 88 vnrtccet twnn grhhin phhabrhe-sne fnt ie `nt mnetruf haanne nne rnm`t`cnbkn vhe vinr phane. Oik tuf. 0 wnrjccb zc’e rnm`t`cnbkn vhe phane dnvcejne, fhhr eu wna shfne fnt nne mrnfhtin-oikznttied ie nne znnr cejinpn buia. Oik tuf. 88 zike jn mnetrhan oikznttiedne jhebneenaikb dnfist! Ne `ntznagjn bhe dnajne vccr nne rnnbs hejnrn `nuvnas zcejnrmnetrhha drhg zchas jn tufuai ?:, ?> ne =<. Fnt jn fcdnaikb`nij vhe drhvne cpocjnfeivnhu `cujt trcuwnes Dahsonrdne wna rnbneied.

Ie ùe puoaimhtin cvnr Whe Diggnes cpdrhviedne ie 89>= cp `nt ahejdcnj@ccd`hane onsm`rikvne Whe Wnne ne Ahetied (8998) vnrsmìaanejn dnvhaane, whhr-oik nne tn vnrwhm`tne mnetrhha bistdrhg cp ocjnfeivnhu has dnvcad vhe jn wnrb-wikzn vnracrne is dndhhe cg onsm`hjidj.

Ccb cdnesmìkeaikb drhgaczn `nuvnas najnrs, zchas jn drctn `nuvna 88? vhe[nikne (Whe Diggne 89:9), bueene drhvne cp ocjnfeivnhu `noone dn`hj, jin hasdnvcad vhe jn wnrbwikzn oik `nt hgdrhvne eint zike dnvcejne.

Jn cfdnvied vhe jn drhg`nuvnas

@nt sauitstub vhe fike pnrscceaikbn onfcniiedne fnt drhg`nuvnas whs jn cpdrh-vied vhe nne `nuvna uit jn Orcestikj oik Nap ie jn khrne 89>9-7? (Thtnrocab

897:m). Jn ahdn nuvna hj ib znag oik tcnvha cetjnbt ne ik stcej tcne cp nt puettn wcrjne hgdndrhvne jccr jn nidnehhr. Jn `nuvna whs cfdnvne jccr nne juoonan



8:9

phhabrhes. Jn hhewnzid`nij vhe nebnan nxtrh phane ouitne jn phhabrhesne anijjnnrtcn jht wn jn bwhjrhetne diedne uitornijne tct vinrbhetne. [c vcejne wn jnnnrstn ùizne uit jn Orcestikj ie ces ahej.

Drhg`nuvnas aiddne bneenaikb wna vhbnr ie nne wccednoinj. Ie jn einuwn Nffnrwccewikbne Hednasacc ne Nffnr`cut, whhr ie 89=8 ne 89=? jccr Oursm` (89=7)

drhg`nuvnas whrne cpdndrhvne, zike ie jn cefijjnaaikbn cfdnvied jhhrvhe ie jn khrne ’7< ne ’4< tha vhe ùispahttndrcejne uit jn Orcestikj cetjnbt (Bcci ?<<0).Oik jn cpdrhvied vhe nne drhg`nuvna oik Nfst ie 89?0 (Whe Diggne 89=<) oannbjn `nuvna hhe jn vcnt jccr stuigzhej tn zike onjnbt. @nt [T-bwhjrhet wnrjjhhrjccr ruifnr uitdndrhvne jhe eccjzhbnaikb. Fhhr jhhr wnrjne wna jn phha-buiane vhe twnn spinbnrs cetjnbt! Oik zike cpdrhviedne ie @ccd`hane ie 89>= `hjWhe Diggne zike bwhjrhetne scfs uitdnornij tct vinrbhetne (Whe Wnne & Ahetied8998). Oik `nuvna I uit jn Orcestikj vcej ìk zc ouitne jn `nuvna nne rik vhe vikgphane, jin ie `nt aim`t vhe cezn nrvhried ie Nap whhrsmìkeaikb hgbcfstid zike vhenne eint `nrbnejn ùispahttndrcej.

Jnzn ne hejnrn nrvhriedne tcene jht jn uitornijied vhe jn bwhjrhetne cgpsnujcbwhjrhetne tct vinrbhetne, m.q. jn vnranedied vhe jn fijjnesanug tct oui-tne jn `nuvna, nne sthejhhrjhmtivitnit zcu fcntne zike has nnrstn sthp ie jn vnrbne-eied vhe jn cfdnvied vhe `nt drhgfceufnet. nrnm`t sm`nebt `nt Anijsn prcknmtvnna hhejhm`t hhe jn shfne`hed vhe jcjneonstna ne onwceied.

]hfnevhttied

Jn hutnur cejnrsm`nijt nag wnrbwikzne jin ie nt vnranjne zike dnoruibt oik nt cp-drhvne vhe drhg`nuvnas ne onsprnnbt ue vccr- ne ehjnane. Oieene jn Anijsn trhji-tin wcrjt jn fijjnesanugfnt`cjn jn fnnst dnoruibtn wnrbwikzn. Oik `nt cejnrzcnbvheuit Drceiedne wcrjt hhevhebnaikb dnâxpnrifnetnnrj fnt haanrani vnrsmìaanejnwnrbwikzne, whhroik jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn dhht cvnr`nnrsne. Jhhrehhst oaikvne jnfijjnesanugfnt`cjn ne jn psnujc-bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn ie dnoruib. Jn hutnur wikstcp nebnan zwhbbn bhetne vhe jn bwhjrhetnefnt`cjn, zchas jin ie jn prhbtikbwnrj uitdnvcnrj.

Ectne

8 Oik jn vccronrnijied `no ib dnprctnnrj vhe jn vrhdne jin fik dnstnaj zike jccr Jhvij

Gcetike, hhe win ib nne nnrstn vnrsin vhe jnzn oikjrhdn hj dnzcejne. Gid. 8 is vnrvhhrjidjjccr Kc`heens . Thtnrocab.



8><

Aitnrhtuur

Oruestied, @., 89:=; Nne jrinpnricjne`nuvna, tufuaus II, oik Heacc, Dnf. Heacc.Einuwn Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb 78, 8<8-8<?.

Oruestied, @., 89:4; @nt drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb. Ie; @.N. vhe Dnajnr n.h. (rnj.), Nne

bwhrt nnuw cuj`nijbuejid ocjnfcejnrzcnb ie Enjnrahej . Fnppna, ??=-?>=.Oursm`, G.M., 89==; Jin Onm`nrbuatur ie jne Einjnrahejne. CF_CA E_ 8:,

=9-8?=.

Oursm`, G.M., 89=:; @nuvnacejnrzcnbiedne tn ]cnstnronrd. CF_CA E_ 8>, >:-7:.

Oursm`, G.M., 89=7; Drhgvcrfne vhe `nt Eccrjne CF_CA. E_ 84, >=-4? ne 80,89=4, :8-77.

Ns, T.H. vhe, 894?; `n cridies hej jnvnacpfnet cg t`n ]thtn ]nrvimn gcr Hrm`hncacdimhaIevnstidhtices ie t`n Ent`nrahejs. Onrim`tne _.C.O . ??, 84-48.

Gcbbnes, @. & _. Khesne, ?<<:; @nt vcrstnedrhg vhe Css. Nne hrm`ncacdism`n spnurtcm`tehhr nne prnìstcrism` drhgvnaj. ^trnm`t.

Gcetike, J. (rnj.), ?<8<; Aivied enhr t`n Jnhj. `n ohrrcw nxmhvhtices cg _`nene-Nast;twc fiaaneeih cg ouriha hej `hoithtice ce t`n ^trnm`tsn @nuvnarud . Anijne.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 8980; Ondie vhe nne cejnrzcnb vhe jn ‐jn zccdnehhfjn vccrfhaidn_cfniesm`n andnrpahhts’ ne hhednandne drhg`nuvnavnaj tn [nikne. Einuwn Jrnetsm`nWcabshafhehb =7, 8=>-84>.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89?<; Drhg`nuvnas uit jne vrcndne orcestikj oik [nikne (Wccraccpidonrim`t). Einuwn Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb =0, 89?<, 8??-8:7.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=<; Jin Ohuhrt jnr Nieznadrêonr. Onitrhd zur Bneeteis jnr êatnrneiejivijunaane Drho`ñdnastrubturne ie jne Einjnrahejne (6 Fheeus Oioaict`nb ::& :>). Anipzid.

Diggne, H. N. vhe, 89=>; @nt drhgvnaj ie jn Ahujnrfhrbn. Ocuwstcggne vccr jnDrceiedsm`n Cnrdnsmìnjneis (II).

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=7h; Jn ‐wnnâeohrd’ ne `nt brieddrnpurenevnaj cp jn Cnrne tn Thpsn, Dnf. Jinvnr. Einuwn Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb >:, 47-9:

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=7o; Jn Dhadneonrd tn Tnstnrocrb, Dnf. Tnstnrocrb. Einuwn

Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb >:, 8<8-8<=.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=7m; Jn ]tnnebrhes`nuvna ne jn \hhsmònrd tn Tnnrjiedn, Dnf.Nffne. Einuwn Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb >:, 88?-887.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=4h; Ocuwstnnene vccr jn Orhohetsm`n Cnrdnsmìnjneis . îtdhvn\rcviemihha Dnecctsm`hp vhe Buestne ne Tntnesm`hppne ie Eccrj-Orhohet.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=4o; ufuaicpdrhviedne ie Dnajnrahej. Dnarn :<, 8-87.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=9h; @nt zde. Nppinsonrdkn tn Cjccre, Dnf. Cjccre. EinuwnJrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb >4, ?-8>.



8>8

Diggne, H.N. vhe 89=9o; Jn tufuai h ne o tn Jcajnrsuf, Dnf. Wanjjnr. EinuwnJrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb >4, 8>-87.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=9m; Nne twnnpnricjne-`nuvna ne twnn stnnebrhes`nuvnas oikNnxt, Dnf.Heacc. Einuwn Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb >4, 7-9.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89:<; Drhg`nuvnas (I-IW) ne brieddrhgvnaj oik Hhajne, Dnf.[wnnacc. Einuwn Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb >0, 89:<, ?<?-?<4.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89::; Jn zuijnaikbn tufuaidrcnp cp `nt Nnxtnrvnaj, Dnf. Heacc.Einuwn Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb 7?, 8=8-8==.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89:>; @nt brieddrnpurenevnaj ne jn drhg`nuvnas C.[.C. vheDhstnrne, Dnf. Heacc. Einuwn Jrnetsm`n Wcabshafhehb 7=, 79-8:4.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89:9h; @nt ‐Eccrjsn Wnaj’ oik [nikne, Dnf. Wrins. Cpdrhviedne ie89::. Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 74, 9=-8:>.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89:9o; Nne vinrpnricjne-tufuaus fnt prifhirn bacbonbnr`nuvnaoik ]m`hhib, dnf. Css. Orhohets @nnf 8, 74-4:.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89>8; Jn @hvnatnronrd ne cfdnvied oik @hvnatn, Dnf. @hvnatn.Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 79, 94-8=4.

Dahsonrdne, T., 89>:; Ohrrcw Nxmhvhtices ie t`n Nid`t Onhtitujns. `n Orcezn HdnMnfntnry ontwnne ctnrgcut hej @havn Fika, Ecrt` Orhohet. \hahncìstcrih ?, 8-8=: ne =, 8-?<:.

Dahsonrdne, T & @.Z. Thtnrocab 89:7; @nt ‐Nupne Ohrmìne’ hhe jn ^ggnatnrBnrbwnd oik @hvnatn. Nrimh ? (?), =7-=9.

Dahsonrdne, T. & @.Z. Thtnrocab 89>8; ]m`hhrsonrdne. Ie; \. Dahznfh,Cuj`nijbuejidn cejnrzcnbiedne ie jn prcviemin Dnajnrahej dnjurnejn jn khrne89:7 t/f 89><. Dnarn >8, 09-99.

@cawnrjh, K.@., 89<4; Drhg`nuvnas oik @ccd-]cnrne. CF_CA ?, 4-8<.

@cawnrjh, K.@., 898<; Cpdrhviedne ie jn @nrtnebhfp oik Whhssne. CF_CA :,8-=<.

@cawnrjh, K.@., 8988h; Cpdrhviedne oik Einrssne. CF_CA >, 8-:.

@cawnrjh, K.@., 8988o; \rnìstcrism`n enjnrznttiedne hhe `nt jjnanrfnnr. CF_CA

>, 8-84.@cawnrjh, K.@., 89=:; Nne vrcnd-Dhaaism` vcrstnedrhg oik Css (E.O.). CF_CA E]

8>, =9->=.

@cawnrjh, K.@. & F.H. Nvnanie, 8988; Cpdrhviedne oik `nt @henejcrp (Nfst).CF_CA >, 8988, 80-??.

@cawnrjh, K.@., 898?; Cpdrhvied hhe `nt ^jjnanrfnnr. CF_CA 7, 8-87.

Bcci, \.O., ?<<0; Enjnrznttiedne uit jn orcestikj ne ikznrtikj ie Hednasac-Nffnr`cut(Dnf. Nffne). \hahncìstcrih :9/><, =?4-=4=.



8>?

Ahetied, K.E., 894=; Ahht-Encaitìmuf ne Wrcndn Orcestikj ie Enjnrahej ne ET-Juitsahej. \hahncìstcrih 8>, ?8>-=84.

Ac`cg, N., 8998; Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejnried ie jn orcestikj vhe Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej . Hmhjnfism` prcngsm`rigt êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf.

Fheb, T.M. & D. Acno, 894?; _CO Nxmhvhtices 89:4-8948. Onrim`tne _.C.O . ??,8=4-879.

Fcjjnrfhe, \.K._. 89>:; Drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb ie Fijjne-Enjnrahej. Onrim`tne_.C.O . >, 4-::.

Fcjjnrfhe, \.K._., 8974; `n Bhttneonrd hej t`n ‐Jn \hha’ ureginaj enhr Onrdnikb(Ecrt` Orhohet). Onrim`tne _CO 84, >9-7=.

_nfcum`hfps, H.N., 89?=; Jn muatuur jnr bcnpnadrhg`nuvnas. Cpdrhviedne ehoikNrfnac CF_CA E_ :, 8-?7.

_nfcum`hfps, H.N., 89?7; Cpdrhvied vhe nne urenevnaj tn Dciran (E.O.). CF_CAE_ 4, 9?-8<9.

_nfcum`hfps, H.N., 89?0; Drhg`nuvna-cejnrzcnbiedne. CF_CA E_ , 9, >0-4:.

]whrt-\cnafhe, K.F., 8974; Drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb ie jn Nffnrjneene. EinuwnJrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 0>, 894-?<7.

Z`nueissne, N.F., 8999; Fijjne-orcestikjshfneanviedne ie `nt zuijne vhe jn AhdnAhejne. Nne nvhauhtin vhe `nt ondrip ‐@iavnrsuf-Muatuur’ . Anijne.

Wnne, F. vhe & K.E. Ahetied, 8998; H Drcup cg tufuai ce t`n ‐@ccd`hane’ nsth-tn enhr @ikbne (fueimiphaity cg Oniane, prcviemn cg Jrnet`n, t`n Ent`nrahejs).

\hahncìstcrih =8, 898-?=:.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., 89>:; Jn prhnìstcrism`n fnes ne zike fiainu. Nne phayecacdism` ce-jnrzcnb ehhr jn fnesnaikbn ievacnj cp jn pahetnedrcni vhe jn jiauvihan drcejne ieEnjnrahej. Hmhjnfism` prcngsm`rigt Drceiedne. Hssne

Thtnrocab, @.Z., 89>4; Drhg`nuvnacpdrhviedne ie jn dnfnnetn Heacc. I. @nt cejnr-zcnb. Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 4>, ?=-:8.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., 897:h; Nie Drho`ñdna hug jnf Dut ‐Jn Nnsn’, Dnf. Wanjjnr, \rcv.Jrnet`n. \hahncìstcrih 8<, 48-07.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., 897:o; \cjscainruedsnrsm`nieuedne oni Drho`ñdnae. \hahncìstcrih 8<, 04-8<?.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., 897:m; `n Orcezn Hdn snttanfnet cg Nap. @naieiuf :, 94-8=8.

Thtnrocab, @.Z. & T. Dahsonrdne, 89>8; @nt ‐Nupne Ohrmìne’. Einuwn JrnetsnWcabshafhehb 79, 88:-8?:.

Tnnrj, F.J. jn, 8978; Cpdrhviedne vnrrim`t jccr `nt I.\.\. Ie; T. Dahsonrdne & T.Drcnefhe-vhe Thhtnriedn (rnj.), Ie `nt vcntspccr vhe H.N. vhe Diggne. Drceiedne,87-?<.



8>=

Z @N HEMN]ZC_] ENH_OY

Z`n jcfnstim hej guenrhry ahejsmhpn cg Hednasac-Nffnr`cut

]. Hrecajussne & N.N. ]m`nnan

Ietrcjumtice

Juried t`n `hag jnmhjn anhjied up tc Nrim Ac`cg’s (8998) jissnrthtice, `n whscen cg t`n girst tc jnvctn sideigimhet sminetigim httnetice tc t`n rim` ouriha rnmcrjcg t`n nxmhvhtice ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut. Enmnssithtnj oy urohe jnvnacpfnetcg t`n mity cg Nffne, h gcrfnr `nhtàhej hrnh cg m. 88< `h whs tc on jisturonjhej whs mcesnqunetay orcud`t tc t`n httnetice cg t`n hrm`hncacdists cg t`nDrceiedne Iestitutn gcr Hrm`hncacdy. `n pctnetiha hrm`hncacdimha rimènss cg tìshrnh whs harnhjy iejimhtnj oy nxmhvhtices cg snvnrha prnìstcrim ohrrcws scut` cgt`n Nffnrjneene oy G.M. Oursm` (89=72 89=4). Mcesijnried t`n ahrdn sphtihanxtnet cg t`n mcestrumtice wcrbs, supnrvisice cg t`n jiddied cg t`n prcspnmtivnrchj trhknmtcrins whs cptnj gcr, out ie acmhtices w`nrn hfpan hrm`hncacdimha rn-

fhies wnrn uemcvnrnj, fcrn ahrdn-smhan nxmhvhtices mcuaj on uejnrthbne (Gid. 8).Ontwnne 897< hej 8970 h surghmn hrnh cg m. 8?,9 `h whs uemcvnrnj tc stujy t`nsnrnfhies, uejnr t`n supnrvisice cg K.J. vhe jnr Thhas cg t`n Drceiedne Iestitutncg Hrm`hncacdy. êgcrtuehtnay, ceay prnaifiehry rnsuats wnrn puoais`nj oy Whejnr Thhas (897?2 897=2 89742 89702 Whe jnr Thhas & Outanr 8947, mg. _uitnr &]whrt-\cnafhe 8974). Ie crjnr tc mcfpantn ìs hehaysis cg Orcezn Hdn fcrtu-hry trhjitices ie t`n ecrt`nre Ent`nrahejs, Ac`cg (8998h-o) t`nrngcrn ennjnjtc stujy t`n cridieha jcmufnethtice hej prnaifiehry puoaimhtices tc jntnrfienwìm` ohrrcws `hj Orcezn Hdn usn-p`hsns (thoan 8).

Hs Ac`cg ’s (8998) jissnrthtice gcmussnj ce t`n Orcezn Hdn tufuai, ceay 8>

cg h tctha cg 8<7 iejivijuha guenrhry fceufnets ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut wnrnstujinj. Ie tìs mcetrioutice, wn wcuaj aibn tc prnsnet t`n iegcrfhtice ce t`n jn-vnacpfnet cg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut guenrhry ahejsmhpn hs h w`can, hej grcfh jihm`rceim pnrspnmtivn. Ect ceay jcns tìs haacw gcr h onttnr pnrmnptice cg t`njnvnacpfnet cg t`n guenrhry ahejsmhpn, out fcrncvnr it haacws tc netwien tìs jn-vnacpfnet wit` t`ht cg t`n nquhaay uoiquitcus snttanfnet rnfhies (t`ht wnrn cw-nvnr hasc ect puoais`nj ie guaa up tc quitn rnmnetay2 Bcci ?<<0o). Hrduhoay quitnueusuhaay (Ocurdncis & Hrecajussne ?<<7, nsp. 8=2 Ocurdncis & Gcetike ?<<4),t`n nxmhvhtices cg Hednasac-Nffnr`cut haacw tc jntnrfien w`nt`nr Orcezn

Hdn ohrrcws wnrn nrnmtnj quitn macsn tc mcetnfpcrhry ghrfstnhjs (hs fcjnas gcr

Orcezn Hdn snttanfnet jyehfims wcuaj `hvn it2 Hrecajussne ?<<0, 0>2 ?4<-?4?,mg. @hrsnfh 890?, 8>72 Bcane ?<<>, 8:>). It is phrtimuahray t`n pcssioiaity tc stujy



8>:

tuf. I

?9

?0

?8

:h 7

:

:'>

8?8<

87

?4

084

9

m`habpits

?:or. 8<

or. 88or. 8?

or. 0or. 9

or. >or. 7

or. 8:

Cs. ?0

Cs. 80

Cs. 4

C s. = C s. :Cs. ?

Cs. 84

84

tuf. PI

Cs. 8: Cs. 8>

Cs. 8?

Cs. 87

Cs. >

Cs. 8<

Cs. 9

Cs. ?8

Cs. ?4

tnanp`cen

ouiajied

88h

80

Cs. ?9

Cs.?:

Cs. ?? Cs. ?=

Cs. 88

J:7

Cs. 7

or. =

tuf. IW

?:h

87

gaht o

8:

tuf. III

8889

Cs. ?> Cs. ?7

rchj IW

rchj III

Cs. ?<

Cs. 89

or.?8or. :

??

ureginaj Orhejs

?<or. 8

I 8>

8<

8=

gaht hCs.>

Cs. 0

409

7

rchj II

: =

tuf WIII

rchj I

? 8

Cs. 8

II

tuf W

or. 8>

J:4

III?=

or. 8=

Nffnrjneene

tuf. III

pnht II

4

7

88

8=

?>

8>

?=

8:

?7

pnht III

?? f ?= f ?: f ?> f

?: f

?> f

?7 f

?= f

?: f

?> f

?7 f

?>< f<

?>9<<< ?>9><<

> = : < < <

> = : > < <

> = > < < < tuf .II

Oursm` 89==

pnht I

Hednasac

Nffnr`cut

tuf. I

or. 4

Gid. 8 Cvnrvinw cg t`n nxmhvhtice trnem`ns (oahmb cutaiens, trnem` ahonas ie drny) hej fhie

guenrhry fceufnets (`hagtcen drny wit` w`itn cutaien) ie t`n Hednasac (scut`nre phrt) -

Nffnr`cut (ecrt`nre phrt) urohe jnvnacpfnet hrnh. Z`n mcetcurs s`cw t`n hatitujn ie

fntnrs hocvn J.C.J. gcr t`n fimrc-tcpcdrhp`im ahejsmhpn pricr tc t`n 897<-894<’s mcestrum-

tice wcrbs.

Zhoan 8 (rid`t phdn). Aist cg guenrhry fceufnets ie t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh wit` t`nirmcffce ahonas, Ac`cg (8998h-o) eufonrs hej fhie rngnrnemns.



8>>

A ho na A c ` c g-e c . C t` nr aho nas (Ie itih a) p ` hsn C t` nr p ` hsn s _ nf hrbs _ ngnrne mns

J: 7 Hednas ac E /

Gcbiednrs ahd)

GO M Zyp n H - phsshdn drhvn Whe D iggne 89?>-89?42 B acb 8949, 887-8? <2 Whe

Diebna , Khdnr & Whe jnr ]hejne 8999, 800

J: 4 Hednas ac [ /

@hsnahmbnrs)

GO M Zyp n H - phsshdn drhvn Whe D iggne 89?>-89?42 B acb 8949, 887-8? <2 Whe

Diebna , Khdnr & Whe jnr ]hejne 8999, 800

a` v Ecrt` cg J:7 (uejnr

'tuf PIII')

G OM (A @W ) A htn @ hvn atn p nric j p it w it` m caah rn j gahsb W he j nr T hh as 8 97 4, = 0

a`v8? Ahtn @hvnatn pnricj

g aht -drhvn

GO M (A@ W) Ahtn @ hvnatn pnricj gah t-drhvn Ohbbn r & Whe jnr T hhas 8 94=, 89 gid . =

a`v8= Ahtn @hvnatn pnricj

g aht -drhvn

G OM (A @W ) A htn @ hvn atn p nric j gah t-d rh vn 2 ` hvn atn p nric j o cw a

& oumbnt vnssna

Ohbbnr & Wh e jnr Th has 894=, 89 g id. =2 ?: g id. 0

a`v8: Ahtn @hvnatn pnricjg aht -drhvn GO M (A@ W) Ahtn @ hvnatn pnricj gah t-drhvn Ohbbn r & Whe jnr T hhas 8 94=, 89 gid . = 2 ?> gid . 9

I <49-8/? Zuf. I (Hednas ac-

Nffnr`cut o acmb 8)

F OH F OH -O Z wc p `h sn s c g w ij nay s ph mn j p cs t m irm an s, 0 -8 :

thednet iha drhvns, ect jismussnj ie tnxt

Ac`cg 8998o, =72 Whe jnr T hhas 897<, ?=92 Whe jnr

T hhas 897?, =<4-=<0

II <0 <‘8 / ? Z u f . I I H ed n a sa c -

Nffnr`cut

3 3 A E /N O H 3 3 F O H - H 2 F O Z - H /F O H - O Z ` r n n p n r ic j o h r rc w 2 m r n f ht ic e c e b e n n s, h f o n r

onhjs

Ahet ied & Fccb 8944, 88?2 Ahet ied & Whe jnr \a im`t

?<<=, 89<2 Ac`cg 8998o, =7-=42

Whe jnr T hhas 897=, ?>8-?>?2 Whe jnr T hhas

8974, ?8<

III < 0 8 - ? Z u f . I II H e d n as a c-

Nffnr`cut

3 3A E /N O H/ FO Z3 3 F O H- O F c ue j p n ri cj s u em an h r2 j c uo an m rc um `n j

ieùfht ice drhvn fhy on g i rs t 2 mrnfht ice ce benns,

hfonr onhj

Ac`cg 8998o, =42 Whe jnr T hhas 897=, ?>8-?>?2 Whe

jnr T hhas 8974, ?8<

IW < 0 ? - < Z u f . I W H e d n as a c-

Nffnr`cut

F OH (-O 3) C eay th ed ne tih a d rh vn s be cw e, sc p nr` hp s c rid ie haay

twc fcuej pnr icjs3

Ac`cg 8998o, =4-=02 Whe jnr T hhas 897=, ?>8-?>?2

Whe jnr T hhas 8974, ?88

W < 0 = - < Z u f . W H e d n as a c-

Nffnr`cut

F O H- H F O H- H/O Z he dn et ih a d rh vn s s hf n c rin et ht ic e h s m ne tr ha

drhvn2 h a sc FOH-H3

Ahet ied & Whe jnr \a im`t ?<<=, 89<2 Ahet ied & Fccb

8944, 88=2 Ac`cg 8998o, =02 Whe jnr T hhas 897=, ?>8-

?>?2 Whe jnr T hhas 8974, ?88-?8?

WI <9<-8/? /= Zuf. W I Hednas ac-

Nffnr`cut

F O H -O F O H -O 2 F O H -O Z ` rn n f c u ej p n ri cj s w it ` w ij n ay s p hm n j p c st -

m irm ans2 gcur thednet iha drhvns

Ac`cg 8998o, :<2 Whe jnr T hhas 8974, ?88-?8?

WI I < 0 9 - < Z u f . W I I H e d n as a c-

Nffnr`cut

F OH -O Tij nay s ph mn j p cs t-m irm an 2 tn eth tiv n d rh vn A c` cg 8 99 8o , : <2 W he j nr T hh as 8 97 4, ? 88 -? 8?

WIII <0:-?/= Zuf W I I I Hednas ac-

Nffnr`cut

] D M F O H- H2 F O Z- O E ie n F O H t he dn e ti ha d rh vn s c e t cp c g ] D M p nr ic j

ohrrcw

Ahet ied & Fccb 8944, 88=2 Ahet ied & Whe jnr \a im`t

?<<=, 80<2 Ac`cg 8998o, =02 Whe jnr T hhas 8974, ?88

IP < 9 8 - < Z u f . I P H e d n as a c-

Nffnr`cut

F O H(-H /O 3) Mnetrh a ieù f htic e w it` snmc ej sbu aa Ac`cg 899 8o, =9

P < 9 ? - ? Z u f . P H e d n as a c-

Nffnr`cut

] DM F OH -O Z `rn n F OH (-O ) th ed ne tih a d rh vn s c e tc p c g ] DM

pnricj ohrrcw

Ac`cg 8998o2 Whe jnr T hhas 8974, ?88 ?2 Ahet ied &

Fccb 8944, 88?.

PI < 0 > - < Z u f . P I H e d n as a c-

Nffnr`cut

F O H (- H 33 ) F O H (- O 33 ) Z w c m n et rh a h e j c e n t he d he ti ha i et nr f ne t A c `c g 8 9 9 8o , = 0 -= 9 2 _ u it nr & ] w hr t \ c n af h e 8 9 74 ,

898-894

PI I < 9 = - ? Z u f . P I I H e d n as a c-

Nffnr`cut

N OH ( mc w!) F OH F OH o ch rj nj d rh vn w it` o rc ez n rie d A c` cg 8 99 8o , : 82 W he j nr T hh as 8 97 4, ? 8< 2 W he j nr

T hhas 8970, 89:

PIII Hed. PI I I Hednas ac-

Nffnr`cut

Z _O F OH 33 Z _O gah t d rh vn , w it` j uo ic us p cs t- mir man A he tie d & F cc b 8 94 4, 8 8? 2 W he j nr T hh as 8 97 4, ? 88 -

?8 ?

h Drhvn 'H' ie Hed.

Zrnem` =

F OH-F IH33 _ ied j itm`; guenrh ry guemtice hssuf nj Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = A .

o Drhvn 'O' ie Hed.

Zrnem` =

F OH -O Irrn du ah r (rc uj nj tc su o-rn mth ed uah r) j itm` , mu t o y

`cusn2 g uenrhry guem t ice hssufnj

Bcci ?<<0o, Gid. = A.

m Drhvn 'M ' ie Hed.

t rnem` :

] DM 33 (3 3F OH 33 ) J nn p m cggie d rh vn w it` o nh bn r (p rn su fh oay ] DM ,

tnetht ivnay FOH)

Ohbbnr & Whe jnr Thhas 894=, 89 g id = drhvn 8>2 Bcci

?<<0o, Gid. = A.

j Drhvn 'J ' ie Hed.

t rnem` :

]D M ]D M d rhvn, pcssio ay w it` sf haa f cu ej, ohttan h xn

hej vhricus g a iet drhvn dccjs

Ohbbnr & Whe jnr Thhas 894=, 89 g id = drhvn 872 Bcci

?<<0o, Gid. = A.

n Drhvn 'N' ie Hed.

t rnem` :

F OH 33 G ah t d rh vn , p cssio an j cu oan ie tn rf ne t (o hmb tc o hmb),

jht ied uemanhr


g Drhvn 'G' ie Hed.

t rnem` wndmuent I I

F O H -O /A O H F O H -O /A O H N ac e dh tn j j it m` n j o h rr c w, s n mc e j p ` hs n p c st s c v nr

ji tm`


d Drhvn 'D' ie Hed.


] DM ( yc ue d) ] DM d rh vn , w it` s tc en h xn h ej gaie t o ah jn O hb bn r & W he j nr T hh as 8 94 =, 8 9 gid = .

` Drhvn '@ ' ie Hed.

t rnem` 0

F OH-F IH33 _ ied j itm`; guenrh ry guemtice hssuf nj Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = A .

i Drhvn ' I ' ie Hed.

t rnem` 8<

] DM ( yc ue d) ] DM d rh vn , w it` s tc en h xn h ej gaie t o ah jn O hb bn r & W he j nr T hh as 8 94 =, 8 9 gid . = .

k Drhvn 'K ' ie Hed.

t rnem` I

3 33 _ ied j itm`; guenrh ry guemtice hssuf nj Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = A .

b Drhvn 'B' ie Hed.

t rnem` 88

F OH-F IH33 _ ied j itm`; guenrh ry guemtice hssuf nj Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = @ .

a Drhvn 'A' ie Hed.

t rnem` 80

IH 3 3 D rh vn w it` p cssio an mc ggie , Irc e h dn s` nrj s h ej Irc e

grhdfnets

Bcci ?<<0o, Gid. = @.

f Drhvn 'A' ie Hed.

t rnem` ?:

]D M ]D M d rhvn, w it` o nhbnr hej gaie t o ahjn Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = A .

e Drhvn 'F ' i e Nff.

trnem` 8<

F OH-F IH33 _ ied j itm`; guenrh ry guemtice hssuf nj Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = M .

c Drhvn 'C ' i e Nff.

trnem` 8?

] DM ]D M d rhvn (grhdf net c g ohttan hxn hej \rctrujied

Gcct Onhbnr jnmcrhtnj ie ‐`nrriedocen- phttnre’)

Bcci ?<<0o, Gid. = M.

p Drhvn '\' ie Nff .

trnem` :

F OH-F IH33 _ ied j itm`; guenrh ry guemtice hssuf nj Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = J .

q Drhvn 'X ' i e Nff.trnem` >

F O H-F IH33 _ ied j itm`ns (twc p`hsns) Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = J .

r Drhvn '_ ' ie Nff .

trnem` 0

] D M 3 \rnsuf nj ] D M (onnìvn) drhvn Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = H .

u e be . ? êbecwe ? ie Nff.

trnem` :

F O H-F IH33 \cssio an rie d j itm` (j is turonj) Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = J .

u e be . 9-89 êbecwe 9-89

'^reg inaj Orhejs'

^reg inaj2 twc bny-`can s`hpnj drhvns

u e be . =< êbecwe =< ie Hed.

t rnem` ?

IH33 ]pnmuah tivn aced ohrrcw (ahedonj ) Bcci ? <<0o, G id . = A .

u e be . =8 êbecwe =8 ie Hed.


A EN C-O O naa O nh bn r p nric j mrn fh tic e d rh vn w it` gigtn ne o hro -

hej- thednj hr rcw`nhjs

Whe jnr Thhas 8974, =92 Onubnr ?<8<, 890 g id ?042

Ahetied ?<<0, 80<-808.

u e be . 8<<-8>? ^ regin aj O ursm` 89== ^regin aj 2 twc 8=t`-8<t` mnetury W anjjnr-typn drhvns,

t`rnn Eccrohrdn-typn drhvns, vhricus drhvns wit`

Dhstnrne-typn ures, cen tnetht ivn squhrn (FIH3)

drhvn

Oursm` 89=7, >=-4?2 89=4, :8-77.

N f f . I < 0 7- < Z u f . I ,

Nffnrjneene

( 5 N O H )F O H - H F O H - H /F O H - O F u a ti -g n ht u rn o h r rc w 2 s t ce n - mh p h e j ( ah t n r3 ) r ie d -

ji tm`

Ac`cg 8998o, =4-=02 Ahet ied 8977, 982 Ahet ied 8970,

8>9 70.

N f f . I I < 0 4- < Z u f . I I

Nffnrjneene

A EN C/N OH 33 \ cssio an stc en -mh pp nj mn etrh a d rh vn A c` cg 8 99 8o , = 02 A he tie d 8 97 9h , 8 49 -8 09 .

N f f . I I I < 0 0- < Z u f . I II

Nffnrjneene

N OH N OH 3 ] tc en mh pp nj o hrrc w2 h ju at h ej m` iaj 's d rh vn 2

g rhdfnets cg twc 'ohronj-wirn'-s thfp jnmcrhtnj

onhbnrs hej g a iet jhddnr

O acnfnrs 8970, ><‘>?, 902 Ahet ied 8979h, 849‘09 2

Ahet ied 894=, ??=, ?78 ‘?7=2 Ac`cg 8998, =0.

FOH-O / AOH / (N IH 33 F IH33)

FOH-O-AOH Zìs puoaimhtice, Gid. 0.



8>7

tìs netwienj jnvnacpfnet cg fceufnetha ouriha trhjitices hej ahtnr prnìstcrim`hoithtice t`ht fnrits h rnture tc tìs wnaa-becwe sitn. Ie t`n snmtices t`ht gcaacw,t`n nvijnemn gcr ouriha trhjitices hej snttanfnet jhth ontwnne =:<< hej 7<< mhaOM hrn jismussnj, gcaacwied t`n trhjiticeha pnricjishtice (Orhejt nt ha. 899<2 Whejne Orcnbn nt ha. ?<<>).

Fijjan Encaitìm (Gueena Onhbnr Muaturn pnricj2 =:<<-=<<<mha OM)

`n ieitiha usn cg t`n Hednasac hrnh gcr t`n nrnmtice cg fceufnetha ohrrcws sthrtnjjuried t`n Fijjan Encaitìm Gueena Onhbnr muaturn pnricj, w`ne twc fndhaitìmdrhvns (Jutm`; ùenonjjne) wnrn mcestrumtnj. Becwe ecw hs J:7 hej J:4, t`ntwc fndhaitìm tcfos wnrn nemacsnj oy t`n enw `cusied nsthtn Hednasac ie t`neientnne-sixtins (Bacb 8949, 887-8?<). `n mcetnets cg J:7 hej J:4 stiaa hwhitsminetigim httnetice (Whe Diebna, Khdnr & Whe jnr ]hejne 8999, 800), hej mce-snqunetay ec prnmisn jhtns gcr t`nir mcestrumtice mhe on nsthoais`nj. \rnsufhoay,t`ny tcc jhtn tc t`n fhie mcestrumtice `crizce ontwnne =:<< hej =?<< mha OM(ioij., >7). Ie hjjitice, gaht drhvns hrn tc on nxpnmtnj gcr tìs pnricj. Titìe =:->> f tc t`n ecrt`nhst cg ùenonj J:4, t`rnn Gueena Onhbnr pnricj gaht drhvns wnrnuemcvnrnj (Gid. ?, M2 Ohbbnr & Whe jnr Thhas 894=2 Whe jnr Thhas 89742 mg. Whejnr Thhas 897?). `nsn jhtn grcf t`n ahtn (@hvnatn) p`hsns ” haonit t`ht he nhrainr(Jrcuwne) pnricj hdn whs gcrwhrjnj gcr cen cg t`nsn (Whe jnr Thhas 8974, =0)” hej mcethienj typimha Gueena Onhbnr mnrhfim typns sum` hs mcaahrnj gahsbs hejohbied pahtns, ynt ie cen mhsn hasc mcethienj h ]iedan Drhvn pnricj s`nrj (Whe jnr

Thhas 8974, =02 Ohbbnr & Whe jnr Thhas 894=, 80-?>). ìs suddnst t`ht scfn (ig

M

M H

O

?> f<

?> f<

O

J:7

J:4

J

8 f<J

N

Gid. ?. Acmhtice (H) cg t`n Gueena Onhbnr Muaturn pnricj fndhait`s (J:7 & J:4) hej vhricus ht drhvns (O, M).

Iesnts J hej N s`cw pahe hej mcetnets cg Ahtn @hvnatn Drhvn mrnfhtice drhvn er. 8: (hgtnr Ohbbnr & Whe jnrThhas 894=, ?> Gid. 9).



8>4

ect haa) Gueena Onhbnr pnricj gaht drhvns jhtn tc t`n pnricj hgtnr t`n mcestrumticecg t`n fndhait`s prcpnr (i.n. t`n gaht drhvns jhtn tc m. =?<<-?0>< mha OM). \rcohoayect mciemijnethaay, hect`nr Gueena Onhbnr gnhturn whs gcuej ?< f tc t`n ecrt` cgùenonj J:7. It mcethienj h pct wit` auddnj-nhrs ce t`n s`cuajnr, jhthoan tc t`n@hvnatn pnricj hej h sfhaa mrujn gaiet hxn (Gid. ?, O2 Whe jnr Thhas 8974, =0).

`nsn giejs suddnst t`ht tìs gnhturn whs ynt hect`nr Gueena Onhbnr pnricj gahtdrhvn, hat`cud` ec mrnfhtice whs cosnrvnj ie t`n gnhturn (ioij.).It snnfs prcohoan t`ht Gueena Onhbnr `hoithtice tcc whs cemn situhtnj enhr tc

t`n J:7 hej J:4 fndhaitìm tcfos. Gueena Onhbnr pnricj s`nrjs hrn gcuej iesideigimhet quhetity hej jivnrsity (wnaa cvnr =><< s`nrjs), wit` t`n ouab hej caj-nst mnrhfims (Oriejany `crizce ? hej = (m. ==><-=?<< mha OM2 Oriejany 89072 WheDiebna, Khdnr & Whe jnr ]hejne 8999, 800) onied gcuej ie Nffnr`cut trnem`ns89, ?8 hej ?? (m. ?>7= s`nrjs2 uepuoais`nj giejs ievnetcry H. ^gbns), ht m. 9<<f ecrt` cg J:7. ìs is ie hmmcrjhemn wit` t`n hssufnj prcxifity cg snttanfnetshej fndhait`s (witìe ùejrnjs cg fntnrs tc h gnw biacfntrns ht fcst) hs whs ns-

thoais`nj gcr t`n What`n fimrc-rndice ohsnj ce survny rnsuats (Whe Diebna, Khdnr &Whe jnr ]hejne 8999, 800). êgcrtuehtnay, ahmb cg Jutm` gueena-onhbnr `cusn-pahes (cr t`nir ijnetigimhtice) mcfpaimhtns h fcrn ie-jnpt` jismussice cg t`n eh-turn hej pnrfhenemy cg jcfnstim hmtivitins enxt tc ùenonjjne. Ie hey mhsn, t`ns`nnr eufonrs (cvnr ?<< pinmns) cg ahtn Gueena Onhbnr s`nrjs rnmcvnrnj grcf ue-jnrenht` Hednasac ohrrcw PI, suddnst t`ht jcfnstim jnoris mhe on gcuej hs macsn-oy hs 8?< f wnst cg ùenonj J:4. Ie vhricus trnem`ns pcttnry jhthoan tc pcttnry`crizces : hej > whs rnmcdeisnj (Nffnr`cut trnem`ns 89-?<2 ??2 Hednasac trnemÌI). Mnrhfims jhthoan tc t`n ycuednst mnrhfim p`hsn (ahht-@hvnatn, m. ?9<<-?0><mha OM) wnrn ijnetiginj ie Nffnr`cut trnem`ns 8, : hej ?: hej Hednasac trnem`

III hej wo8= (uepuoais`nj giejs ievnetcry oy H. ^gbns), iejimhtied t`ht GueenaOnhbnr prnsnemn wiaa `hvn spheenj guaa t`n =:<<-=<<< mha OM pnricj cg its trhji-ticeha pnricjizhtice.

Ahtn Encaitìm-H (]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj2 m. ?9<<-?:<<mha OM)

`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj is rnprnsnetnj oy eien snphrhtn ieùfhticedrhvns ie t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh (Gid. =, H-N). `n jhtied cg t`n fhkcritycg t`nsn drhvns is ohsnj ce typcacdy cg t`n drhvn dccjs cr t`n strumturha gnhturns cg

t`n drhvn, hs ceay cen rhjicmhroce jhtn gcr he ieùfhtice drhvn is hvhiahoan. Gcurfhie typns cg drhvns mhe on cutaienj. Fcst mcffce (drhvns ‐D’, ‐F’, ‐I’, ‐C’ hej‐uf. P’), whs he up tc m. 0< mf jnnp cvha (tc suo-rnmtheduahr2 8,4 oy 8,: f) pit,ie wìm` h ocjy (ie mrcum`nj pcsitice) hej scfntifns drhvn dccjs wnrn pahmnj(mg. Jrnet` & Ahetied 89982 Jrnet` 899?2 ?<<>). Ceay wit` ‐uf. P’, whs h ohr-rcw prnsufhoay nrnmtnj cvnr t`n drhvn, strnssied t`n mcetieuity cg t`n trhjitice cggaht drhvns nsthoais`nj gcr t`n prnmnjied pnricj. wc drhvns (‐uf. WIII’ hej ‐_’)s`cw h acwnrnj gcuejhtice trnem` wit` pcsts jirnmtay hjkhmnet tc t`n drhvn, wìmìs becwe hs t`n ‐onnìvn’-drhvn mcestrumtice (Jrnet` & Ac`cg ?<<>, :=02 :>=et. =0). ufuaus WIII whs hasc mcvnrnj oy h acw fcuej, out its nxhmt jifnesices

hrn uebecwe (Ac`cg 8998o, =4). Tit` drhvn ‐J’, tìs ‐phaishjn-trnem ’ is situhtnjfcrn jisthet grcf t`n drhvn prcpnr, hej fhy `hvn onne he ietnrfnjihtn gnhturn



8>0

(pcssioay cemn mcvnrnj oy h acw ” ahtnr jnstrcynj ” fcuej2 Jrnet` ?<<>, =>4).`n gcurt` drhvn gcrf is h jnnp (m. 8,9 f) hej ehrrcw s`hgt ie w`im` h trnn-truebmcggie hej ” h-typimha (pcssioay Orcezn Hdn32 Whe jnr Thhas 8947, ?88) ” onhbnrwhs pahmnj (i.n. nxtnejnj ie`ufhtice drhvns; drhvn ‐M’2 mg. Jrnet` ?<<>, =>4).

Drhvn ‐_’ Drhvn ‐i’ Drhvn ‐C’Drhvn ‐F’Drhvn ‐M’

Drhvn ‐J’

Drhvn ‐D’

Zufuaus ‐WIII’ Zufuaus ‐P’

< 8,> f

?> f<

H

O

M

J

N

O

M

J

N

Drhvn ‐C’

Drhvn ‐_’

Drhvn ‐F’

Drhvn ‐i’

Zuf. P

Drhvn ‐D’

Drhvn ‐J’

Drhvn ‐M’ Zuf. WIII

Gid. =. Acmhtices (H-N) hej pahes (onacw) gcr ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj (m. =<<<-?><< mha

OM) usn-p`hsns cg ohrrcws ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut (O-N hej pahes haa tc t`n shfn smhans2ifhdns; © Drceiedne Iestitutn gcr Hrm`hncacdy).



8>9

Ie twc mhsns jc t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj ietnrfnets rnprnsnet t`n sthrt-ied pciet cg w`ht wcuaj ahtnr jnvnacp ietc fuati-pnricj ohrrcws (uf. WIII hej

P). êgcrtuehtnay, cg t`nsn twc ohrrcws ceay t`n suoscia gnhturns rnfhienj (Whejnr Thhas 8974, :<), hs t`n hmtuha fcuej ocjins `hj onne anvnaanj w`ne t`n hrnhwhs muativhtnj ie t`n 89?<’s. Ohrrcws WIII hej P hrn pahmnj enhray pnrgnmtay ce

t`n aien mceenmtied t`n twc Gueena Onhbnr pnricj fndhait`s. Ie t`n rnfhiejnr cgtìs stujy wiaa wn s`cw t`ht t`nsn twc ohrrcws ieitihtn he haidefnet cg guenrhryfceufnets t`ht whs hj`nrnj (hej hppnejnj) tc gcr mneturins (iegrh ).

ufuaus ‐WIII’ yinajnj h mahssim onnìvn drhvn wit` h prctrujied gcct onhbnrhs drhvn digt (Gid. =, tuf. WIII, H2 Whe jnr Thhas 8974, ?882 Ohbbnr & Whe jnr

Thhas 894=, ?>). H m`hrrnj orhem` t`ht whs gcuej wit` t`n onhbnr whs 8:M jhtnjtc m. ?0<<-?7=< mha OM (DrE-77::; :87< ¸ =< O\2 Ahetied & Fccb 8944, 88=).ufuaus P mcethienj h ocjy, pahmnj ce its rid`t sijn wit` h T-N crinethtice, hm-mcfpheinj oy h ohttan hxn, h gaiet hxn hej oahjn hej h s`hrpneied stcen (Gid. =,tuf. P, h-j2 Whe jnr Thhas 8974, ?88). Drhvn ‐J’ mcethienj h gaiet hrrcw`nhj,

beign, t`rnn gaiet gahbns hej h ohttan hxn (cg h typn ietnrfnjihtn tc Daco’s typns Ohej M2 Ohbbnr & Whe jnr Thhas 894=, ?>, jhthoan tc m. ?4><-?7>< mha OM2 Jrnet`?<<>, =:9). Gaht drhvn ‐F’ mcethienj h prctrujied gcct onhbnr (s`nrj32 H.^gbns,pnrsceha cosnrvhtice) hej twc gaiet gahbns (ioij.). _nfhrbhoay, oct` drhvns ‐D’hej ‐I’ mcethienj h drnnestcen hxn hej h gaiet oahjn, suddnstied h rnahtivnay ycued]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj jhtn gcr oct` (Ohbbnr & Whe jnr Thhas 894=, ?>).Drhvn ‐C’ mcethienj h grhdfnet cg h ohttan hxn hej h prctrujied gcct onhbnr, ieji-mhtied t`ht it tcc jhtns tc t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj.

Hs wit` t`n Gueena Onhbnr (_O) muaturn, aittan tc ec becwanjdn ce `cusnpahes cg t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn ie t`n ecrt`nre Jutm` shej hrnh is hvhiahoan (mg.

@cdnstike & Jrnet` ?<<8). ìs is phrtay jun tc t`n pccr prnsnrvhtice mhphoiaitinscg shejy scias (Thtnrocab ?<<9, :82 Jrnet` ?<<>, =>4) hej phrtay onmhusn juntc ahtnr hdrimuaturha ushdn gnhturns wiaa `hvn onne jnstrcynj (Gcbbnes ?<<>, =7?).Fcrncvnr, t`n aid`t hej irrnduahr mcestrumtice cg t`n `cusns hej t`n cosnrvhticet`ht t`n cmmuphtice jij ect anhvn fhey ct`nr trhmns sum` hs jitm`ns cr pits, rnejnrsjcfnstim sitns gcr tìs pnricj anss hrm`hncacdimhaay visioan (Gcbbnes ?<<>, =7?).ìs prcoanfhtim rnmcdeishoiaity hdhie mcfpaimhtns h jismussice cg t`n rnahticeontwnne `hoithtice hrnhs hej t`n drhvns.

`n ievnetcry mcfpianj oy H. ^gbns cg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut giejs fne-tices hocut twc jczne hrtnghmts t`ht mhe on jhtnj tc t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn

pnricj, fcst cg wìm` hrn prctrujied gcct onhbnr s`nrjs, out t`nrn snnfs tc onec hpphrnet maustnried ie t`nsn giejs. \hrtay t`ny cridiehtn grcf t`n drhvn giaast`nfsnavns, scfn hrn gcuej ie t`n vimieity cg t`n drhvns, out t`n rnfhiejnr hrniscahtnj giejs sprnhj cvnr t`n netirn nxmhvhtnj hrnh. Ohsnj ce t`n sfhaa eufonrscg grhdfnets rnmcvnrnj, it snnfs uewhrrhetnj tc rnmcestrumt jnesn cmmuphtice cgt`n nxmhvhtnj hrnhs gcr t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj.



87<

Ahtn Encaitìm-O (Onaa Onhbnr Muaturn pnricj2 m. ?><<-?<<<mha OM)

Ie aid`t cg t`n hfpan nvijnemn gcr ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj ietnrfnets (suprh ),t`n enhr hosnemn cg drhvns jhthoan tc t`n Onaa Onhbnr pnricj is rnfhrbhoan. Cenfhy spnmuahtn w`nt`nr t`n hosnemn cg h wnaa-jngienj muaturn ahynr ” rnejnried t`n

ohmbgiaa cg hey gaht drhvns enhray ievisioan ” hej t`n rnahtivn smhrmity (n.d. Jrnet`& Ac`cg ?<<>, ::<) cg gnhturns sum` hs ietnrfnjihtn ried-jitm`ns cr pcst-mirmansjuried tìs pnricj hvn sideigimhetay hfpnrnj t`n visioiaity (hej `nemn jismcvnry)cg sum` drhvns ie mcetrhst tc t`csn cg prnmnjied hej nesuied pnricjs.

`n ceay drhvn snmurnay jhthoan tc t`n Onaa Onhbnr pnricj ie t`n prnsnet stujyhrnh is h pit mcethieied mrnfhtnj ùfhe rnfhies hej gigtnne ouret ohro-hej-the-dnj gaiet hrrcw`nhjs (Gid. :2 Whe jnr Thhas 8974, =92 Ahetied ?<<0, 80<-8082Onubnr ?<8<, 890 gid. ?04). Gcr tìs drhvn twc rhjicmhroce jhtns cothienj gcr t`nmrnfhtnj rnfhies hrn hvhiahoan, suddnstied t`ht it jhtns tc m. ?>7<-?=<< mha OM(DrH-8=78:; =9:< ¸ >< O\2 DrH-?49=4; =9?> ¸ :< O\2 Ahetied ?<<0, 808).

ìs mrnfhtice drhvn whs prnsufhoay pcsiticenj rht`nr iejnpnejnetay cg t`nacmhtice cg prnmnjied ]iedan Drhvn muaturn pnricj ietnrfnets, hs t`n enhrnst ]iedanDrhvn Muaturn pnricj drhvn is situhtnj m. 0< f tc t`n scut`wnst. Ht m. 8=<< f tct`n wnst cg t`n fhie Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh, h Onaa Onhbnr ouriha whs gcuej (iet`n ureginaj uemcvnrnj oy Oursm` ie 89=8/89=?2 Oursm` 89=7), out tìs ouriha `hsharnhjy onne jismussnj nasnw`nrn (Ahetied ?<<0, 7<2 840-849).

H

O

M

?> f<

O

êbecwe =8

< = mf

Gid. :. Acmhtice (H-O) cg drhvn jhthoan tc t`n Onaa Onhbnr pnricj ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut. Iesnt

M s`cws 8: cg t`n 8> ouret iet hrrcw`nhjs rnmcvnrnj (hgtnr Onubnr ?<8<, 890 Gid. ?04).



878

Grcf hehaysis cg t`n rnmcvnrnj mnrhfims it is manhr t`ht t`n hrnh prnsufhoay whsect jnsnrtnj. Ie gcur mcemnetrhtices hmrcss t`n hrnh (mcemnetrhtied ce trnem`nsNffnr`cut :, Nffnr`cut 0/84, Nffnr`cut 87 hej Nffnr`cut ?7), s`nrjsmanhray rnmcdeishoan hs Onaa Onhbnr mnrhfims (haonit m.?<-=< s`nrjs hatcdnt`nr) wnrnjismcvnrnj. Fcrncvnr, enhr t`nsn mcemnetrhtices twc gaiet rntcum`nj beivns hej h

Onaa Onhbnr typn gaiet hrrcw`nhj wnrn gcuej.Ecen cg t`n drhvns ie t`n ecrt`nre Nffnr`cut trnem`ns (n.d. drhvns ‐E’, ‐_’,‐\ cr ‐X’) mhe on pcsitivnay ijnetiginj hs Onaa Onhbnr pnricj drhvns, hej ohsnjce t`n typns hej jifnesices cg t`nir jnaifitied gnhturns, h Onaa Onhbnr hdn jcnsect snnf prcohoan (snn Jrnet` & @cdnstike 8999, 887-8?:2 Jrnet` ?<<>, =>42Ahetied & Whe jnr Thhas 8947, :>-:7 hej Ahetied ?<<0, 7?-7= ce Onaa onhbnrdrhvn gcrfs). It is t`nrngcrn suddnstnj t`ht Onaa Onhbnr `hoithtice fhy `hvn onnesituhtnj m. 00< f ecrt` cg mcetnfpcrhry drhvns (suddnstied sphtiha hvcijhemn),out macsn tc prnvicus ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj ietnrfnets (n.d. drhvn _2 suprh ).

Ht 4<-8<: f jisthemn grcf t`n mrnfhtice drhvn h gnw Ahtn Onaa Onhbnr s`nrjs wnrn

gcuej, out it rnfhies uemanhr ” jun tc t`nir acw eufonrs ” w`nt`nr t`ny sideigy`hoithtice ie t`csn hrnhs.It is pcssioan t`ht fcstay cr ceay ahtn Onaa Onhbnr typns hrn rnprnsnetnj, hs onhb-

nrs m`hrhmtnriznj oy t`n nhray (fhritifn hej npi-fhritifn2 Ahetied ?<<0, =>-:<2>>) jnmcrhtivn sm`nfns hrn ect aistnj ie t`n giejs ievnetcry mcfpianj oy H. ^gbns.Ahtn Onaa Onhbnr styan grhdfnets wnrn `cwnvnr jismcvnrnj ie trnem`ns Hednasac7 hej Nffnr`cut = hej wnrn scfntifns gcuej hsscmihtnj wit` pctonhbnr grhd-fnets (n.d. ie trnem`ns Hednasac III hej Nffnr`cut 87). \ctonhbnr vnssnas hrnt`n ” grnqunetay mchrsnr hej ahrdnr ” Ondanitbnrhfib tc t`n tìe-whaanj onhbnrpcts cg t`n ahtn (Wnauwn styan) Onaa Onhbnr hej Nhray Orcezn Hdn (‐ohronj-wirn’-

sthfp jnmcrhtnj) pnricjs (n.d. An`fhee 89792 Ahetied 894=, ?>:-?>42 Jrnet`& @cdnstike 8999, 8?:-8=:). Ahrdn pctonhbnrs cg Onet`nif- (grcf Nffnr`cuttrnem` 8<2 Jrnet` ?<<>, ==92 Ahetied ?<<0, 9?-94) hej _insneonm`nr -typns (grcfNffnr`cut trnem` 8:) jcmufnet t`n mcetieunj ùfhe hmtivitins ce-sitn hrcuejt`n Encaitìm-Orcezn Hdn trhesitice. Ie mcetrhst, mcetieunj ùfhe prnsnemn on-twnne m. ?7<< OM (t`n jnfisn cg t`n haa-cvnr-mcrjnj jnmcrhtivn sm`nfn) hej m.?=<< OM (t`n hjvnet cg ahtn (Wnauwn) Onaa Onhbnr styans) is ghr anss manhr. It snnfst`ht it is ceay grcf t`n Ahtn Encaitìm-O cewhrj (m. ?><<-?<<< OM, cr t`n pnricjcg Onaa Onhbnrs jnmcrhtnj wit` jnethtn sphtuahs2 Outanr & Gcbbnes ?<<>, =4?) t`htt`n aced-tnrf (jcfnstim hej hdrimuaturha) usn cg t`n sitn mcffnemnj. `n hosnemn

cg `cusn-pahes gcr t`n Onaa Onhbnr pnricj mhe on nxpahienj oy t`n jcmufnetnjpccr dnenrha hrm`hncacdimha visioiaity cg sum` pahes (Jrnet` & @cdnstike 89992Jrnet` ?<<>2 =>>-=>72 Hrecajussne & Gcetike ?<<7, ?9?-?9=2 Hrecajussne?<<0, 848). `n hosnemn cg rnduahrity (hej tùs prnjimthoiaity) ie pcst-pahmnfnetgcr `cusns cg tìs pnricj rnejnrs t`nsn jiggimuat tc iscahtn hej cutaien ie sitns wit`fcjnrhtn tc ìd` gnhturn jnesitins. It is mcesnqunetay vnry wnaa pcssioan t`ht OnaaOnhbnr prnsnemn ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut tccb t`n gcrf cg pnrfhenet `hoithtice,haonit t`ht `cusn pahes rnfhie tc on rnmcdeiznj.



87?

Nhray Orcezn Hdn (m. ?<<<-80<< mha OM)

Juried t`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn, t`n haidefnet nfocjinj oy t`n Gueena Onhbnrpnricj fceufnets hej ]iedan Drhvn ohrrcws WIII hej P is suppanfnetnj oy he-ct`nr ohrrcw becwe hs Hednasac PII (Gid. >, M). _nfhrbhoay, enhr t`n mnetrn cgtìs 88-8= f jihfntnr ohrrcw ect h ùfhe, out h mcw whs ietnrrnj (Ac`cg 8998o,

:82 Whe jnr Thhas 8974, ?8<2 8970, 89:). cct` nehfna cg tìs mcw whs jhtnjtc =>0> ¸ :> O\ (m. ?8?<-844< mha OM2 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=, 840). Iet`n shfn pit scfn s`nrjs wnrn gcuej t`ht `hvn onne ijnetiginj oct` hs ‐Ohronj

Tirn’-sthfp jnmcrhtnj (Jutm`; wibbnajrhhj2 Ahetied 894=2 \ruffna nt ha . ?<<9,8::-8:4) pcttnry (Ac`cg 8998o, :8) hej Gueena Onhbnr pnricj (Oriejany `cri-zce :/>2 H. ^gbns pnrsceha cosnrvhtice) grhdfnets, t`n ahttnr prnsufhoay onied

< 0 f

Zufuaus Nffnrjneene ‐II’ Zufuaus ‐PII’Zufuaus Nffnrjneene ‐III’

H

O

M

O

M

?> f<

Gid. >. Acmhtices (H-M) hej pahes (onacw) gcr Nhray Orcezn Hdn (m. ?<<<-80<< mha OM)

usn-p`hsns cg ohrrcws ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut (O-M hej pahes haa tc t`n shfn rnspnmtivn

smhans2 Nffnrjneene hgtnr Ahetied 8979h, ?= (80=) Gid. ?2 ?:(80:) Gid. =, ct`nr ifhdns; ©Drceiedne Iestitutn gcr Hrm`hncacdy).



87=

mcrrnmt. Heifha ietnrfnets hrn becwe gcr tìs pnricj hs gaht-drhvns grcf snttan-fnet sitns (sum` hs t`n cxne hej pid cg Fcanehhrsdrhhg hej Cttcahej rnspnmtivnay2Acuwn Bccikfhes 894:, ?7:-?742 =?8-=?=2 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<?,840), out t`n ietnrfnet cg heifhas ie fceufnetha ohrrcws `hs its rccts ie prn-mnjied ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj trhjitices (n.d. t`n mcw ietnrrnj ht [nikne

(Whe Diggne 89=<h, >4->92 89=<o, Gid. :8-:=h) hej t`n pcssioan mcw ietnrrnj htDhrjnrne - ]casm`n Onrd (Oursm` 89==, 79-482 Ocurdncis, Hfbrnutz & \heùysne?<<9, 8<<)).

Ie t`n ecrt`nre phrt cg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh, ht =<< f wnst cg t`nprnvicus ]iedan Drhvn ietnrfnets (drhvns _ hej C2 Gid. =), twc ohrrcws ” ecwbecwe hs tufuai Nffnrjneene II hej III ” wnrn prnsufhoay nrnmtnj juried t`nNhray Orcezn Hdn. Gcr Nffnrjneene II, t`n jhtied is iesnmurn hs uejnr h ahrdnrnmnet jisturohemn ceay h giorcus scia jismcacrhtice cg t`n mnetrha drhvn whs prn-snrvnj (Gid. >, O2 Ac`cg 8998o, =92 Ahetied 8979h, 849-809). `n ohrrcw whs m. 8= f ie jihfntnr, 4< mf id` hej scfn stcens rnmcvnrnj fhy iet ht he cridiehaay

stcen-mhppnj drhvn (ioij.), suddnstied he Nhray Orcezn Hdn pnricj cg mcestrumtice(Ahetied 8979, ??(80?)2 Ac`cg 8998h, 47). Ohrrcw Nffnrjneene III (Gid, >, O)whs prnsufhoay nrnmtnj ce h stcen-phvnj surghmn hej t`n mnetrha drhvn fhy `hvnonne stcen-mhppnj (Ac`cg 8998h, >72 8998o, =9). Oct` t`n (jisturonj) mnetrhaietnrfnet hej t`n snmcejhry (mìaj3) ietnrfnet wnrn phrt cg t`n girst mcestrumticep`hsn mcesistied cg h 8: f jihfntnr hej 8 f ìd` ohrrcw. Grcf t`n jisturonjscia enhr t`n mnetrn, grhdfnets cg twc ‐Ohronj Tirn’-sthfp jnmcrhtnj onhbnrs hejh (quimb tc on stcane) gaiet jhddnr cg ]mhejiehvihe typn wnrn rnmcvnrnj (Ahetied8979, ?4(804)2 Ahetied 894=, ??=2 ?78-?7=2 Oacnfnrs 8970, ><2 >?2 90), sn-murnay jhtied tìs mcestrumtice p`hsn tc t`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn. nethtivnay, tu-

fuaus Nffnrjneene I (ht m. 80< f tc t`n nhst2 Gid. >, O2 iegrh ) mcuaj hasc `hvnonne nrnmtnj juried t`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn, out hs ‐Ohronj Tirn’-sthfp jnmcrhtnjs`nrjs wnrn rnmcvnrnj grcf t`n muaturn ahynr uejnrenht` t`n fcuej, tìs is mce-sijnrnj h tnrfieus pcst qunf gcr its mcestrumtice (Ac`cg 8998o, =92 Ahetied 8970,?<(87:)).

Ec manhr-mut nvijnemn gcr `hoithtice cg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh juriedt`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn mhe on put gcrwhrj. ]ifiahr tc w`ht whs sthtnj hocvn gcr t`nOnaa Onhbnr pnricj, cusns cg t`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn ahmb t`n rnduahrity hej prnjimt-hoiaity ie pahe t`ht haacws gcr t`nir nhsy rnmcdeitice (Hrecajussne ?<<0h, 874-84:gcr he nxtnesivn jismussice). Whricus pits mcethieied ‐Ohronj Tirn’-sthfp jnmc-

rhtnj pcttnry tnstigy t`ht t`n hrnh whs usnj ecent`nanss (cen pit ht m. :< f scut`cg ohrrcw PII2 Whe jnr Thhas 8974, =9(?88), hect`nr pit m. 9< f tc t`n scut`-nhst cg tìs ohrrcw whs rhjicmhroce jhtnj tc m. 809<-870< mha OM (DrE->804;=:0> ¸ => O\2 Ahetied & Fccb 8944, 94)). H siedan ‐Ohronj-wirn’-sthfp jnmc-rhtnj s`nrj whs (prnsufhoay ueietneticehaay) iemcrpcrhtnj ietc drhvn ‐E’(Gid. 9,M2 iegrh , tnethtivnay jhtnj tc t`n Ahtn Orcezn Hdn-Fijjan Irce Hdn). Hat`cud`‐Ohronj Tirn’-sthfp jnmcrhtnj s`nrjs hrn rnmcvnrnj ie sfhaa eufonrs ie haa phrtscg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh, h manhr-mut mcemnetrhtice (m. 4> s`nrjs) mheon pcstuahtnj hrcuej Nffnr`cut trnem`ns 0-9 hej 84 jirnmtay nhst cg tufuausNffnrjneene I, suddnstied t`ht hmtivitins fhy `hvn mcemnetrhtnj ce tìs hrnh.



87:

Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-H (m. 80<<-8><< mha OM)

Ie t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-H (m. 80<<-8><< mha OM), ohrrcws hrn mcestrumtnj octìe hrnhs prnvicusay usnj gcr ietnrfnet hej enway snanmtnj acmhtices. c sthrt wit`t`n gcrfnr, ie t`n ecrt` cg t`n Nffnrt`cut hrnh tufuaus Nffnrjneene I whsprcohoay nrnmtnj witìe sid`t cg t`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn ohrrcws Nffnrjneene

II hej III (Gid. 7, O2 suprh ). Aibn Nffnrjneene tufuaus III, t`n hfpan stcensrnmcvnrnj (hfced wìm` phrt cg h qunre) suddnst t`ht t`n ieitiha (m. 88 f jihf-ntnr) fcuej pnricj whs stcen-mhppnj (Ac`cg 8998o, =9 mcetrh Ahetied 8970,89(87=)), haonit t`ht vhricus stcens saippnj ietc t`n ried-jitm` t`ht fhy `hvn jn-aifitnj its (wijnr, hej pcssioay ahtnr) ohsn (Ac`cg 8998o, =0-=92 Ahetied 8970).`n fcuej whs nrnmtnj ce h muaturn ahynr mcethieied Gueena Onhbnr pnricj,]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj hej Nhray Orcezn Hdn ‐Ohronj Tirn’-sthfp jnmcrht-nj pcttnry (Ahetied 8970, ?<(87:)), iejimhtied t`ht tìs ohrrcw whs mcestrumtnj(juried3) cr hgtnr t`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn. Ig t`n stcens rnmcvnrnj grcf t`n 89 fjihfntnr ried-jitm` hrn iejnnj grcf t`n ieitiha stcen-mhppnj mcestrumtice, t`he

t`n rhjicmhroce jhtn cg =?9> ¸ =< O\ (m`hrmcha grcf ried-jitm`2 DrE-7=972Ac`cg 8998o, =9) suddnst h mcestrumtice ontwnne 874< hej 8:9< mha OM. ìsthaains wit` jhtns cothienj gcr ct`nr ried-jitm`nj ohrrcws, sum` hs t`ht cg @hvnatn(DrE-074:; ==<> ¸ => O\2 Bcci 8949, 88<, mg. Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=,809-897), Jhane (DrE-80404; ==?> 84 O\2 Ahetied 899?, 78) cr Tñeeneonrd-@hhrne (Dnrfhey2 =>>< ¸ 7> J\2 @nrried ?<<9, ?7=) haonit it t`ht (phrtimuahraysfhaanr) ried-jitm`ns wnrn mcestrumtnj wnaa ietc t`n Ahtn Orcezn Hdn (Bcci 8949,88?2 Ocurdncis & Hrecajussne ?<<7, nsp. ?< gid >2 Ac`cg 8998h, :82 `nueissne8999, 7?2 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=, 8>4-8>0).

Ht t`n acmhtice cg t`n ]iedan Drhvn pnricj onnìvn ietnrfnet ahonaanj tufuaus

WIII (Gid. =, N), cen tc pcssioay gcur (ohsnj ce jnpt` cg h tctha cg 02 Ac`cg 8998o,=0) thednetiha ietnrfnets wnrn pahmnj ietc h enw fcuej pnricj. M`hrmcha grcfcen cg t`nsn (ieùfhtice-) drhvns whs jhtnj tc =:<> => O\ (DrE->80=2 m.804<-878< mha OM2 Ac`cg 8998o, =0).

Ect ceay wnrn prnvicus guenrhry maustnrs (Nffnrjneene) cr cajnr drhvnsprcpnr hjjnj tc, hasc enw acmhtices wnrn snanmtnj gcr ietnrfnet. Ie t`n ecrt`wnstmcrenr cg t`n `cusied maustnr ‐oacmb ?’ tc t`n wnst cg t`n fhie ievnstidhtnj hrnh,hect`nr ried-jitm` ohrrcw (tufuaus II2 Gid. 7, M) whs mcestrumtnj. ìs ohrrcw,t`ht fhy `hvn sthrtnj hs h 0 f jihfntnr fcuej pnricj gcr wìm` ec mnetrha drhvnis becwe, whs prnsufhoay neahrdnj tc 8: f jihfntnr hej mirmufsmrionj wit` h? f wijn hej 0> mf jnnp ried-jitm` juried t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-H. `n mne-trhaay acmhtnj drhvn mcethienj h qunre (Whe jnr Thhas 897=, ?>?(47), mg. ufuausNffnrjneene I) hej m`hrmcha t`ht whs jhtnj tc m. 800<-87<< mha OM (DrE-4:09;=:<> ¸ :< O\2 Ac`cg 8998o, =7). Ie t`n ecrt`nhst quhjrhet, h thednetiha ietnr-fnet cg h mrnfhtnj iejivijuha ie h pit enxt tc h snt cg wccjne onhfs hej actscg m`hrmcha (pcssioay h pyrn-acmhtice) whs hasc rhjicmhroce-jhtnj tc tìs p`hsn(DrE-4:00; ==0> ¸ :< O\2 Ac`cg 8998o, =7).

Ht m. 8:> f wnst cg tufuaus WIII, ynt hect`nr enw ohrrcw whs mcestrumtnj(ufuaus W2 Gid. 7, J). ìs 8? f jihfntnr ohrrcw mcethienj h mnetrha mcggie-drhvn (suppcrtnj oy stcens), gcr wìm` h rhjic mhroce jhtn cg m. 878<-8:?< mhaOM whs cothienj ce m`hrmcha (DrE-4:04; =??> ¸ :< O\2 Ac`cg 8998o, =0).



87>

< 0 f

Zufuaus ‐II’Zufuaus ‐Nffnrjneene I’

Zufuaus ‐W’Zufuaus ‐WIII’ (FOH-H p`hsn)

H

O

M

J

N

O

J

M

N8< f<

Gid. 7. Acmhtices (H-N) hej pahes (onacw) gcr Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-H (m. 80<<-8><< mha

OM) usn-p`hsns cg ohrrcws ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut (O-N hej pahes haa tc t`n shfn rnspnm-

tivn smhans2 Nffnrjneene hgtnr Ahetied 8970, 84 (878) Gid. :, ct`nr ifhdns; © DrceiedneIestitutn gcr Hrm`hncacdy).



877

Ectnwcrt`y is t`ht t`n crinethtice cg t`n ietnrfnets cg ohrrcws I, W hej WII isenhray ijnetimha (EET-]]N) hej s`hrnj oy snvnrha ietnrfnets `nrn (ie hosnemn cgnvijnemn t`ht t`nsn tcc jhtn tc tìs p`hsn) jismussnj gcr t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-Opnricj (Gid. 4, tuf. W, WI, WII, IP, PI hej N). Fcrncvnr, it is ifpcrthet tc strnsst`ht t`n acmhtice cg ohrrcw W fhy ie tìs pnricj snnf iscahtnj, out ahtnr ohrrcw

mcestrumtice (iegrh 2 Gid. 7, O) wiaa rnvnha it tc on phrt cg h snmcejhry ohrrcw haide-fnet, acmhtnj 8:> f wnst cg t`n prnvicusay jismussnj haidefnet._nfhrbhoay, h pcttnry typn vnry typimha gcr tìs pnricj hej nhsiay ijnetigihoan

(‐@iavnrsuf’-styan jnmcrhtnj2 Hrecajussne ?<<0, 844-840) is becwe grcf ct`nrphrts cg t`n Ent`nrahejs (nsp. t`n mchstha rndices2 Hrecajussne ?<<0, 849 Gid. >.7),out `hs ” hs ghr hs ecw becwe ” ect onne rnmcvnrnj grcf witìe t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut nxmhvhtnj hrnhs. Ec grhdfnets cg pcts jnmcrhtnj ie tìs trhjitice hrnprnsnetay rndistnrnj gcr t`n t`rnn ecrt`nrefcst prcviemns cg t`n Ent`nrahejs iet`n Jutm` mnetrha hrm`hncacdimha jhthohsn Hrmìs (situhtice Fhy ?<88). Gcr t`nenhrnst giejs wn ennj tc accb tc Ganvcahej (Nffnaccrj2 Oacc ?<<?) cr Cvnrikssna

(Wnraiejn 8904o, 8=9-8:?2 8909, 848-84?). Nvijnetay, ‐@iavnrsuf’-styan pcttnry(jnmcrhtivn trhjitices) envnr rnhm`nj cr mhud`t-ce ie t`n ecrt`nrefcst prcviemns,wìm` is haa t`n fcrn shainet hs its jirnmt prnmurscr (‐Ohronj Tirn’-sthfp jnmcrhtnjpcttnry) is becwe ie scfn eufonrs grcf Jrnet`n (n.d. Ahetied 8979o2 ?<<02 Whejnr Wnne & Ahetied 89982 Whe jnr ]hejne 899?2 \ruffna nt ha. ?<<9, 8:>). ìssmhrmnty cg ‐@iavnrsuf’-styan pcttnry rnejnrs it vnry jiggimuat tc cutaien ouiajiedscr snttanfnet sitns t`ht jhtn tc tìs pnricj gcr t`n ecrt`nrefcst prcviemns.

c fhbn fhttnrs wcrsn, gcr t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-H tcc (aibn wit` prnmnj-ied pnricjs), he nvijnet ahmb cg sthejhrjizhtice hej rnduahrity ie drcuej pahes cg`cusns (snn Hrecajussne ?<<0, 84:-80>) sideigimhetay `hfpnrs t`n ijnetigimhtice

cg cusns gcr tìs pnricj. ìs anhvns us ie h pcsitice w`nrn t`n prnsnemn cg hoith-tice ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut gcr t`n pnricj 80<<-8><< mha OM fhy on pcstuahtnj (prifhriay ohsnj ce t`n ohrrcw mcestrumtice hs nvijnemnj gcr), out mheect on prcv-ne (ecr jisprcvne cr tinj tc spnmigim zcens ie t`n ahejsmhpn). ìs pnricj rnfhies” hs it jcns nasnw`nrn ” scfnw`ht cg h ‐jhrb hdn’ (Hrecajussne ?<<0, 84:).

Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O (8><<-8<>< mha OM)

`n jismussnj smhrmity cg becwe `cusns gcr t`n prnmnjied pnricj is wnaa mcfpne-shtnj gcr oy t`n ahrdn eufonrs cg `cusns becwe gcr t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O ht

Hednasac-Nffnr`cut (Whe jnr Thhas & Outanr 89472 Bcci ?<<0h-o). Hat`cud`t`nrn `hs onne scfn jnohtn hocut t`n typcacdy cg t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn `cusnsht t`n sitn (@hrsnfh 899=2 Gcbbnes ?<<8, ?>>2 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=,8>02 Bcci ?<<0h, >9), it is dnenrhaay hssufnj t`ht `cusns cg t`n ‐Nffnr`cut’ typn(@uikts 899?, =4->:2 Thtnrocab ?<<9, :=2 :7-:0, snn Hrecajussne ?<<0, 89?-890ce t`n (aifitnj) usnguaenss cg trhjiticeha typcacdimha ahonas) jhtn tc t`n FijjanOrcezn Hdn-O (@uikts 899?, =42 >>2 Bcci ?<<0h, >92 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t?<<=, 87>-8772 80=). Hoscautn jhtied cg (sum`) `cusns is grnqunetay hggnmtnj oyieehtn pccr quhaity shfpans (uespnmiginj m`hrmcha iestnhj cg spnmiginj fhmrc-oc-theimha rnfhies wit` aifitnj cwe hdn) hej pccr shfpan hsscmihtice (shfpans grcf

‐h pit witìe’ cr ” ceay onttnr ” h pcst`can cg h divne `cusn (Thtnrocab 89482Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<?2 cp. mit.2 Hrecajussne ?<<0, ?8?)). ]hfpans co-



874

thienj grcf pcst`cans cg Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O cusns hrn t`nrngcrn prcen tc yinajuernaihoan (cajnr) rnsuats (Hrecajussne ?<<0, 80>-800 gcr jismussice). Givn cg htctha cg six said`tay fcrn rnaihoan jhtns gcr `cusns cg t`n typn ‐Nffnr`cut’ cridi-ehtnj grcf t`n npceyfcus sitn (Hrecajussne ?<<0, ?8? Gid. >.?:) hej suddnstt`ht t`n typn whs iejnnj murrnet ontwnne m. 8><< hej 8<<< mha OM, hs s`cwe oy

m`hrmcha grcf t`n `nhrt` cg `cusn 78 (DrE->447; ?97> ¸ => O\2 Whe jnr Thhas &Outanr 8947, >72 Hrecajussne ?<<0, ?8?2 Gid. 4, M) hej h pit ie t`n hisan cg `cusn=? (DrE->44>; =<9<¸7< O\2 Whe jnr Thhas & Outanr 8947, >72 Bcci ?<<0h, 77Gid. :.02 Gid. 4, H).

]iemn t`n snttanfnet jnvnacpfnet cg Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hs onne jnhat wit`nasnw`nrn nxtnesivnay (Whe jnr Thhas 89742 Whe jnr Thhas & Outanr 89472 Bcci?<<>2 ?<<0h-o), `nrn ceay t`n jistrioutice cg t`n `cusn pahes gcr tìs pnricjwiaa on prnsnetnj (Gid. 4, H2 M). It is rnfhrbhoan t`ht jnspitn sideigimhetay ahrdnhrnhs cg nxmhvhtice, ec `cusns rnaihoay jhthoan tc t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O hrnijnetiginj gcr t`n ecrt`nre trnem`ns (ecrt` cg `cusn =?) cg Hednasac-Nffnr`cut.

]ifiahray, guenrhry fceufnets wnrn ect nrnmtnj ie t`n ecrt`nre hrnh, suddnstiedt`ht hrcuej t`n cajnr ohrrcws cg Nffnrjneene (tufuai I tc III) he hrnh cg m. ><<f jihfntnr whs ect usnj gcr `hoithtice cr guenrhry fceufnets.

Gcr t`n ie`hoitnj scut`nre hrnh (Gid. 4, M), it is stribied t`ht t`n `cusns ”wìm` hrn grnqunetay nxtnejnj tc gcrf aced mcfpcsitn pahes hej wìm` hrn scfn-tifns rnouiat (Bcci ?<<>2 ?<<0h, Hrecajussne ?<<0, ?<4-?8<) ” snnf tc rnganmtt`n crinethtice cg t`n fum` cajnr ohrrcw haidefnet (nvne t`cud` `cusn >8 jn-vihtns oy m. ?> jndrnns). Tìan it s`cuaj on ectnj t`ht `cusn- hej ohrrcw-haide-fnets fhy fnrnay rnganmt t`n jcfiehet tcpcdrhpìm hxis harnhjy prnsnet ie t`nehturha (hej prn-nxistied muaturha) ahejsmhpn, t`n jcmufnetnj `cusn crinethtices

jrivn `cfn t`n fhie pciet t`ht `cusn crinethtice whs oy ec fnhes hroitrhry crmciemijnetha (mg. Hrecajussne ?<<0, =<8-=<=) hej fhy vnry wnaa `hvn onne usnjtc fhtnrihaizn hej ietneticehaay rnganmt h pnrmnivnj strumturied cg t`n prn-nxistiedmuaturha ahejsmhpn.

`n fcst ietnrnstied phrt cg t`n macsn prcxifity cg t`n guenrhry fceufnetshej `cusns ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut is t`n ghmt t`ht t`n dnenrhaay sphtihaay snph-rhtnj jcfhies cg t`n jnmnhsnj hej t`n aivied witìe t`n muaturha ahejsmhpn (n.d.

Hrecajussne ?<<0, :=4-::8) tcum` nhm` ct`nr `nrn. Ohsnj ce h strimt hehaysis cgrhjicmhroce jhtns gcr Jutm` Orcezn Hdn ohrrcws, Ocurdncis hej Hrecajussne(?<<7, mg. Ocurdncis & Gcetike ?<<0) `hvn hrdunj t`ht dnenrhaay, t`n ieitiha mce-

strumtice cg ohrrcws jhtnj tc t`n (gieha mneturins cg) t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-H,hej t`ht enw ohrrcws wnrn rhrnay nrnmtnj ce snttanfnet sitns (wìm` is ect tc shyt`ht ec enw fcuej pnricjs cr snmcejhry ietnrfnets tccb pahmn t`nrnhgtnr). Itwiaa on manhr t`ht ” ie dnenrha hosnemn cg jhthoan giejs (mg. Ac`cg 8998h, 702 8?>289?) cr hoscautn jhtns (Ocurdncis & Hrecajussne ?<<7) ” prcvied t`ht h mnrthieohrrcw whs mcestrumtnj juried t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O is jiggimuat. Fhyon it isnvne h fcct pciet. `n rnusn cg cajnr ohrrcws cg t`n prnvicusay nxistied ohrrcwhaidefnet (wit` cr wit`cut nrnmtied enw ohrrcws) rnganmts h pcsitivn hpprnmihticecg `hvied (hej mrnhtied enw) hemnstcrs macsn tc `cfn (mg. @hrsnfh 890?, 8>72Gcetike 8997, 082 Bcane ?<<>, :>). `n snnfieday phrhjcximha situhtice t`ht ce

ct`nr Jutm` Orcezn Hdn snttanfnet sitns tìs is dnenrhaay ect t`n mhsn (Ocurdncis



870

H

O-M

8 < < f<

O M

Zuf. II

Zuf. IW

Zuf. W

Zuf. WIII

Drhvn G

Drhvn N

Zuf. WII

Zuf. P

Zuf. WI

Zuf. IP

Zuf. III

Zuf. PII

Zuf. PIII

Zuf. PI

`cusn >8

`cusn >?

`. 7</78

`. 70

`. 79/4<

`.=?

`.==/=:

Zufuaus ‐II’ Zufuaus ‐III’ Zufuaus ‐IW’

Zufuaus ‐W’ Zufuaus ‐WI’ Zufuaus ‐WII’

Zufuaus ‐WIII’

Zufuaus ‐PI’ Zufuaus ‐PII’

Zufuaus ‐IP’ Zufuaus ‐P’

Drhvn ‐N’

Drhvn ‐G’

3

Drhvn (3) ‐O’

< 0 f



879

& Hrecajussne ?<<72 Ocurdncis & Gcetike ?<<0) fhy on h mcesnqunemn cg t`nghmt t`ht ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut, h Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O jcfnstim (muaturha)ahejsmhpn nemrchm`nj upce he cajnr guenrhry (ahejsmhpn) ” h guaay mcetnfpcrhrycen.

It is jiggimuat tc jntnrfien t`n nxhmt hdn hej Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O usn-p`hsns

gcr t`n iejivijuha ohrrcws ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut. `nrngcrn ” ie whet cg fcrnjhtns ” vhricus ohrrcw(-p`hsns) t`ht fhy ie rnhaity jhtn grcf t`n prnvicus p`hsn,hrn jispahynj hej jismussnj `nrn uejnr t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O. rhjiticehaay,t`n siedan wijnay-sphmnj pcst-mirman t`ht hmmcfpheins vhricus ohrrcws (tufuai IW,WI, WII, IP, P, PI hej PII2 Gid. 4) is `naj typimha gcr h Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O hdn(Ac`cg 8998h, 8>92 `nueissne 8999, >>2 Jrnet` & Ac`cg ?<<>; ::8). Ocurdncishej Hrecajussne (?<<7, 80, ?< Gid. >) `hvn s`cwe t`ht pcst-mirmanj ohrrcws jccmmur grcf t`n Nhray Orcezn Hdn tc (onycej t`n) Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O, ynt hrngrnqunetay jhtnj tc m. ==<< O\ (ioij., mg. Ocurdncis & Gcetike ?<<0, :02 Ahetied& Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=, 89?-89= nsp. Nnxt, @ikbnrvnaj tuf. > & Cestwnjjnr`catn

II). Grustrhtieday, ceay h siedan rhjicmhroce jhtn is hvhiahoan gcr haa pcst-mirmanjohrrcws cg gidurn 4, hej tìs mcemnres m`hrmcha grcf h thednetiha drhvn ie t`necrt`-nhst cg tufuaus P (t`ht whs girst nrnmtnj juried t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturnpnricj2 Gid. =, J) wìm` whs jhtnj tc m. 8=9<-88?< mha OM (DrE->80:; =<8< ¸:< O\2 Whe jnr Thhas & Outanr 8947, >7). Hs twc fcrn thednetiha ietnrfnet wnrngcuej ie ohrrcw P, its rnanvhemn gcr t`n jhtied cg tìs typn cg pcst-mirman rnfhiesspnmuahtivn.

Ie hjjitice tc rn-usn cg harnhjy nxistied ohrrcws (tufuai II, W, P hej PII), hth(e ue) mnrthie pciet ie tifn enw ohrrcws wnrn hjjnj tc nsthoais` t`n fcrn wnst-nray EET-]]N ohrrcw haidefnet t`ht ecw mcfprisns ohrrcws IW, W hej PPI.

Aibnwisn, ohrrcw III fhy `hvn nxtnejnj t`n nhstnrefcst ohrrcw-haidefnet tc t`necrt`. Ceay twc ohrrcws hppnhr tc on pahmnj irrnspnmtivn cg cajnr hrrhednfnetshej sit wnaa wnst (tuf. WI) cr nhst (tuf. WII) cg t`n nhstnre EET-]]N haide-fnet. `n suo-rnmtheduahr jitm` tnethtivnay ahonaanj ‐Drhvn O’ is strhtidrhpìmhaayhssidenj tc tìs p`hsn (it is mut oy he Nap-typn `cusn2 Gid. 4, J), ynt is ie ec whytypimha gcr drhvns cg tìs pnricj hej fhy vnry wnaa `hvn he ct`nr (hej/cr cajnr)cridie.

Hs fcst cg t`n prnsufnj Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O ohrrcws `hvn onne jismussnjoy Ac`cg (8998h-o), wn wiaa ect jismuss t`nir guenrhry trhjitice ie jnthia `nrn (ie-ùfhtices ” cgtne wit` h EET-]]N crinethtice ” hej mrnfhtice drhvns cg hjuats

hej mìajrne pahmnj thednetihaay ie trnn-trueb mcggies ” scfntifns suppcrtnj oystcens ” enhr t`n gcct cg ohrrcws). H gnw ietnrnstied phttnres s`cuaj `cwnvnr onfneticenj.

Girst, cen cg t`n fcst stribied hspnmts is t`ht juha ietnrfnet ietc h siedan drhvnwhs quitn mcffce. Ie t`n scut` cg tufuaus III h drhvn mcethieied twc sia`cu-nttns cg hjuats ourinj ohmb-tc-ohmb wit` rntrhmtnj ands mcuaj on ijnetiginj (`nhjs

Gid. 4 (angt phdn). Acmhtices cg `cusns cg t`n ‐Nffnr`cut’ typn hej ohrrcws (H-M) hej pahes

(onacw) gcr pcssioan Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O (m. 8><<-8<<< mha OM) usn-p`hsns cg ohrrcws ht

Hednasac-Nffnr`cut (pahes haa tc t`n shfn smhans2 tuf. PI hgtnr _uitnr & ]whrt-\cnafhe8974, ?8(89=) Gid. =, ct`nr ifhdns; © Drceiedne Iestitutn gcr Hrm`hncacdy).



84<

tc t`n ]]N2 Ac`cg 8998o, =4), h situhtice t`ht is nm`cnj oy drhvn N (gcr wìm` ecfcuej ocjy mcuaj on ijnetiginj) hasc mcethieied twc iejivijuhas (wit` rntrhmtnjands, ynt wit` t`nir `nhjs tc t`n EET). `n mnetrha ieùfhtice cg ohrrcw IPmcethienj ghiet trhmns cg he hjjiticeha sbuaa `hvied onne pahmnj enhr t`n `nhj cgt`n ieùfhtice, suddnstied t`ht nxtrh ocjy phrts (hej ect ceay guaa ocjins) fhy

`hvn onne ourinj hs wnaa (Ac`cg 8998o, :<, mg. Muikpnrs, Jrnet` & Ahetied 899:,==(8?>)2 Ocurdncis, Hfbrnutz & \heùysne ?<<9, 8<<). Juha ietnrfnet mcuajhasc on hmìnvnj oy pahmied mrnfhtnj rnfhies ce t`n ands cg ourinj iejivijuhas, hswhs t`n mhsn ie t`n ecrt`-wnst quhjrhets cg tufuai II hej III (Ac`cg 8998o, =4,mg. Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=, 89?). Onied situhtnj 7:< f hphrt, t`n trnht-fnet cg t`n jnhj ie tufuai II hej III hppnhrs tc on mhroce-mcpinj, hs ie oct`drhvns hfonr onhjs wnrn gcuej (Whe jnr Thhas 897=, ?>? (47)2 Ac`cg 8998o, =4).Eien hfonr onhjs wnrn hasc gcuej uejnrenht` t`n sbuaa cg t`n ecrt`nhst thedne-tiha ietnrfnet ie ohrrcw IW, suddnstied t`ht t`n hfonr onhjs fhy `hvn jnmcrhtnjh `nhjjrnss (Ac`cg 8998o, =4, mg. Oursm` 89=:, >=-48 tuf. II2 Whe jnr Wnne &

Ahetied 8998, tuf. IP hej P). ]hvn gcr h orcezn ried ie t`n ieùfhtice drhvn ietufuaus PII ” uegcrtuehtnay tcc grhdian tc rnmcvnr (Whe jn Thhas 8974, =0(?8<))” ec iecrdheim drhvn dccjs wnrn gcuej.

]nmcej, h fieifuf tctha cg := mrnfhtice- hej ieùfhtice drhvns hej snvne`cusns hrn httrioutnj tc tìs pnricj, iejimhtied `cw rhrn ohrrcw ouriha hmtuhaaywhs. Hssufied t`ht t`n hrnh (w`nt`nr guaay nxmhvhtnj cr ect) whs ie`hoitnj mce-tieucusay ontwnne 8><<-8<<< mha OM, t`nsn drhvns hfcuet tc h ‐aivied pcpuahtice’cg ?.> pnrsce ohsnj ce h =< ynhr aign nxpnmthemy (Hmsèji & Enfnsbéri 894<), h 8>% guenrhry rnprnsnethtivnenss (`nueissne 899=, :<) anhvns us wit` m. 84 pnrscestc pcpuahtn t`n hvhiahoan `cusns (snn Hrecajussne ?<<0, 0>-9? gcr h jismussice cg

t`n phrhfntnrs `cusn`caj sizn hej strumturha acednvity).ìrj, drhvn G sthejs cut gcr its typimha s`hpn hej mcfoiehtice cg twc jn-

aifitied strumturns (girst h jitm`, gcaacwnj oy fuatipan pcst snttieds). Ie its cri-nethtice it mcegcrfs tc t`ht cg t`n ‐heminet ohrrcw haidefnet’ out hasc tc t`htcg t`n ‐Nffnr`cut’-typn `cusns, ynt its macsn prcxifity tc `cusns 79/4< rnejnrsit ifprcohoan t`ht t`nsn `cusns hej drhvn G nxistnj sifuathencusay. Drhvn G on-aceds tc h drcup cg nacedhtnj ohrrcws t`ht `hvn onne hrdunj tc jhtn girfay tc t`nFijjan Orcezn Hdn-O (Ocurdncis & Gcetike ?<<0, ><2 `nueissne 8999, 70) hejt`ht fhy `hvn onne prnmurscr tc t`n nacedhtnj drhvn typns becwe hs aced ohr-rcws (Jutm`; ahedonjjne) murrnet ontwnne t`n Ahtn Orcezn Hdn hej Fijjan Irce

Hdn (Wnraiejn 8904, 84=-89=2 _cyfhes & Bcrtahed 8999, :?->=2 ca 8999, 8<=2Bcrtahed 8999, 87=).

Ie tìs snesn, drhvn G mhe on rndhrjnj hs h orijdn`nhj ontwnne t`n phttnres” pnr`hps fcst typimha gcr t`n pnricj (87<<3)8><<-8=<< mha OM ” jismussnj `nrnhocvn hej t`csn gcr t`n pnricj 8=<<-8<<< mha OM ecw tc on jismussnj. ìsscfnw`ht hroitrhry jivisice is enmnsshry (hej/cr pcssioan) jun tc t`n prnsnemn cg`cusns cg he hatnrehtivn typn cg drcuej pahe mhaanj ‐Nap’ `cusns (@uikts 899?, >>-772 Thtnrocab ?<<9, :9->8), t`ht fcst aibnay jhtn tc t`n pnricj ontwnne 8=<<hej 9<< mha OM (Hrecajussne ?<<0, ?8? Gid. >.?:). ùs, t`n kciet ehrrhtivn gcr`cusns hej drhvns onmcfns mcfpaimhtnj, hs t`n ie`hoithets cg t`n Nap-typn `cusns

fhy gcrf phrt cg t`n thednetiha ietnrfnets jismussnj hocvn (Gid. 4), ynt fhy ha-



848

tnrehtivnay `hvn onne ietnrrnj ie t`n fum` sfhaanr fcuejs wit` ried-jitm`ns jn-pimtnj ie gidurn 0. Hs t`nrn hrn ec hoscautn jhtns cr drhvn digt tc mahrigy tìs, `nrn purnay gcr mahrity t`n Nap-typn `cusns hrn jnpimtnj ie t`n tcp phrt cg gidurn 0.

Ahtn Orcezn Hdn (88<<-0<< mha OM)

Mcfphrnj tc t`n nvijnemn gcr `hoithtice ie t`n prnmnjied p`hsn (wit` anss t`hetne Nffnr`cut-typn `cusns (out snn Bcci ?<<0o, =>0-=>9), t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh hppnhrs tc on fum` fcrn ietnesivnay (hej nxtnesivnay) cmmupinj.

H tctha cg =4 `cusn-p`hsns mhe on iejnetiginj, out hs scfn `cusn-p`hsns gcrfphrt cg h siedan mcfpcsitn nxtnejnj `cusn pahe (scfn up tc 0< f ie anedt`2 Bcci?<<>2 ?<<0o, Gid. :2 Hrecajussne ?<<0, ?8<-?88) cr hrn cvnrahppied, it is onttnrtc spnhb cg m. ?4 `cusn-sitns (mg. Bcci ?<<0o, =7<). It snnfs t`ht ie haa hrnhs w`nrnh suggiminetay ahrdn surghmn hrnh whs cpnenj up, ‐Nap’-typn `cusns mcuaj on ijneti-ginj (shvn gcr t`n ecrt`nrefcst zcen, t`ht `cwnvnr jij suppcrt Irce Hdn `hoith-tice2 Gid. 8<). `n crinethtice cg t`n `cusns hppnhrs tc anss strimtay mcpy t`ht cgt`n fhie ohrrcw haidefnet (nspnmihaay ie t`n ecrt`) hej scfn `cusns hrn nvnecrinethtnj EEN-]]T (Gid. 0, O).

He hehaysis cg t`n jistrioutice phttnre gcr t`n drhvns cg tìs pnricj (t`ht hrnhjfittnjay pccray jhthoan typcacdimhaay, hs sfhaanr ried-jitm`ns (fcstay ?-7 f ji-hfntnr, rhrnay nxmnnjied 88 f, hrn ieehtn tc ahtnr prnìstcrim (Ahtn Orcezn Hdn hejIrce Hdn) mnfntnrins2 Bcci 8949, 8=?2 Wnraiejn 8904h, 890-?<<2 @nssied & Bcci?<<>, 7=>-7=72 Wnraiejn & @uast ?<8<, 8:-8>) is `hfpnrnj oy t`n ghmt t`ht ecencg t`n iscahtnj ried-jitm`ns H, @, K, B, E, \ cr X hvn yinajnj nvijnemn cg t`nir usnhs guenrhry mcestrumtice. \rnsufhoay, t`nir fcuej ocjins (hej mrnfhtice drhvns)wnrn jnstrcynj hej anvnaanj t`rcud` hdrimuaturha usn, anhvied ceay t`n suosurghmnjitm` gnhturn. It is t`nrngcrn fhieay ohsnj ce hehacdy wit` t`n ried-jitm`ns uemcv-nrnj ie t`n twc fhie ureginaj acmhtices (Gid. 0, J ureginaj ‐Orhejs’ hej Gid. 9 ure-ginaj ‐Oursm` 89==’) t`ht t`n iscahtnj ried-jitm`ns hrn `nrn tnethtivnay ietnrprntnjhs drhvns. Hat`cud` t`ny hppnhr tc cmmur enhr t`n aced- cr s`crt sijns cg Nap-typn`cusns (phrtimuahray drhvns H, @, B, E hej \), it snnfs ” jun tc t`n ehturhaay wnaa-jrhienj scia ” ifprcohoan t`ht t`n jitm`ns cridiehtnj hs phrt cg he hdrimuaturhaprcmnss sum` hs mnrnha prcmnssied (sum` hs t`n jitm`ns hrcuej hy-sthmbs becwe gcr

Tnst-Grinsahej2 mg. Ouurfhe 8997, ?<72 ^gbns & Wnajùis ?<<=2 Ac`cg & Whhrs?<<>), hdhie ghvcuried t`n ietnrprnthtice hs (anvnaanj) drhvns. Titìe t`n ‐Orhejs’

ureginaj, snvne mrnfhtices hej grhdfnets cg twc ures jhthoan tc t`n Ahtn Orceznhdn cr Nhray Irce Hdn wnrn rnmcvnrnj (H. ^gbns, pnrsceha cosnrvhtice). Titìe t`n ‐Orhejs’ ureginaj twc bny-`can s`hpnj fceufnets mhe on ijne-

tiginj (Bcci 8949, 8=<-8=82 Wnraiejn 8904h, 89=-894). Hmmcrjied tc Wnraiejnhej @uast (?<8<, 8<=-8<>) it is he ifpcrthet m`hrhmtnristim cg t`n ‐Ecrt`nreEnt`nrahejs’ hej ‐Nnfs’ ureginaj rndices (cp. mit., 8<7 Gid. :8). _nmnet hehay-sns iejnnj snnf tc iejimhtn t`ht t`n Jutm` nxhfpans cg t`nsn ]màñssnaacm`drêonr hrn fnrnay t`n wnstnrefcst fhrdie cg h jistrioutice hrcuej t`n fijjan Nfs ie

Tnstghane (n.d. Oérnednr & Drñenwhaj ?<<0, :?2 Orieb-Bacbn, @nierim` & Ohrtnat?<<7, ?<2 Tiaonrtz ?<<9). `n jhtied cg tìs typn cg drhvn is dnenrhaay snt ie t`n

8?t`

tc 9t`

mnetury OM (cr m. =<<<-?49< O\), ohsnj ce vhricus rhjicmhroce jhtns(Wnraiejn 8904h, 89=-8942 @nssied & Bcci ?<<>, 7=72 7>= et. 8>2 Orieb-Bacbn,



84?

Gid. 0. Acmhtices cg `cusns cg t`n ‐Nap’ typn (m. 8=<<-9<< mha OM) hej pcssioan drhvns tnethtivnay hrio-

utnj tc t`n Ahtn Orcezn Hdn (m. 8<><-0<< mha OM, ynt t`ht fhy sphe t`n pnricj up tc t`n Fijjan Irce

Hdn (m. ><<-?>< mha OM)) cutaienj ie oahmb. Cajnr p`hsns cg ohrrcws hej `cusns (Gid. 7) hrn jnpimtnj ie

`hagtcen drny. ]ituhticeha pahes ie acwnr phrt haa tc shfn smhan (ohsnj ce Bcci ?<<0o, urenaj Orhejs ©Drceiedne Iestitutn gcr Hrm`hncacdy).

< 0 f

< 0 f

H

O

8 < < f<O

M

M

J

J

>< f<

8 < < f<

^reginaj ‑Orhejs‖

(Zuf. WI)

‐Drhvn

G’

‐Drhvn

H’

‐Drhvn

@’

‐Drhvn

K’

‐Drhvn

B’

‐Drhvn

E’

‐Drhvn \’

‐Drhvn X’‐Drhvn 3’

‐Drhvn \’

‐Drhvn B’

‐^reginaj Orhejs’

‐Drhvn 3’

Zuf. ‐WI’

‐Drhvn X’

‐Drhvn E’

‐Drhvn H’

‐Drhvn @’

‐Drhvn K’

^reginaj

Oursm` 89==



84=

@nierim` & Ohrtnat ?<<7, ?< tho. 02 @nrried ?<<9, ?7?). `n bny`can s`hpnjdrhvns fhy t`nrngcrn fhrb t`n trhesitice grcf h fcrn (pnrscehaay) nxmausivn (hejsphtihaay aienhr) Fijjan Orcezn Hdn guenrhry trhjitice tc h fcrn iemausivn (hejsphtihaay ecjha) ouriha rituha ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut. `n pnmuaihr ‐gidurn-cg-0’s`hpnj jitm` fhy hasc jhtn rnahtivnay nhray, hs ie h macsn phrhaana uemcvnrnj ht

Tnzup (Bcci 8949, 88< fhp 8<4, mg. cp.mit. 8<:-8<0) h mrnfhtice whs gcuej ieh Dhstnrne-typn ure, wìm` mhe on jhtnj tc m. 8:<<-8?<< mha OM (Hrecajussne?<<0, :<9 et. 8:4).

Mirmh 77< f tc t`n ecrt`wnst cg t`n ‐Orhejs’ ureginaj, ynt hect`nr ureginaj jn-vnacpnj (Gid. 0, H2 Gid. 9). ìs ureginaj whs nxmhvhtnj ” fcstay oy triha trnem`ns” oy G.M. Oursm` ie 89== hej prcohoay nxtnejnj onycej t`n 0< oy :< f hrnh t`htwhs ievnstidhtnj (Oursm` 89=4, >=->7). Ht t`n mnetrn cg t`n uemcvnrnj hrnh (wìmènnj ect `hvn onne t`n sphtiha cr m`rcecacdimha pciet cg drhvity cg tìs ureginaj),h 84 f aced nacedhtnj ohrrcw (Jutm`; ahedonj ) wit` ietnreha pcst-snttied cg t`n‐Wanjjnr’ cr ‐Dhstnrne’-typn (Bcci 8949, 8=82 Wnraiejn 8904h, 84=-840) whs ue-

mcvnrnj. ìs typn cg ohrrcw is jhtnj tc m. =<<<-?07< O\ (Ahetied 8907, 8<42Wnraiejn 8904h, 8402 @nssied & Bcci ?<<>, 7=72 7>= ecct 8?), out h jhtied hgtnrt`n 8=t` mnetury OM snnfs fcst mcffce (mg. @nrried ?<<9, ?7?). `n twc ohr-rcws cg t`n ‐Wanjjnr’ typn (hej/cr ect uemcvnrnj cajnr Fijjan Orcezn Hdn ohr-rcw3) fhy `hvn gcrfnj t`n ieitiha ecjns hrcuej wìm` t`n Oursm` 89== ureginajjnvnacpnj. êgcrtuehtnay, ec hoscautn jhtns hrn hvhiahoan gcr mrnfhtices cg t`nOursm` 89== ureginaj.

`n crinethtice cg t`n aced ohrrcws (hej h tnethtivn bny`can/gidurn-cg-0s`hpnj drhvn) is fhrbnjay jiggnrnet (haonit hafcst pnrpnejimuahr) tc t`ht cg t`nnhstnre ohrrcw haidefnets hej bny`can-s`hpnj ureginaj drhvns cg t`n Orhejs ure-

ginaj. Hat`cud` t`n nxhmt fnheied cg tìs sìgt ie crinethtice naujns us, its gcrfnrsideigimhemn ennj ect on jcuotnj hej it prcohoay nit`nr rnganmts mcegcrfity tc heuemcvnrnj ynt cemn jiggnrnetay strumturnj acmha phrt cg t`n muaturha ahejsmhpn crhe nxpaimit jnvihtice grcf t`n fhie hxis cg t`n wijnr jcfnstim muaturha ahejsmhpn.`n ghmt t`ht ht m. :<->< f tc t`n nhst cg ureginaj Oursm` 89== snvnrha fcrn nace-dhtnj ohrrcw cg t`n ‐Eccrjohrdn’-typn ” w`csn crinethtices fhtm` t`csn cg cajnrhaidefnets hej Nap-typn cusns ” wnrn uemcvnrnj (Gid. 9, O), fhy suppcrt t`n aht-tnr smnehric. `n ‐Eccrjohrdn’-typn aced ohrrcws hrn ” aibn t`csn cg t`n ‐Wanjjnr’-typn ” prcohoay hfced t`n cajnst cg t`n ureginaj mcestitunets, wit` hvhiahoan rhji-cmhroce jhtns ontwnne 8:8< hej 8<?< mha OM (Ahetied & Fccb 8944, 8=?2 Bcci

8949, 8=<2 Wnraiejn 8904h, 808 et. 4?2 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=, ?8:).\cssioay, t`n cridieha ureginaj spheenj oct` t`n ‐Eccrohrdn’-typn ‐aced onj’

ohrrcws hej t`n hrnh uemcvnrnj oy Oursm` ie 89==, suddnstied t`ht t`n >? fceu-fnets ecw rnmcvnrnj gcrf ceay h acwnr aifit gcr he cridiehaay fum` ahrdnr ure-ginaj. Mcfoienj wit` t`n 8< ureginaj drhvns ie t`n Orhejs ureginaj hej t`n 0-9jispnrsnj ried-jitm`ns (Gid. 0), h fieifuf eufonr cg 4< ureginaj ietnrfnets hrnhmmcuetnj gcr. Hssnssied t`n jnfcdrhpìm sizn cg t`n ouriha mcffueity is `cw-nvnr `hfpnrnj oy t`n ghmt t`ht ec rnaihoan nstifhtn cg t`n jurhtice cg usn cg t`nureginajs ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut mhe on divne. gbns’ ievnetcry aists grhdfnets cgcen Ahtn Orcezn Hdn/Nhray Irce Hdn vnssna (hej h pcssioan pinmn cg irce2 grcf t`n

ecrt`nrefcst ried-jitm`) hej cen pcssioan Nhray Irce Hdn pct grcf t`n Orhejs



84:

?> f<

H

O

O

?< f<

Gid. 9. Acmhtice (H-O) hej gnhturns uemcvnrnj ie hej enhr t`n urenaj uemcvnrnj oy G.M. Oursm` ie 89==

(hgtnr Oursm` 89=4, >: Gid. ?4), pahes ie acwnr phrt haa tc shfn smhan, durns tc t`n rid`t © DrceiedneIestitutn gcr Hrm`hncacdy.



84>

ureginaj (acmhtice uemanhr), suddnstied t`ht it rnfhienj ie usn ht anhst ietc t`nNhray Irce Hdn (m. 0<<-7<< mha OM). Tit` h `ypct`ntimha aign sphe cg 7<< ynhr (m. 8?<<-7<< mha OM), t`n prnsnetay becwe Hednasac drhvns jc ect prnsnet h mhtndcri-mhaay jiggnrnet ‐ouriha mcffueity’ sizn t`he t`n cen `ypct`nsiznj gcr t`n FijjanOrcezn Hdn-O hocvn (ecw = pnrsces vnrsus ?.7). @cwnvnr, mcfphrisce wit` t`n

?4 becwe `cusn-sitns jrivns `cfn t`n pciet t`ht fhey fcrn ureginaj pnricjdrhvns mhe on nxpnmtnj (nvne wit` h vnry cptifistim aign-sphe cg 8<< ynhr gcr ieji-vijuha cusn(-sitn)s (Hrecajussne ?<<0, 9<-9?), ?4 cusn-sitns ie 7<< ynhrs ifpay:-> mcetnfpcrhencus cusn-sitns), prcvijnj t`ht t`n dnenrhaay up`naj t`ncry t`htie ureginaj pnricj fcrn pncpan witìe scminty wnrn snanmtnj gcr fceufnetha ourihaie t`n ureginaj `cajs trun (Gcetike 8997, 402 Gcbbnes 8994, =7=2 =79, mg. Bcci8949, 84:, w`c nsthoais`nj 8:-8> pnrsces hs h fnhe ‐ureginaj ouriha mcffueity’sizn ohsnj ce snvne ureginajs grcf Jrnet`n).

Nhray Irce Hdn (0<<-7<< mha OM)

T`nrnhs nvijnemn gcr mcetieunj ureginaj ushdn juried t`n Nhray Irce Hdn whssuddnstnj hocvn, t`n nvijnemn gcr `hoithtice cg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut is fcrnmanhr-mut. \hrtimuahray ie t`n ecrt`nre phrt, twc Nhray Irce Hdn (gnemnj-cgg ) cusn-sitns mhe on ijnetiginj (Gid. 8<, O2 Bcci ?<<0o, Gid. =H-O, mg. Hrecajussne &

Khesne ?<8<, =07 Gid. 9, H). `n `cusns hrn surrcuejnj oy sfhaanr cutouiajiedshej gnemns t`ht nit`nr mceenmt tc t`n ouiajieds, surrcuej t`nf hej/cr jngien t`nhdrimuaturha ahycut cg t`n sitn (Bcci ?<<0o, =7=). `n twc T(]T)-N(EN) crine-thtnj `cusns ie t`n nxtrnfn ecrt` hrn rnfhrbhoay cg he uebecwe (ynt manhr) typn(Bcci ?<<0o, ==> Gid. : ecs. 8-?, mg. Thtnrocab ?<<9, :=), out hs t`nir crineth-tice fhtm`ns t`ht cg `cusn 7 (4< f tc t`n scut`) ” wìm` is nvijnetay cg t`n NhrayIrce Hdn ‐Nne/Banuvnevnaj’ typn (Thtnrocab ?<<9, >: Gid. =?2 Bcci ?<<0o, =78)” t`ny hrn jhtnj tc t`n Nhray Irce Hdn hs wnaa. Jirnmtay wnst cg tìs (rnouiat) NhrayIrce Hdn cusn, snvnrha drcuej pahes wnrn gcuej t`ht hrn nrn tnethtivnay jhtnj tct`n Irce Hdn, hs t`ny jc ect git nhsiay witìe murrnet typcacdimha sm`nfns (`cusns=, : hej 42 Bcci ?<<0o, =>>-=>7). ]ifiahray, t`n twc `cusns ynt hdhie ?=< f tct`n scut` mhe hasc ceay tnethtivnay on jhtnj tc t`n Irce Hdn ie dnenrha tnrfs (Bcci?<<0o, =:<-=:8).

H mcfphrhoay mhuticus hpprchm` tc t`n 88 `cusns mahifnj tc jhtn tc t`n NhrayIrce Hdn oy Bcci (?<<0o, =78) hppains tc t`n scut`nhst maustnr (Gid. 8<, M). `n

N-T crinethtnj cusn 8:< f tc t`n scut`nhst cg drhvn A mhe ceay on m`hrhmtnriznjhs h dnenrim Irce Hdn typn (Bcci ?<<0o, =:0), hs jcns t`n `cusn 7< f tc t`n nhstcg ureginaj ‐Orhejs’ (Bcci ?<<0o, =:0-=:9). `n maustnr cg `cusns tc t`n nhst cgtìs `cusn `cwnvnr mcethies twc nvijnet ‐Nne/Banuvnevnaj’-typn Nhray Irce Hdn`cusns. `n tìrj rnaihoan acmhtice cg Nhray Irce Hdn `hoithtice is situhtnj ie t`nnxtrnfn wnst cg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh (`cusn 4>2 Gid. 8<, H, jhtnj tc m.4?<-=4< mha OM (DrE-78=?; ?=7< => O\2 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=, 8772Bcci ?<<0o, =7?). _nfhrbhoay, tìs `cusn is hasc rnouiat, suddnstied t`ht trnejssum` hs iemrnhsnj `cusn-sitn acednvity (Hrecajussne & Khesne ?<8<, =2 9) fhy oniemipinetay prnsnet ie t`n Nhray Irce Hdn. Ie mcemausice, ceay snvne cusns (haa cri-

nethtnj enhray N-T, prnsnetied h manhr-mut ornhb wit` t`n prnvicus `cusn-crineth-tices) mhe wit` h suggiminet jndrnn cg mcegijnemn on pahmnj ie t`n Nhray Irce Hdn.



847

Nvne ig wn hsside h rht`nr pnssifistim aign sphe cg >< ynhrs gcr h `cusn sitn (suprh 2 Hrecajussne ?<<0, 9<-9?), tìs suddnst =-: mcetnfpcrhencus `cusn-sitns t`htmcuaj `hvn onne ie usn sifuathencusay ht h divne tifn gcr t`n pnricj 0<<-7<< mhaOM. ìs suppcrts t`n mcemausice ie t`n prnvicus phrhdrhp` hocut t`n pcpuahticejnesity ie t`n Ahtn Orcezn Hdn hej Nhray Irce Hdn.

< 0 f< 0 f

H

O

M

MO>< f< 8<< f<

< 0 f

Drhvn ‐A’

êb. =<

Drhvn 3

êbe. =<

Drhvn 3

Drhvn ‐A’

Drhvn ‐B’

< ? f

Drhvn ‐A’

Nhray Irce Hdn `cusn

ec. 4> (oacmb ?)

NIH cusn 4>

^reginaj

Oursm` 89==

@cusn 78

Gid. 8<. Acmhtice (H-M) hej strumturn cg Nhray Irce Hdn `hoithtice ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut (NIH `cusns

`htm`nj wit` oahmb cutaien, `cusns grcf t`n prnmnjied pnricj ie `hagtcen drny). @cusn 4> (grcf; Bcci ?<<0o,=>7 Gid. :2 Thtnrocab ?<<9, >4), gnhturn pahes grcf Bcci (?<<0o, Gid = H, O, @ & A), ifhdns drhvns ©

Drceiedne Iestitutn gcr Hrm`hncacdy).



844

_nfhrbhoay, ceay cen ouriha ie t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh mhe on mcemau-sivnay jhtnj tc t`n Nhray Irce Hdn, drhvn A (Gid. 8<, M). ìs is he nacedhtnj drhvnmcethieied h pcssioan mcggie hej givn Irce Hdn s`nrjs hs wnaa hs grhdfnets cg irceiesijn t`n ‐mcggie’ (H. ^gbns, pnrsceha cosnrvhtice). \cssioay, oct` t`n ‐Orhejs’ hej‐Oursm` 89==’ ureginaj sphe ietc t`n Nhray Irce Hdn, hs Nhray Irce Hdn typns cg

ures wnrn gcuej (Oursm` 89=4, >= Gid. ?72 H. ^gbns, pnrsceha cosnrvhtice). Heceay fhrdiehaay nxmhvhtnj squhrn cr rnmtheduahr drhvn ie t`n ‐Oursm` 89==’ ure-ginaj (Gid. 9) fhy nvne rnprnsnet h Fijjan Irce Hdn drhvn typn (m. ?>8<-?:0> O\/ 0<<-:<< mha OM2 Bcci 8949, 8==2 Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<7, =<:-=<>).Giehaay, h vnry spnmuahtivn mhsn fhy on hrdunj gcr t`n twc phrhaana jitm`ns ahonaanj‐uebecwe =<’ (Gid. 8<, M). `nsn twc jitm`ns hrn strhtidrhpìmhaay cen cg t`nycuednst gnhturns ht Hednasac-Nffnr`cut, hej s`cw scfn rnsnfoahemn tc mcf-phrhoan phrhaana jitm`ns ” t`ht cemn jnaifitnj h ahedonj ohrrcw ”ie t`n ureginajscg Eccrjohrdn hej ]anne (Bcci 8949, hppnejix fhp 72 :>, mg. @nssied & Bcci?<<>, 7=0 Gid. ?0.:2 7=9).

Z`n hemnstcrs enhroy ” t`n jcfnstim hej guenrhry ahejsmhpncg Hednasac-Nffnr`cut

`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut jhth haacw tc trhmn t`n netwienj jnvnacpfnet cgguenrhry hej jcfnstim ushdn cg t`n muaturha ahejsmhpn. It `hs onne hrdunj t`ht” fhieay jun tc t`n pccr hrm`hncacdimha visioiaity cg `cusns gcr t`csn pnricj ” t`nnvijnemn gcr `hoithtice grcf t`n Gueena Onhbnr tc t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-H pn-ricj is iemcemausivn. \hrtimuahray gcr t`n ]iedan Drhvn- , Onaa Onhbnr- hej NhrayOrcezn Hdn pnricjs (wit` Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-H pcttnry hatcdnt`nr hosnet), t`n

jispnrsnj sphtiha jistrioutice hej acw eufonr cg pcttnry s`nrjs rnmcvnrnj suddnstt`ht `hoithtice `hj ec pahmn enhr cr hfcedst t`n fceufnetha drhvns.Cen cg t`n fcst stribied gnhturns cg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut muaturha ahej-

smhpn is t`ht, grcf t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj cewhrjs, enw ohrrcw mce-strumtice whs usnj tc nxphej hej rniegcrmn h EET-]]N haidefnet cg fceu-fnetha fcuejs w`csn rccts ahy ie t`n twc fndhaitìm ùenonj fcuejs. `ncrinethtice cg t`n haidefnet ” prnsufhoay ect mciemijnethaay ” firrcrs t`ht cgt`n jcfiehet drhjinet ie t`n fimrc-tcpcdrhpìm ahejsmhpn (mg. Gid. 8), wìm` jipsgrcf ?> tc ?= f hocvn J.C.J. pnrpnejimuahr tc t`n EET-]]N jirnmtice. Ceaywit` t`n Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O (haonit t`ht jhtied cg fcst ohrrcws rnfhies iesn-

murn), jc ruans cg guenrhry pahmnfnet hppnhr tc `hvn onne anss strimtay hj`nrnj tc.@cwnvnr, it rnfhies juoicus w`nt`nr (f)hey fcuejs wnrn mcestrumtnj juriedtìs pnricj, hs t`nrn is ec rhjicmhroce nvijnemn gcr hey FOH-O (ieitiha) mnetrhadrhvns. _ndhrjanss cg prcoanfhtim jhtied, nvne ie t`n FOH-O, t`n hjjitice cg enwfcuej(pnricj)s whs ghr grcf hroitrhry. Ht m. 8=< f wnst cg t`n fhie haidefnet,ynt hect`nr sifiahray crinethtnj aien cg ohrrcws mhe on rnmcestrumtnj. Fcrncvnr,t`n gnw drhvns t`ht (ohsnj ce typcacdy) hrn prcen tc jhtn tc t`n FOH-O (i.n. drhvn‐G’), ie t`nir pahmnfnet hej crinethtice strnedt`ne rht`nr t`he wnhbne t`n prn-nx-istied haidefnet. ]hvn gcr cen `cusn-sitn, haa `cusns hrn mcestrumtnj >< f cr fcrntc t`n nhst cg t`n fhie guenrhry fceufnet’s hxis cg haidefnet.



840

`n ahrdn eufonrs cg thednetiha drhvns hej enw fcuej pnricjs suddnst t`htht t`n tifn cg Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O `hoithtice (sideiginj oy t`n Nffnr`cut-typn`cusns), h sfhaa pnrmnethdn cg t`n pcpuahtice whs hjjnj tc t`n drcup cg hemns-tcrs t`rcud` t`n rnusn cg cajnr ohrrcws. Hat`cud` tìs fhy snnf tc mcegirf t`ntrhjiticeha `ypct`nsis cg ohrrcw ouriha enxt tc `cusns, it s`cuaj on strnssnj t`ht

ie t`n hocvn mhsns it is ohrrcw (rn)usn rht`nr t`he ohrrcw mcestrumtice t`ht is htpahy. Hs sthtnj nhrainr, `nrn h Fijjan Orcezn Hdn-O jcfnstim (muaturha) ahejsmhpnnemrchm`nj upce he cajnr guenrhry (ahejsmhpn). Tìan it is tnfptied tc rnahtnt`n crinethtice cg t`n Nffnr`cut-typn `cusns tc t`ht cg t`n ohrrcw-haidefnet,ct`nr ghmtcrs (iemaujied, out ect aifitnj tc) sum` hs t`n jcfiehet crinethtice cgt`n (fimrc-)tcpcdrhpìmha ahejsmhpn wiaa `hvn onne ht pahy (mg. Hrecajussne ?<<0,=<8-=<=). Cemn hdhie, t`n cosnrvnj (ridijity hej) mcegcrfity ie crinethtice cgt`n `cusns is sideigimhet ie itsnag, rndhrjanss cg t`n nxhmt fctivhtice.

Hrcuej t`n nej cg t`n FOH-O, t`n strimt snts cg ruans rnduahtied drhvn- hej`cusn-pahmnfnet hej -crinethtice hppnhr tc `hvn whenj. Ect ceay is `cusn crine-

thtice sideigimhetay fcrn jivnrsn, enw `cusns ecw tcum` upce cr nvne cvnrahpt`n acmhtices cg cajnr guenrhry fceufnets. H snrins cg (hjfittnjay pccray jhtnjried-jitm`ns) hppnhrs tc hmmcfphey t`n Nap-typn cusns, out t`nir hsscmihtice fhyvnry wnaa on mciemijnetha (i.n. ect mcetnfpcrhencus). Ecent`nanss, t`n sphtihaaysmhttnrnj cmmurrnemn cg enw typns cg drhvns (sfhaa ried-jitm`ns) hdhie s`cw h manhrjivnrsice grcf t`n prnvicus acmhtices (ecw onycej cg t`n fhie haidefnets) hejtypns (bny`can-s`hpnj, cr cg typns ‐Eccrjohrdn’ hej ‐Wanjjnr’) cg t`n cajnr FOHfceufnets.

_ndhrjanss cg w`ne nxhmtay tìs `hppnenj, ht scfn pciet ie t`n gieha mneturinscg t`n FOH-O hej AOH, trun hddrndhtice cg sfhaanr fceufnets (fcstay ried-

jitm`ns) ietc ureginaj maustnrs cmmurrnj (n.d. ureginaj ‐Orhejs’ hej ‐Oursm` 89==’).It snnfs t`ht gcr t`n AOH pnricj t`n pnrmnethdn cg pncpan ietnrrnj ie ureginajfceufnets whs stiaa fcjnst, out tìs nstifhtn is vnry jnpnejhet cg t`n uegcrtu-ehtnay pccr m`rcecacdimha rnscautice (hej t`nrngcrn ypct`ntimhaay aced usn-aign cgt`n ureginaj pnricj drhvns).

Tìan t`n onttnr phrt cg t`n AOH fhy on ijnetiginj oy Nap-typn `cusns(Hrecajussne ?<<0, ?8? Gid. >.?:), t`ncrntimhaay h dhp ie `hoithtice fhy onprnsnet juried t`n (8<t` tc) 9t` mnetury OM ” hs t`n ‐Nne/Banuvnevnaj’ `cusnsgcuej ie t`n nxtrnfn ecrt` cg Hednasac-Nffnr`cut fcst prcohoay jhtn grcft`n gieha quhrtnr cg t`n 9 t` mnetury cewhrjs (Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<=,

877-874, mg. Hrecajussne ?<<0, ??9). Ie t`n fcrn scut`nre hrnhs cg Hednasac-Nffnr`cut, Irce Hdn `hoithtice hppnhrs tc `hvn sìgtnj tc t`n (anss nxtnesivnaynxmhvhtnj) nhst, wìm` ” mcfoienj wit` t`n fcrn jispnrsnj pahmnfnet cg drhvnsie tìs pnricj (mg. Gcetike 8997, 0?-0:2 Whe Onnb ?<<72 ?<8<, =892 Whe jnr Wnajn?<88, :0-:9) ” fhy hmmcuet gcr gnw eufonrs cg Irce Hdn drhvns.

`n hocvn jismussices oy ec fnhes tnaa t`n guaa cr mcfpantn than cg t`n mc-nvc-autice cg t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut guenrhry hej jcfnstim ahejsmhpns. c sthrt,m. ?<< f ecrt` cg t`n ecw jismussnj hrnh, h mnfntnry httrioutnj tc t`n ‐pnri-cj cg nhray _cfhe nfpnrcrs’ whs gcuej (Oursm` 89=4, >0-7<, nsp. >9 Gid. =8).Fcrncvnr, ceay 8.? bf tc t`n wnst cg t`n fhie Hednasac-Nffnr`cut hrnh, hect`nr

ahtn prnìstcrim mnfntnry (sthrtied wit` t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn pnricj drhvns



849

hej muafiehtied ietc he ureginaj) whs gcuej (Oursm` 89=7, >7-772 Ac`cg 8998o,=:). Tìan tìs mnfntnry whs phrtay rn-nxmhvhtnj ie Hednasac `cusied oacmb 8(Bcci ?<<0h, 7: Gid. :.4), its jisthet acmhtice hej hosnemn cg snttanfnet trhmnsrnejnrnj it uesuithoan gcr iemcrpcrhtice ietc t`n prnsnet stujy ” jnspitn t`n nvi-jnet phrhaanas ie mnfntnry jnvnacpfnet (mg. Bcci (8949, 44-9<2 8<:-8<0, nsp. 8<0

Gid. 8<>) ce pcssioay sifiahr trhknmtcrins ht @hvnatn hej [uijwcajn). T`nrnhsfcrn nxtnesivn nxmhvhtices cg ahtnr prnìstcrim mnfntnrins t`ht s`cw h mcfphrhoantifn-jnpt` hrn becwe grcf enidòcuried rndices hs wnaa (n.d. Thrnejcrg (Ahetied89072 Kcmbne`÷vna ?<<=, 9?-9:) cr @ñastne (_hjonrd2 Kcmbne`÷vna ?<<=, 9> Gid.:2 @nrried ?<<9o, thg. 47-44), t`n Hednasac-Nffnr`cut nxmhvhtices rnfhie ue-rivhaanj ie t`nir smhan hej nquhaay wnaa-rnprnsnetnj snttanfnet hej guenrhry rn-fhies. It is tìs mcfoiehtice t`ht `hs haacwnj tc stujy t`n juha ” ynt netwienj” ehrrhtivns cg `cusns hej drhvns grcf h aced jihm`rceim pnrspnmtivn.

Aitnrhturn

Hmsèji, D. & K. Enfnsbéri, 894<; @istcry cg ùfhe aign sphe hej fcrthaity ,Oujhpnst.

Hrecajussne, ]., ?<<0; H Aivied Ahejsmhpn. Orcezn Hdn snttanfnet sitns ie t`n Jutm`rivnr hrnh (m. ?<<<-0<< OM), Anijne (\`J `nsis).

Hrecajussne, ]. & J._. Gcetike, ?<<7; cwhrjs ghfiaihr ahejsmhpns3 Ce t`n eh-turn hej cridies cg Orcezn Hdn ahejsmhpns ie t`n Ent`nrahejs, \rcmnnjieds cg t`n\rnìstcrim ]cminty 4?, ?09-=84.

Hrecajussne, ]. & _. Khesne, ?<8<; Irce Hdn `hoithtice phttnres ce t`n scut`nre

hej ecrt`nre Jutm` \anistcmnen mcvnrshej scias; t`n prcmnss cg snttanfnet eumanh-tice, ie; F. Fnynr (njs.), @hus - Dn`cgt - Tnianr - Jcrg. ]injauedne jnr Wcrrcfism`neNisneznit if ecrjaim`ne Fittnanurcph , (Onraienr Hrm`hcacdism`n Gcrsmùedne 0),Onraie, ?49-?94.

Ohbbnr, K.H. & K.J. vhe jnr Thhas, 894=; Jnenbhfp-Hednasac; mrnfhtices, mca-ahrnj gahsbs hej h mcrjnj whrn s`nrj ie Jutm` gieha _O mcetnxt, ie; D. Jheina &\. Bkhnruf (nj.), Fndhaitìm drhvns hej rituha. \hpnrs prnsnetnj ht t`n III HtahetimMcaacquiuf, Fcnsdhrj, 8979, Fcnsdhrj, 84-><.

Onnb, _. vhe, ?<<7; @nt drhgritunna ie Ccst-Enjnrahej tussne jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj nejn twnnjn nnuw HJ (mh. ><< OM-8<< HJ), Aueuah Hrm`hncacdih prctcìstcrimh 8:,

78-79.

Onnb, _. vhe, ?<8<; _naiâg ie ikj ne _uiftn. Ietnrjismipaiehir cejnrzcnb ehhr onwce-ied ne ahejsm`hp vhe Ccst-Enjnrahej tussne vrcndn prnìstcrin ne fijjnannuwne , Thdneiedne êivnrsity, Thdneiedne.

Oérnednr, J., Drñenwhaj, M., ?<<0; Tnstghane ie jnr Orceznznit , Fñestnr.

Onubnr, K._., ?<8<; Wuurstnene wnrbtuidne; tnmècacdin cp `nt sm`nrp vhe jn senjn ,Anijne.

Oacnfnrs, [email protected]., 8970; Gaietjcam`n vcf sbhejiehvism`ne ypus ie jne Einjnrahejne,

Onrim`tne vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb 80, :4-88<.



80<

Oacc, ].O.M., ?<<?; Hhrjnwnrb, ie; N.N.O. Ouatne, G.K.D. vhe jnr @nikjne & .@hfourd (nj.), \rnìstcrism`n viswnrne ne guibne oik Nffnaccrj (HJM _hppcrt8:<), Ouesm`ctne, 40-00.

Ocurdncis, X.\.K., A.T.].T. Hfbrnutz & _.D.H.F. \heùysne, ?<<9; `n EinrsneOnhbnr ouriha; H rnenwnj stujy cg h mnetury-caj nxmhvhtice, Kcureha cg Hrm`hncacdy

ie t`n Acw Mcuetrins 8.?, 0=-8<>.Ocurdncis, X.\.K. & ]. Hrecajussne, ?<<7; Nxprnssied fceufnethaity; scfn cosnr-

vhtices ce t`n jhtied cg Jutm` Orcezn Hdn ohrrcws hej cusns, Aueuah Hrm`hncacdih prctcìstcrimh 8:, 8=-?>.

Ocurdncis, X.\.K. & J._. Gcetike, ?<<0; Orcezn Hdn `cusns hej ohrrcws ie t`n AcwMcuetrins, ie; ]. Hrecajussne & @. Gcbbnes (nj.), Orcezn Hdn snttanfnets ie t`nAcw Mcuetrins , Cxgcrj, :8->4.

Orhejt, _.T., N. Jrnet`, F. Fcetgcrts, _.@.\. \rccs, I.F. _ccrjh & _. Tinfnr,899<; Hrm`ncacdism` Ohsis _ndistnr. Wnrsin 8.< (H_M@I]), Hfnrsgccrt.

Oriejany, H.A., 8907; `n typcm`rcecacdy cg _O Tnst Drcup pcttnry, \hahncìstcrih ?0, 9=-8=?.

Orieb-Bacbn, @., @. @nierim`, ^. Ohrtnat, ?<<7; Jhs ]màñssnaacm`-Drêonrgnaj hfCnspnanr ohm`. Onguejn uej Guejn jnr kñednrne Orceznznit hf @naawnd ie Cnspna uej

Fhrtne, ]thjt Jcrtfuej, Fhiez hf _`nie (Ocjnehatnrtñfnr Tnstghane :=).

Orcnbn, \.T. vhe jne, @. Gcbbnes & H.A. vhe Dike, ?<<>; Nne prnìstcrin vhe jnzntikj, ie; A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, \.T. vhe jne Orcnbn, @. Gcbbnes & H.A. vhe Dike(nj.), Jn \rnìstcrin vhe Enjnrahej , Hfstnrjhf, 84-=?.

Oursm`, G.M., 89==; Jin Onm`nrbuatur ie jne Einjnrahejne, Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnaiedne uit `nt _ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne tn Anijne 8:, =9-8?=.

Oursm`, G.M., 89=:; @nuvnacejnrzcnbiedne tn ]cnstnronrd, Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnaiedne uit `nt _ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne tn Anijne 8>, >:-7:.

Oursm`, G.M., 89=7; Drhgvcrfne vhe `nt Eccrjne, Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnaiedne uit`nt _ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne tn Anijne 84, >=-4?.

Oursm`, G.M., 89=4; Drhg`nuvnas tn Css, Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnaiedne uit `nt_ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne tn Anijne 80, 8-=.

Oursm`, G.M., 89=4; Drhgvcrfne vhe `nt Eccrjne, Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnaiedne uit`nt _ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne tn Anijne 80, :8-77.

Outanr, K.K. & @. Gcbbnes, ?<<>; Grcf stcen tc orcezn. nmècacdy hej fhtnrihamuaturn, ie; A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, \.T. vhe jne Orcnbn, @. Gcbbnes & H.A. vheDike (nj.), `n \rnìstcry cg t`n Ent`nrahejs (I), Hfstnrjhf, =48-=99.

Ouurfhe, K., 8997; `n nhstnre phrt cg wnst-Grinsahej ie ahtnr prnìstcry. Hdrimuaturhahej nevircefnetha hspnmts , Anijne (\`J `nsis).

Muikpnrs, H.D.G.F., N. Jrnet` & H.N. Ahetied, 899:; Jn drhg`nuvna ‐Jn Bntneonrd’tn Nnxt, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 888, 888-8=<.



808

Jrnet`, N., 899?; Gaht drhvns hej ohrrcws cg t`n ]iedan Drhvn Muaturn ie t`nEnt`nrahejs ie scmiha pnrspnmtivn; He ietnrif rnpcrt, ie; F. Oum`vhajnb & M.]trh`f (nj.), Jin bcetienethanurcpêism`ne Druppne jnr Buatur fit ]mèurbnrhfib.]mèurbnrhfib ]yfpcsiuf 899< (\rhnìstcrimh 89), \rh`h, ?<4-?8:.

Jrnet`, N., ?<<>; @nt ahht-encaitìmuf ie Enjnrahej, ie; K. Jnnone, N. Jrnet`, F.-

G. vhe Ccrscuw & A.O.F. Wnr`hrt (nj.), Jn stnnetikj vhe Enjnrahej (Hrm`ncacdin88/8?), Fnppna, ===-=7>.

Jrnet`, N. & K.T.@. @cdnstike, 8999; Jn Bacbonbnrmuatuur ie Enjnrahej; Jn sthejvhe cejnrzcnb heec 8999, Hrm`ncacdin 9, 99-8:9.

Jrnet`, N. & H.N. Ahetied, 8998; Jn m`rcecacdin vhe jn nebnadrhgmuatuur ieEnjnrahej; Nebnan vccracpidn cpfnrbiedne, \hanc-hbtunna ?, :?-:7.

Jrnet`, N. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<>; @nuvnas vccr jn jcjne. Ondrhvied ne drhgritunna ieonbnrtikj, vrcndn ne fijjne-orcestikj, ie; A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, \.T. vhe jneOrcnbn, @. Gcbbnes & H.A. vhe Dike (nj.), Enjnrahej ie jn prnìstcrin , Hfstnrjhf,

:==-:>:.Gcbbnes, @., 8994; `n dnensis cg ureginajs; nmcecfim mrisis cr ijncacdimha m`hedn3,

Hetiquity 48, =7<-=4=.

Gcbbnes, @., ?<<8; `n pnricjishtice cg t`n Jutm` Orcezn Hdn; h mritimha rnvinw,ie; T.@. Fntz, O.A. vhe Onnb & @. ]tnndstrh (nj.), \htieh. Nsshys prnsnetnj tc

Khy Kcrjhe Outanr ce t`n cmmhsice cg ìs 0<t` oirt`jhy , Drceiedne / Hfstnrjhf,?:8-?7?.

Gcbbnes, @., ?<<>; Ahht-encaitìmuf, vrcndn ne fijjne-orcestikj; ieanijied, ie; A.\.Acuwn Bccikfhes, \.T. vhe jne Orcnbn, @. Gcbbnes & H.A. vhe Dike (nj.), Jn

\rnìstcrin vhe Enjnrahej , Hfstnrjhf, =>4-=4<.Gcetike, J., 8997; ]cmihaizied ahejsmhpn. ]nmcej t`cud`ts hocut t`n muaturha oicdrh-

p`y cg ureginajs, Hrm`hncacdimha Jihacduns =, 44-04.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89?>-89?4; Jn ùenonjjne ie Enjnrahej , ^trnm`t.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=<h; Jin Ohuhrt jnr Nieznadrêonr. Onitrhd zur Bneeteis jnr êa-tnrne iejivijunaane Drho`ñdnastrubturne ie jne Einjnrahejne - 8. nia; nxt, Anipzid(Fheeus Oioaict`nb ::).

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89=<o; Jin Ohuhrt jnr Nieznadrêonr. Onitrhd zur Bneeteis jnr êatnrne

iejivijunaane Drho`ñdnastrubturne ie jne Einjnrahejne - ?. nia; hgnaohej, Anipzid(Fheeus Oioaict`nb :>).

Diebna, N. vhe, Khdnr, ]., ]hejne, T., vhe jnr., 8999; @uenonjjne; fceufnetne vhenne stnnetikjmuatuur , Hfnrsgccrt.

@hrsnfh, C.@., 890?; ]nttanfnet sitn snanmtice ie Jrnet`n ie ahtnr prnìstcrim tifns;mritnrih hej mcesijnrhtices, Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih 8>, 8:>-8>9.

@hrsnfh, C.@., 899=; @nt fceufnethan ahejsm`hp, Eccrjnrornnjtn 84, 9:-94.



80?

@nrried, O., ?<<9; Jin Drêonr jnr grñ`ne ois fittanrne Orceznznit ie Tnstghane. Nien Hehaysn jnr Onsthttuedssittne uetnr onscejnrnr Onrñmbtsim`tidued jns Drhoohus ueji`rn Nieonttued ie jin hedrneznejne Dnointn, Fhiez hf _`nie (Ocjnehatnrtñfnr Tnstghanes :0).

@nssied, T.H.F. & \.O. Bcci, ?<<>; ^renevnajne ne orhej`nuvnas. Ondrhvied ne

drhgritunna ie ahtn orcestikj ne ikznrtikj, ie; A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, \.T. vhe jneOrcnbn, @. Gcbbnes & H.A. vhe Dike (nj.), Enjnrahej ie jn prnìstcrin , Hfstnrjhf,7=8-7>:.

@cdnstike, K.T.@. & N. Jrnet`, ?<<8; Ie ]acctjcrp stcej nne rnm`tnronbnr-ùis3Cvnr fijjnene ahht-encaitìsm`n ùispahttndrcejne uit Enjnrahej, Hrm`ncacdin 8< (?<<</?<<8), :?-49.

@uikts, M.].Z.K., 899?; Jn vccr-ìstcrism`n ocnrjnrikocuw ie Jrnet`n2 rnmcestrumtinfcj-naane vhe 8=<< výýr tct 8=<< eh M`r., Hre`nf.

Kcmbne`÷vna, H., ?<<=; Wce jnr Orceznznit zur Nisneznit; Onfnrbuedne zur

Bcetieuitêt uej Jisbcetieuitêt hug husdnwêàtne Drêonrgnajnre Tnstjnutsmàhejs,ie; E. Ockcvim, F. Whsim & _. Whsim (nj.), ]h`rhekivhekn u Orcezhec I DvczjnecJcoh6Ouriha Mustcfs ie t`n Orcezn hej Irce Hdn. ]yfpcsiuf Mhmhb :.-0. ]npt.

?<<? , Mhmhb, 98-8<<.

Bacb, [email protected]., 8949; Cetfcntiedne fnt cezn vrcndstn muatuurìstcrin; prnìstcrism`ndrhg`nuvnas cp jn Wnauwn (?), ikjsm`rigt vhe jn Bceiebaikbn Enjnrahejsm`n @nijn

Fhhtsm`hppik 9<, 80-=?.

Bcane, K.M.H., ?<<>; Jn oicdrhgin vhe `nt ahejsm`hp, jrin nsshys cvnr ahejsm`hp, dn-smìnjneis ne nrgdcnj , Hfstnrjhf (\`J `nsis).

Bcci, \.O., 8949; \rn-_cfhe ureginajs ie t`n ecrt` cg t`n Ent`nrahejs , Drceiedne(\`J `nsis).

Bcci, \.O., ?<<>; _nphrhtins ne vnrocuwiedne hhe ocnrjnrikne vhehg jn orcestikj tctne fnt jn fijjnannuwne, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 8??, 88=-8?9.

Bcci, \.O., ?<<0h; Orcezn Hdn snttanfnets ie Jrnet`n, ie; ]. Hrecajussne & @.Gcbbnes (nj.), Orcezn Hdn snttanfnet sitns ie t`n Acw Mcuetrins , Cxgcrj, >9-70.

Bcci, \.O., ?<<0o; Enjnrznttied uit jn orcestikj ne jn ikznrtikj ie Hednasac-Nffnr`cut(Dnf. Nffne), \hancìstcrih :9/>< (?<<4/?<<0), =?4-=4=.

Bcrtahed, G., 8999; `n Irce Hdn ureginaj hej snttanfnet grcf ]cfnrne-‐Thtnrjhna’,ie; G. `nuws & E. _cyfhes (nj.), Ahej hej Hemnstcrs. Muaturha jyehfims iet`n ^reginaj pnricj hej t`n Fijjan Hdns ie t`n ]cut`nre Ent`nrahejs (Hfstnrjhf Hrm`hncacdimha ]tujins :), Hfstnrjhf, 8==-890.

Ahetied, H.N., 8979; Ints cvnr jn drhgdnoruibne vhe jn ]thejvcntonbnr-muatuur,Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 04, 87>-840.

Ahetied, K.E., 8970; Nne drhg`nuvna uit jn Wrcndn Orcestikj ie Nffnr`cut, dnf.Nffne, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 0:, 8>(8>9)-?:(870).

Ahetied, K.E., 8979h; wnn drhg`nuvnas ie jn Nffnrjneene, dnf. Nffne, Einuwn

Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 04, 849-809.



80=

Ahetied, K.E., 8979o; Wnrsprnijied ne jhtnried vhe wibbnajrhhjhhrjnwnrb, EinuwnJrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 04, 898-?8<.

Ahetied, K.E., 894=; Ahht-Encaitìmuf ne Wrcndn Orcestikj ie Enjnrahej ne E.T.-Juitsahej; mcetieun cetwibbnaiedne, \hahncìstcrih 8>, ?8>-=84.

Ahetied, K.E., 8907; Jnr ^renegrinj`cg vce Enuwhrnejcrg, ]thjt Thrnejcrg, Husdrhouedne uej Guejn ie Tnstghane-Aippn :, 8<>-8<0.

Ahetied, K.E., 899?; Hhevuaanejn 8:M-jhtnriedne, \hanc-hbtunna =, 78-7=.

Ahetied, K.E., ?<<0; Jn EC-Enjnrahejsn/ET-Juitsn bacbonbnrdrcnp; muaturnanhm`tnrdrcej, typcacdin vhe `nt hhrjnwnrb, jhtnried, vnrsprnijied ne drhgritunna,\hancìstcrih :9/>< (?<<4/?<<0), 88-=?7.

Ahetied, K.E. & T.D. Fccb, 8944; `n prn- hej prctcìstcry cg t`n Ent`nrahejs ietnrfs cg rhjicmhroce jhtns , Drceiedne.

Ahetied, K.E. & K. vhe jnr \aim`t, ?<<? (8999/?<<<); Jn 8:M m`rcecacdin vhe jnEnjnrahejsn \rn- ne \rctcìstcrin III; Encaitìmuf, \hahncìstcrih :8/:?, 8-88<.

Ahetied, K.E. & K. vhe jnr \aim`t, ?<<= (?<<8/?<<?); Jn 8:M m`rcecacdin vhe jnEnjnrahejsn \rn- ne \rctcìstcrin IW; Orcestikj ne Wrcndn IKznrtikj, \hahncìstcrih :=/::, 884-?78.

Ahetied, K.E. & K. vhe jnr \aim`t, ?<<7 (?<<>/?<<7); Jn 8:M m`rcecacdin vhejn Enjnrahejsn \rn- ne \rctcìstcrin W; Fijjne- ne Ahtn IKznrtikj, \hahncìstcrih :4/:0, ?:8-:?4.

Ahetied, K.E. & K.J. vhe jnr Thhas, 8947; Onhbnr Muaturn _nahtices ie t`n Acwnr_ìen Ohsie, ie; K.E. Ahetied & K.J. Whe jnr Thhas (nj.), Dacmbneonm`nr ]yfpcsiufConrrinj 894: , @hhranf, 8-0<.

An`fhee, A.Z`., 8979; ^re cr Gccj Wnssna, Onrim`tne vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `ntCuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb 89, ?4=-?4:.

Ac`cg, N., 8998h; Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejnried ie jn orcestikj vhe Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej, Hfstnrjhf (\`J `nsis).

Ac`cg, N., 8998o; Mhthacdus vhe orcestikj-drhg`nuvnas uit Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej , Hfstnrjhf (\`J `nsis).

Ac`cg, N. & K. Whhrs, ?<<>; Nne enjnrznttied uit jn Orcestikj tn @ccdwcuj, dnfnnetn

Cpfnnr , Hfnrsgccrt (HJM _hppcrt :<8).

Acuwn Bccikfhes, A.\., 894:; `n _ìen/Fnusn Jnath2 gcur stujins ce its prnìstcrimcmmuphtice hej @cacmnen dncacdy , Anijne (Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnaiedne vhe `nt_ikbsfusnuf vccr Cuj`njne >=->:).

\ruffna, T., F.K.A.Z`. Einbus, T. vhe jnr ]hejne, ]. Hrecajussne & D. Hhaonrsonrd, ?<<9; Orcestikjrnstne uit `nt Cujn Jinp. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnr-zcnb cp nne onnbjhaacmhtin oik @ccdnvnne, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 8?7,8?>-87<.



80:

_cyfhes, E. & G. Bcrtahed, 8999; ^reginaj syfocaisf, hemnstcrs hej t`n ahej iet`n Acwnr _ìen _ndice, ie; G. `nuws & E. _cyfhes (nj.), Ahej hej Hemnstcrs.Muaturha jyehfims ie t`n ^reginaj pnricj hej t`n Fijjan Hdns ie t`n ]cut`nreEnt`nrahejs (Hfstnrjhf Hrm`hncacdimha ]tujins :), Hfstnrjhf, ==-7?.

_uitnr, K.J. & K.F. ]whrt-\cnafhe, 8974; Drhg`nuvnacejnrzcnb ie Nffne, Einuwn

Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 0>, 898-?<>.]hejne, T.H.O. vhe jnr, 899?; _cajn, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 8<9, 4<-48.

Z`nueissne, N.F., 899=; Cemn hdhie ctnrgcut-@havn Fika, Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimhAnijnesih ?7, ?9-:=.

Z`nueissne, N. F., 8999; Fijjne-orcestikjshfneanviedne ie `nt zuijne vhe jn AhdnAhejne. Nne nvhauhtin vhe `nt ondrip ‐@iavnrsuf-muatuur’ , Anijne (\`J `nsis).

Zca, H., 8999; ^reginaj hej snttanfnet trhmns grcf t`n Irce Hdn ht Finrac-@cut, ie; G.`nuws & E. _cyfhes (nj.), Ahej hej Hemnstcrs. Muaturha jyehfims ie t`n ^reginaj

pnricj hej t`n Fijjan Hdns ie t`n ]cut`nre Ent`nrahejs (Hfstnrjhf Hrm`hncacdimha]tujins :), Hfstnrjhf, 04-8=?.

^gbns, H. & K._. Wnajùis, ?<<=; Enjnrznttiedspcrne uit jn Orcestikj oik [whhdjikb-Ccst. Nne jngieiting hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie `nt pahednoinj [whhdjikb-Ccst, dn-fnnetn Tnrvnrs`ccg (E.-@.), Drceiedne (H_M-\uoaimhtins 88=).

Wnne, F. vhe jnr & K.E. Ahetied, 8998; H drcup cg tufuai ce t`n ‐@ccd`hane’ ns-thtn enhr @ikbne (fueimiphaity cg Oniane, prcviemn cg Jrnet`n, t`n Ent`nrahejs),\hahncìstcrih =8, 898-?=:.

Wnajn, @.F. vhe jnr, ?<88; Tcene ie nne drnesdnoinj. Nne ahedn tnrfike dnsmìnjneis ,

Wrikn êivnrsitnit, Hfstnrjhf (\`J `nsis). Wnraiejn, H.J., 8904h; Jin Drêonr uej Drhoguejn jnr spêtne Orceznznit uej grñ`ne

Nisneznit ie Cvnrikssna, Anijne (\`J `nsis).

Wnraiejn, H.J., 8904o; Hrm`ncacdism`n brceinb vhe Cvnrikssna cvnr 8907, Cvnrikssnasn@istcrism`n Oikjrhdne 8<?, 8=9-8>9.

Wnraiejn, H.J., 8909; Hrm`ncacdism`n brceinb vhe Cvnrikssna cvnr 8900, Cvnrikssnasn@istcrism`n Oikjrhdne 8<:, 87>-89?.

Wnraiejn, H.J., @uast, _.]., ?<8<; Jn drhgvnajne ne drhgvcejstne cp ne rcej jn Wnauwnvhe jn Ahtn Orcestikj tct ie jn Fijjne IKznrtikj , Hfnrsgccrt (Enjnrahejsn hrm`n-cacdism`n rhppcrtne =9).

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr, 897?; Brceinb vhe cpdrhviedne ne vcejstne ie Jrnet`n ie897?. Cejnrzcnb vhe drhvne ne enjnrznttiedsspcrne uit vnrsmìaanejn pnricjne tn Hednasac, dnf. Nffne., Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 0<, =<4(8?4)-=<0(8?0).

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr, 897=; Brceinb vhe cpdrhviedne ne vcejstne ie Jrnet`n ie8978, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 08, ?:0-?78.

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr, 8974; Brceinb vhe cpdrhviedne ne vcejstne ie Jrnet`n ie897>. Drhvne ne onwceiedsspcrne uit Encaitìmuf ne Orcestikj tn Hednasacc,Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 0=, =7-:?.



80>

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr, 8970; Brceinb vhe cpdrhviedne ne vcejstne ie Jrnet`n ie8970. Wahbdrhvne, nne drhg`nuvna ne onwceiedsspcrne tn Hednasacc, dnf. Nffne,Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 07, 89:(><)-89>(>8).

Thhas, K.J. vhe jnr & K.K. Outanr, 8947; Ohrdnrccstnrvnaj, ie; @. Onmb, @. Khebuè,B. _hebn & _. Tnesbus (nj.), _nhaanxibce jnr Dnrfheism`ne Hatnrtufsbuejn -

Ohej II, Onraie / Enw-Ycrb, >:->0. Thtnrocab, @.Z., 8948; Tcrbied wit` _hjicmhroce Jhtns, \rcmnnjieds cg t`n \rnìstcrim

]cminty =4.II, 8>-==.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., ?<<9; Dntiffnrj vnranjne. ]pcrne vhe vccr- ne vrcndìstcrism`n `cut-ocuw cp jn zhej- ne banidrcejne tussne Nnfs ne IKssna , ^trnm`t.

Tiaonrtz, C.F (nj.), ?<<9; Aheddrêone uej ]màñssnaacm`drêone jnr kñednrne Orcezn-uej grñ`ne Nisneznit zwism`ne Haanr uej Jcrjcden , (Fhtnriha`ngtn zur ^r- uejGrñ`dnsmìm`tn Einjnrshm`snes =0).



804

@IK TH] BANIE, FHH_ GIKE2 CG @CN NNE ÊINBN WI]TN_WNA CEONFIEJ OANNG

O. Onnrne`cut

Ieanijied

Nrim Ac`cg bne ib ha snjnrt fike stujintikj hhe `nt vccrfhaidn I\\. Khffnr dnecndvccrfhaid, whet snjnrt jn vnrùizied vhe `nt ]iedna ie Hfstnrjhf ehhr hejnrn

acmhtins ie jn sthj ne `nt brikdne vhe nne hejnrn ehhf, is jn ùijidn ueivnrsithirniestnaaied ‑ces I\\‖ eint fnnr, whhr wik stujnetne ces hfoitinus ie shfnesprhhbfnt cezn cpanijnrs vccronrnijjne cp cezn tcnbcfstidn thhb. Wnane iejnrjhhj hf-oitinus ne fnt nne juijnaikbn ietnrnssn vccr nne pnricjn uit ces vnranjne ha jhe eintdnbcppnaj hhe nne fhtnrihhadrcnp, `cnwna wik fnt neidn rndnafhht dnwhhrsmùwjwnrjne, jht fhhtsm`hppnaikb summns eint zc `nna nrd vccr jn `hej ahd. Tnrb vccrhgdnstujnnrjn hrm`ncacdne whs dnne vheznagsprnbnej`nij ne (tcne) sm`hhrs.

Cp ‑ces I\\‖ hhe nt ]iedna bwhf ib ie jin tikj Nrim rndnafhtid has cujnrnkhhrstndne. Ie fike `nrieenried whs jht hatikj oik `nt bcpinnrhpphrhht. Jht fhhbtn nnednwnajidn iejrub, whet jht ontnbnejn jht Nrim ha jrub onzid whs zike bhejijhhts-

smriptin vcrf tn dnvne. Oik jin sthej vhe zhbne whs kn ha infhej fnt sthtus. Jhhrehzike wik nabhhr uit `nt ccd vnracrne. Injnr onwhejnajn ie jn hrm`ncacdin zike nidnewnd. Hg ne tcn bwhfne wn nabhhr tndne, fnnstha tikjnes jn _nuvnesjhdne, whhroikwik nabhhr has cuj-I\\-nrs drcnttne ne nvne nne prhhtkn hhebeccptne.

Gid. 8; \ahtviswnrvna fnt spccr vhe iednstcbne spnnrpuet (vhe ocvneehhr onenjne). ©Zrccst`nijn/Fhainphhrj/Onnrne`cut.



800

Ie ?<8< zhdne wik nabhhr wnnr nnes, eu tikjnes `nt ‑Wahhrjiedne-syfpcsiuf‖jht ie Anijne dn`cujne wnrj. Oik jin dnandne`nij ìnaj ib nne nxpcsé cvnr jn vis-vhedst vhe jn ‑Wahhrjiednrs‖ ne trcb jn aikene tct ie jn Orcestikj jccr. Ie fikecptinb is ie nne whtnrrikbn cfdnvied hatikj vis dndntne. Wis is eint haanne nne dcnjnvcnjiedsorce, fhhr is ocvnejine fnt vrik sifpnan fijjnane tn vhedne. Has vccr-

onnaj vhe nne nnevcujidn vhedsttnmèinb ecnfjn ib `nt octtrhppne, nne vhedst-fnt`cjn jin tct ie rnmnetn tikj dhedohhr whs ne whhrvccr ie @ccdwcuj (dn-fnnetn Cpfnnr) ie nne orcestikjenjnrznttied nne ueinb onwiks dnvcejne whs. Ehhgaccp vhe `nt syfpcsiuf bwhf Nrim ehhr fik tcn ne vnrtnajn, jht ìk jn anijied`hj dn`hj cvnr jnzn cpdrhvied, fhhr zim` eccit `hj dnrnhaisnnrj nne tcpvcejsttn `noone cpdnjcavne. Jht whs uit jn rhppcrthdns vhe jn hrm`nc-zc÷acdne eccitfnt zcvnna wccrjne ehhr vcrne dnbcfne. Oik jnzn cefcntied ie Anijne cetorhbjn tikj `nt vnr`hha cvnr jn ‑cetjnbbied‖ tn vnrtnaane. Oik jnzn dnandne`nij jcn ibjht vccr `nf hasecd.

Ha jhe eint ueinb, jht whs jn bwnstinIe ?<<> brnnd ib has hrm`nc-im`t`ycaccd `nt vnrzcnb cf nne banie hhetha visrnstnetn cejnrzcnbne hgbcfstid uit @ccdwcuj (dnfnnetn Cpfnnr) fnt mcjn C\F_-<:. Jit cejnrzcnb wnrj uitdnvcnrj has cejnrhheenfnr vhe Hrm`ncpahe-Nmc, nneournhu jht dnspnmihaisnnrj is ie hrm`nc-zc÷acdism` cejnrzcnb, fhhr nne hrm`nc-im`t`ycaccd ie `nt tnhf fist. @nt sccrtnespnmtruf whs cpfnrbnaikb, cfjht zc-wna znn- has zcntwhtnrvis wnrj hhedntrcggne ie nne cfdnvied jin vcadnes jn ph-anc-dncdrhgism`n bhhrt dnne jirnmtn mcethmtne fnt jn znnbust fnnr zcu `noone.Cejnr jn wnrvnas bwhf nne juijnaikbn pahtviswnrvna vccr, whhrie nnes cujtikjsnne sm`nrpdnpuet vccrwnrp wnrj dnstcbne (gid. 8). Cp drcej vhe drccttn ne vcrfvhe jn iebnrvied ne jn orcestikjjhtnried vhe jn acmhtin died jn dnjhm`tn uit ehhrnne sm`nrpn gaiet, jin ie jn zikbhet (ahtnrhan zikjn) whs oieenednjrcedne. Jht ahht-stn is eint cpfnrbnaikb, hhednzine nne pahtvis fnt ýg zike aiebnr- ýg zike rnm`tnr-zikjn cp jn ocjnf rcejsm`hrrnat. Jnzn whhrenfied wnrj vnrvcadnes jccr fik ievnrohej dnorhm`t fnt nne cujn vhedsttnmèinb, jin onbnej sthht cejnr jn ehhf‑octstnbne‖, ‑octtrhppne‖ cg ‑octpribbne‖ Jht ontnbnejn tndnaikbnrtikj, jht wnìnr `nt ueinbn onwiks `hjjne hhedntrcggne jht jin tnmèinb ccb ie jn prnìs-tcrin ne fnt ehfn ie jn Orcestikj onbnej ne tcndnphst whs. êinb, cfjht jnbhes nne jnrdnaikbn hhewikzied ie `nt vnrdhebnaikbn hrm`ncacdism` fhtnrihha hhe

tn trnggne oikeh bhe wcrjne uitdnsactne. Theennr kn nne jnrdnaikbn vcejst jcnt,dh kn ehhr mcaandhn cf ùe fneied tn `crne ie jn `ccp cp nne onvnstidied vhe knietnrprnthtin. Ie jit dnvha died ib ehhr `nt _CO ie Hfnrsgccrt ne aint jn wnrvnazine hhe jr. _cna Ahuwnrinr ne jrs. Grits Ahhrfhe vhe `nt hrm`nc-zc÷acdism`n ah-ocrhtcriuf. [ik tccejne smnpsis. Wnrvcadnes ehf ib jn wnrvna fnn tikjnes fikernis jccr ]bhejiehviâ. Jhhr `hj ib fnnrjnrn im`t`yc-hrm`ncacdne anrne bneenetikjnes oiknnebcfstne vhe jn IMH[-gisòcen wcrbdrcup. Ie Bcpne`hdne oanbnejr. I. Oðjbnr-Ne`cgg ne jr. B. _csneauej eint vhe fike vcejst cp tn bikbne ne jnietnrprnthtin `nna hheenfnaikb tn hm`tne, ent has cezn mcaandh ie D÷tneourd, jr. A.

Kcessce. Jccr ùe ccrjnna dnstnuej fnajjn ib fik ie ?<<> hhe oik jn Mcffissin

_nuvnesjhdne fnt jn fnjnjnaied, jht ib drhhd fike tcpvcejst tikjnes `nt ehtic-ehan mcedrns vccr nt vcntaim`t wiajn ornedne. Jht vnrzcnb wnrj hgdnwnzne fnt jn



809

fctivhtin, jht kn tcm` eccit nne ietnrnsshet vnr`hha cvnr éée viswnrvna zcu bueenednvne. Cpfnrbnaikb dnecnd whs nr jht khhr nne tnetccestnaaied cvnr nt octtrhppneie `nt anubn, banien vissnrikfusnuf ’t Gisbnrs`Ţsbn ie Fcjjnrdht, dnandne ehoik`nt Ahuwnrsfnnr hhe jn Grinsn whjjnebust. Jhhr fcnst ib jus fnnr vhe wntnene ib bcejidjn fike bcfst jhhr hhe. @nt hmmnet vhe jnzn tnetccestnaaied ahd cp

`nt niejn vhe jn 89n

tct ne fnt `nt ondie vhe jn ?<n

nnuw. Hhe octpribbne ie nnevnrjnr vnranjne `hj fne eint dnjhm`t. Jhhr `hj fne ccb dnne hgonnajiedne cgvccrwnrpne vhe. @nt net`cusihsfn ie Fcjjnrdht ehf nne oikzcejnrn wnejied,tcne wik cvnrnnebwhfne cp jn Nednasfhepahht `nt octpribbne eh tn spnane vccrnne gctcsnssin tneniejn tikjnes jn _nuvnesjhdne fike vccrdnecfne vnr`hha tncejnrstnuene. Nvne net`cusihst wnrj `nt vccrenfne cp jn wnositn vhe `nt fu-snuf hhednbcejidj. @nt is jhhr eh jn hgwikzied vhe jn Mcffissin _nuvnesjhdnenm`tnr eint fnnr vhe dnbcfne. @nt onrim`t cp jn wnositn `hj wna tct dnvcad jhtib jccr `nt Fieistnrin vhe Ahejocuw ne Wissnrik wnrj cpdnonaj fnt jn vrhhd cgib fissmìne ints tn fhbne `hj fnt nne hhednbcejidj octstnnbnxpnrifnet cp jn

Thjjneznn. Fne whs vih vih hm`tnr fike hjrns dnbcfne. Eh nne onvnstidnej het-wccrj wnrj fik tn vnrsthhe dndnvne, jht octstnbne oik wnt vnrocjne whs ne jhtfne jhhr strned jn `hej hhe zcu `cujne. Tntnesm`hppnaikbn nxpnrifnetne jine-jne haanrnnrst tnr dcnjbnuried tn wcrjne vccrdnandj. Fike wnnrwccrj whs, jht`nt cf nne gctcrnpcrthdn died ne jht wn jhhrvccr wna wht pahtvis vhe jn visfhrbtzcujne fnnornedne.

Wcejstmcetnxt

Jn acbhtin @ccdwcuj `hj fnnrjnrn vissbnant-nanfnetne cpdnanvnrj, whhrvhe nrjccr Hrm`ncpahe-Nmc 8:: vccr ehjnr cejnrzcnb dnsnanmtnnrj wnrjne. Wnrwhm`twnrj jht jin mcfpannt dnecnd zcujne zike cf jn visghfiain ne/cg sccrt vhst tn stna-ane. Jht oannb uitniejnaikb oik 8?0 visrnstne fcdnaikb (thona 8).

Nr wnrjne 0 visghfiains vhstdnstnaj fnt tnzhfne 9 sccrtne. Jhhroik fcnt wcr-jne hhedntnbnej, jht nt vnrsmìa tussne oct ne sm`ca vhhb eint tn onphane is. Jccrstnrbn vnrwhetsm`hp aikbt `nt fnrnejnna vhe jn sbnantnanfnetne tn stnrb cp nabhhr.

ghfiain sccrt ehhf hhetha

_hkijhn _hkh mahvhth stnbnarcd ?

Heduiaaijhn Heduiaah heduiaah phaied ?

Myprieijhn Horhfis orhfh orhsnf :

Dhjijhn Dhjus fcrùh bhonakhuw ?

\nrmim`t`yijhn Jimnetrhrmùs ahorhx znnohhrs 8

\nrmijhn \nrmh uvihtiais ohhrs 8

Fudiaijhn Aizh rhfhjh jueaip`hrjnr 9

ceonbnej ceonbnej =

\anurcenmtijhn \ahtim`t`ys nsus oct =

\anurcenmtus pahtnssh sm`ca :

ceonbnej ceonbnej 94

tcthha; 8?0

Zhona 8; @ccdwcuj; sccrtnespnmtruf.



89<

Nanfnetne jin nne hhetcceohhr cejnrsm`nij fcdnaikb fhbne, onviejne zim` iejn bcp ne bcpnanfnetne whrne eint ie jn hssnfoahdn hhewnzid. @nt cejnrsm`nijtussne oct ne sm`ca onrusttn oik `nt cpstnaane vhe `nt ccrsprcebnaikbn rhppcrt cpnne iejrub, fnjn iedndnvne jccr jn wnrvna fnt jn iebnrvied vhe nne visspnnr.Jin onviejt zim` cp jn aiebnrzikjn vhe jn wnrvna. Jnzn zikjn fcnt jus ehhr ocvne

dnwnzne `noone. ]m`ca ornedt zike anvne cp zike rnm`tnrzikjn jccr, tnrwika jn octjht cp zike aiebnrzikjn jcnt. Cp drcej jhhrvhe is jus hhe sm`ca dnjhm`t, fhhr uitahtnrn oicacdism`n iegcrfhtin oaikbt cednvnnr nnejnrjn vhe jn octpcpuahtin ccbhhe jn rnm`tnrzikjn jn vccrbnur tn dnvne (Fuus nt ha. 8999, ?70).

@nt octpribbne viejt ie `nt cejinpn bustwhtnr pahhts, whhr jn anngcfsthejid-`njne vccr vcawhssne sm`ca eint ijnhha zike. Wcadnes vissnrs jin tne tikjn vhe jn?n Tnrnajccracd (iaandhha) `nt whj cpdiedne cf nne fhhatkn oiknne tn pribbne 8,viedne zik haanne oct. Ib `nrrcnp jhhrcf `inroik fike nnrjnrn uitsprhhb jht `nt cfsm`ca (\anurcenmtus pahtnssh ) zcu dhhe ne dnng `njne hhe oct (\ahtim`t`ys gansus ) jnvccrbnur. Jht ontnbnet tnvnes, jht `nt cejnrsm`nij tussne sm`ca ne oct ie thona

8 vnrvhat ne haan pahtvisrnstne cejnr jn ecnfnr vhe jn ghfiain fcntne wcrjnednorhm`t.Ie thona ? zike jn hhedntrcggne sccrtne dnruorimnnrj ehhr `ue vccrbcfne ie

nne spnmiginb hquhtism` fiainu. Jhhruit oaikbt jht ie @ccdwcuj zcwna znn- haszcntwhtnrvis vccrbwhf. Cp nne nanfnet uit jn ocrstvie vhe nne pahtvis ( mani-t`ruf) bcft nne seikspccr vccr, vikg wnrvnas zike fnt vuur ie hherhbied dnbcfne,nag wnrvnas `noone bnefnrbne jin ie vnrohej dnorhm`t bueene wcrjne fnt `ntphssnrne vhe `nt fhhd/jhrfbhehha, ie vikg dnvhaane aikbne jn wnrvnas hgbcfstidtn zike uit nne zhm`tn mcprcaint. Oaikbohhr `noone `cejne zim` tndcnj dnjhhe hhevishgvha ne fhhatikjrnstne. Jit haans wikst nrcp, jht jn hhedntrcggne vissne oieene

nne fnesnaikbn shfneanvied oiknnednorhm`t ne onrnij zike. @ue hhewnzid`nij iseint `nt dnvcad vhe nne ehtuuraikbn jccj (t`hehtcmcnecsn) cg vrhht jccr visntnejnjinrne has oikvccronnaj jn viscttnr.?

Haan dndnvnes wikzne nrcp jht nr hhe jn bust ne ie `nt jhhrhm`tnr aiddnejn dn-oinj dnvist wnrj. Jn uitdnsprcbne zcutwhtnrsccrtne bcfne hhe jn bust vccr nevnrjrhdne nne aim`tn oikfnedied vhe zcntwhtnr ie `nt kuvneinan sthjiuf. Nnefhhavcawhssne ne drcct dnwcrjne=, zcnbne zik stnnjs fnnr `nt jinpn ne jus zcutn wh-tnr cp. Wissnrikbuejid zcujne wn jn oct tct jn zcntwhtnrvissne bueene rnbnene.

sccrt zcut (fhrine) zcut-orhb orhb-zcnt zcnt cpfnrbied

stnbnarcd x

bhonakhuw x (x) (x) kuvneina, ‑dua‖

znnohhrs x (x) (x) kuvneina

sm`ca x (x) (x) kuvneina

oct (p) (p) x x (p) tikjnes phhitrnb

phaied (p) ♏♏ & ♌ ♌♌ `nrgsttrnb

jueaip`hrjnr (x) x trnbvis

orhsnf (x) x sthejvis

ohhrs (x) x sthejvis

Zhona ?; Wccrbcfne sccrtne ehhr hquhtism` fiainu.



898

Jn oct zwnft has kced viskn ent has jn phaied `nt zcntn whtnr oieene cf jhhrtct whsjcf tn bcfne. Nnefhha vcawhssne trnbt jn oct ehhr nne phhipahhts ie jnEccrjznn cf jhhreh `nt orhbbn cg zcntn whtnr wnnr cp tn zcnbne. Jn phaied bnnrt

eint tnrud vhe zike trnbtcm`t ehhr jn ]hrdcsscznn. Ie `nt jirnmtn bustdnoinj drcnitvccrha fheaikbn phaied cp cf oik nne anedtn tussne :< ne :> mf hhe jn phhitrnb tnondieene. Wrcuwnaikbn phaiedne trnbbne jinpnr `nt zcntn whtnr oieene ne wcrjneahtnr phhirikp oik nne anedtn tussne :> ne 7> mf. ]cfs zike nr cfsthejid`njne jinjnnaehfn hhe jn `nrgsttrnb vnrìejnrne, whhrjccr zik tct fnnr jhe nne fntnr ahedbueene wcrjne. Jn ie @ccdwcuj hhedntrcggne wnrvnas zike banie, zchas wn ie nnebustdnoinj fcdne vnrwhm`tne.

ît rnmnet cejnrzcnb is juijnaikb dnwcrjne jht jn jueaip`hrjnr (gid. ?) nnezcntwhtnrsccrt uit `nt bustdnoinj is, jin ie rnmnetn tikjne haanne ecd hhe jn drne-zne vhe zike vnrsprnijiedsdnoinj vccrbcft (Onnrne`cut ?<8<). [chas vnna zcntwh-

tnrvissne ie jn jnath vnrjrhhdt jn jueaip`hrjnr nne znbnrn fhtn vhe shaieitnit, fhhrfcnt vccr jn vccrtpahetied `nt zcntn whtnr cpzcnbne.

Ahejsm`hp

Tht `nt ahejsm`hp rcejcf cg ehoik @ccdwcuj ontrngt, bhe cp drcej vhe `ntsccrtnespnmtruf jn dnjhm`tn uitdhhe ehhr jn rnsthetne vhe nne vccrfhaid drcctnstuhriuf tnr `ccdtn vhe Onrdne. Ie `nt Encaitìmuf strnbt jht zim` ecd tct vnrie `nt oieeneahej uit. Ie jn ahht-encaitism`n snizcnes-enjnrznttied (‑khm`tbhfp‖)Cpfnnr ” Finehbbnr (rcej ?:<< OM) zike ehhst stnbnas vhe jn stnbnarcd ccb jn

sbnantrnstne hhedntrcggne vhe vcawhssne bhonakhuwne ne sm`navissne. Hhednzineznbnr vcawhssne sm`navis orhbwhtnrcfsthejid`njne fikjt ne tnvnes priks stnat cpbcuj whtnr, bce jn mcemausin dntrcbbne wcrjne jht jn tcnefhaidn khdnrs-vnrzh-fnahhrs ha ie `nt zcutn bustwhtnr vheuit ùe bhec’s cg ùijneoctne fnt aikenecp vcawhssne Dhjijhn khm`t fhhbtne (Onnrne`cut 8998, 899:). Cp drcej vhedncacdism` cejnrzcnb wcrjt hhednecfne, jht ie jn Orcestikj jit nstuhriuf jccrhhesaiooied drctnejnnas ie nne bwnajnrahejsm`hp vnrhejnrj whs (Bnueied 8944,oahj WIII-?). ît `nt vcejstfhtnrihha vhe @ccdwcuj is jin einuwn situhtin fiecg fnnr hg tn anzne. Iffnrs, jn sm`navis cetornnbt eu dn`nna ne ccb vhe vcawhs-sne bhonakhuw is dnne sprhbn fnnr. @nt sbnantnanfnet uit jn bcp vhe nne znn-

ohhrs (Jimnetrhrmùs ahorhx , gid. =) is hgbcfstid vhe nne kced-vcawhssne nxnfpahhr.

Gid. ?; Juieaip`hrjnr (uit; Eikssne & Jn Drcct 8907).



89?

[nnohhrs bcft ie nstuhrih ne rivinrfcejiedne vccr ne vnrjrhhdt nne znbnrn fhtn

vhe orhb whtnr. Tn zcujne jnzn sccrt jus ie `nt rnsthet vhe nt nstuhriuf bueenevnrwhm`tne, tnzhfne fnt jn stnbnarcd. Hm`tnr `nt nstuhriuf strnbtn zim` cedntwikgnaj nne uitdnornij bwnajnrahej-

sm`hp uit. Jit jyehfism`n ahejsm`hp fnt hg- ne tcnstrccf ne nne vnrsmùivnejnzcnt- ne orhbwhtnrzcen cp `nt ritfn vhe `nt dntik is jn ijnhan brhhfbhfnr vccroikvccronnaj pahtvissne. @inr `cujne zim` cejnr fnnr kcedn sm`caane, stnbnaohhr-zne, spinriedne ne jueaip`hrjnrs cp.: _uif 4>% vhe jn visrnstne oaikbt vhe pahtvishgbcfstid, whhruit `nt onahed vhe jit ahejsm`hpsnanfnet tne tikjn vhe @ccdwcujie jn Orcestikj fhd wcrjne hgdnanij. Dnzine jn drccttn vhe jn wnrvnas sthht vhst,jht `nt fnrnejnna vhe jn pahtvissne banie tct fijjnadrcct whrne. Nm`t drctn ieji-

vijune bcfne eint vccr.

Wisvhedst

Cejnr jnrdnaikbn ahejsm`hppnaikbn cfsthejid`njne zike jivnrsn visfnt`cjne fc-dnaikb. Theennr juijnaikbn hhewikziedne has guibne cg viswnrne cetornbne, bhecejnr neid vccron`cuj dnoruib dnfhhbt wcrjne vhe ntècdrhgism`n phrhaanaanecf nne suddnstin tn jcne. Jhhrcvnr wnrjne wik stujnetne cp `nt I\\ uitvcnridiednaim`t jccr cezn jcmnetne jrs. _cna Orhejt ne jr. Khe Onstnfhe. Tn dhhe jhetn rhjn oik fnnstha eint-wnstnrsn onvcabiedne jin cejnr neidszies vnrdnaikbohrncfsthejid`njne fnt ‑prifitinvn‖ fijjnane jn vis wntne tn onfhm`tidne. Jccrjn senaan uitornijied vhe jn Tnst-Nurcpnsn ‑fcjnren‖ onsm`hvied wcrjne jin ph-rhaanaane stnnjs sm`hhrsnr. Dnaubbid `noone ntecdrhgne vnna dnoruibne vhe vrcndnrie sm`rigt ne onnaj vhstdnandj. [c tccejn ib tikjnes `nt Wahhrjiednesyfpcsiufnne gctc vhe `nt vissne fnt jn spnnr ie cejinp whtnr cp Fhjhdhsbhr (gid. : ne >,88>=).

Wisvhedst bhe ccb jccr jn `nan dnfnnesm`hp onjrnvne wcrjne, scfs is nr nnevnrjnaied win cp wnabn vissccrtne vist. Theennr `nt ccb cf drctn nxnfpahrnebhe dhhe, nidnene fheene zim` drhhd jit priviandn tcn. Wrcuwne ne kcednrne zit-tne jhe hm`tnr jn banien vis hhe fnt sm`npenttne ne fhejne. Whe `nt vissne ie

cejinp whtnr jccr nne mcfpantn dnfnnesm`hp, whhroik jn vis ehhr cejinp whtnrwcrjt cpdnjrnvne cf jhhr ie fie cg fnnr ùapnaczn tcnsthej fnt sm`npenttne tn

Gid. =; [nnohhrs (uit; Eikssne & Jn Drcct 8907).



89=

wcrjne dnvhedne, tccejn ib cp `nt syfpcsiuf nvnennes nne vccronnaj. Jit bnnruit Iejcensiâ.

^itnrhhrj is `nt fcdnaikb jht fne ie @ccdwcuj ccb fnt enttne ie jn prinanene ietnrdntikjnbrnbne vistn cg ent zchas nnes ie Finehbbnr vhe vhhrtuidne dnoruibfhhbtn cf vis fnt aikene tn vhedne. Jn onpnrbtn drccttn vhe jn ie @ccdwcujhhedntrcggne vis wikst nvnewna cp hmtivitnitne ie vccrha cejinp whtnr, whhroik`ccgjzhbnaikb kcedn vis vnrzhfnaj wnrj.

Hhe jnzn twnn vccronnajne vhe nnevcujidn visfnt`cjne ie cejinp whtnr vcnd-jn ib `nt octtrhppne tcn.

Gid : (rnm`ts); Wisvhedst fnt jn spnnr cp

Fhjhdhsbhr (uit; Duejh 890:, 4>:).

Gid. > (cejnr); Wissne ie cejinp whtnr

jccr jn `nan dnfnnesm`hp2 Bhaifhethe,

Iejcensiâ (uit; Duejh 890:, 88>=).



89:

Octtrhppne cg octstnbne

Oct cujt zim` drhhd ie nt ietnrdntikjndnoinj cp. Nne drcct jnna vhe jn pcpuahtindrcnit ìnr cp ne gcnrhdnnrt oik `ccdwhtnr has whj ne bwnajnr jn ievacnj vhe jnznn cejnrdhhe. Oik vhaanej tik zcnbne jn pahtvissne jn jinpnrn jnane cp ne drhvnezim` ie cf `nt cpbcfnej tik hg tn whm`tne. Jccr zim` nne onntkn ie jn ocjnf

ie tn drhvne, `nngt jn strcfied dnne vht cp `ne. [cut whtnr is ‑zwhhrjnr‖ jhezcnt whtnr ne jhhr whhr zcnt whtnr hgstrccft, smùigt cp `nt ritfn vhe `nt tik `ntorhbbn tct zcutn whtnr cejnr jn zcntwhtnrahhd cp ne ennr. Kuist jnzn zcen is rikbhhe haanrani ocjnfcrdheisfne whhrfnn jn oct zim` vcnjt, whhrcejnr sm`napjinrnene wcrfne. Tin jnzn anngwikzn vhe pahtvissne bnet, bhe jhhr dnoruib vhe fhbne.[nag cpdndrcnij ie [hejvccrt hhe [nn bhe ib fik `nrieenrne jht wik biejnrne nr’s-zcfnrs nne drcct panzinr ie vcejne oik ahhd whtnr ie jn zwieene cp zcnb tn dhheehhr ‑sm`caantkns‖. Tn ainpne jhe haanne cg ehhst nabhhr cp oactn vcntne ahedzhhfjccr `nt whtnr cf tn ‑bikbne‖ whhr wn nne pahtviskn cejnr cezn vcntne vcnajneonwndne. @nt whs jhe jn buest cf cp jn vis tn oaikvne sthhe cf `nt vnrvcadnes

fnt jn hejne tn vhedne ne uit nt whtnr tn tiaane. Hm`tnrhg onzine oncngnejne wikie gnitn nt ‑octtrhppne‖, fhhr fnt jit vnrsmìa jht `nt oik ces spna whs, tnrwika ntoik nt nm`tn octtrhppne snrinus cf nt vnrwnrvne vhe vcnjsna died. Oik ces fcm`tjn pahtvis ecd wna cetsehppne, oik jn nm`tn vissnr fcnst zcints ehtuuraikb fnt haanfijjnane vccrbcfne wcrjne. Tht jht ontrngt is nr sprhbn vhe nne tnmècacdism`ncetwibbnaied, jin nrfnn niejidjn jht jn octstnbnrs vhe jn ahhtstn nnuwne eint ha-anne nne fnnrthejidn stnbnr fnnvcnrjne, fhhr ccb wht sthbne ne nne ahhd ent.[ik trcbbne nr tikjnes `nt vhaane vhe `nt tik cp uit, znttne fnt `nt ent nne prina cgbrnnb hg, kcndne vnrvcadnes jn pahtvissne ha whjnej ie jn rim`tied vhe `nt ent ne`hetnnrjne tne sacttn ùe ‑nadnr‖ cf jn ouit uit `nt whtnr tn pribbne ne hhe nne

aike tn rikdne.@nt octstnbne (gid. 7) is nm`t nne cujn, fhhr ccb wikj vnrornijn trhjitin (dn-

wnnst). Ib zhd nt nnes hhe jn Grhesn ne Wahhfsn bust ne eint haanne has biejnrspna.Ces zit `nt vnrdhrne vhe vcnjsna ie ‑jn vrik`nij‖ vhe cezn wccecfdnvied oaikb-ohhr ie `nt oacnj. Ne zcwna vrik`nij vhe `hejnane ne pahhts wnrj jn vissnrsfheeint hatikj vnrduej2 ccb cp jn Grinsn whjjne eint. Jht wcrjt oikvccronnaj juijn-aikb uit jn vnrcrjneied vhe nt sthpnarnm`t vccr vis vhe @hrjnrwikb uit 8::=, whhr-ie jn `nrtcd vhe Dnarn haan Dnajnrsn vissnrs ne vis`hejnahrne jin tussne Wnm`t neIKssna (Bhfpne) hheandjne jn vnrpaim`tied cpandt haan znnvis jin cp jn Eccrjznndnvhedne whs, jin cp jn Thjjneniahejne whs dnzcutne cg jhhr dnstcbne wnrj nejin fne vnrvcadnes vih Dnajnrahej cvnr jn Wnauwn ehhr najnrs wiajn vnrvcnrne,nnrst ie @hrjnrwikb tn ahtne hgsahhe.> Ie jit dnvha fcnt fne oik zcutne hhe ‑stnu-rne‖ jnebne, `nt onstrccine vhe vnrsn vis fnt wht zcut cf `nt onjnrg tikjnes `nttrhespcrt tn vnrtrhdne.

Jn ‑dnstcbne‖ vis bhe haanne pahtvis uit jn Thjjneznn dnwnnst zike. @cn fnejhhroik tn wnrb died, is eint cvnrdnanvnrj. Nne nadnr fnt nne phhr cg fnnr thejneaidt vccr jn `hej. ‑Ouitnedhhts‖ vccr jn Eccrjznnbust wnrj jccr sm`cavissnrs cg‑sm`caanrs‖ vheuit sm`npne fnt enttne sm`ca dnvhedne, zchas uit `nt ‑Wisocnmb‖vhe jn ]m`nvneiedsn vishgsahdnr ne -`hejnahhr Hjrihne Mcnene heec 8>40 oaikbt(gid. 42 Ndfcej 8994, hgo. PII).



89>

@cn `nt nr ie jn prn`istcrin ne oikvccronnaj ie @ccdwcuj tcndied, zha fikesiezines tcm` jim`tnr oik jn nt`ecdrhgism`n vccronnajne dnzcm`t fcntne wcrjne nestna ib fik cp drcej vhe jin iegcrfhtin has vcadt vccr;

Dnwhpnej fnt nne visspnnr, ha jhe eint vccrzine vhe nne sm`nrpn gaiet, nnefhej cg nne ahedn a ike fnt `cutne cg onene ‑ehhaj‖ trnbt fne oik vhaanej tik

`nt whj cp cg ehhr brnbne ie `nt ietnrdntikjn-dnoinj2

•

Gid. 7; Kcedn octstnbnrs fnt jn nadnr cp `nt Grinsn whj ie 89:4 (gctc A. Whednr,

Wissnrikfusnuf Fcjjnrdht).

Gid. 4; Wissnrik ie znn vccr Znxna ehhr Hjrihne Mcnene gcaic 8?9 (uitsenjn).



897

Ha thstnej fnt jn vcntne wcrjt jn pahtvis dnacmhaisnnrj ne fnt jn vcntnevhstdn`cujne2

Cf jn pahtvis eint tn ahtne cetsehppne, wcrjt jn visspnnr tussne jn vcntnejccr ie jn vis dnstcbne2

Nnefhha zc hhe jn ocjnf dnpiet, ouidt jn vissnr zim` ehhr jn vis, stnnbt jhhr

vnrvcadnes zike vrikn `hej cejnr ne `hhat jn vis hhe jn visspnnr ocvne whtnr.@nt whtnr fcnt jhe fhxifhha beinjinp zike cf jin `hejnaied fnt summns tnbueene uitvcnrne2

Jn vhedst bhe ie nne hhe nne aike fnndntrcbbne fhej dnjhhe wcrjne, fhhrfhbbnaikbnr is `nt cf jn vis hhe nne aike tn rikdne ne zc tikjnes `nt vissne fnntn vcnrne (gid. 0).

@nt is ie zc’e situhtin eint cpfnrbnaikb jht jn puet vhe jn visspnnr scfs jnwnrvnabcacf cg hejnrn sbnantjnane vhe jn vis jccroccrt. Jn beinjinptn vhe `ntwhtnr is jhe nne ondrnezied vhe `nt vhedstdnoinj. Jht `nngt fne juijnaikb ah-

tnr wiaane uitornijne, wht fcdnaikb wnrj jccr jn cetwibbnaied vhe jn nadnr fntwnnr`hbne hhe nne ahedn sthhb, jin ie whtnr tct `nup`ccdtn nggnmting dnoruibt bcewcrjne.

@ccp ib tnesacttn jht Nrim vhe (paht-) vis `cujt. Fissm`ine jnebt `ik ahtnr ecdnnes hhe jn vcejst vhe @ccdwcuj tnrud. ]cfs dhht ietnrnsshetn iegcrfhtin oik`nt shfnestnaane vhe nne tussne- cg niejrhppcrt vnracrne. Jn `cnvnna`nij dndn-vnes jin nne cpdrhvied cpanvnrt is vhhb necrf. Has ib Nrim whs, zcu ib eint whbbnraiddne vhe `nt gnit jht jn jccroccrjn rnstne vhe nne oct uit jn Orcestikj hhe zikehhejhm`t cetsehpt zike. Ib zcu nr hat`hes dnne (paht-) vis fiejnr cf wiaane ntne.

•

•

•

•

Gid. 0; Tinrufnr octstnbnrs ie 89:7 (gctc; Wissnrikfusnuf Fcjjnrdht).



894

Ectne

8 Dnsprnb fnt A. Whednr ie `nt vissnri kfusnuf tn Fcjjnrdht.

? Onnrne`cut 8994 (shfnevhttied rhppcrt 8997).

= Wissne oaikvne ie tndnestnaaied tct oikvccronnaj zccdjinrne ùe `nan anvne drcnine.

: Ie `nt hssnfoahdn vhe @ccdwcuj wnrj dnne stnbnaohhrs ne spinried hhedntrcne, whtvnrccrzhhbt bhe zike jccr jn vccr jnzn banien sccrtne tn drctn fhhsjihfntnr vhe jn cpjn cpdrhvied dnoruibtn znng. Jin sccrtne bwhfne wna vccr ie oikvccronnaj @naanvcntsauis(Onnrne`cut ?<<0, Wahhrjiednemuatuur) ne ie `nt Gcruf @hjrihei (Onnrne`cut ?<8<,=n/:n nnuw HJ), onijn ehoik jn tcnefhaidn bust dnandne.

> @cvnebhfp ?<8<, ?0< (vishgsahd vhe @hrjnrwikb).

Aitnrhtuur

Onnrne`cut, O., 8998; Finehbbnr, vnrsahd vhe `nt cejnrzcnb hhe jn visrnstne. Hfstnrjhf(ietnre rhppcrt Hrm`hnc-[cc).

Onnrne`cut, O., 899:; T`ht mcemausices mhe on jrhwe grcf fhturn `hjjcmb ocensie h encaitìm sitn ie t`n Ent`nrahejs3 Ie; Cggh >8, =:8-=:4.

Onnrne`cut, O., 8997; Thtnriedne-:, vnrsahd vhe `nt im`t`ycacdism`n cejnrzcnb hhe fh-tnrihha uit nne kced-encaitìsm`n enjnrznttied vhe rcej =4<< OM . Hfstnrjhf (ietnrerhppcrt Hrm`hnc-[cc).

Onnrne`cut, O., 8994; Gis` ocens. Ie; J.M.F. _hnfhnbnrs nt ha., Thtnriedne-:; Hsnttanfnet ie t`n Fijjan Encaitìm @hznejceb = drcup ie t`n Jutm` mchstha hrnh.

Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih ?9, 87:.

Onnrne`cut, O., ?<<>; Jn visrnstne uit Cpfnnr-@ccdwcuj2 nne ueinb onwiks vccr nnevisvhedsttnmèinb tikjnes jn Fijjne Orcestikj vhe Tnst-Grinsahej . Hfstnrjhf (ie-tnre rhppcrt Hrm`hnc-[cc).

Onnrne`cut, O., ?<<>; Wissne. Ie; N. Ac`cg & K. Whhrs (njs.), Cpfnnr, @ccdwcuj-Ccst2 nne enjnrznttied uit jn Orcestikj tn @ccdwcuj, dnfnnetn Cpfnnr. Hfnrsgccrt(HJM _hppcrt :<8), :=-><.

Onnrne`cut, O., ?<<0; Jn visrnstne vhe jn Cssne`cnb, dnf. @naanvcntsauis, nne enjnrznt-tied t.t.v. jn Wahhrjiednemuatuur. Hfstnrjhf (ietnre rhppcrt Hrm`hnc-[cc).

Onnrne`cut, O., ?<8<; Wisrnstne vhe `nt Gcruf @hjrihei . Hfstnrjhf (ietnre rhppcrt Hrm`hnc-[cc).

Ndfcej, G., 8994; Nne onbnejn ]m`nvneiednr Hjrihne Mcnene ne zike Wisocnmb vhe8>40 , Jne @hhd.

Duejh, O. (rnj.), 890:; `n gisìed muaturn cg t`n wcraj2 stujins ie ntècacdy, muaturhanmcacdy hej gcabacrn , Oujhpnst.

@cvnebhfp, @., ?<8<; @istcrism` cejnrzcnb Oruddnstrhht ne Wik`nstrhht. Ie; F.]m`hooieb (rnj.), ]thjsbnrecejnrzcnb ie @hrjnrwikb, Oruddnstrhht 0-8< ne Wik`nstrhht

=<-=?. Tnnsp (_HH\-_hppcrt ?<0<), ?>9-?07.

Bnueied, @.K. nt ha., 8944; Oahj 0-? \rnìstcrin. Ie; Htahs vhe Enjnrahej , Jnagt.

[hdwike, T.@., 8907; Enjnrahej ie `nt @cacmnne, ’s-Drhvne`hdn.



899

D_HWNE ÎZ JN O_CE]ZIKJ NE HEJN_N H_M@NCACDI]M@N _N]ZNE IE @NZ FNJJC]M@N W NAJ ZN FNJJC (DNFNNEZN

T IEZN_]TIKB )

@. ]m`catn Auoonrieb

IeanijiedIe fhhrt 8990 is jccr fnjnwnrbnrs vhe _HH\ ne jn _CO, dnhssistnnrj jccranjne vhe jn hrm`ncacdism`n wnrbdrcnp vhe jn vnrneidied ‐@nt Fusnuf’ uit

Tietnrswikb, nne hrm`ncacdism`n cpdrhvied uitdnvcnrj ie `nt Fnjjcsm`n Wnajtn Fnjjc, dnfnnetn Tietnrswikb (`hecs, 8990). Hheanijied whs jn cetjnb-bied vhe prnìstcrism` hhrjnwnrb ne vuurstnene hrtnghmtne cp nne fhrbhetn jnb-zhejrud jin ie `nt bhjnr vhe jn ruiavnrbhvnaied Tietnrswikb-Tnst zcu wcrjnecetdrcej. ikjnes jn cpdrhvied zike vcejstne dnjhhe uit jn tikjspheen vhe `ntFnscaitìmuf tct ne fnt jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj. Oikzcejnr is acmhtin vhe jn viej-pahhts; nne dnãscannrjn jnbzhejrud tn fijjne vhe (vccrfhaidn) vnene ne fcn-

rhssne biacfntnrs vnrwikjnrj vhe jn cujn bnrednoinjne vhe onwceied aheds jnzuijnaikbnr dnandne Drcneacsn ]aiedn.

Ahejsm`hppnaikbn mcetnxt

Jn cpdrhviedsacmhtin aidt ie `nt Fnjjcsm`n Wnaj mirmh ?,> bf tne eccrjne vhe`nt Tietnrswikbsn bnrbjcrp Fnjjc cp nne stnnewcrp hgsthej vhe jn Juitsn drnes(gid. 8).8 ct ie `nt rnmnetn vnranjne vcrfjn `nt Fnjjcsm`n Wnaj nne jnscahtn uit-`cnb vhe jn dnfnnetn Tietnrswikb. @nt whs nne uitdnstrnbt dnoinj fnt vcm`tidn`nijn, fcnrhs ne vnne jht phs bcrt vccr jn wnnjn Tnrnajccracd is cetdceene.

@nt fcnrhssidn bhrhbtnr vhe nt dnoinj is tn vnrbahrne vheuit zike ahejsm`hppnaikbnaiddied. @nt Fnjjcsm`n Wnaj aidt tnr ccdtn vhe nne fnt zhej ne driej cpdnvuajnsfnatwhtnrdnua, jin cejnrjnna is vhe nne \anistcmnne jhasystnnf jht zim` jinp iejn Tietnrswikbsn ocjnf `nngt iednsenjne. nr wnnrszikjne vhe jn vccrfhaidndnua onviejne zim` `ccddnandne (vnrnggneiedsrnst)pahtnhus jin vccr nne onahedrikbjnna zike cpdnocuwj uit studdn tnrtihirn bani, jin vnrìejnrj jht rndnewhtnr ie jncejnrdrcej bhe iezikdne. Has dnvcad inrvhe wcrjt nt rndnewhtnr vhe jn pahtnhuscppnrvahbbid hgdnvcnrj ehhr jn hhedrneznejn ahdnr dnandne dnoinjne, whhrcejnr`nt Fnjjcsm`n Wnaj. Jn cejnrzcnbsacmhtin, nne ccst-wnst dncriâetnnrjn jnbzhej-rud jin zim` twnn fntnr ocvne `nt cfriednejn, rnaiâghrfn ahejsm`hp vnr`ngt ne

jin ie jn vcabsfcej wcrjt hhednjuij has jn @hhrouatne (Fhhs & ]m`hhrs, 899?),



?<<

vcrfjn jn neidn jrcdn pahhts ie jn wikjn cfdnvied (Whe jne @urb nt ha., 894=).ct ie jn ?<n nnuw ahd jn jnbzhejrud hhe jn rhej vhe `nt ]wiaorcnbvnne. Nne`ccdvnne whhr jccr jn Fnjjcsm`n ocnrne turg wnrj dnstcbne (Jn _cci, ?<<7,8:4-8:9). @nt [wiaaorcmbnr Wnee, vahb cvnr jn Juitsn drnes, vcrft nne rnsthetjit vnnednoinj.

@nt hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb

Cp jn jnbzhejrud is ie twnn bcrtn cpdrhviedsmhfphdens nne dnoinj vhe mirmh?=<< f¿ cejnrzcm`t.? Hhe `nt ondie vhe `nt cejnrzcnb zike `hhbs cp jn jnbzhej-rud jivnrsn mirmh twnn fntnr ornjn prcngsanuvne dndrhvne cf nvnetunan (maustnrsvhe) hrm`ncacdism`n spcrne tn bueene acbhaisnrne. Ehjht cp jn tcp vhe jn rudhrm`ncacdism`n spcrne, whhrcejnr jn riedsacct vhe nne drhg`nuvna, hhednsenjnewhrne, zike jn prcngsanuvne tct nne drctnrn cpdrhviedsput uitdnornij. Ie nne ah-tnr sthjiuf is `nt dnoinj tne wnstne ne tne ccstne vhe jnzn put cejnrzcm`t tcthhe jn rhej vhe `nt tn cetdrcejne dnoinj. @inroik zike >< hrm`ncacdism`n spcrne

Gid. 8; Jn aiddied vhe `nt cejnrzcm`tn dnoinj (pika). Ieznt; aiddied ie Enjnrahej.



?<8

dnjcmufnetnnrj, jin zike dnãetnrprntnnrj has phhabuia, buia cg `hhrjbuia, drhg nerhejstrumtuur (gid. ?). Jhhrehhst zike 8? ehtuuraikbn spcrne cpdntnbnej, whhrce-jnr nebnan tueenas vhe nne jhssneourm`t.

ikjnes `nt cejnrzcnb is vhstdnstnaj jht cp jn `ccdstn jnane vhe jn jnbzhej-rud dnne rnsthetne vhe nne ehtuuraikbn ocjnfprcgina fnnr hhewnzid whrne. Cpjn `nt drcctstn jnna vhe jn jnbzhejrud rusttn nne mirmh => mf jibbn ocuwvccrjirnmt cp zwhb anfid kced jnbzhej. Cp jn ahhddnandne gahebne vhe jn rud whsie jn vcrf vhe nne stnrb vnrbittn iespcnaieds`crizcet vhe vnajpcjzca ecd sprhbnvhe nne rnsthet vhe `nt ehtuuraikbn ocjnfprcgina. @nt jirnmt cejnr jn ocuw-vccr hhednandjn cpdrhviedsvahb whs stnrb hhednthst jccr `nt fcjnren hdrhrism`ndrcejdnoruib. ]pcrne vhe wcna`hbne rnibtne tct ?< mf jinp ie `nt znnr acssn jnb-zhej. Jnshaeinttnfie whrne ecd dcnj dnmcesnrvnnrjn hrm`ncacdism`n spcrne ne/cghrtnghmtne uit `nt Fnscaitìmuf, `nt Encaitìmuf, jn Orcestikj ne jn IKznrtikj

hhewnzid.

Ahht \hancaitìmuf ne Fnscaitìmuf

Jn cujstn hrm`ncacdism`n vcejstne vhe jn @hhrouatne bueene wcrjne tcndnsm`rn-vne hhe khdnrs/vnrzhfnahhrs uit nt Fnscaitìmuf. ikjnes nt cejnrzcnb zike mirmh><< vuurstnene hrtnghmtne dnvcejne, whhrvhe `nt fnrnejnna is vnrzhfnaj hhe jncppnrvahbtn vccrhgdhhej hhe `nt drhvne vhe jn cpdrhviedsputtne. Jht nne jnnaìnrvhe vhe nne vrcnd cg fijjne fnscaitìsm`n cridien is, oaikbt cejnr hejnrn uitvinr fimrcaitism`n spitsne; twnn O-spitsne ne twnn cednaikboneidn jrin`cnbne. Cpdrcej vhe nne HF] 8:M-jhtnried hhe `cutsbcca uit nne (kcednrn) phhabuia bhe oik-fnedied vhe vuurstnnefhtnrihha uit jn ahhtstn ghsn vhe nt Ahht \hancaitìmuf eint

Gid. ?; Cvnrzim`t vhe jn cpdndrhvne spcrne; drhvne ne rhejstrumturne (jcebnrdriks), ùis -

pahndrcej (zwhrt), cvnridn phhabui ane ne buiane (wit fnt zwhrtn rhej), ehtuuraikbn spcrne

(stippnaaike2 sm`hha 8;8<<<).



?<?

uitdnsactne wcrjne (8<.90<-8<.04< v.M`r.2 zin thona 8). Jht ahht-phancaitìsm`n khdnrs-vnrzhfnahhrs ie jn cfdnvied vhe `nt ahtnrn ]wiaorcnbvnne oivhbbnnrjne,oaikbt ccb uit vcejstne vhe vuurstnene hrtnghmtne vhe jn Gnjnrfnssnrdrcnp cpnne jnbzhejrud hhe jn eccrjzikjn vhe `nt [wiaaorcmbnr Wnee (]thpna, ?<<>, 87-80) ne uit `cejnrjne vcejstne vhe jn @hfourddrcnp ie nne banien cetdrcejiedhhe jn Drcneacsn ]aiedn ehoik Drcneac mirmh > bf tne wnstne vhe jn @hhrouatne.= Wnrjnrn fnscaitìsm`n viejpahhtsne ie jn cfdnvied zike onbnej hhe jn eccrjzikjnvhe nt [wiaaorcmbnr Wnee (]thpna, ?<<>, ?8) ne hhe jn rhej vhe nt Iaandccr mirmh8 bf tne wnstne vhe jn @hhrouatne (`hecs, 8990, mht. ?).

Encaitìmuf ne Wrcndn Orcestikj

Wnrsprnij cp jn jnbzhejrud zike hhrjnwnrbsm`nrvne hhedntrcggne uit `ntEncaitìmuf ne jn Wrcndn Orcestikj. Cp drcej vhe nne HF] 8:M-jhtnried hhe

`cutsbcca (=>?<-=88< v.M`r.2 thona 8) is `nt fcdnaikb jht jn jnbzhejrud rnnjs iejn tikj vhe jn rnm`tnronbnrmuatuur (iemijnetnna3) wnrj onzcm`t. Wnrjnrn hhewik-ziedne ìnrvccr cetornbne. ]m`nrvne vhe bacb-, wibbnajrhhj- ne pctonbnrs jui-jne cp hmtivitnitne dnjurnejn `nt Ahht Encaitìmuf O ne jn Wrcndn Orcestikj (gid.=). [n sthffne `ccgjzhbnaikb uit jn ocvnedrcej, uit `nt vahb cg has cpspit uit jnvuaaied vhe kcednrn drcejspcrne. Nr zike fhhr wnieid spcrne jin fnt neidn fhtnvhe znbnr`nij hhe éée vhe jnzn pnricjne tcndnwnzne bhe wcrjne. Fcdnaikb sthftnne jnna vhe jn banien buiane ie `nt wnstne vhe jn cpdrhvied uit `nt Encaitìmufcg jn Wrcndn Orcestikj (gid. ?). Nebnan jhhrvhe zcujne cp drcej vhe ùe `cuts-bccarikbn vuaaied has `hhrjbuia hhednfnrbt bueene wcrjne. Nne HF] 8:M-jhtn-

ried hhe `cutsbcca uit éée vhe jnzn buiane (spccr :-:) anvnrjn nne jhtnried cp iejn Fijjne-Orcestikj O (8::<-8?7< v.M`r.2 thona 8). ]anm`ts éée cvhan buia (spccr9-?9) ie `nt ccstne vhe jn cpdrhvied zcu cp drcej vhe jn vhdn vuaaied ne `ntvcejstfhtnrihha ie `nt Ahht Encaitìmuf dnjhtnnrj bueene wcrjne. Jn =< mfjinpn buia onvhttn nebnan banien rhejne whejsm`nrvne vhe bacb- ne pctonbnrs nenne vuurstnene (juif)sm`rhoonr.

Jn cpdrhvied nngt wnieid hhewikziedne cpdnanvnrj fnt ontrnbbied tct jn hhrjvhe jn ie `nt Encaitìmuf ne jn Wrcndn Orcestikj uitdnvcnrjn hmtivitnitne. Cpdrcej vhe `nt vrikwna cetornbne vhe drcejspcrne uit jnzn pnricjne zcu vnrce-jnrstnaj bueene wcrjne jht `nt eint died cf hmtivitnitne oieene jn mcetnxt vhe

nne hdrhrism`n enjnrznttied, fhhr jht fne jn jnbzhejrud onzcm`t cf tn khdne ne

spccr

fcestnr/

vcejst-

euffnr mcetnxt

dnjhtnnrj

fhtnrihha

hjfieistrhting

euffnr

jhtnried

dnmhaiornnrj

8 sidfh 70,?%

whhrsmìkeaikb`nij

dnmhaiornnrj

? sidfh 9>,:%

whhrsmìkeaikb`nij

9-88 8: phhabuia `cutsbcca DrH-?994< 8<.<9< +/- >< O\ 8<9><-8<09< OM 8<90<-8<04< OM

9-87 88 phhabuia `cutsbcca DrH-?9979 :7<< +/- :< O\ =><<-=89< OM =>?<-=88< OM

8-? ? drhg mrnfhtin DrH-?9=89 =?9> +/- :> O\ 87=<-8>8< OM 879<-8:>< OM

?-? > buia `cutsbcca DrH-?9977 =?8< +/- :< O\ 8>8<-8:=> OM 8>:<-8:8< OM

:-: - `hhrjbuia `cutsbcca DrH-?9948 =<9< +/- => O\ 8:8>-8=8> OM 8::<-8?7< OM

8-8 4 brieddrnppna `cutsbcca DrH-?9974 ?:?< +/- => O\ 48<-:<< OM 4><-=9< OM

Zhona 8; Hjfieistrhtinvn dndnvnes vhe jn HF] 8:M-jhtnriedne.



?<=

vnrzhfnane ie `nt cfriednejn fcnrhs ne aheds jn rhejne vhe `nt ehoikdnandne

[wiaaorcmbnr Wnee. Cg nr cp jnbzhejrud sprhbn whs nne cejnrbcfne ie jn vcrfvhe nne banie ùis cg nne ùt is eint cewhhrsmìkeaikb, fhhr cettrnbt zim` hhe ceznwhhrenfied.

Fijjne-Orcestikj

Jn ìnrocvne dnecnfjn `hhrjbuia (spccr :-:) ne nebnan hhrjnwnrbsm`nrvne bue-ene nr cp juijne jht jn @hhrouatne tct ie jn Fijjne-Orcestikj iemijnetnna wnrjonzcm`t tne on`cnvn vhe jn khm`t ne `nt vnrzhfnane vhe nntohrn pahetne ne vrum`-tne. Ha ie nne vrcndn ghsn vhe jn Orcestikj whs jn jnbzhejrud has ondrhhgpahhtsie dnoruib dnecfne. Cp `nt `ccdstn puet vhe jn jnbzhejrud is jn riedsacct vhe

nne dnâdhaisnnrjn drhg`nuvna fnt nne oieenejihfntnr vhe 8< tct 88 f oacctdnandj(gid. :). Jn riedsacct (spccr 8-8), whhrvhe jn ornnjtn vhrinnrjn vhe 7< tct 8<< mf,whs eint zuivnr rcej fhhr hgdnrcej rnm`t`cnbid vhe vcrf. Jn jinptn vhe jn iejccrsenjn bcfvcrfidn drnppna vhrinnrjn vhe 8< tct ?> mf. Theennr wn nr vhe-uit dhhe jht `nt ccrsprcebnaikbn cp-pnrvahb zim` fieifhha :< mf ocvne`nt cpdrhviedsvahb onvcej, onjrcndjn ccrsprcebnaikbn ornnjtn vhe jnriedsacct mirmh 8?< tct 8=< mf ne jnjinptn >< tct 7> mf.

Jn eccrjzikjn vhe jn drhg`nu-vna whs vnrstccrj jccr occfvhaane.Jirnmt tne zuijne vhe `nt vnrstccrjndnoinj, ie `nt mnetruf vhe jn drhg-`nuvna, onvcej zim` nne rnm`t`cnbi-dn fie cg fnnr eccrj-zuij dncriâe-tnnrjn drhgbuia fnt nne jcebnrdrikznvuaaied ne nne cfvhed vhe 8?< oik7> mf (spccr 8-?). Jn jinptn vhe ntvcejstaczn drhg onjrcnd ecd sanm`ts0 mnetifntnr. Jn ocjnf vhe `nt drhg

Gid. =; ]m`nrvne vhe wibbnajrhhjonbnrs uit jn cpdrhvied.

Gid. :; Cvnrzim`t vhe jn drhvne (jcebnrdriks2sm`hha 8;><<).



?<:

zha zim` ccrsprcebnaikb cp sanm`ts nne dnriedn jinptn onenjne `nt ccrsprcebnaikbnfhhivnaj `noone onvcejne. Cp drcej vhe jn dnriedn anedtn vhe jn drhgbuia on-trngt `nt vnrfcnjnaikb nne biejnrdrhg. Nne aikbsia`cunt whs eint hhewnzid.

Dnzine jn hhewnzid`nij vhe nne riedsacct ne nne eccrj-zuij dncriâetnnrj mne-trhha drhg fcnt jn drhg`nuvna uit jn Wrcndn cg jn Fijjne-Orcestikj H sthffne

(Ahetied ne Whe jnr \aim`t, ?<<=, 8>=-8>:2 Ac`cg, 8998, 07-9?2 @nrried, ?<<9,74-49). Nne jnna vhe `nt vcejstfhtnrihha uit jn riedsacct sthft uit jnzn pnricjn,fhhr sthht vnrfcnjnaikb `ccgjzhbnaikb ie vnrohej sthht fnt cujnrn ne kcednrn hm-tivitnitne cp jn jnbzhejrud (zin `inrcejnr). Fnnr `cuvhst vnrsm`hgt jn jhtnriedvhe nne cvhha mrnfhtindrhg fnt nne cfvhed vhe 0< oik >< mf cp mirmh 0 f tnezuijne vhe jn drhg`nuvna (spccr 8-?). Whe jit ecd sanm`ts > mf jinpn drhg, whhriejn dnmrnfnnrjn rnstne vhe nne vcawhssne iejiviju zike oikdnznt:, is nne HF] 8:M-jhtnried ie jn Fijjne-Orcestikj H (879< - 8:>< v.M`r.) vnrbrndne (thona 8).Cpvhaanej is jht `nt mrnfhtindrhg cp éée aike aidt fnt jn hs vhe jn drhg`nuvna ne`nt mnetrhan drhg. Cp drcej `inrvhe bhe nne vrikwna dnaikbn cujnrjcf vnrcejnr-

stnaj wcrjne.Jn vuaaied vhe jn riedsacct onvhttn vnan tinethaane hrtnghmtne; vuurstnene hrtn-ghmtne, orcbbne vnrorhej stnne, sm`nrvne bnrhfinb, orcbbne `cutsbcca ne nebnanspibbnas dnmhamiennrj oct. @nt drcct jnna jhhrvhe is cujnr jhe jn drhg`nuvna nefcnt jnr`havn has cpspit onsm`cuwj wcrjne. ]m`nrvne uit jn Fijjne-Orcestikjne jn Ahtn Orcestikj/Wrcndn IKznrtikj bueene ie vnrohej sthhe fnt ehoikznttiedneie ne fnt ahtnrn ritunane rcej jn cujn drhg`nuvna. [n bueene nm`tnr ccb has en-jnrznttiedshgvha ie jn riedsacct zike dnrhhbt,

Thhrcf fne vccr `nt cpwnrpne vhe nne drhg`nuvna jn bnuzn vina cp nne jnb-zhejrud vnr vhe `nt tcnetnrtikj onwccejn dnoinj is jn vrhhd. Jn `nuvna ahd ce-

tndneznddnaikb cp nne znnr prcfienetn, fhhr ccb znnr dnãscannrjn pahhts ie `ntahhddnandne fcnrhssidn ahejsm`hp vhe `nt Fnjjcsm`n Wnaj; nne dnoinj jht fnt`nt hhedrneznejn [wiaaorcmbnr Wnee nnrjnr hhetrnbbiedsbrhm`t uitdncngnej zha`noone vhewndn zike ehtuuraikbn vcnjsnaorceene (wiaj, nntohrn pahetne, beca-ane ne vrum`tne) jhe vhewndn zike ahejocuwbuejidn bwhaitnitne. Fcdnaikb wiajnfne `nt ‐nidnejcf’ vhe jn ehtuuraikbn vcnjsnaorceene ie `nt dnoinj rcej `nt[wiaaorcmbnr Wnee syfocaism` onehjrubbne cg mahifne jccr `nt ondrhvne vhejcjne ne `nt cpwnrpne vhe nne drhg`nuvna. nvnes is `nt fcdnaikb jht jn acmhtinis dnbczne vheuit nne fiejnr wnrnajs fcting ne jht `nt ehoikdnandne [wiaaorcmbnrWnee has vnne ne fcnrhs nne ritunan ontnbneis `hj vccr jn onwcenrs vhe `nt dn-

oinj. Jn vcejst vhe nne mcfpantn sthejvcntonbnr (8h-onbnr) ehoik jn zcdnehhfjnannfputtne hhe jn wnstzikjn vhe `nt [wiaaorcmbnr Wnee cp cednvnnr 8,> bf vhejn @hhrouatne zha cedntwikgnaj ccb uit nne drhg hgbcfstid zike ne fcnt fcdnaikbccb ie jit aim`t dnzine wcrjne.>

Ahtn Orcestikj ne Wrcndn IKznrtikj

Hhe jn zuijccstzikjn vhe jn riedsacct vhe jn drhg`nuvna onvcej zim` `nt rnsthetvhe nne >< tct 7< mf ornjn ne ecd sanm`ts nebnan mnetifntnrs jinpn brieddrnppnafnt nne oieenejihfntnr vhe mirmh 7,?> f (gid. :; spccr ?-8). Ie zuijccstne vhe

jn brieddrnppna whs sprhbn vhe nne 8=< mf ornjn cejnrornbied. Jn brieddrnp-pna fcnt cedntwikgnaj dnzine wcrjne has jn rhejstrumtuur rcej nne ie jn vuaaied



?<>

vhe jn riedsacct vhe jn drhg`nuvna dnpahhtstn ehoikznttied, whhrvhe tikjnes jn cp-drhvied eints is tnruddnvcejne. Hhe jn zikjn vhe drhg`nuvna whs jn brieddrnppnavnrfcnjnaikb iedndrhvne ie `nt `nuvnaaim`hhf ne `nngt jhhrcf dnne spcrne ie jncejnrdrcej hm`tnrdnahtne.

Ie Fijjne- ne [uij-Enjnrahej jhtnrne brieddrnppnas fnt nne cejnrornbied

ie `nt zuijccstne uit jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj. Ie `nt Fñestnrahej bwhfne brieddrnp-pnas fnt cejnrornbiedne nm`tnr ha grnqunet vccr ie jn Ahtn Orcestikj. Jn cejnr-ornbied is jhhr nm`tnr cvnr `nt hadnfnne dnrim`t cp `nt eccrjccstne (Wnraiejn,8904, ?70-?792 Wnraiejn & @uast, ?<8<, 8:-8>). Cp drcej ìnrvhe wcrjt nnejhtnried ie jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj `nt fnnst whhrsmìkeaikb dnhm`t.

ît nne oieene jn brieddrnppna dnandne buia (spccr ?-?) sthft nne fntBnrosmèitt (sthhejn jrin`cnbne) vnrsinrjn whejsm`nrg uit jn Ahtn Orcestikj (gid.: ne >). @cutsbcca uit jn vuaaied vhe jn buia is ie jn Fijjne-Orcestikj O tussne8>:< ne 8:8< v.M`r. dnjhtnnrj (thona 8). Jnzn jhtnried vhat vccr `nt hhrjnwnrb`cejnrjne khrne tn cuj uit (Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t, ?<<=, gid. 0). @nt `cuts-

bcca fcnt jnr`havn has cpspit onsm`cuwj wcrjne, cg nr is sprhbn vhe nne stnrb‐cuj `cut-nggnmt’. Jn buia sthht vnrfcnjnaikb ie vnrohej fnt enjnrznttiedshmtivi-tnitne. Wccrhgdhhej hhe ne tikjnes jn cpdrhvied zike jivnrsn hhrjnwnrbsm`nrvneuit jn Ahtn Orcestikj ne Wrcndn IKznrtikj vnrzhfnaj. Hmtivitnitne ie jin pnricjnezike ccb vhstdnstnaj fijjnas nne HF] 8:M hhe `cutsbcca uit jn riedsacct (spccr8-8) vhe jn drhg`nuvna (4><-=9< v.M`r.2 thona 8). Ocvnejine is cp sanm`ts jrinfntnr tne zuijne vhe jn brieddrnppna nne sanm`t dnmcesnrvnnrjn, eccrjzuij-dn-criâetnnrjn ùispahttndrcej uit jn Ahtn Orcestikj cg IKznrtikj cpdntnbnej (gid. ?ne 7). Cp drcej vhe `nt rnahting drctn hhetha sm`nrvne uit `nt Encaitìmuf ne jnWrcndn Orcestikj jin ie ne tnr ccdtn vhe jnzn pahttndrcej zike hhedntrcggne, wnrj

ie nnrstn iesthetin hhe nne jhtnried ie éée vhe jin pnricjne dnjhm`t. Theennr jnpahttndrcej ehjnr onzine wcrjt, oaikbt nm`tnr jht jnzn whhrsmìkeaikb `nt rnsthet isvhe nne jrinonubid ùis fnt nne cfvhed vhe mirmh 84 oik 4 f. Jn mnetrhan onubis fnt nne ornnjtn vhe sanm`ts ? f cpvhaanej sfha. Whe jn cejinp iedndrhvneoieenestikane rnstnrne nr sanm`ts vikg. Hhe haan zikjne aikbne phhabuiane vhe oui-tnestikane onwhhrj tn zike. Cvnrtuidnejn spcrne vhe nne whej cetornbne. Ie jnahedn zikjne aikbt sprhbn tn zike dnwnnst vhe twnn tndnecvnr nabhhr dnandne 8,> tct? f ornjn iedhedne. @nt is eint dn`nnaznbnr jht jn mcfpantn pahttndrcej is cp-dndrhvne. @ik zcu zim` nvnetunna vnrjnr

ie zuijnaikbn rim`tied bueene vccrtznt-tne. Juijnaikb is jht cp drcej vhe `ntjrinonubidn bhrhbtnr vhe jn pahttndrcejnne jhtnried ie `nt Ahht Encaitìmuf cgjn Wrcndn Orcestikj cewhhrsmìkeaikb is,hhednzine cvnrtuidnejn pahttndrcejneuit jin pnricjne vrikwna uitsauitnej twnn-onubid cg jnnas twnn- ne jnnas jrinonubidzike.7 Jn pahttndrcej jcnt nnrjnr jne-bne hhe Eccrj-Enjnrahejsn jrinonubidn

pahttndrcejne `nt typn Nne uit jn Wrcndn Gid. >; Bnrosmèi-hhrjnwnrb uit spccr ?-?.



?<7

IKznrtikj (Thtnrocab, ?<<9; >:). Jhhrehhst aikbt nr vnrwhetsm`hp tn zike fnt paht-tndrcejne uit [utp`ne (typn Annstne WI) jin jccr Ocuwfnnstnr ie jn twnnjn nagtvhe jn Ahtn Orcestikj ne jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj dnjhtnnrj wcrjne (Ocuwfnnstnr,?<<0; 8>4-87<).

Jn dnãscannrjn acmhtin vhe jn enjnrznttied wnbt neidn vnrohzied, fhhr is oie-ene Ccst-Enjnrahej eint uitzcejnraikb. Ccb najnrs jn rndic zike nr hhewikziednevccr (bcrtstcejidn) onwceied ie jn Ahtn Orcestikj ne Wrcndn IKznrtikj cp rnahtingdnãscannrjn jnbzhejruddne ie cg tn fijjne vhe ahtnrn nijncetdieeiedsahejsm`hp-pne. Jnzn jnbzhejruddne guednnrjne bahhroaikbnaikb has cvnraccpdnoinj vhe ehoikdnandne onwceiedsbnrene (Drcnenwcujt & ]m`catn Auoonrieb, ?<<4, >9). Jn

hhewnzid`nij vhe nne cujn drhg`nuvna vcrfjn inroik ie injnr dnvha dnne onzwhhr.Cg jn @hhrouatne nnefhaid cg `nr`hhajnaikb is onwccej, is cp ohsis vhe jn cejnr-zcnbsdndnvnes eint fnt znbnr`nij vhst tn stnaane. Nr aikbt oieene nt vcejstfhtnri-hha wnaiswhhr sprhbn vhe nne on`ccraikbn tikjsjinptn, fhhr cejuijnaikb is cg ha `ntfhtnrihha ie vnrohej dnorhm`t fhd wcrjne fnt enjnrznttiedshmtivitnitne cg jhtnne jnna hgbcfstid is vhe nnrjnrn cg ahtnrn ondrhviedne cg ritunane rcej jn cujndrhg`nuvna.

Gid. 7; @uispahndrcej uit jn Ahtn Orcestikj cg Wrcndn IKznrtikj (sm`hha 8;?<<).



?<4

Fijjnannuwsn nxnmutinpahhts

Ecd ie jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj is jn @hhrouatne vnrahtne ne siejsjine is jnzn cejnr-jnna vhe nne wcnst ne sanm`t tcndhebnaikb dnoinj vnr vhe jn onwccejn wnrnaj.Cejhebs jn hgdnzcejnrjn aiddied vhe jn @hhrouatne whs jn acmhan onvcabied zim`tct ie ìstcrism`n tikj tnrjndn onwust vhe `nt oikzcejnrn bhrhbtnr vhe jnzn pahhts.

Cp nne bhhrt uit 8>4< sthht tnr `ccdtn vhe jn cpdrhviedsacmhtin nne banien `nu-vna dntnbnej has ohbne vccr jn Dnajnrs/Fñestnrsn drnes, whhroik `nt fcdnaikbcf jn cejnrzcm`tn drhg`nuvna dhht (Enngkns & Tiaanfsn, ?<<9, 9<). Nne bhhrtuit 87>= tccet cp cednvnnr jnznagjn pahhts nne `nuvnatkn fnt nne (drnes3)stnnene jhs ]m`hrgdnridt, nne cujn nxnmutinpahhts! (gid. 4). ît cejnrzcnb ie Jrnet`nis dnoanbne jht uit ìstcrism`n orceene ne vnajehfne onbnejn nxnmutinpahhtsnevhhb shfnevhaane fnt prnìstcrism`n drhg`nuvnas cp vccrfhaidn wcnstn drcejne.Wnrccrjnnajne wnrjne cp jnzn fheinr cp syfocaism`n wikzn ehhr jn rhej vhe jnonwccejn wnrnaj vnroheene, whhr spcbne, wittn winvne ne hejnrn dn`nifzieeidnwnznes ùisjne (Aueied & Whe jnr ]hejne, ?<8<, 88>). Jn vccrfhaidn nxnmutin-

pahhts cp jn @hhrouatne vcrft nne grhhi Hm`tnr`cnbs vccronnaj vhe jit dnoruib.Ie sm`nrp mcetrhst fnt `nt dnoruib has nxnmutinpahhts sthht jn vnajehhf whhrfnn`nt dnoinj jirnmt tne zuijne vhe jn @hhrouatne wnrj ne wcrjt hhednjuij. Jitdnoinj sthht ie jn vcabsfcej onbnej has `nt Iaandccr, `nt `niaidn dccr cg fcnrhs(Enngkns & Tiaanfsn, ?<<9, 9<-98). Nne jinpdnwcrtnaj rnspnmt vccr jn prnìstc-rism`n drhvne cg fijjnannuwsn dhadneùfcr3 Tin `nt wnnt fhd `nt znddne.

Gid. 4; Wnrfcnjnaikbn drhnuvna ne nxnmutinpahhts tne zuijne vhe `nt ]wiaorcnb cp

nne bhhrt vhe Eimcahns vhe Dnnabnrmbne uit 87>= (uit; Ennns & Tiaanfsn, ?<<9).



?<0

Ectne

8 Jn acmhtin vhe `nt cejnrzcnb aidt cp bhhrtoahj =:D vhe jn tcpcdrhsm`n bhhrt vheEnjnrahej (sm`hha 8;?>.<<<). Jn mnetrufmc÷rjiehht is ?:>.=4>/:><.=?>.

? @nt cejnrzcnb is uitdnvcnrj vhe 7 t/f 0 fhhrt ne vhe 87 t/f 89 fhhrt 8990.

= Jcmufnethtin hutnur.

: Jntnrfiehtin jrs. ]. Ohntsne, Hfstnrjhf.

> Jn onbnr wnrj ie 89:0 dnvcejne tikjnes `nt drhvne ehhr annf tne on`cnvn vhe jn ohb-stnneiejustrin ehoik drnesphha 0<: (jcmufnethtin hutnur).

7 [in c.h. Hrecajussne, ?<<0, 874-80>2 @cdnstike & Jrnet`, ?<<</?<<82 Thtnrocab,?<<9, :?-:=.

Aitnrhtuur

Hrecajussne, ]., ?<<0; H aivied ahejsmhpn. Orcezn hdn snttanfnet ie t`n Jutm` rivnr hrnh(m. ?<<<-0<< OM). ]ijnstcen \rnss, Anijne.

Ocuwfnnstnr, @.F.\., ?<<0h ; Orcestikj ne IKznrtikj. Ie; @.F.\. Ocuwfnnstnr,@.H.M. Gnrfie & F. Drcct`njjn, Dnsm`hpne ahejsm`hp. inejuiznej khhr onwc-eied ne cetwibbnaied vhe `nt muatuurahejsm`hp cp jn Accârneb ie [utp`ne , (OHHMrhppcrt <<.<70), ’s @nrtcdneocsm`, 0>-?4:.

Drcnenwcujt, O.K. & @.O.D. ]m`catn Auoonrieb, ?<<4; Nssne ne pahddnejnbbneie Ccst-Enjnrahej vheuit nne hrm`ncacdism` pnrspnmting. Ie; K. vhe Jcnsourd n.h.(rnj.), Nssne ne pahddnejnbbne ie Enjnrahej; cejnrzcnb ne on`cuj , (Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n _hppcrtne =:), Hfnrsgccrt; >=-40.

@nrried, O., ?<<9; Jin Drêonr jnr grñ`ne ois fittanrne Orceznznit ie Tnstghane,

(Ocjnehatnrtñfnr Tnstghanes :0), Fhiez.

@cdnstike, K.T.@. & N. Jrnet`, ?<<</?<<8; Ie ]acctjcrp stcej nne rnm`tnronbnr-ùis3 Cvnr fijjnene ahht-encaitìsm`n ùispahttndrcejne ie Enjnrahej.


@urb, K.H. vhe jne, D. \aniktnr, J.K. Drcct Cooieb & H.H. jn Wnnr, 894=; _uiavnrbhvnaied Tietnrswikb-Tnst; ocjnf, ocjnfdnsmìbt`nij ne ahejsm`hp, (]tiocbh-rhppcrt 9<8), Thdneiedne.

Ahetied, K.E. & K. vhe jnr \aim`t, ?<<=; Jn 8:M-m`rcecacdin vhe jn Enjnrahejsnprn- ne prctcìstcrin, IW; orcestikj ne vrcndn ikznrtikj, \hahncìstcrih :=/::,

884-?7?.

Ac`cg, N., 8998; Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejnried ie jn orcestikj vhe Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej . Hmhjnfism` prcngsm`rigt êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf, Hfstnrjhf.

Aueied, @. & T. vhe jnr ]hejne, ?<8<; Dhadneonrdne, dhaddhtne ne rhjhbbnrs.Ie; T. vhe jnr ]hejne & @. Aueied (rnj.), Cvnr dhad ne rhj. Nxnmutinpahhtsne ieJrnet`n , [wcaan, 0=-887.

Fhhs, A. & [email protected]. ]m`hhrs, 899?; Ocnrjnrik- ne vnajehfne ie Tietnrswikb ,Jcntiem`nf.

Enngkns, K. & E.T. Tiaanfsn, ?<<9; Muatuurìstcrism`n Htahs Tietnrswikb , Tnnsp/Thdneiedne.



?<9

_cci, M.K. jn, ?<<7; Thhr vnene drcnine. Jn situnried ne trhesgcrfhtin vhe vnnednoin-jne ie jn Hm`tnr`cnb , `nsis Thdneiedne ^eivnrsity, Thdneiedne.

]thpna, O., ?<<>; Nie ahedjhunrejnr Heghed ” ]tnieznit ie Wrnjne. Ie; @.T. \nien &@. nr`haan (@rsd), ]tigt ” ]thjt ” Ahej. Wrnjne if ]pindna jnr Hrm`êcacdin (Onitrêdnjns @nifhtvnrnies Wrnjne zur Ahejns- uej Wcabsbuejn 79), Wrnjne, 8>-=?.

Z`hecs, M.].I., 8990; _uiavnrbhvnaied Tietnrswikb-Tnst2 hrm`ncacdism`n ondnanijied bh-vnahhevhhrjiedswnrbne ghsn ? (_HH\-rhppcrt =7:), Hfstnrjhf.

Wnraiejn, H.J., 8904; Jin Drêonr uej Drhoguejn jnr ]pêtne Orceznznit uej grñ`neNisneznit ie Cvnrikssna IW , (Onrim`tne vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejidOcjnfcejnrzcnb =>), ?=8-:8?.

Wnraiejn, H.J. & _.]. @uast, ?<8<; Jn drhgvnajne ne drhgvcejstne cp ne rcej jn Wnauwnvhe jn Ahtn Orcestikj tct ie jn Fijjne-IKznrtikj , (Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n_hppcrtne =9), Hfnrsgccrt.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., ?<<9; Dntiffnrj vnranjne. ]pcrne vhe vccr- ne vrcnd`istcrism`n `cut-ocuw cp jn zhej- ne banidrcejne tussne Nnfs ne IKssna (Drceiedne Hrm`hncacdimha]tujins 8<), Nnajn.



?88

W HE DIGGNE AHED] JN C WN_IK]]NA]N W NM@Z

Cejnrzcnb ehhr nne vnrdntne tufuaivnaj fntorhej`nuvnas ie @ccdnedrhvne

_. vhe Onnb

Ieanijied

Née vhe jn vnan drhg`nuvnas jin onsprcbne wcrjne ie `nt fceufnethan prcng-sm`rigt vhe Nrim Ac`cg is dnsitunnrj ie jn banien ouurtsm`hp ]tndnrne, hhe jneccrjzikjn vhe `nt jha vhe jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t (gid. 8 ne ?). Jnzn `nuvna ie `nt]tndnrnesn Wnaj is ie 89?9 cpdndrhvne jccr G.M. Oursm` vhe `nt _ikbsfusnufvhe Cuj`njne (_FC) tn Anijne. @nt fceufnet wnrj hhednandj ie `nt Ahht-Encait`imuf ne bnejn nne twnnjn dnoruibsghsn ie jn Wrcndn Orcestikj (Oursm`89==, ><->82 Ac`cg 8998o, 9:). Wnna fiejnr onbnej is jht H.N. vhe Diggne vhe`nt Oicacdism`-Hrm`hncacdism` Iestituut (OHI) tn Drceiedne zim` nne khhr ahtnrccb fnajjn ie jn cfdnvied vhe ]tndnrne. Cp ecd dnne biacfntnr hgsthej vhe jncejnrzcnbsacmhtin vhe Oursm` cejnrzcm`t `ik nne drctn drhg`nuvnadrcnp, jin `nt

cejnrwnrp vcrft vhe jnzn oikjrhdn. Whe Diggne puoaimnnrjn jn rnsuathtne vhe zike

Gid. 8 ]m`nfhtism`n wnnrdhvn vhe `nt jha vhe jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t tussne Jhagsne ne

@hrjneonrd. Jn onsprcbne drhnuvnadrcnp aidt oieene `nt rnm`t`cnbidn bhjnr jht ie fnnrjnthia is wnnrdndnvne ie duur ?.

Jhagsne

Cffne

E



?8?

cejnrzcnb eint. cm` wikst jn ecd onwhhrj dnoanvne cpdrhviedsjcmufnethtin cpnne drhgvnaj jht fnnr jhe 0< khhr eh jhtc hasecd nne whhrjnvcaan oikjrhdn bhe an-vnrne hhe jn ahht-prnìstcrism`n hrm`ncacdin vhe Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej.

Jn jccr Whe Diggne cejnrzcm`tn drhg`nuvnadrcnp aidt tussne ]tndnrne ne jneccrjwnstnaikbnr dnandne ouurtsm`hp @ccdnedrhvne (gid. ?). Jn vnajehhf vhe nttnrrnie is Mhasuf. Ie jnzn oikjrhdn wcrjt jn viejpahhts ‐@ccdnedrhvne-Mhasuf’dnecnfj.8 Ie jn vcadnejn phrhdrhgne trnjne wn ie jn vcntspcrne vhe Whe Diggnecf zike cejnrzcnb ne rnsuathtne ie `nt kuistn ìstcrism`n, ahejsm`hppnaikbn ne hr-m`ncacdism`n pnrspnmting tn pahhtsne. Tn ondieene fnt nne onbecptn rnmcestrumtinvhe jn hrm`ncacdinoncngneied ie Cvnrikssna ie jn nnrstn `nagt vhe jn twietidstnnnuw, whhroik vccrha hhejhm`t wcrjt onstnnj hhe jn rca jin nxtnren crdheishtinsspnnajne. Jhe wcrjt jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn mcetnxt vhe jn drhg`nuvnadrcnp onsprc-bne, dnvcadj jccr nne hehaysn ne ietnrprnthtin vhe jn cpdrhviedsjcmufnethtin.@inroik wcrjne ccb kcednrn dndnvnes ontrcbbne jin cp `nt tnrrnie vnrzhfnaj zikejccr jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb (_CO). nr hgsaui-tied wcrjt `nt drhgvnaj ie nne ornjnrn hrm`ncacdism`n mcetnxt dnpahhtst.

@nt _FC ne OHI ie Ccst-Enjnrahej

Ie jn nnrstn `nagt vhe jn twietidstn nnuw wnrj jn hrm`ncacdinoncngneied ie

Ccst-Enjnrahej dnanijnaikb vcawhssne (Whe Onnb ?<<9, ?4-=8). wnetn vcrf-jn `nt hrm`ncacdism` mnetruf vhe jn rndic, whhroik nne sanutnarca whs wnddn-andj vccr jn ie 89<> cpdnrim`tn Cuj`nijbhfnr wnetn (\hsbhfp-Whe ]hetne?<<>). Onstuursanjne vhe jnzn iesthetin ne vhe jn Wnrnneidied tct Oncngneiedvhe Cvnrikssnasm` _ndt ne Dnsmìnjneis vnrzcm`tne K.@. @cawnrjh ie 8987 nnecpdrhvied tn vnrrim`tne cp `nt tnrrnie vhe jn @uenocrd ie Wcat`n, nne fijjna-nnuwsn vnrstnrbied. @cawnrjh, jn mcesnrvhtcr vhe `nt _FC, stnfjn ie. [ike cp-drhvied fhrbnnrt `nt ondie vhe nne pnricjn whhrie `nt _FC jn onahedrikbstncpdrhvnejn iesthetin ie Ccst-Enjnrahej wnrj. Jn vcadnejn jrin jnmneeih cejnr-zcm`tne @cawnrjh ne zike mcaandh’s T.M. Orhht ne G.M. Oursm` jivnrsn viejpahht-

rivinrjha

`cdn ne fijjna`cdn zhejdrcejne

ahdn zhejdrcejne

rivinraccp/cujn fnhejnrs

urenevnaj

drhgvnaj _cfniesn Zikj

Gid. ? ]m`nfhtism`n wnnrdhvn vhe jn onahedrikbstn hrm`ncacdism`n viejpahhtsne ie jn

fimrcrndic @ccdnedrhvne-]tndnrne, dnfnnetn Cffne.

< ><< f

E

] t n d n r n e

@ccdnedrhvne

Kueenr Bcnahej

Mhasuf



?8=

sne ie wnetn. Ie fiejnrn fhtn bwhfne ccb jn Hm`tnr`cnb ne Ainfnrs hhe ocj.@nt zwhhrtnpuet ahd cp `nt cejnrzcnb vhe drhg`nuvnas ne urenevnajne, fhhr ccbhejnrn viejpahhtsne (enjnrznttiedne, fijjnannuwsn vnrstnrbiedne, kcednrn drhg-vnajne) wnrjne cejnrzcm`t.

@nt Enjnrahejsn jnna vhe `nt jha vhe jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t on`ccrt tct

]haahej. Jnzn strnnb stcej, ie tndnestnaaied tct wnetn, ie jn nnrstn `nagt vhe jntwietidstn nnuw ecd ehuwnaikbs ie jn hrm`ncacdism`n onahedstnaaied. Jn cpdrh-vied vhe Oursm` ie ]tndnrne ie 89?9 whs jn nnrstn ie ]haahej. Jn mcethmtne jinanijjne tct jit cejnrzcnb wnrjne vnrfcnjnaikb nne phhr khhr nnrjnr dnandj. Ie89?4 onzcm`t @cawnrjh jn Wnm`tstrnnb cp uitecjidied vhe jn ourdnfnnstnr vheCffne, M.N.T. Enried O÷dna. Jn onzim`tidied vhe `nt onbnejn orcesjnpct vheCffnrsm`hes (c.h. Outanr/Ohbbnr 8978) whs whhrsmìkeaikb `nt `ccgjjcna vhejit onzcnb. @nt jnpct whs ha ie 809: dnvcejne cp jn ehoikdnandne `nijn vhe `ntCffnrvnaj, ne wnrj siejsjine onwhhrj jccr jn ocswhm`tnr ne khm`tcpzinenrvhe `nt ahejdcnj Kueen (Ohbbnr ?<<:, >4->9). @cawnrjh wnrj ccb rcejdnanij

jccr ]tndnrne ne cfdnvied. [c fhhbtn ik bneeis fnt jn ahht-prnìstcrism`n viej-pahhtsne jin oieene nebnan khrne jccr Oursm` ne Whe Diggne cejnrzcm`t zcujnewcrjne.

Fnt Whe Diggnes cejnrzcnb ie ]tndnrne ie 89=< vnrtccejn `nt ie 89?? cpdn-rim`tn OHI zim` vccr `nt nnrst cp Ccst-Enjnrahejsn ocjnf. Cg `nt _FC ne OHImcethmtne cejnrìnajne cvnr jn hmtivitnitne vhe Oursm` ie ]tndnrne is eint onbnej.@nt is nm`tnr cewhhrsmìkeaikb. K.@. @cawnrjh ne Whe Diggne whrne cp jht fc-fnet ha khrneahed fnt nabhhr ie mcegaimt (c.h. Nimb`cgg ?<<=, >>->4). @nt is hhe-enfnaikbnr jht `nt nnrstn ieitihting tct onijn cpdrhviedne bwhf uit jn Wnm`tstrnnbznag, `ntdnne ie jnzn pnricjn eint cednoruibnaikb whs. Thhrcf oieene zc’e bcrtn

tikj twnn vnrsmìaanejn iestitutne hmting whrne ie `ntznagjn dnoinj is eint onbnej.Nne vnrdnaikbohrn situhtin jnnj zim` ie jn khrne jnrtid nm`tnr ccb vccr ie Fijjne-ne [uij-Enjnrahej. Whe Diggne wnrj jhhr stnnjs hmtinvnr, ne ondhg zim` jhhrfnncp `nt ‐trhjiticenan’ wnrbtnrrnie vhe `nt _FC (`nueissne 8999, ?<). Fcdnaikbfcnt jn OHI-cpdrhvied ie @ccdnedrhvne znags dnzine wcrjne has nne jcnaonwustnhmtin ie jn mcemurrnetinsahd tussne onijn iestitutne. Cvnridnes fnajjn Whe Diggnezim` sanm`ts nebnan bnrne ie Ccst-Enjnrahej. Ie 8980 cejnrzcm`t ìk jn acmhtinvhe nne vnrjwnene ùenonj oik ]tnnewikb-Jn Nnsn, jim`toik jn prcviemindrnestussne Jrnet`n ne Cvnrikssna (Whe Diggne 89?4, =88-=??). Ie 89=< drcng ìk einthaanne cp ie @ccdnedrhvne, fhhr cejnrzcm`t ìk ccb vikg drhg`nuvnas ie jn cf-

dnvied vhe @catne (Wnraiejn 8904, 7-4). wnn khhr ahtnr jnnj ìk cejnrzcnb ehhrnne urenevnaj oik Hhatne, ie jn Hm`tnr`cnb (Wnraiejn 894:, 8:4). Eh jn wnnjn

Tnrnajccracd vcadjn tnesacttn ecd nne sthjsbnrecpdrhvied ie Jnvnetnr (Ohrtnas?<<:).

Whe jn ocvnednecnfjn cpdrhviedne puoaimnnrjn Whe Diggne haanne jn rnsuath-tne vhe `nt nnrstn cejnrzcnb, ie ]tnnewikb. ît nne oring uit fhhrt 89:9 hhe zikeacmhan mcethmtpnrscce T. Wnajsieb, `nt `ccgj vhe jn M`ristnaikbn ahejocuwsm`ccatn Cffne, wcrjt juijnaikb jht ìk `nt cejnrzcnb oik @ccdnedrhvne has eint hgdn-rcej onsm`cuwj ne vhe pahe whs jn cpdrhvied ecd tn `nrvhttne;

@nt is iefijjnas wnnr nebnan khrne dnanjne, jht ib ie ]tndnrne `no dndrhvne, ne tct jus - vnrrn is jn puoaimhtin vhe jnzn ietnrnsshetn cejnrzcnbiedne ecd eint vnrsm`nene. Jit vccrha



?8:

ie vnrohej fnt `nt gnit, jht wik `nt cejnrzcnb ie jn cfdnvied vhe Cffne ecd eint has

vcatccij onsm`cuwne2 rnnjs vnrsm`nijnen fhane stcej jn vccrtznttied jnr cpdrhviedne cp `nt

prcdrhf, jcm` stnnjs fcnstne wik nrvhe hgzine tnednvcadn vhe hejnr spcnjwnrb R...V. Eh jn

vcatcciied vhe jn cpdrhviedne zuaane rnsuathtne cedntwikgnaj wcrjne dnpuoaimnnrj, o.v. ie jn

Fnjnjnaiedne vhe Cvnrikssnasm` _ndt ne Dnsmìnjneis. ^w hheocj, cf fnt nebnan vrinejne

ces tn hssistnrne, zuaane wn t.z.t. jhebohhr hhevhhrjne.?

Cejhebs jit pcsitinvn vccronrim`t zcu `nt sm`cca`ccgj tnanurdnstnaj wcrjne. @ntbwhf eint tct einuwn cpdrhviedne, ahht sthhe nne puoaimhtin.

@nt jha vhe jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t; cpocuw, jyehfinb neonwceied=

Jn jccr Whe Diggne cejnrzcm`tn drhg`nuvnadrcnp ie @ccdnedrhvne aidt cp ééevhe jn vnan zhejruddne aheds `nt jha vhe jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t (gid. 8 ne ?). Jitwhs ie jn ahtn prnìstcrin éée vhe jn onahedrikbstn rivinrne vhe Ccst-Enjnrahej ne

hhedrneznejn jnane vhe Juitsahej. Jn Dnajnrsn IKssna oikvccronnaj zcu phs vnnaahtnr nne rca vhe ontnbneis dhhe spnane (c.h. Mc`ne nt ha. ?<<9). Jn accp vhe jnWnm`t bhe cp `ccgjaikene ie jrin sndfnetne vnrjnnaj wcrjne. Jn orceene vhe jnrivinr aiddne ie Juitsahej, ie jn cfdnvied vhe `nt jcrpkn Jhrgnaj ie Ecrjr`nie-

Tnstghane. Ie `hhr ocvneaccp is jn rivinr rnahting sfha ne saiednrt zn sanm`ts ie on-sm`nijne fhtn. Ocvne Ecrj`cre viejne wn jn shfnevacniied fnt jn Jiebna, nevnrvcadnes strccft jn Wnm`t tnr `ccdtn vhe Drhfsonrdne ces ahej oieene. Tnonviejne ces eu hhe jn fijjneaccp, jin dnbnefnrbt wcrjt jccr nne znnr stnrbnfnhejnried. @nt dnoinj strccfhgwhhrts vhe Jhagsne on`ccrt tct jn Wnm`tjnath;nne ornnj, jrin`cnbid dnoinj fnt nne neidszies whhinrvcrfid phtrcce cpdnocuwj

uit cujn dnuane aheds aheddnrnbtn zhejruddne.Ccb wheennr wn nne sm`nfhtism`n jwhrsjccrsenjn jccr nt Enjnrahejsn jnnavhe `nt rivinrjha fhbne, fheignstnrne zim` vnrsmìaanejn ahejsm`hppnaikbn zcens.]tnrb vnrnnevcujidj `noone wn tn fhbne fnt nne ahhddnandne rivinrjha fnt cujnonjjiedne, cnvnrwhaane, zhejpahtne ne hejnrn rivinrdnocejne vnrsmìkesnane. Jhtjha wcrjt hhe onijn zikjne ondrnesj jccr `cdn jnbzhejruddne, whhrhm`tnr zim`” zcwna hhe jn eccrj- has jn zuijzikjn ” uitdnstrnbt vcm`tid ahhdahej onviejt.Ie nssnetin dhht `nt jus cf jrin zcens; `nt rivinrjha fnt jn rivinr, jn `cdn drce-jne aheds jn rivinr ne jn ahdn vahbtns jhhr hm`tnr. Tna vnrsmìat `nt ahhdahej tneeccrjne vhe `nt Wnm`tjha vhe jht tne zuijne nrvhe. Ie `nt eccrjne cetwibbnajn

zim` vhehg `nt Htahetimuf nne uitdnstrnbt `ccdvnnednoinj, jht tct vnr ie Jrnet`nrnibtn. Ie `nt zuijne whs `nt ahhdahej dnvhrinnrjnr ne fiejnr vahb. Tn viejnenr nne hgwissnaied vhe zhejvnrstuiviedne, ehttn `nijndnoinjne, vnene ne banienstuwwhaane.

Jn ouurtsm`hppne @ccdnedrhvne ne ]tndnrne (dnfnnetn Cffne) aiddne hhejn fijjneaccp vhe jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t. Jn drhg`nuvnadrcnp strnbt zim` uit cvnr`nt zuijwnstnaikbn jnna vhe nne zhejacpnrvcrfidn jnbzhejrud jirnmt tne eccrjnevhe jn rivinr (gid. ?). ne wnstne vhe jnzn rud onviejt zim` nne fhrbhetn cujnrivinrfnhejnr, ie nne ehtuurdnoinj jht `nt Kueenr Bcnahej dnecnfj wcrjt. Jntharikbn vnranddiedne vhe jn rivinr zike ecd dcnj zim`tohhr ie `nt `njnejhhdsn

ahejsm`hp. Ent has vnna hejnrn cujn fnhejnrs hhe jn fijjneaccp vhe jn rivinr



?8>

is ccb jin vhe `nt Kueenr Bcnahej buestfhtid hgdnsenjne. Jnrdnaikbn iedrnpnevcejne vccrha pahhts vhehg jn ahtn endnetinejn nnuw (Tcagnrt nt ha. 8997). @ntaikjt dnne twikgna jht jn fnhejnr ie jn ahtn prnìstcrin whtnrvcnrnej whs. Jn drhg-`nuvnadrcnp ahd jus cp jn rhej vhe nne zhejrud ie nne drctn rivinrocm`t ” nnepanb jin fnt rnm`t fhrbhet dnecnfj bhe wcrjne. Jnzn rud is cpvhaanej rikb hhe

drhgfceufnetne. Cp `nt uitnrstn ccstnaikbn jnna viejne wn eint haanne jn Ahht-Encaitìsm`n `nuvna jin jccr Oursm` cejnrzcm`t wnrj, fhhr ccb nne urenevnajuit jn Ahtn Orcestikj (Wnraiejn 8904, mht. er. :). Wnrjnr eccrjnaikb viejne wn oik@ccdnedrhvne ccb ecd hhewikziedne vccr jn hhewnzid`nij vhe nne drhgvnaj uitjn Ahht-_cfniesn ikj (Whe Ns/Wnraiejn 8944, mht. er. >4). Jn acmhtins vhe jnahht-prnìstcrism`n enjnrznttiedne ie jnzn fimrcrndic zike vccrhasecd ceonbnej.

Jn zhejrud vhe @ccdnedrhvne-]tndnrne is éée vhe jn vnan `ccdtns aheds jnWnm`t jin rikb is hhe hrm`ncacdism`n viejpahhtsne. ît jn `cdn jim`t`nij vhe on-wceiedsspcrne uit jivnrsn pnricjns bhe wcrjne hgdnanij jht jn fhrbhetn `ccdtnsaheds jn rivinr ha vnan fiaaneeih ahed nne ietnesing onwccejn ‐mcrrijcr’ vcrfne,

jin vccr nne onahedrikb jnna vcnrjn jccr ahhddnandne ne fcnrhssidn dnoinjne (WheOnnb ?<<92 Whe Onnb nt ha. ?<8<). Jn tharikbn viejpahhtsne uit jn ahtn prnìstcrinviejne wn vrikwna uitsauitnej cp drctn zhejruddne cp bcrtn hgsthej vhe jn rivinr(gid. 8). Wccrha viejpahhtsne uit jn IKznrtikj zike dcnj vnrtndnewccrjidj. @nt vnr-sprnijiedsphtrcce is cvnridnes wna vnrtnbnej jccr vnrsmìaanejn ahejsm`hppnaikbnprcmnssne. Cp jivnrsn drctn zhejruddne zike oikvccronnaj pahddnejnbbne hhewn-zid, ne vccrha tussne Jhagsne ne @hrjneonrd bcfne stuigzhejmcfpanxne vhe uit-nneacpnejn cfvhed vccr (zin cejnr). Onijn bueene prnìstcrism`n ahejsm`hppnehhe `nt ccd cettrnbbne. Jhhrehhst `noone ie jn strnnb wnieid drcctsm`haidn cp-drhviedne pahhtsdnvcejne.

Jn fnes cngnejn ha vrcnd ievacnj uit cp nt ahejsm`hp vhe jn Wnm`tstrnnb. Jnstnrbn fnhejnried vhe jn fijjneaccp vhe jn rivinr is oikvccronnaj dnne vcaanjidehtuuraikb vnrsmìkesna, fhhr is ie onahedrikbn fhtn cetsthhe jccr drcctsm`haidncetdieeiedne vhe wcnst ahej ie jn strccfcpwhhrts dnandne dnoinjne. @nt jhabrnnd drctn `cnvnna`njne whtnr tn vnrwnrbne, ne ie mcfoiehtin fnt jn tcnvcnrvhe nxtrh dnârcjnnrj fhtnrihha `nngt jit `nt brcebnadnjrhd hhednkhhdj. Jn wcr-tnas vhe jit prcmns, jht ie ne eh jn Fijjnannuwne stnnjs stnrbnr wnrj, aiddneie jn ahtn prnìstcrin. Cp ohsis vhe phayecacdism` cejnrzcnb is hhedntccej jhtvccrha tikjnes jn IKznrtikj vnna ocs vhe jn `cdnrn zhejruddne ie Ccst-Enjnrahejvnrjwnene is (Drcnenwcujt nt ha. ?<<0). Jnzn stnrbn cetocssied anijjn aheds ri-

vinrne ne onbne tct fnnr nrcsin ne snjifnethtin has dnvcad vhe cvnrstrcfiedne.Gnitnaikb is jn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t ha vhehg jn IKznrtikj dnne nm`t ehtuuraikbn rivinrfnnr (Tcagnrt nt ha. 8997, :?). Jnznagjn prcmnssne anijjne ie jn ahtn prnìstcrin hatct `nt cptrnjne vhe acmhan zhejvnrstuiviedne. Ie ne eh jn Fijjnannuwne wnrjnejnzn nne stnnjs drctnr prcoannf, jht fne cp uitnneacpnejn fheinrne trhm`ttn ietn jhffne (Oruies 8908).



?87

Cejnrzcnb ehhr jn drhg`nuvnadrcnp; sthjih, fnt`cjinb nernsuathtne

@nt bhrhbtnr vhe jn drhg`nuvnadrcnp vhe @ccdnedrhvne-Mhasuf bhe dnrnmcestru-nnrj wcrjne fnt onùap vhe dndnvnes jin tikjnes jrin dnandne`njne vnrzhfnajzike. Ie nnrstn iesthetin ontrngt `nt jn cridienan cpdrhviedsjcmufnethtin uit 89=<,

onwhhrj cp `nt Drceiednr Iestituut vccr Hrm`ncacdin (DIH).: Jnzn onsthht cejnrhejnrn uit nne cvnrzim`tstnbneied vhe nt drhgvnaj, vahb- ne prcginatnbneiedne vhetwnn drhg`nuvnas jin Whe Diggne `nt fnnst dnjnthiaannrj cejnrzcm`t (ers. 8 ne ?)ne prcginatnbneiedne vhe tine hejnrn drhg`nuvnas. Ehhst jn vnajtnbneiedne zikeccb dn`nna cpdnfhhbtn, dnãebtn tnbneiedne ie jn trhjiticenan OHI-stika hhewnzid,jin cedntwikgnaj vccr puoaimhtin onstnfj whrne. Ccb zike nebnan cpdrhviedsgctc’sdnfhhbt, `ccgjzhbnaikb vhe jn drhg`nuvnas 8 ne ?. Ie 894> wnrj `nt tnrrnie jccrjn _CO dnãespnmtnnrj. Jhhroik wnrjne ocriedne ie fiestnes 84 drhg`nuvnas dnznt.Ie niej 8990 ne ondie 8999 wnrjne jn fnnstn drhgfceufnetne jccr jnznagjn ie-sthetin dnrnsthurnnrj, whhroik ccb hhevuaanejn dndnvnes wnrjne vnrzhfnaj. Wccr

zcvnr onbnej is dnne vcejstfhtnrihha vhe `nt OHI-cejnrzcnb onwhhrj dnoanvne.Jn cvnrzim`tstnbneied vhe `nt drhgvnaj uit 89=< vcrft nne onahedrikb sthrt-

puet vccr cezn rnmcestrumtin (gid. =). Nr zike =0 drhg`nuvnas cp hhedndnvne, in-jnr fnt nne nidne euffnr, jin shfne nne phrhoccavcrfid vnrsprnijiedsphtrccevnrtcene. [n onstrikbne nne dnoinj fnt nne cfvhed vhe mirmh =<< (wnst-ccst) oik?<< fntnr (eccrj-zuij). Oik vnrdnaikbied fnt jn dncfcrgcacdism`n bhhrt> vhat ji-rnmt cp jht jn drhgfceufnetne jn murvn vhe jn cejnraiddnejn zhejrud vcadne,ne jhhrfnn ccb jn vccrfhaidn rivinrocm`t (gid. ?). Nr is dnne nebnan hhewikziedjht jit oikzcejnrn phtrcce `nt dnvcad is vhe pcst-jnpcsiticenan ghmtcrne. Cp jncvnrzim`tstnbneied zike cejnrzcm`tn ne eint cejnrzcm`tn drhgfceufnetne fntvnrsmìaanejn syfocane wnnrdndnvne. @inruit bhe hgdnanij wcrjne jht ?: vhe jn=0 `nuvnas cejnrzcm`t zike. Jn `nuvnas jin eint hhe ocj bwhfne onviejne zimìe `nt wnstnaikbn ne eccrjwnstnaikbn jnna vhe `nt drhgvnaj. Hhednzine sanm`ts cp-drhviedstnbneiedne vhe twhhag drhg`nuvnas onwhhrj zike, fcntne wn hheenfnejht jn hejnrn twhhag hejnrn cejnrzcm`tn nxnfpahrne eint dnjcmufnetnnrj wnr-jne.7 ]anm`ts nebnan cpdrhviedstnbneiedne vnrfnajne nne jhtuf, ehfnaikb ?: ne?> hudustus. @nt cejnrzcnb vcej jus pahhts ie jn ahtn zcfnr. Cg `nt iejnrjhhjsanm`ts twnn jhdne ie onsahd ehf, is eint tn hm`tnr`hane. Nebnan cpdrhviedsgctc’stcene vnrdnzim`tne cvnr nne uitdnstrnbtn, bhan `nijn fnt hhedrneznej `nt jha vhejn Wnm`t (gid. :). ndnewccrjid zike jn zhejruddne ie jn cfdnvied kuist rikb hhe(hhednpahet) ocs.

ît nne rnsthurhtinrhppcrt cpdnstnaj ie 8999 bhe hgdnanij wcrjne jht jn `ccd-tn vhe jn drhgfceufnetne vccr hhevhed vhe jn wnrbzhhf`njne vhrinnrjn tussne<,?> ne ? fntnr. Jn jihfntnr ahd tussne > ne ?< fntnr. 4 Ahdn `nuvnas whrne vnr-rnwnd `nt onst vnrtndnewccrjidj; haanne drhgfceufnetne 8, ? ne ?8 whrne `cdnrjhe nne fntnr. Hhe jnzn fhrbhetn nxnfpahrne onstnnjjn Whe Diggne jn fnnstnhhejhm`t, ne jhe fnt ehfn hhe `nuvnas 8 ne ? (gid. >). Whe `nuvna 8 drcng ìk `ntzuijwnstnaikbn bwhjrhet cp. Ie `nt eccrjnaikbn ne ccstnaikbn jnna vhe `nt `nuvna-aim`hhf wnrjne twnn sfhaan sanugkns dndrhvne, jin eint dn`nna tct `nt mnetruf

rnibtne. Ie `nt zuijnaikbn jnna vhe jn cvhan `nuvna ? wnrjne vinr putkns hhednandj,vhe nabhhr dnsm`nijne jccr sfhaan prcginajhffne. Jn prcginatnbneiedne vhe jn



?84

Gid. = Whe Dines cvnrzim`tstnbneied vhe `nt drhgvnaj @ccdnedrhvne-Mhasuf (hrm`ing

Drceiednr Iestituut vccr Hrm`ncacdin).

Gid. : Cpdrhviedsgctc vhe drhnuvna ?, dnecfne vheuit `nt zuijwnstne. Aiebs wcrjt dnwnrbthhe hejnrn `nuvnas ie `nt ccstnaikbn jnna vhe `nt drhgvnaj (hrm`ing Drceiednr Iestituut vccr

Hrm`ncacdin).



?80

hejnrn tine drhg`nuvnas wikzne cp jrin hejnrn strhtndinâe. Winr bnnr wnrj vhe wnstehhr ccst nne sanug dndrhvne jccr `nt `nan `nuvnaaim`hhf, vinr bnnr nne sanug vhe`nt zuijne ehhr `nt mnetruf ne twnn bnnr sanuvne vhe `nt wnstne ée zuijne ehhr`nt mnetruf. Nne jnna vhe jnzn sanugkns, fnt nne ornnjtn vhe 7<-0< mnetifntnr,whs niej 8990 ecd dcnj zim`tohhr has nne jnprnssin.

Gid. > Whe Dines cpdrhviedstnbneiedne vhe jn drhnuvnas 8 ne ? (hrm`ing DrceiednrIestituut vccr Hrm`ncacdin).



?89

Jn cpdrhviedstnbneiedne tcene hhe jht jn ie 89=< dnjcmufnetnnrjn drhg-`nuvnas nne cejnraied dcnj vnrdnaikbohrn cpocuw bneene. Cp `nt cuj cppnrvahbcejnr `nt `nuvnamnetruf onviejne zim` `cutsbccamcemnetrhtins. Ie nebnan dnvha-ane wcrjt fnajied dnfhhbt vhe ‐onnejnrne’.0 Jn `cutsbccarnstne cejnr `nuvnas8 ne ? zike sanm`ts jnnas oacctdnandj, fhhr wikzne cp cvhan panbbne fnt nne cf-

vhed vhe fiestnes jrin oik twnn fntnr (gid. >). Whe Diggne onsm`rikgt zn has rnstnevhe orhejsthpnas. Oaikbohhr whrne nr vrik drctn `cnvnna`njne `cutsbcca hhewnzid. Haan `nuvnaaim`hfne vnrtcene nne pahddnestrumtuur. Jn ie 894> dnznttn ocriednewikzne vccrha cp zwhrtn pahddne. ]anm`ts ie éée dnvha wcrjt fnajied dnfhhbt vhenne ‐jcebnrdriks’ prcgina. Jn cpdrhviedstnbneiedne, ocriedne ne rnsthurhtindndn-vnes tcene hhe jht fiestnes tine drhgfceufnetne cvnrjnbt zike fnt nne nebnanjnmifntnrs jib phbbnt stuigzhej. Jnzn `nuvnas onviejne zim` vccrha ie `nt zuijn-aikbn jnna vhe jn drhg`nuvnadrcnp. @nt ontrnggnejn jnna vhe jn zhejrud wcrjt cpocjnfbhhrtne dnmahssigimnnrj has nne juievhhddrcej ([j>8), `ntdnne ccb wikstcp cvnrstuivied.9 ]cfs is haanne `nt zuijnaikbn `nuvnathauj cvnrstcvne. Ha jnzn

dndnvnes wikzne nr cp jht `nt stuigzhej uit `nt Wnm`tjha cpdnstcvne is. Theennrjit nxhmt dnonurjn is eint onbnej, fhhr `nt whs uitnrhhrj eh `nt cpwnrpne vhe jn`nuvnas (zin cejnr).

Ie jn ha vnrfnajn oring jin vhe Diggne ie 89:9 stuurjn hhe `nt Cffnesnsm`cca`ccgj viejne wn nebnan hhevuaanejn dndnvnes; Jn onwustn `nuvnas on`ccr-jne vccr `nt drcctstn jnna tct jn zde. orhej`nuvnas, wnabn jhtnrne uit jn ahtn orces-tikj ne jn cujnrn ikznrtikj. [ik onzittne dnne brieddrnppnas2 fcoinan vcejstne zike nr prhmtism` eint ie hhedntrcggne.8< Haan jhth mcfoienrnej bcfne wn tct nne ueigcrfonnaj. @nt drhgvnaj onsthht uit cvnrwndnej ahdn drhg`nuvnas cpdnocuwj uit pahd-dne, jin orhejsthpna- ne mrnfhtinrnstne cvnrjnbbne. _hejstrumturne, drhgbuiane,

urene ne oikdigtne cetornbne. Whe Diggnes ietnrprnthtin fcnt kuist zike; `nt drhg-vnaj ie @ccdnedrhvne onsthht `ccgjzhbnaikb cg znags dn`nna uit ‐orhej`nuvnas’. Jnvccrdnstnajn jhtnried fcnt wna wcrjne oikdnstnaj; jit typn drhgfceufnet wcrjttndnewccrjid dnjhtnnrj ie jn Fijjne- ne Ahtn IKznrtikj (zin phr. >). Jn onbnejndrhg`nuvnas dnvne nne dacohha onnaj vhe jn vcrf ne cfvhed vhe `nt drhgvnaj vhe@ccdnedrhvne. Cfjht haanne fceufnetne fnt dcnj nrbneohrn nuvnaaim`hfnecejnrzcm`t zike ne jn tussneaiddnejn dnoinjne eint zike oacctdnandj, is `nt nm`tnrhheenfnaikb jht ces onnaj eint mcfpannt is. Ahdn ne cvnrstcvne `nuvnas ne fntehfn vahbdrhvne bueene ‐dnfist’ zike. @nt hhetha ondrhviedne ie `nt drhgvnaj aidtwhhrsm`ikeaikb ruif ocvne jn :<. Wccrhasecd wikzne haan iejimhtins uitsauitnej cp

dnoruib ie jn kcednrn IKznrtikj.

Jn viejpahhts ie nne ornjnr bhjnr

@nt drhgvnaj vhe @ccdnedrhvne-Mhasuf onsthht ccgjzhbnaikb cg dn`nna uit orhej-`nuvnas uit jn Fijjne- ne/cg Ahtn IKznrtikj. Jht is cpvhaanej, cfjht cefisbneohhrhas orhej`nuvnas tn mahssigimnrne drhgfceufnetne ie Ccst-Enjnrahej znajzhhfzike (zin cejnr). Ahetied ne Whe jnr \aim`t dnvne nne dnjnthiaannrj cvnrzim`tsonnajvhe `nt drhgritunna ie jn Fijjne- ne Ahtn IKznrtikj ie Enjnrahej (?<<>/?<<7,f.e. =<4-=8=). [n fnrbne cp jht ie Eccrj- ne Ccst-Enjnrahej ie jn ondie-

ghsn vhe jn Fijjne-IKznrtikj nne einuw typn drhgfceufnet zike ietrnjn jcnt; jn‐ikznrtikjdrhg`nuvna’. Fnt jnzn jccr @hrsnfh (8948/894?) dnãetrcjumnnrjn tnrf



??<

vnrwikzne zn ehhr drhg`nuvnas jin cpdnwcrpne zike cvnr nne oikznttied cp `nt cujnfhhivnaj, ne jccrdhhes dnne rhejstrumtuur `noone. Jn vccr`nne vnna dnoruibtnonehfied ‐orhej`nuvna’, ie nt Nednas mienrhry ohrrcw (ov. Thtnrocab 897?2 Bcci8949, 8==-8=:), dnoruibne zn vccr éée vhe jn vinr jccr `ne cejnrsm`nijne suo-typns vhe ikznrtikjdrhg`nuvnas (Ahetied/Whe jnr \aim`t ?<<>/?<<7, =<0). Jit on-

bnejn drhg`nuvnatypn `nngt ie `nt vnranjne tnvnes nne rca dnspnnaj ie Thtnrocabspcdiedne tct rnmcestrumtin vhe jn ahht-prnìstcrism`n tnrritcrihan strumtuur vheJrnet`n (c.h. Thtnrocab 890?).

@nt nnrstn typn ikznrtikjdrhg`nuvna is jn ‐bahssinbn’ orhej`nuvna, jin ie `ntJuits ]m`nitnr`hugne`ñdna dnecnfj wcrjt. Bnefnrbnej is jht jn `nuvnas cpdn-wcrpne zike cvnr orhejsthpnarnstne, ie jn vcrf vhe drctn cnvnna`njne cutsbccacp `nt cujn fhhivnaj. Jhhrtussne onviejne zim` jn mrnfhtinrnstne. Jnzn zikescfs vnrsprnij cvnr nne drctnr cppnrvahb, ne scfs cp éée panb dnmcemnetrnnrj.@nt twnnjn typn onsthht uit `nuvnas cpdnwcrpne cvnr vnrzhfnajn mrnfhtinrnstnejin cp `nt cujn fhhivnaj aiddne cg ie nne banie buiatkn dnpahhtst zike. Drctn `cn-

vnna`njne `cutsbcca zike eint hhewnzid, fhhr vhhb wna nne jueen sprnijied vhe`cutsbcca. Jn hejnrn twnn typns ikznrtikjdrhg`nuvnas onsthhe uit drhgfceufnetnewhhrie mnetrhan oikznttiedne cetornbne. @nt cejnrsm`nij tussne onijn onsthht uitjn hhe- jhe wna hgwnzid`nij vhe nne sthbntsnabrhes has rhejstrumtuur. Fnt ontrnb-bied tct @ccdnedrhvne zike jn nnrstn twnn typns vhe onahed. Cp ohsis vhe jn cp-drhviedsjcmufnethtin is eint vccr nabn `nuvna juijnaikb cg wn tn fhbne `noonefnt orhejsthpnarnstne cg jueen `cutsbccasprnijiedne. @nuvnas 8 ne ? onvhttnevcadnes Whe Diggne ie injnr dnvha orhejsthpnarnstne. Ahetied ne Whe jnr \aim`t,jin jn cednpuoaimnnrjn cpdrhviedsjcmufnethtin ccb `noone dnrhhjpanndj, sm`h-rne jn drhgfceufnetne uit @ccdnedrhvne cejnr jn ‐bahssinbn’ orhej`nuvnas

(?<<>/?<<7, =8<). Jnzn jntnrfiehtin wcrjt ccb ìnr hhedn`cujne.Wcadnes Ahetied ne Whe jnr \aim`t is `nt dnoruib cf drhg`nuvnas cp tn wnrpne

cvnr orhejsthpnarnstne dnãetrcjumnnrj vheuit Eccrjwnst-Juitsahej. Jnzn hheeh-fn ohsnrne zn vccrha cp nt vnrsprnijiedsphtrcce (?<<>/?<<7, =8<). Orhej`nuvnasbcfne ehfnaikb sanm`ts ie nne banie jnna vhe Enjnrahej vccr. Jn ìnr onsprcbnedrhg`nuvnadrcnp ne nne `nuvna ie `nt wnetsn Fhejnr (@iksznanr 8977, :4-:9) zikevcadnes ne oieene Enjnrahej jn fnnst zuijnaikbn viejpahhtsne. Fcdnaikb bueeneccb twnn cvnrstcvne `nuvnatkns ie Jhagsne-@nssuf, jht nvnennes ie jn Wnm`tstrnnbaidt, has orhej`nuvnas dnmahssigimnnrj wcrjne (Wnraiejn ?<<8).88 Jn fnnst wnstnaikbdnandne orhej`nuvnas zike onbnej uit nt Jrnetsn @hvnatn ne `nt Grinsn Gcm`tnacc.

Jit Enjnrahejsn vnrsprnijiedsdnoinj sauit dcnj hhe oik `nt Juitsn, zchas onsm`rn-vne jccr Ecrtfhee (890=, 97-8<=, Hoo. =<). Ahetied ne Whe jnr \aim`t dnvnehhe jht jn ikznrtikjdrhg`nuvnas ie injnr dnvha tussne ?:<< ne ??<< O\ dnjhtnnrjbueene wcrjne, cgtnwna ruwwnd ie jn Fijjne-IKznrtikj ne ondie vhe jn AhtnIKznrtikj (?<<>/?<<7, =8=). Nne sm`nrpnrn jhtnried bhe vccracpid ccb eint dn-dnvne wcrjne vccr `nt drhgvnaj vhe @ccdnedrhvne, hhednzine zcwna fhtnriâanvcejstne has 8:M-jhtnriedne cetornbne.



??8

ît nt ocvnesthhejn oaikbt jht orhej`nuvnas oieene Enjnrahej nne ‐eccrjccs-tnaikb’ vnrsmìkesna zike, ne jht jn Wnm`tstrnnb ne `nt eccrjnaikbn jnna vhe wnetnie jn kcednrn ghsns vhe jn IKznrtikj wht ontrngt `nt drhgritunna oik jht dnoinj hhe-sauitne (gid. 7). Jht phtrcce is eint einuw. Ccb ie nnrjnrn tikjvhbbne zine wn iejit jnna vhe Cvnrikssna rndnafhtid ‐eccrjnaikbn’ bnefnrbne, ne ie `nt zuijnaikbnjnna vhe jn prcviemin ‐zuijnaikbn’ vnrsmìkesnane. [c wcrjne ccb jn drnezne tussnejn Nap-muatuur ne @iavnrsuf-Muatuur (Fijjne-Orcestikj) ne tussne jn Nnfs-mua-tuur ne Einjnrr`nieism`n Drho`ñdnabuatur (Ahtn Orcestikj/Wrcndn IKznrtikj) fnnsthajccr nt fijjne vhe Cvnrikssna dntrcbbne (c.h. Wnraiejn 8904, ?9?-=<?). @nt uit-dnstrnbtn `ccdvnnednoinj tussne jn Wnm`tstrnnb ne [uij-Jrnet`n `nngt ie jn ahtnprnìstcrin oaikbohhr dnne cecvnrbcfnaikbn ohrriàrn dnvcrfj, hhednzine `nt eccitnne ‐`hrjn’ sm`nijsaike vcrfjn tussne ‐eccrjnaikbn’ ne ‐zuijnaikbn’ ievacnjssgnrne.Jit fcnt drctnejnnas nt dnvcad zike vhe jn onahedrikbn vnrbnnrsdncdrhgism`n guem-tin jin nt Wnm`tjha vnrvuajn. Wih jn `cdnrn zhejdrcejne aheds jn rivinr zike zcwna`nt zuijccstnaikbn jnna vhe Jrnet`n has Einjnrshm`sne ” zchas wn `noone dnzine

`nt vnrcejnrstnajn ccrsprcedsdnoinj vhe jn ‐bahssinbn’ orhej`nuvna ” zcejnr vnnaprcoanfne tn onrnibne.Jn ‐bahssinbn’ orhej`nuvna is éée vhe jn drhgtypns jin ie jn Fijjne- ne Ahtn

IKznrtikj vccrbcfne ie Ccst-Enjnrahej (Whe Onnb ?<<72 ?<<9, :=?-::<). @cnwnaie jnzn ghsn nne hhezineaikbn vhrihtin tussne drhgvnajne onsthht, is jn hadnfnentrnej jht jn urenevnajne vnrvhedne wcrjne jccr dnfijjnaj banienrn drhgvnajnefnt nne fiejnr ‐fceufnethha’ bhrhbtnr. Fnt fnnr jhe :< ondrhviedne on`ccrt`nt drhgvnaj vhe @ccdnedrhvne juijnaikb tct jn drctnrn nxnfpahrne. ^rene wcr-jne vnna fiejnr dnoruibt jhe vccr`nne. _hejstrumturne wcrjne znajzhfnr. @ntdnsthhd drcninejn hhetha 8:M-jhtnriedne (oikahdn 8) tccet wna hhe jht brieddrnppnas

Gid. 7 @ypct`ntism`n rnmcestrumtin vhe `nt vnr-

sprnijiedsdnoinj vhe ‐bahssinbn’ orhej`nuvnas ieEccrjccst-Enjnrahej ne `nt hhedrneznejn jnna vhe

Juitsahej. Dnohsnnrj cp Ahetied/Whe jnr \aim`t

?<<>/?<<7 (=<4-=8=) ne Ecrtfhee 890= (97-8<=).



???

oaikvne vccrbcfne tct ie nt niej vhe jn IKznrtikj. Winrbhetn drnppnas zike jhhrne-tndne vccrha bnefnrbnej vccr jn cvnrdhedsghsn vhe tussne jn Wrcndn ne Fijjne-IKznrtikj. Wahbdrhvne zike jcfiehet; jn ocvnednecnfjn viejpahhtsne vhe orhej-`nuvnas zike vccrhasecd jn neidn whhr cefisbneohrn `nuvnaaim`hfne hhedntccejzike. Tna fcnt wcrjne onehjrubt jht vnrpacndjn cg dnâdhaisnnrjn orhej`nuvnas

hrm`ncacdism` sanm`t `nrbneohhr zike. Jn mrnfhtin- ne orhejsthpnarnstne onviejnezim` iffnrs cp `nt cujn fhhivnaj, ne rhejstrumturne cetornbne fnnstha.Whe Diggne `nngt ie @ccdnedrhvne nne oikzcejnr drhgvnaj uit jn IKznrtikj ce-

jnrzcm`t. [ike cpdrhviedsrnsuathtne zike ccb eh 0< khhr ecd whhrjnvca. Ie jnzn oik-jrhdn zike haan onahedrikbn dndnvnes jin ìk vnrzhfnajn wna dnprnsnetnnrj. Wnrjnrnuitwnrbied zha vnrfcnjnaikb eint tct einuwn iezim`tne anijne. Jn acmhtin, jin nnewnttnaikb onsm`nrfjn sthtus `nngt, oinjt nm`tnr nne uitnrfhtn whhrjnvca pnrspnm-ting vccr tcnbcfstid cejnrzcnb. Wrikwna znbnr `noone wn tn fhbne fnt `nt onstdnmcesnrvnnrjn IKznrtikjdrhgvnaj uit `nna Ccst-Enjnrahej, whhroieene dnne nebnadrhgfceufnet mcfpannt cejnrzcm`t is.

Jhebwccrj

Jn ìnr dnprnsnetnnrjn dndnvnes zike vnrzhfnaj ie `nt bhjnr vhe `nt ETC-Cjyssnn-prcknmt Tcene aheds jn Wnm`t (_MN) ne `nt prcknmt ]idehtuur vccr `ntWnm`tjha , jht uitdnvcnrj wcrjt cejnr anijied vhe jn \rcviemin Cvnrikssna. @ntDrceiednr Iestituut vccr Hrm`ncacdin stnajn jn cridienan cpdrhviedsjcmufnethtinonsmìbohhr vccr cejnrzcnb, whhroik fnt ehfn Birstne vhe jnr \acnd nrd onùap-zhhf whs. Jn ontrnggnejn dndnvnes bcejne wcrjne dnjidithaisnnrj ie `nt bhjnrvhe `nt ETC-prcdrhffh Cjyssnn. Nne cpacssied ie jn ornnjtn (JHE] NH]Y/êivnrsitnit Anijne). Fnt Hj Wnraiejn wnrjne whhrjnvcaan jismussins dnvcnrj cvnrjn cejnrzcnbsdnsmìnjneis ne nt bhrhbtnr vhe jn viejpahhts. Ainsont` `nueissnene Onrt Drcnenwcujt (onijne _MN) onmcffnethrinnrjne nne nnrjnrn vnrsin vhejit hrtibna. Cp jnzn pahhts dhht tnesacttn uitnrhhrj nne spnmihha wccrj vhe jhebuit ehhr Nrim Ac`cg. Ib `no zike cejnrzcnb ehhr `nt drhgritunna ie Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej hatikj has nne onahedrikbn iespirhtinorce nrvhrne.



??=

Oikahdn 8

Cvnrzim`t vhe 8:M-jhtnriedne vhe drhgvnajne uit jn niejghsn vhe jn WrcndnIKznrtikj, Fijjne-IKznrtikj ne Ahtn IKznrtikj ie Cvnrikssna ne jn Hm`tnr`cnb. Jnfnnstn viejpahhtsne wcrjne ccb onsprcbne ie Whe Onnb ?<<9 (:=?-::<). Jn drhg-vnajne vhe ]tnnejnrne ne Jcntiem`nf zike rnmnetn hhevuaaiedne.

Wiejpahhts Fcestnr _hejstrumtuur Euffnr Jhtnried Aitnrhtuur

]tnnejnrne-]tnnejnrjinb

drhg 8:

drhg ?>

drhg 8

drhg :

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

brieddrnppna

brieddrnppna

brieddrnppna fnt phanebrhes

brieddrnppna

BIH-=4?<4

BIH-=4?<0

BIH-=4?<7

BIH-=4?<9

?77: ¸ :0

?>?? ¸ ?0

?>84 ¸ =?

?:9= ¸ ?0

Whe ]trhtne ?<8<

Jcntiem`nf-Accbwhrtinr

drhg 88

drhg =

drhg :

drhg >drhg ?

drhg 8

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtinmrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

brieddrnppna

dnne

dnne

dnnednne

dnne

DrH-:?4>4

DrH-:?4>9

DrH-:?47<

DrH-:=<?0DrH-:=<?7

DrH-:=<??

?>=< ¸ =>

??0< ¸ =>

??=> ¸ =>

?87< ¸ :<?8>> ¸ =>

?8>< ¸ :<

]m`catn Auoonrieb ?<8<

_hhatn-Jn [nddn

er. 7

er. 9

er. ?7

er. 4

er. 8?

er. O

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

vinrbhetn drnppna

vinrbhetn drnppna

vinrbhetn drnppna

vinrbhetn drnppna

vinrbhetn drnppna

vinrbhetn drnppna

DrH-?4<?8

DrH-?7>=:

DrH-?7>=4

DrH-?740:

DrH-?7>=>

DrH-?7>=9

?>?> ¸ :<

?:9< ¸ :<

?:4< ¸ =>

?:7< ¸ =>

?:?> ¸ :<

?:?> ¸ :<

Wnraiejn 899:

Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t

?<<>/?<<7

]m`hab`hhr-Ohhranr Fhrs mrnfhtin dnne DrH-8870< ?:0< :< Drcnenwcujt nt ha. 8999

Ahetied & Whe jnr \aim`t?<<>/?<<7

Nasne-Grinzneonrd mrnfhtin+

`cutsbcca

brieddrnppna (fnt rnm`t-

`cnbidn heenx)

3

DrE-?0<8:

?:4> ¸ :>

?=?< ¸ =<

Wnraiejn ?<<<


?<<>/?<<7

[utp`ne-Accârneb

drhg ?<

drhg 8?

drhg ??

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

brieddrnppna3

dnne

brieddrnppna

(drhg vfa eint prifhir)

BIH-=<47=

BIH-=<47?

BIH-=<47:

?::> ¸ ?>

??9< ¸ ?>

??4< ¸ ?>

Ocuwfnnstnr ?<<?

@nednac-Orcnb Eccrj

er. 8-8-80

er. ?-8-?>

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

dnne

dnne

BIH-?9>07

BIH-?9>00

?:8> ¸ >>

??>> ¸ ?>

Whe Onnb nt ha. ?<<4

Nesm`njn-^ssnanrns II mrnfhtin dnne NesnS?S<:S87 ??>> =4 Bnenfhes ?<<>

]hhsvnaj

er. =-8-4

er. =-8-=

mrnfhtin

mrnfhtin

dnne

dnne

DrH-?=900

DrH-?=:=:

??=< ¸ :>

?88> ¸ :>

Wnraiejn 899=h


?<<>/?<<7

Mcafsm`htn-@ueenpnrwnd

drhg 7 mrnfhtin dnne BIH-=<4>= ??=< => Whe Onnb ?<<9

Tinrjne-Jcrpnr Ns mrnfhtin+

`cutsbcca

brieddrnppna DrH-?=:?4

DrE-?0<8=

?8=< ¸ ><

?<0< ¸ =<

Wnraiejn 899=o


?<<>/?<<7



??:

Ectne

8 Whe Dine jcmufnetnnrjn jn drhg`nuvnadrcnp znag has ‐]tndnrne, Hfot. Cffne’. Jnìnr dnfhhbtn bnuzn vccr jn hhejuijied ‐@ccdnedrhvne-Mhasuf’ jinet cf vnrwhrriedfnt `nt cejnrzcnb vhe Oursm` tn vccrbcfne. Jnznagjn onehfied wcrjt dn`hetnnrjie Hrmìs ne `nt Mnetrhha Hrm`ncacdism` Hrmìng (??M[-8, ??M[-0:-8<0). Cvnridneswcrjt nne jccr Oursm` dnvcejne wibbnajrhhjpct nebnan fhane cetnrnm`t tcndnsm`rnvne

hhe Whe Dines cpdrhvied (Hrmìs-coknmtmcjn ??M[-8, Mnetrhha Fceufnetne Hrmìng_ikbsfceufneter. :>0<7).

? Nne bcpin vhe jnzn oring onviejt zim` ie `nt Mnetrhha Fceufnetne Hrmìng,_ikbsfceufneter. :>0<7.

= Wccr jnzn phrhdrhhg is dnput uit vnrsmìaanejn oikjrhdne ie nne rnmnet vnrsm`nene pu-oainbsocnb vnrvhhrjidj ie `nt bhjnr vhe `nt prcknmt ]idehtuur vccr `nt Wnm`tjha (Ennnsnt ha . ?<88)

: Jn mcfpantn OHI-jcmufnethtin is tn rhhjpandne vih `nt n-jnpct vhe jn Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdin (NJEH).

> Dncfcrgcacdism`n Bhhrt vhe Enjnrahej 8; ><.<<<, bhhrtoahj ?? Mcnvcrjne ” ?= Einuw-

]m`ccenonnb , ]tiOcBh/_DJ (890=).7 Cp ohsis vhe jnzn dndnvnes bueene jn drhgfceufnetne ie jrin drcnpne vnrjnnaj wcrjne.

Cejnrzcm`t ne dnjcmufnetnnrj zike jn nuvnas 8->, 4, 9, 8<, 8=, 8:, 84, ?8. Cejnrzcm`tne eint dnjcmufnetnnrj; 7, 0, 88, 8?, 8>, 87, 80, ?=, =>-=0. Eint cejnrzcm`t; 89, ?<, ??,?:-=:.

4 _hppcrt vhe Whe jnr Bcab uit fhhrt 8999, Mnetrhha Fceufnetne Hrmìng,_ikbsfceufneter. :>0<7. Whe jn ie 89=< dnbhrtnnrjn `nuvnas bcejne haanne euffnrs=4 ne =0 eint wcrjne tnruddnvcejne. Tna wnrjne twnn ecd ceonbnejn nuvnatkns dnvce-jne, jim`toik `nuvna ?8. Jnzn zike dnrndistrnnrj has ?8H ne ?8O.

0 Ie jn bahjvnrsins vhe jn prcnatnbneiedne zike fnt pctaccj hhevuaanejn cpfnrbiednednsm`rnvne, zik `nt eint systnfhtism`. Jhhrcf fhd hhe `nt cetornbne vhe vnrwikziedneehhr mrnfhtinrnstne eint vnna whhrjn wcrjne tcndnbnej. ikjnes jn rnsthurhtin wnrjne ienne prcngputkn ie `nuvna ?8O ‐nebnan banien octspaietnrs’ hhedntrcne (zin ecct 4).

9 @nt fnnst dnjnthiaannrjn onnaj dnngt jn bhhrt _uiavnrbhvnaied Jnjnfsvhhrt, Ocjnfbhhrt8 ; 8<.<<<, ]tiOcBh (8948).

8< [in ecct ?.

88 Wnraiejn onsm`rikgt ccb jn drhgfceufnetne oieene nne wht zuijnaikbnr dnandne drhgvnajie _hhatn has orhej`nuvnas (899:). Jit drhgvnaj onsthht nm`tnr uit nne hhennednsactne sy-stnnf vhe vinrbhetn drnppnastrumturne, whhrjccr jn drhgfceufnetne ie stribtn zie einthhe jn jneitin vhe orhej`nuvnas vcajcne. @nt is nne bwnstin vhe jneitin is cg jnrdnaikbndrhgfceufnetne tct jn ‐ikznrtikjdrhg`nuvnas’ wcrjne dnrnbnej cg eint (Ahetied/Whe jnr

\aim`t ?<<>/?<<7, =<9).

Aitnrhtuur

Ohbbnr, K.H., ?<<:; Bhettnbneiedne oik fike puoaimhtins ne neidn hejnrn zhbne,(nidne uitdhvn) Ohhre.

Ohrtnas, F.@., ?<<:; \rcgnsscr Whe Diggne ie Jnvnetnr. Nne ìstcrism` vnrsahd vhe`nt nnrstn systnfhtism`n hrm`ncacdism`n sthjsbnrecejnrzcnb ie 89:0. Ie; Bannfhe,@., F.@. Ohrtnas, K. vhe jn Ahhr ne J. Anjnocnr, Jn cejnrstn stnne ocvne. Nsshyscvnr jn muatuurdnsmìnjneis vhe Jnvnetnr. Aionr hfimcruf vccr @hes Fhdjnaikes.

Jnvnetnr, 8<-80.



??>

Onnb, _. vhe, ?<<7; @nt drhgritunna ie Ccst-Enjnrahej tussne jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj nejn twnnjn nnuw HJ (mh. ><< OM-8<< HJ). Aueuah PIW (Fhrinfcet), 78-79.

Onnb, _. vhe, ?<<9; _naiâg ie ikj ne _uiftn. Ietnrjismipaiehir cejnrzcnb ehhr on-wceied ne ahejsm`hp vhe Ccst-Enjnrahej tussne vrcndn prnìstcrin ne fijjnannu-wne. Thdneiedne (prcngsm`rigt Thdneiedne êivnrsitnit).

Onnb, _. vhe, O. Drcnenwcujt & Z. ]pnb, ?<8<; Nne Cjyssnn aheds jn CvnrikssnasnWnm`t. Dnãetndrnnrjn hehaysn vhe baniesm`haidn cpdrhviedne, Hrm`ncoring ?<8<-8,??-=<.

Onnb, _. vhe, N. ârim` & G. Ahhrfhe, ?<<4; Nne ahht-prnìstcrism` drhgvnaj neenjnrznttiedsspcrne ie @nednac-Orcnb Eccrj. Ie; Manvis, @./]. Tnetieb (rnj.),Cvnrikssnas Nrgdcnj. Hrm`ncacdism`n ne Ocuwìstcrism`n Brceinb ?<<7, 74-49.

Ocuwfnnstnr, @.F.\., ?<<?; \rnìstcrin tussne jn sm`hpne I. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnr-zcnb [utp`ne-Accârneb (Annstne-Ccst); cpdrhvied vhe jnnapahe ghsn I, HHC vhejnnapahe ghsn II (OHHM-rhppcrt <<.<70).

Oruies, @.K., 8908; Wnm`tne tndne `nt zhej. ]tuigzhejonstrikjied ie jn fhrbne ahedsjn Wnm`t, Oikjrhdne uit `nt ahej vhe IKssna ne Wnm`t. : n Ouejna IKssnahbhjnfin.[wcaan, 4-?8.

Oursm`, G.M., 89==; Jin Onm`nrbuatur ie jne Einjnrahejne, Cuj`nijbuejidnFnjnjnaiedne uit `nt _ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne tn Anijne, Einuwn _nnbs 8:,=9-8?:.

Outanr, K.K. & K.H. Ohbbnr, 8978; H gcrdcttne Fijjan Orcezn Hdn chrj wit` h ]imiaiherhzcr grcf Cffnrsm`hes (Cvnrikssna), @naieiuf 8, 89=-?8<.

Mc`ne, B.F., N. ]tcut`hfnr, T.[. @cnb, @.K.H. Onrnejsne & @.G.K. Bnfpne,?<<9; [hej ie Ohene ” [hejjinptnbhhrtne vhe nt _ivinrnednoinj ne nt IKssnajhaie jn prcviemins Dnajnrahej ne Cvnrikssna, Hre`nf.

Nimb`cgg, F., ?<<=; Jn ccrsprced vhe `nt ‐nidnen’. Enjnrahejs vrcndstn vnranjne,hrm`ncacdin ne ehticehha-scmihaisfn, Hfstnrjhf.

Ns, T.H. & H.J. Wnraiejn, 8944; Cvnrikssna ie _cfhe hej Nhray-Fnjinvha ifns,Onrim`tne vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb ?4,4-09.

Diggne, H.N. vhe, 89?4; Jn ùenonjjne ie Enjnrahej, ^trnm`t.

Drcnenwcujt, O.K., @. vhe @hhstnr, _. vhe Onnb & C. Oriebbnfpnr, ?<<0; cwhrjs h rnvnrsn ifhdn. Octheimha rnsnhrm` ietc t`n ahejsmhpn ìstcry cg t`n nhs-tnre Ent`nrahejs (OM 88<< ” HJ 8><<), Ahejsmhpn @istcry ?9, 84-==.

Drcnenwcujt, O.K., Z. ]pnb & ]. Muikpnrs, 8999; Mrnfhtin ie jn rifocn. Nneahejsm`hppnaikb hgwikbnej IKznrtikj-drhg ie zuij-wnst-]haahej, Tnstnr`nnf :0,99-8<7.

@hrsnfh, C.@., 8948/894?; Cejnrzcnb vhe ikznrtikjdrhg`nuvnas cp `nt Nnxtnrvnaj,dnf. Heacc, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb 09, 8:4-8>0.



??7

@iksznanr, M.M.K.T., 8977; Fhejnr ne cfdnvied, dnf. uoonrdne, Wnrsahdne neFnjnjnaiedne vhe jn Wnrneidied tct Oncngneied vhe Cvnrikssnasm` _ndt neDnsmìnjneis 08, 8-><.

Bnenfhes, F.M. ?<<>; Nesm`njn, ^ssnanr ns; nne whhrjnrnej prcngsanuvnecejnr-zcnb. Hfnrsgccrt (HJM-rhppcrt :8=).

Bcci, \.O., 8949; \rn-_cfhe reginajs ie t`n Ecrt` cg t`n Ent`nrahejs, prcngsm`rigt_ikbsueivnrsitnit Drceiedne, Drceiedne.

Ahetied, K.E., K. vhe jnr \aim`t, ?<<>/?<<7; Jn 8:M-m`rcecacdin vhe jn Enjnrahejsnprn- ne prctcìstcrin, W; fijjne-ne ahtn ikznrtikj, \hahncìstcrih :4/:0, ?:8-:?4.

Ac`cg, N., 8998h; Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejnried ie jn orcestikj vhe Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej, prcngsm`rigt êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf, Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8998o; Mhthacdus vhe orcestikj-drhg`nuvnas uit Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej, on-`crnejn oik `nt prcngsm`rigt Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejnried ie jn orcestikj vhe

Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej, êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf, Hfstnrjhf.Enngkns, K., C. Oriebbnfpnr, A. Kn`nn (rnj.), ?<88; Muatuurìstcrism`n Htahs vhe

jn Wnm`t. Oicdrhgin vhe Enjnrahejs drcctstn banien rivinr, prcviemin Cvnrikssna/_ikbsjinest vccr `nt Muaturnna Nrgdcnj, [wcaan.

Ecrtfhee, @., 890=; Jin Wcrr÷fism`n Nisneznit zwism`ne uetnrnr Tnsnr uej Nfs(_÷fism`-Dnrfheism`n Gcrsmùedne ohej :8, Hffnrahejstujine I), Fhiez hf_`nie.

\hsbhfp-Whe ]hetne, F., ?<<>; Hrm`ncacdism`n hmtivitnitne 89<>/8979. Ie; Heceyfus, @cejnrj Khhr On`cuj wnets Nrgdcnj. Wnrneidied ‐Cuj`nijbhfnr

wnetn’ 89<>-?<<>, Whe Jniesn Iestituut, Nesm`njn, 7>-4:.]m`catn Auoonrieb, @.O.D., ?<8<; Jn cpdrhvied; spcrne uit jn IKznrtikj. Ie;

\rceb, N.M.; ]fnjne vccr jn sthj. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb; nne cpdrhvied vhenne IKznrtikjdrhgvnaj ne nne fijjnannuwsn enjnrznttied ie `nt Accbwhrtinr tnJcntiem`nf. (_HH\-rhppcrt ?<0>), >4-4?.

]trhtne, B.M.K. vhe, ?<8<; \ahednoinj ]tnnejnrjinb tn ]tnnejnrne, dnfnnetnOrcemb`crst. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb; cpdrhvied, (_HH\-rhppcrt 849=).

Z`nueissne, N.F., 8999; Fijjne-orcestikjshfneanviedne ie `nt zuijne vhe jn AhdnAhejne. Nne nvhauhtin vhe nt ondrip ‐@iavnrsuf-muatuur’, prcngsm`rigt eivnrsitnit

Anijne, Anijne. Wnraiejn, H.J., 894:; Nie Drêonrgnaj hus jnr grñ`ne uej fittanrne Nisneznit ie

[na`nf-Tcagnrsvnne, \rcviez Dnajnrahej, Onrim`tne vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `ntCuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb ?:, 8:=-8:9.

Wnraiejn, H.J., 8904; Jin Drêonr uej Drhoguejn jnr spêtne Orceznznit uej grñ`neNisneznit ie Cvnrikssna, prcngsm`rigt _ikbsueivnrsitnit Anijne, Anijne.

Wnraiejn, H.J., 899=h; ]hhsvnaj, dnf. Tnnrsnac. Ie; Wnraiejn, H.J. (rnj.), Hrm`ncacdism`n Brceinb vhe Cvnrikssna cvnr 899?, Cvnrikssnasn @istcrism`nOikjrhdne 8<0, 8:?.



??4

Wnraiejn, H.J., 899=o; Tinrjne-Jcrpnr Ns, ie; Wnraiejn, H.J. (rnj.), Hrm`ncacdism`nBrceinb vhe Cvnrikssna cvnr 899?, Cvnrikssnasn @istcrism`n Oikjrhdne 8<0,8=4-8=0.

Wnraiejn, H.J., 899:; Nne drhgvnaj uit jn >jn nnuw v. M`r. tn _hhatn. Ie; Ohrnejs, G.G.& @. @heeieb (rnj.), Cvnr ]haahej ne jn ]haahejnrs, [wcaan, 8<-87.

Wnraiejn, H.J., ?<<<; Nasne, dnf. Fhrbnac. Ie; Wnraiejn, H.J. (rnj.), Hrm`ncacdism`nBrceinb vhe Cvnrikssna cvnr 8999, Cvnrikssnasn @istcrism`n Oikjrhdne 88>,8>7-8>4.

Wnraiejn, H.J., ?<<8; Jhagsne-@nssuf, cvnrstcvne drhg`nuvnatkns. Ie; Wnraiejn, H.J.(rnj.), Hrm`ncacdism`n Brceinb vhe Cvnrikssna cvnr ?<<<, Cvnrikssnasn @istcrism`nOikjrhdne 887,84>.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., 897?; @huptzñdn jnr nisneznitaim`ne Onsinjaued jnr e÷rjaim`neEinjnrahejn, Cggh 89, 9-:7.

Thtnrocab, @.Z., 890?; Fcoiaitêt vce Jcrg, Hmbnrgaur uej uej Drêonrgnaj ie Jrnet`nsnit jnr Ahtàenznit; Hrm`êcacdism`n ]injauedsgcrsm`uedne hug jnr ecrjeinjnraêeji-sm`ne Dnnst, Cggh =9, 94-8=4.

Tcagnrt, @.\., D.K. Fhhs ne D.@.\. Jirbx, 8997; @nt fnhejnrdnjrhd vhe jnCvnrikssnasn Wnm`t. @istcrism`n fcrgcjyehfinb ne bhesrikbjcf vccr ehtuurcet-wibbnaied, JAC-]thriedmnetruf _hppcrt :<0.



??9

C\ [CNB EHH_ @NZ CE[IM@ZOH_N3

Fijjneencaitìsm`n ùispahttndrcejne cp jnzuijnaikbn zhejdrcejne

N. _nesieb & A. `nueissne

Ieanijied

Nne vhe jn vnan prcknmtne jin Nrim Ac`cg `nngt uitdnvcnrj, whs shfne fnt HJM-mcaandh Fhriâaan Bnenfhes ie `nt Fijjne-Aifourdsn @najne-\heeiedne. ikjnesnne cpdrhvied ie ?<<= orhm`tne zik cp `nt `ccdstn jnna vhe nne jnbzhejrud tha-rikbn hrm`ncacdism`n spcrne ie bhhrt, iemausing nne prnìstcrism`n ùispahttndrcej.Nne jhtnried nrvhe ie `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf wnrj hhevhebnaikb eint uitdnsac-tne. Wahboik jn pahttndrcej ahdne ehfnaikb hhrjnwnrbsm`nrvne ne vuurstnene hr-tnghmtne vhe jn Fim`nasonrdmuatuur. Ie `nt rhppcrt stnaane Nrim ne Fhriâaan nm`tnrnne jhtnried vhe jn pahttndrcej ie jn Ahtn Orcestikj/Wrcndn IKznrtikj vccr, jhtwia znddne zc’e =<<< khhr ahtnr jhe jn pnricjn vhe jn Fim`nasonrdmuatuur. Fhhrwnabn ontnbneis bueene wn `nm`tne hhe jn encaitìsm`n vcejstne, `cn fcntne wn

jn hhedntrcggne sm`nrvne ne hrtnghmtne juijne3 Ne bueene wn ints znddne cvnr nnefcdnaikbn shfne`hed fnt encaitìsm`n drcejspcrne ie `nt dnoinj3 Cf nne het-wccrj cp jnzn vrhdne tn brikdne, vcnrjn jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejidOcjnfcejnrzcnb (_CO) hhevuaanej cejnrzcnb uit.8 Wccrhg, tikjnes ne eh hgaccpvhe jn cpdrhviedne `noone onijn hutnurs ietnesing dnjismussinnrj fnt Nrim ne he-jnrne cvnr jn ontnbneis vhe jn uitbcfstne. Ie jnzn oikjrhdn oaibbne wn tnrud cponijn cejnrzcnbne ne mcegrcetnrne wn jn rnsuathtne vhe tcne fnt cetjnbbiednevhe eu. Tn bcfne uitniejnaikb tct nne ietridnrnej vccrtsm`rikjnej iezim`t.

Nne :> khhr ahedn qunnstn

Ontnr iezim`t ie jn anvneswikzn vhe jn vrcndn ocnrneshfneanviedne ie [uij-Enjnrahej is nne aheddnbcnstnrjn wnes oieene jn wnrnaj vhe jn stnnetikjhrm`nc-acdne. Wccr jn vrcndencaitìsm`n onwcenrs vhe jn [uij-Aifourdsn a÷sspahtnhus is`nt onnaj rnjnaikb juijnaikb, fhhr vccr jn ahtnrn encaitìsm`n dnfnnesm`hppne cpjn panistcmnen zhej- ne a÷ssdrcejne is nr sprhbn vhe nne drctn, wittn vanb (Jnnonent ha . ?<<7). @nt sthht ie sm`ria mcetrhst fnt jn bneeis cvnr dnaikbtikjidn dnfnne-sm`hppne ie Tnst-Enjnrahej. Jccr jn ontnrn onwhhrcfsthejid`njne is nr vnnafnnr iegcrfhtin onsmìbohhr, oikvccronnaj cvnr jn vcnjsnanmcecfin, cnwna uis-pahttndrcejne ccb jhhr nne sm`hhrs dcnj zike (@cdnstike & Jrnet` ?<<</?<<8).



?=<

Has wn `nt cejnrzcnb oik ctnrgcut (Whe Onnb 89442 dnfnnetn Wnaj`cvne) ie8977 has sthrtpuet enfne, bueene wn stnaane jht jn qunnstn ehhr fijjnene ahht-encaitìsm`n drcejspcrne ne uispahttndrcejne cp jn [uij-Enjnrahejsn zhejdrce-jne rnnjs :> khhr ahed dhhejn is. Wiejpahhtsne uit jnzn pnricjn zike ruifsm`cctsvccr`hejne; jhhr cetornnbt `nt eint hhe. @nt Hrm`ncacdism` Iegcrfhtinsystnnf

(Hrmìs) ahht zine jht viejpahhtsne vhe jn Fim`nasonrdmuatuur, Wahhrjiedne- ne]tnie-drcnp dnne znajzhhf vnrsmìkesna zike cp jn panistcmnen zhejdrcejne vhe[uij-Enjnrahej. Haanne ha `nt hhetha (vuur-) stnene oikane accpt ie jn vnan `ce-jnrjne. Ie vnna dnvhaane dhht nt cf acmhtins fnt cppnrvahbtnvcejstne, whhr rndna-fhtid ccb hrm`ncacdism` fhtnrihha uit cujnrn ne/cg kcednrn pnricjne tnvccrsmìkebcft (‐dnfnedjn mcfpanxne’). @cnwna `nt hhetha onbnejn viejpahhtsne on`ccr-aikb drcct is, zike nr fhhr wnieid systnfhtism` ne vahbjnbbnej cpdndrhvne (Wnr`hrt?<<<2 ]m`rnurs ?<<>).

Wccrha ie jn khrne thm`tid ne endnetid vhe jn ?<stn nnuw zike jccr `nt Iestituutvccr \rnìstcrin (t`hes Ghmuatnit jnr Hrm`ncacdin) vhe jn êivnrsitnit Anijne, `nt

_ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne (_FC, Anijne) ne jn dnfnnetn Fhhstrim`t onwc-eiedsspcrne uit jnzn pnricjn cejnrzcm`t. Wccronnajne zike @najne-Bnupnr`nijn(Fcjjnrfhe & Jnmbnrs 890:), Bceiedsocsm` (@hhrne & Fcjjnrfhe 894=),Aiejne-Brhhineonrd (Acuwn Bccikfhes & Wnr`hrt 899<), Fhhstrim`t-Baiebnrs(`nueissne 899<, 89982 ]m`rnurs 899?), Onnrs-Dhssna (Wnr`hrt & AcuwnBccikfhes 8909), Drhvn-\htnr Onrtìnrstrhht (Wnr`hrt 8909), ]iet Cjiaiâeonrd-Enaisbn (Thesannone & Wnr`hrt 899=2 Wnr`hrt ?<<<), Fhhstrim`t-Wcdnazhed(Orcuene 899:2899>h2899>o) ne _cnrfcej-Bnuasn Ohhe-[uij (Wnr`hrt &

Thesannone 8999). Ie 8990 cejnrzcm`t jn _CO jn spcrne vhe nne vccr Enjnrahejsnondrippne ueinb hhrjwnrb vhe jn Fim`nasonrdmuatuur cp jn ]m`nasonrd tn @nnrane

(]m`rnurs & Orcuene 8990). @nt whrne cejnrzcnbne jnnas dnsthrt vheuit nnednrim`tn vrhhdstnaaied oieene nne cejnrzcnbsprcdrhffh, fhhr vhbnr dnãeitinnrjjccr nne tcnvhasvcejst2 cetjnbt oik eint-hrm`ncacdism`n drhhgwnrbzhhf`njne, zc-has zhej- cg driejwieeied, ne rnsuatnrnej ie eccjcejnrzcnb. Whehg `nt niejn vhejn khrne endnetid, wheennr jn hrm`ncacdism`n wnrnaj ie jn rndna nnrjnr oik jn pahe-vcrfied ontrcbbne is, wcrjt vccruitacpnej cp jn hheand vhe onjrikvnetnrrnieneie Fijjne-Aifourd dnrim`t dndrhvne ehhr viejpahhtsne uit `nt Fijjne- ne Ahht-Encaitìmuf, zchas _cnrfcej _cnrstrnnb-[uij? ne iejustrintnrrnie \heeiedne(ghsn ?2 Bnenfhes & Dccssnes ?<<?2 Bnenfhes & Ac`cg ?<<>).

Cpvhaanej is jht cp pahhtsne whhr dndrhvne is, cp jn a÷ss ne cujn rivinrbani

(rnspnmtinvnaikb @nnrane ne Fhhstrim`t), wéa juijnaikb `nrbneohrn spcrne tn zinezike, fhhr cp `nt zhej eint. Jhhr aikbne encaitìsm`n drcejspcrne vcaanjid tn cet-ornbne cg zn zike wnaaim`t eint has zcjheid `nrbnej. ct ?<<= whrne nr dcnj on-sm`cuwj sanm`ts jrin viejpahhtsne ie `nt [uij-Enjnrahejsn zhejdnoinj fnt fc-dnaikb fijjneencaitìsm`n drcejspcrne, haan dnandne ie `nt Aifourdsn; ie ]ietCjiaiâeonrd-Enaisbn, _cnrfcej-_cnrstrnnb-[uij ne Wnerhy-Jn @uast (Whe jnrWnajn & Bnenfhes ?<<=). Nne dnfnnesm`hppnaikb bnefnrb is jht jn spcrne vhhdzike, nne vhhaoruien tct drikzn vuaaied `noone ne vhhb dnne vcejstfhtnrihha onvht-tne. Whewndn jn cfvhed, banur ne tnxtuur ne `nt vccrbcfne vhe fijjneencai-tìsm` hhrjnwnrb ne/cg vuurstnne ie jn jirnmtn ehoik`nij zike vhdn drcejspcrne



?=8

ie jnzn viejpahhtsne - fnnstha fnt nne drcct hhetha sahdne cf jn hrf - hhe jnFim`nasonrdmuatuur tcndnwnzne.

@nt cejnrzcnb ie @najne-\heeiedne

Jn vinrjn viejpahhts jin wnaaim`t hhe `nt bcrtn riktkn vhe ‐viejpahhtsne cp jn

panistcmnen zhejdrcejne fnt `nrbneohrn enjnrznttiedsspcrne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf’ zcu bueene wcrjne tcndnvcndj, whs jn acmhtin ie @najne-\heeiedne, whhr ie ?<<= nnrst `nt HJM (Bnenfhes & Ac`cg ?<<>) ne ahtnr jn_CO (_nesieb nt ha . ?<<7) cejnrzcnb uitvcnrjn. Jn viejpahhts ahd tne eccrjnevhe jn Fhhsornnsnwnd ne tne ccstne vhe jn Accstnnd, ie nt tcnefhaidn ouitnedn-oinj vhe \heeiedne whhr nne einuw onjrikvnetnrrnie whs dnpahej.

Eh prcspnmting occrcejnrzcnb jccr _HH\ (Whe Jikb ?<<8) drcng `nt HJMie ?<<? ne ?<<= prcngsanuvne ie `nt pahednoinj. Ie jn prcngsanuvne bwhfnephhaspcrne uit `nt Encaitìmuf ne/cg jn Orcestikj, mrnfhtindrhvne uit jn AhtnIKznrtikj (?><-8? v. M`r.) ne spcrne uit jn Ahtn Fijjnannuwne (8<><-8><< e.M`r.) hhe `nt aim`t. Jn spcrne ahdne vnrsm`cane cejnr nne jib pahddnejnb nemcemnetrnnrjne zim` vccrha cp `nt `ccdstn jnna vhe nne jnbzhejrud. Jhebzik jnonsm`nrfnejn wnrbied vhe jit jnb whs jn mcesnrvnried ne dhhg`nij vhe jn fnnstnspcrne dcnj. Fhhr ccb tnbnejne zim` ie nt jnbzhej vhdn, aim`tdrikzn spcrne hg jinuit `nt Encaitìmuf zcujne bueene jhtnrne. Fnt jnzn vrcndn jhtnried wnrj rn-bneied dn`cujne vhewndn `nt vccrbcfne vhe sm`nrvne hhrjnwnrb ne vuurstnenehrtnghmtne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf, ie `ntznagjn dnoinj has jn drcejspcrne.

Cfjht on`cuj ie situ eint fcdnaikb whs, `nngt jn dnfnnetn @najne (t`hesdnfnnetn \nna ne Fhhs) cpjrhm`t dndnvne hhe `nt HJM cf jn viejpahhts(ne) cptn drhvne. Ie tcthha is ints fnnr jhe nne `havn `nmthrn vhe jn jnbzhejrud cejnr-zcm`t fnt nne znnr hhesprnbnej rnsuathht; nne mcfpannt mrnfhtindrhgvnaj uit jnAhtn IKznrtikj onsthhejn uit == drhvne, nne vnajorhejcvne, buiane, drnppnas ne nnewhtnrput uit jn Fijjnannuwne ne fcdnaikbn vahsbuiane uit jn Einuwn ikj. Wccr`nt cejnrzcnb vhe jn vhdn ‐encaitìsm`n’ drcejspcrne anvnrjn fnt ehfn wnrbput8= onahedrikbn dndnvnes cp. ikjnes `nt vnrjinpne vhe jnzn put trcggne jn cpdrh-vnrs sm`nrvne hhrjnwnrb ne vuurstnene hrtnghmtne vhe jn Fim`nasonrdmuatuur hhe,ie nne ahhd cejnr `nt pahddnejnb. Bnefnrbnej vccr jnzn ahhd is jn stnrbn cfznt-tied jccr jinrne ne pahetne2 nr `nngt ietnesinvn oicturohtin ie pahhtsdnvcejne. Iejn hrm`ncacdism`n vcabsfcej wcrjt zc’e ahhd ccb wna ‐fcaaneahhd’ dnecnfj. Eh

`nt vnrwikjnrne vhe jnzn oicturohtinahhd whrne ie `nt dnnaoruien jnbzhej drcej-spcrne zim`tohhr jin - fnjn dnzine jn banur vhe jn vuaaiedne - has prnìstcrism`zike hhednfnrbt. Dnzine jn vcejst vhe hhrjnwnrb vhe jn Fim`nasonrdmuatuur oc-vne `nt spcrnevahb wnrj ie nnrstn iesthetin hhednecfne jht jn drcejspcrne uit`nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf zcujne jhtnrne. Ie jn mcegidurhtin vhe jn drcejspcrnewnrj znags nne vcaanjidn ùispahttndrcej fnt nne anedtn vhe ?8 f `nrbnej. Ie `nt

HJM-rhppcrt jht ehhr hheanijied vhe jn cpdrhvied is dnsm`rnvne, prnsnetnrne Nrimne Fhriâaan uitniejnaikb jrin vhrihetne vhe jn ùispahttndrcej Gid. 82 Bnenfhes& Ac`cg ?<<>). Whrihet II, nne jnnas vinronubidn pahttndrcej vhe ?8 oik 7 fntnr,is vcadnes ne jn fnnst whhrsmìkeaikbn uismcestrumtin cfjht zn mcesistnet is fnt

nne jnna vhe `nt vcejstfhtnrihha ne nne onvrnjidnejn ietnrprnthtin dnngt vccr `ntdrcctstn hhetha onsmìbohrn phhabuiane. Jn dnrnmcestrunnrjn vcrf ne hgfntiedne



?=?

sauitne `nt onst hhe oik jn onbnejn pahttndrcejne vhe jn Nap-vhrihet, jin ie jnAhtn Orcestikj ne/cg Wrcndn IKznrtikj wcrjne dnjhtnnrj. Jhhrfnn zcu jn ùispaht-tndrcej vnna kcednr zike jhe hhevhebnaikb, cp ohsis vhe jn ruiftnaikbn hsscmihtinfnt hhrjnwnrb vhe jn Fim`nasonrdmuatuur, wnrj vnrcejnrstnaj. Jrin 8:M- jhtn-

riedne vhe `cutsbcca uit spcrne vhe jn dnrnmcestrunnrjn ùispahttndrcej anvnrnednne hhevuaanej onwiks. Jn kcedstn jhtnried vhe ?>4< ¸ :< O\ (DrH-?=70?) sauitdcnj hhe oik jn Ahtn Orcestikj ne/cg Wrcndn IKznrtikj cujnrjcf, fhhr jn hejnrntwnn jhtnriedne zike cujnr, :8=< ¸ >< (DrE-?49:?) ne >?>< ¸ :> O\ (DrH-?=70>), ne wikzne cp encaitìsm`n onwceied.

Einuwn strhtndin

@nt bnefnrbnejn iethmtn ocjnfprcgina vhe @najne-\heeiedne, iemausing nnevcejstrikbn oicturohtinahhd, ne `nt fcdnaikbn vccrbcfne vhe encaitìsm`n drcej-

spcrne cejnr jnzn ahhd anijjne ha tikjnes `nt HJM-cejnrzcnb tct jismussin ne `ntonjnebne ne tcnphssne vhe nne einuwn strhtndin. Jn mnetrhan vrhhd jhhroik whs;

Gid. 8; Jn jrin vhrihetne vhe jn ùispahndrcej jin Nrim ne

Fhriâaan vccrstnaane cp ohsis vhe `nt HJM-cejnrzcnb ie pune 8

ne 8= (Bnenfhes & Ac`cg ?<<>).



?==

`cn bueene wn (maustnrs vhe) hhrjnwnrbsm`nrvne ne vuurstnene hrtnghmtne ie jnoicturohtinahhd ruiftnaikb bcppnane hhe cejnraiddnejn drcejspcrne3 Tn whrne`nt cvnr nnes jht wn nne gikenrn hhephb ecjid `hjjne jhe dnoruibnaikb is oik rndu-ainr vnajwnrb dnrim`t cp `nt jcmufnetnrne vhe drcejspcrne. Eint `nt vnrzhfnanevhe vcejstfhtnrihha tikjnes jn hheand vhe `nt vahb ie vhbbne vhe : oik : fntnr,

fhhr ie banien ruiftnaikbn nne`njne. Tn bczne vccr jn strhtndin cf;zcvnna fcdnaikb hrm`ncacdism` fhtnrihha tn vnrzhfnane uit jn oicturohtinahhdne,

jit fhtnrihha tn vnrzhfnane ie vhbbne vhe >< oik >< mf cf zc tct nne fnnrnxhmtn pahhtsonphaied tn bcfne. Tn onsngtne jht - `cnwna jit nne gikenrn hhe-phb is - `nt ccb nne ‐oaiejn’ tnst is. Jit cfjht kn cp vccr`hej eint wnnt ýg nrcejnr jn oicturohtinahhd (fnt `nt vcejstfhtnrihha dnaikbtikjidn) drcejspcrnehhewnzid zike.

Jnzn einuwn (ne znnr hronijsietnesinvn!) strhtndin is oik `nt HJM-cejnrzcnb

vccr `nt nnrst dntnst. Oik `nt cpeinuw cpneanddne vhe jn nnrstn prcngsanuvne (put8) is tnr `ccdtn vhe jn spcrnemaustnr fnt encait`ism` ne Orcestikjhhrjnwnrb put 4hhednandj, whhroik nne trhesnmt vhe tine fntnr anedtn ne nne fntnr ornnj vnrjnnajis ie :< vhbbne vhe >< oik >< mf. Jn `nagt jhhrvhe (ie jhfocrjphtrcce) is ahhds-dnwiks, ie ahdne vhe > mf, dnsm`hhgj whhreh `nt snjifnet eht is dnznngj cvnr nneznng fnt nne fhhswikjtn vhe = ff. Jn rnsuathtne jhhrvhe whrne jusjheid fhdnrjht jnzn wnrbwikzn eh jn nnrstn tnst eint is vccrtdnznt.

Hhednzine jnzn wnrbwikzn ie cezn cdne wna pctnetin `hj ne cp nne drctnr cp-pnrvahb tcndnphst zcu fcntne wcrjne, `nngt jn _CO, eh hgaccp vhe `nt vnajwnrbjccr `nt HJM, `nt cejnrzcnb vccrtdnznt (Gid. ?). Cfjht ie put 8= jn drcctstn

8.

?.

Gid. ?; Nne oaib cp `nt znngcejnrzcnb jccr jn _CO. Jn oicturohtinahhd is ahdne vhe 8< mf ne

ie vhbbne vhe >< oik >< mf dnznngj cf zc nne iezim`t tn brikdne ie hhrj, jhtnried ne vnrsprni -jied vhe jn prn`istcrism`n hrtnghmtne (gctc _MN).



?=:

fijjneencaitìsm`n mcemnetrhtin vhe spcrne ne vcejstfhtnrihha whs hhedntrcggne,is nne hhedrneznejn strccb vhe ruif ?<<< f? (_CO-puttne 8: ne 8>) cejnrzcm`t.Nenrzikjs fnt `nt jcna jn vccrtznttied vhe fcdnaikb fijjneencaitìsm`n drcej-spcrne cp jn eccrjnaikbn gaheb vhe jn jnbzhejrud vhst tn anddne. Hejnrzikjs cfnne iezim`t tn brikdne ie jn hhrj, jhtnried ne vnrsprnijied vhe prnìstcrism`n hrtn-

ghmtne ie jn oicturohtinahhd, mh. ?<-:< mf cejnr jn ohsis vhe `nt pahddnejnb. Haswn nne ehuwn, ruiftnaikbn rnahtin bcejne hhetcene tussne nenrzikjs (maustnrs vhe)encaitìsm`n hhrjnwnrbsm`nrvne ne vuurstnene hrtnghmtne ne hejnrzikjs cejnraid-dnejn drcejspcrne, jhe zcujne jn spcrne cp nne iejirnmtn wikzn zike dnjhtnnrj.

Haanrnnrst is nr nne einuwn wnrbput (put 8:) fhmìehha uitdndrhvne fnt nneanedtn vhe 07 f ne nne ornnjtn vhe 8< f. Wnrvcadnes zike ie `nt mnetrhan jnna vhewnrbput 8: cp `nt eivnhu vhe jn oicturohtinahhd znngvhbbne vhe >< oik >< mfuitdnznt. @nt snjifnet vhe jnzn vhbbne is uitdndrhvne ie fhxifhha twnn ahdnevhe 8< mf jib `hejfhtid ne tct cp `nt cejnraiddnejn spcrnevahb. Wnrvcadnes is`nt snjifnet ie znngbruiwhdnes fnt nne fhhswikjtn vhe = ff eht dnznngj. Jn

rnsijune zike pnr znngnne`nij (vhb ne ahhd) vnrzhfnaj, dnjrccdj ne dnscrtnnrjcp fhtnrihha. Ehjht jn tn znvne ahdne whrne vnrwikjnrj, is `nt vahb cpdnsm`hhgjne zike drcejspcrne iednfntne ne iedntnbnej. îtniejnaikb is vhe 87: vhbbnejn oicturohtinahhd vcaanjid dnznngj, ne is vhe nne drcct hhetha hejnrn vhbbne `ntcejnrstn cg `nt ocvnestn jnna vhe jn oicturohtinahhd dnznngj. Ie tcthha zike :>? ah-dne dnznngj. Jnane vhe wnrbput 8: jin eint zike dnznngj, zike vcadnes jn dhedohrnfnt`cjn vhe cpdrhvied vhe viejpahhtsne fnt drcejspcrne cejnrzcm`t. @ntznagjndnajt vccr wnrbput 8>. Ie tcthha is ie wnrbputtne 8: ne 8> nne cppnrvahb vhe?<=< f? cpdntnbnej ne hrm`ncacdism` dnjcmufnetnnrj. Ocvnejine is jn ie`cujvhe 8> (vnrfcnjnaikb) prnìstcrism`n spcrne fnt whtnr dnznngj cvnr nne znng fnt

nne fhhswikjtn vhe 8 ff, fnt `nt ccd cp `nt vnrzhfnane vhe jhtnnrohhr fhtn-rihha. @nt ontrngt spcrne whhrvhe nne prnìstcrism`n jhtnried hheenfnaikb whs cpdrcej vhe jn aim`tdrikzn banur ne `nt ehoikdnvcejne hhrjnwnrb.

Jn uitbcfstne vhe jn giken hhephb

@nt _CO-cejnrzcnb ie ?<<= `nngt hhrjnwnrb, vuurstnne, vnrorhejn annf ne eh-tuurstnne uit vnrsmìaanejn vcejstmcetnxtne cpdnanvnrj. @nt fnrnejnna vhe jnvcejstne is hgbcfstid uit jn dnznngjn vhbbne ie put 8:, jht wia znddne uit jnoicturohtinahhd. Jhhrehhst is nne banien `cnvnna`nij hhrjnwnrb ne vuurstnne hhe-

dntrcggne ie spcrne ne jnprnssins, dnvuaj fnt snjifnet vhe jn oicturohtinahhd. Ietndnestnaaied tct jn fnnr zuijnaikb dnandne puttne vhe `nt HJM zike tikjnes jncpdrhvied jccr jn _CO dnne mrnfhtindrhvne uit jn IKznrtikj vhstdnstnaj. @nt vnr-fcnjne jht jn eccrjnaikbn ondrnezied vhe nt drhgvnaj whs onrnibt, wnrj jhhrfnnonvnstidj.

Jhebzik `nt znngcejnrzcnb `noone wn nne dcnj iezim`t dnbrndne ie jn vnr-sprnijied, jhtnried ne hhrj vhe jn hrm`ncacdism`n vcejstne ie jn oicturohtinahhd.@nt znvne vhe nne jnna vhe jn oicturohtinahhd ie wnrbput 8: `nngt nne vrik drctnmcemnetrhtin (cppnrvahbtn mh. 8? f?) vhe `ccgjzhbnaikb fijjneencaitìsm` hhrjn-wnrb cpdnanvnrj ie `nt zuijwnstnaikbn jnna vhe `nt dnoinj vhe jn znngvhbbne. Ccb

bwhfne twnn vuurstnene sm`rhoonrs vhe jn Fim`nasonrdmuatuur ie jit jnna hhe`nt aim`t. Jn mcemnetrhtin vhe fijjneencaitìsm` hhrjnwnrb strnbtn zim` vnrfcn-



?=>

jnaikb ccrsprcebnaikb uit tct HJM-wnrbput 8 ne onvcej zim` cp fiejnr jhe vikgfntnr eccrjnaikb vhe jn ùispahttndrcej.

Eh `nt vnrwikjnrne vhe jn oicturohtinahhd zike ie wnrbputtne 8: ne 8> ietcthha =8 prnìstcrism`n drcejspcrne `nrbnej; ?= spcrne ie wnrbput 8: ne hm`tspcrne ie wnrbput 8>. Jnzn drcejspcrne zike vccr nne jnna nne vccrtznttied vhe

jn spcrne jin tikjnes `nt HJM-cejnrzcnb hhe `nt aim`t bwhfne.Cejhebs jit drctn hhetha spcrne is nr ie wnrbput 8: dnne ruiftnaikbn rnah-tin tussne jn vcejstne uit jn oicturohtinahhd ne jn cejnraiddnejn (prnìstcri-sm`n) drcejspcrne vhstdnstnaj; cejnr jn dnznngjn vhbbne fnt jn drcctstn hhethaanesm`nrvne hhrjnwnrb whrne dnne drcejspcrne hhewnzid! Jn mcemausin is jhe ccbjht `nt znngcejnrzcnb dnne oikjrhdn `nngt dnanvnrj hhe `nt jhtnrne vhe prnìstcri-sm`n drcejspcrne ie wnrbput 8:.

Eint haanne jn oicturohtinahhd, ccb jn vuaaied vhe jn fcdnaikb encaitìsm`ndrcejspcrne is cvnr jn znng dndhhe, zcwna oik `nt HJM-cejnrzcnb (put 8=) has `nt_CO-cejnrzcnb (puttne 8: ne 8>). Cejhebs jnzn vcejstdnrim`tn hhephb is ehu-

wnaikbs hhrjnwnrb cg vuurstnne ie `nt znngrnsiju hhedntrcggne. Nne jhtnried vhejn spcrne cp ohsis vhe hrm`ncacdism` vcejstfhtnrihha ie jn vuaaied whs jhe ccbeint fcdnaikb.

Zn zine cg eint tn zine

Dcnj dnjhtnnrjn drcejspcrne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf, ahht sthhe nne ce-cfstrnjne ùispahttndrcej uit jnzn pnricjn, whrne jnstikjs (ne zike ecd hatikj!)eint onbnej vhe jn Aifourdsn zhejdrcejne. Jn hgwnzid`nij (cg sanm`tn zim`t-ohhr`nij3) vhe fijjneencaitìsm`n spcrne is cpvhaanej. Nr aikbt ie jit cpzim`tnne juijnaikb vnrsmìa tn onsthhe fnt hejnrn pnricjne ne fnt hejnrn dnoinjne.Wnrsmìaanejn ghmtcrne bueene jhhroik vhe ievacnj zike dnwnnst; jn jinptn vhe jniedrhvied, jn hhrj vhe jn vuaaied, jn cujnrjcf vhe `nt spccr, nidnesm`hppne vhe`nt fcnjnrfhtnrihha ne jn hhrj ne ietnesitnit vhe ocjnfprcmnssne. Jinp iedndrh-vne buiane tnbnene zim` ie jn a÷ss (Fhhstrim`t-Baiebnrs; `nueissne 899<, 89982]m`rnurs 899?2 ne @nnrane-]m`nasonrd; ]m`rnurs & Orcuene 8990) ne cujn rivinr-bani (Fhhstrim`t-Wcdnazhed; Orcuene 899:, 899>h ne o) cp drctnrn jinptn ie `nthadnfnne dcnj hg, znbnr has jn vuaaiedne vhe jn drcejspcrne vnna `cutsbcca ne/cgenjnrznttiedshgvha onvhttne. Jnrdnaikbn vcejstrikbn spcrne bcfne vccr ie enjnr-znttiedne (ùispahhtsne) whhr vnna hgvha ie ne rcejcf `nt ùis is dnjnpcennrj. Has

`nt ccrsprcebnaikbn accpvahb tne tikjn vhe dnoruib ùfusrikb wnrj (vnrfnediedfnt `cutsbcca ne hejnr crdheism` fhtnrihha), is jn bhes drctnr jht jn vuaaiednevhe prnìstcrism`n iedrhviedne vccr (phha-) buiane wcrjne `nrbnej hhe jn `hejvhe nne jcebnr dnbanurjn drcej.

Nne hejnrn ghmtcr is jn fhtn vhe ocjnfvcrfied vhehg `nt fcfnet vhe ‐cet-sthhe vhe’ `nt drcejspccr. Ie `nt dnvha vhe stnrbn oicturohtin ne/cg hgorhhb vhecrdheism` fhtnrihha ie jn vuaaied is jn bhes drcct jht jn rnsthetne vhe phhabuiane,hgvhabuiane ntm. (anns; drcejspcrne) vcaanjid zike vnrvhhdj. Ie jit vnrohej bhe ccbwcrjne dnwnzne cp jn cujnrjcf ne jinptnaiddied vhe drcejspcrne. @cn cujnrjn drcejspcrne ne cn jim`tnr hhe nt fhhivnaj, cn ahednr zn ie jn rndna hhe prc-

mnssne vhe ocjnfvcrfied (oikvccronnaj cetbhabied, pcjzcanried, vnroruieied,oicturohtin) wcrjne oacctdnstnaj. Jn bhes jht spcrne vnrvhdne is jhe drctnr.



?=7

Jn prcoanfhtinb vhe jn `nrbneohhr`nij vhe drcejspcrne is ie gnitn vhe tcn-phssied cp haan cpdndrhvne viejpahhtsne fnt fijjneencaitìsm` fhtnrihha ie `ntAifourdsn zhejdnoinj. Theennr prnìstcrism`n spcrne wna `nrbneohhr zike hasvhdn vnrbanuriedne, zchas ie \heeiedne, spnane prcoanfne vhe jhtnried has dnvcad

vhe `nt cetornbne vhe vcejstne ne vccr8:

M -jhtnried dnsmìbt `cutsbcca ie jndrcejspcrne. @nt gnit jht jn jnbzhejrud ie \heeiedne ccb ie ahtnrn pnricjne vhejn prnìstcrin is onwccej ne dnoruibt, fhhbt `nt nr eint dnfhbbnaikbnr cp (Gid.=). Jnzn acmhtins bnefnrbne zim` jccr nne wirwhr vhe spcrne ne jccr hmmufuahtinne vnrfnedied vhe hrm`ncacdism` fhtnrihha (vuurstnne ne hhrjnwnrb) uit vnrsmìa-anejn pnricjne. Tnabn vcejstne fnt wnabn cejnraiddnejn (vcejstaczn) drcejspc-rne dnaikbtikjid zike, is jhe eint fnnr nnevcujid tn hm`tnr`hane.

Gid. =; Jn wirwhr hhe spcrne ie `nt cejnrzcm`tn cppnrvahb, fnt jn acmhtin vhe jn znngvhbbne

ie put 8:.



?=4

\niezne cvnr \heeiedne

Ie ces rhppcrt prnsnetnnrjne wik vnrsmìaanejn dnjhm`tnaikene ne smnehric’s fntontrnbbied tct jn dhhg`nij ne mcesnrvnried (anns; zim`tohhr`nij) vhe fijjneenc-aitìsm`n drcejspcrne ie @najne-\heeiedne (_nesieb nt ha . ?<<7). Wccr onijnmritnrih hm`ttne wik jnstikjs jn vcadnejn twnn vccrwhhrjne vhe onahed; drctnejnnas

iethmt ocjnfprcgina ne dnriedn fhtn vhe vnroruieied vhe ne oicturohtin ie `ntjnna vhe jn ocjnf whhrie prnìstcrism`n drcejspcrne hhewnzid zike. Hhe jn nnrstnvccrwhhrjn aikbt jn viejpahhts ie \heeiedne tn vcajcne. ît `nt ocjnfbuejidncejnrzcnb ne jn strhtidrhgism`n pcsitin vhe jn fijjneencaitìsm`n sm`nrvne bcewcrjne hgdnanij jht `nt prnìstcrism`n accpvahb (drctnejnnas) whs dnmcesnrvnnrj.Jccr jn onsm`nrfnejn wnrbied vhe `nt pahddnejnb whs jit accpvahb ie jn hgdn-acpne nnuwne eint jccr drcejdnoruib hhednthst. Jn ocjnfbuejidn stujin vhe`nt \heeiedsn prcgina wnns ocvnejine uit jht ocjnfprcmnssne `nt eivnhu vhe jnprnìstcrism`n drcejspcrne ehuwnaikbs `noone onãevacnj.

Jn twnnjn vnrbahried dhht uit vhe nne rnahtin tussne `nt annfdn`hatn vhe `nt

fcnjnrfhtnrihha, ie ces dnvha jnbzhej, ne jn mcesnrvnried ne zim`tohhr`nij vhedrcejspcrne. Wnroruieied is nne onahedrikb bnefnrb vhe jn @cacmnen, annfrikbncvnrstrcfiedssnjifnetne vhe jn Fhhs. Ie jnzn stnrb vnroruiejn drcejne zike prn-ìstcrism`n drcejspcrne ie jn rndna eint cg sanm`t zim`tohhr. Jccr `nt rnahting ahdnannfdn`hatn vhe jn jnbzhejrud ie \heeiedne `nngt vnroruieied vhe `nt ocjnf-prcgina jhhr nne fiejnr drctn rca dnspnnaj. @nt annfhrfn bhrhbtnr vhe jn ocjnfbhe nr tnvnes jn rnjne vhe zike jht jn wnrbied vhe jinrne ne pahetne cejnr jnoicturohtinahhd dnried is dnwnnst. Jit ie tndnestnaaied tct jn annfrikbn ocjnfsjin vcnjsnarikbnr zike ne nne `cdn fhtn vhe hmtivitnit vhe jinrne ne pahetne tct cpdrctnrn jinptn bneene.

Cp ohsis vhe ocvnesthhejn dndnvnes mcemaujnnrjne wik vikg khhr dnanjne jht(mcegidurhtins vhe) drcejspcrne vhe fijjneencaitìsm`n cujnrjcf ie \heeiednednjurnejn juiznejne khrne onwhhrj ne has zcjheid `nrbneohhr bueene zike dnoan-vne. @nt oannb nvnewna fcniaikb uit jn mcemnetrhtin vhe drcejspcrne éée cg fnnrcefisbneohrn ùispahttndrcejne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf tn jnstiaanrne. Cfjnzn rnjne bczne wn vccr `nt prnsnetnrne vhe jrin smnehric’s;

smnehric 8; haan prnìstcrism`n spcrne ie `nt dnoinj vhe jn fcdnaikbn ùispaht-tndrcej jhtnrne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf2

smnehric ?; jn drcejspcrne jhtnrne uit (tne fiestn) twnn prnìstcrism`n pn-

ricjne; `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf ne jn Ahtn Orcestikj/Wrcndn IKznrtikj. Jnviejpahhts onsthht uit nne phaifpsnst vhe eint haanne vcejstne (vccrha hhrjn-wnrb), fhhr ccb vhe prnìstcrism`n drcejspcrne.

smnehric =; haan prnìstcrism`n spcrne jhtnrne uit jn ahtn prnìstcrin. Cujnrndrcejspcrne zike cgwna eccit hhewnzid dnwnnst cgwna vcaanjid ie jn oicturoh-tinahhd cpdnecfne ne/cg vnrvhhdj.

Tnabn vhe ocvnednecnfjn smnehric’s kuist zcu zike, vina fcniaikb fnt znbnr-`nij tn znddne. Whewndn jn hhewnzid`nij vhe fijjneencaitìsm` vcejstfhtnrihhane cezn mcemausin jht drcejspcrne uit jnznagjn pnricjn `nrbneohhr bueene zikednoanvne, onsm`cuwjne wn smnehric = eint cg fiejnr hheenfnaikb. ndne smnehric8 sprhb jn tcnsm`rikvied jccr Nrim ne Fhriâaan vhe jn ùispahttndrcej hhe jn ahtn

•

•

•



?=0

prnìstcrin, jn hhewnzid`nij vhe vcejstne uit zcwna `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf hasjn ahtn prnìstcrin ne jn rnsuathtne vhe jn 8:M-jhtnriedne. Cf jnzn rnjne diednewn uit vhe smnehric ?; jn drcejspcrne jhtnrne uit (tne fiestn) twnn prnìstcrism`npnricjne; `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf ne jn Ahtn Orcestikj/Wrcndn IKznrtikj. @ntwhhrdnecfne banurvnrsmìa tussne spcrne sacct nvnennes hhe oik smnehric ? ne jn

dnjhm`tn jht spcrne uit twnn (cg fnnr) pnricjne jhtnrne.

Wccrtsm`rikjnej iezim`t jhebzik Orhohetsn cetjnbbiedne

Jn jismussin cvnr jn (ce)zim`tohhr`nij vhe encaitìsm`n drcejspcrne cp jn [uij-Enjnrahejsn zhejdrcejne is ccb eh `nt cejnrzcnb ie \heeiedne jccrdndhhe. Jnhgdnacpne jrin khhr whbbnrjn jnzn jismussin cpeinuw hhe ehhr hheanijied vhe jncevnrwhm`tn cetjnbbied vhe encaitìsm`n drcejspcrne cp jn Orhohetsn zhejdrce-jne. @nt dhht cf jn cpdrhviedne Wnaj`cvne-@horhbne (cejnrzcnb jccr OHHM ie?<<0 ne HMW^-@O] ie ?<<9; Bcct nt ha. ie vccronrnijied), iaourd-]m`hhpsvne(cejnrzcnb jccr Hrm`ca ie ?<<9; @hfourd nt ha. ie vccronrnijied) ne Cnran-[uij(cejnrzcnb jccr HHM/t`hes Jihm`rce; @issna nt ha. ie jrub). @nt vccrbcfnevhe mcegidurhtins vhe drcejspcrne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf cp jnzn acmhtins,whhrcejnr jrin ùispahttndrcejne ie @horhbne ne éée ie Cnran ie jn dnfnne-tn Wnaj`cvne, vcrft nne onahedrikbn einuwn jhthsnt vccr tcnbcfstid cejnrzcnb.Oieene twnn khhr is `nt hhetha ùispahttndrcejne vhe eua ehhr vinr cf`ccd dn-sm`ctne2 nne bneeiswiest jin fnt rnm`t spnmthmuahir dnecnfj fhd wcrjne.

Onahedrikb ie jnzn jismussin is jn ievacnj vhe hgorhhbprcmnssne vhe `nt cr-dheism` fhtnrihha, ie rnahtin tct `nt annfdn`hatn vhe `nt fcnjnrfhtnrihha. Ieannfhrfn ocjnfs ‐vnroanbne’ jn spcrne fnt has niejrnsuathht jht nr smìkeohhr acs

Gid. :; Fcestnrehfn vccr fimrcfcrgcacdism` cejnrzcnb cp `nt aim`tdrikzn phhaspccr vhe@horhbne (gctc OHHM).



?=9

vcejstfhtnrihha ie `nt hrm`ncacdism` vahb wcrjt hhedntrcggne, zcejnr zim`tohrnspcrne (@uisfhe & Jnnone ?<<9). Nne situhtin jin zim` vccrjnnj oik `nt cejnr-zcnb ie Fnnr`cvne (?<<<-?<<42 Hrts ?<8<) ne @horhbne-ghsn 8 (?<<4).

ikjnes `nt cejnrzcnb vhe @horhbne-ghsn ? (?<<0) whrne drcejspcrne wnazim`tohhr ne is wht ontrngt jn tcnphssied vhe fnt`cjne ne tnmèinbne juijnaikb

nne sthp dnznt ie jn dcnjn rim`tied. Wccr `nt nnrst is fimrcfcrgcacdism` cejnr-zcnb vnrrim`t vhe nne drcejspccr jht zim` cp ?< mf cejnr `nt nnrstn vahb zim`hgtnbnejn (Gid. :2 Bccistrh & Whe jnr Tnnrjne ?<<0). Jit aim`tdriks phhaspccrwhs iedndrhvne ie anfid cuj jnbzhej ne cpdnvuaj dnrhhbt fnt banien grhdfnetne`cutsbcca ne spaietnrs vuurstnne. Ccb oik jn rnmnetn cejnrzcnbne ie ?<<9, zcwnaie iaourd has Wnaj`cvne-@horhbne, zike ocjnffcestnrs dnecfne vccr cejnrhejnrn tnxtuurhehaysn ne fimrcfcrgcacdism` cejnrzcnb, cf zc nne ehuwbnuridonnaj tn brikdne vhe jn nidnesm`hppne vhe jn ocjnf. Ehhr vnrwhm`tied zha jnuitwnrbied vhe jnzn fcestnrs cezn bneeis vhe jn cfsthejid`njne whhrcejnrfijjneencaitìsm`n drcejspcrne wna cg eint zike dnmcesnrvnnrj ne zim`tohhr zike,

hhezineaikb vnrdrctne.

@najne-\heeiedne ie nne einuw aim`t

Wccrjht wn onsmìbbne cvnr jn niejpuoaimhtins vhe ocvnednecnfjn, Orhohetsncpdrhviedne ne cvnr jn ocjnfm`nfism`n jhth, mrumihha vccr jn cejnrocuwied,wiaane wn drhhd nne vccrsm`ct enfne ne giacscgnrne cvnr jn ontnbneis vhe jnzneinuwn cetjnbbiedne vccr `nt cujn cejnrzcnb ie @najne-\heeiedne. ne nnrstn,jhebzik jn cetjnbbied vhe jn fijjneencaitìsm`n uispahttndrcejne ie @horhbnene Cnran wntne wn `cé jn pahttndrcejne nruit bueene zine. Tht jht ontrngt zikewn juijnaikb nne sthp vnrjnr; jn pnricjn vhe dissne aidt eu wht hm`tnr ces (]m`rnurs?<<>; =??). @nt zike ahedn, sfhaan, twnnonubidn pahttndrcejne, whhrvhe vccrha jnwhejdrnppnas fnt phhaspcrne zim` `nt juijnaikbst hgtnbnene. Jn cvnrnnebcfst iedrcejpahe fnt jn pahttndrcejne vhe Fhiry-Ans @hutns M`heviàrns ie jn Grhesn

Hrjneene is cpvhaanej. Jhhr zike ?= ahedn, twnnonubidn pahttndrcejne oacctdn-andj, zik nt fnt nne hejnrn (vnna drctnrn) fhhtvcnried (fnt hgfntiedne vhe 7< oik8= fntnr tct ?? oik 9 fntnr2 Fhrcaan 890928990).=

nrudoaibbnej ehhr \heeiedne bueene wn stnaane jht jn nrbnejn pahttndrcejeint cp jin vhe @horhbne ne Cnran aikbt; nne tcnwikzied hhe nne ahtnrn onwceieds-ghsn (Ahtn Orcestikj/Wrcndn IKznrtikj) nngt jhhrfnn nne nxtrh hrdufnet dnbrndne.

Jhhrfnn brikdt ccb ocvnednecnfj smnehric ?, whhrhhe wn ie ces rhppcrt uit?<<7 jn vccrbnur dnvne, fnnr dnwim`t.Nne twnnjn hspnmt jht jnnas fnt `nt nnrstn shfne`hedt, is nrvhried fnt `nt

`nrbneene vhe fijjneencaitìsm`n drcejspcrne ne jn cfsthejid`njne whhrce-jnr whhrenfiedne ie `nt vnaj wcrjne dnjhhe. Theennr wn wntne ehhr wnab typnùispahttndrcej wn cp zcnb zike, is `nrbneeied fnnr nnevcujid jhe wheennr wn ie`nt juistnr thstne. Wccr `nt cejnrzcnb ie Wnaj`cvne-@horhbne dcaj jht nne hanrtn`cujied ne nne nrvhrne oaib dnrim`t cp spccr`nrbneeied uitniejnaikb anijjn tctjn cetjnbbied vhe jn ùispahttndrcejne. Jn pahttndrcej vhe Cnran-[uij whs wnacpdntnbnej, fhhr wnrj phs oik jn uitwnrbied ” eh `nt zine vhe jin vhe @horhbne

” nrbnej. Cgsm`cce jn oaib jhhr cp kcednrn onwceiedsspcrne whs dnrim`t, whrnejn aim`tn spcrne wna dcnj zim`tohhr. Hhednzine `nt dhht cf jn `nrbneeied vhe



?:<

vhhb suotinan aim`tdrikzn spcrne jin zim` fnnstha phs cp nne jinpnr eivnhu hgtnbn-ene, zike jn cfsthejid`njne whhrie jn whhrenfiedne wcrjne dnjhhe ccb vheonahed. @nt snizcne ne jn jhhrfnn shfne`hednejn vcm`tid`nij cg jrccdtn bheonphanej zike, cg spcrne dnzine wcrjne, cg eint. Eh nne jrcdn zcfnrwnnb tnbnenespcrne zim` hejnrs hg jhe vnrs oacctdnandj tikjnes nne rnnbs vhe rndnejhdne.

Wccr wht ontrngt `nt cejnrzcnb ie \heeiedne bueene wn stnaane jht jn hanrtn`cujied ne nne vhst`cujnejn wia cf encaitìsm`n spcrne tn cetjnbbne, ruif-sm`ccts hhewnzid whrne. Cejhebs jn jrccdtn dnjurnejn jn cpdrhviedswnbne jin`nt giken jnbzhej tct stuigzhej fhhbtn, zike wna aim`tdrikzn drcejspcrne whhrdn-ecfne. Fissmìne jht `nt hheanddne vhe nne twnnjn vahb ie `nt vrcndn vccrkhhreh nne ehttn wietnr fnnr aim`tdrikzn drcejspcrne `hj cpdnanvnrj, whhr wéa nnefijjneencaitìsm`n ùispahttndrcej uit tn jnstiaanrne whs.

Jhhrfnn bcfne wn tct `nt jnrjn hspnmt, jn ocjnf, ccb ceacsfhbnaikb vnr-ocejne fnt jn vccrdhhejn hspnmtne. @nt annfdn`hatn vhe `nt fcnjnrfhtnrihha`nngt ccb ie cezn jismussin nne onphanejn rca dnspnnaj. Ie cezn hrdufnethtin

ie ?<<7 stnajne wn jht jccr `nt rnahting ahdn annfdn`hatn vhe jn jnbzhejrud ie\heeiedne vnroruieiedsprcmnssne jhhr dnne rca `noone dnspnnaj. Jn ievacnj vheuitacdied wcrjt dnecnfj cf `nt banurvnrsmìa tussne jn spcrne vhe jn (kcednrn)ùispahttndrcej ne jn cujnrn, encaitìsm`n spcrne tn vnrbahrne. Nne vhe jn hheon-vnaiedne whhrfnn wn `nt rhppcrt hgsactne, whs dnrim`t cp tcnbcfstid fimrcfcr-gcacdism`n hehaysn vhe jn oicturohtinahhd, ne - cpfnrbnaikb - eint vhe jn spcrneznag. Whejhhd jn jhd zcujne wn hjvisnrne vnrsmìaanejn mcetnxtne fimrcfcrgcac-dism` tn onfcestnrne, zcwna jn spcrne (jn jcebnroruien hasccb jn aim`tdrikzn), jnoicturohtinahhd has `nt cednstccrjn fcnjnrfhtnrihha (has rngnrnetinbhjnr). Jin dn-vhrinnrjn, ocjnfbuejidn jhthsnt zcu @najne-\heeiedne `noone dnfhhbt tct nne

mrumihan dnsprnbsphrtenr ie jn hmtunan jismussin cvnr jn zim`tohhr`nij vhe drcej-spcrne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf cp zuijnaikbn zhejdrcejne. Nne auijrcnpne-jn Aifourdnr ie nne Orhohets cejnrceskn.

ne sacttn wiaane wik wikzne cp nt onahed vhe jn einuwn cetjnbbiedne vccr jnhrm`ncacdism`n fceufnetnezcrd. [n vcrfne nne einuwn orce vhe iegcrfhtin jinfnndnecfne bhe wcrjne oik `nt cpstnaane ne hmtuhaisnrne vhe (onsthhejn) hrm`n-cacdism`n vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrtne. Fnt iegcrfhtin cvnr jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn aiddiedvhe enjnrznttiedne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf ie `nt [uij-Enjnrahejsn ahej-sm`hp, dnmcfoiennrj fnt bnefnrbne vhe jn ocjnf, whhrcejnr `nt annfdn`hatnvhe `nt jnbzhej, bueene zcens wcrjne ondrnesj whhr jn bhes cp `nt hhetrnggne

vhe fijjneencaitìsm`n viejpahhtsne fnt zim`tohrn drcejspcrne rnahting drcct is.Fnt dnrim`tn, sm`nrpn oaib cp jin zcens fnt nne `cdn vnrwhm`tied cp zim`toh-rn spcrne bhe `nt hhetha onbnejn ùispahttndrcejne jn bcfnejn khrne ecd nnesspnmthmuahir dhhe stikdne.

Hgsauitied

Jnzn oikjrhdn hhe jn gnnstouejna vccr Nrim is ie`cujnaikb dnzine dnne bcagkn ehhrjines `hej.: @nt jrhhit eint cf prnìstcrism`n drhgritunane, orcestikjshfneanvie-dne cg fheenaikbn mìngs . Fhhr jn aike vhe rnjnenried jin wn ie ces ontccd prcon-

rne tn vcnrne, is wna jns Nrims. @nt cetanjne vhe `nt prcoannf ne `nt onehjnrnevhe jn jnnananfnetne vheuit vnrsmìaanejn dnzim`tspuetne. Jn jinptn ie ne bikbne



?:8

cg nt hrm`ncacdism` vnrsmìkesna ccb hejnrs vnrbahhrj bhe wcrjne, aingst ie scmihantnrfne vhe jn prnìstcrism`n dnfnnesm`hp, dnãespirnnrj jccr jn muaturnan hetrc-pcacdin. Wccr jht ahhtstn is `nt vccr jn ]tnnetikjocnrne cp jn zhejdrcejne ecdints tn vrcnd, fhhr jn tikj zha rhhj ornedne.

Ectne8 Ie ecvnfonr ?<<7 gusnnrjn jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb

(_CO) fnt jn _ikbsjinest vccr jn Fceufnetnezcrd (_JF[) tct jn _ikbsjinest vccr Hrm`ncacdin, Muatuurahejsm`hp ne Fceufnetne (_HMF). \nr 88 fni ?<<9 brnnd jnznjinest nne einuwn ehhf; _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Muaturnna Nrgdcnj (_MN).

? Jnzn sitns wcrjne ie jn puoaimhtins vnrsmìaanej onecnfj, has _cnrfcej-Ornijonrd,_cnrfcej-Bnuasn Ohhe ne has _cnrfcej-\ahednoinj _cnrstrnnb-[uij2 Wnr`hrt &

Thesannone 89992 Whe Jikb ?<<:h,o.

= Jhhroik tnbnene wn hhe jht jn Grhesn ùispahttndrcejne dnhsscminnrj zike fntFim`nasonrdhhrjnwnrb, tnrwika jin vhe Wnaj`cvne-@horhbne wcrjne vnrdnznaj fnt `nt

kcednrn ]tnie- cg Wahhrjiedne-hhrjnwnrb

: Tik zike @hes @uisfhe, Nrib Jrnet` ne Grnj Orcuene znnr nrbnetnai kb vccr ùe briti-sm`n oaib cp nne nnrjnrn vnrsin vhe jit hrtibna.

Aitnrhtuur

Hrts, E., ?<8<; ]pccraczn ocnrne ie Eccrj-Orhohet3 Hhrjnwnrb ne hejnrn encai-tìsm`n vcejstne ie Fnnr`cvne (dnfnnetn Niej`cvne), Tnstnr`nnf ]pnmiha er. ?

?<8<; Wahhrjiedne-muatuur , 807-89=.

Onnb vhe, O.A., 8944; ]pcrne vhe nne Encaitìsm`n enjnrznttied tussne ctnrgcut ne

@havn Fika, dnfnnetn Wnaj`cvne (E.-Or.), ie; E. _cyfhes, K. Oinfhes, K. ]acgstrh& T.K.@. Wnrwnrs (rnj.), Orhohetsn Cuj`njne (Oikjrhdne tct jn stujin vhe `ntOrhohetsn @nnf, jnna 87), Niej`cvne, :=->:.

Orcuene, G.Z.]., 899:; Fhhstrim`t-Wcdnazhed; nne viejpahhts vhe jn Fim`nasonrd-muatuur ie `nt Fhhsjha, Ecthn \rhnìstcrimhn 8:, 84>-844.

Orcuene, G.Z.]., 899>h; Wnrrhssnejn vcejstne uit Wcdnazhed, ie; O. Beippnas, G.Orcuene, T. Jikbfhe & _. @uast, ]hejwim` cejnrdrcejs. Jn rnsuathtne vhe 8<

khhr hrm`ncacdism` ocjnfcejnrzcnb , Fhhstrim`t, 8?-89.

Orcuene, G.Z.]., 899>o; Thtnrfcane-Wcdnazhed, ie; .H.].F. \heùiksne (rnj.),

Hrm`ncacdism`n brceinb vhe Fhhstrim`t 899:, \uoaimhtices jn ah ]cmiété ìstcriqunnt hrm`écacdiqun jhes an Aifocurd 8=8, ?80-??=.

Jnnone, K., @. \nntnrs, J. _hnfhnbnrs, N. _nesieb & A. Wnr`hrt, ?<<7; Jn vrcn-dn prnìstcrin, Ehticehan cejnrzcnbshdnejh hrm`ncacdin , `ccgjstub 88 (vnrsin 8.<),(www.echh.ea), 8-:0.

Jikb vhe, P.M.M., ?<<8; \ahednoinjne Ndm`na-Eccrj, onjrikvne K.G. Bneenjyahhe neiejustrintnrrnie \heeiedne, dnfnnetn @najne. Nne Hhevuaanejn Hrm`ncacdism`nIevnethrishtin , Hfstnrjhf (_HH\-rhppcrt 79=).

Jikb vhe, P.M.M., ?<<:h; \ahednoinj _cnrstrnnb [uij. Dnfnnetn _cnrfcej. Nne ie-

vnethrisnrnej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb, whhrjnrnejn ghsn; prcngsanuvne, Hfstnrjhf(_HH\-rhppcrt 99:).



?:?

Jikb vhe, P.M.M., ?<<:o; Nne prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb oik jn Ornijonrd ie onjrikvne-tnrrnie _cnrstrnnb [uij, dnfnnetn _cnrfcej, _cnrstrnnb ?<<:, `nnfbuejnvnrnei-

died _cnrstrnnb =7, 9>-880.

@hhrne, @.F.N. & \.K._. Fcjjnrfhe, 894=; Nie fittnaencaitìsm`nr Guejcrt uetnrBceiedsocsm`, \rcv. Aifourd, Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih 7, Anijne, 8-:9.

@hfourd, Z. nt ha., ie vccronrnijied; iaourd-]m`hhpsvne, Anijne (Hrm`ca-rhppcrt).

@issna, F., O. tnr ]tnndn, K. Wnrsphy, K. @nejribs, N. ]tcggnas, Z. Fcnsbnr, ]. @css,ie jrub; Nne ie`nnfs-_cfniesn enjnrznttied ie Cnran-[uij (dnfnnetn Wnaj`cvne), Hfstnrjhf (HHMpuoaimhtins ><).

@cdnstike, K.T.@. & N. Jrnet`, ?<<</?<<8; Ie ]acctjcrp stcej nne rnm`tnronbnr-ùis3 Cvnr fijjnene ahht-encaitìsm`n ùispahttndrcejne uit Enjnrahej,


@uisfhe, J.K. & K. Jnnone, ?<<9; ]cia gnhturns, ie; J.K. @uisfhe (nj.), Jndrhjhtice

cg Hrm`hncacdimha _nfhies , Jne @hhd, 8:4-847.Bnenfhes, F.M. & Z.H. Dccssnes, ?<<?; Hhevuaanej Hrm`ncacdism` Cejnrzcnb tn

@najne-\heeiedne, Ouesm`ctne (HJM-rhppcrt 8=8).

Bnenfhes, F.M. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<>; @najne, hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne ie \heeiedne. Hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne uit nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf, Orcestikj, IKznrtikj ne Fijjnannuwneie \heeiedne, dnfnnetn @najne, Hfnrsgccrt (HJM-rhppcrt =89).

Bccistrh, F.K. & K.G. vhe jnr Tnnrjne, ?<<0; Wnaj`cvne. @horhbne-Ghsn ?. Cpdrhvied ,‐s-@nrtcdneocsm` (OHHM-rhppcrt H-<0.<<?8).

Bcct, M.T. nt ha., ie vccronrnijied; Cejnrzcnb Wnaj`cvne-@horhbne, Hfstnrjhf([H_-rhppcrt).

Acuwn Bccikfhes, A.\. & A.O.F. Wnr`hrt, 899<; Nne fijjneencaitìsm` enjnrznt-tiedstnrrnie ne nne buia vhe jn ]tnie-drcnp cp jn vccrfhaidn Brhhineonrd oik Aiejne,dnfnnetn Onnrs (E.-Or.), Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnaiedne vhe `nt _ikbsfusnuf vheCuj`njne 4<, Anijne, :9-8<0.

Fhrcaan, M., 8909; An viaahdn Fim`nasonrd jns @hutns M`heviàrns ì Fhiry (Hrjneens),Dhaaih \réìstcirn =8, 9=-884.

Fhrcaan, M., 8990; An sitn Fim`nasonrd jns ‐@hutns M`heviàrns’ hvnm oïtifnets ntnemnietn ì Fhiry, Hrjneene ” Grhemn, ie; K. Oina, @. ]màim`t`nran, F. ]trcona & H. [nno, Jin Fim`nasonrdnr Buatur uej i`rn _hejdnointn. \rcoanfn jnr Netstnùed,M`rcecacdin uej jns ]injauedswnsnes , ]tuttdhrt (Bcaacquiuf @nffne`cgne, ?8-?=.?.8994), ?8-?0.

Fcjjnrfhe, \.K._. & \.@. Jnmbnrs, 890:; Wnroaikgsspcrne uit fnscaitìmuf, encai-tìmuf ne orcestikj cp jn Bnupnr`nijn, dnf. @najne (A.), Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimhAnijnesih 84, ?9->>.

_nesieb, N., N.F. Z`nueissne, Z`. ]pnb & E. Wcssne, ?<<7; Whdn drcejspcrne sm`nrponbnbne. Cpdrhvied iejustrintnrrnie \heeiedne (dnfnnetn @najne) ne `nt cejnrzcnbvhe fijjne-encaitìsm`n drcejspcrne cp jn Aifourdsn zhejdrcejne, Hfnrsgccrt

(_hppcrthdn Hrm`ncacdism`n Fceufnetnezcrd 8?9).



?:=

]m`rnurs, K., 899?; `n Fim`nasonrd sitn cg Fhhstrim`t-Baiebnrs; h guemticeha ietnr-prnthtice, Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih ?>, Anijne, 8?9-848.

]m`rnurs, K., ?<<>; @nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf ie [uij-Enjnrahej, ie; K. Jnnone, N.Jrnet`, F. vhe Ccrscuw & A. Wnr`hrt (rnj.), ?<<>; Jn ]tnnetikj ie Enjnrahej (Hrm`ncacdin 88/8?), =<8-==?.

]m`rnurs, K. & G. Orcuene, 8990; _nstne vhe nne Fim`nasonrd hhrjwnrb cp jn]m`nasonrd tn @nnrane. Nne vccracpid onrim`t, Hrm`ncacdin ie Aifourd 47, ?8-=?.

Z`nueissne, A., 899<; Fhhstrim`t-Baiebnrs, nne cpdrhvied cp jn Mhonrd, Hrm`ncacdinie Aifourd :7, =?>-=?0.

Z`nueissne, A., 8998; Fhhstrim`t-Baiebnrs, nne cpdrhvied cp jn Mhonrd (sact), Hrm`ncacdin ie Aifourd :0, ?:-?7.

Wnajn vhe jnr, @.F. & F.M. Bnenfhes, ?<<=; Nne enjnrznttied uit jn IKznrtikj ne_cfniesn tikj cp Jn @uast (Ccstruf, dnfnnetn Wnerhy), Ouesm`ctne (HJM-rhppcrt

?<?). Wnr`hrt, A.O.F., 8909; Enjnrznttiedsspcrne uit `nt Fijjne-Encaitìmuf aheds jn

\htnr Onrtìnrstrhht tn Drhvn, Tnstnr`nnf =0, 89<-894.

Wnr`hrt, A.O.F., ?<<<; ifns ghjn hwhy. `n encaitìzhtice cg t`n scut`nre Ent`nrahejsie he het`rcpcacdimha hej dncdrhpìmha pnrspnmtivn , Anijne (Hrm`hncacdimha ]tujinsAnijne êivnrsity 7).

Wnr`hrt, A.O.F. & A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, 8909; Nne fijjne-encaitìsm`n en-jnrznttied oik Dhssna, dnfnnetn Onnrs (E.-Or.), Cuj`nijbuejidn Fnjnjnaiedne_ikbsfusnuf vhe Cuj`njne Anijne 79, 4>-884.

Wnr`hrt, A.O.F. & F. Thesannone, 8999; Ocuwne cp nne vnranjne. Nne hhevuaanej hr-m`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb vccr `nt onjrikvnephrb Bnuasn Ohhe-zuij, dnfnnetn _cnrfcej ,Anijne.

Thesannone, F. & A.O.F. Wnr`hrt, 899=; ]iet Cjiaiâeonrd. Enjnrznttied vhe jnFim`nasonrd-muatuur, ie; @. ]tcnpbnr (rnj.), Hrm`ncacdism`n brceinb vhe Aifourdcvnr 899? ne 899=, \uoaimhtices jn ah ]cmiété ìstcriqun nt hrm`écacdiqun jhes anAifocurd 8?9, =<9-=8=.



?:>

FIJJNEO_CE]ZIKJ O- HH_JNTN_B ;ÉÉE \CZ , ZTNN MÂZ^_NE3

Nne banien vnrdnaikbied tussne `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj

hhrjnwnrb ne `nt fijjneorcestikj O-hhrjnwnrb vhejn @iavnrsufmuatuur

].O.M. Oacc

Ieanijied

Eh khrne fnt Ontuwn prcknmtne onzid tn zike dnwnnst fcm`t ib nnes fnn`napne cpnne cpdrhvied ie Tnst-Grinsahej. Ib vnrtrcb ehhr `nt Jrnm`tnrahej fnt orcestikj-spnmihaist Nrim Ac`cg! Tn diedne fhhr aingst fntnne ehhr @ccdbhrspna. Jn tnrfbnejn ib wna fhhr `nt hhrjnwnrb `hj ib ecd eccit ie `hejne dn`hj. Nrim dhg fneint haanne nne bcrtn ietrcjumtin ie @ccdbhrspnahhrjnwnrb, fhhr ccb ie enjnr-znttiedsspcrne ne jn cejnrzcnbsdnsmìnjneis vhe jn cfdnvied. @nt whs fn einthatikj juijnaikb whhr wn ehhr zcm`tne, wht Nrim nrvhe vcej ne wht jn cpdrhvieds-strhtndin whs. îtniejnaikb oannb `nt zcnbne ehhr nne spnaj ie nne `ccionrd2 jccrruiavnrbhvnaied ne jn jhaied vhe jn drcejwhtnrsthej ne `nt hheanddne vhe vnan,jim`t cp nabhhr dnpahhtstn jrhiehdnouizne whs nr vhe `nt hrm`ncacdism`n nrgdcnjwnieid fnnr cvnr. Oik jn ondnanijied vhe `nt uitdrhvne vhe nne phhr sactne newndmuenttne trcggne wn nebnan fijjnannuwsn phhabuiane zcejnr vnrohej hhe nejhhroik khwna (!) éée orcestikjrhejgrhdfnet. Thhrcvnr strhbs ints fnnr. Jit whsfike bneeisfhbied fnt nne stifuanrnejn fhhr ccb nne fcfpnanejn ne fcp-pnrnejn Nrim fnt prnt-cdne. Eh nebnan cpdrhviedne ie Tnst-Grinsahej, whhrcp ibahtnr fnnr iedh, annrjn ib Nrim ccb bneene jccr zike britism`n pne oik jn rhppcrtnejin ib sm`rnng cvnr `nt hhrjnwnrb vhe Onnb, @najne-\heiedne, ]t. Cnjnrcjn neccb `nt giken, ceniejidn @hnane. Ie jn dnzhfneaikbn hutcrittne ehhr jn Onadism`nfnthhatikjne jhdne (Aueuah), fnt dnvhhr vccr nidne anvne jccr jn sennuw, cg iestcrtouine, cg cp wnd ehhr fccin viejpahhtsne bce Nrim ccb net`cusihst ne fntùfcr vnrtnaane cvnr zike vhbhetins (anns; stujinrnizne!) ehhr ietnrnsshetn orces-tikjmcedrnssne, fusnh ne viejpahhtsne.

Jn prcknmtne whhrvccr Nrim ne ib shfnewnrbtne spnnajne zim` hg ie Aifourd cgie Tnst-Grinsahej fnt nne nebnan uitsthp ehhr Orhohet whhr wn cetznttnej fccin,oikeh mcfpantn IKznrtikj urene `noone cpdndrhvne ne onsm`rnvne. Ie Aifourdfhhbtn ib bneeis fnt `nt (vccr fik) cujstn hhrjnwnrb, `nt Fim`nasonrdhhrjnwnrbcp jn viejpahhts @hnane ne `nt AOB-fhtnrihha cp jn viejpahhts Onnb-Grufhrmc.Ib `no ecd nne pcdied cejnrecfne cf nne sm`nrg vhe Onnb-]wnibùizne hasAh @cdunttn hhrjnwnrb dnjntnrfiennrj tn brikdne fhhr `nt oannb tcm` ahtnorces-



?:7

tikjhhrjnwnrb tn zike vcadnes Grnj Orcuene. Fissmìne bhe ib fn tcm` ontnr oikfike annst `cujne… `nt orcbbnaidn ne jibwhejidn fijjne-orcestikjhhrjnwnrb.

Jit orcbbnaidn hhrjnwnrb is vrik sanm`t onbnej ne dnvcnaid vccr vnrwnried,rndnafhtid bcft ie cejnrzcnbsvnrsahdne ehhr vcrne jht jn vnrsm`rhaied wna is hhe-dntrcggne fhhr jn sm`nrg eint fnnr. Tht wntne wn eu vhe jit hhrjnwnrb3 Ie `cn-

vnrrn aikbne jn tcevcrfne vhe `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb uit Tnst-Grinsahejcp `nt fijjneorcestikj O-hhrjnwnrb uit [uijne Fijjne-Enjnrahej3 [ike nreu ccb tnmèism`n bnefnrbne jin cvnrnnebcfne tussne onijn typne hhrjnwnrb3Nr wcrjt hatikj dnsm`rnvne jht `nt hhrjnwnrb uit jn twnn rndic’s zc stnrb cpnabhhraikbt fhhr znajne wcrjne jn jnthias vhe `nt fhtnrihha vnrdnanbne. Ie jit hrtibna zntib `nt hhrjnwnrb vhe Tnst-Grinsahej, vhe viejpahhtsne whhroik Nrim oik ontrcbbnewhs, uit tndne `nt fhtnrihha jht jccr fik uitvcnrid is cejnrzcm`t, uit Nidneoacb,nne fijjneorcestikj-O viejpahhts uit jn @iavnrsufmuatuur. ikj cf nebnan sm`nr-vne ne ùe bnefnrbne cp nne riktkn tn znttne.

Mcetnxt vhe `nt hhrjnwnrb @nt cejnrzcnb ehhr orcestikjhhrjnwnrb uit Tnst-Grinsahej `nngt dnruifn tikj stiadnsthhe. Ie jn khrne ><, 7< ne 4< vhe jn vcridn nnuw `nngt `nt I\\ (Iestituutvccr \rhn- ne \rctcìstcrin) vhe jn êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf vnrsmìaanejn cp-drhviedne ie jn dnfnnetn @ccdbhrspna uitdnvcnrj. Whe `nt hhrjnwnrb uit jnzncpdrhviedne is jccr Orhejt ie 8900 nne cvnrzim`t dnpuoaimnnrj (Orhejt 8900).Ie zike cvnrzim`t zike haan typnrnejn vcrfne uit @ccdbhrspna onsm`rnvne. @ntwhs jn onjcnaied jht zike onsm`rikvied has sthejhhrj zcu dhhe jinene, whhrfnnjn vnan hejnrn sitns ie Tnst-Grinsahej jin zike cejnrzcm`t bcejne wcrjne vnr-dnanbne. @nahhs zike nebnan drctn viejpahhtsne (c.h. Ocvnebhrspna-@nt Whabkn ne@ccdbhrspna-Thtnrtcrne) tct cp `njne eint uitdnwnrbt. @inrjccr dnajt zike pu-oaimhtin ecd stnnjs has nt neidn cvnrzim`tswnrb fnt ontrnbbied tct nt Tnst-Grinsnorcestikjhhrjnwnrb. [cahed jn spcrne ne strumturne vhe @ccdbhrspna nm`tnr ecdeint zike uitdnwnrbt, is `nt cefcdnaikb jn mcetnxtne vhe jn vnrsmìaanejn pctvcr-fne tn vnrdnaikbne. _nmnet is `nt cejnrzcnb cp Nebùizne-Bhjikbne dnpuoaimnnrjwhhrie `nt hhrjnwnrb uit dnsactne mcetnxtne ne strumturne dnbcppnaj is hhe jntypcacdin vhe Orhejt (_cnssied` & Oacc ?<88, 8>4-89<). Jnzn vcejstne zikevnrvcadnes dnoruibt cf jn typcacdin whhr fcdnaikb tn vnrgikene.

@nt hhrjnwnrb jht Orhejt onsm`rikgt onsthht uit tcene nffnrvcrfne, juo-

onamceism`n pcttne, bcffne ne sm`hane, onbnrs, sm`ctnas ne smìkvne, mceism`nvccrwnrpne ne spiebacskns. @ik cejnrsm`nijt jrin typne juoonamceism`n pcttne(sm`cujnr accpt vacninej cvnr ie jn rhej, sm`cujnr accpt fnt aim`tn hheznt cvnr iejn rhej ne nne vhrihet whhroik wna nne juijnaikbn has zim`tohhr is). @nt hhrjnwnrbbhe (jnnas) vnrsinrj zike fnt viednrtcp- ne ehdnaiejrubbne, drcngaikene, brhssne nevnrsinrjn ne cevnrsinrjn sthgohejne.

Orhejt cejnrsm`nijt @ccdbhrspna-cuj ne @ccdbhrspna-kced hhrjnwnrb.@ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb jhtnnrt cednvnnr uit jn pnricjn vhe 8><< tct 8?<< v.M`r (Gcbbnes ?<<>, 4=).8 @nt @ccdbhrspna-kced hhrjnwnrb is ie twnn ghsns cpdn-spaitst; nne vrcndn ghsn vhe 88<< tct 9>< v. M`r. ne nne ahtn ghsn vhe 9>< tct 0<< v.

M`r. (Gcbbnes ?<<>, 4=). Oieene nt @ccdbhrspna hhrjnwnrb cejnrsm`nijt Orhejtvikg ohbsnas cp ohsis vhe whejjibtn, fhdnried, wikzn vhe hgwnrbne ne `hrj`nij



?:4

(HH, OO, MM, JJ ne NN2 Orhejt 8900, ?88-?8?). Jn nnrstn twnn ohbsnas bcfnevccr oik `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb, jn ahhtstn jrin oik `nt @ccdbhrspna-kcedhhrjnwnrb. Ie jit hrtibna rim`t ib fn vccrha cp `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb.

ct `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb on`crne vcadnes Orhejt jibwhejidn tce-ne nffnrvcrfne. @ik cejnrsm`nijt cp ohsis vhe `nt ohbsna oieene jnzn hhrjn-

wnrbdrcnp twnn typne (ohbsnatypne HH ne OO2 Orhejt 8900, ?88-?8?).

Onijn ty-pne bcfne ie @ccdbhrspna ehhst nabhhr vccr ne nr is jus dnne typcm`rcecacdism`cejnrsm`nij tn fhbne. @nt hhrjnwnrb fnt ohbsna HH is jibwhejid ne drcg dn-fhhbt. @nt orcbbnaidn hhrjnwnrb is `ccgjzhbnaikb dnfhdnrj fnt drctn orcbbnestnne fnt hg ne tcn nne oikfnedied vhe hhrjnwnrbdruis. Jn oieene- ne ouitnezikjnvnrtcene vhhb brifpsm`nurne. ]cfs bcfne vnrtimhan vnndspcrne cp jn ouitnebhetvccr. @nt hhrjnwnrb fnt ohbsna OO is cvnrwndnej dcnj dnohbbne ne zcrdvuajidnrdnfhhbt jhe hhrjnwnrb vhe ohbsna HH. Jn fhdnried onsthht uit stubkns stnne nepctdruis whhrjccr `nt hhrjnwnrb vhhb ruw hhevcnat. Wnrsinried aikbt ie jnzn drcnpehuwnaikbs vccr tn bcfne. ]cfs bcfne sthgohejkns ne rikne viednrtcphgjrubbne

ent cejnr jn rhej cg cp jn sm`cujnr vccr (Ohbbnr nt ha. 8944, ?<02 Whe Onnb &@hfourd ?<<?, =<).ikj vccr jn prhbtikb. Tnab hhrjnwnrb is eu onbnej vhe viejpahhtsne jin Nrim

Ac`cg znag nngt cpdndrhvne cg vhe viejpahhtsne whhrvhe nt cejnrzcnb cejnr zikesupnrvisin stcej3

Nne hhrjnwnrb vnrdnaikbied

ikjnes `nt cejnrzcnb ie `nt pahednoinj _nidnrsocrd (dnfnnetn Jrnm`tnrahej)is wna dntnaj éée rhejgrhdfnet hhedntrcggne. Jnzn sthht tn ocnb has nne fijjne-orcestikjsm`nrg. Jn rnst vhe `nt hhrjnwnrb is tn jhtnrne has fijjnannuws cg sthftznags uit jn Einuwn tikj. @nt rhejgrhdfnet is hhedntrcggne oik `nt hheanddne vhe`nt vahb. Nr is dnne onsm`rikvied vhe jn whejjibtn, jn vnrsm`rhaied cg jn vcrf vhejn rhej. Ccb oik `nt vccrcejnrzcnb vhe _HH\ is nr cp jnzn viejpahhts (er. ?)dnne fijjne-orcestikjhhrjnwnrb hhedntrcggne (Jnue`cuwnr ?<<<). Cp jn hejnrnviejpahhtsne ie jit pahednoinj jhhrnetndne is wna fijjneorcestikjhhrjnwnrb dn-vcejne, fhhr ie `nt rhppcrt cetornnbt nne dnjnthiaannrjn onsm`rikvied. @ntznagjndnajt vccr jn onsm`rikvied vhe vcejstne jin tikjnes nne vnrvcadcejnrzcnb (ehjhtNrim inr is dnwnnst) zike vnrzhfnaj. [c zike nr vcejstne dnjhhe jccr fnjnwnrbnrsvhe H_M uit Drceiedne jin cp nne ehhstdnandne pnrmnna `noone dnoccrj. @nt on-

trngt nebnan grhdfnetne `hejdnvcrfj hhrjnwnrb, whhrvhe nebnan vnrfcnjnaikb iejn Fijjne Orcestikj zike tn jhtnrne (Tuaaieb & Oacf ?<<4).Nne twnnjn acmhtin jin Nrim ne cejnrdntnbnejn dnzhfneaikb `noone cejnr-

zcm`t is Hejikb, nne fccin viejpahhts fnt nebnan phanemirbnas (Oacc ?<<4). Fhhrjn phhaspcrne anvnrjne dnne hhrjnwnrb cp. Tna is `nt znbnr jht jnzn viejpahhtshhe `nt niej vhe jn Wrcndn Orcestikj ne ie jn Fijjne Orcestikj dnjhtnnrj bhewcrjne cp ohsis vhe jn strumturne.

Ie Cpfnnr, cp jn viejpahhts @ccdwcuj-Ccst, `hjjne wn fnnr dnaub. Jnviejpahhts onsthht uit nne `uispahttndrcej, nne drhg`nuvna ne nebnan rcejn strum-turne (cpsahdpahhtsne vccr drhhe cg mcfpcst) aheds jn brnnbrud vhe nne dntikjn-

dnua jin tne tikjn vhe jn onwceied hhe `nt vnrahejne whs. Ie tcthha zike fhhr aingst00> hhrjnwnrbgrhdfnetne hhedntrcggne whhrvhe jhe tcm` wna 9<% tn banie whs



?:0

vccr vnrjnrn jntnrfiehtin. @nt @ccdbhrspna-kced hhrjnwnrb whs stnrb hgdnrcejne `hj nne aim`tn banur. @nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb whs zwhrt vhe banur nestnrb vnrorcbbnaj whhroik vhe jivnrsn sm`nrvne znags haanne ecd jn vnrsm`rhaiedfnt wht bani whs cvnrdnoanvne. @nt hhrjnwnrb vhe @ccdwcuj-Ccst phst oieene`nt ohbsna HH, jht jibwhejid, drcg dnfhhbt ne orcbbnaid is. @nt is cvnrwndnejvnrsm`rhhaj fnt drctn orcbbne stnne fnt hg ne tcn nne oikfnedied fnt hhrjnwnrb-druis (gid. 8).

Fnt jn cp `nt hhrjnwnrb vhe Nebùizne-Bhjikbne dnohsnnrjn bneeis ne einu-wn iezim`tne, `no ib `nt fhtnrihha ie jn jhthohsn vhe @ccdwcuj-Ccst cpeinuw

onbnbne. Cp drcej ìnrvhe oaikbt nne drcct jnna vhe `nt hhrjnwnrb fnt fnnr zn-bnr`nij tct `nt @ccdbhrspna-Cuj tn on`crne. ct `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrbon`crne >? grhdfnetne jin uitvcnrid zike onsm`rnvne (Oacc ?<<>). [nvne grhd-fnetne zike dnvcejne ie nne ehtuuraikbn jnprnssin (spccr 88=). Née ocjnfgrhd-fnet bcft uit nne drctn buia (spccr ?=<, put ?). Jn tnmècacdism`n bnefnrbnezike cpdnecfne ie jn thona (8).

Nne hejnrn onahedrikbn viejpahhts whhrvhe `nt cejnrzcnb rnmnetnaikb jccrNrim is ondnanij, is `nt rnnjs dnfnfcrnnrjn Nebùizne-Bhjikbne. Jnzn viejpahhts`nngt vnna spcrne, strumturne ne vcejstfhtnrihha cpdnanvnrj. Ocejid dnstnaj zike nrtwhhag ùispahttndrcejne, ruif ?>< brieddrnppnas ne phanebrhesne, vnan drnppnas(whhrvhe éée vca fnt @ccdbhrspna-kced hhrjnwnrb) ne spcrne vhe `nbbne ne hg-rhstnriedne (_cnssied` & Ac`cg ?<88, 9). Nr zike cednvnnr =<<< sm`nrvne dnocr-dne. Nr is cednvnnr nvnevnna @ccdbhrspna-cuj (?) has @ccdbhrspna-kced hhrjnwnrbhhedntrcggne, fnt nt vnrsmìa jht nt cujstn fhtnrihha vccrha ie uisdrnppnas cvnrjn `nan viejpahhts is hhedntrcggne ne `nt kcedstn fhtnrihha sanm`ts uit jrin drnppnassthft. Nr bcfne ie Bhjikbne vccrehfnaikb ééeanjidn pcttne vccr. Jn whejnevhe jn pcttne zike cvnr `nt hadnfnne jib, tussne 8< ne 84 ff. @nt hhrjnwnrb`nngt vhhb nne jcebnrn bnre ne oieenebhet. Wrikwna haan pcttne zike fnt dnorcbnebwhrts cg drheintdruis dnfhdnrj (ruif 9<%). Ie jrinbwhrt vhe jn sm`nrvne is drcgtct znnr drcg (drctnr jhe ?: ff) stnnedruis vhstdnstnaj. Ehhst stnnedruis, is rndna-fhtid ccb pctdruis has fhdnried tcndnvcndj. Wnrsinried bcft ehuwnaikbs vccr cp

Gid. 8; Ocjnfgrhdfnet fnt juijnaikb zim`tohhr jn fhdn -

ried fnt dnorcbne bwhrts ne pctdruis, @ccdbhrspna-Cuj,

Cpfnnr-@ccdwcuj-Ccst.



?:9

`nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb vhe Bhjikbne. Cp nebnan sm`nrvne zike viednr-tcpiejrubbne whhrdnecfne. Jn drctn pcttne zike vhhb hhe jn ouitnezikjn dahjdnfhhbt,, whhrjccr vnrtimhan hgstrikbdrcnvne zim`tohhr zike. ]thgohejne bcfne oik`nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb vhe Bhjikbne eint vccr. @nt @ccdbhrspna-kced

hhrjnwnrb vnrtccet fnnr vcrfvhrihtin, fnt ehfn jn spiebacskns, anpnas, smìkvne,ehpkns ne twnnanjidn, juewhejidn pcttne. Jn tnmècacdism`n ne fcrgcacdism`nbnefnrbne vhe `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb zike cpdnecfne ie jn thona (8).

Jn tcevcrfne vhe `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb aikbne wht vcrf ontrngtnxhmt cp `nt fijjneorcestikj O-hhrjnwnrb vhe jn @iavnrsufmuatuur. Nne viej-pahhts whhrvhe jit hhrjnwnrb tnmècacdism` is cejnrzcm`t, is Nidneoacb (dnfnnetnDnajnrfhasne). Jn acmhtin Nidneoacb onsthht uit fnnrjnrn viejpahhtsne (8 t/f 7).Wccr jit hrtibna zike haanne viejpahhts > ne 7 (Nidneoacb-Tnst ne -Ccst) ietnrnsshetcfjht zn onijn hhrjnwnrb uit jn ahhtstn ghsn vhe jn Fijjne Orcestikj `noone cp-dnanvnrj ne `nt fiestn ‑oikfnedied‖ vhe fhtnrihha uit cujnrn pnricjne vnrtcene.

Onijn viejpahhtsne aiddne cp nne strccfrud. Nr zike spcrne vhe nne ùispahhts,

Gid. ?; @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb Nebùizne-Bhjikbne.



?><

spinbnrs ne nne cujnrn drhg`nuvna. @nt hhrjnwnrbcejnrzcnb rim`ttn zim` vccrha cptnmècacdism`n ne fcrgcacdism`n hspnmtne. Jn hhethaane sm`nrvne whrne zc necrf(ruif >?.<<< stubs cp viejpahhts > ne oikeh =8.<<< stubs cp viejpahhts 7) jht nrfnt snanmtins is dnwnrbt. Jn bnefnrbne zike ie jn thona (8) cpdnecfne.

Ie jn thona zike jn tnmècacdism`n ne fcrgcacdism`n bnefnrbne vhe `nt hhr-jnwnrb uit jn nnrjnr dnecnfjn viejpahhtsne Nebùizne, @ccdwcuj-Ccst neNidneoacb onsm`rnvne. Nne phhr vnrsmìaane vhaane cp. Haanrnnrst is nr dnne sprhbnvhe nne éée cp éée rnahtin oieene jn rndic znag. @nt hhrjnwnrb vhe Cpfnnr ishgwikbnej ie `nt dnoruib vhe jn fhdnried, jn vnr`cujiedne vhe jn dnoruibtn fh-dnried, jn whejjibtn ne `nt vhbnr vccrbcfne vhe vnrsinried tne cp zim`tn vhe `nthhrjnwnrb uit Nebùizne. Nne juijnaikbn cvnrnnebcfst is jn whejjibtn wheennrnr nne sm`nijied wcrjt dnfhhbt tussne drctnr ne banienr jhe 8< ff. Nne fhdn-ried vhe dnorcbne bwhrts is cp onijn viejpahhtsne ie cednvnnr :<% vhe jn sm`nr-vne hhedntrcggne. Ccb tussne viejpahhts > ne 7 vhe Nidneoacb zittne vnrsmìaane.Wiejpahhts 7 onvht ecd rnjnaikb wht hhrjnwnrb jht fnt dnorcbne bwhrts is vnr-sm`rhhaj tnrwika jht oik viejpahhts > juijnaikb fiejnr is. Wiejpahhts > `nngt dnnehhrjnwnrb fnt pctdruisfhdnried cpdnanvnrj, fhhr viejpahhts 7 wna. Jn drccttnvhe jn vnrsm`rhaied vhat oik viejpahhts > `ccgjzhbnaikb ie jn fijjnemhtndcrin vhe

8,:-?,: ff, tnrwika cp viejpahhts 7 sprhbn is vhe nne fnnr dnaikbfhtidn vnrjnaiedcvnr jn jrin mhtndcrinâe.

rndic Tnst-Grinsahej Fijjne-Enjnrahej

viejpahhts Cpfnnr-

@ccdwcuj

Nebùizne-

Bhjikbne

Nidneoacb

vpa >

Nidneoacb

vpa 7

bnefnrb/hhetha

cejnrzcm`tn grhdfnetne>? 7=0 7?8 049

vnrsm`rhaied dnorcbne bwhrts :<% :=,>% =,4% 8>,:%

daiffnrs ne bwhrts :7% ?8,:% ?,:% <,:%

pctdruis < ==,0% <,<% 8,=%

driej 07,<% 4:,<%

cvnridn (vccrha

mcfoiehtins)

8:% 8,=% 4,9% 0,9%

drccttn (vhe jn fnnst

vccrbcfnejn fhdnried)

7-8: ff >,4% :,9% :,<% :,<%

8:-?: ff =:,7% 80,0% 7>,<% :9,<%

5 ?: ff >9,7% 47,=% =8,<% :4,<%

whejjibtn 1 8< mf ?:,0% ?7,<% ==,<% ?>,<%

58< mf 4:,?% 4:,<% 74,<% 4>,<%

hhetha rhejne 4 >7 :>4 7><

hhetha ocjnfs ? >? 8:= 8>4

vnrsinried sthgohej cevnrsinrj ?? 80

sthgohej vnrsinrj ? =< =?

viednrtcpiejrubbne ? 4 8=? 8:7

ehdnaiejrubbne 8 >> =9

brhssne 8 < <

Zhona 8; Wnrdnaikbied fijjneorcestikjhhrjnwnrb vhe jivnrsn viejpahhtsne. 1OaccSthona.xas5



?>8

ussne `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb ne `nt fijjneorcestikj O-hhrjnwnrbuit Nidneoacb zike fhhr nne phhr cpvhaanejn vnrsmìaane. @nt nnrstn ne wnaaim`tonahedrikbstn vnrsmìa is `nt dnoruib vhe `ccgjzhbnaikb dnorcbne bwhrts fnt daif-fnrs oik `nt @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb tne cpzim`tn vhe driej oik `nt fijjne-orcestikj O-hhrjnwnrb. Eu is `nt dnoruib vhe driej oik fijjneorcestikj O-hhr-

jnwnrb vrik uitzcejnraikb, fnnstha trnggne wn dnorcbne bwhrts (zcejnr daiffnrs)hhe. Fhhr aingst jrin viejpahhtsne `noone vccr cednvnnr 4>% vhe `nt fhtnrihhagrhdfnetne fnt nne whejjibtn jibbnr jhe 8< ff. Haanne viejpahhts > `nngt nneints ahdnr pnrmnethdn jibwhejidn sm`nrvne.

Jn drcvn vnrsm`rhaied (fnnstha fienrhha) ne `nt uit jn whej stnbne vhe jinvnrsm`rhaied, jn nnevcujidn rhejvcrfne (rcejn cg pahttn tcp), jn gcrsn whejjibtn(58< ff) ne jn pahttn ocjnfs zike cvnrnnebcfstne vhe `nt hhrjnwnrb tussnejn vinr viejpahhtsne. Ccb brifpsm`nurne, jn aim`tn banur vhe `nt ohbsna has dn-vcad vhe `nt ohbbne ie nne cxijnrnej fiainu is vnrdnaikbohhr. @nt hhrjnwnrb vheNebùizne-Bhjikbne vnrtccet wna nne jcebnrn bnre ne oieenezikjn. Jit zine wn

eint tct ehuwnaikbs tnrud cp jn hejnrn viejpahhtsne.

Mcemausin

Nne vnrbahried vccr jnzn cvnrnnebcfstne ne vnrsmìaane is ehtuuraikb whhr `ntcf jrhhit. îtnraikb vnrtccet `nt hhrjnwnrb kuist vnna cvnrnnebcfstne jin zcwnatussne jn vinr viejpahhtsne has ie nne drctnr bhjnr tussne `nt fijjneorcestikjO-hhrjnwnrb uit [uijne Fijjne-Enjnrahej, `nt Naphhrjnwnrb uit Eccrj- neEccrjccst-Enjnrahej has `nt Tnst-Grinsn @ccdbhrspna-cuj hhrjnwnrb tn zinezike. Cp ohsis vhe jn tcene nffnrvcrfne haaéée zcu kn jhe ccb eint jirnmt znd-dne jht `nt cf jn ennrsahd vhe onwcenrs uit vnrsmìaanejn muaturne dhht. Tnaaim`tfcntne jn cvnrnnebcfstne fnnr dnzcm`t wcrjne ie `nt dnoruib vhe jnrdnaikbnpcttne. [n zike drcct, rcouust, stnvid ne nnevcujid tn fhbne. Banien vcrfne zikesanm`ts spcrhjism` hhedntrcggne, cejnr hejnrn cp Nidneoacb. Nne guemtin has vccr-rhhjpct is `nt fnnst whhrsmìkeaikb, cfjht rcntspcrne ehdnecnd cetornbne.Wccr`nt bcbne vhe vcnjsna, whhroik rcntspcrne cp hhrjnwnrb hm`tnroaikvne, fcnt ccbhhrjnwnrb zike dnoruibt fhhr cg wn `nrbneene `nt eint cg `nt whs vhe nne jus-jheidn sanm`tn bwhaitnit jht `nt eint onwhhrj is dnoanvne. @nt vnrsmìa ie dnoruibvhe fhdnried zcu fhbbnaikb cp tn acssne zike jccr tn znddne jht jn pcttneohbbnrssanm`ts jht dnoruibtn wht ie jn cfdnvied tn `hane vhat. Jnzn rnjnenried dnajt nm`-

tnr eint dn`nna vccr jn pcttneohbbnrs vhe Nidneoacb. Ccb zik `hjjne drheint tctùe onsmìbbied, fhhr `noone `nt eint dnoruibt.îtnrhhrj whs jit nne banien nxnrmitin. Fnnr hhrjnwnrb vhe jivnrsn viejpahhtsne

zcujne ie nne jnrdnaikbn vnrdnaikbied fcntne wcrjne fnndnecfne. Jit vnrdt wnafnnr ueigcrfitnit ie jn wikzn whhrcp wik ces fhtnrihha (jidithha) vhstanddne. Jinueigcrfitnit fcnt zcwna wcrjne jccrdnvcnrj ie jn wnrbwikzn (wht ectnrne wn wnane wht is cvnrocjid) has ie jn ecthtin (mcegcrf HO_ mcjns ne dnsthejhhrjisnnrjnrngnrnetinaikstne). Jhhrehhst is `nt ecjid cf vnna hhrjnwnrb juijnaikb tn onsm`rik-vne ne hg tn onnajne ie sthejhhrjrhppcrtne. Eu is vnrdnaikbne scfs eint fcdnaikb,cfjht haanne nne jhtnried is dndnvne. @inrjccr is `nt eint fnnr fcdnaikb cf fnt

jn jhth hetwccrjne tn brikdne cp ohsis vhe jnznagjn vccrwhhrjne. Jccr `nt jn-pcenrne vhe jhth oik Njeh/Jhes fcnt `nt tcm` fcdnaikb zike vccr cejnrzcnbnrs



?>?

cf nne dnjnthiaannrjn jhthohsn fnt fcrgcacdism`n ne tnmècacdism`n bnefnrbnevhe `nt hhrjnwnrb tn bueene rhhjpandne, zcjht einuwn cejnrzcnbsvrhdne onhet-wccrj bueene wcrjne. Tin wnnt viejne wn nne cpacssied vccr `nt rhhjsna vhe jnnffnrvcrfidn pcttne jin cvnrha wnrjne dnfhhbt, drctnejnnas cp jnznagjn wikznfhhr tcm` jccr vnrsmìaanejn fnesne fnt nne hejnrn muaturnan hm`tnrdrcej.

Ectne

8 Gcbbnes (?<<>,4=) panit vccr nne vnrjnr cejnrzcnb ehhr jit hhrjnwnrb. @nt hhrjn-wnrb uit @ccdbhrspna is ehfnaikb eint cujnr jhe 8?<< v. M`r. ne jn onwceied cp `ntOcvnebhrspna-@nt Whabkn ondiet vnrfcnjnaikb ha tussne 87<<-8><< v. M`r.

Aitnrhtuuraikst

Oacc, ].O.M. & T. ]m`cutne, ?<<?; Hhrjnwnrb (`ccgjstub :). Ie; Kcedstn, \.G.O.& D.K. vhe Tikedhhrjne (rnj.); Hrm`ncacdin ie jn Ontuwnrcutn. @nt nrgdcnj

vhe Nidneoacb. Enjnrznttiedstnrrniene uit jn Orcestikj tn _ufpt (dnfnnetnDnajnrfhasne). _hppcrthdn Hrm`ncacdism`n Fceufnetnezcrd 07, ?84-?40.

Oacc, ].O.M., ?<<>; \rnìstcrism` hhrjnwnrb . Ie; N. Ac`cg & K. Whhrs, ?<<>; Nneenjnrznttied uit jn Orcestikj tn @ccdwcuj, dnfnnetn Cpfnnr . HJM-rhppcrt :<8, Hfnrsgccrt.

Oacc, ].O.M., ?<<4; Hejikb-Jn Gruittuiene, mirbnas cejnr `nt drhs . HJM-rhppcrt >98, Hfnrsgccrt.

Orhejt, _.T., 8900; Hhrjnwnrb uit nebnan Orcestikjenjnrznttiedne ie Tnst-Grinsahej.Ie; [email protected]. Oacnfnrs (rnj.), Hrm`ncacdin ne Nmcacdin vhe @caahej tussne _ike ne Wain,

?<7-??8.Gcbbnes, @., ?<<>; Jn pcsitin vhe Tnst-Grinsahej ie jn Enjnrahejsn Orcestikj.

Ie; F.@. vhe jne Jrins, & T. Tiaanfs (rnj.), Ieecvhtin ie jn Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdin, pp. 48-0:. Dcujh.

Jnue`cuwnr, \., ?<<<; \ahednoinj _nidnrsocrd. Dnfnnetn Jrnm`tnrahej. Nne Hhevuaanej Hrm`ncacdism`n Ievnethrishtin (HHI-8). _HH\ >47.

Ac`cg, N. & K. Whhrs, ?<<>; Nne enjnrznttied uit jn Orcestikj tn @ccdwcuj, dnfnnetnCpfnnr . HJM-rhppcrt :<8, Hfnrsgccrt. Fnt oikjrhdne vhe O. Onnrne`cut, H. jnOcnr, ]. Oacc, K. vhe Jikb, @. vhe @hhstnr, . Fniknr ne F. ]m`hooieb.

_cnssied`, T. & ].O.M. Oacc, ?<88; Orcestikjhhrjnwnrb. Ie; _cnssied`, T. & N.Ac`cg (rnj.), ?<88; Orcestikjocnrne cp jn bwnajnrs. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ieNebùizne-Bhjikbne . HJM-_hppcrt ??<</Fcecdrhgin 88, Hfnrsgccrt, 8>4-898.

Tuaaieb, H.K. & F.M. Oacf, ?<<4; Nne hrm`ncacdism` ournhu-cejnrzcnb ne ievneth-risnrnej vnajcejnrzcnb (IWC) jccr fijjna vhe ocriedne, cp pahe _nidnrsocrd W tn@ccdbhrspna, dnfnnetn Jrnm`tnrahej (E.-@.). H_M-_hppcrt ?<<4-?4, Drceiedne.



?>=

MÎKB , D_CCZ @NIAIDNEON_D

=<<< Khhr onwceiedsmcetieuãtnit ie nnepcstzndnapahednoinjkn

F. Khes snes

Ieanijied

Nne cpdrhvied tn Muikb, Drcct @niaidneonrd (maustnr M), uitdnvcnrj jccr _HH\ Hrm`ncacdism` Hjvinsournhu ie cpjrhm`t vhe jn dnfnnetn, vhe sanm`ts ?.4<< f¿,`nngt tcm` nne sm`ht hhe ahejsm`hppnaikbn ne hrm`ncacdism`n iegcrfhtin cpdnan-vnrj. Dnjurnejn nne pnricjn vhe oikeh =<<< khhr, vhe `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf tctie jn 8n nnuw vhe cezn khhrtnaaied bueene wik jn spcrne vhe jn fnes ie `nt ahej-sm`hp vcadne.

Jn dnfnnetn Muikb is ha neidn khrne onzid fnt jn uitornijied vhe `hhr onjrik-vnetnrrniene. Ccb jn acmhtin Drcct @niaidneonrd (mirmh ?7 `h) wcrjt cetwibbnajne ie jit bhjnr `noone tussne 8999 ne ?<<> rnnjs vnrsmìaanejn hrm`ncacdism`nvccrcejnrzcnbne pahhtsdnvcejne. Ie nne nnrstn ghsn is nne ournhucejnrzcnb uit-

dnvcnrj ne `nt tnrrnie jccr fijjna vhe ocriedne hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcm`t. @ntvnajcejnrzcnb anvnrjn vcejstne cp uit jn ]tnnetikj, IKznrtikj, _cfniesn tikj neFijjnannuwne. Cp ohsis vhe jn rnsuathtne is nt tnrrnie cpdnjnnaj ie jrin maustnrs;

H, O ne M, dnandne cp jn `cdnrn jnane ne cp jn gahebne vhe `nt ccrsprcebnaikbnpanistcmnen rnaiâg (Jn Ohnrn ?<<<). Ie jnzn jrin zcens is vnrvcadnes ie ?<<< nne(vnrbneenej) prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb uitdnvcnrj jccr Hrm`ca. @cnwna jit cejnr-zcnb rnjnaikb onpnrbt vhe bhrhbtnr oanng, zike ie haan jrin jn maustnrs spcrne hhedn-trcggne jin dntuidne vhe jn ahedn onwceiedsdnsmìnjneis vhe nt dnoinj. ]pnmiginbie maustnr M dhht nt cf nne drnppnatkn ne (phha)buiane uit nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf cgjn Wrcndn Orcestikj ne jn IKznrtikj (Ohaa & Hrecajussne ?<<8). Hhevuaanej (whhr-

jnrnej) prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb ie maustnr M ne `nt tnrrnie rcejcf `nngt pahhts-dnvcejne ie ?<<=. Jit cejnrzcnb anvnrjn nne znsphaidn spinbnr, drnppnas ne acssn(phha)buiane uit `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf cg jn Wrcndn Orcestikj, Fijjne- ne AhtnOrcestikj cp. Eh `nt cejnrzcnb is nm`tnr tcnvhaaid vhstdnstnaj jht `nt tnrrnie whshgdnsm`cvne. Hhednzine jit dnonurj whs zcejnr hrm`ncacdism`n ondnanijied, whhr-jccr eint juijnaikb whs wht jn dhhg`nij vhe jn viejpahhts whs (@nirohut ?<<4), isie kheuhri ?<<9 jccr _HH\ Hrm`ncacdism` Hjvinsournhu hhevuaanej (whhrjnrnej)prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb uitdnvcnrj. Jit cejnrzcnb onvnstidjn jn `cdn whhrjn vhejn viejpahhts ne stnajn vhst jht `nt spcrneeivnhu oieene maustnr M ecd dhhg on-whhrj dnoanvne whs. Hhesauitnej is jn cpdrhvied vhe jn on`cujneswhhrjidn viej-



?>:

pahhts tne eccrjne vhe jn wnd Diajnbhfp uitdnvcnrj2 jn rnsuathtne vhe onijn ce-jnrzcnbne zike vnrvcadnes uitdnwnrbt ie éée rhppcrt ( Khessnes ?<8<).

Ahejsm`hppnaikbn cetwibbnaied

Jn ohsis vhe nt ahejsm`hp vhe nt cpdrhviedstnrrnie wcrjt dnvcrfj jccr driejidn

hgznttiedne vhe nne ornnj vanm`tnej rivinrsystnnf uit `nt ]hhaine ne Tnim`snaine.Ie jnzn bcujn pnricjns whrne ehhst jn `ccgjdnuane ccb znnr vnna envnednuatknshmting, jin rndnafhtid jrccdvinane cg zim` vnrandjne ne jhhroik cujnrn hgznttiedneiesenjne. Ie jn vnrsmìaanejn prcginane zike ìnrvhe juijnaikb rnstne hhedntrcggne.Cpvhaanej is jht ie jnzn hgznttiedne scfs nne drcct vnrsmìa ie tnxtuur hhewnzidbhe zike. Ehhst driejid fhtnrihha (onjjied vhe jn dnuane) is ccb gikenr zhej neannf hgdnznt ie nne rustidnr fiainu. @inrcp is ie `nt \anei- ne Ahhtdahmihha rivinr-zhej hgdnznt jccr jn wiej. Cejnrhhe onsthhe jnzn uit aim`tdriks, gike zhej fntjueen annfahhdkns, whhrsmìkeaikb hgdnznt ie nne rnjnaikb eht fiainu. Cejnr jrcdncfsthejid`njne wnrjne jn (zwhhrjnrn) zhejjnnatkns iffnrs hgdnznt, tnrwika jn(aim`tnrn) annfjnnatkns vnrjnr bcejne vaindne. Ie ehttnrn cfsthejid`njne banng-jne jn annfjnnatkns hhe `nt whtnr, whhrjccr zn eint fnnr vnrjnr vnrstcvne bcejnewcrjne. Jccr ahtnrn ùfus-, haufieiuf- ne ikznriespcnaied vhe ocvnehg is cp jnannfahhdkns nne ohejne-O-`crizcet dnvcrfj. Cp nne onphhaj cdneoaib wnrj `ntoaikbohhr tcm` jrcdnr whhrjccr cp `nt zhej fnt jn annfahhdkns aim`tdnnadriks, gike,annfhrf, fienrhharikb zhej wnrj hgdnznt, fnt nne fhxifhha onwhhrjn jibtn vhe8,= f. Jnzn hgznttiedne vcrfne nne eccrjwnst-zuijccst dncriâetnnrjn rivinrjuieie nt pahednoinj. Ie éée prcgina zike ie jit phbbnt twnn jueen ahhdkns driej dnvce-jne. @nt dhht ìnr whhrsmìkeaikb cf zcdnehhfjn jnsnrt phvnfnets. Jnzn rnprn-snetnrne cpeinuw ghsne vhe vnrstuivied vhe jn juie, whhroik zhej bce wndwhhine,tnrwika jn drcvnrn grhmtin (driej) oanng aiddne ne has `nt whrn uitdnoahzne wnrj. Jnhhewnzid`nij vhe jnrdnaikbn jnsnrt phvnfnets wikst nr cp jht jn rivinrjuie zchasjin eu ie `nt pahednoinj aidt, dnjurnejn nne ahednrn pnricjn dnvcrfj is. Ie bcujnpnricjns (oikvccronnaj Jryhs-sthjihane), wheennr jn ocjnf eint dngixnnrj whsjccr jn ondrcniied, bce vnrstuivied pahhtsviejne ne vnrvcadnes ccb wnnr zhejhgdnznt wcrjne.

Ie `nt fienrhacdism` rikbn zhej `nngt ocjnfvcrfied (vnroruieied; `cfcdnei-shtin jccr nt ocjnfanvne ne fienrhacdism`n vnrwnried vhe ikznr) pahhtsdnvcejne,whhrjccr nne fcjnr-O-`crizcet is cetsthhe. Jit typn ocjnf whs jhebzik zike eh-

tuuraikbn vrum`tohhr`nij ne dcnjn cetwhtnried znnr hhetrnbbnaikb vccr ahejocuw.Jht oaikbt ccb uit jn octheism`n hehaysns vhe jn vuaaiedne vhe (phha)buiane uit jnAhtn Orcestikj ne Fijjne- tct Ahtn IKznrtikj, whhr tnabnes nne (banien) `cnvnna-`nij muatuurdnwhssne ne jhhrehhst wiajn pahetne (hbbnrcebruijne) is vhstdnstnaj.Whehg jn cetdieeied vhe `nt dnoinj ie jn Ahtn Fijjnannuwne zike jnzn drcejneietnesing onhbbnrj. Hhevhebnaikb is dnhbbnrj ie jn tcp vhe jn fcjnrpcjzca (6 `nttcnefhaidn accpcppnrvahb), fhhr eh vnraccp vhe tikj is drcej cpdnorhm`t, whhr-jccr nne nsjnb tct sthej is dnbcfne.

Ie nne jnrdnaikb jyehfism` ahejsm`hp vhe rivinrjuiene, hgdnwissnaj fnt rnst-dnuane jin zim` ie nne fnnr cg fiejnr dnvcrjnrj sthjiuf vhe vnrahejied onvce-

jne ne whhr cvnrstrcfied vhe jn ahdn tnrrniejnane stnnjs nne dnvhhr whs, vcrfjnejn cdn zhejruddne vhehg jn ahtn ]tnnetikj uitdnanzne acmhtins vccr tikjnaikbn bhf-



?>>

pne ne (ahtnr) fnnr pnrfhenetn onwceied. Jit oannb ccb uit jn rnsuathtne vhe jncpdrhvied (gid. 8). Jn spcrne, strumturne ne vcejstne wikzne cp fnesnaikbn onwc-eied ie `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf, jn Orcestikj ne jn IKznrtikj ne ie`nnfs-_cfniesnmcetnxt.

]m`hhrsn rnstne uit `nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf

Jn cujstn jhtnnrohrn rnstne ie nt pahednoinj sthffne uit nt Ahht-Encaitìmuf.@nt dhht cf nne buia (spccr =?>) fnt nne vcaanjid vnroruiejn vuaaied, fnt jhhr-ie grhdfnetne vhe twnn Wnauwsn bacbonbnrs (gid. ?; aiebsocvne). Née grhdfnetontrngt nne whejsm`nrg vhe nne onbnr, whhrsmìkeaikb vhe jn ouib cg sm`cujnr,vnrsinrj fnt ehdnaiejrubbne ie nne hrnefcting. Jn cvnridn sm`nrvne zike tcn tnsm`rikvne hhe nne fnt iednsenjne fctinvne vnrsinrjn sm`hha, whhrvhe nt vcaanjidnpctprcgina onwhhrj is dnoanvne. Cp bcrtn hgsthej is tikjnes jn hheand vhe `nt vahbnne vuurstnene dnpcaikstn oika hhedntrcggne. Jn senjn is onsm`hjidj, wht tikjnesprnìstcrism` dnoruib bhe zike cpdntrnjne. @nt stub is ocvnejine dnorcbne ne eh-jine snmuejhir onbhpt. Nne jnrdnaikb ietnesing dnoruibtn oika, ie mcfoiehtin fntnne buia whhrie dnne vnrorhejn octrnstne zike hhedntrcggne, zcu bueene wikzne cpnne enjnrznttiedsmcetnxt, nnrjnr jhe nne drhg.

8040:<

8040:<

: 8 > 9 7 <

80407<

80407<

80400<

80400<

: 8 > 9 7 <

: 8 > 9 0 < :

8 > 9 0 <

8040<<

8040<<

8040?<

8040?<

cvnrid

buia fnt vnna vnrorhejn annf

buia

andnejh

phhabuia

8=9

pnrmnnasphj

drnppna

vahb/ehtuuraikbn vnrbanuried

spccreuffnr

rnmnetn vnrstcried

spcrne prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb Hrm`ca

ietnrprnthtin spcrne

?<8<

FA8/hrtibnaSmdrc=Sfa

< 8< ?<f

Gid. 8. Haan-spcrnebhhrt.



?>7

Oacni ie jn Orcestikj

Tibbnajrhhjmuatuur

Jhebzik dnhsscminnrj hhrjnwnrb (gid. ?; aiebscejnr) ne jn 8:M-jhtnried is éée buia(spccr >0) rnahting sm`nrp dnjhtnnrj ie jn Wrcndn Orcestikj tct Fijjne-Orcestikj

H (tussne 800< ne 8700 vccr M`r.)2 `nt is jn neidn vnrtndnewccrjidnr ie `ntocjnfhrm`ing vhe onwceied uit jnzn pnricjn ie `nt pahednoinj, ha aidt jnzn buiaie tikj jim`t oik `nt `cdnr dnecnfjn spccr =?>. Ie jn vuaaied vhe jnzn buia is(enjnrznttieds)hgvha dnjufpt vhe fiestnes jrin pcttne, `cutsbcca ne dnorcbne

bccbstnene. Jrin hhrjnwnrbgrhdfnetne vnrtcene hhe jn ouitnezikjn (dnbenpne)

Gid. ? (ocvne ne rnm`ts). Hhrjnwnrbnesnfoan.



?>4

viednrehdnaiejrubbne ne hhe jn oieenezikjn tcuwiejrubbne, dnfhhbt fnt on-`uap vhe nne tcuwtkn dnwibbnaj rcej nne stcbkn ie jn annr`hrjn bani tn jrubbne(wibbnajrhhj). Jnzn mcfoiehtin is vccr zcvnr onbnej ecd eint nnrjnr hhedntrcg-gne, fhhr phst wna ie jn muaturne whhrhhe jit typn vnrsinried wcrjt tcndnsm`rnvne,ehfnaikb jn Tibbnajrhhjmuatuur (mirmh ?<<< tct 8><< vccr M`r.).

Ahtn Orcestikj

@nt fnnst spnmthmuahir zike vinr siac’s jin snmuejhir has hgvhabuia zike dnoruibt (spc-rne 8=0 tct ne fnt 8:8). [n noone cednvnnr 8<<< hhrjnwnrbsm`nrvne cpdnanvnrjvhe nne znnr dcnj `nrbneohhr nesnfoan jht cp ohsis vhe fhhbwikzn, jihdecstism`nvcrfne ne vnrsinriedne ie jn Ahtn Orcestikj is dnjhtnnrj (gid. ?; rnm`tsocvne).ypism` is jn gike hgdnstrnbne rhej (scfs fnt nne drcng hhe jn oieenezikjn) ne jn`hasbeib. Jnzn jhtnried wnrj ccb onvnstidj jccr jn 8:M-jhtnried (tussne 8<:>/8<87 ne 09< vccr M`r.). Grhdfnetne vhe (fiestnes) 88< vnrsm`iaanejn pcttne

oanbne dnjufpt. Mcfpantn pcttne bwhfne eint vccr, ha is vhe nne vikgtha iejivi-



?>0

june wna `nt vcaanjidn pctprcgina onwhhrj. @nt hhrjnwnrb is ehdnecnd uitsauitnejfnt (gike) pctdruis dnfhdnrj. Jn whejjibtn aidt cvnr `nt hadnfnne tussne > ne 8<ff. Tht ontrngt jn cppnrvahbtnon`hejnaied is =? % vhe jn sm`nrvne dndahj, ?4 %ruw dnahtne ne ?: % dnpcaikst. Onsfntne fhtnrihha bcft ie jit mcfpanx ehdnecndeint vccr. Jn hehaysn vhe jn sm`nrvne dnngt ces iezim`t ie `nt jhdnaikbsn dnoruib

vhe jn onwcenrs vhe (vccrehfnaikb jrinanjidn) pcttne, drcvn ne giken onbnrs, sm`h-ane ne bcffne, dnccrjn bcpkns (scfs fnt nne cf`ccddntrcbbne ccr, has ifithtinvhe fnthane vhhtwnrb, jht nne auxnprcjumt whs), ahppnesm`hane ne fieihtuur-vhhtwnrb. Wnna vhe jin stubbne whrne wnaiswhhr znnr haanjhhdsn bccb-, vccrrhhj-pcttne ne thgnawhhr, fhhr hg ne tcn aintne jn fhbnrs zim` tcm` iespirnrne cf nnefccin jnmcrhtin hhe tn ornedne. Wccrha nt dnoruib vhe viednr- cg ehdnaiejrubbnewhs pcpuahir. Jhhrehhst bwhfne ccb drcnvne, dhhtkns, Bhanejnronrd, bhfstrnnbne tcuwiejrubbne (vccrehfnaikb cp ahppnesm`hane) vccr. wnn grhdfnetne (vhetwnn vnrsmìaanejn iejivijune) zike vnrsinrj fnt zcdnehhfjn aienhirn bnrgsenjnne zike wnaaim`t ifpcrtstubbne uit `nt hhedrneznejn Juitsn _ikeahej. Nne anubn

vcejst whs nne fnt ehdnaiejrubbne vnrsinrj spiebacskn.Jn hehaysn vhe nt vuurstnnefhtnrihha uit jnzn buiane (ie tcthha :8 stubs) wikstnr cp jht ie jnzn pnricjn ecd stnnjs vuurstnne onwnrbt ne dnoruibt wnrj (vhe Dike?<8<). Ie `nt vuurstnnespnmtruf onviejt zim` ehfnaikb fhtnrihha uit vrikwna nabnonwnrbiedsghsn; `nt dhht cf jn onwnrbtn bnrene, fhhr jhhrehhst stubbne uit jnnnrstn vccronwnrbiedsghsn (jnmcrtimhtin- ne prnphrhtinstubbne), hgsahdne, baiednene wnrbtuidne (sm`rhoonrs). Jht orces tcm` ccb nne onahedrikb prcjumt whs, on-wikst jn vcejst vhe nne vikgtidtha grhdfnetne vhe (nne) banifha(ane) fnt jhhrie`nt endhting vhe nt tn dintne coknmt, whhrsmìkeaikb éée cg fnnrjnrn bcbnroikane cgfissmìne onitnas (gid. ?; rnm`tscejnr). Jn banien grhdfnetkns vcrfne nne onahed-

rikbn hhewikzied vccr fnthhaprcjumtin tnr pahhtsn.

Nrvne uit jn Fijjne- tct Ahtn IKznrtikj

Jn neidn nrbneohrn ne jhtnnrohrn (ùis)pahttndrcejne vhe jn cpdrhvied sthffneuit jn IKznrtikj. @nt dhht cf twnn twnnonubidn ùizne, jin dnaikbneissne vnrtcenefnt typn Css :o cg >h. Cp ohsis vhe typn ne dnhsscminnrj hhrjnwnrb sthffne jnùispahttndrcejne uit jn Fijjne- tct Ahtn IKznrtikj. Ie jn cfdnvied aiddne znsspinbnrtkns ne nne oikdnocuwtkn whhroik haanne spinbnr = hoscauut dnjhtnnrj is cpjn cvnrdhed vhe jn Fijjne- ehhr Ahtn IKznrtikj (tussne =08 ne ?<= v. M`r.). Jn

cvnridn strumtuurtkns bueene eint dnjhtnnrj wcrjne, fhhr jn maustnried rcej jnùispahttndrcejne bhe juijne cp dnaikbtikjid`nij. ]pinbnr 8 zcu jhe tct `nt nrgvhe ùis 8 `crne, tnrwika spinbnrs ?, > ne 7 jnna uitfhbne vhe `nt nrg vhe ùis?. ]pinbnrs = ne : ne oikdnocuw 8, dnandne hhe jn zuijnaikbn rhej vhe `nt cpdrh-viedstnrrnie ne dnsm`nijne vhe `nt nrg vhe ùis ? jccr nne phanerik jin cp ohsisvhe `nt dnhsscminnrjn hhrjnwnrb ie jnznagjn pnricjn (Fijjne- tct Ahtn IKznrtikj)jhtnnrt, `crne fcdnaikb oik nne jnrjn nrg, whhrvhe jn ocnrjnrik eint onbnej is. îtjn vnrsprnijied vhe jn spcrne oaikbt jht `nt drcejspcrneeivnhu ecd mirmh ?< fjccraccpt ie zuijnaikbn rim`tied, cejnr jn wnd Diajnbhfp. Acdism`nrwikzn zcu ce-jnr jnzn wnd ecd nne ocnrjnrik ne fissmìne ecd nne twnntha spinbnrtkns vhe ùis

8 vnrwhm`t fcdne wcrjne. Jn zuijnaikbn ondrnezied vhe jn nrvne is hhedntccejjccr jn andn prcngsanuvne tne zuijne vhe jn wnd Diajnbhfp.



?>9

Ahejierim`tied ie nne ahtn ikznrtikj- cg ie`nnfs-_cfniesnmcetnxt

Whehg jn 8n nnuw eh M`r., eh jn ieaikvied vhe `nt dnoinj oik `nt _cfniesn rikb,bnejn jn rndic Muikb nne drctn oacni, cejnr fnnr jhebzik jn nmcecfism`n cejnr-stnueied vhe jn andnrpahhtsne aheds jn rikbsdrnes. Drctn jnane vhe `nt hm`tnrahej

wnrjne whhrsmìkeaikb iednrim`t has hbbnrs cf hhe jn vrhhd vhe ahejocuwdcnjn-rne tn bueene vcajcne. Fcdnaikb `nngt `nt fnrnejnna vhe jn tikjnes jn cpdrhviedhhedntrcggne drnppnas dnguemticennrj ie jn ahejierim`tied (pnrmnanried vhe jn hb-bnrs). Nne rnahtin tussne jn vnrsmìaanejn drnppnas ne nne nvnetunan ghsnried bheeint onphhaj wcrjne. Jhhrvccr is cevcajcnejn jihdecstism` fhtnrihha hhewnzidne onsthht eint vcajcnejn iezim`t ie jn cvnrseikjiedne. @nt kcedstn fhtnrihha iejn vuaaiedne jhtnnrt uit jn _cfniesn tikj ne dnngt nne iejimhtin vhe `nt tikjstipwhhreh jn drnppnas ouitne dnoruib bueene zike dnrhhbt. Ie drnppna ? is nne grhd-fnet vhe nne orcezne hrfohej fnt becpvcrfid uitniejn ne ehfhhb-tcrjnriedhhedntrcggne. nr `ccdtn vhe drnppnas 8 ne = zike nne ziavnrne ‐quiehrius’ vhe

Fhrmus Hetceius (:=-:? v.M`r.) ne nne orcezne ‐hs’ vhe bniznr Enrc (7> eh M`r.)ie jn ocuwvccr dnvcejne.

Mcemausins

Wccr jn hmtuhaisnried ne vnrontnried vhe cezn hrm`ncacdism`n bneeis cvnr onwc-eiedsjyehfinb ne -mcetieuãtnit ie Muikb ne `nt fijjne-Enjnrahejsn rivinrne-dnoinj, is `nt vhe onahed cf jn hhedntrcggne viejpahhts ie vnrohej tn ornednefnt vnrdnaikbohrn sitns ie vnrdnaikbohrn ahejsm`hppne ne tn bikbne ehhr cvnr-nnebcfstne ne vnrsmìaane. Jit is nne onahedrikb t`nfh ie zcwna jn Ehticehan

Cejnrzcnbshdnejh Hrm`ncacdin (`ccgjstub 84; Dnrritsne, Kcedstn & `nueissne?<<>) has ie `nt wntnesm`hppnaikb bhjnr ne uitdhedspuetne vccr on`cuj ne ce-jnrzcnb vhe hrm`ncacdism`n whhrjne ie jn dnfnnetn Muikb (_nesieb ?<<:, 89-?<). Whe jn onwceied vhe jn dnfnnetn Muikb ie jn Orces- ne IKznrtikj onsthht ecdstnnjs nne vnrseippnrj onnaj. Ccb ìnr vcrft jn cpdrhvied vhe maustnr M sanm`tsnne znnr onpnrbtn uitsenjn vhe `nt prnìstcrism`n muatuurahejsm`hp. Tn `noonejus sanm`ts nne banie jnna vhe nne znnr ietnesing onwccejn rivinrjuie cejnrzcm`t,whhrjccr wn cevcajcnejn drip `noone cp jn crdheishtin vhe `nt muatuurahej-sm`hp ie jn vnrsmìaanejn pnricjns. [c is haanne vccr jn Fijjne- tct Ahtn IKznrtikj(neidn) iegcrfhtin cp nrgeivnhu onsmìbohhr. Ocvnejine wntne wn ccb eint `cn

jn prnìstcrism`n fnesne cfdiedne fnt jn hejnrn ahejsm`hppnaikbn nanfnetneie ùe cfdnvied. Jn drhsrikbn ahhdtns rcej jn zhejruddne vcrfne oikvccronnajonahedrikbn acmhtins vccr whtnrvccrzineied ne nt wnijne vhe nt vnn. Ccb wnrjnejnzn acmhtins vhhb dnoruibt vccr `nt jufpne vhe enjnrznttiedshgvha.

cm` vcrft cezn (banien) cpdrhvied nne fccin iaaustrhtin vhe nt muatuurahej-sm`hp ie jihm`rcce ne syem`rcce pnrspnmting. ît jit ne hejnrn cejnrzcnbne iejn cfdnvied (Drcct @niaidneonrd, @nnswikbsn Bhfpne, Jn Einat, Jn Oniknrj/‐t _int)8 wcrjt juijnaikb jht jn enjnrznttiedne oieene `nt dn`nan juiene- ne tnr-rhsrnstruddnemcfpanx hhednandj ne jccr`nne jn tikj vnrpahhtst zike (6 syem`rccedrcejdnoruib). Cfjht fne jccr`nne jn tikj stnnjs wnnr tnrudbnnrjn ehhr jn-

znagjn ruddne, cetstcej ccb nne drctn tikjsjinptn (6 jihm`rcce drcejdnoruib)2



?7<

Gid. =. Wiejpahhtsne ie `nt Ahej vhe Muikb.



?78

jit anijt tct phaifpsnstviejpahhtsne. Ie jit jyehfism`n enjnrzntttiedsahejsm`hpvcrfjne jn drhgvnajne (onst onbnej is jit vhe jn @nnswikbsn Bhfpne) whhr-smìkeaikb jn sthoinan ghmtcr.

Ie jit pnrspnmting sauit jn Muikbsn rndic nnrjnr hhe oik oikvccronnaj jn @nibhet/Fhhsbhet (vccrehfnaikb Css-^ssne) jhe `nt rivinrnednoinj.? Cp ùe nidne fh-

einr vcrfjne jn zhejcpjuibiedne ie `nt Muikbsn ouitnednoinj `nt hrnhha vhe jnzwnrvnejn nrvne uit jn \rnìstcrin. Fne wccejn has `nt whrn cp ‐sthpstnene’ ienne jccr rnstdnuane vnrsenjne ahejsm`hp, fhhr ccb jn rhejzcens ne jn ahhdtns znagwnrjne vhst ne znbnr dnoruibt. _nnjs ehhr hheanijied vhe jn cejnrzcnbstrhjitin ieCss is fne zim` nr vhe onwust dnwcrjne jht `nt hrnhha whhroieene jn prnìstc-rism`n zwnrvnejn nrvne vnrwhm`t fcdne wcrjne, drcct bhe zike ne jht vccr nnevcaanjid ondrip vhe jn onwceiedsjyehfinb ccb jn andn zcens ie bhhrt dnorhm`tfcntne wcrjne. Jit dnajt ccb vccr jn Muikbsn rndic; cp gid. = wcrjt juijnaikbcp wnab sm`hhaeivnhu fne jn vnrsmìaanejn viejpahhtsne tndnecvnr nabhhr fcntuitznttne wia fne ints bueene znddne cvnr ruiftnaikbn vnrohejne. Ie jn accp vhe

jn Ahtn IKznrtikj is ie Css maustnried ne nne drctnrn pahhtsvhst`nij vhe jn enjnrznt-tiedne vhstdnstnaj. Ie Muikb noone wn ecd cevcajcnejn iegcrfhtin cf nneznagjnnvcautin tn onvnstidne. Jn maustnried vhe jrin nrvne uit jn Fijjne-/ Ahtn IKznrtikjcp Drcct @niaidneonrd ne jn mcemnetrhtin vhe _cfniesn ahejnaikbn onwceied cp@nnswikbsn Bhfpne ne Jn Einat aikbne nm`tnr wna ie jnzn rim`tied tn wikzne.

Ectne

8 Ohaa ?<<=2 Ohaa, Hrecajussne & vhe @ccg ?<<82 Ohaa & @nirohut ?<<>2 Onmbnr & Whe jnDrhhg/ Hrm`ncjinest ie prnp.2 @nirohut (rnj.) ?<<>2 _cnssied` & Wheenstn (rnj.) ?<<9.

? [in jn vnrsmìaanejn hrtibnas ie Gcbbnes & Khesne (rnj.) ?<<?.

Aitnrhtuur

Ohnrn, T. jn, ?<<<; \ahednoinj Drcct @niaidneonrd, dnfnnetn Muikb. Nne Hhevuaanejn Hrm`ncacdism`n Ievnethrishtin. Hfstnrjhf (_HH\-rhppcrt >70).

Ohaa, N., ?<<=; Ievnethrisnrnej vnajcejnrzcnb cp Jn Einat-Ccst . Anijne (Hrm`ca _hppcrt?7).

Ohaa, N.H.D. & ]. Hrecajussne, ?<<8; Nne vnrbneenej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb tn MuikbDrcct @niaidneonrd , Anijne (Hrm`ncacdism`n rhppcrtne Fhhsbhet 9).

Ohaa, N.H.D., ]. Hrecajussne & A. vhe @ccg, ?<<8; Hhevuaanej Hrm`ncacdism`Cejnrzcnb ie jn @nnswikbsn Bhfpne tn Muikb . Anijne (Hrm`ca _hppcrt >).

Ohaa, N. H.D. & N.E.H. @nirohut, ?<<>; Muikb-@nnswikbsn Bhfpne; nne ahejsm`hpvca hrm`ncacdin. \rcngsanuvne ne cpdrhviedne ie jn khrne ?<<=-?<<:. Anijne(Hrm`ca _hppcrt =9, Jnna H).

Onmbnr & Whe jn Drhhg/ Hrm`ncjinest, ie prnp.; Cpdrhvied Jn Einat , [nvnehhr (ie-gcrfhtinorcmùrn cp www.muikb.ea).

Gcbbnes, @. & _. Khesne (rnj.), ?<<?; ?<<< Khhr onwceiedsjyehfinb. Orces- ne ikznr-

tikjonwceied ie `nt Fhhs-Jnfnr-]m`najndnoinj , Anijne.



?7?

Dike, H. vhe, ?<8<; Gaiet ie gcmus; aitìm oicdrhpìns ie t`n Encaitìm hej Orcezn Hdn ,Anijne.

Dnrritsne, G., \. Kcedstn & A. Z`nueissne, ?<<7; Jn Ahtn \rnìstcrin ie Eccrj-, Ccst-ne [uij-Enjnrahej ne `nt rivinrnednoinj. EChH `ccgjstub 84 (vnrsin 8.<). Cetannejhhe `ttp;//www.echh.ea.

@nirohut, N. (rnj.), ?<<>; Onwceied vhe prnìstcrin tct fijjnannuwne ie `nt ouitnedn-oinj vhe Muikb. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie `nt wndtrhmé _cutn 8 Hmmnet ne `nt pahe-

dnoinj Jn Oniknrj ne ‐t _int . Anijne (Hrm`ca _hppcrt =:).

@nirohut, N. (rnj.), ?<<4; Muikb-Drcct @niaidneonrd. Cejnrzcnb ne cpdrhvied vheorcestikjnrvne ne nne fijjnannuwsn enjnrznttied , Anijne (Hrm`ca _hppcrt :4).

Khessnes, F., ?<8<; \ahednoinj Drcct-@niaidneonrd, maustnr M tn Muikb, dnfnnetnMuikb2 prcngsanuvnecejnrzcnb ne cpdrhvied. Tnnsp (_HH\-rhppcrt ?8:9).

_nesieb, N., ?<<:; Tntnesm`hppnaikb bhjnr ne uitdhedspuetne vccr on`cuj ne cejnr-

zcnb vhe hrm`ncacdism`n whhrjne ie jn dnfnnetn Muikb. Hfnrsgccrt (_hppcrthdn Hrm`ncacdism`n Fceufnetnezcrd 88?).

_cnssied`, T. & @.M.D.F. Wheenstn (rnj.), ?<<9; Muikb-@nnswikbsn Bhfpne. Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb cp viejpahhts : ne 4 , Hfnrsgccrt (HJM _hppcrt 884=).

Mcethmtdndnvnes

_HH\ Hrm`ncacdism` HjvinsournhuJn ]hvcreie Ac`fhestrhht 887<<: HF Tnnrtna. <:9>->8=>>>f.khessnesLrhhp.ea



?7=

IK[N_ZIKJ ONTCEIED FNZ DN]M@NIJNE ON@Î[IED WHE FNE] NE WNN C\ @NZ A×]]\AHZNH^ OIK ONNB ([ IJ-AIFO^_D)

D. im`nafhe

Nrim

Ie jn strhtne vhe Onraike ne jn vnajne vhe Orhejneourd, bcrt eh jn vha vhe jnfuur, iespirnnrjn kn fik rnnjs has fnes ne hrm`ncaccd. Nne dnwnajidn rnahtivn-rnejn ne ufcrvcaan mcaandh, jrccd ne jirnmt ie nt dnsprnb ne sm`nrp fnt jn pne.Dnaubbid one kik ecd ahed eint uitdnsm`rnvne ne sthht ces ecd wht tn whm`tne. [nnrwhhrsmìkeaikb neidn hrm`ncacdism`n zcrdvuajid`nij ne, ehhr ib `ccp, fissmìneccb wht eint-hrm`ncacdism`n sm`cce`nij.

Ieanijied

Ie ?<<0 `nngt _HH\ cp `nt a÷sspahtnhu oik Onnb ([uij-Aifourd) nne vahbjnb-bnejn cpdrhvied vhe mh. > `h uitdnvcnrj. Jhhroik zike twnn jim`t oik nabhhr dnandne

enjnrznttiedne uit jn IKznrtikj cejnrzcm`t. @nt whs vccr jn nnrstn bnnr jht nnedrcctsm`haidn cpdrhvied uit jn IKznrtikj mnetrhha stcej ie `nt [uij-Enjnrahejsna÷ssdnoinj ne eint jn Ohejbnrhfism`n cg _cfniesn pnricjn. @nt cejnrzcnb`nngt nebnan cpfnrbnaikbn vcejstne cpdnanvnrj jin rnmnetnaikb dnpuoaimnnrj zike(im`nafhe ?<8<). Ie `nt nnrstn dnjnnatn vhe jit hrtibna wcrjne jn fnnst cpfnr-bnaikbn rnsuathtne vccrdnstnaj, fijjnas nne bcrtn onsm`rikvied vhe jn viejpahhtsne.Ie `nt twnnjn dnjnnatn sthht jn ijnetigimhtin vhe wcceùizne mnetrhha. Hhednzineie `nt a÷ssdnoinj ie jn IKznrtikj (fnt ehfn jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj) vccrha banienrnphhastrumturne wcrjne dnvcejne, wcrjt onhrdufnetnnrj jht nrvne dnne drctnwccesthaùizne onzhtne, fhhr vnnannr uit fnnrjnrn, banienrn dnocuwtkns onstce-

jne. @inrfnn wcrjt nne cujn jismussin cvnr `nt wna cg eint onsthhe vhe wccestha-ùizne ie `nt a÷ssdnoinj cpeinuw hhednsenjne.

Cejnrzcnbsdnsmìnjneis

@nt pahednoinj ousienssphrb Fhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne Hirpcrt (FHH) is mirmh 9> `hdrcct ne aidt jirnmt tne zuijccstne vhe jn ùijidn aum`t`hvne (Gid. 8). @nt pahe-dnoinj is cejnrwnrp dnwnnst vhe fnnrjnrn hrm`ncacdism`n (vccr)cejnrzcnbne,cfjht jn hheand vhe `nt onjrikvnetnrrnie dnphhrj died fnt drcctsm`haidn annfhg-drhviedne vccr jn ohbstnneiejustrin whhroik whhrjnvcaan hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne

vnreintidt zcujne bueene wcrjne.



?7>

Wiejpahhts FHH8 (Gid. ?)

Cp viejpahhts FHH8 is nne dnoinj vhe mirmh =<< x 8<< f (?,4 `h) cejnrzcm`t newnrjne 7 maustnrs fnt ie tcthha =47 spcrne hhedntrcggne. @nt dhht ìnroik stnnjscf enjnrznttiedsspcrne (phhaspcrne, buiane ne drnppnas), jin cp ohsis vhe `ntvcejstfhtnrihha ie jn Wrcndn- cg Wrcndn- tct Fijjne IKznrtikj jhtnrne. ît ?<0

phhaspcrne zike ?8 strumturne dnrnmcestrunnrj ne cejnrvnrjnnaj ehhr pahttndrcej-typne I, II, III, W ne IP (zin hona 8 ne Gid. ?). Jn fnnstn vhe jnzn typne onsthheuit nnevcujidn pahttndrcejne fnt rndnafhtid dnpahhtstn stikaphrne2 sanm`ts éée typn(typn IP) wikbt ìnrvhe hg. Oik strumtuurtypne I ne II dhht `nt cf rnspnmtinvnaikbvinr- ne znsphaidn spinbnrs; banien drhhesmùurtkns cg cpsahd vhe hejnrn ccdst, jinnne vnr`ccdjn vacnr `hjjne tndne behhdjinrne ne vcm`tievacnjne. Jn typne IIIne W, rnspnmtinvnaikb hm`t- ne tinephaidn pahttndrcejne, zike drctnrn (vnranedjn) uit-vcnriedne vhe jnzn nnevcujidn spinbnrpahttndrcejne. Jnzn pahttndrcejne wcrjnejccrdhhes has oikdnocuw dnãetnrprntnnrj, dnocuwtkns jin oikvccronnaj dnoruibtwnrjne has wnrbruiftn cg vccr cpsahd vhe (ahejocuw)dnrnnjsm`hp, `cut ne/cg jn

sthaaied vhe vnn (]mìebna, 899:2 @ijjieb ?<<>h & ?<<>o). Hhednzine nm`tnr eintcg ehuwnaikbs drctnrn pahttndrcejne oieene jn viejpahhts aikbne vccr tn bcfne,wcrjt vccrdnstnaj jnzn has wcce- cg sthadnocuw tn rnmcestrunrne. @inrcp wcrjtahtnr tnruddnbcfne. Thhrsmìkeaikb ontrnggne jnzn pahttndrcejne jn rnstne vhe ha-anne jn jhbjrhdnejn mcestrumtin ne `noone jhhrouitne ecd whejne onsthhe jinnm`tnr eint onwhhrj zike dnoanvne.

\ahttndrcejtypn IP bnefnrbt zim` jccr jn hhewnzid`nij vhe nne rnm`t`cnbidndrnppnastrumtuur. ]anm`ts 8 cpdndrhvne pahttndrcej (strumtuur 4) on`ccrt znbnrttct jit typn ne whs fiestnes 0 oik =,9 f drcct. @nt wnstnaikbn uitniejn vhe jnznpahttndrcej cetornnbt nm`tnr. Cp jn hs oieene jn drnppnastrumtuur zike twnn bani-

en phhaspcrne dnvcejne8, jin nne ecbhs bueene `noone dnvcrfj. Iejine ie `nteccrjwnstne nne cvnrnnebcfstidn hgsthej tussne whejdrnppna ne ecbstika (has ie`nt zuijccstne) wcrjt dnrnmcestrunnrj, `nngt jn pahttndrcej nne anedtn vhe 8<fntnr dn`hj. Jn whejdrnppna znag whs mh. =< mf ornnj, ne ecd tussne 8? ne ?< mfjinp on`cujne. Fcdnaikb on`crne ccb ecd vinr onjuijnej banienrn phhaspcrne? tct jn pahttndrcej, jin cp phanerikne ent oieene (mh. ?> mf) ne ent ouitne (mh.><-4> mf) jn whejdrnppna zcujne bueene wikzne. @cutsbcca uit jn whejdrnppnais fnt onùap vhe nne 8:M-jhtnried ie jn Wrcndn cg Fijjne IKznrtikj dnjhtnnrj(?:><¸O\).= \ahttndrcejtypn IP bcft dnzine zike drccttn znbnr has wcceùis iehhefnrbied, fhhr `nt is fissmìne wna cpfnrbnaikb jht jn whejdrnppna ne jnecbstikane nvne jinp whrne iedndrhvne. Iejine jit `nt dnzcm`tn wcceùis vccr jna÷ssdnoinjne is, bhe zike znajzhhf`nij vnrbahhrj wcrjne jccr zike nrcsindnvcnaid-`nij; `nt jinpstn spccr vhe jnzn pahttndrcej rnibtn sanm`ts ?? mf jinp cejnr `ntvahb, cgwna sanm`ts 7<-4< mf -Fv!

Jn cvnridn spcrne vhe viejpahhts FHH8 onsthhe uit zc’e 8?9 buiane, whhrvhenne drcct dnjnnatn wnieid vcejstne `nngt cpdnanvnrj. Nne ccrsprcebnaikbn guemtinvhe jn buiane bhe fnnstha eint hm`tnr`hhaj wcrjne, fhhr nebnan cpvhaanejn buianebueene wna cejnrsm`nijne wcrjne. [c zike twnn drctn annfwieeiedsbuiane (mh.> x : f) vhstdnstnaj, jrin buiane fnt vnna vnrorhej fhtnrihha (bnrhfinb ne annf,fhhr zcejnr rnstne vhe cvnes cg spcrne vhe vnrìttied tnr pahhtsn) ne twnn fc-dnaikb has siac tn ietnrprntnrne buiane. Nne znnr oikzcejnrn buia vcrfjn spccr :?



?77

pahttndrcejtypn sccrt pahttndrcej hhetha cppnrvahbtn strumtuureuffnrs

Zypn I :-phaidn strumtuur > =,? tct 0,8 f? :,0,88,89,?8

Zypn II 7-phaidn strumtuur 7 4,: tct 87 f? =,8<,8:,8>,87,??

Zypn III 0-phaidn strumtuur 7 9 tct 89,> f? 8,9,8?,8=,84,?<

Zypn W 8<-phaidn strumtuur = 84,> tct ?9,> f? ?,>,7

Zypn IP _nm`t`cnbidn strumtuur fnt

whejdrnppna ne ecbstikane

8-= =8,? cg =9 f? 4,80,?=

8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<8<

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?] :?

8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?8?

80808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080808080

8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=8=

9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0=0

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

=================================================

=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4=4

4444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444

?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=?=

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

?????????????????????????????????????????????????

80=:7< 80=:0<

= ? > = ? <

80=:7<80==0< 80=:<< 80=:?< 80=::< 80=:0<

= ? > : ? < =

? > : ? <

= ? > :

: < = ?

> : : <

= ? > = 0 <

= ? > = ? <

= ? > = : < =

? > = : <

= ? > = 7 <

= ? > = 7 <

= ? > = 0 <

= ? > : < < =

? > : < <

80==0< 80=:<< 80=:?< 80=::<

buia fnt vnna vnrorhej fhtnrihha

84

drnppna

] :? spccreuffnr

strumtuureuffnr

rnmnetn vnrstcried

andnejhstrumtuur

buia

cpdrhviedsvahb,ehtuuraikbn vnrbanuried

?<88

8;4><

=< :<<

f

8< ?<

FA8/fhva0ShrtibnaSfa

Zhona 8; Cvnrzim`t vhe jn vnrsm`iaanejn pahndrcejtypne cp viejpahhts FHH8.

Gid. ?; Cvnrzim`t vhe `nt mnetrhan dnjnnatn vhe cpdrhviedspahndrcej viejpahhts FHH8.



?74

(Gid. 8), nne ie `nt vahb rnm`t`cnbidn buia vhe mirmh =,> oik 8,: f. Jn buia fnt nnejinptn vhe 8,> f `hj hhe jn bcrtn zikjne znnr rnm`tn whejne fnt nne W-vcrfidprcgina. Jn ornnjtn cp jn ocjnf onjrcnd ìnrjccr sanm`ts <,7< f. Cp jn ocjnfwhs nne rik vhe banien phhadhtne cg ‐sthbne’ zim`tohhr. Oikzcejnr is ocvnejine jhtocvne jn buia fcdnaikb ecd nne hgjhb `nngt dnsthhe, hhednzine vinr phhaspcrne

(strumtuur 0) rcejcf jn buia zike hhedntrcggne. Jn neidn phrhaanaane vccr jn buiaie Enjnrahej zike dnvcejne ie nne Dnrfhhesn enjnrznttied tn Jnenbhfp (prc-viemin Cvnrikssna), fhhr vcadnes Wnraiejn zike cvnrnnebcfstidn buiane vhbnr hhe-dntrcggne ie a÷ssdnoinjne ie Fijjne- ne [uij-Juitsahej, ie Wrcnd ne FijjneEncaitìsm`n mcetnxt, ne ie Ahpahej, Fijjne-Encaitìsm`n ne Fijjnannuwsn mce-tnxtne (Wnraiejn ?<<7). Ie Juitsahej dhht `nt cf jn zcdnehhfjn ]màitzdruone uitOhejbnrhfism`n enjnrznttiedne, whhrvccr rnnjs ietnrprnthtins has accibuia, vhed-cg vhabuia, ritunan buia ne wnngbuia zike vccrdnstnaj. Jn phrhaanaane uit Ahpahejwcrjne hadnfnne has vhed- cg vhabuiane vccr `nt vhedne vhe rnejinrne ne decnsdnãetnrprntnnrj. Wccr Fhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne Hirpcrt is `nt vnranijnaikb jn buia fnt

sthbne has vhedbuia uit jn Ohejbnrhfism`n pnricjn tn ietnrprntnrne, tn fnnr cfjhtcp =<< f tne eccrjne vhe jn viejpahhts nne Ohejbnrhfism`n enjnrznttied aidt.@nahhs nm`tnr, is ehuwnaikbs vcejstfhtnrihha hhewnzid ne oaikvne jn jhtnriedne nenne nvnetunan dnaikbtikjid`nij vhe buia ne phhaspcrne cejuijnaikb. ît jn phhaspc-rne bcfne dnne vcejstne, ne uit jn buiavuaaied - eint uit jn ehzhbbied - bcftsanm`ts éée `hejdnvcrfjn sm`nrg fnt pctdruis uit jn IKznrtikj.

Wiejpahhts FHH? (Gid. =)

Cp viejpahhts FHH? is nne dnoinj vhe mirmh 80< x 8?< f (?,? `h) cejnrzcm`t newnrjne 789 spcrne hhedntrcggne. Ie jit dnvha dhht `nt cf zcwna enjnrznttieds- hasondrhviedspcrne uit jn Wrcndn, Fijjne ne Ahtn IKznrtikj. Jn spccrjim`t`nij isjuijnaikb `cdnr jhe cp viejpahhts FHH8. ît jn >>7 phhaspcrne zike :8 strum-turne dnrnmcestrunnrj (hona ? ne Gid. =). @nt dhht vccrehfnaikb cf jn rnnjs oikviejpahhts FHH8 vccrdnstnajn nnevcujidn pahttndrcejne vhe `nt typn I, II, IIIne W, ne ccb éée nxnfpahhr vhe `nt typn IP. Jhhrehhst zike ccb ecd jn pahttn-drcejtypne IW, WI, WII, WIII ne P cejnrsm`nijne ne vikg rnm`t`cnbidn fhhr eintnnejuijidn pahttndrcejne. Jn ceznbnr`nij vhe jnzn ahhtstn drcnp is tn wiktne hheùe aiddied oieene mcemnetrhtins vhe phhaspcrne, whhrjccr stnnjs fnnrjnrn rn-mcestrumtins fcdnaikb zike. Juijnaikb is wna jht jnzn strumturne ints drctnr zike jhe

jn nnevcujidn pahttndrcejne fnt stikaphrne ne jht zik tct jn ahtnrn onwceiedsghsnevhe FHH? on`crne, jn Fijjne cg jn Ahtn IKznrtikj.\ahttndrcejtypn IW is nne rndnafhtidn endnephaidn pahttndrcej, jin uit jrin

rikne vhe jrin phane onsthht. [cwna vinrbhetn has rnm`t`cnbidn nxnfpahrne vhejit pahttndrcejtypn zike vnnavuajid hhedntrcggne ie `nt Juitsn a÷ssdnoinj ne cpjn [uij-Enjnrahejsn zhejdrcejne ne wcrjne hadnfnne has oikdnocuw dntypnnrj(]ifces, 89092 @ijjieb ?<<>h, ?<<>o). ]trumtuurtypn WI (strumtuur 8?<) is jndrctnrn vnrsin vhe strumtuurtypne III ne W, ehfnaikb nne twhhagphaidn strumtuurcpdnocuwj uit zns (oieenestika) phrne. Jn strumtuurtypne WII ne WIII ontrnggnernspnmtinvnaikb nne vikgphaidn spinbnr ne nne znvnephaid oikdnocuw.: ]trumtuurtypn

P (strumtuur 8=:) is nne twnnsm`npidn pahttndrcej fnt twnn ecbstik ane jin eint iejn bcrtn whej sthhe. [whrn whejstikane aikbne nr cp tn wikzne jht ccb fnnrjnrn



?70

8=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98=98?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=8?=

8<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<08<0

8?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?98?9

8<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<78<7

8<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<48<4

8?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?08?0

8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<8=<

88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<

8<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<98<9

8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=8:=

889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889889

8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8??8=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=48=4

880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880880

884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884884

8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8?>8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?8:?

8?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?48?4

8?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?78?7

88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>88>

8<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<88<8887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887887

8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<8<<

8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:8?:

88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=

88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:

8=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=88=8

8:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:88:8

8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==8==

8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<8?<

8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?8=?

8?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?8

8=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=78=7

88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?88?

8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<8:<

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

8=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=08=0

8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=8<=

8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?8<?

8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:8<:

8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:8=:

8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>8<>

80=?:<

= ? > = ? <

= ? > = : <

= ? > = 7 <

= ? > = 0 <

80=?:<

80=??<

80=80<

80=80<

80=?<<

80=?<<

80=??<

= ? > = 0 <

= ? > = ? <

= ? > = : <

= ? > = 7 <

= ? > : < <

= ? > : < <

= ? > : ? <

= ? > : ? <

80=87<

80=87<80=8<<

80=8<<

80=8?<

80=8?<

80=8:<

80=8:<

drnppna

buia fnt vnna vnrorhej fhtnrihha

88=

cftrnb onsprcbne strumtuur

rnmnetn vnrstcried

andnejh

buia

strumtuur

strumtuureuffnr

cpdrhviedsvahb,ehtuuraikbn vnrbanuried

mrnfhtindrhg

?<88

8;4><

=< :<<

f

8< ?<

FA8/fhva0ShrtibnaSfa

Gid. =; Cvnrzim`t cpdrhviedspahndrcej viejpahhts FHH?.

pahttndrcejtypn sccrt pahttndrcej hhetha cppnrvahbtn strumtuureuffnrs

Zypn I :-phaidn strumtuur 88 ?,8 - 0 f? 8<:,8<4,8<0,88<,8?:,8?>,8?7,8=8,8=>,8:8,8:?

Zypn II* 7-phaidn strumtuur 0 = - 8:,> f? * 8<?,8<=,8<>,884,8?8,8?4,8?9,8=?,8==

Zypn III 0-phaidn strumtuur : 8> - 89,4 f? 8<<,8<9,888,887

Zypn IW 9-phaidn strumtuur : 8:,: - ?> f? 8<7,88=,88:,8=7

Zypn W 8<-phaidn strumtuur 8 ??,4 f? 8<8

Zypn WI 8?-phaidn strumtuur 8 =< - >< f? 8?<

Zypn WII >-phaidn strumtuur 8 =,7 f? 8=4

Zypn WIII 4 phaidn strumtuur 8 84,8 f? 880

Zypn IP _nm`t`cnbidn strumtuurfnt whejdrnppna ne

ecbstikane

8-? :> - >: f? 88>

Zypn P _nm`t`cnbidn strumtuur

fnt ecb- ne whejstikane

8 =4,0 f? 8=:

Cejuijnaikbn

pahttndrcejne

Fnnrphaidn strumturne,

twnn- cg jrin sm`npid

7 ?<-4< f?** 88?,889,8??,8?0,8=0,8:<

Zhona ?; Cvnrzim`t vhe jn vnrsm`iaanejn pahndrcejtypne cp viejpahhts FHH?.



?79

whejphane (cp jn `cnbne ne mnetrhha oieene jn ahedn whejne) jn smìajjhbmce-strumtin fnjn `noone dnjrhdne.

Cp viejpahhts FHH? wnrjne vnrjnr zc’e 8?0 buiane vhstdnstnaj, whhrcejnrwnjnrcf nebnan annfnxtrhmtinbuiane, buiane fnt vnna vnrorhej fhtnrihha ne fcdn-aikbn siacbuiane. Oikzcejnr whs jht ccb vikg tct hm`t drhvne (zcejnr drhgfhrbnried)

wnrjne dnvcejne.>

wnn jhhrvhe jhtnrne whhrsmìkeaikb uit jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj,jn cvnridn uit jn Fijjne cg Ahtn IKznrtikj. @nt cpfnrbnaikbn is jht `nt cf twnnmaustnrs (drhgvnajkns) dhht, whhroik nne rnahtin tussne drhgvnaj, ondrhvneiswikzn nednsahm`t aikbt tn onsthhe! Ie `nt eccrjccstnaikbn drhgvnajkn zike ehfnaikb haanne mrn-fhtinenstne-jnpcts dnvcejne ne aikbt `nt stnnjs cf vrcuwne tn dhhe, tnrwika `nteccrjwnstnaikbn drhgvnajkn haanne buiane fnt orhejsthpnarnstne onvhttn ne nebnahhewikziedne vccr fheene `nngt cpdnanvnrj. @nt is nm`tnr tn vrcnd cf juijnaikbnmcemausins tn trnbbne. Jhhrtcn is `nt hhetha drhvne tn banie ne jn snxntcnwikziedeint hatikj znbnr. nesacttn, wnrjne ccb twnn fnt nabhhr vnrocejne brieddrnppnasdnvcejne jin nm`tnr dnne drhvne `noone cpdnanvnrj. Jn brieddrnppnas bueene

eint ehuwbnurid dnjhtnnrj wcrjne (Fijjne IKznrtikj cg cujnr).

Jhtnried vhe jn viejpahhtsne

Onijn viejpahhtsne zike has enjnrznttiedne tn ietnrprntnrne, fhhr cejnrsm`nijnezim` jccr nne vnrsmìaanejn m`rcecacdin. Wiejpahhts FHH8 is haanne dnjurnejn jnWrcndn ne Fijjne IKznrtikj onwccej ne viejpahhts FHH? ie jn Wrcndn, Fijjnene Ahtn IKznrtikj. FHH8 `nngt nne znnr ahdn spccrjim`t`nij, fnt nebnan maustnrsvhe spcrne fnt cvnrnnebcfstidn, nnevcujidn strumturne ne andn, spccraczn zc-ens jhhrtussne. Thhrsmìkeaikb stnaane jnzn maustnrs, whhroieene eint cg ehuwnaikbscvnrseikjied `nngt pahhts dnvcejne, vnrsmìaanejn nrvne vccr, jin sanm`ts éée cgwnieid ghsne vhe onwceied `noone dnbnej. Wiejpahhts FHH? `nngt ie vnrdnaik-bied fnt FHH8 nne juijnaikb `cdnrn spccrjim`t`nij, fnt fnnr cvnrseikjied vhespcrne ne strumturne ne ccb nne drctnrn vhrihtin hhe strumturne.

Has dnvcad vhe ruifn jhtnriedne vhe vcejstfhtnrihha ne 8:M-hehaysns zikefnnstha dnne ehuwbnuridn jhtnriedne vhe spcrne ne strumturne fcdnaikb ne bhecvnr `nt hadnfnne haanne vhe Wrcndn tct Fijjne IKznrtikj ne Fijjne tct AhtnIKznrtikj dnsprcbne wcrjne. cm`, zike wna nebnan hadnfnen m`rcecacdism`n cet-wibbnaiedne `nrbneohhr. [c bcfne jn pahttndrcejtypne I ne II ie haan pnricjnevccr, fhhr jn pahttndrcejnetypne III, W ne whhrsmìkeaikb ccb IP haanne ie jn

Wrcndn tct Fijjne IKznrtikj. Jn pahttndrcejtypne IW, WI ne P ne ccb jn eint nne-juijidn, drctnrn pahttndrcejne vhe FHH? bcfne phs vhehg jn Fijjne tct AhtnIKznrtikj vccr.

@uisocuw ie jn IKznrtikj ie a÷ssne zhejdnoinjne

Wnrsmìaane tussne enjnrznttiedspahttndrcejne uit jn IKznrtikj vhe jn zhejdrcejnevhe [uij-Enjnrahej ne Onadiâ ne jn a÷ssdnoinjne vhe Onadiâ, [uij-Aifourd ne`nt Juitsn _ikeahej zike jn hgdnacpne jnmneeih vhbnr cejnrwnrp vhe jismussindnwnnst.7 @nt puet is jht ehhst cvnrnnebcfstidn banien ne nnevcujidn strumturnehaanne cp jn zhejdrcejne ccb mcfpanxnrn, juijnaikb drctnrn pahttndrcejne wcr-

jne dnvcejne jin has wcceùizne wcrjne dnãetnrprntnnrj. Jn vrhhd auijt jus; cn



?4<

zine jn ùispahttndrcejne vhe `nt a÷ssdnoinj nr jhe uit3 Hhednzine `nt drcctstndnjnnatn vhe jn viejpahhtsne ie `nt zhejdnoinj cejnr nne nsjnb aiddne, is vhhb dn-jhm`t jht ùispahttndrcejne cp a÷ss eint (cg ehuwnaikbs) onwhhrj zike dnoanvne hasdnvcad vhe nne nrestidnrn ocjnfnrcsin. Fne zcu zim` nm`tnr ccb bueene hgvrhdnecg jnzn ùizne eint nne hejnr uitnraikb `noone dn`hj ne - dnzine jn dncdrhgism`n

drnes - cg jn ahejsm`hppnaikbn bhjnrs jhhroik nne rca `noone dnspnnaj. Jit is einteinuw. [c stnajn _cyfhes vhst jht `nt a÷ssdnoinj ne jn [uij-Enjnrahejsn zhej-drcejne vnrsmìaanejn muaturnan cetwibbnaiedne bnejne, cfjht (cejnr hejnrn)cp jn rnahting hrfnrn zhejdrcejne `nt `cujne vhe vnn nne vnna prcfienetnrn rcaieehf, jhe cp jn rikbnrn a÷ssdrcejne, whhr ietnesinvnrn hbbnrocuw fcdnaikb whs(_cyfhes 8997).

Wccr jn zhejdnoinjne vhe Onadiâ ne [uij-Enjnrahej wcrjt uitdndhhe vhe nneahedn trhjitin vhe `nt zcdnehhfjn wccesthaùis, nne trhjitin jin fiestnes tnrud-dhht tct ie jn Fijjne-Orcestikj (80<<-8><< v.M`r.).4 Drcctsm`haid cejnrzcnb,zchas tn @hps, Css-^ssne, Tnnrt ne Enjnrwnnrt, ]cfnrne ne Ains`cut, `nngt dn-

anij tct nrgrnmcestrumtins fnt nnejuijidn pahttndrcejne vhe zcdnehhfjn wcce-sthaùizne whhrie fnesne ne vnn shfne cejnr éée jhb wccejne ne jhhr cf`nneaiddnejn spinbnrs.0 Hhednzine vnna dcnj dnmcesnrvnnrjn ocnrjnrikpahttndrcejnezike hhedntrcggne, onsthht znags nne m`rcecacdin vccr vnrsmìaanejn pahttndrcejne(]mìebna 89902 Dnrritsne ?<<=). Jnzn wccesthaocnrjnrikne `noone ie jn AhtnOrcestikj tct Wrcndn IKznrtikj hgfntiedne tussne 8? ne ?< f (ornnjtn; mh. 7-0 f),ie jn Fijjne IKznrtikj tussne 8:-?? f (ornnjtn; mh. 7-0 f) ne ie jn Ahtn IKznrtikjne _cfniesn tikj mh. 8:-?< f (ornnjtn; mh. 7-9 f). Jn cppnrvahbtn vhe jnzn dn-ocuwne vhrinnrt tussne jn 4< ne 80< f?, fhhr aidt vccrehfnaikb ocvne jn 8<< f?,vnna drctnr jus jhe jn pahttndrcejne vhe Fhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne Hirpcrt.

Gid. :; \ahndrcejtypne uit `nt a÷ssdnoinj vhe `nt Juitsn _ikeahej; aiebs Zrifos (Kchmìf,8994)2 rnm`ts _cffnrsbirm`ne-Wheibuf ( Hnissne & D÷rñr, ?<<>).



?48

Ie `nt a÷ssdnoinj vhe [uij-Enjnrahej ne Onadiâ `nngt vnrdnaikbohhr drcctsm`h-aid cejnrzcnb ehhr jn Fnthhatikjne eint cg ehuwnaikbs pahhtsdnvcejne (`nt cejnr-zcnb tn FHH ontrngt nidneaikb jn nnrstn), fhhr ie Juitsahej dnaubbid wna (Gid. :).Jn enjnrznttiedspahttndrcejne uit jn IKznrtikj onsthhe jhhr vccrha uit maustnrs fntbanien strumturne, tn wntne vinr-, zns-, hm`t-, endne-, tine-, twhhag- ne vikgtine-phai-

dn pahttndrcejne, jin eint drctnr zike jhe 0 cg 9 oik : f.9

Ehhst nne drctn cnvnna-`nij banien pahttndrcejne zike nm`tnr ccb nne banie hhetha (ints) drctnrn ikznrtikjpahttndrcejne uit `nt a÷ssdnoinj onbnej. [c is jhhr, jn ie `nt ondie vhe jn ?<stnnnuw dnvcejne strumtuur fnt whejdrnppnas uit ]tnie, jin nrd cvnrnnebcft fntstrumtuurtypn IP vhe Fhhstrim`t Hhm`ne Hirpcrt (Onmbnrs & Onmbnrs 89:<). Jnzntne jnan cejnrzcm`tn pahttndrcej uit ]tnie is nm`tnr cpvhaanej ahednr (?: x> f!) ne `nngt dnne znbnrn jhtnried, vcadnes Whe @ccg tussne jn Ahtn IKznrtikj ne jnWrcnd _cfniesn tikj (Whe @ccg ?<<<).

Jn cvnridn drctnrn ikznrtikj pahttndrcejne onsthhe uit jrin cg vinr rikne vherndnafhtid dnpahhtstn phane. Whe @ccg stnat fnt onùap vhe jnzn pahttndrcejne

twnn drctnrn uispahttndrcejtypne vccr nt [uij-Aifourdsn a÷ssdnoinj vccr (Whe@ccg ?<<4). @nt dhht cf `nt twnnsm`npidn zcdnecnfjn Dnanne-Nm`t typn (mh.8< oik > fntnr), ne `nt ints drctnrn jrinsm`npidn ]itthrj-_nbnf typn (mh. 8? oik 4fntnr), zin Gid. >. Dnzine jn rndnafhtid, jim`t cp nabhhr dnpahhtstn phane vnrtccet`nt twnnsm`npidn typn neidn cvnrnnebcfstne fnt (cednjhtnnrjn) cpsahddnocuwnevhe `nt typn IIO zchas hhedntrcggne ie Css-^ssne (]mìebna 8990). Whe @ccg stnatnm`tnr vccr jn cvnrnnebcfstidn cp a÷ss dnvcejne pahttndrcejne eint has cpsahd-dnocuwne, fhhr has wcceùizne tn ietnrprntnrne (Whe @ccg ?<<4). @ik jhtnnrtjn twnnsm`npidn vhrihet ie jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj ne jrinsm`npidn ie jn cvnrdhed vheWrcndn ehhr Fijjne IKznrtikj, fhhr fissmìne bueene zn ccb ints cujnr zike. 8<

Jht jnzn dnocuwne has wcceùis dnãetnrprntnnrj wcrjne, is fissmìne eint jirnmt`nt prcoannf. \rcoanfhtism` wcrjt nt has fne nr vheuit zcu dhhe jht jit jn neidnùispahttndrcejne zcujne zike dnwnnst, cfjht tct ecd tcn wnieid vccronnajnezike dnvcejne. Whe @ccg bcft vccr `nt typn Nm`t-Dnanne tct zns nxnfpahrne ieEnjnrahej, éée ie Onadiâ ne jrin ie `nt Juitsn _ikeahej ne vccr `nt typn ]itthrj-_nbnf tct éée ie Enjnrahej ne éée ie Onadiâ.88

Ccb banien ùispahttndrcejne cp a÷ss ie (fiestnes) jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj3

Jn dnriedn `cnvnna`nij hhe drctnrn pahttndrcejne ie `nt a÷ssdnoinj bhe (dnzine`nt cejnrzcnb ie `nt Juitsn _ikeahej) eint vnrbahhrj wcrjne jccr nne dnornbhhe enjnrznttiedscejnrzcnb ne ccb eint jccr tn stnaane jht jit nne dnvcad is vheocjnfnrcsin. Fnt nne nrestidn ocjnfnrcsin zcujne haanne jn jinpnr dnguejnnrjnphhaspcrne onwhhrj zike dnoanvne, zcjht vccrha banien, nnevcujidn pahttndrcejnewcrjne tnruddnvcejne; jn jinpnr dnguejnnrjn spinbnrs. Jht jit eint zc dnfhbbn-aikb cpdhht, oaikbt uit fiestnes twnn vccronnajne whhroik nne spinbnr kuist fiejnrjinp dnguejnnrj whs jhe `nt nrehhst dnandne ùis vhe `nt typn Nm`t-Dnanne.8? @ntwcrjt eint cetbnej jht jn nrcsin vhe enjnrznttiedsrnstne cp a÷ss vnna drctnr is jhecp viejpahhtsne cejnr nsjnbbne, jht is nvijnet.8= Jn nrcsin is nm`tnr eint vnrhet-

wccrjnaikb vccr nt vnrjwikene vhe vcaanjidn uispahttndrcejne, fhhr haanne vccronphhajn jnane vhe dnocuwne; jn whejne. Nne onahedrikb hrdufnet ìnroik is jht



?4?

ccb cp jn Enjnrahejsn zhejdrcejne ehuwnaikbs vnrsmìaane onsthhe tussne jinp-tns vhe ùizne ne spinbnrs; vhe zcwna ùizne has spinbnrs wcrjne scfs haanne jinpiedndrhvne phane dnvcejne ne scfs haanne cejinpn. Iejine jn ùispahttndrcejnevhe jn zhejdrcejne ccb ie `nt a÷ssdnoinj vccrbwhfne `hj fne jus fnnr vccr-onnajne fnt drctnrn ùispahttndrcejne fcdne vnrwhm`tne. Fhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne

Hirpcrt is ccb eint `nt nnrstn vccronnaj whhruit oaikbt jht jn vnrstcried (vhehg `ntccrsprcebnaikbn cppnrvahb) vnnaha eint fnnr jhe >< mf onjrhhdt ne phhaspcrnevnnaha tussne =< ne :< mf jinp rnibne. Jhhrnetndne onsthhe wna juijnaikbn vnr-smìaane tussne stikane jin jn jhbmcestrumtin jrhdne ne whejphane, zchas oikvccr-onnaj oik `nt typn Css-^ssne ?H 8: uit jn Ahtn Orcestikj cg Wrcndn IKznrtikj ne `nttypn @hps cg Css-^ssne :H uit jn Fijjne IKznrtikj.

Cejhebs jht ccb ie Fhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne Hirpcrt nne smnehric fnt haanne nebnandrctnrn ùispahttndrcejne vccr jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj tct jn fcdnaikb`njne oaikgton`crne (strumtuurtypn IP) aidt nne ietnrprnthtin whhrfnn (fiestnes) ccb banien,nnevcujidn ùispahttndrcejne (jn typne III ne W, mh. 8>-=< f?)8> wna `noone on-

sthhe, fnnr vccr jn `hej. wnn rnjnene bueene jhhrvccr wcrjne hhedndnvne;nne ietnrprnthtin vhe jnzn strumturne has (haanne) spinbnr cg oikdnocuw vcajcnteint2

jnzn strumturne zike eint tn banie, cf has wcceùis jinene.

Nne ietnrprnthtin has (haanne) spinbnr cg oikdnocuw vcajcnt eint

Has haan banien nnevcujidn pahttndrcejne spinbnrs cg oikdnocuwne zike, `noonejnzn enjnrznttiedne wna nrd vnna cpsahd- ne sthamhphmitnit. Jit bhe vnrjuijnaikbtwcrjne jccr nne vnrdnaikbied fnt cpdrhviedsdndnvnes vhe oikvccronnaj Css-^ssne

(]mìebna 8990). ikjnes jit cejnrzcnb fnt rnstne uit jn Orcestikj, IKznrtikj ne_cfniesn tikj wnrjne 8?4 wcceùizne, 8? oikdnocuwne ne :07 spinbnrs dnrn-

8.

?.

Gid. >; \ahndrcejtypne uit [uij-Aifourd ne hhedrneznejn a÷ssdnoinjne; jn typne Nm`t-

Dnanne (h ne o) ne ]ihrj-_nbnf (m ne j), ehhr Whe @ccg ?<<4.



?4=

mcestrunnrj. ît jn IKznrtikj jhtnrne 47 wcceùizne, 8 cg ? oikdnocuwne ne 7<spinbnrs.87 @nt banien hhetha oikdnocuwne (smùrne, sthaane, ntm.) vhat ìnr cp. @ntznagjn onnaj, nne banie hhetha oikdnocuwne tndnecvnr nne drcct hhetha spinbnrs,oaikbt trcuwnes hadnfnne vccr jn Orcestikj ie `nt Enjnrahejsn _ivinrnednoinj(Hrecajussne, ?<<0, ?=?, ecct ?=:). Jn 7< ikznrtikj spinbnrs vhe Css-^ssne on-

sthhe uit vinr, zns, endne cg (scfs) fnnr phane, fhhr ùe cppnrvahb aidt nidneaikbhatikj tussne =,> ne 7,> f? ne is znajne drctnr.84

Has jn vnan zns-, hm`t-, endne- ne tinephaidn pahttndrcejne uit jn a÷ssdnoinjnefnt nne cppnrvahb vhe fnnr jhe 8> f? haanne has spinbnr cg smùur dnãetnrprntnnrjwcrjne, ontnbnet jit jht ie jn a÷ssdnoinjne drctnrn cpsahddnocuwne ne/cg vnnavhbnr smùrne hhewnzid zike. @nt drctn hhetha banien nnevcujidn pahttndrcejne tnFhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne Hirpcrt bhe eint nnevcujidwnd fnt nne bcrtn anvnesjuur vnr-bahhrj wcrjne, cfjht phrhaanaan cg `hhbsn aiddiedne tne cpzim`tn vhe nabhhr vnnahanne dnaikbtikjid`nij suddnrnrne. Jhhrehhst is `nt whhrsmìkeaikb jht jn fnnstn nr-vne cp viejpahhts FHH8 scwinsc sanm`ts éée onwceiedsghsn `noone dn`hj.

Has wccesthaùizne hhewnzid zcujne zike dnwnnst, fcntne oikdnvcad haan strum-turne has spinbnrs dnãetnrprntnnrj wcrjne ne vhat fntnne cp jht jn necrfn cp-sahd-mhphmitnit ouitne prcpcrtins is vccr nne enjnrznttied uit jn IKznrtikj ie [uij-Aifourd. Cf ie zike nidne on`cngtn tn vccrzine, vcajcnt vccr éée ghfiain (éée

pahttndrcejtypn hhetha ]pinbnrs Oikdnocuwne Tccednocuwne _itunna

I > > < < <

II 7 : ? < <

III 7 ? : < <

W = = < <

IP 8-= <-= <-=

Zcthha ?8-?= 88 9 <-= <-=

pahttndrcejtypn hhetha ]pinbnrs Oikdnocuwne Tccednocuwne _itunna

I 88 88 < < <

II 9 : > < <

III : < : < <

IW : <-: <-:

W 8 8 < <

WI (8?<) 8

WII(8=4) 8 8

WIII(880) 8 8

IP (88>, 8=<) 8-?

P (8=:) 8

8?0, 8=0 ? < ?

88?, 889, 8??, 8:< 4 ?-:

Zcthha :8 87 8=-84 ?-0 <-:

Zhona :; Hhetha strumturne pnr dnocuwguemtin cp viejpahhts FHH?.

Zhona =; Hhetha strumturne pnr dnocuwguemtin cp viejpahhts FHH8.



?4:

nrg ) ie jn IKznrtikj ehfnaikb nne cpsahdmhphmitnit vhe éée vinrphaidn spinbnr.80 Nnejnrdnaikb drctn mhphmitnit bhe haanne cp nne surpausprcjumtin wikzne, `ntdnne nm`-tnr vccr jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj ie jit dnoinj, nrd cewhhrsmìkeaikb is.89

Ccb nne vnrbahried has (haanne) oikdnocuw `cujt dnne sthej; nr onsthhe jhe(vnna) drctnrn hhethaane oikdnocuwne jhe wccednocuwne cg znags spinbnrs. Jit

wcrjt juijnaikb uit hona = ne hona : whhr jn tcthan hhethaane vhe jn vnrsmìa-anejn strumturne ehhr (fcdnaikbn) guemtin (spinbnr, oikdnocuw, wccednocuw, ri-tunna) pnr viejpahhts zike cpdntnaj.?< Cp viejpahhts FHH8 zike ehhst fhxifhha= hhedntrcggne pahttndrcejne vhe `nt typn IP 88 spinbnrs ne 9 oikdnocuwne vhe`nt typn II, III cg W dnvcejne. [nags has wn ccb vccr jn hejnrn maustnrs uitdhhevhe éée (eint dnvcejne) drctnrn ùispahttndrcej, zike hatikj fnnr oikdnocuwnehhewnzid. Jit ahhtstn is vccrha cpfnrbnaikb has jnzn, zchas vnrfnaj, ccb ecd nnesdnaikbtikjid aikbne tn zike. Cp viejpahhts FHH? is jit fiejnr juijnaikb, cfjhtfnnrjnrn onwceiedspnricjne vnrtndnewccrjidj zike. Jnshaeinttnfie onsthht ccbcp viejpahhts FHH? nne juijnaikb `cdnr hhetha oikdnocuwne jhe `nt fhxifhan

hhetha wcceùizne. Has ha jnzn zns-, hm`t-, tine- ne twhhagphaidn strumturne oikdn-ocuwne zcujne zike dnwnnst, zcujne oikeh ent zc vnna oikdnocuwne has spinbnrs`noone onsthhe.

Banien pahttndrcejne zike eint tn banie cf ie tn wcene

@nt vccrehfnaikb cp ohsis vhe nne vnrsmìa ie drccttn hhednjuijn cejnrsm`nijtussne ùispahttndrcejne cp a÷ssne zhejdrcejne is nidneaikb rnahting. Jit vnr-smìa vhat ehfnaikb wnd has fne hmmnptnnrt jht nne dnsm`nijne onùizied, vccrfnes ne vnn hgzcejnraikb, ccb vcajcnt. Nne nrg onsthht jhe uit fnnrjnrn, baniendnocuwtkns ie pahhts vhe nne wccesthaocnrjnrik fnt spinbnrs. Jn ‐banien’ ùis-

pahttndrcejne vhe Fhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne Hirpcrt `noone eu cppnrvahbtns tussne 8>ne =< f?, fhhr zike whhrsmìkeaikb drctnr dnwnnst. Wnrstcried has dnvcad vhe nnu-wneahedn hbbnrocuw ne ocjnfnrcsin `noone jn ocvnestn ><- 4< mf vhehg `ntccrsprcebnaikbn cppnrvahb ceannsohhr vccr drcejspcrne dnfhhbt. @inrjccr zikevccrha jn cejinpnrn spcrne vnracrne dndhhe, whhrtcn ccb jn whejne vhe dnocu-wne on`crne. Jn nnevcujidn pahttndrcejne uit stikaphrne fcntne jhhrcf cpdn-vht wcrjne has jn jhbmcestrumtin jrhdnejn oieenestikane. Jn whejne bueene,hg`hebnaikb vhe jn uitvcnried, ecd zc’e 8 tct ? fntnr jhhrouitne `noone dnandne,zcjht nne cppnrvahb vhe =< - 4< f? bhe `noone onsthhe (Gid. 7). Jit is eint bani-enr, fhhr znags drctnr jhe jn wccednjnnatns ie jn fnnstn wccesthaùizne vhe jn[uij-Enjnrahejsn zhejdrcejne, jin dnfijjnaj nne cppnrvahbtn tussne ?> ne =<f? `hjjne (Dnrritsne ?<<=, 79)!

nesacttn, fcnt dnstnaj wcrjne jht eint haan hm`t- cg tinephaidn pahttndrcejnehas wcceùizne dnãetnrprntnnrj bueene wcrjne. Ie jht dnvha zcujne fnt ehfncp viejpahhts FHH8 juijnaikb tn vnna wcceùizne hhewnzid zike, znags fnnr jhespinbnrs. @nt aidt jhhrcf vccr jn `hej jht jn strumtuurtypne III ne W zcwnawcceùizne has sthaane bueene zike. Fnesne ne vnn zcujne jhe ie dnsm`nijne dn-ocuwtkns `noone dnanngj, `ntdnne ehtuuraikb vnrbahhrt whhrcf dnne drctnrn paht-tndrcejne hhewnzid zike. Tht eu prnmins jn hhrj is - wna cg dnne wccesthaùis- vhe jn ints drctnrn strumturne vhehg jn Fijjne cg Ahtn IKznrtikj oaikgt ceonbnej.Jnzn cejuijnaikbn pahttndrcejne zike fnt nne cppnrvahbtn tussne =< ne 0< f?



?4>

nm`tnr ecd stnnjs onjuijnej banienr jhe jn wccesthaùizne vhe jn zhejdrcejneuit jnznagjn pnricjn.

Onsauit

Jn hgwnzid`nij vhe wccesthaùizne ie `nt a÷ssdnoinj ie jn IKznrtikj bhe eint nne-vcujid fnt ocjnfnrcsin cg nne Tissnesm`hgtsañmbn vnrbahhrj wcrjne. @nt aikbt nrvnnannr cp jht wcceùizne ìnr nne hejnr uitnraikb `noone dn`hj. Jn vnnavuajiddnvcejne hm`t- ne tinephaidn pahttndrcejne ie `nt a÷ssdnoinj jin fnt ehfn uitjn Wrcndn tct Fijjne IKznrtikj jhtnrne, bueene ehfnaikb eint haanne has spinbnrne/cg oikdnocuw dnãetnrprntnnrj wcrjne. Jnzn pahttndrcejne zike cp tn vhttne hasjn jhbjrhdnejn oieenestikaphrne vhe strumturne jin drcct dnecnd whrne cf ie

tn wcene. Nm`tnr, eint ha jnzn pahttndrcejne bueene wcceùizne zike dnwnnst.[cwna ùizne has smùrne (cg sthaane) `hjjne oaikbohhr jnznagjn ohsismcestrumtin.Ie tndnestnaaied tct jn zhejdrcejne `noone fnesne ne vnn ie `nt a÷ssdnoinj iejn Wrcndn tct Fijjne IKznrtikj jus ie hgzcejnraikbn dnocuwtkns dnanngj ne eint iewccesthaùizne.

Ectne

8 Jihfntnrs vhe ?< ne ?> mf ne nne on`cujne jinptn vhe rnspnmtinvnaikb ?? ne 84 mf.

? Jihfntnrs tussne 8> ne ?< mf ne nne on`cujne jinptn tussne : ne 7 mf.

= 70,?% sidfh; 4><OM (?8.:%) 70<OM, 74<OM ( 7.8%) 7:<OM, >><OM (?:.>%) :0<OM,:4<OM (87.?%) :8<OM2 9>,:%; 47<OM (?:.9%) 70<OM, 74<OM (8?.0%) 78<OM,7<<OM (>4.0%) :<<OM.

Gid. 7; _nmcestrumtin vhe pahndrcejtypn III ne W (strumturne 8 ne ?) jccr Drhzyeh Zurcasbh.



?47

: @nt dhht ie onijn dnvhaane cf nne rnm`t`cnbidn pahttndrcej, nne vinrphaidn ne nne znsph-aidn, fnt hhe éée vhe jn bcrtn zikjne nne nxtrh phha cp jn hs vhe jn strumtuur. Jccr jncpvhaanej dnaikbn vuaaiedne zike jn phane tct jn pahttndrcejne tcndwnzne.

> Jrin vhe jn hm`t onvhttne tn wnieid mrnfhtinrnstne cf (vcadnes jn gysism` hetrcpcacdism`spnmihaist) vhe nne drhg tn bueene sprnbne. Jn cpvhaanejn cvnrnnebcfstidn hhrj vhe jnspcrne, hasfnjn cpfnrbnaikbn oikdigtne ie nne vhe jn jrin, jcne nne ietnrprnthtin has drhg

nm`tnr wna tnrnm`t. Jn banien `cnvnna`nij mrnfhtinrnstne vnrwcejnrt ccb eint hhednzinehaan drhvne nrd cejinp whrne iedndrhvne.

7 Kchmìf, 890< & 890?2 ]ifces, 89092 _cyfhes & Gcbbnes, 89982 _cyfhes, 89972 Whe@ccg, ?<<4.

4 [in ccb Dnrritsne ?<<=, =9->7 vccr nne cvnrzim`t vhe jnzn ùisocuwtrhjitin vhe jnFijjne Orcestikj tct ie jn _cfniesn tikj.

0 Wccr typism`n enjnrznttiedspahttndrcejne zin oikvccronnaj @hps (Wnrwnrs, 894?) cg]cfnrne (Bcrtahed, 8997).

9 Jn drcctstn vhrihet (8> phane) vhe 0x: fntnr (6=? f?) is sanm`ts éée bnnr vhstdnstnaj,jn fnnstn ‐drcctstn’ dnocuwne (7-, 0- ne 9-phaidn pahttndrcejne) `noone cppnrvahbtns

tussne 8? ne ?: f?

. [in ccb ]ifces (8909, 899? ne 899=), Kchmìf (890< ne 8994),Dnianeorñddn (?<<8 ne ?<<4).

8< Whe @ccg, ?<<4, ?>9. Jn cpdrhvnrs vhe ]itthrj-@ccdvnaj jhtnrne nne twnnsm`npid dn-ocuw (Dnanne-Nm`t typn) ie jn Ahtn Orcestikj ne nne jrinsm`npid dnocuw (]itthrj-_nbnftypn) ie jn Wrcndn IKznrtikj (ca & ]m`hooieb, ?<<:).

88 Dnanne-Nm`t typn; 8. Nm`t-Fhrih`ccp (Tiaanfs, 890=), ?. Dnanne-Khesbhfpnrvnaj (Whe@ccg, ?<<4o), =->. Nm`t-]ustnrne (Oieb, ?<<:) 7. ]itthrj-@ccdvnaj (ca & ]m`hooieb.,?<<:). @inrehhst ecnft Whe @ccg ecd nne vccronnaj uit Onadiâ (_csfnnr, ie; Jn Ocn &Whe Ifpn, 8949) ne jrin nxnfpahrne uit `nt Juitsn _ikeahej (@hfohm` ><?, ie; ]ifces89092 Iejne-Hatjcrg, ie; êsnat n.h., 899=2 ne ]tinajcrgnracè, ie; ]mùanr, 8999).

]itthrj-_nbnf typn; 8. ]itthrj-@ccdvnaj (ca & ]m`hooieb, ?<<:), ?. Ennr`hrne-_nbnf

(Jn Ocn, Jn Oin & Whe Ifpn, 899?).8? @nt nnrstn vccronnaj ontrngt Iejne-Hatjcrg ie `nt Juitsn _ikeahej (êsnat n.h., 899=).

@nt wccednocuw Dnoêujn 8 (mh. 0,?< x =,>< f drcct) `hj ehdnecnd ijnetinbn phhaspc-rne jin tct :<->< mf jinp onwhhrj whrne dnoanvne, tnrwika jn phhaspcrne vhe jn spinbnrs(Dnoêujne = ne :), dnfijjnaj sanm`ts 8> ne 0 mf jinp rnibtne. \rnmins `ntznagjn, jinpnrnphhaspcrne ie nt wccednocuw jhe ie jn spinbnrs, is ccb vhstdnstnaj ie ]itthrj-@ccdvnaj(ca & ]m`hooieb, ?<<:; wccednocuw = fnt spinbnr : (Ahtn Orcestikj), ne wccednocuw>, fnt spinbnrs 7, 4 ne 0 (Wrcndn IKznrtikj).

8= Hg`hebnaikb vhe jn hhewnzid`nij vhe rnstne vhe `nt ccrsprcebnaikb ocjnfprcna cejnrnne nsjnb bhe jhhr uitdndhhe wcrjne vhe nne nrcsin (has dnvcad vhe pacndne ie prn- neìstcrism`n tikjne) tussne < ne :< mf.

8: @cnwna jit ie Css-^ssne eint juijnaikb ehhr vcrne bwhf, onzht nne vccronnaj vhe `nt TFA-tnrrnie tn Tnnrt juijnaikb zwhhrjnrn oieenesti kane. [in Mccane, ?<<0.

8> Has drnes is dnecfne 8> f?, `ntdnne ontnbnet jht ccb éée drctn znsphaidn pahttndrcejvhe `nt typn II (strumtuur 8<=) fnntnat.

87 ]mìebna, 8990, ?>>. Ie jn IKznrtikj bueene >> ùizne dnjhtnnrj wcrjne; = ùizne uit jnWrcndn IKznrtikj, 8= ùizne uit jn Fijjne IKznrtikj ne =9 ùizne uit jn Ahtn IKznrtikj.

84 ]anm`ts twnn vhe jn 7< `noone nne drctnr cppnrvahb jhe 8< f?! ]mìebna 8990, ?>>,thona =< ne =8.



?44

80 Wccr éée ghfiain (tct 8> pnrscene) is jn cpsahdmhphmitint vhe éée vinrphaidn spinbnr dn-ecnd cf ie zike nidne on`cngtn tn vccrzine (Ohbnas, 8997, ==8-==?).

89 ]urpausprcjumtin nngt whhrsm ikeaikb wna onsthhe ie jn mcfpanxnrn Bnatism`n fhhtsm`hp-pik, zchas jnzn zim` vhehg jn 4n nnuw v. M`r. ie [uij-Juitsahej ne Mnetrhha-Grhebrikbcetwibbnajn. Fhhr, znags oieene jnzn fhhtsm`hppik, zchas oaikbt uit cpdrhviedsdndnvnesuit jn \ymhrjin ne jn Åan jn Grhemn, vcej jnzn cpsahd vccrha pahhts ie jn :- ne 7-phaidn

spinbnrs, ne fissmìne ccb 9-phaidn strumturne, fhhr eint ie hm`t- cg tinephaidn (Whe@ccg, ?<<4, ?7=-?77).

?< @inroik zike haanne jn drctn pahttndrcejne (5 =< f?) has fcdnaikb wcceùis dntnaj ne ishas sm`nijied tussne spinbnr ne oikdnocuw 88 f? dnecfne; nne banienr cppnrvahb wcrjthas spinbnr dnjneinnrj, nne drctnr has oikdnocuw.

Aitnrhtuuraikst

Hrecajussne, ]., ?<<0; H Aivied ahejsmhpn. Orcezn Hdn snttanfnet sitns ie t`n Jutm`rivnr hrnh (m. ?<<<-0<< OM), prcngsm`rigt êivnrsitnit vhe Anijne, Anijne.

Ohbnas, M., 8997; Drcwied drhie gcr ct`nrs cr `cw tc jntnmt surpaus prcjumtice, Kcureha cg Nurcpnhe Hrm`ncacd y : , =?9-==7.

Onmbnrs, @.K. & D.H.K. Onmbnrs, 89:<; Jn Wccrdnsmìnjneis vhe Aifourd, Fhhstrim`t,Wnajnbn.

Ocn, D. Jn, Oin, F. Jn & A. vhe Ifpn, 899?; Ennr`hrne-_nbnf; nne mcfpanxnonwceiedsdnsmìnjneis dnrnj vhe jn driejohddnrs, Ie; Ohum``neÓ, D., \rittwitzu. Dhggrce, @-@. vce, F. Cttn & T.K.@. Tiaanes (rnj), ]pnurwnrb, Hrm`ncacdism`nfceufnetnezcrd ie jn Nurcrndic Fhhs-_ike, Fhiez hf _`nie.

Mccane, K., ?<<0; Cejnrzcnbsdnoinj TFA-tnrrnie, dnfnnetn Tnnrt2 hrm`ncacdism`

cejnrzcnb; jngieitinvn cpdrhvied, Tnnsp (_hhp-rhppcrt 84==).

Dnianeorñddn, ^., ?<<8; ]injauedne jnr Fnthaaznit if Orhuebcànethdnohu oniDhrzwnianr, Hrm`êcacdin if _`nieahej ?<<< , >=->>.

Dnianeorñddn, ., ?<<4; Nien Fnthaaznitaim`n ]injauedsahejsm`hgt. Jhs B÷`fohm`thaoni Dhrzwnianr, ie; F. @ndnwism` (nj.), Brind uej Grinjne. Bnatne-_÷fnr-Dnrfhene,Ocee (_`nieism` Ahejnsfusnuf), 87<-87?.

Dnrritsne, G., ?<<=; Acmha Ijnetitins. Ahejsmhpn hej mcffueity ie t`n Ahtn \rnìstcrimFnusn-Jnfnr-]m`najt rndice, Hfstnrjhf Hrm`ncacdimha ]tujins 9, Hfstnrjhf.

@ijjieb, @., ?<<>h; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb hhe jn Onnbsnwnd tn Ains`cut , Hfstnrjhf[uijenjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n _hppcrtne 80).

@ijjieb, @., ?<<>o; Cpdrhviedne cp `nt _csvnaj tn Enjnrwnnrt , Hfstnrjhf([uijenjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n _hppcrtne ??).

@ccg, A. vhe, ?<<<; Giaaied oAhmb `cans; anvne, stnrvne ne jnpcenrne ie jn fnthhatikjnevhe [uij-Aifourd , Anijne; Ghmuatnit hrm`ncacdin (FH-t`nsis).

@ccg, A. vhe, ?<<4; `n Irce Hdn hoithtice, ie; Nxmhvhtices ht Dnanne-Khesbhfpnrvnaj899</8998, Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih =9, Anijne, ?:>- ?40.



?40

Kchmìf, @.-N., 890<; Kuednrahtàenznitaim`ne ]injauedne oni Nsm`wnianr, Br. Hhm`ne,Oceenr Kh`roñm`nr 80<, =>>-::8.

Kchmìf, @.-N., 890?; Aêejaim`n ]injauedne jnr vcrr÷fism`ne Nisneznit if r`niei-sm`ne _huf, Cggh =9, 8>>-87?.

Kchmìf, @.-N., 8994; Orcezn - uej Nisneznit, ie; Dnsmìm`taim`nr Htahs jnr _`nieaêejn,Oni`ngt II/=.8-=.:.

Bcrtahed, G., 8999; `n Irce Hdn ureginaj hej snttanfnet grcf ]cfnrne-Thtnrjhna,ie; `nuws, G. & E. _cyfhes (njs), Ahej hej Hemnstcrs. Muaturha jyehfims iet`n ^reginaj pnricj hej t`n Fijjan Hdns ie t`n ]cut`nre Ent`nrahejs , Hfstnrjhf,8==-890.

_coonrnm`ts, O., ?<<=; Fhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne Hirpcrt-Ccst, dnfnnetne Onnb neFnnrssne2 nne ievnethrisnrnej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb, Hfstnrjhf (_hhp-rhp-pcrt 9:?).

_cyfhes, E., 8997; `n swcrj cr t`n pacud`. _ndiceha jyehfims ie t`n rcfheish-tice cg Onadim Dhua he t`n _ìenahej hrnh, ie; Grcf t`n swcrj tc t`n pacud`. `rnnstujins ce t`n nhrainst rcfheishtice cg ecrt`nre Dhua , Hfstnrjhf, 9-8?7.

_cyfhes, E. & @. Gcbbnes, 8998; Nne cvnrzim`t vhe vnnrtid khhr enjnrznttiedsce-jnrzcnb ie jn Ahdn Ahejne, ie; @. Gcbbnes & E. _cyfhes (njs.), Enjnrznttiedneuit jn orcestikj ne jn vrcndn ikznrtikj ie jn Ahdn Ahejne , Hfnrsgccrt (EH_ 8=),8-89.

]mìebna, B., 899:; [wnrvnejn nrvne. Onwceiedsspcrne ie Css-^ssne uit Orcestikj,IKznrtikj ne _cfniesn tikj. Cpdrhviedne 8947-8907 , \rcngsm`rigt êivnrsitnit vheAnijne, Anijne.

]mìebna, B., 8990; êsnttnaj snttanfnet, cmmuphtice rnfhies grcf t`n Orcez Hdnhej t`n Irce Hdn ht Css-^ssne. `n 8947-8907 nxmhvhtices, ie; @. Gcbbnes (rnj.),`n ^ssne prcknmt- t`n grist jnmhjn cg nxmhvhtices ht Css, Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimhAnijnesih =<, Anijne, >-=<>.

Zim`nafhe, D., ?<8<; IKznrtikj onwceied ne ondrhvied cp `nt a÷ss-pahtnhu oik Onnb,cpdrhvied Fhhstrim`t-Hhm`ne Hirpcrt (FHH), dnfnnetn Onnb , Tnnsp (_hhp-rhppcrt?<>:).

Zca, H.K. & F. ]m`hooieb, ?<<:; Cpdrhviedne cp viejpahhtsne uit jn Orcestikj,IKznrtikj, _cfniesn tikj ne Wcaan Fijjnannuwne cp nt @ccdvnaj tn ]itthrj , Hfstnrjhf

([uijenjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n _hppcrtne 8:).êsnat, F, Htne, E, Oureinr, M.Y & \. Brhenejceb, 899=; Husdrhouedne if

^fsinjauedsdnoint Iejne/Hatjcrg jnr Dnfniejn Iejne, Brnis Jñrne, AHEJ-Onrim`t ?</899=, Iejne.

Wnraiejn, H.J., ?<<7; Dnrfhhesn widvcrfidn vhedbuiane tn Jnenbhfp ie ùenmcacdism`n ne hrm`ncacdism`n mcetnxt, ie; Oriebbnfpnr, C., Jnnone, K., vheJcnsourd, K.,@haanwhs, J.\., `nueissne, N.F. & H.J. Wnraiejn, Whbbne ie vahb-bne. Hrm`ncacdism`n bneeis ie ahdne, Hfnrsgccrt (EH_ =?), ?48-?98.



?49

]ifces, H., 8909; Orcezn- uej nisneznitaim`n Onsinjaued ie jne _`nieism`neA÷sso÷rjne, Oritis` Hrm`ncacdimha _npcrts, Ietnrehticeha ]nrins :74, Cxgcrj.

]ifces, H., 899?; B÷ae-Oaufneonrd. Nie urdnsmìm`taim`nr ]injauedsonrnim` fit÷pgnrcgnernstne hug Grñ`dnsmìm`tn ?>, 899?, =79-:?8.

]ifces, H., 899=; B÷ae-Oaufneonrd. Nieoaimbn ie nien urdnsmìm`taim`n]injauedsahejsm`hgt hug jnr Einjnrtnrrhssn jns _`nies. Wcraêugidnr HosmàuÓonrim`tzu jne Husdrhouedne 8900 ois 899?, B÷aenr Kh`roum` gñr Wcr- uej Grñ`dnsmìm`tn?7, 899=, :99->=0.

Wnrwnrs, D.K. , 894?; Jhs Bhfps Wnaj ie @hps ie Encaitìbuf, Orceznznit uej Nisneznit ,Anijne.



?08

\ HHATC_FNE, JIKBNE, @ÊNONJJNE NE CE[N NN_]ZN FCE^FNEZNETNZ

K.H. Ohbbnr

cne phhawcrfne ie 84=<-== jn phane vhe cezn winrjikbne vnreinajne cetbntne-jn `nt eu hheornedne vhe nne fnt stnene onjnbt, daccinej prcgina nne whrn khm`tcp zwnrgbnine. Jhhrcf is ha ie 84=: `nt vnrwikjnrne vhe drnesstnene ne ùen-onjjne ie Jrnet`n vnrocjne; cezn nnrstn ‐fceufnetnewnt’. Ie jit hrtibna vhat jn

ehjrub cp jn hhewnzid`nij ne jn sm`hjn vhe jn phhawcrf, jin ha vnna nnrjnr jhe84=< ie cezn znnâe vccrbwhf.

Jn phhawcrf

Jit jinr vhe `nt zcutn ne orhbbn whtnr, nrnjc ehvhais (Aieehnus 84>0, zin gid. 8,>-7, 0-9), aikbt zcznnr cp nne wcrf jht Aieehnus `nt tct jn sthf (\`yauf) vhe jnWnrfns , wcrfne rnbnejn. Jn ehhf phhawcrf,8 Juits \ghàwurf,? Jnnes phnan-crf dnngt jit ccb hhe.= ]naaius (84==),: Muvinr (849>) ne Ahfhrmb (80<8) wnznejn phhawcrf mcrrnmt hhe jn sthf vhe jn Fcaausmh tcn, whet `nt is nne twnnbanp-pid wnnbjinr, hm`tnr jn bcp zittne ehfnaikb twnn fieinfn sm`napkns jin has rhspnejinene.> Jccr fnt zike bcp `nne ne wnnr tn smùrne drhhgt `nt ìnrfnn dhedneie `cutne pahebne, ohabne ne phane ie zcut ne eint tn bcuj whtnr (gid. ?),7 cpdnfhtidjn ornnjtne, ie jn Htahetism`n Cmnhhe tct hhe jn zuijbhet vhe IKsahej,jn Ghrcnr ne jn bust vhe [uij-Nednahej.4 Oik `nt hgornbne vhe daumcsn zike ccbohmtnriâe ontrcbbne. Ie `nt eccrjnaikb jnna vhe `nt Nurcpnsn mcetienet bcft jnphhawcrf tnefiestn aheds jn bustne vhe Ornst tct oik _ñdne ne vhe ]thvhednrtct Fhaf÷ ie [wnjne vccr. ]iejs jn ahtn 89 n nnuw bcaceisnnrt ìk jn Ccstznn.Ie 804> zht ìk ha oik Threnfñejn ne eu is ìk tct oik Hrbceh cp _ñdne jccr-dnjrcedne ne tne wnstne jhhrvhe wcrjne ocvne `nt zhej uitstnbnejn `cutnesm`nnpswrhbbne, has nt whtnr whrf dnecnd is, eu nvne ce`nrstnaohhr hhednthst hasjin ie jn Eccrjznn. Thhrsmìkeaikb bcft nrnjc ehvhais ccb vccr tussne Ornst neDiorhathr hhe jn Htahetism`n bust. Oik nne duestidn tnfpnrhtuur is nt ie znn jinpnrjhe 80=< f ecd hmting, ccb smìket ìk nne vccrbnur vccr rivinrfcejne tn `no-one (Orid`t 8090). Ie jn Fijjnaahejsn [nn bcft ìk hhe jn Hjrihtism`n bust vhejn \cjnath tct Istriâ vccr vcadnes Dcaahs` nt ha. (?<<0). Wnrfcnjnaikb zit ìk jhhrnm`tnr cvnrha, whet ie jn 89n nnuw vnrccrzhhbtn ìk nrestidn sm`hjn hhe jn `cutne_ussism`n vacct ie jn [whrtn [nn (Tiebanr \ries 800:, >44). Ie 87<< zcej jn_npuoainb Wnentiâ dnzhetne ehhr Mìeh cf tn vrhdne ehhr `nt jccr Fhrmc \cacie jn ahtn 8=n nnuw dnecnfjn, jccr ùe dnonzidjn fijjna tndne jn phhawcrfne.Jht whs nne juoonan sm`nnpswhej, fnt zcut nrtussne (Bcrvnr ?<<9, 8>).



?0?

Gid. 8. Jn phhawcrf has titnapahht hgdnonnaj jccr Knhe _cussnt jn Fissy (84==h).

Gid. ?. Nne jccr phhawcrfne jccrbehhdjn phha (gctc@ccd`nnfrhhjsm`hp @caahejs Eccrjnrbwhrtinr).



?0=

Oik jn ìnr vnrfnajn vnrsprnijied vhe nrnjc ehvhais fcnt fne wna onjnebnejht jn ghfiain vhe jn nrnjieijhn, ‐phhawcrfne’, jin Aieehnus mhahfiths ehviuf,‐nne rhfp vccr jn sm`npne’ ecnfjn, ne jin ccb ‐jn tnrfintne jnr znn’ dnecnfjwnrjne, cejnrvnrjnnaj is ie ? suoghfiains, 87 dnsahm`tne (dnenrh) fnt 8?7 sccr-tne ne cejnrsccrtne (spnmins ne suospnmins) tnat.0 Wnrrnwnd jn onbnejstn is nrnjc

ehvhais , vccrha jccr zike whejhjne ie 84=<-84== ie Enjnrahej. ne tne ceznetcvnrwnndt jnzn sccrt dn`nna,fhhr ìnr ne jhhr ie fike tnbst bhe nne hejnrn phha-wcrfsccrt cejnrdnsm`cvne zike.

nrnjc is nne bcsfcpcaint ne bcft, ha jhe eint ie vnrwhetn sccrtne ne cejnr-sccrtne, ie haan wnrnajznnâe vccr.9 Cvnrha fhhbt ìk `cutwnrb ie bcrtn tikj vca-anjid ceoruibohhr, zchas ie jn `hvne vhe ]he Grhemismc cfstrnnbs 8984 (Ohrrcws8984). Jn whrfn znn rcej jn Mhrhãoism`n niahejne wnfnat vhe jn phhawcrfne.Cp jn tnrudwnd vhe zike ahhtstn tcm`t ehhr jht dnoinj fcnst Mcaufous ie 8><=-: jhe ccb cp Khfhimh zike jccr jn phhawcrf hhednthstn sm`npne vnrvhedne. Jht>< sm`npne vhe jn ]phhesn Hrfhjh ie 8>00 dnzcebne zike zcu znags `ccgjzhbnaikb

jccr phhawcrfvrhht vnrccrzhhbt zike (Njiednr ?<<8). Ne Grhemis Jrhbns vahddne-smìp whs oik tnrudbnnr vhe zike vhhrt cf jn wnrnaj ‐vcaanjid jccr phhawcrfnejccrdnbehhdj’ (KcestceRusV 87=? cg 87>=).8<

Jn cujn Ndyptnehrne, Drinbne ne _cfniene `hjjne nr ie jn Fijjnaahejsn[nn ha ahst vhe ” jn sm`nnpsrcfp wnrj tcne jibwikas dnjuoonaj fnt jueen pahe-bne jin tnabnes vnrvhedne wnrjne. `ncp`rhstns, Baithrmùs, \aieius, Witruvius neCvijius sm`rnvne nr cvnr. Cvijius sprhb c.f. cvnr cmmuath vitihth tnrnjien ehvis , ‐nnesmìp onjcrvne jccr jn cezim`tohrn phhawcrf’.88 Gcssina jccr phhawcrfne hhedn-thst `cut is cp vnrsm`nijnen pahhtsne hhedntrcggne, zchas jinp ie Acejce Mahy, =,>f jinp ie jn cejnrdrcej vhe nt Jufohrtjcb tn Onaghst, ie Fijjne-Ncmnen ahdne

tn Orussna (eint nrnjc ehvhais ), ne jinp cejnr jn mithjna vhe Dnet.8? Jn IKsahejsn Niribs ]hdh sprnnbt cvnr jn phhawcrf cfstrnnbs 8<8< eh M`r.

@nt cridienna vhe mh. 8?7< is vnracrne dndhhe, fhhr wn bneene `nt vnr`hha uit `nt@hubsoýb (mh. 8==<) ne `nt ]bèa`catsoýb (mh. 8:4<). Jn ahhtstn tnbst is `nt ahedstne dnajt has `nt fnnst ontrcuwohhr;

Okhrei Drifcagssces smìp whs jccr jn wiej ie jn Drcneahejznn dnjrnvne. [ikbwhfne tnrnm`t ie whtnrne vca znnwcrfne ne vccrjht zik `nt jccr`hjjne whs`nt smìp cejnr `ne jccrdnbehhdj ne ondce `nt tn ziebne. [n onsprhbne wht tnjcne. [n `hjjne nne occtkn oik zim` jht fnt tnnr vhe znn`cejnevnt on`hejnaj

whs zcjht jn phhawcrfne nr eint ie bcejne jriedne. Jn fnnstn onfheeieds-anjne vcejne jht zcvnna fheene nrie fcnstne cvnrsthppne has `nt jrhdne bce,fhhr tcne jit dnprconnrj wnrj oannb jit sanm`ts jn `nagt vhe `ne tn zike. Okhreizni tcne jht win nr ie died jccr tn actne hhednwnzne zcu wcrjne, ne eint jccrrhed R…V cne nr dnacct whs oannb Okhrei fnt oikeh jn nagt vhe jn onfheeiedie jn occt tn fcdne. Fhhr nne cp `nt smìp hm`tnroaikvnejn kcedn IKsahejnr `nr-ieenrjn `nf hhe nne onacgtn R`nf wnnr tùis tn ornedneV ne Okhrei ruiajn fnt`nf vhe pahhts ne died fnt `nt smìp ie jn Tcrfneznn tne cejnr. Jn fheeneie `nt occtkn zniajne wnd ne onrnibtne ahej, whhr zik ùe vnr`hha vnrtnajne.8=



?0:

‐Tcrfneznn’ `nnt Fhjbhskc ie jn ccrsprcebnaikbn tnbstne. ]kc ontnbnet ‐znn’cg ‐fnnr’ ne fhjbh ontnbnet nidneaikb ‐fhjn’,8: rnjne whhrcf Fhdeussce ne\èassce sprnbne vhe ‐whtnrs iegnstnj wit` fhddcts’, fhhr vnna hejnrn hutnurs jne-bne zcejnr fnnr hhe phhawcrfne. Jn pahhts vhe jnzn Tcrfneznn is cfstrnjne.Fnt jn ‐Drcneahejznn’ ie `nt ]bèa`catsoýb wnrj vcadnes Fhdeussce ne \èassce

(897>, 8<=, 88>) ]trhht Jnenfhrbne tussne IKsahej ne Drcneahej onjcnaj.8>

@nt@hubsoýb sprhb jhhrnetndne vhe jn ‐Inrsn Cmnhhe’ (]np`tce 800<), Fhdeusscene \èassce (897>, 8<=e) vnrthane jit has ‐jn znn tne wnstne vhe Inrahej’, fhhr]np`tce ne hejnrne vnrthhajne ‐Inrsn [nn’. @nt @hubsoýb zndt ocvnejine jht `ntocctkn fnt jn havn onfheeied ie Juoaie jn bust onrnibtn (Fhdeussce ne \èassce897>, 8<:e), wht oik nne Inrsn acmhtin phst. Ie wnrbnaikb`nij zha tnnr vhe znn`ce-jnevnt haanne tikjnaikb tndne nrnjc dn`capne `noone.

Jht phhawcrfne jnstikjs hmting whrne ie `nt cp jn Inrsn [nn hhesauitnejn ]hietDncrdns M`heena oaikbt uit jn jccr jn phhawcrf hhednthstn rnstne uit jn 88n-8?n nnuw vhe nne cvnrehhjs dnocuwj smìp vhe gikesphr ie ùis MO vhe Juoaie

nfpan Ohr.87

Jhhrtndnecvnr sthht jht nne vhe jn vikg Wibiedsm`npne uit 8<4<-8<9< eh M`r.,jin ie jn _csbiajn Gkcrj oik ]buajnanv dnocrdne zike, ie 8<:? ie Juoaie dnocuwjwhs, fhhr tcm` cp cpne znn eint jccr phhawcrfne hhednthst whs. Nne twnnjnwrhb, hgbcfstid uit ]cdengkcrj ie Eccrwndne, vnrtccet ent zc fie phhawcrf-vrhht has jn jrin cvnridn sm`npne. Jit is ccb oik jn Ornfnr Bcddn vhe 8=0< eh M`r.`nt dnvha. M. Hjhfsne, jin fik ìnrcp wnns, cppnrjn jht jn phhawcrf phs eh jintikj hmting is dnwcrjne.84

@nt is vccr fik znnr jn vrhhd cg jn phhawcrf onjcnaj wcrjt ie `nt NnrstnDnzhed vhe Ysdcahe ie `nt Oahmb Occb cg Mhrfhrt`ne (Aaygr Ju Mhnrgyrjjiee, vnrs

?7), zchas Knggrnys (807>, 8?? n.v.) vnrcejnrstnajn. Jit ocnb, jht cfstrnnbs 8?><ie éée `hej ie `nt Tnas` wnrj cpdnsm`rnvne, is jn cujstn mcjigimhtin vhe 9n-8?n-nnuwsn dnjim`tne. Jn dnannrjn fceeib Ysmcahe vcnat zim` znnr zcejid wndnes `ntvnrorhejne vhe nne bnrb, `nt jcjne vhe nne cg fnnr bcnine vhe nne sm`cca ne`nt ie `nt whtnr dccine vhe nne ocnb ” zwhrn zcejne ie nne jnvcct-m`ristnaikbnshfneanvied. Has pneitnetin fcnst ìk nne `nna khhr tn Ohedcr cp ‐nne phha vhe nneviswnnr’ zittne, jus hhe jn znnstrhht tussne Thans ne Hedansny;

H guaa ynhr whs divne fn

Ht Ohedcr ce t`n pcan cg h wnir2

Mcesijnrs t`cu fy suggnried grcf snh-wcrfs 80

Ib jneb jht `nt oik jin wcrfne (whjpinrne3) cf nne fnthgccr dhht vccr ‐tneprcci hhe jn nnezhhf`nij, jn bcujn dcavne vhe jn znn, jn stcrfne ne jn `cednr’,cg fcnst ìk whjpinrne ntne389

Fne onstrnnj ne onstrikjt jn znnwcrf jccr jn sm`nnpswhejne ne nt `cutwnrbvhe sauizne ne `hvnes fnt bcpnr tn onbanjne (nne Nednasn uitviejied uit 84>0 cg8478),?< zn fnt hhennednsactne ornnjbcppidn ikznrne wcrfspikbnrs tn ontiffn-rne, cg zn fnt vnrdig ie tn sfnrne. _cej 89>< whrne jn `cutne strhejphane cpnrsm`naaied onsahdne fnt ikznrne wcrfspikbnrs whhrvhe jn rcnstidn, =,> mf ornjnbcppne nabhhr fnt jn rhejne cvnrahptne.?8 On`havn fissmìne nebnan trcpism`n

`cutsccrtne zchas jn ohsrhacmus (Jimcryeih duihenesn ),?? hzcoé (Acpìrh hahth ) ne



?0>

drnne`nhrt (Màcrcmhrjiuf rcjint ), is dnne `cutsccrt ahed tndne jn phhawcrf on-sthej vcadnes rnmnetn ietnrentsitns.?= Ehtuuraikbn vikhejne `nngt ìk wnieid2 haannejn riedwcrf cg dnvanbtn znnjuiznejpcct (Enhet`ns gumhth , vrcndnr Aymcreih gumhth ,gid. 7; Gid. III), jin drhhd ie zike dhedne ùist, nnt `nf cp (@hrtied 807<),?: fhhrrcnit `nf eint uit. Tna fikjt jn phhawcrf saiorikb cg vnrvuiaj whtnr. Whewndn `nt

saio bcft ìk jhe ccb eint aheds jn eccrjbust vhe Grinsahej ne Drceiedne vccr,on`havn nnrtikjs ie Ccstfh`cre.Ie jn fhhejne kuei, kuai ne hudustus, wheennr `nt znnwhtnr vcajcnejn whrf

is, ahht jn phhawcrf eh dnsahm`tnaikbn vccrtpahetied juiznejne nitkns ie `nt whtnrvhaane. Jn zim` ìnruit cetwibbnanejn ahrvne onwndne zim` has pahebtce fnt tria-`hrne jccr `nt zcutn cg stnrb orhbbn whtnr. [ik znttne zim` ennr cp `cutne phanen.j. (gid. 0-9), whhrie zik zim` tct nne tct =>-7< mf ahedn,?> viednrjibbn wcrfvcrfcetwibbnane ie jn ie jit `cut dnoccrjn dhedne. Oieene nebnan fhhejne is jit`cut vhehg jn vacnjaike tct ?> mf ie jn ocjnf jccrtrcbbne fnt dhedne, zcjht jnphha has nne aumignr`cutkn bhe hgornbne. Jn phhawcrfne panistnrne ùe :<-7< mf

ahedn phrhaanaan dhedne, jin oik jrccdtn hgdnsactne bueene wcrjne, fnt nne bhab-ahhdkn. On`havn jht jn phhawcrf `nt `cut nnt, anngt ìk vhe pahebtce ie `nt whtnrjirnmt vccr zike dhed.

Ietnrnsshet is jht jn onrcnfjn Oritsn iedneinur Ishfohrj Biedjcf Oruena ie80?>-80:= jn bhabonjnbbied vhe jn dhedne jccr jn phhawcrf has vccronnaj ehfoik jn ocuw vhe jn nnrstn tueena cejnr jn `nnfs. @ik ehf whhr jht jn nrnjc sanm`ts nne tueena occrjn oik banien stubkns tndnaikb ne jhe nnrst jn whejne fntnne sccrt mnfnet onbannjjn. Oruena rim`ttn `nt wnrb jhhrcf zc ie jht sanm`tsnne phhr vcnt vhe jn tueena wnrj uitdndrhvne fnt nne stnnjs vccrwhhrts dnsm`c-vne smìaj ne jhe stnvid fnt ohbstnne cffntsnaj vccrjht fne vnrjnr occrjn. ?7

Cvnrstrcfiedne andjne `nt wnrb ie 80?>-?0 stia, fhhr ìk sahhdjn uitniejnaikbtcm`.?4

Jn bcfst ne jn hhewnzid`nij vhe jn phhawcrf ie ces zcutnne orhbbn whtnr

Jibwikas wcrjt onwnnrj jht jn phhawcrf phs heec 84=< ces bustdnoinj on-rnibt `nngt.?0 Iejnrtikj jhm`t fne hhe nne Tnst- cg Ccst-Hzihtism`n `nrbcfst. ?9 Ie nemymacpnjinâe vhe cfstrnnbs 89<< viejt fne jnzn fneied ne ecd ceahedsehf ib `nf cvnr (Ohbbnr ?<8<, ?<). Eu zuaane nr iejnrjhhj vnna phhawcrfne ie

sm`nnpswhejne ehhr ces ahej dnorhm`t zike, fhhr gnitnaikb wnrj jn phhawcrf hannrjnr ie Enjnrahej ne cfdnvied dnsidehannrj. Ie 8>0< orhm`t jn znnwcrf sm`h-jn tcn hhe [nnuwsn `cutne jikbvnrzwhriedne vcadnes \.M. @ccgt (87:?-87>:).=< \hhawcrfsm`hjn wnrj ie 87>8-7= dnfnaj uit Ecrjne ie `nt Juitsn Cstgrinsahej(Mrnfnr 89>>) ne nne oring hgdnjrubt ie `nt ie \hriks vnrsmìkenejn Kcureha jns ]ähvhets vhe 8> gnoruhri 877>, p. ?4=,=8 onrim`ttn jht jn phhawcrf jn sm`npne ie`nt IK ‐smìnr vnreinaj’ `hj.=?, == Ie 84<4 whs nr phhawcrfsm`hjn hhe `nt ie 84<>-84<7 dnocuwjn jrccdjcb tn Waissiedne.=: Ie 84?< sm`rnng jn ehtuurcejnrzcnbnrOcurnhu-Jnsahejns nne vnr`hejnaied cvnr jn phhawcrf, jin ìk uit jn `hvne vheOrnst ie Ornthden bnejn. Nne cvnrzim`t vhe jn cpvhttiedne cvnr nt nnrstn vnrsmìk-

ene vhe jn phhawcrf ie jn Enjnrahejne viejt fne ie `nt ocnbkn vhe Fhssunt



?07

(84==h). Jnzn Grhesthaidn prctnsthet uit jn [uijnaikbn Enjnrahejne, iffidrhet iejn _npuoainb ne annraied vhe Ocnr`hhvn ie Anijne, sm`rikgt zike vnr`hejnaied quhsiie oringvcrf hhe nne eint ehjnr dnecnfjn @nnr;

Wcus ans hvnz rndhrjnz mcffn ue neenfi étrhednr ecuvnaanfnet hrrivé jns Iejns jhes ecs

prcprns Whissnhux, nt pnut-ëtrn qu’Nux & anurs Hynux scet cridiehirns jn mn phys. Wcus

vcus été pnrsuhjé qu’humue Ehturhaistn e’hvcit khfhis ghit fnetice j’uen phrniaan vnrfien2vcus haanz kusqu’h jirn qun mn e’nst qun jnpuis pnu qu’ce a’h jémcuvnrtn jhes ans piainrs jn

ecs Jiduns, & eéhefcies kn trcuvn tcut an mcetrhirn. (p. :).

Ne ìk vnrwnns (p. >0->9) ehhr jn ìnrocvne dnmitnnrjn onrim`tne vhe @ccgtne `nt Kcureha jns ]ähvhets . @ik ecnfjn nm`tnr ccb jn jhhrfnn strikjidn vnrcejnr-stnaaied vhe nne bcfst uit jn Mhrhãoism`n [nn cfstrnnbs 870<-0>, wht ie gnitn jnsm`hjn ie `nt IK rcej 877>-4< ontrcggne bhe `noone (p. 7<)

Ce hssurn qu’ia e’y h qu’nevirce ><. hes qun ecs vhissnhux mcecissnet mns ecuvnhux

Neenfins, qu’ias ans cet pris jhes ah Fnr jns Hetiaans, & ans cet rhppcrtnz jhes ecs Fnrs

cù ias sn scet prcjidinusnfnet fuatipanz.

Tinrjikbne

]iejs jn ahtn Fijjnannuwne=> hjjne jn jikbne aheds jn [uijnrznn ne jn Eccrjznnnne ‐winrrinf’ hhe jn znnbhet. Jit whs nne fntnrs jibbn, fhxifhha 4 f `cdnohej vhe dnmcfprifnnrj ‐winr’, nidneaikb znndrhs, [cstnrh ,=7 jht dcnjbccp ie jn

Thjjneznn ne jn [uijnrznn dnccdst bce wcrjne.=4

Fhhr `njnejhhds is ntznavn, vccrehhfnaikb ie jnnzn anndn Ahejne, jhhr fne vhe Juiene

cetoacct is, ne jn znn fnt Jikbne fcnt hgbnnrne, ie drcct dnoruib dnbcfne, ne wcrjt vccrjn onstn stcggn dn`cujne, cf cp cezn aim`tn ne vnneidn drcejne nneidn Jikbne tn vnstidne,

phbbnejn `nt winr zcc vhst ie nabhhr, has jn haanrvnstn banikhhrjn, whhrjccr jn znndcavne,

jhhrtndne sahhejn, jccr jn dahjjid`nit vhe `nt winr jhhr wnjnr hgrcaane. [cc jht fnneid - fhha jn ]thtne vhe jne Ahejn, \ahbbhhtne ne Crjceehetiâe cp nt vissm`ne ne cp`hhane

vhe jn winr dnfhhbt zike.=0

@nt winr wnrj cp nne ahhd vnrs rint cg wiadnethbbne dnandj ehjht `nt dnjrccdjwhs. Wccr nne 4 f `cdn rinf vhe shfnednpnrst winr ie jn Tnstgrinsn [nnjikbzcu nne sthpna vhe :< f vnrs winr ecjid dnwnnst zike (]mìastrh 894:2 J. Ohbbnr899<).=9 Tinr `hj `nt vccrjnna jht `nt vrikwna eints bcsttn, ruif vccr`hejnewhs ne, zcut has `nt whs, eint vnrrcttn. Tna fcnst `nt dnrndnaj hhednvuaj wcrjnecfjht `nt iezhbtn. @nt winr whs fnt phane vnrhebnrj cfjht `nt hejnrs wnd zcujrikvne (Bcrvnr ?<<9, 89-?<).:< Thhr ecjid onsm`nrfjne `cutne iksornbnrs nenne zwhrn smùttied vhe nibne cg drnene pahebne jn winrrinfne tndne orhejiedne iksdhed. ‐Ie 8:77 ondce fne jn Tnstgrinsm`n znnjikbne cp jn dnvhhraikbstnpahhtsne fnt ohabne vhe ?7 ne =? vcntne R0,8> ne 8< f ahedV, jccr jwhrsohabne,vccrzine vhe ikznrne ocutne, dn`nm`t hhe nnen dcrjied vhe phhawnrb, tn sm`crne’(Mcerhj 80:9, ><9).:8 Gid. =-: ahtne zine jht ccb jn [nnourdnr ne Jinfnr znnjik-bne nne jnrdnaikbn `cutne smùttied `hjjne. Ccb jn bust oik Fuijne `hj zuabnjikbonsm`cniiedne.:? Fne bhe dnvcndaikb hheenfne jht zik (snjnrt jn twnnjn `nagtvhe jn 8>n nnuw3) cvnrha whrne hhednorhm`t vccr jn vneidn ne baniãdn bust vhe jn



?04

[uijnrznn ie jn cf zike orhejied onrum`tn [uijwha. Cejnrzcnb vhe cujn hgonna-jiedne zcu jit bueene prnmisnrne. Grits Audt `nrbnejn jn zwhrn phhabcppne vhejn `cutne onsm`cniied vhe jn Jinfnr- ne [nnourdnr [nnjikb cp jrin tnbneiedne

vhe _nforhejt.:=

Gid. =. Ie jn `cnb vhe nne bhhrt ie jn zhbhtahs vhe K. jn Ant` (mh. 84:>) zike jn einuwn fnt stn -

ene onandjn [nnourdnr ne Jinfnr [nnjikb ne jn cujn jikb fnt winrrinf ne `cutne orhejieds -

sm`nrf hgdnonnaj.

Gid. :. ]ndnr Ahbnfhes prnet vhe ‐jne tndneswccrjidne tcnsthejt vhe jn \hhane Jyb, cp twnn

pahhne eh ’t anvne hgdntnnbnet ie Fny 84<=’ hhe jn fcejied vhe jn Jinf.



?00

Gid. >. \hfnt vhe Naihs Ohnmb ì @najnefut` (84=?). Jit ie Hudsourd vnrsm`nene phfnt dnngt jn pheinb vhe 84=<-84== dcnj wnnr.



?09

Ie Jnenfhrbne zike ccb vnna winrjikbne (thedjidnr ) hhednandj. Wcadnes nnetnbstkn vhe `nt fusnuf tn ]buajnanv zcu jit ehhr @caahejs vccronnaj zike. Fnednoruibtn ccb ìnr [cstnrh (îandrnhs cg ohnejnathed , syeceinfne, anttnraikb ‐phaied-drhs’ ne ‐aietdrhs’). Cp ietnrent wcrjne zuabn thedjidnr dnecnfj tn ]buajnanv,Nonatcgt ne âvs`hvn cp Fðe. ]cfs jinejne zn ccb has pnrmnnassm`nijied. Ne

ie Ghastnroc, cp jn zuijwnst`cnb vhe ]m`cene ie [wnjne, aidt ‐nne winrjikb cfjn bnrb jin `nt bnrb`cg tndne acsacpnejn onnstne ne cvnrstrcfiedne onsm`nrfj`nngt.’::

Jn phhawcrfmhthstrcgn vhe 84=<

@inrvccr is dnzndj jht jn phhawcrf ie haan, eint tn bcujn wnrnajznnâe vccrbcft,ne ie jn Fijjnaahejsn [nn ie injnr dnvha rnnjs siejs jn Cuj`nij. Ha ie 84?8 zcujn phhawcrf zike cpdnfnrbt ie jn znnwnriedne rcej ^rb :> ne rcej 84?> vccr jnGrinsn bust. Jhhreh vnrsprnijjn ìk zim` sena aheds jn bust vhe jn [uijnrznn nejn Eccrjznn.:7 Ie 848: ne výýr 84=< vnreinajn ìk [nnuwsn `hriedouizne:4 ne iejn `nrgst vhe 84=< is phhawcrfsm`hjn vhstdnstnaj hhe jn Tnstbhppnasn [nnjikbcp Tham`nrne (Mcerhj 80:9, ><92 Fnnsn 8448, :->). \actsnaied fheignstnnrjnìk zim` ie 84=<-84== aheds jn bustne ne ie jn `hvnes vhe [nnahej, @caahej, jn

Thjjneznn ne, vccrha, aheds jn [uijnrznn.:0 Ie 84=8 wnrj `nt `cutwnrb vhe jn Tnstgrinsn [nnjikb ie Fnjnfoaib hhednthst ne wnajrh orhb `nt phhawnrb vhe jnznjikb ne ccb jht tn Jne @najnr, nxna ne tussne @hraiedne ne ]thvcrne:9 ie zcut neorhb whtnr cejnr jn vacnjaike hg ” ie Juitsahej sprhb fne vhe ‐@caahej ie Ect’(gid. >).

Jn Tnstgrinsn Cfriedjikb, jn znnjikb vhe jn Winr Eccrjnrbcddne ne haan he-jnrn winrjikbne hhe zcut/orhb whtnr wnrjne vhe ùe `cutne orhejiedsm`nrfnene hejnr phhawnrb onrccgj ne haanne jccrjht nr dnne zwhrn wietnrstcrfne whrne,oanng Tnst-Grinsahej cvnrstrcfied fnt zcut whtnr onsphhrj. Ie 84=? whs `nt phha-wnrb oik jn \uet vhe _nijn hhe jn Jcaahrt hhednthst ne ecd ie 84=7 stcrttn nnestub winrjikb oik \urfnrnej ie znn.

Khmco ]pnx (84<:-844>), jnurwhhrjnr vhe jn @cdn _hhj ne ahtnr ‐manrmq ie jn]nmrnthryn vhe jne \ries vhe Crhekn’ sm`rnng ie 84=? cvnr jn phhawcrfrhfp nnevnrfhenej dnjim`t vhe 7> rndnas, Enjnrahet hnednfhnet tct ocntvhnrjid`nit (]pnx84>>, ?<-?=),>< whhrvhe ib nr 8? mitnnr;

Nne znajzhnf Cdnjinrt, vhe Dcjs vnrdrhfjn `het

Zct ces onjnrg dnsm`hpne,What \hnawnrb hne ne Bina, has fnt nne’ yzrne thet.

@inr ohnt dnwnat ecm` aist, ìnr dnat onanit ecm` whpne.‐sAhets \hnawnrb, `nm`t ne zwhnr, vccr jyb dnstnat ne jhf,

Cf ’s whtnrs sahd` tn ornbne,

Tcrt jccr dnbehndt ne jccr, (wht is jn @nfna drhf !)

Tcrt vact, jrygt acs ie znn, jin ’t `ccgj jrnidt cp tn stnbne.

Ces jrnidt `nt wcnst dnwnat jnr ceondrnesjn znn,

[y jrnidt ces cp tn bcfne 2

[y, sahnt jnns ahetpahnd vccrt, wia fnesm`ne jinr ne vnn,

Tia ùis nnrahed ne `cg, kh haans, cvnrstrccfne.



?9<

Ie nne iednwibbnajn vnrdnaikbied vhe dnnstnaikbn, iewnejidn wcrfne fnt jnznnwcrfne sm`rikgt Js. Kustus Wnrfnnr mh. 84=?;

Dcj `nngt jccr zike drcct ne fhm`tid `nir, `nt znndnwcrftn, tct Enjnrahej dnsprcbne, jht,

iednvha zik fnt ùeen behdnejn wcrfne vhe oieene eint tct Knsus bwhfne, jne wnd vhe

vnrzcneied eint zcm`tne ne vcejne, ne jus zim` vhe ùeen zcejne eint onbnnrjne, jht jn

whtnrne jnr znn jn ahejne zuaane cvnrstrccfne, ne jht zuab nne hgspcnane vhe Enjnrahejszcejne zwhhr zha vhaane, kh jht, jin cejnrwika cfbcft, cevnrzcnej fnt Dcj, cg jht zike

wcrf eint zha stnrvne, ne zike vuur eint zha wcrjne uitdnoausm`t. >8

Cp = snptnfonr 84=? sm`rnvne @hhr @ccd-fcdnejn ]thtne jnr \rcviemin vheWrinsahej nne onjnjhd vccr vhewndn

nnen pahdn eint tn fie rndtvhhrjid vhe jne Dcj jnr vnrdnajied, has [iken ceehspnuraikbn wiks -

`nij onstnfj, cf jn `ccdfcnj, cvnrjhhj, jhrtna`nij ne wnaaustid`nij vhe ces Enjnrahejsm`

vcab, vnrvhaane tct zwhrn cednrndtid`nij, kh znags tct vnrgcniknaikbn ne cedn`ccrjn zcejne, tctjne @nfna tcn cf wrhhb rcnpnejn, tn onzcnbne, tn jnfpne …’ >?

Jn Dnenrhan ]thtne vhe @caahej fnnejne jht jn phhawcrf uit Hzihtism`nwhtnrne whs dnbcfne, has strhg vhe Dcj c.h. vccr scjcfin.>= [ik sm`rnvne cp 80cbtconr 84=?

nne vhstne- ne dnonjsjhd ie `nt `nan ahej vccr, ne onvhane jn prnjibhetne vhe haan dnaccgs-

rim`tiedne `nt vcab tct fnjithtin ne ocntn tn vnrfhene cf jn tccre Dcjs tn vnrfiejnrne,

jin `ne nne pahhd onzcrdj `hj whhrjccr jn ]thht vcaanjid tn drcejn dnrim`t zcu bueene

wcrjne.>:

Ccb Kustus vhe Nggne sm`rnng ie zike @caahejsm`n ]pnmthtcr vhe ecvnfonr 84=?

jht jn phhawcrf Dcjs strhg whs vccr jn scjcfin. Khe Oifhe, ahtnr rnmtcr vhejn Ahtikesn sm`cane ie Nebùizne ne @ccre, sm`rnng ie 84== ‐tnr nnrn vhe jne]m`rhejnrne ne Ehtuurbuejidne @nnr Mcrenais Onabfnnr’ ie nne dnjim`t vhe 8?mcupanttne>> c.h.;

^ Ornye wnnt haans uyt tn viejneDy jurgt ne buet u cejnrwiejne

Cf ’t ocnb vhe rnjne cp tn sahhe,

Ne jhhr uyt haans ehh tn dhhe

Ie rnyen thha, ne stya vhe wccrjne,

Whe wccrjne, jin fye `nrt onbccrjne;

Dy wnnt, ha whs ’t cp nne \henna

Dnsmìajnrt fnt nne gye \nemnna

@nt wcrfdnjinrtn ent hg tn fhhane,

@cn jht ’s Ahejs iedn`nyjn \hhane,

Jccr jnzn bhebnr zye onsfnt,

Ne tct nne rccg jnr [nn dnznt;

Dy zuat ùe Wyhej ent cetjnbbne,]m`cce jin ecdthes eint bhe vnrstrnbbne



?98

Zct wëried, jht jit jrubbnej bwhhj

Dn`nna ne ha tn drcejn dhht2

Jn ahedn titna vhe `nt ocnb vhe Mcrenais Onabfnnr (84==), whhrie Oifhe’scpjrhm`t sthht, dnngt nne iejrub vhe jn ie`cuj. Onabfnnr oinjt ìnrie nne znnrdnjnthiaannrjn hehtcfism`n onsm`rikvied fnt tharikbn hgonnajiedne vhe nt uitnraikb

vhe jn ‐@cut-^ytrhspnejn ne jccroccrnejn [nn-Tcrf’ fnt onùap vhe ‐jn dah-zne, jccr bcest vhe fyene vnna dnaingjne Whjnr tn zhfne dnstnaj, jccr wnabn znagscezidtohrn jiedne hhe cezn zina wcrjne vnrtccet’ (p. =).>7 Eh nne onsm`rikvied vhe`nt jinr zndt ìk cvnr jn dhedne;

@nt fnrbwhhrjidn vhe jnnzn `ccane is, jht zy nabhejnr oyeh hatnfhha fisaccpne ; ne ie

jnsznags cppnrvahbtnes zint fne znnr gyen drcngkns, cg jn fcnr vhe jne _hspnejne Occr jns

`ccgts vhe jne Tcrf ehdnahtne. Jnzn `ccane vnrtccene zid ie `nt `cut, vhe ouitne oyeh

ecd dhhg zyejn, has jhhr dnne pahhts fnnr cvnr is, jhe vnrtccet `nt zid has nne @ceiedrhht

jnr Oyne. (p. ==-=:).

@ik wnnt ecd eint cg jn vccrtpahetied twnn- cg nnesahm`tid is (p. =7-=4) ne on-vnnat jivnrsn rnfnjins hhe;>4

`nt `cut hhe tn bcane (p. ::).`nt `cut ’s zcfnrs cf jn ? ì = wnbne fnt ikznrne sm`rhpnrs ne stikvn ocrstnassm`cce tn fhbne, ’s wietnrs cf jn ? ì = fhhejne. Eh nne khhr zuaane ecdfhhr wnieid vhe jnnzn _hspùisocnvne zid vnrtccene. Thet (p. ::-:>)

vnnan sm`npne jin jibfhhas sm`cce dnfhhbt zyejn, oyeh eint zye onsfnt dnwnnst, jccr jit

quhht. @inrcf wcrjne jn ]m`nnpne eh jn Tnst-Iejine vhrnejn, jibwias dnbrnedt, jht is

cvnrzyjn dnandt, ne jhe dnocnet, ne dnsfnnrt, jht cejnr jn biejnrne vhe Enptùeus, nne

jhskn dnvne dnehhft wcrt.

\npnr ie `nt whtnr tussne `nt phhawnrb tn wnrpne has jn ahrvne zim`vnrsprnijne.Wccr jn jinrne digtidn stcggne ie bistkns cg ouskns fnt dhhtkns tussne `nt phha-wnrb tn pahhtsne.]m`npne jin fne eint cf jn jrin wnbne sm`cce bhe fhbne fcntne ‐s zc-fnrs cf jn 0 ì 8< wnbne onstrnbne wcrjne fnt tnnr cg `hrpuys >0 whhrie drcneBcpnr-rccj , ne nne wnieid cpdn`nnvn sm`nrpoytnejn Xuib dnjhhe is , ’s wietnrsehuwnaikbs (p. :>-:7).

Jn ehtuuraikbn vikhej vhe jn phhawcrf is jn riedwcrf cg dnvanbtn znnjui-znejpcct, Enhet`ns gumhth (]hvidey ie Ahfhrmb 80802 zin fike gid. 7, Gid.III). Onabfnnr ne Oifhe ecnfne nf jn Wyhej vhe jn phhawcrf ne eu, oikeh?0< khhr ahtnr wcrjt ìk ecd stnnjs has ‐jn drcctstn vikhej vhe jn phhawcrf’onsm`rnvne.>9

Ib onsauitn jhe ccb fnt tn znddne, jht jn sm`npznane ces bahhr ne wnznetayb cvnrtuidne

jht `nt Cppnrwnzne DCJ, ne jnsznags Hafhdt ne Tys`nyt hhe haan cpfnrbnejn vnr - eugtne onbnet fcntne zye. Ne wnesm`n jht jnzn fyen whhrenfiedne, jn ondnnrtn vhe jn

Aing`noonrne has Nteh orhejnejn,7< fhd anssne ne bcnane, jht zy strnbbne tne euttn vhe

fyen Ahejsdnecctne, ne jht jit haans zy nne Ahuwnr tnr nnrn Dcjs. (p. >8).

8.?.

=.

:.

>.

7.



?9?

Horh`hf jn Oruye (84=>) mitnnrjn jn Orinvne vhe jheb-, vhstne onjnjhdne,jccr @hhr @ccdfcdnejn ]thtne jnr \rcviemin vhe Wrinsahej cp jne =jne ]nptnfonrvhe jne khrn 84=? uitdnsm`rnvne cvnr;

nnen pahdn eint tn fie rndtvhhrjid vhe jne Dcj jnr vnrdnajied, has [iken ceehspnuraikbn wiks - `nij onstnfj, cf jn `ccdfcnj, cvnrjhhj, jhrtna`nij ne wnaaustid`nij vhe ces Enjnrahejsm`

vcab, vnrvhaane tct zwhrn cednrndtid`nij, kh znags tct vnrgcniknaikbn ne cedn`ccrjn zcejne, tctjne @nfna tcn jne wrhhb rcnpnejn, tn onzcnbne, tn jnfpne nez. (Wrcaib nt ha. 807<,

?=).

Ccb jn ]thtne vhe Drceiedne ne [nnahej sm`rnvne ie 84=? nne oij- ne vhs-tnejhd uit (Bcrvnr ?<<9, ?0) ne ie 84== prnnbtn ne sm`rnng jn Drceiedsn prnji-bhet Kcsnp`us Isnorhejus @hrbnerct` cvnr Tcrf ie Enjnrahejsm` \hhawnrb vccr

Gid. 7. Jn phhawcrf (Gid. I), phhawcrfne ie nne phha (Gid. II)

ne jn riedwcrf (Gid. III). (tnbneied vhe \. @hrtied ne T. Z`.Wrcaib, ait`cdrhn \. T. vhe jn Tniknr, ie Wrcaib nt ha. 807<).



?9=

jn [nnjybne, tct nne ouitnednwcen strhggn vhe jne @nnrn jnr @nirsm`hrne onsmìbt. (@hrbnerct` 84==).

Js. Onrehrjus vhe Dnajnr ‐ dhg ie 84=: hm`t annrrnjnene uit wnabn ìk haan, `cn-wna cp znnr dnzcm`tn wikzn, fnt jn vnrwcnstied, jccr jne \hhawcrf vnrccrzhhbt, ievnrohej orhdt ’ (Wrcaib nt ha 807<, ?=).

Jn rhooike ne jn cujnraiedne vhe jn @ccdjuitsn Kccjsn syehdcdn tn _cttnrjhfsm`rnvne ie 84=? nne dnonj vccr wndnes jn onzcnbied jccr jne behdnejne jikbphna-wcrf, jht uit `nt @nornnuws ie `nt Enjnrahejs vnrthhaj wnrj.78

Ie zike vnna dnanzne Bhtnmìsfus jnr Ehtuur zcu K. G. Fhrtient ie 8440 uitvcnridcvnr jn phhawcrf sm`rikvne (jnna III, 8440, 7<-77).

Cezn nnrstn fceufnetnewnt

Jn Dnenrhan ]thtne vhe @caahej ne Tnstvrinsahej sm`rnvne ie 84=? on`havn jnvhstne- ne dnonjsjhd ccb nne priksvrhhd uit vccr nne ontnr jikbtypn. Nne drccthhetha prhbtism`n ne fiejnr prhbtism`n ieznejiedne bwhf ìnrcp oieene. Jnznzike fnnstha ccb has dnjrubtn puoaimhtin vnrsm`nene. @nt vccrstna vhe ]ndnrAhbnefhe (84==, 84=>), snmrnthris vhe Jrnm`tnrahej, cf ieahhdjikbne7? hhe tnanddne wnrj hgdnwnzne. Fhhr \intnr ]trhht ne \intnr vhe jnr Jnurn, Ourdnfnnstnrsvhe Ocvnemhrspna ie Tnst-Grinsahej, wceene jn priksvrhhd ie 84=? fnt nne cet-wnrp vhe nne sieusvcrfid cpacpnej, fnt zwhrn stnene onjnbt jikbprcgina, jn ji-rnmtn vccracpnr vhe cezn tndnewccrjidn znnjikbne. nvnes dhvne zik hhe whhr fnezuabn stnene bce vnrbrikdne; ie Jrnet`n, Eccrjwnst-Juitsahej ne ]mhejiehviâ(]trhht ne Whe jnr Jnurn 84==). Tnaiswhhr `hj Hejrins Winraied` fnt `nt ccd cpjn orhejied jnzn jikbmcestrumtin ha ie 8>49 hheonvcane (Bcrvnr ?<<9, ?=), fhhrzike `hejsm`rigt oanng cednpuoaimnnrj tct 89?<.

Cefijjnaaikb died fne eu jn winrjikbne nne einuw prcgina fnt stnneonbanjieddnvne. @nt bhhrtkn =: ie @nejrib jn Ant`s Einuwn Dncdrhpìsm`n ne @istcrism`n Htahs vhe jn [nvne Wnrnnedjn Enjnrahejsm`n \rcvietine vhe mh. 84:> (zin gid. =)vhe ‐@ccd`nnfrhhjsm`hp vhe [nnourd ne Jinfnr-jyb’ tccet jn ‐Cujn Jyb zcchas dnwnnst is’ ne jn ‐Einuwn dnfhhbtn Jyb zcc has tndnewccrjid is’. 7= Ie jn

Tnstgrinsn Cfriedjikb wnrj 8,? fiakcne tce stnne vnrwnrbt, fnt hstrcecfism``cdn bcstne vhe >,7 fiakcne duajne,7: jin fne tct vnr ie jn 89n nnuw fcnst hg-onthane (]mìastrh 894:, 0:-04). Jn stnene ie jn dacciied vhe jn [uijnrjikb oikJn Tnnj tne zuijne vhe Wneùizne whrne haan vhe zcdnehhfj Eccrs drheint7> ne

wcdne tct :<< ì ><< biac, fhhr ccb vnna banienrn bnine ne ccb ohbstnene wnrjnednstcrt (Jn Thha ?<<0, gid. 9-88). Ie znvne khhr zike vccr jn znnjikb vhe jn WinrEccrjnrbcddne ‐fnnr jhe 80<.<<< ahstne stnne’ dnoruibt. ‐Injnr ahst wcrjt onrn-bnej =7<< pcejne zwhhr tn zike ne onaccpt, fnt jn cebcstne vhe `nt anddne, cptine duajnes.’77

Tikj ne zikj wnrj nr cvnr jnzn einuwn jikbvcrf dnsm`rnvne. [c sm`rnng Tiaanf Onetiemb cp > fhhrt 84=4 uit Jne @hhd hhe zike fcnjnr Ahjy \crtahejie Nednahej; ‐Ehhr hheanijied vhe uw vrhhd cvnr jn tcnsthej vhe jn jikbne ie@caahej; injnrnne is nr ìnr vhe cvnrtuidj jht jin, ie pahhts vhe fnt ie jn drcejdnsahdne phane, fnt smùie cpacpnejn sthpnas vhe drctn stnene hhednandj fcntne

wcrjne.74



?9:

Hhe jn Grinsn znnbust (whhr jn phhawcrf fissmìne ints fiejnr sm`hjnaikb whswndnes saio uit jn whjjneznn ne nne ahdnr zcutdn`hatn jccr zcntwhtnrhhevcnr uitjn Cvnrikssnasn Wnm`t ne jn IKssna) phstn fne `nt einuwn jikbtypn nm`tnr ahedn tikjecd eint tcn vhewndn jn `cdn bcstne ne onìnap fne zim` fnt ieahhdjikbne jin jnznnjikb oik jikbvha zcujne vnrvhedne. Fne oanng winrjikbne hheanddne, fhhr znttn

`nt phhawnrb ie jn winrrinf ie pahhts vhe nrvccr, zcjht jn phhawcrf nr eint hhebwhf. \hs ie 807=-00 zike Grinsn jikbne fnt nne fnt zwhrn stnene onbannj smùiethauj hhednandj.70

Ie Jrnet`n, whhr zwnrgstnene tct 84== tcn haanne fhhr ie jn wnd dnandne`hjjne, fhhr eu iennes dnaj cporhm`tne, wnrjne fntnne drctn `cnvnna`njnestnne dnâxpcrtnnrj vih jn `hvne vhe ]tnnewikb, whhr`nne zik pnr sann whrne hhe-dnvcnrj (]mìastrh 894:). Jhhroik died fne scfs ccb tn vnr, wht vccr Jrcst neDnjnputnnrjn ]thtne jnr Ahejsm`hp Jrnet`n rnjne whs cf jn vcadnejn _nscautincg Crjrn tndne `nt wndvcnrne vhe Wnatstnene uit tn vhhrjidne, cp ?8 kuai 84=:;79

Hazc wik ie dnwissn nrvhriedn zike dnbcfne, jht cp vnnan pahhtsne ie jnzn Ahejsm`hp,

ie `nt vnrbcpne ne wndvcnrne vhe Wnat-]tnene, fnrbnaikbn nxmnssne wcrjne ondhhe, eint

haanne jccr jn Fhrbdnectne snags, fhhr ccb jccr jn fniknrne ne hejnrn dnjisquhaimnnrjn

iednsntnene2 fnt tn vnrbcpne ne jcne rnfcvnrne vhe fhrb-stnene, vccrjnstnene ne hejnrn

]m`nikjstnene, kh snags ccb vhe jn sc dnehhfjn @uenonjjne, jin haanet`havne has whhrjidn

fceufnetne ne vhe Cujs onrcnfjn dnjneb-tnibnene on`ccrjne dnmcesnrvnnrt tn wcrjne2 ]c

is ‐t 4< jht Tik fits jnzne wna nrestaikb ietnrjimnrne ne vnroinjne hhe haan ne nne kndnaikb,cf neidn ]m`nikj-]tnene, fitsdhjnrs jn ]tnene vhe jn ]c dnehhfjn @uenonjjne tn fcdne

vnrbcpne, rnfcvnrne cg vnrvcnrne, oik jn pcnen vhe `cejnrt dcatduajnes t’nabne rniksn tn vnr - onurne, ocvne jn whhrjikn vhe jn vnrbcgtn cg wnddnvcnrjn ]tnene. Tcrjnejn jn ]m`catnssne

dnrnmcffhejnnrt ne dnahst tndnes jn vccrsr; fnsusns tn vidianrne, ne ccb jn iednsntnene jnsnr

Ahejsm`hp dncrjceennrt, jn mcetrhvnetnurs cp jn Dccr-]prhbne hhe tn ornedne, oik jn pcn - ene ne ornubne cp nt vnrswikdne dnsthtunnrt. Ne sha jnsn Cesn crjrn sthej dr ypne ne strim -

tnaikb wcrjne dnnxnmutnnrt, tnr tikj jhhr cvnr ehjnr, cgtn hejnrs oy jn @nnrne _ijjnrsm`hp

ne Nikdnenrgjne, cg oik ces sha sike dnjispcennrt. Hmtuf Hssne, jne ?8. Kuaik 84=:.

Rwhs dnphrhp`nnrt;V M.O.K. ]m`whrtz vt

Znr crjceehetin,

RDnt.V ]. Eysied` 48

@nt ondnanijnej sm`rikvne auijjn;4?

Jrcst ne Dnjnputnnrjn ]thtne jnr Ahejsm`hp Jrnet`n;

Nrnegnstn, vrcfn, wyzn, vccrzineidn ne jismrntn oikzcejnr dcnjn vruejne!

Tik znejne ^.A. ìnrenvnes nne crjrn tndnes `nt ceon`ccrayb wndvcnrne vhe vnatstnene,

vriejnaikb ondnrnejn ne hfpts`havne crjceenrnejn, jht jnznavn vccrts tnr nnrstnr dnandne`nit dnpuoaimnnrt wcrjn.

Thhrtcn ces vnrahtnejn, onvnane ^.A. ie Dcjs nikaidn prctnmtin.

ît Hssne, jne ?8 Kuaik 84=:

Rwhs dnphrhp`nnrtV M.O.K ]m`whrtz vt



?9>

Znr crjceehetin,

RDnt.V ]. Eysied`

Hhe jn rnspnmtivn ]m`catnssne ie `nt Ahejsm`hp.

Cp 8> fhhrt 84=>4= is jit onsauit onvnstidj jccr nne _nscautin vhe _ijjnrsm`hp

ne Nidnenrgjne. Jhhroik wnrjne nm`tnr jn stnnercjnrs Khe @iejribs ne zike zcce@iejrib Khes ecd wna dnfhm`tidj cf neidn stnene ie `nt Thpsnrvnaj tn vnrwik-jnrne, cfjht jn oikbhes cejnr `nt zhej onstcvne stnene vhewndn jn Grnyid`nit jns dnsid`ts eint on`cngjne tn vnroaikvne, jnwika jcd fnnst onstcvne. (Whe Diggne 89?>,?8=e) ” jit ontrcg ùenonj J>?h-Thpsn oik Jinvnr. Jn ie jit dnvha cetornbnejn grhhin hheoaib `nngt vnrjnr dnne nebnan rca dnspnnaj oik jn onsm`nrfied vhe jn ù-enonjjne. @nt aikbt nne vnrandne`nijshrdufnet cf onijn stnnercjnrs ecd cp `nteippnrtkn tnr wiaan tn zike. Thhrcf jit zc ecjid fcnst ne wht jn scmihan `ngocfnevhe onijn `nrne whrne, fcnt ecd uitdnzcm`t wcrjne.

@nt wnttnaikb saccpvnrocj vhe jn sc dnehhfjn @uenonjjne, jin haanet`havne has

whhrjidn fceufnetne ne vhe Cujs onrcnfjn dnjnebtnibnene on`ccrjne dnmcesnr-vnnrt tn wcrjne whs jn nnrstn onsm`nrfiedswnt vhe cuj`nijbuejidn fceufnetneie Enjnrahej ne vccr zcvnr onbnej jn jnrjn tnr wnrnaj. Ie 87?< `hj BceiedM`ristihhe IW zim`tohrn cuj`njne ie Jnenfhrbne cejnr wnttnaikbn onsm`nrfieddnstnaj ne ie 87=< `hj Bceied Dusthhg Hjcag vhe [wnjne jn bhstnane, gcrtne,jcafnes, ruenestnene, drhvne ne drhg`nuvnas ie zike uitdnstrnbtn rikb oik wnt on-sm`nrfj (Ohbbnr ?<8<, 7?-7=).

Jn Jrnetsn _nscautin tnr onsm`nrfied vhe jn ùenonjjne is ie 849<, 80<9,8080, 80:7 ne 80>: cpeinuw onvnstidj jccr cpnnevcadnejn onsturne.4: [ik `nngtnrtcn dnanij jht nr ie ces stnenehrfn vhjnrahej ecd zc ontrnbbnaikb vnna ùenonj-

jne cvnr zike. @nahhs cetornbne nr jibwikas tcm` vnrsmìaanejn drctn stnene hhenne ùenonj ne `nngt jn _nscautin haanrfiest vnrìejnrj jht jn stcpstnene tussnejn zikstnene uitdn`hhaj zike cf zn vccr fhmhjhfwndne tn dnoruibne, wndonjnb-biedne vhe annf ne stnnesahd jin ie 80<0 jccr jn ]m`ctsn iedneinur Kcè AcujceFhmHjhf uitdnvcejne whrne.

Ib jneb jht `nt gnit jht jn ùenonjjne ie 84=: ie Jrnet`n wnttnaikb on-sm`nrfj zike, tn jhebne is hhe nt dacnjvcaan ontccd vhe Kc`he \imhrjt (877<) jht

kuist jn ùenonjjne Jrnet`ns onahedrikbstn muaturnan rikbjcf vcrfjne;

Jhnr ne is dnne Ahejt ie haan jn Wnrnneid`jn Enjnrahejne whnr ie fnnr Hetiquitntne

zike / has ie jn Ahejtsm`hp Jrnet`. Ie nne _cajn ne Ocrdnr is fnnr rhnrs tn zine / has imbie haan Wnrnneid`jn Enjnrahejne dnsine `noon. @nt cujtstn jht fne ie Dnajnrahejt ne

@caahejt , ne cftrnet jne _`ye sint / zike _ccfsm`n dnocuwne / ne _ujnrh vhe vnrvha-

anen _ccfsm`n Mhstnane; fhnr sccjheidn cujt`nyjne tn vnrdnaikmbne oy jnsn Hetiquitntne ,

zike einuwid`njne 2 hnednsine jn vrnnfjn _nusne-]npuatuyrne , ne jht _nusne-enst jn-

snr Ahejsm`hp / dnehnft @uesc, cujnr zike vccr jn Dnoccrtn M`risti , has jnr _cfnyene

Dnocuwne cujt zike vhe jn Dnoccrtn M`risti tct cp `njne tikjt. (p. 8=<-8=8).4>

Ne; Fnt drcctn vnrwcejnriedn onsm`cuwne wy jimbwikas jn ]tupnejhs hetiquithtns vhe

jn `ccdn ne cejrhndaimbn ]tnene, ìnr ne jhnr ie jn Wnajne aiddnejn, fnt nnen snnr wcejnr - aimbn crjrn cp fhabhejnrne d`nsthpnat zikejn. (8n Jnjimhtin, p. >-7).



?97

Ne; Ie Enjnrahejt / Juytsmàhejt / ]witsnrahejt / Wrhembrikmb / ]hvcyne ne

Nednahejt / wnnt imb eint dnsine tn `noone nneidn Hetiquitntne / jin whnrjidnr zike jht

nne Hetiquhrius zike vnrsthet jhnr cp sm`nrpn / has jnsn Drcctn ]tnne-`cpne , cp

fhabhejnrne dnsthpnat ne dnphmbt vhe drcctn Bnsnaiedne ne Waietne. (p. ??).

Ne; Jnsn ]tnne-`cpne ne viet fne ie dnne Ahejt fnnr / has ie jn Ahejtsm`hp Jrnet ,

jin jn cujstn ne nnrstn \rcvietin is vhe `nt Cujn Wrinsahejt , hascc jht fne jhnr uyt ccd- nesmìkenaikmb bhe hg-enfne / jht jin fnesm`ne / jin jnsn drcctn ]tnne-`cpne t’shfne

dnjrhdne `noone / vccrtikts ie drcct dntha ie jit Ahejtsm`hp / fnnr has ie hejnrn / fcntne

dnùyst ne dnenstnat `noone. ]y wnrjne ccmb dnvcejne cp jne @uffnaied , jnsdnaikmbs

tct Nfsouyrne , (vccrtikts dnehnft Hesioury ) ne ]hatsonrdne , t’shfne dnandne ie ’t

]tigt Fuestnr. [ike ccmb tn sine ie jn Drhngsm`hp Znmbaneourd 2 ccmb nneidn ie jn

Drhnggsm`hp Onet`nf , ie ’t _im`t-hfpt âsne; fhnr fnnstnejnna dnrhsnnrt. (p. ?=).47

Ne, `nna fcci; @nt hnesm`cuwne vhe jnsn ]tnne-`cpne `nngt fnneidne fnesm`n / jin

fnt cpfnrmbiedn jn snavn hnesm`cuwt / ie vnrwcejnriedn d`norhm`t ; nne Hetiquhrius

on`ccrjn nne drcct stumb-wnnd`s jhnrcf tn rnysne / cf ziken ccdne ie jnsn Hetiquitntne

haanr Hetiquitntne tn wnyjne. (p. ?:).

Ontrnggnejn jn ùenonjjne vcndjn ìk ìnr tnrnm`t hhe tcn; Jhnr zike dnnen

]mrionetne jin nydnetaymb jhnr vhe dnsm`rnvne `noone / `cnwna jin Hetiquitntne wna nne

nyd`ne Zrhmthnt fnritnnrjne (p. ?:-?>).44

Jn _nscautin vhe 84=: dcaj uitsauitnej ie Jrnet`n, whet ùenonjjne has jhtvhe Jn Nnsn, ie jn Bcp vhe Cvnrikssna, nebnan tinethaane fntnrs cvnr jn Jrnetsndrnes, jht vhe Fhejnr (Cv.), jn drctn stnnebist vhe _iks (Gr.) ne jn Drceiedsnùenonjjne vhe Daiffne ne Ceene zike vcaanjid dnsaccpt. Ne jht `nt wnstn-aikbn niej vhe `nt Drceiedsn ùenonj D8-Eccrjahrne nr ecd sthht is uitsauitnej

tn jhebne hhe _ujcap` jn Jrnws (84?4-80<7), nidnehhr vhe jn ouitnepahhtsneFnnrwikb ne Oacnfnrt hhe `nt [uijahhrjnr Fnnr, jin jn saccp bcrt vccr 80<< cp`nt eippnrtkn wist tn vccrbcfne. Jn occrdhtne cf zn fnt bruit tn ahtne pacggnezhtne nm`tnr ha ie jn twnn jnbstnene! 80n-nnuwsn hgonnajiedne ahtne zine jht jncvnridn stnene ha vnna nnrjnr whrne wnddnecfne (Ohbbnr 890=2 Ohbbnr ?<8<, gid.?:). Ocvnejine zike nr ie Jrnet`n tussne 84=: ne jn ahtn 89n nnuw tcm` ecd vnr-sm`nijnen ùenonjjne vnrjwnene (zin Ohbbnr ?<8<).

Znrudbcfnej cp jn phhawcrf

Jit jinr is ecd stnnjs hmting ne ouitnednwcce sm`hjnaikb. Jn fnnstn sm`hjn rim`ttnne rim`t ìk hhe wheennr jccr vnrfiejnrjn zcntwhtnrhgvcnr `nt oieenewhtnr nne`cdnr zcutdn`hatn (màccrdn`hatn) jhe > prcfiaan `nngt2 vccr ahrvnevnrsprnijied is4 prcfiaan ecjid (@crcekngg ne \htrimb 89>8). ‐@nt zcutdn`hatn vhe jn zcutn neorhbbn whtnrne vhe Enjnrahej, Onadiâ ne jn Orntcesn bustwhtnrne oaikbt cptifhhatn zike vccr … jn phhawcrfne’ (Drhhgahej 8990, ?7).

[chas wik zhdne wnrj vnna sm`hjn ie ces ahej dnfnaj ie jn khrne 84=<-84==.Ie 84:? sm`rikgt Khe Thdnehhr nm`tnr ie jn ndnewccrjidn ]thht (jnna :, @caahej ,p. 87) ‐Jn [nnwcrfne zye haanebsbnes vnrjwnnene, ne wcrjne tnndnewccrjid,ceznes wnntnes, cftrnet jn @caahejsm`n [nnjybne, oyeh eint fnnr vnrecfne’.40

Ie 844< rim`ttn ìk nm`tnr wnnr drctn vnrwcnstiedne hhe ie [nnahej, siejsjine is



?94

ìk jhhr hhewnzid dnoanvne. Ie `najnr znnwhtnr zchas tn [inribznn whs ìk hmting, iesaiorikb whtnr vnna fiejnr (Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, 7>). Ccb ie Fhbbuf whs jn phha-wcrf tussne 84=8 ne mh. 80:< mcetieu hhewnzid (ijnf, 4=). nrnjc onsm`hjidt ie8444-40 jn Orittiedtce ROrid`tce3V pinrs ie Nednahej.49 Ie 808: whrne ie jn `h-vne vhe Jnagzika ‐einuwn, bcrt tnvcrne iedn`nijn, ouitnednwcce zwhrn phane ie éé-

ene zcfnr, fissmìne ie wnieidn wnbne, tne nnenefhan jccrbehhdj ne vnreintidjdnwcrjne’ (ijnf, 4:-4>). Ie kuai 80?= whrne jn whhinrjnurne vhe `nt fhrienjcb Tiaanfsccrj oik Jne @najnr vhe cejnrne tct 8¶ f `ccd jccr jn phhawcrf jccr-dnbehhdj (ijnf, ==). Ie 80?7 wnrj sm`hjn vhstdnstnaj tn @naanvcntsauis ne hhe ntznndht tn Dcnjnrnnjn (ijnf, 7:). Ie 80?4 rim`ttn ìk sm`hjn hhe ie jn einuwn `h-vne vhe nrenuzne, jn sauizne vhe Jietnaccrj ne jn ]tnneonrdsn Waint ie Eccrj-Orhohet, hhe jn bustne vhe Eccrj-@caahej, [uij-@caahej, rcej ]m`cbahej, neaheds jn `nan Grinsn bust (ijnf, =<, :>, 77 n.v.). n Tiaanfsccrj whs ie 80?7 dnnephhawcrfsm`hjn, fhhr ie 80?0 whs jn cutne whej vhe [.F. Bcrvnt \caaux jccrphhawcrfne hhednthst cp pahhtsne whhr nne bcpnrne onbanjied whs vnrwikjnrj

(ijnf, ==, :>). Ie 80== oanbne jn sauisjnurne vhe jn Tiaanfsauis hhe jn iedhedvhe nt Eccrj`caahejsm` bhehha (eu rnm`t tndnecvnr Mnetrhha ]thtice Hfstnrjhf)dn`nna jccr phhawcrfne vnreinaj tn zike cp pahhtsne whhr zik fnt orhb whtnr iehherhbied bwhfne. Ie jn wietnr vhe 80=>/=7 stcrttne tn @hraiedne jn Orib ne`nt Eccrjnr @hvne`ccgj ie znn jccr phhawcrfsm`hjn, wht tct ouitnednwcen nebcstohrn nrstnaaied anijjn, jcm` bcrt jhhrcp cejnrvcej fne wnjnr, jht `nt phhawnrbccb cp hejnrn puetne jccr jne wcrf `hj dnanjne.0< Ie 80=0 whs nr phhawcrfsm`hjnhhe jn `cdn vacnjjnurne vhe Fhrb ne Jietna oik Jietnaccrj ne ie 80=9 ne nnrjnrwhs `nt phhawnrb vhe `nt znn`ccgj oik jn Thtnrsm`hes oik Onrdne cp [ccf stnrbhhednthst (ijnf, ?0-=<). Wnrjnr is tussne 80== ne 80>0 eint vnna cvnr jn phha-

wcrf dnsm`rnvne vcadnes Wrcaib nt ha. (807<, :>), fhhr ie 80:9 juurjn jn phha-wcrfsm`hjn hhe jn sauisjnurne vhe jn ]tnneonrdsn Waint ecd vccrt ne ie kuei-kuai80>< zhd fne phhawcrfsm`hjn tn Einuwnejhf. Ie 80>0->9 whs `nt wnnr cvnrharhhb ie zcut ne orhb whtnr vhe Eccrj- ne [uij-@caahej, [nnahej, tn Aiaac neAingbnes`cnb ie jn ]m`najn oik Hetwnrpne, ne aheds jn [uijnrznn, c.f. ccb ie jnjikbne vhe ]m`cbahej08 (Wrcaib nt ha. 807<).0? n ]phbneourd fcnstne ie cbtconr80>0 vnrsm`nijnen octtnrs cp jn `naaied jccr hgsm`rhpne ne fnt strc hgorhejnevhe jn phhawcrf dnzuivnrj wcrjne ne ie 80>0->9 whs `nt phhawnrb ie jn `hvnevhe @uizne vcaanjid vnrwcnst (ijnf, 4>, 0<).

Fhssunt (84==h, o) `hj jn phhawcrfnpijnfin vhe 84=<-== ha ie vnrohej dn-

orhm`t fnt jrcdn ne whrfn zcfnrs whhrie jn bustwhtnrne vnrziattne (vda. gid. 4).Jit vnrohej is jccr dnjnthiaannrj cejnrzcnb vhe jn mcffisin Wrcaib (807<) vca-anjid onvnstidj. it jccr jn fntncrcaccd M.J.N. Ouys Ohaact, nnrstn jirnmtnur vhe`nt BEFI, vnrstrnbtn dndnvnes (w.c. jin vhe gid. 4) mcemaujnnrjn jn mcffissin(p. 9?-9:) jht jn khrne 844<, 80?4 ne 80== eint ie jn rndnekhrne vhaane. 80?4 ne80== whrne znnr whrf dnwnnst ne 80>0 ne 80>9 znnr jrccd ne whrf. Fhhr jht nrsanm`ts tikjne zike, wnabn vccr ziken cetwibbnaied duestid smìkene tn wnzne, `ntdnnevccrha vhe jn khrne 84=8, 844<, 80?4, 80>0 ne 80>9 dnajt… Jrin cfsthejid`njne.whhrcejnr zim` nne jnrdnaikbn drcctn cetwibbnaied Rvhe jne \hhawcrfV vnrtccet, zikeR8V `nt vhaane vhe wnieid rndne ne R?V ìnrjccr ahhd oieenewhtnr ne R=V `nt tnvnes

ìnrjccr vnr`ccdjn zcutdn`hatn vhe `nt whtnr hhe cezn znndhtne ” Has oikbcfnejn on-



?90

duestidnejn cfsthejid`nij bcft jhhroik R:V `ccdn whrftndrhhj jnr jhfpbriedaum`t.(p. 9:), fhhr ‐whrftn cp zim` znavne sm`iket zuabs eint tn jcne’ (p. 9=).

Nr whs ahed eint hatikj nne nne-cp-nne rnahtin jrccdtn/phhawcrf hhewiksohhr,fnt ehfn has nr fhhr éée, cg twnn hm`tnrnnevcadnejn khrne bnnr sprhbn vhe jrccd-tn whs.0:

Jn fnnstn onsthhejn hjvinzne tnr onstrikjied wnrjne jccr jn mcffissin Wrcaibvnrwcrpne, fhhr cvnr hhewnejied vhe bccatnnr, mrncscct cg tnnrcain vnat Rjn mcffis-sinV dnne stnaaid cg ceduestid ccrjnna (Wrcaib nt ha. 807< ne vnrvcadrhppcrtne 8078-80772 vda. Banie 8990). Mrncsctnrne whs jccr tha vhe jnsbuejidne hhednrhjnene jn mcffissin vnrwnns ehhr Fr. Ont`naa’s phtnet mrncsctied prcmnss gcr prnsnrviedtifonr (Acejne 80>7). Cp pahhtsne has Acwnstcgt, Anit`, @cay`nhj, \crtahej neOrid`tce hhe jn Nednasn bust whs `nt vcadnes jin hutnur nt neidn fijjna jht cutonwhhrjn vccr hhevhaane vhe nrnjc ehvhais ne Aifecrih tnrnorhes . cm` oannb `ntdnne hgjcnej fijjna (Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, 884-880) ne ahtnr oannb mrncsctnrne nm`tnrzcc ’t sm`iket vrum`tnaccs , Tiebanr 809>). Nne hgjcnej onstrikjiedsfijjna is eccitdnvcejne (Bcrvnr ?<<9, ?>).

Eh `nt dnjnthiaannrjn vnrsahd vhe Wrcaib nt ha. (807<)0> cetornbne fik sm`rigtn-aikbn stubbne cvnr vcadnejn phhawcrfnpijnfinâe. Ie 89=8 aint nrnjc jn ocuw vhejn Hgsauitjikb oik `nt sauitdht Fijjnadrcejne ie nnrstn iesthetin oikeh fisaubbne;

Cf jn ocjnf vhe jn twnn tcnbcfstidn sauitdhtne tn vnrstnrbne, wnrjne riks`cutne fhttne

R‐ziebstubbne’V fnt stcrtstnene dnoruibt. Jn jikb wnrj vnrvcadnes vnrjnr cpdnocuwj fnt

bniannf, zhej ne stnene. Ie fhhrt 89=8 brndne jn ocuwnrs nne drctn tndnesahd; juibnrs

`hjjne cetjnbt jht `nt riks`cut vhe jn ziebstubbne cp vnna pahhtsne vca zht fnt phha - wcrf, nne onnstkn jht `cut vhe oieene uit uit`cat. Ocvnejine oannb `nt dndhavheisnnrjn

sthhtjrhhj, jht jn ziebstubbne oik nabhhr fcnst `cujne, jccr `nt znnwhtnr ha stnrb hhe -

dnthst tn zike.’ (Jnathwnrbne-ceaien). ‐Jn sauitied vhe jn dnua jn Fijjnadrcejne fcnstjhhrcf wcrjne vnrvrcndj. Jccr jn ziebstubbne fnt rint ie tn vuaane, jht wna onsthej whs

Gid. 4. Ie 84?0-84=9 is cp jn ]fnntcrne ^trnm`t jn ennrsahd`cnvnna`nij dnfntne jccr \intnr

vhe Fussm`neorcnb (duur Z`nc Orhejsfh, BEFI).0=



?99

tndne jn phhawcrf bce uitspcnaied vhe zhej ne bani ecd neidn tikj wcrjne tndnedndhhe. Ecd vccr jn wietnr vhe 89=8-89=? sahhdjn fne nrie jn Fijjnadrcejne tn sauitne Rjccr

vnrsenajn hhevcnr vhe stcrtstnneV. (www.hgsauitjikb.crd.ea).07

Oik jn Jnathwnrbne ie [uijwnst-Enjnrahej (89>0-894?) dnoruibtn fne c.h.jhhrcf ziebstubbne vhe bueststcg (?> khhr Jnathwnrbne, wnophdns.ie`caahej.ea),fhhr ecd ie 8979 whs nr drctn phhawcrfsm`hjn ie `nt Wnnrsn Fnnr ne ie 8904 hjfne oik jn hgjhffied vhe jn Ahuwnrsznn ccb wnnr ahst vhe jn phhawcrf (Bcrvnr?<<9, 8>).

Oik jn tcnenfnejn vnrziatied vhe jn oieenewhtnrne zha jn phhawcrf jhhrie ehjn wnnjn Tnrnajccracd vnrjnr cpdnrubt zike ne is `ik ecd stnnjs fhhr ha tn znnrhhewnzid (Jn Kced ne n Auddne`crst 89442 Drhhgahej 89902 \hhavhst ne Whe jnr

Gid. 0. \rnet vhe jn phhawcrf ie Fnynrs Drcssns Bcevnrshtices-Anxibce, 7n njitin, 89<>-

89<9, fhhr vnrfcnjnaikb cetannej hhe jn 8n njitin (80=0-80>?). Eint cp sm`hha.



=<<

Wnajn ?<88). _cej 894< wcrjt phhawcrfsm`hjn dnfnaj ie `nt Wnnrsn Fnnr, ie890: ie `nt Ccstvccresn Fnnr ne ie 899< zint fne phhawcrfdhedne ie nne cujnfnnrphha oik Cujjcrp. Nm`tnr, @nt prcoannf vhe hhethstied jccr phhawcrfne ne drioonas 04 aikbt fcfnetnna eint zc drcct. Jit bcft vnrfcnjnaikb jccr `nt tcnphssne vhetndne vrhht rnsistnetn `cutsccrtne ne jn fiejnrn bwhaitnit vhe `nt whtnr (Drhhgahej

8990, ?7). @inrhhe vcndt zik tcn jht, eu jn whtnrvnrvuiaied nggnmting onstrnjnewcrjt, jn sm`hjn wnnr zha tcnenfne ie cezn zcutn ne orhbbn oieenewhtnrne.cm` fcnstne ie ?<<4 jn `hrj`cutne, >< khhr cujn jnurne vhe jn prcviemihansmùtsauizne tn Ghrfsuf oik Jnagzika wndnes phhawcrfsm`hjn jccr sthane jnurnewcrjne vnrvhedne, bcstne ondrcct cp ?,0 fiakcne Nurc (pnrsonrim`t ?4.<>.?<<4,ietnrent).

Wnrfnajneswhhrj is jht @F] Wimtcry, Acrj Enasces vahddnsmìp ie jn znnsahdoik rhghadhr (80<>) zike ontrnbbnaikb senaan wnejohhr`nij iejirnmt hhe jn phha-wcrf jhebtn. @nt whs dnocuwj ie 84>9-847>, fhhr phs ie 840< whs jn `cu-tne sm`nnpswhej cejnr jn whtnrspindna onjnbt fnt =9?= bcpnrne pahtne tndne

jn phhawcrf. Wccr rhghadhr bce `nt jhhrjccr jn vnrnistn sena`nij cetwibbnane,whet nr zhtne dnne nnejnefcssnas cg hejnrn hhedrcnisnas cp jn rcfp.Wnrfnajneswhhrj is ccb jht jn phhawcrf (fcdnaikb ie fiejnrn fhtn ccb jn

drioona) cefijjnaaikb nne vccraingjn vnrtccejn vccr jn kutne cg neenpne cfwib-bnaied vhe trheshtahetism`n tnandrhhgbhonas, jin vhehg 80>< zike hhednandj. Ie 809=cfwibbnajn @nery Maiggcrj jnzn kutn- cg `neenpphbbied strhb fnt nne bcpnraiet,wht nne hgjcnejn rnfnjin oannb (Orid`t 8090).00

Znrudbcfnej cp `nt winr

@nt winr, [cstnrh fhrieh , brnnd ccb drctn ontnbneis has vuaaied vhe stcnane nefhtrhssne ‐cvnr jn `nan wnrnaj’ (@ccdsm`hdne 8994-?<<=o). Jhhrvccr fcnst `ntcetziat wcrjne. G. Haahe (80>>, `ccgjstub ?) sm`rnng ìnrcvnr;

Nnen hejnrn, `ccdst onahedrikbn thb vhe iejustrin vhe jit Niahej RTinriedneV, is jn

winrfhhiknrik.

Fne fhhit jn winr ie jn fhhejne Kueik, Kuaik ne Hudustus, nvne has `nt dnwcen drhs, cp

jn whhrjne, jin fnt jn noon cp éée vcnt cg nne `hag vcnt jrccd vhaane. Fne ondiet fnt

`hag noon tn fhhikne, ne `nngt jhe `ccdn ahhrzne hhe, jin tct hhe `nt fijjne jns aidm`hhfsrnibne. @nt dnfhhijn winr wcrjt jhhreh ie smùitne dnahjne, vnrvcadnes cp whdnes cvnrdn - ahjne zikejn, cp `nt ahej uitdnstrccij ne vccrha hhe jne ievacnj jnr zce oacctdnstnaj, whhr -

jccr vccrehfnaikb jn zcutjnnane nr uittrnbbne. Eh vnraccp vhe cednvnnr vnnrtine jhdne,ornedt fne `nt dnjrccdjn winr ie sactne fnt zcnt whtnr, cf dnjurnejn nne tinetha jhdne tn

vnrvnrsm`ne. @inreh wcrjt `nt cpdn`hhaj, ne cp `nt ahej dnstrccij, whhreh fne `nt uit

nabhhr pauist, ne, ehjht `nt dcnj jrccd is, tct ohane vhe p.f. 8<< biac, zhfnephbt, cf

ehhr Hfstnrjhf, _cttnrjhf, znags ehhr Onadiâ ne `nt eccrjnaikbn dnjnnatn vhe Grhebrikb

uitdnvcnrj tn wcrjne.

@nt acsdnrhhbtn, eint dnfhhijn winr, wcrjt cpdnvism`t ne vnnaha hhe jne znnjikb vhe `nt

niahej dnoruibt, whhrtcn `nt jccr ziken phbbied ne oaikvnejn vnnrbrhm`t znnr dnsmìbt is.Jn drcejne whhrcp jn winrfhhiknrik pahhts `nngt, zike jne nidnejcf vhe jne ]thht ne

wcrjne vnrphm`t, tnrwika jn Niahejnrs vnrdueeied `noone winr tn fhhikne, cp vccrwhhrjn,

jht zik jn jccr `ne dnfhhijn `cnvnna`nij hhe nnen mcfphdeinsm`hp hgsthhe, jin `nt ie jne

`hejna ornedt. Tinriedne `nngt ie jit cpzidt vnna tn jhebne hhe zikene Ourdnfnnstnr, F r. K. WHE @NEDNA , jin jccr ziken onfcnikiedne, jnzne, drcctnejnnaj vnrvhaane, thb vhe



=<8

Gid. 9. Jn phhawcrf ie T`itn 89?=, ::7. _nm`tsocvne on`havn nne sm`nap vhe Znrnjc ehvhais

ecd nne sm`nap vhe jn Eccrsn phhawcrf, Ectctnrnjc ecrvhdimh ]pnedanr. _nm`tscejnr ‐ccb nne

stnrb vnrdrcctn hnnajied vhe nne ahrvn, jin zim` hhe `nt `cut vhst`nm`t.’



=<?

iejustrin wist cp tn onurne. Cednvnnr ?<< pnrscene `cujne zim` khhraikbsm` fnt jn winr - fhhiknrik onzid, wnabnr cpornedst dnfijjnaj cp 80 ì 89 juiznej duajne ’s khhrs wcrjt dn - rhhfj. Zne khhrn 80>= wnrjne nr =?>,<<< pcejne, hj g 7 pnr 8<< p., winr uitdnvcnrj.

@nt winr wcrjt, on`havn hhe jn znnwnriedne, dnonzidj tct nt jnbbne vhe uizne, nt vuaane

vhe fhtrhssne, bussnes ne onjjne, `nt stcppne vhe anbbne ie sm`npne, has fnststcg nez.,

ne zcujn wnaaidt tct fnnrjnrn niejne, wnaaidt ccb tnr vnrvhhrjidied vhe phpinr, hhednwnej

bueene wcrjne.09

Tinr wnrj ie 80>> pahhtsnaikb jus ecd stnnjs vccr jikbocuw dnoruibt. Wccrtsonstcej `nt winrfhhine ha ahed vccr 80>>. Ib `no eint dnvcejne vhehg wheennrfne ondceene is cetziat znndrhs ie pahhts vhe phhrjne`hhr vccr `nt cpvuaane vhebussnes ne fhtrhssne tn dnoruibne, fhhr jit zcu ahed vccr 84=< dnwnnst bue-ene zike, zcjht `nt winrfhhine ie jn Thjjneznn ne ahtnr ie jn [uijnrznn on`havnvccr jn winrjikbne tndnaikb ccb jhhrvccr jinejn, ne eh jn phhawcrfrhfp uitsaui-tnej jhhrvccr.9< Wcadnes jn Tiebanr \ries (jnna 8>, 8000, ‐znnwinr’) wnrj znndrhsvccrha vheuit Tinriedne ne Naourd dnccdst, fhhr `nngt `nt `nt ehjnna jht `nt ie

bussnes jccr dnfis hhe vnnrbrhm`t spcnjid bacetnrid wcrjt 2 `nt juurjnrn phhrjne-`hhr, jht jn Bruisvhhrjnrs has vuaaied vhe Hrhoism`n bussnes `hjjne anrne bneene,vcajnnj ontnr ne ahednr. Wcadnes vnrsmìaanejn ietnrent-pahhtsne is cvnrha aheds jnJuitsn Eccrjznnbust znnwinr dnwceene vccr fhtrhssnevuaaied, fhejne, bcrvne,fhttne ne dcrjiedsrinfne (Durtne).98 @ccdsm`hdne (8994-?<<=o) vnrtnat cp ie-tnrent Haanes tnbst uit 80>> eh, fhhr ìk vcndt nr znnr vnna oikzcejnr`njne hhe tcn,whhrehhr ib vnrjnr vnrwiks.

Jn Tinriednr vissnrs diedne vccrha ehhr jn znndrhsvnajne ie jn [uijnrznn. [nhebnrjne hhe jn rhej vhe jn winrvnajne ne twnn fheene ie spnmihan whtnrjim`tnbanjied sthptne cvnroccrj ie `nt tct ùe cbsnas rnibnejn whtnr. Fnt spnmihan zni-

sne fnt nxtrh ahedn oahjne senjne zik nne winr oik jn ocjnf hg. Jit whs dnvhhraikbwnrb cfjht kn cejnr whtnr eint bce zine wht kn jnnj. @nt dnfhhijn winr bwhfocvne jrikvne ne wnrj fnt spnmihan vcrbne hhe occrj dnorhm`t. Eh uitdnsprnij nejccr jn rndne cetziat tn zike wnrj `nt cpdnsahdne ie ‐winrsmùrne’ vccr dnoruib iefhtrhssne n.j.. Jnzn smùrne onsthhe ecd, ha is `nt fhhr oik ehhf, cp Tinriedne-Jn @hubns, nrsm`naaied-Ccstnrnej ne Wainahej.

Jccr jn hgsauitied vhe jn [uijnrznn is ie 89=? nne niej dnfhhbt hhe jn winr-fhhinrik ie jn [uijnrznn ne ocvnejine whs `nt znndrhs ie 89=< stnrb jccr nnezinbtn dnrnjumnnrj.9? Ie jn Nnrstn Tnrnajccracd whs vcadnes @ccdsm`hdne (8994-?<<=) jn ietnrnssn vccr jn winrwieeied cp Tinriedne stnrb tnruddnacpne. ct

8980 vinane jn hgzntdnoinjne ie Eccrj-Grhebrikb ne Onadiâ uit ne bce fne fnnrfnt jn vissnrik vnrjinene. Whehg 89?< whs nr vcacp wnrb oik jn [uijnrznnwnrbnezcjht `nt heifc vccr winrfhhine vnrjnr vnrfiejnrjn. Eh 89== whs `nt jngieitingdnjhhe fnt jn winrfhhinrik, jin nnuwneahed dcaj has ints typism` Tinrieds. cm`zhd T. Hrnetzne ecd ie nne cg fnnr zcfnrs vhe 89>4-897? cp ]mìnrfceeibccd`cn znndrhs fnt nne occtkn uit jn Thjjneznn hhe ahej dnorhm`t ne cp jn jikb uit-dnsprnij ne dnjrccdj wnrj.



=<=

Jn ehhf Tinriedne

Cfjht jn Tinriednrs ha siejs `nudneis jn winrwieeied oncngnej `noone, wcrjtsiejs jn 80n nnuw cg ecd nnrjnr jn ehhf vhe `nt niahej vhe ùe winr`hejna hg-dnanij (@hafh ne Orcunrius vhe Eijnb 84?>2 Haahe 80>>). Jn cvnrnnebcfst aikbtwna`hhst tn stnrb cf tcnvhaaid tn zike. Fhhr pahhtsehhfbuejidne zike `nt jhhr

eint fnn nnes. @ccdsm`hdne znt jn cujstn vnrfnajiedne cp nne rik; uit 0<<-0?<ie phdc Tirnesn , ie phdc Tircei ne twnn fhha ie phdc Tirh`, vccrts ie 9:0 Tirce.@ik mitnnrt jn `nnrsnejn fneied jht ie jnzn ehfne dnne 9n- ne 8<n-nnuwsn winr-`hejna vnrsm`cane zit, fhhr shfne`hedt fnt ‐wir’, `ccdtn, vnrdnaikb ‐winrjn’, jnDrceiedsn ehhf vccr ‐tnrp’.9=

Wrhdne

@cn bcft `nt jht jn Wibiedsm`npne vhe ]buajnanv ne ccb jn Ornfnr Bcddn uit8=0< HJ eint jccr phhawcrfne hhednvrntne zike, tnrwika nne vhe jnzn sm`npne ie

Juoaie dnocuwj whs, whhr eu kuist tn nfpan Ohr phhawcrfdhedne ie 88n-8?n-nnuws sm`nnps`cut vhstdnstnaj zike3 Ie `nt aim`t ìnrvhe ontwikgna ib cg M`ristihe Hjhfsnes vnrfcnjne kuist is jht jn phhawcrf zim` phs eh 8=0< cvnr jn Eccrjznnne jn eccrjnaikbn Htahetism`n Cmnhhe vnrsprnij `nngt, tnrwika nr vcadnes Niribs]hdh ha mh.8<8< ie jn Htahetism`n Cmnhhe ie jn ouurt vhe Drcneahej cg ehoikInrahej nne ‐Tcrfneznn’ dnwnnst zcu zike.

Ne `nngt jn Banien IKstikj tussne 8:=8 ne 80?< (Ouisfhe ?<88, 99-8<<) hhe-tcceohrn ievacnj cp jn phhawcrf dn`hj3 [chas wn zhdne whrne jn onrum`tn phha-wcrfkhrne 84=<-84=: tn Jnagt uitzcejnraikb whrf. Ie hhesauitied cp jit ie `ntdrcejidn rhppcrt vhe Wrcaib nt ha. (807<) hhedntccejn vnrohej zcu ccb nne cejnr-

zcnb ehhr jn rnahtin tussne ahdn zcfnrtnfpnrhturne ne fiejnrn phhawcrfhmtivitnitvnr`najnrnej bueene zike.9: Fne bhe zim` ccb hgvrhdne wnabn ievacnj gaumtuhtinsie jn _ikehgvcnr, jn vnrontnrjn hgwhtnried vhe ces ahej, `nt tcndnecfne dnoruibvhe zcnt whtnr ie ahejne tuieocuw ne has jriebwhtnr, fnntohrn ievacnj dn`hj`noone, cg zuaane `noone has ces cppnrvahbtnwhtnr wnnr `nanfhha sm`cce is.

Jht jn phhawcrfrhfp vhe 84=<-84== zim` `nt nnrst ie Tnstbhpnaan cp jnwnstpuet vhe Tham`nrne dnfheignstnnrj `nngt, aikbt fissmìne vrnnfj, fhhr nnezcntwhtnrrikbn nostrccf smùurt vhe Waissiedne tct Tnstbhpnaan jccr `nt Ccstdhtaheds jn bust ne cf jn puet vhe Tnstbhpnaan `nne. Jnzn zha ie jn jrcdn zcfnrvhe 84=< stnrb vnrfiejnrj zike dnwnnst, zcjht jn phhawcrf tct jn phane ne `nt

riks`cut vhe jn winrjikbne ne brioone bce jccrjriedne.9> Hm`tnrcf bikbnej aikbt `nt dnne tcnvha jht jn phhawcrf prhbtism` ne wntne-

sm`hppnaikb jn fnnstn hhejhm`t trcb ie jn fnnrkhridn pnricjne vhe jrccdtn, 84=<-84=: ne R80>=-V 80>4-80>0, jin ccb ecd shfnevinane fnt whrfn zcfnrs. Jnzcut- ne orhbwhtnrdrnes sm`ccg tcne vnrjnr `nt oieeneahej ie zcjht jn phhawcrfjhhr cpjccb cp pahhtsne whhr ìk ecd eint nnrjnr dnwnnst whs. Kuist `nt nnrstn vnr-smìkene vhe jn phhawcrf zha cpzine dnohhrj noone, jhhreh zha zike hhewnzid`nijnne vhst dndnvne dnwnnst zike whhrfnn fne fcnst anvne. Thhr `nt orhbwhtnrdn-oinj oik cvnrvacnjidn zcntwhtnrtcnvcnr brcfp zha jn phhawcrf pahhtsnaikb wnnrvnrjwnene zike, wht `ccdstnes iejirnmt bhe oaikbne uit jn dnriednrn vnrvhedieds-



=<:

eccjzhhb vhe cutwnrb ie `nt whtnr. Fhhr has ib fn eint vnrdis is jn vnrziatied vheces oieeneahej ie jn ahhtstn nnuwne `ccgjzhbnaikb tcndnecfne.

Znesacttn

Jn stujins vhe Wrcaib nt ha. 807< ne Bcrvnr ?<<9, onijn cp ietnrent, anzn fne znag,

whet ib bce zn ìnr fhhr znnr dnjnnatnaikb rnm`t jcne.@nt vhat cp jht nr oik jn necrfn hrm`ncacdism`n hmtivitnit ie ces ahej vccr

zcvnr ib wnnt (ne ietnrent vnrfnajt) eccit vcejstne vhe `cut fnt phhawcrfdhe-dne dnfnaj zike. Eu `no ib ecd dnne ehvrhhd dnjhhe cp jn _nuvnesjhdne, fhhrtcm` is `nt vrnnfj jht nr oik cejnrzcnb vhe `hvnes, jikbne ne sauizne ie jn bust-zcen dnne fnajied vhe dnfhhbt is. Jn whhrenfiedne ie Juoaie fhbne juijnaikb`cn onahedrikb strhtidrhgism` prnmins dnjhtnnrjn phhawcrfcosnrvhtins bueene zike.

Thet vhe jn `cnj ne jn rhej ” cf fnt jn cevnrdntnaikbn, gahfocyhetn I\\-tnm`-eimus @neb Jcebnr tn sprnbne ” wntne wn ecd vnna tn wnieid!

Ehwccrj

Fnt vnna panzinr sm`rnng ib > fhhejne hhe jnzn stujin vccr jn gnnstouejna vhefike cuj-annraied Jr. Nrim Ac`cg, hhe win ib `nf ccb cpjrhhd eu ccb ìk fntpnesicne dhht. Jn kuoiahris zha zim` `nt vnr`hha cvnr winrjikbne, phhawcrf ne ù-enonjjne ie drctn aikene wna vhe fike mcaandns `nrieenrne2 ne ccb zha ìk zine jhtib ietussne nrd vnna jnthias hhednvuaj ne vnrontnrj `no (vccrha cvnr jn phhawcrf).Ib `no fn `nr`hhajnaikb fnt jit cejnrwnrp onzid dn`cujne ehhr `nt vccronnajvhe H.N. vhe Diggne (8009-894=) ” jin nr tndne nt niej vhe zike anvne oik fik cvnrbahhdjn jht ìk jn kuistn aitnrhtuur fcnst cpzcnbne, whet ìk jhebtn zike bneeis

vccrha hhe nne stub ie `nt ” cevcaprnzne ” biejnrtikjsm`rigt Wccr `nt Kcedn Wcabkn ,jht kn, vcej ìk, tcm` eint has orce bce ecnfne.97

Wnane `noone fik fnt iegcrfhtin vccr jit stub dn`capne. Ib ecnf M`ristihe Hjhfsne (]BHAB-@ðkoknrd, Jnenfhrbne), Tcut Hrnetzne (^trnm`t), `ncOrhejsfh (BEFI, jn Oiat)2 Nrib Jrnet` (Hfnrsgccrt)2 Ok÷re Ourcw (@hfourd),]hejnr @. Oruenbrnng (]cnst)2 Cttc ]. Becttenrus ([uij`cre)2 Dnrhrj Bcfne(BEFI, jn Oiat)2 Khhp Fcrna ne Hrnet Wcs (onijne _ikbsjinest Muaturnna Nrgdcnj,_MN, Anaysthj)2 Khe Grheäcis vhe _ndtnrne Hatneh (Hfnrsgccrt), \huaien vhe _ike(Oicacdism`n Hrm`ncacdin, OIHP mcesuat, [hhejhf), Tikehej vhe jnr ]hejne(Jrnets \ahtnhu, Hssne), _int ]m`nebnvnaj-vhe jnr Jussne (@nnfstnjn), Oco

]mìppnrs (Ohhre), Iednaisn ]tuikts (Jismcvnry \rcdrhffn, Juoaie) ne T. @hic[iffnrfhee (Ocmb`cre).

Ietnrent ìnap fik vnna vnrjnr jhe ib ccit ie oioaict`nbne dnbcfne zcu zike.Jn vnranijied is drcct jit fnjiuf zcejnr orcevnrfnajied has nne ghethstism` dn-jnthiaannrjn ne sena tcndhebnaikbn nemymacpnjin tn dnoruibne. Jhhroik is `nt vrikcfsahm`tid cf hutnur, titna ne pahhts vhe puoaimhtin hphrt tn ectnrne, whet zik sthheeint cp jn hg tn jrubbne tnbstne. Wnna ietnrentorceene vnrfnajne ccb ùe nidneorceene eint.94

Ib bhe jn wnrbwikzn oik `nt sm`rikvne vhe nne prcngsm`rigt vca ietnrentmithtnezcejnr orcevnrfnajied jccr jn syfphtìnb cdnejn vccrfhaidn Juitsn fieistnr

vhe Nmcecfism`n [hbne Bhra-`ncjcr Grni`nrr vce uej zu Duttneonrd 90 jhe ccb



=<>

wna neidszies ondrikpne. @ik sm`rnng nne prcngsm`rigt99 fnt vnna ahedn hhe ietnrentcetannejn phsshdns zcejnr jn orce tn vnrfnajne, whhrcp ìk tn Ohyrnut` suffhmuf ahujn prcfcvnnrjn. cne neidn prifhirn hutnurs ùe gcrfuanriedne wccrjn-aikb ne heceinf ie zike jissnrthtin tnrudvcejne ” ‐nie jrnistns \ahdiht!’ ” whs jnocct hhe ne fcnst ìk, ehjht ìk ha zike jcmtcrstitna tnruddndnvne `hj cp 8 fhhrt

?<88 hgtrnjne has fieistnr ne uit jn pcaitinb vnrjwikene.Ibznag `no jn ietnrentorce vhe scffidn fiejnr onahedrikbn jnthias cevnrfnajdnahtne.

Ectne

8 Hhevhebnaikb wnrj fnnstha jn ehhf znnwcrf dnoruibt; Ohnmb 84=?, zin d. >2 Fcrdnestnr84=?h,o2 Onabfnnr 84==2 @istcrin 84==2 Fcohmìus 84==2 _cussnt 84==2 ]trhht ne Whejnr Jnurn 84==2 rnureis 84==2 A’Npin 84=: (‐znn- cg bcbnrwcrfne’)2 Jn Oruye 84=>2Wnrfnnr 84:42 Fceht` 84== (‐[nn- cjnr \ghàwurfne’). @cuttuye 8478 (‐znn`cutwcr-fne, ccb wna \hhawcrfne cg Bcbnrwcrfne dnehhfj’), @cuttuye 8, 8478, 87, >0<,dnmitnnrj ie Tccrjneocnb jnr Enjnrahejsm`n hha 8?-8 (89=8), =<. ‐[nn`cut wcrf’ one ibvnrjnr enrdnes tndnednbcfne. ‐Bcbnrwcrf’ viejt fne oik Fhssunt (84==o) ne A’Npin84=:. ‐Jikbphhawcrf’ viejt fne ie Ehnrstid 84=?, ‐ phhawcrf ’ viejt fne oik Fceht`(84==)2 priksvrhhd Gacrnhet Aionrhans Hrtns 844<2 @hrtfhe 84482 Fnnsn 8448. Jn tnrf\ghàwurf sahht jus nnrjnr hhe ie Juitsn dnsm`rigtne jhe phhawcrf ie Enjnrahejsn,whhrsmìkeaikb cfjht ‐]nn’ ie `nt Juits ccb nne zcntwhtnrfnnr bhe ontrnne.

? Jn oicacdism` fnnr mcrrnmtn Juitsn ehfne \ghàoc`rfusm`na ne ]mìsoc`rfusm`na zikewnieid dhedohhr.

= Jn Grhesn ehhf is thrnt cg v nr jn fnr (Jn Xuhtrnghdns 80:9), jn Nednasn sìpwcrf (zna-jne pianwcrf), jn [wnnjsn sbnppsfhsb , jn Eccrsn pnanfhrb , pnaansbknaa cg sbipscrf.

: ]naaius (84==) mcfpiannrjn haans wht cvnr jn phhawcrf onbnej whs ie =7< p., fnt vnr-

wikzied ehhr oikeh twnn`cejnrj hutnurs. @ik `nrbnejn `nt jinr rnnjs has fcaausb, whtAieehnus endnnrjn. Knrnys (807>, 8?0-8::) sm`rnng ‐Zis wcrb is h fhstnrpinmn cganhrenj rnsnhrm`, hej rnpantn wit` mahssimha haausices2 hej it nviemns ghr drnhtnr becwanjdncg t`n crdheizhtice cg t`n fcaausmh t`he t`ht s`cwe oy hey cg ìs prnjnmnsscrs wit` t`nnxmnptice cg _nhufur R84==-84:?V.’ @ik dnoruibtn ]naaius’ ontccd has ruddnedrhht vccrzike istcrism`n cvnrzim`t vhe vrcndn fnajiedne vhe phhawcrfne ne vccr nne onsm`rikviedvhe ùe gysinbn uitnraikb. [in Bcrvnr ?<<9, =-: cvnr ]naaius.

> ]naaius (84==) ne Jn Xuhtrnghdns (80:9) sm`rnvne tne cernm`tn jht nt `cut jccr jn vcntne eint jccr jn sm`napne vhe jn phhawcrf vnreinaj wcrjt (Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, 8?). FhhrOnabfnnr (84==) onsm`rikgt jn wnrbied vhe jn sm`napne ha mcrrnmt (zin p. ?98).

7 Ie fie cg fnnr jccr `nt whtnr hhednthst Rjus zhm`t dnwcrjneV `cut, fnt jn enrg fnn

(Tìtn 89?=, ::>, ::0). Jn dhedne bruisne nabhhr znajne cg eccit.4 Wcadnes jn iemcfpantn bhhrt vhe Dcaahs` nt ha. (?<<0).

0 Nne hejnrn orce zndt ‐8: sccrtne nrnjieijhn, whhrvhe 0 ie`nnfs’ ie Enjnrahej, w.c. 8nrnjc (nrnjc ehvhais). JEH-cejnrzcnb vhe jn thxcecfin; Diriont ne T`nnanr ?<<?2]hetcs nt ha. ?<<>.

9 Wcadnes www.smrioj.mcf/jcm/::>>448?/\hhawcrf-ie-`nt-jnathdnoinj-mcejitins-vccr-vccrbcfied-ne-onstrikjied zcu ìnr uitsauitnej nrnjc ehvhais vccrbcfne. ]m`napkns vhehejnrn nrnjieijhn wcrjne `nna znajne ie Enjnrahej dnvcejne. [in vccr jn thxcecfin;`ttp;//zipmcjnzcc.mcf/Bny/Heifhaih/nrnjiehnSGhfiay.hsp. Ietnrentorceene dnvne jniejrub jht jn fcejihan bhrtnried vhe nab vhe jn 8?7 sccrtne ne cejnrsccrtne ecd ahedeint vcatccij is. Njfcessce 897?, :>-:7 sm`rikgt vheuit @cecauau; ‐Cen cg t`n fcrn

ghfiaihr cg t`n wijnay jispnrsnj sìpwcrfs is nrnjc ehvhais Aieehnus. Zis spnmins, wnaabecwe ie Nurcpnhe whtnrs, is hasc rnmcvnrnj grcf t`n whtnrs cg oct` t`n nhstnre hej



=<7

wnstnre mchsts cg Ecrt` Hfnrimh hej is rnpcrtnj grcf acmhaitins ie t`n ghr wnstnre griednscg t`n \hmim. Hat`cud` rnmcdeiznj ie Khphensn hej \ìaippien whtnrs, hpphrnetay it `hsect ynt ievhjnj t`n vhst hrnh cg t`n mnetrha \hmim, wìm` suppcrts h rim` hej vhrinjghueh cg nrnjieijhn. Hs eufnrcus ct`nr sìpwcrfs `hvn jistriouticeha rnmcrjs nquha tccr hpprchmìed t`ht cg . ehvhais , it is manhr t`ht scfn spnmins cg t`n nrnjieijhn fhy onmcesijnrnj snhsceha trhvnanrs.’

8< ‐Kcèstce’s Zhvfhtcdrhp ih (@istcrih ehturhais jn iesnmtis), 87>=’ (Knrnys 807>, 8?0)is nne bcppnaied vhe Kcestceus 87=? ne Kcestce 87>=.

88 Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, ??. Whe jn oik `nt ie ?<<=-?<<0 dnocrdne wrhb vhe nne Drinbs smìpuit ><<-:0< v.M`r. vccr jn [uij-]imiaihhesn bust oik Dnah dnvcejne acjne pahtne vnr-fcnjjn fne jht zik has onsm`nrfied tndne phhawcrfne hhednorhm`t whrne (]ìp Hdnets,\crt Cptices Rntm.V, ietnrent).

8? Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, 0=-0:, Zcfpsce 80>> mitnrnej. @nt vccrbcfne ie Acejce Mahy isonvnstidj jccr Dhan 899> ne @uddntt nt ha. ?<<>; nrnjieijhn anngjne ie Acejce Mahyie Bnet ne ]urrny ie fcjjnr tussne fhedrcvne. Acejce Mahy jhtnnrt ie `nt Yprnsine,Cejnr-Ncmnne, >9-:9 fiakcne khhr dnanjne. Jn cujstn phhawcrfrnstne zike eu onbnejuit `nt Hptine, Cejnr-Brikt, 8?>-88? fiakcne khhr dnanjne (Tibipnjih) cg znags uit `nt

Aihs, Wrcnd Kurh, ?<<-84> fiakcne khhr dnanjne (Bcrvnr ?<<9, 8>).8= Wrikn, onbcrtn vnrthaied vhe Niribs ]hdh, `ccgjstub 8> ie Fhdeussce ne \èassce (897>,

8<=-8<:) ne jin vhe ]np`tce (800<)

8: fhübr 6 fhddct, druo, wcrf2 fhübr-skýr 6 snh guaa cg wcrfs (.D. [câdh, H McemisnJimticehry cg Caj Imnahejim . Cxgcrj, 898<). Wda. fht`br ie `nt Cujeccrs.

8> Thhrsmìkeaikb wnrj jn ]trhht Jnenfhrbne (Jhefnrbur ]uej, Jnefhrb ]trhit) iejnrtikjccb Drcneahejznn dnecnfj. Jn phhawcrf bcft eu hhe jn zuijrhej vhe IKsahej vccr (zin`nt ondie vhe jit hrtibna), zcjht `nt fik eint cefcdnaikb aikbt jht phhawcrfne jnstikjs,tcne `nt ccb vrik whrf whs, ie jnzn strhht bcejne crnrne, ha jhe eint uit Mhrhãoism`dnoinj fnndnbcfne fnt jn znnstrcfne. Cg zn nr eu, eu `nt ecd whrfnr is, jhhr ccbvccrbcfne is fik eint onbnej.

87 \. vhe _ike wnns fn cp jnzn vcejstne ne I. ]tuikts dhg fik jnzn iegcrfhtin ie n-fhiasvhe hpria, fni ne kuai ?<88. @nt ontrngt `cutvcejstne oik cpdrhviedne cejnr anijiedvhe Aiezi ]ifpsce ie 8997-8994 (aimnesn 97N?:>, cednpuoaimnnrj), whhrvccr ]tuikts jn`cuthehaysns vnrrim`ttn. Gikesphr (\imnh ) drcnit eint ie Inrahej. Jn sitn ahd cp jn zuijcnvnrvhe jn rivinr jn Ainy, vahb oik jn shfnevcndied fnt jn \cjjan.

84 Jn Jnnesn sm`nnpshrm`ncaccd C. Mrufaie-\ntnrsne sm`rnng hhe I. ]tuikts jht jn Wibiednezcrdvuajid fnt ùe octne cfdiedne, zn eint ie zcut whtnr aintne aiddne fhhr cp `nt ahejtrcbbne ne fnt zcnt whtnr whstne. Jit dnonurjn vccr zcvnr ib wnnt eint oik jn OrnfnrBcddn, jin wnaiswhhr tn Ornfne ie zcnt whtnr dnandne `nngt, fhhr jn zcutn Eccrjznn`nr`hhajnaikb onvhrne fcnt `noone. Fissmìne wnrj jn phhawcrf ie jit dnvha hgjcnejnonstrnjne jccr jn hgwissnaied vhe zcut ne zcnt whtnr.

80 ‐Zn Girst ]ced cg Ysmcahe’, www.fhrykcens.us/mtnxts, Mnatim Aitnrhturn Mcaanmtivn. Ccbvnrthhaj has ‐]nn t`n phie t`n snh wcrfs dhvn fn.’

89 @cn bhe fne ‐zittne cp nne phha vhe nne viswnnr’3 Ysdcahe, Ysmcahe (anttnraikb; ‐dnannrjn’,‐banrb’) is nne vrcndfijjnannuwsn banrb dnwnnst, wht ie zike twnn Tnas`n Dnzhedne ha-dnfnne onbnej dnhm`t wcrjt. Ie jn ahtnrn Fijjnannuwne wnrj Ysdcahe fnnr ne fnnrvnrhetwccrjnaikb dn`cujne vccr `nt vnrorhejne vhe vnna Tnas`n fheusmriptne. Grimtintussne jn Orntces-Orits-Inrsn ne jn _ccfs-Bht`cainbn bnrb bhe zim` ìnrie f.i. hgspindn-ane. Ie Ornthden zced fne ecd ie jn 89n-?<n nnuw ainjnrne cvnr ]bcahe (Ahurnet 89482]m`wyznr ?<<:).

?< Jn Kcedn 80==-80:0, Wikgjn ikjpnrb. Ie jn 84n nnuw dnoruibtn fne accj ie Nednahej(Bcrvnr ?<<9, ?7).



=<4

?8 Jn bcppne vhe jn ikznrne ehdnas whrne najnrs >-7 mf ie jccrsenn (Jn Thha ?<<0).Gctc vhe twnn wcrfspikbnrs cp ints fnnr jhe whrn drccttn; @ccd`nnfrhhjsm`hp Eccrj-@caahej ?<88, p. :.

?? Ir. ].@. Oruenbrnng annrjn jit cp jn ahdnrn sm`cca. Jit `cut wcrjt siejs 89?? tcndnphst(]pcce 89:=, ?).

?= ]pcce (89:=) onrim`t nm`tnr jht `nt ]uriehhfsn ohsrhacmus (fits stnrb binzna`cujnej) ne`nt Iejcensim`n uaie (Nusijnrcxyace [whdnr . ne O.), ahrh (‐fnt _csijnrcs vnrh _cxo. ne

Phet`cstnfuf sp. jiv.’) ne ohedbirhi (]`crnh ahnvigcaih Nejnrt) vnna wnnrsthejsbrhm`tidnrzike tndne jn (hdrnssinvnrn) ]uriehhfsn phhawcrf nrnjc rnyeni Ohrtsm` jhe jn Jnfhrhrhdrnne`nhrt. Oik systnfhtism`n prcnvne ie Enjnrahej ie 89=0-89:? wnrjne cp tha vhepahhtsne uitdnznttn pahebkns vhe wiad, crndce pien ne nib znnr stnrb hhednthst, jhhrnetndnejin vhe ohsrhacmus, cnaie, ahrh ne ohedbirhi wnieid cg ie `nt dn`nna eint (]pcce 89:=).Jn Kced ne n Auddne`crst 8944 ecnfne uaie, ahrh, jnfhrhrh drnne`nhrt, ohsrhacmus,fheohrbahb, ohedbirhi ne pnrcoh jn mhfpcs has phhawcrf-rnsistnetn `cutsccrtne. Ie80?:-80:: oanbne ie znnwhtnr cpdn`hedne pahebkns vhe nibne, drnene-, ne vurne`cuthaan stnrb jccr jn phhawcrf hhednthst. Wrcaib nt ha. (807<) jnjne vnrsmìaanejn prcnvnefnt `cutsccrtne ne `nt hgjnbbne, hgsfnrne, vnrvne ne iepnrsne vhe vnrsmìaanejn suo-

sthetins, jcm` zcejnr summns. Ie znn dnpahhtst `cut vhe drnne`nhrt uit ]uriehfn, ouaantrinne Hfnribhhesn nib wnrjne tussne =< hpria ne ?= snptnfonr vhe `nt znagjn khhr jccrphhawcrfne hhednthst.

?: ‐_iedwcrf is jn drcctstn vikhej vhe jn phhawcrf2 ìk bruipt ie jn jccr jnzn dnfhhbtnoccrdhtne ne vnrsaiejt `nf’ (www.vhbhetinvis.mcf). @ik `nnt cminna ‐dnvanbtn znnjui-znejpcct’. Cp jn znnocjnf anvne `nna hejnrn ‐znnjuiznejpctne’.

?> Wcadnes ECOHEI], Nurcpnhe Entwcrb ce Ievhsivn ]pnmins wcrjt nrnjc ehvhais fhx. >9mf ahed ne jn Eccrsn phhawcrf, Ectctnrnjc ecrvhdimh (]pnedanr 849?) fhx. 7< mf.

Thdnehhr 84:?, 87 ecnft nne anedtn vhe ‐wna vnnrtine juifne’ (=7,7 mf) vhe scffidnphhawcrfne. Jht nrnjc eint znajne ahednr jhe = vcntne R9: mfV zcu zike (Fnnsn 8448,9-8<) aikbt cvnrjrnvne. Fhrtient 8440, 7?-77 ecnft nne anedtn vhe fnnr jhe ? vcntneR7= mfV. Wrcaib nt ha. (807<, 8:) ehfne anedtns vhe ? tct fnnr jhe =< mf whhr. ‐Dn`nnacetwibbnaj, wht jne vcrf ontrngt, zike jn \hhawcrfne cp nne anngtikj vhe 8: jhdne, fhhrzik oaikvne jhhreh tcm` ecd ie `nt `cut drcnikne’ (ijnf, p. 8<). Ie Mhaigcreiâ wnrjne rcej8984 anedtns vhe 7< mf dnfntne (Dceddrikp 89=?).

?7 Mueeied`hf 80>=, :0-:92 Tìtn 89?=, ::02 Ohdust ?<<7. @hrtied 8078o, ecct? vnrfnajt jht Oruena jit vnrtnajn hhe prcg. \intna uit Dneàvn ne Jr. Ornwstnr uitNjieourd`.

?4 @nierim` ]màinfhee onzcm`t jn tueenaocuw ie 80:7 ne whs zwhhr cejnr jn iejrub(fnj. Tcut Hrnetzne).

?0 Whe Itnrsce nt ha 8000, 894 sm`rnvne ecd ‐Jn nnrstn cp jit jinr ontrnbbied `noonejn hhecezn bust dnjhen whhrenfied zha vhe ]nptnfonr 84=8 jhdtnnbnene.’.

?9 Tnst-Iejism`n `nrbcfst; zin `nt cridienan oiksm`rigt vhe d. > Rtne cernm`tn has jrubgcutvccr ‐Cst-Iejine’ onsm`cuwj ie jn trhesmriptin, Ohbbnr ?<8<, ?9=V. [in jn ìnrcejnrvcadnejn vnrfnajied vhe tcne `nnrsnejn fneiedne cvnr zcwna rnmnetn Ccst- has Tnst-Iejism`n `nrbcfstne ie Fhssunt (84==h). Wrcaib nt ha. (807<, 0=, 9=) onstrnjne jnznfneiedne nm`tnr, whet jn phhawcrf whs ìnr tcne ha nnuwneahed hhewnzid.

=< www.nmc fhrn.ea. @hrtied 8078o ecnft zwhrn phhawcrfsm`hjn ie ces ahej ie jn khrne877<, 84=8, 84=?, 84>9, 844<, 80?4 ne 80>4 ne 80>0.

=8 \hdieh ?4= vhe jn phrhaanaan uitdhvn tn Hfstnrjhf. @nt nnrstn euffnr whs ie kheuhri877> vnrsm`nene tn \hriks.



=<0

=? Fhssunt 84==o2 _cussnt 84==h, o2 Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, ?:. Ib vnrcejnrstna jht ie 877>(877<3) ccb jn juiznejne cutne phane vhe jn Hfstnrjhfsn hvne vnreinaj zike. Knrnys(807>, 8?0) vnrwikst ehhr jn Ahtikesn vnrthaied vhe `nt Kcureha jns ]ähvhets jccr G.Eitzsmìus (Anipzid).

== Jn nibne ohabne vhe jn nnrstn ocuwghsn vhe nt ie 8797 dnocuwjn `nrneùis Dcajneocwoik ]m`wnrie ie Fnmbaneourd (J.) zcujne phhawcrfdhedne onvhttne. Jit is jn cvnrtui-

died vhe jn `nnr Ok÷re Ourcw, iegcL`nrrne`hus-dcajneocw.jn, jin fik ìnr ie kuei ?<88uitvcnrid cvnr iegcrfnnrjn; ‐Jin Nim`neohabne siej mh. 8? x =< x ?>< mf uej vnrnieznatfit Dêedne jurm`sntzt. Fhe `ht jin Oc`rdêedn fit Bhabputz vnrgñaat uej jin _h`fnehesmàinssnej ahmbinrt, vnrfutaim` fit Oaniwniο.’ Ne; ‐Ie jne Dêedne siej eur ]purne vceBhabbinsna nr`hatne, jh honr fhem`n Dêedn hum` if Hussneonrnim` jnr Gnestnrrh`fne zusn`ne whrne siej jinsn fit Augtbhabputz vnrstrim`ne wcrjne.’ Jn ohabne whrne dnjnnatn-aikb snmuejhir dnoruibt ne ocbtcrsm`hjn whs `nt znbnr eint. Jit bhe f.i. haanne has `cutdnoruibt is vhe sm`npne jin cp jn Eccrjznn cg vnrjnr dnvhrne `hjjne, whet jn Ccstznnwhs tcne ecd phhawcrfvrik. Ourcws jntnrfiehtins zike nm`tnr eint jccr nne jnsbuejidndnvnrinnrj ne ‐vnrnieznat fit Dhedne jurm`sntzt’ wikst eint jirnmt cp phhawcrfdhedne.

=: Whe Onaan ?<<0, :0; ‐Ie 84<4 bahhdjn fne ha cvnr jn sanm`tn sthht vhe `nt jrccdjcb

jccrjht jn phhawcrf `nt `cut `hj hhednthst. Nidneaikb ainp `nt ha gcut ie 84<> wheennr`nt jrccdjcb oikeh hg whs ne nr ha prcoanfne cptrhjne.’ [in inreh cvnr jn jccrdhhes vrikzcntn nostrccf aheds Waissiedne.

=> Ie jn vrcndst onbnejn vnrfnajied vhe winr ne winrjikbne (8=89) wcrjt vccrdnsm`rnvnejht injnrn fhe zike hhejnna fcnt enfne ie nt cejnr`cuj vhe jn Tnstgrinsn Cfriedjikb,‐fnt hnrjn jne hnrtjikm nejn fnt wcnr R6 winrV jne wcnrtjikm’. @nt wndahtne vhe ehjnrnspnmimhtins tccet hhe jht jn wikzn whhrcp jit dnonurjn ha ahed hadnfnne onbnej whs(Whe jnr Fnnr ?<<9, phrhdrhhg =2 Bistnfhbnr 8994, ?).

=7 Tinr is jn ccrsprcebnaikbn ehhf vccr znndrhs (Whe jnr Wnne ne Whe jnr ]iks 8994) ne isoaikbohhr phs ahtnr cvnrdndhhe cp wht wik tndnewccrjid znnwinr ecnfne. [in vnrjnr Whejnr Fnnr (?<<9). Jn Grhesn ehhf is hiaanua , jn Nednasn nnadrhss , jn Jnnesn c.f. îandrhns .

[cstnrh fhrieh Aieehnus is Drcct znndrhs, Banie znndrhs is [cstnrh ecatii @crenf, onijnbcfne ne bwhfne ie Enjnrahej vccr.

=4 @nt wccrj ‐Tinrrinfne’ wnrj vnrbahhrj ie jn nemymacpnjin vhe M`cfna-M`hafct, 87njnna (849=), p. 7:9>.

=0 @hafh ne Orcunrius vhe Eijnb 84?> (dnmitnnrj jccr Haahe 80>>, ecct cp p. 8= vhe \JG,Iet.) vnrfnajjne ccb jht ‐jn winr’ ie jn bahssinbn cuj`nij ceeut ne whhrjnaccs dnhm`twnrj. Jit whs sprnnbwccrjnaikb. @crhtius R7>-0 v.M`rV sprhb vhe hadhi ieutiais ; ‐ceeutznndrhs’ (Cj., 84 , aio. III) ne vhe viaicr hadh ; ‐sanm`tnr jhe winr’ (]nrf. ]htyr . aio. II, v).

=9 Ansdnr 899< ne Bwhhj ?<<> vhttne jn dnsmìnjneis vhe jn Tnstgrinsn [nnjikb shfne.Cp `nt strhej vhe Drcctn Bnntne zike tct 8979-4< rndnafhtid stubbne vhe bani- newinrjikbne oacct dnspcnaj (pnrsonrim`t 87.?.?<88 pcstousLehtuurfnjih). \ahhtsehfne

has Tinrjikb tn Jne @najnr ne Tinrjikbkn hhe jn zuijrhej vhe Onrdne (E.-@.) `nrie-enrne ecd hhe jit jikbtypn. Jwhrsjccrsenjn vhe jn bani- ne winrjikb vhe Jn @cnaf(Tinriedne); www.phdcwirnesn.ea. Jwhrsjccrsenn vhe jn nxnasn znnjikb ehjht jncujn zhej- ne winrjikb jccr nne einuwn puieahhd ohshat ne Eccrsn bnine whs hgdnjnbt;www.whjjneznnsitns.ea/hsp/dntnmcfhrn.

:< Bcrvnr dnoruibt jn tnrf ‐brnooiedne’, fhhr ‐Brno- cg Ouitne-`ccgjne’ whrne ‐ie znnaccjrndt tndne jne jyb’ dnandj. [ik whrne ie 8>9: uitdnvcejne jccr Knaan Hjrihhesz

Tyes, jybdrhhg jnr Winr Eccrjnr-Bcddne (Thdnehhr 84:?, 87). [ik anbne jus cp brio-one ie cezn rivinrne.

:8 Ib ennf hhe jht Mcerhj _ikeahejsn fhtne dnoruibtn (8 _ikea. vcnt whs =8,=9> mf ahed).Jn Thha (?<<0, cejnrsm`rigt d. =) zndt cvnr jn Jinfnr [nnjikb ie 84?= ‐Jn mcestrumtin

onsthht uit iedn`nijn phane rcej =< mf `hrt cp `hrt 8.8> mf ne whhrsmìkeaikb 0.<<f ahed. Hm`tnr jn phane wnrj `nt dnjrccdjn winr dnorhm`t. Jn phane whrne jccr nne



=<9

dcrjied dnbcppnaj ne jccr fijjna vhe `crizcethan phane hhe iedn`nijn phane hm`tnr `ntwinr vnrhebnrj.’ Ccb rnprcjumnnrt ik (d. ?) nne prnet vhe nne tnmèism` juijnaikb wnnr-dndnvne jikbjccrsenjn vhe jn [uijnrjikb oik Jn Tnnj ie zuijccstnaikb Tnst-Grinsahejuit nne rhppcrt vhe \. ]tnnestrh ne A. jne Onrdnr, cpzim`tnr vhe ’s ahejs znnwnriedne vhe8447.

:? Jnzn jikbonsm`cniied sthht ha cp jn prnet vhe Fuijne tikjnes ieuejhtin ne brikds`hejn-

aiedne ie 874= jccr Mcnerhnt Jnmbnr ne cp nne dnzim`t cp sact ne sthj Fuijne uit 874:jccr Dhsphr Ocutthts ehhr Kc`heens \nntnrs ie Zcenna jnr ]tnnjne nejn ]tnrmbtne vhe ’tWnrnneid`t Enjnrahejt (Hetwnrpne, Aumhs Wcrstnrfhe, 874:) (Whe Diebna ?<<:, iaa. p.:7 ne p. ?-=). Juijnaikbnr is ìk hgdnonnaj cp jn prnet vhe ‐ Jn ]thj F^YJNE ne `hnr]AC2 vhe jn [nn-jyb hg tn sine 90 ’ (Whe Diebna ?<<:, iaa. p. =4 ne hm`tnrbhgt, jin `nf8>90 jhtnnrt). ‐90’ ontnbnet nm`tnr 8790. Jheina ]tccpnejhha ehf jn prnet cp ie Jn

[ndnprhanejn Wnm`t, dnzim`tne vhe Austpahhtsne nez. ondieenejn vhe ^trnm`t ne fnt Fuyjneonsauytnejn . Hfstnrjhf (Tnj. Eimcahhs Wism`) 8489, ìk sthht ccb ie Jn Wnm`tstrccf vhe8498. Hejrins ]m`cnfhbnr jhtnnrjn jn prnet ie 84?> (Whe Diebna ?<<:, iaa. p. ?8).

:= Audt 898>, 8=9-8:<, d. 9<-98, 9=2 Whe Ohane 89?42 O. Ohbbnr nt ha. 8990, ??0-9.On`havn oik Whe Ohane viejt fne d. : oik Whe Diebna ?<<:, iaa. p. 874. Jit jikbtypn is

vcadnes `nf mh. 8::< hhednandj. @cutne jikbsmùttiedne zint fne vnrjnr cp jn prnetvhe ‐Nembùysne’ vhe Dhsphrj Ocutthts ehhr Kc`heens \nntnrs ie Zcenna jnr ]tnnjne nejn]tnrmbtne vhe ’t Wnrnneid`t Enjnrahejt (Hetwnrpne, Aumhs Wcrstnrfhe, 874:). Tinrjikbnezint fne jhhrie whhrsmìkeaikb cp jn prnet vhe ‐Jnagzina’. Wnrfcnjnaikb zike fnnr znn-jikbne ie jit ocnb `nrbneohhr, cejhebs jn `cutnridn wnnrdhvn. n Nnfjikb hhe `ntNnffnnr is zc’e phanejikb ceaheds `nrocuwj, fhhr zcejnr `nt jikbaim`hhf vhe winr- nebani nrhm`tnr.

:: www.vunt.jb/prcknbt-shej/iejnx.p`p3ij6:= ne www.ecrjnesbirbnr.jb/ijaidnrn/Ghastnroc birbn.`tf

:> Bcrvnr ?<<9, 84.

:7 www.accjkns.ea

:4 Fhrtient 8440, 7?-77.

:0 @nt nr`hhajnaikb ehhr oieene vnrsmùivne vhe jn jikbne rcej ]m`cbahej ne rb (Tiddnrs89>>, d. :8, 9?, 9:, 90-99, 8<0-8<92 Fusnuf ]m`cbahej) ne oik Buiern (ijnf d. 8<:)fcnt cejnr hejnrn nne dnvcad vhe phhawcrfsm`hjn zike dnwnnst. @nt hgbhavne vhe vccrhajn wnstbhet vhe ]m`cbahej ondce ha ie jn 8<n nnuw eh M`r. @nahhs is ìnr dnne `cut fntphhawcrfdhedne cpdnfnrbt. Oik fiejnr prnminzn onrim`tne bhe scfs sprhbn dnwnnst zikevhe sm`hjn jccr jn =-> ff drctn drioona cg phhapissnonj, Aifecrih aidecruf (_ht`bn8499). Jnzn is hmting oik zcutdn`hatns vhe fnnr jhe 8< prcfiaan whtnr, whrfnr jhe >drhjne Mnasius. Ohhrs (8900-899<) hm`t jit fcdnaikb vccr jn ie 8708 hhe `cutwnrbie Jne @najnr tcndnorhm`tn sm`hjn. H. Wcs (fcej. fnj.) hm`t jn drioona vnna fiejnrsm`hjnaikb jhe jn phhawcrf. Fhhr ‐Has nne R`cutneV smìp jccr jn phhapissnonjjne whs

hhednvrntne bcejne jn pahebne ornbne… Jn neidn fheinr cf jit tn vccrbcfne whs`nt dnrndnaj hhejcne vhe zcntwhtnr`hvnes.’ (www.pissnonjjne.iegc/phhapissnonj.s`tfa).]naaius (84==, pa. II; 9-8<) ecnfjn jit jinr spriednrtkn cg sena . [in ccb ecct 07.

:9 Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, 77.

>< Wrinejnaikbn fnjnjnaied fnvr. \rcg. Jr. F.H. ]m`nebnvnaj-vhe jnr Jussne.

>8 Wnrfnnr 84:4, 78=, vnrfcnjnaikb jn hrdufnethtin uit zike prnnb vhe 84=?. WnrfnnrsCngneiedne (84:4) zike ecd tct vnr ie jn ?<n nnuw `nrjrubt.

>? Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, ??-?=, vnrwikznej ehhr Jn Oruye 84=>. Fnt ‐kh znags vnrgcniknaikbn necedn`ccrjn zcejne’ is scjcfin onjcnaj, zin `nt vccrsm`rigt vhe jn ]thtne vhe @caahejne jn vcadnejn ecct.



=8<

>= Bcrvnr (?<<9, ?9-=>) tccet hhe jht scjcfin eint phs vhewndn jn phhawcrfrhfp ‐on-strnjne’ is, ha zhdne tha vhe prnjibhetne jn phhawcrf has strhg Dcjs jhhrvccr (@uisfhe?<<7). @cnwna scjcfin ie ornjn zie haan vcrfne vhe eint-rnprcjumtinvn snbs cfvht, wnrjnr tcne vccrha cfcsnbsuhaitnit fnn onjcnaj. Jn trnm`tsn ‐scjcfintnehhirn’ vhe 84=<-=8, whhrvccr 80 vnrjhm`tne vccr ùe `hejnaiedne tussne jn ruãens vhe jn Jcfbnrbdnwurdj zike (ontrcbbne `ccddnpahhtstne whrne dnvaum`t), ne jn ?? `cfcsnbsunane jin

drintfhe _ujcag jn Fnpsm`n vhe Ghhe ie 84=8 ie [uij`cre dnwurdj ne vnrorhej `hj(Tibipnjih), ahdne ecd vnrs ie `nt dn`nudne. @cnwna jhhrfnn jn tnrnm`tstnaaiedne cvnrùe `ccdtnpuet `nne whrne, bhe `nt injnr juijnaikb dnwnnst zike jht `nt nne vnna wik-jnr vnrornij vnrsmìkesna ontrcg, wht ccb jn dnjhm`tn hhe jn phhawcrf has Dcjs strhgvnrbahhrt. _cussnt jn Fissy (84==h, o) ne K. jn ah Whrneen (ie Dahenur ìstcriqun, fcrhaaittérhirn nt dhahet 84=?) sprhbne cvnridnes tndne jht jn phhawcrf jccr Dcj has strhgtndne `cfcsnxuhaitnit onjcnaj whs; ie Ithaiâ ne Grhebrikb bwhf jin ccb vccr, fhhr jnphhawcrf eint (Bcrvnr ?<<9, ?92 wht vccr Grhebrikb cekuist is). @cfcvnrvcadiedne vce-jne ie jn _npuoainb ocvnejine ccb pahhts ie 870?-0:, 84<?, 84<4, 8484, 847:, 8447 ne849>-90 (ijnf =8).

>: Ie vnrthaied dnmitnnrj uit `nt cejnrsm`rigt vhe d. >, vda. Ohbbnr ?<8<, ?9=-9:. Whescjcfin is dnne sprhbn.

>> Jit dnjim`t sthht cp = cedneuffnrjn oahjzikjne vccr ie Onabfnnr 84==.

>7 Jit whs jus nne jccr Khe \intnrs Onabfnnr ]r. znag dnfhhbtn fimrcsmccp. Ie jn mithtneahht ib vnrwikziedne ehhr durne ne hejnrn phrhdrhgne wnd. Jn durne zike cp pa. I-IIIdnsidennrj jccr jn drhvnur ‐Khe _uytnr gnmit’.

>4 Fike euffnried2 dnne vhe jn vccrdnstnajn rnfnjins oannb vcaanjid hgjcnejn.

>0 @hrpuis is nne fnedsna vhe `hrs, zwhvna ne aikecain vccr `nt iesfnrne vhe sm`nnpswhejnetnr onsm`nrfied tndne hhethstied jccr nanfnetne, hhedrcnisnas ne phhawcrf (jn WCMsitn, ietnrent). Wrcaib nt ha. (807<, 8<<) onsprnbne `nt, fhhr `nt oannb dnne hgjcnejnfijjna.

>9 www.vhbhetinvus.mcf

7< Jn uitohrstied vhe jn Nteh ie 8779, whhroik jn sthj Mhtheih vnrwcnst whs, `hj jinpniejrub dnfhhbt. Nr whrne tnabnes banienrn nruptins, nne drctnrn whs nr ie 879=, ie jn 80nnnuw whrne nr 87 uitohrstiedne. Tnabn nr bcrt vccr 84== pahhts dnvcejne `noone, wnntib eint, fhhr jn phsshdn oik Onabfnnr is nne vhe jn vrcndstn vccronnajne vhe sprnnbwccr-jnaikb dnoruib vhe jn Nteh, eh jn bahssinbn cuj`nij.

78 Ehnrstid 84=?. Wnrfcnjnaikb whs jit dnonj fnjn iedndnvne jccr `nt vccrsm`rigt vhe jn]thtne vhe @caahej ne Grinsahej. Cg jn Kccjsn rhooikene nvnennes vnrpaim`t whrne jhtdnocj tn vcadne, wnnt ib eint2 nvnefie cg jit dnonj ccb najnrs ie Kccjsn syehdcdns ie@caahej dnbacebne `nngt. Fhhr ib jneb vhe wna.

7? Nne ieahhdjikb cg sahdtnjikb wnrj has sahpnrjikb hm`tnr jn znnjikb hhednandj cf `nf tn

vnrvhedne has jn znnjikb `nt ondhg. Jn ‐ieahhd’ tussne znn- ne ieahhdjikb bwhf jhe oui-tnejikbs tn aiddne. Jit systnnf is tct jn whtnrseccjrhfp vhe 89>= ne jn Jnathwnrbne ie[nnahej tcndnphst.

7= Gid. = is dnrnprcjumnnrj ehhr jn aiebnr cejnr`cnb vhe bhhrtkn =: ie jn gctcdrhsm`n `nr-jrub vhe \.E. vhe Bhfpne & [cce E.W. (Hfstnrjhf, 894<), whhrie dnne jhtuf vccrjn htahs wcrjt dndnvne, fhhr whhrie jn ahhtstn bhhrtne nne uitdhvn mh. 847> suddnrnrne.Ie 84=> vnrsm`nne nne tnmèism`n hgonnajied vhe nne ‐\rcknmt vhe jne [nn-jyb onccstne

Fuyjne zcc has jnsnavn scujn bueen wcrjne fnt ]tnne vnrstnrbt ’, ‐Dntnnbnet ne cp dnstnat jccr^.N.J.T. Jinehhr K HMCO WHE @ CC_E , Ahejfntnr oy jne Nj. @nnrn vhe @caahej dnhjfit-tnnrt ne ie ’t Bccpnr dnorhdt jccr @ NEJ_IB JN ANZ@ .’, whhrcp jnzn onijn jccrsenjne vccr`nt nnrst hgdnonnaj zike (Whe Diebna ?<<:, iaa. p. 84<). Gid. = is ìnr jirnmt cp dnohsnnrj,ie spindnaonnaj. @nt einuwn jikbtypn whs ie 84:: bahhr ne d. = zha vhe bcrt ehjine jhtn-

rne. Nvnezc jn eint dnjhtnnrjn whejbhhrt Ha `nt Jybpaidtidn ne nneidn Thhapaidtidn Ahejne



=88

on`crnejn cejnr `nt @ccd`nnfrhhjsm`hp vhe jne [nnourd ne Jinfnrjyb (8,= x 8,? f) jinie pnrspnmting aiebscejnr jn cujn tcnsthej ne rnm`tscejnr jn einuwn tccet. Nne hehaysnvhe jn vnan ghfiainwhpnes vhe onstuursanjne bhe jn jhtuf vhe jn whejbhhrt prnmisnrne.[in ccb Grhesne ?<<9, hgo. 7.8-?. Bcrvnr (?<<9, ?<-?8) bnejn ecd dnne hejnrn winrjik-bne. Fike vccrhgdhhejn tnbst ne jn ectne =9-:: ecnfne nr vnrsm`nijnen. Cp nne prnetuit 84:= vhe `nt sact tn Fuyjne (Whe Diebna ?<<:, iaa. p. 80 fijjne) aikbt jn `cutne

onsm`cniied vnrjwnene tn zike ne zint fne ccb jn fnt stnene onbanjn znnjikb.7: Fhrtient 8440, 7= ne Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, ?:, vnrwikznej ehhr ‐nne vnrfcnjnaikb kuistn

cpdhvn’ ie Onsm`rikviedn 84=:.

7> Jn stnene onbanjied vhe jn [uijnrznnjikb oik @ccre ne ]m`naaieb`cut onvht vnna stnne-sccrtne uit [uij-Eccrwndne (jin has zwnrgstnne ie cezn strnbne cetornbne). Rietnrent;Bnine ie jikbneV. Jn Jinfnrjikb ccb (Grhesne ?<<9, d. 7.:).

77 Whjnrahejsm`n Anttnrcngneiedne 8444, ::>, mitnrnej uit Thdnehhr 84:?, 87.

74 Wnrthaied @naah @hhssn 899<, dnmitnnrj ehhr jn uitdhvn vhe 8999, ?=?. Jhhroik is twnnbnnr ‐cp’ vnrhejnrj ie ‐fnt’, whet bneenaikb whs jn mcestrumtin eint prnmins ondrnpne.

70 www.whjjneznnsitns.ea.

79 ‐?8 Kuai 84=:’ is eint cfdnrnbnej ehhr jn Einuwn ]tika vhe tikjrnbneied jin wn t`hes`hetnrne.

4< ]c is ’t is ie `nt cridienna drctnr dnsm`rnvne.

48 ]m`whrtz’ ieitihane M.O.K. zike ie nne vident shfnednvcndj, vt 6 vccrzittnr. Jn ocntn vhe8<< dcatduajnes paus jn whhrjn vhe jn wnddnvcnrjn stnene whs gcrs whet nne bninejnavnrzcu jhe nne khhr vccr eints dnwnrbt `noone (Whe jnr ]hejne ?<<4, ?<=). Jn tnbst isdnmcaahticennrj ehhr jn fik jccr Jr. T.H.O. vhe jnr ]hejne dnâfhiajn gctc vhe jntwnn oahjzikjne ie `nt _nscautinocnb (_nscautine vhe Jrcst ne Dnjnputnnrjne 84??-84=0 ,_ikbshrmìng Jrnet`n C]H, oahjer. 8, tcndhedser. <<<8, iev.er. 8:, oaz. 897-894), jnnashgdnonnaj ie Whe jnr ]hejne ?<<4, >7. [in ccb Ohbbnr 8999, 877-4.

4? Jit ondnanijnej sm`rikvne wcrjt inr hgdnjrubt vcadnes Whe Dine 89?4, 8>e (ib phstnjn spnaaied neidszies hhe jin vhe jn _nscautin hhe), jn tnbst is jus eint cpeinuw ehhr `ntcridienna dnmcaahticennrj. ^.A. 6 ^wn Ainjne.

4= ‐8> Fhhrt 84=>’ is eint cfdnrnbnej ehhr jn Einuwn ]tika vhe tikjrnbneied.

4: [in vccr jn tnbst vhe jn cpnnevcadnejn rnscautins ntm. Ohbbnr 8949 ne Ohbbnr ?<8<, 7=.Whe Dine 89?4, ?7-?4 dhg rnnjs jn mcfpantn tnbst vhe jn \uoaimhtin ne jn Onbnejfhbiedvhe ?8 kuei 80<9 vhe jn ahejjrcst \. @cgstnjn hhedhhejn ùenonjjne.

4> \imhrjt jhm`t jht jn @uesc(w) nne wccepahhts vhe jn rnuzne-ùenonjocuwnrs whsdnwnnst. Zhes `cujt fne `nt vccr nne ‐mnatim naj’, j.i. nne mcfpanx vhe cfwhajnrnm`t`cnbidn hbbnrpnrmnane uit jn Ahtn Orcestikj ne jn IKznrtikj, 88<<-8? v. M`r. (Whejnr ]hejne ?<<9, 892 Ohbbnr ?<8<, >8).

47 Jn ie zuijnaikbnr strnbne vhe Tnst-Nurcph onrnisjn \imhrjt wist bneenaikb eints hg vheùenonjjne ie jn rnst vhe Eccrj-Juitsahej. Jin ie ]mhejiehviâ bnejn ìk jccr jn on-sm`rikviedne ne hgonnajiedne vhe Cahus Fhdeus’ @istcrih jn dnetious snptnetricehaious (Dnsmìnjneis vhe jn Eccrjnaikbn Wcabnrne, 8>>>), whhrvhe c.h. ie 87>? ie Anijne nnevnrbcrtn uitdhvn whs dnjrubt. Jn aikst vhe ùenonjjne ie ]fijs’ nemymacpnjin (8488,=?:-=?0) onrust cp \imhrjts vnrfnajiedne, fnt neidn hhevuaaiedne.

44 Wccrhgdhhej hhe \imhrjt (877<) whs nr haanne jn bcrtn jismussin cvnr jn Juunas buttn tn_cajn oik ]m`ce`cvius (8>:4), ne jn mhrtcdrhsm`n wnnrdhvn jhhrvhe (Ohbbnr ?<<?2Ohbbnr ?<8<, =7-:<).

40 RCevcaanjidV dnmitnnrj ie Tccrjneocnb jnr Enjnrahejsm`n hha ?4 (899:), 8>=>2 iet.

49 ]fnhtce, _npcrt ce t`n Orittiedtce pinrs, Xuhrtnray phpnrs ce nediennried , vca. II, Fhy8440, dnmitnnrj jccr Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, ?>.



=8?

0< hrmìng-hqw8:7-Dnenrhtnj oy Hemnstrha Xunst, mithht uit nne eint dnspnmimnnrjn 89n-nnuwsn onsm`rikvied vhe @hraiedne. [in ccb www.banienbnrbstrhht.ea, `cfnphdn ]tngheNasiedh.

08 ]m`cbahej is ie 80>9 cetruifj cfjht `nt tn banie dnwcrjne whs ne jn dn`nna hrfahstiddnwcrjne onvcabied oik cvnrstrcfiedne ie ocfne fcnst baiffne (nxpcsitin Fusnuf]m`cbahej).

0? Fnynrs Drcssns Bcevnrshtices-Anxibce 89<9 sm`rikgt c.f.; ‐…oni [uut vce zu vina sñοnf Thssnr stirot ns, wê`rnej fhe necrfn Wnrfn`rued oncohm`tnt `ht (zuantzt 80>0 uej80>9), wnee ns wneid rndent. Dndne ORc`rfusm`naeV sm`ñtzt nnrhestrim` eur gñrburzn [nit, jhdndne oaniot fit Brncsct jurm`trêebtns Gim`tne`caz vnrsm`cet, wê`rnejNim`ne`caz wneidnr Tijnrsthej anistnt.’ Wcadnes Tiebanr 809> whs ccb jnzn fnt`cjncejcnatrnnej.

0= . Orhejsfh (BEFI) fhiajn fik; ‐ie jn jccr u dnecnfjn pnricjn whs `nt ecd eintdnoruibnaikb cf bwhetithtinvn ennrsahdfntiedne tn jcne. Nne uitzcejnried jhhrcp is nnejhthsnt vhe ^trnm`t uit jn pnricjn 84?0-84=9.’

0: Wcadnes thona M vhe ‐@cnvnna`njne ennrsahd ie ff tn [wheneourd, `nranij tct@ccgjjcrp’ (84=>-89:>, p. 9>-90) vhe H. Ahorike (89:>) is nr dnfijjnaj fiejnr jhe7<< ff ennrsahd pnr jhd dnvhaane ie 84:<-84:= (>90-:4<), jhhreh phs wnnr ie 849<,849=, 849>, 80<?-80<=, 808:, 8084-8080, 80=9, 80:4, 80>4-80>0, 807:, 89<4, 8988,89?8, 89?9, ne 89==-89=:. Jin : jrcdn khrne 84:<-84:= tn [wheneourd (`nranijtct @ccgjjcrp, p. 9>) anijjne eint tct onrim`tne cvnr phhawcrfsm`hjn. [chas dnzndjfnnejn jn ndnewccrjidn ]thht (84:?) znags jht jn phhawcrf ‐haanedsbns’ vnrjwnene whs.Cedntwikgnaj whs jit tn jhebne hhe jn gnaan bcu ie kheuhri 84:<, jn bcujn wietnr vhe84:<-84:8 ne jn nxtrnnf bcujn zcfnr vhe 84:8 (Ouisfhe ?<88, ?<4-?8=), whhrie jnphhawcrfne dnjccj zuaane zike. Ocvnejine zuaane jn drctn `cnvnna`njne rivinrwhtnr jinie jn wietnr 84:<-:8 `nt ahej ieuejnnrjne `nt orhbbn whtnr tnrud dnjrcedne `noone.Jn ‐strnedstn wietnr ie nnuwne’ 8400/8409, jn strnedn wietnr vhe kheuhri 849:/849>(\im`ndru !), jn bcujn khrne 8490-80<<, jn onrum`tn bcujn wietnrs vhe 808?/808= ne808=/808:, 80::/80:> ne wietnrsn cvnrstrcfiedne fnt (zcnt) rivinrwhtnr (Ouisfhe?<88, ??9-?:<, ?:9-?>7, ?70-?4>) zuaane jn phhawcrf nvnennes onpnrbt `noone.Wcadnes jn dnjidithaisnnrjn jhd-dndnvnes vhe nt BEFI (80><-?<<9) whs jn dnfijjnajnennrsahd ie 80>=-80>0 uitzcejnraikb ahhd, rnsp. 7<<,0, >99,<, >==,7, >7>,>, ==?,:, >?7,4ff/khhr2 zuabn ahedn pnricjne zike ehjine eint fnnr whhrdnecfne. Jhhrvýýr whs jn

khhra ikbsn ennrsahd `cdnr; 49?,:-07=,> ff ie 80><-80>?. Jhhreh jccrdhhes ccb, zik `ntie 80>9-807> eint nab khhr; rnsp. 774,7, 4>:,8, >>0, 0, 7?8, 4, >:9,>, 7=4.8 ne 479,?ff. @nt hhetha fnntsthtices is jhe dndrcnij vhe 8 ie 80><, tct ? ie 80>8-80>>, tct =ie 80>7-8077. Ie 8074-?<<9 drcnit ùe hhetha vhe ?7 tct =?>/=?7 ne ennft `nt hhethajrcdn khrne hg; fiejnr jhe 7<< ff ennrsahd pnr khhr wcrjt t/f ?<<9 jhe ecd dnfnajvccr 8048, 804>, 8004, 89<:, 89?8, 89?9, 89==, 89>=, 89>9, 8948 ne 894>.\hs jn ahedjuridn jrccdtn ie 80>4-80>0 tccejn wnnr nne juijnaikb vnrohej fnt phha-

wcrf-uitorhbne (wht jhe ccb tct `nt rhppcrt vhe Wrcaib nt ha. 807< anijjn). Jht jn jrcdn khrne 80>=-80>7 dnne `nrbneohhr nnmt cp jn phhawcrf `hjjne, `hedt whhrsmìkeaikbjnnas shfne fnt ‐`nt ikzidn wietnrwnnr’ vhe gnoruhni 80>> (Ouisfhe ?<88, ?4:-?47).Jn khrne eh 807< ahht ib vnrjnr ouitne onsm`cuwied, jn phhawcrf wès nr tcne dnwcce.Jinpdhhejnrn hehaysns vhe jn fntnrncacdism`n dndnvnes dnbcppnaj hhe jn `cnvnna`nijhgdnvcnrj rivinrwhtnr zcujne jn vccrhgdhhejn phhawcrf-nxphesins fissmìne vnrjnrbueene vnrbahrne. Ib jheb jn `nnr . Orhejsfh, BEFI, zéér vccr jn cp ?>.4.88 tcndn-zcejne thonaane.

0> Whe jn hutnurs T. Wrcaib, \. @hrtied, J.K. ]tcrf Ouysied, K.T.A. vhe Ccrjt ne N.@. vceOhuf`hunr vhe jn BHT-mcffissin Wrcaib ehf vccrha Wrcaib jn ìstcrism`n cvnrzim`tnevccr zike rnbneied, @hrtied jn stujin vhe `nt jinr znag ie nne oikahdn (@hrtied 807<), neWce Ohuf`hunr `nt cejnrzcnb vhe `nt zcutdn`hatn vhe `nt whtnr. ]tcrf Ouysied whs wh-

tnrocuwbuejidn ne Whe Ccrjt iedneinur ne jirnmtnur vhe jn fhrienwnrg Gnikneccrj, ìk



=8=

zcu ecd `ccgjiedneinur (mh. 8078), sthhtsrhhj ie ouitnednwcene jinest (807:-800:) nevccrzittnr vhe jn @caahejsm`n Fhhtsm`hppik jnr Tntnesm`hppne (804:-8044) wcrjne.Jn ?n-9n ‐Wnrsahdne cvnr jne phhawcrf’ ie Wnrsa. ne Fnj. BHT Ehtuurbuejn , 8078-8077# ontrnne ‐prcngenfiedne tct wnnried vhe `nt jinr ie `nt wnrb dnstnaj’ (Whe Itnrscent ha. 8000). Ie jn Wnrsahdne ne Fnjnjnnaiedne vhe jn BHT, hgj. Ehtuurbuejn wcrjnevccrjrhm`tne cvnr jn phhawcrf onsprcbne ie jnna WII, ?4 Ecv. 80>0, p. =0< ne jnna IP,

807<, p. :=4. Wce Ohuf`hunr (8077) sm`rnng ccb nne hrtibna vccr `nt hadnfnne puoainbcvnr jn phhawcrf, jht 8? khhr ahtnr ccb ie `nt Drcct-Orittheeiâ dnpuoaimnnrj is (WceOhuf`hunr 8040). Onijn sthhe dnjnnatnaikb cp ietnrent.

07 Wda. ‐Ie 89=8 jccb jn phhawcrf wnnr cp Raheds jn Grinsn bustV, fhhr anvnrjn dnne dnvhhrfnnr cp.’ (www.accjkns.ea)

04 Oik fiejnr prnminzn onrim`tne bhe scfs sprhbn zike vhe sm`hjn jccr jn ?-> ff drctndrioona cg phhapissnonj, Aifecrih aidecruf (_ht`bn 8499). Jnzn is hmting ie whtnr fntfnnr jhe 8< prcfiaan zcut ne whrfnr jhe > drhjne Mnasius. Ohhrs (8900-899<) hm`tjit fcdnaikb vccr jn ie 8708 hhe `cutwnrb ie Jne @najnr tcndnorhm`tn sm`hjn. Ie8007-809? orhm`t jn Aifecrih-mcffissin vhe jn BEHT vnrsahd uit cvnr vccrbcfne neonstrikjied vhe jn drioona (Whe Auetnrne ?<<:, 4<-48.). H. Wcs (fcej. fnj.) hm`t jn

drioona vnna fiejnr sm`hjnaikb jhe jn phhawcrf.00 Ccb zhhdvissne htthqunnrjne jn tnandrhhgbhonas, jin zn vccr nne sccrt znnfcestnrs anbne

hhe tn zine (Orid`t 8090).

09 Cvnr phpinrghorimhdn uit znndrhs `no ib vnrjnr eints dnvcejne.

9< @nifhes, @niesius ne Zikssn (89>=, 89<) sm`rnvne c.h. ‐Cp jn winrwhhrjne wnrjne khhraikbs drctn `cnvnna`njne znndrhs dnfhhij, ccb `nt acsjrikvnejn wnrj iednzhfnaj. @ntwnrj uitdnaccdj ne jhe dnjrccdj cp jn dacciiedne jnr znnjikbne ne cp ’t ahej ne jhhrehie ohane dnpnrst ne vnrzcejne. Tinriedne ne nxna ìnajne zim` vnna fnt jn znndrhsieju-strin onzid. @nt jinet has vuaaiedsstcg vccr zittiedne ne fhtrhssne, has phbfhtnrihha, scfsvccr jnbbied vhe jhbne.’

98 Ie Eñrtiedne oik ]tuttdhrt whs tussne 804? ne jn khrne 89?< nne ‐]nndrhs- uej_css`hhrspieenrni’ hmting. ‐Ois ehm` Hsine nxpcrtinrtn fhe Durtn uej \castnruedne.’

9? @ccdsm`hdne (8994-?<<=o) ontwikgnat jnzn ‐cmiâan anzied vhe jn cvnr`nij’, whet vnnajirnmt ontrcbbnene ìnajne `nt cp jn vnrhejnrnejn strcfiedne rcej Tinriedne eh jnhheand vhe jn Hfstnajinpjikb tussne Tinriedne ne jn Heeh \huacwehpcajnr (89?<-89?:)ne vhe jn Hgsauitjikb (89?0-89=?). Ie 89?<-?: vnrzhejjne jn whhrjne tne zuijne vhe

Tinriedne, whhrjccr jn bwhaitnit vhe `nt winr stnrb hm`tnruit died. Ccb jn winrvnajneaheds jn [uijwha tne eccrjwnstne vhe Tinriedne hjjne tn aikjne. Thrne nr ie 89?< ecdzc’e 8><<< `nmthrn znndrhs ie Enjnrahej, eu zike `nt nr fhhr 8>< ne zcnbt fne vrikwia-aidnrs cf `nt vnrjnr uit tn pahetne.

9= www.phdcwirnesn.ea/wr-dns?m.hsp. @ccdsm`hdne 8994-?<<=h.

9: Ocvnejine zike ahedn strnedn wietnrs ceduestid vccr nrnjc; ‐Fne brikdt jn iejrub. jhtjn strnedn ne ahedjuridn vcrstpnricjn vhe jne wietnr vhe 89:8 cp 89:? Rie EnjnrahejVznnr ehjnnaid vccr jne phhawcrf is dnwnnst’ (]pcce 89:=, 8<).

9> Ib ennf hhe jht fne ccb ie [nnahej fnt `cut vnrstnrbtn winrjikbne dnoruibtn. Ib `noìnrvhe dnne onvnstidied dnvcejne, fhhr `nt ie 8=89 ie Tnst-Grinsahej dnoruibtn wccrjwcnr vccr winr, znndrhs onsthht ecd ie [nnuwsn jihanmtne.

97 Ib `no jit eint cpdnzcm`t.

94 Ocvnejine oannb hhe Tcut Hrnetzne jht vnna ietnrentsitns whhrcp ib vih trngwccrjneuitdnbcfne whs, jirnmt dnne skcndn dnvne.

90 Wcauit `nngt ìk tine vccrehfne zcejnr vnroiejiedsstrnnpkns.

99 Wnrghssued uej Wnrghssuedsvnrtrhd. Bcestituticenaan Netwimbauedsstugne ie jne ^]H uej jnrN^ (?<<9). Jn hutnur `nngt neidn tikj ie jn W] dnstujnnrj.



=8:

Aitnrhtuur

Wccrha fnt onùap vhe ietnrent zike ìnr rnanvhet aikbnejn titnas shfne dnorhm`t,ccb neidn whhrhhe jn tnbst eint rngnrnnrt.

‐#’ ontnbnet; eint jccr fik dnanzne.

‐Iet.’ ontnbnet; cp ietnrent dnvcejne.

‐vI.’ ontnbnet; vnrfnaj ie jn Oioaicdrhpìn vhe Whe Itnrsce nt ha. 80002 nvnehas ie`nt Wnrsahd cvnr jne \hhawcrf (Wrcaib nt ha. 807<) is jnzn oioaicdrhgin eint ant-tnrmcrrnmt, sm`rikgt ccgjanttnrs banie, fcjnreisnnrt jn spnaaied ne vnrbcrt titnasvhe puoaimhtins. Cp ‐vI’ dnohsnnrjn titnas bueene ìnrvhe jn spcrne jrhdne.

Occbs.Dccdan.ea fhhbtn scfs nne puie`ccp vhe Enjnrahejsn titnas ne eint haannefhhr jccrjht jn cp jn g aikbnejn cujn anttnr s has g dnanzne wcrjt. Mcaahticenrnewhs nr jhe eint oik!

Haahe, G., 80>>; @nt niahej Tinriedne ne ziken onwcenrs . Hfstnrjhf (Tniktied neWhe jnr @hhrt). Ghmsifian 894<. Dn`nna dnmitnnrj jccr @ccdsm`hdne ie www.phdcwirnesn.ea/, cpneiedsphdieh cejnrhhe, ‑einuw cp jn wnositn‖, R@ccdsm`hdne8994-?<<=oV.

Ohane, M. I., 89?4; Jn fnesm` has dncacdism`n ghmtcr. ]tujin vhe jne [nnourd neJinfnrjikb fnt hhedrneznejn ahejne. ikjsm`rigt vhe `nt Bceiebaikb Enjnrahejsm`

Hhrjrikbsbuejid Dnecctsm`hp ::, 77=-484.

Ohhrs, M., 8900-899<; R8V Jn phhawcrfgurin vhe 84=8/=? ne jn sm`hjn hhe jn Tnst-Grinsn znnjikb, Thtnrsm`hpsonahedne. ikjsm`rigt vccr Thtnrsm`hpson`nn r 4= (8900),0<9-08>2 R?V @nt jikb`nrstna cejnr anijied vhe jn ]thtne vhe @caahej, ijnf 4:

(8909), 897-?<:2 R=V @nrstna vhe jn phhawcrfsm`hjn hhe jn [uijnrznnjikbne on-wnstne ne onccstne Fuijne, ijnf 4: (8909), :=4-::72 R:V \hhawcrfsm`hjn hhejn Grinsn znnjikbne, ijnf 4: (8909), 0<?-0882 R>V Ehonsm`cuwied cvnr jn phha-wcrfpahhd vhe 84=8/=? ne jn dnvcadne jhhrvhe, ijnf 4> (899<), ><:-><9. #,fnj. C.]. Becttenrus.

Ohdust, K., ?<<7; `n drnhtnr dneius. H oicdrhp`y cg Fhrm Ishfohrj Oruena . @nrs`hf^.B. (Ihe Haahe \uoais`nrs), 87< p. # Iet.

Ohbbnr, O., F. vhe Onrdn-Dnrohuj, N. ]m`fitz ne K. \nntnrs, 8990; Ahejsmhpns cg_nforhejt. @is ghvcritn whabs . Oussuf (ýt`).

Ohbbnr, J., 899<; \intnr Ohbbnr 80>0-89??, nne ‐jikb’ vhe nne jikb-cpzim`tnr . Endnejnuitdhvn Bried vhe Wrinejne vhe jn @cejsocssm`n 899<, ?: p. Iet.

Ohbbnr, K. H., 8949; \rctnmtice, hmquisitice, rnstcrhtice hej fhietnehemn cg t`nJutm` ùenonjs siemn 84=:. He hmtivn hej cgtne nxnfpahry pcaimy ie Jrnet`n,Onrim`tne vhe jn _ikbsjinest vccr `nt Cuj`nijbuejid Ocjnfcejnrzcnb ?9, 8:=-800.

Ohbbnr, K. H., 890=; @nt ùenonj D8 tn Eccrjahrne, Drceiedsn Wcabshafhehb 890?-890=, 88=-?<<.

Ohbbnr, K.H., ?<<?; @uenonj jn Juvnasbut oik _cajn, Einuwn Jrnetsn Wcabshafhehb889, 7?-9:.



=8>

Ohbbnr, K. H., ?<8<; Fndhaitìm rnsnhrm` ie t`n Ent`nrahejs, 8>:4-8988. Grcf ‐Dihet’sOnjs’ hej ‐\iaahrs cg @nrmuans’ tc hmmurhtn ievnstidhtices . Anijne (]ijnstcen \rnss),=84 p.

Ohrrcws, H. A., 8984; He ueusuha nxtnesice cg t`n jistrioutice cg t`n sìpwcrf ie]he Grhemismc Ohy, Mhaigcreih, êivnrsity cg Mhaigcreih, \uoaimhtices cg [ccacdy 80

(?), ?4-:=. # Iet.Ohuf`hunr, N. @. vce, 8077; ]ur an hrnt nt ans fcynes jn présnrvnr an ocis jn sns

jédhts, Hrmìvns Eénrahejhisns I, 8077, 8-:7, pa. I-W. #, vI. # Iet.

Ohuf`hunr, N. @. vce, 8040; `n nrnjc hej its jnprnjhtices, `n \cpuahr ]minemn Fcetày 8=, Hudust 8040, :<<-:8<, >:> Rvnrthaied vhe Wce Ohuf`hunr 8077V.Iet.

Onikfh Z`cn Biedfh, G. M., ne G. Y. Zidm`nahhr, 808>; Wnrzhfnaied vhe ]tubbne,ontrnbbnaikb tct `nt hheanddne vhe ]tnnedaccikiedne hhe jne Jikb jnr Wikg Jnnane .Annuwhrjne (Tnj. M. A. vhe Hatneh). # Iet.

Onabfnnr, M., 84==; Ehtuurbuejidn Wnr`hejnaied cg Thhrenfiedn2 Ontrnggnejn jne@ C^Z -^ YZ_H]\NEJN , NE JCC_OCC_NEJN [ NN -TC_F . Thhr ie wcrt hhednwnnzne, 8.Jnsznags fhhbzna cg ehtuurayb dnstna. ?. @cn `nt `cut, jhhr jit sm`npzna ie andt, zidvnrtccet. Ne =. nneidn vnrjnrn cfsthejid`nnjne; onvhttnejn θ. jne ccrsprceb ne tnn-aied jnzns sm`npznas. ο. Jn wyzn `cn `nt znavn ie `nt `cut bcft. ν. Ne jhhr ie zyejnvnrjnr vccrtdhht ne drcctnr wcrt. κ. Jhe whhr jccr jit Jinr anngt, drcnyt ne stnrgt.ξ. Ne tne ahhtstne nne ùapfijjna tndne jit sm`hjnayb dnjinrtn tn dnoruybne. Thhr oy

dnvcndt is nne bcrtn onsm`ryvied vhe jnsznags Wyhej zyejn nne hejnr sm`npzna. JccrMcrenais Onabfnnr, I ; [ ; Fnjimiehn Jcmtcr. Fnt Bcpnrn \ahtne jccr jne Hutnurznags eh ’t anvne dntnbnet. Hfstnrjhf (Nrvne K. _htnaohej ne Min). Ghmsifian cpietnrent.

Onaan, T. vhe, ?<<0; Jn `hvne vhe Waissiedne ie jn 84 jn -80 jn nnuw; ]tujin vhe nnejrccdjcb . ]mriptin tct `nt on`hane vhe jn drhhj vhe Fhstnr ie jn Dnsmìnjneis,êivnrsitnit Dnet ?<<4-?<<0. Iet.

Onet`nf Kuttied, Z. R6T. ]. ].V vhe, 89:=; Fcaausmh (I) M, Ahfnaaiorhemìh, Ghuehvhe Enjnrahej 8?, 8-:4>. # Iet.

Onsm`rikviedn 84=:; Onsm`rikviedn vhe jne sm`hjn ne rhsnriedn hhe jn [nn-jikbne vheEccrt-@caahej ne Tnst-Wrinsahej, jccr jn wcrf ie jn phane ne jn jhhrcp dnvcadjnstcrf ne vnrvcadnes . @ccre (Khmco Juye). # Iet.

Ocurnhu-Jnsahejns, H.-G., 84??; Émahirmissnfnets sur ans Wnrs qui rcednet ansWhissnhux, @istcirn jn a’Hmhjéfin rcyhan jns sminemns 84?<, \hriks, 84??, p. ?? n.v.R`nrjrubt ie _nmunia jn jiggnrnes rhitnz jn \`ysiqun nt j’@istcirns Ehturnaans, prcprnì pnrgnmticeenr mns jnux sminemns. Hvnm Gidurns . \hriks (Étineen Dhienhu) ne Orussna(Dncrdn Grimx) 84=7 (phrtin 7, p. =:)V. @nrjrub Bnssiednr \uoaisìeds \`ctcmcpyNjitice. # Iet.

Orid`t, M., 8090; ]uofhrien nandrhp`s, t`nir @istcry, Mcestrumtice, hej Tcrbied ; gcue-jnj ie phrt ce Tñesm`nejcrgg’s ‐rhité jn téaédrhpìn scus-fhrien’ hej mcfpianj grcfhut`crithtivn hej nxmausivn ]curmns oy M`hrans Orid`t . Acejne (M. Acmbwccj). Cpietnrent shfnednvht ie @istcry cg t`n Htahetim Mhoan & êjnrsnh Mcffueimhtices,

grcf t`n girst suofhrien mhoan cg 80>< tc t`n wcrajwijn giorn cptim entwcrb .



=87

Orieb, \. vhe jne, ?<<=; _ikeahej ne jn rivinrne. Ierim`tied ne vcrfdnvied vhe jn@caahejsn rivinrzcrd ie jn hm`ttinejn nnuw, ikjsm`rigt vccr Thtnrsthhtsdnsmìnjneis 8? (?<<=), 79-40. Tnovnrsin ?<<7. Iet.

Oruye, H. jn, 84=>; Jne [nnwcrf onsm`cuwt ie zike nydne hhrj ne ehtuur, whnrjccrìk jin sm`hjnaikbn, vrnnsnaikbn ne vnrjnrvnejn wcnjn hneridt ie ’s ahejs phnane ne `cut-

wnrbne. Fitsdhjnrs nne cvnrwndiedn `cn, ne wht vccr fijjnane fnt vrudt ne vccrjnnatndnes jit vnrjnrg, ne jne znnwcrf bceene dnoruibt wcrjne. _cttnrjhf. # vI.

Ouisfhe, K., ?<88; Nxtrnnf wnnr ! Nne mhece vhe wnnrdhaczn wietnrs & ziejnrnejnzcfnrs, `hdna & `czne, stcrfne & whtnrsecjne. Grhenbnr (îtdnvnrik Tikene), >47p..

Mhrainr-an Fnsurinr, H. M., 8940; Hfstnrjhf hej t`n ‐ceonbnejn sccrt vhe znnwcrf’ie t`n 84=<s, Khhrocnb Dnecctsm`hp Hfstnacjheuf 4<, 8940, ?=9-?:9. # Iet.

M`cfna-M`hafct 849=; ; K. H. jn M`hafct, RWnrvcad cpV F. E. M`cfna, Hadnfnneùis`cujnayb-, ehtuur-, znjnbuejid- ne bcest-wccrjnocnb, vnrvhttnejn vnnan fijjnane

cf zye dcnj tn vnrfnnrjnrne ne zyen dnzcej`nij tn on`cujne … , 87n jnna. Bhfpnene Hfstnrjhf (K.H. jn M`hafct ne K. Yetnfh).

Mcerhj, G. T., 80:9; Hhetnnbneiedne cftrnet jne hheand vhe scffidn jikbne ieEnjnrahej ne jn vnrsmìaanejn wikzn vhe onsm`nrfied jnr ouitnedaccikedne hhe jn[nnjikbne (ie) Rrnmnesin vheV Wnrsprnijn oikjrhdne vhe G.T. Mcerhj . ’s-Drhvne`hdnne Hfstnrjhf (Dnor. vhe Manng ), ?>? p., Jn Dijs 8=, ><9 n.v. Iet.

Mrnfnr, ^., 89>>; Ecrjne if Thejna jnr [nitne. ]cathu, 8?0 p. #

Mueeied`hf, \., 80>=; Acejce ie 80>=. Acejne.

Muvinr, D. A.M. G. J. ohrce jn, 849>; Féfcirn sur ah strumturn nxtràfn nt ietnren surans hggieités jns heifhux huqunas ce h jceeé an ecf jn vnr, Jémhjns \ìacscpìquns,Aittérhirns nt \caitiquns >, =0>-=97. # Iet.

Jheenr, @. ]., @. Z. F. Ahfoccik ne M. ]trnngbnrb, 899:; … jin whtnr bnnrt, 0<< khhr rndicehan jikbzcrd ie @caahejs Eccrjnrbwhrtinr . Njhf (]tim`tied îtdnvnrikEccrj-@caahej). # Iet.

Njiednr, N. E., ?<<8; Gcssiaishtice \rcmnssns. Oicnrcsice (ie) J.N.D. Oridds ne _._.Mrcwt`nr (rnj.) \hahncoicacdy II . Cxgcrj (Oahmbwnaa ]minemns Atj), ?4=-?44. #Iet.

Njfcessce, M. @., 897?; nrnjieieijhn, Cmnhe rhvnanrs, Cmmhsiceha \hpnrs cg Onreimn\. Ois`cp Fusnuf (@cecauau, @hwhii) PPIII (=), :>->9. # Iet.

A’Épin, [., 84=:; Cejnrzcnb cvnr jn cujn ne tndnewccrjidn dnstnat`nyj vhe @caahej neTnst-Wrinsahej, jnssnags rivinrne ne ahejne2 hhewhs, cp`ccdied, zhbbied, ahhdtn nejikbhdin2 fitsdhjnrs nnen vnr`hejnaied cvnr jn dnjhhetn, hhrt ne nydnesm`hppne jnrznn- cg bcbnrwcrfne, ne jn ùapfijjnane tndne jnznavn2 Has fnjn jn fijjnane tct vnr-ontnried ne vnrstnrbied jnr znnwnriedne… RJn ?n jrub Hfstnrjhf (Khm. @hyfhes),84>=, tnat ?7: p. ‐fnt bhhrt ne bcpnrne pahtne, jinenejn tct cp`najnried vhe `ntwnrb vnrminrt.’V # Iet.



=84

Gcrons, N. ne ]. @heany, 8900; @istcry cg Oritis` Fcaausmh, hej t`nir ]`naas , I. Acejne.# Iet.

Gcrnstinr, H., 8070; Féfcirn sur ah mcesnrvhtice jns ocis ì ah fnr hu pciet jn vun jn anur prnsnrvhtice mcetrn ans htthquns ju thrnt . \hriks (Juecj, Éjitnur). # Iet.

Grhesne, H. ?<<9; Nne banien jikb fnt nne drcct jcna. Jn gieheminried vhe jnJinfnrjikb, 8>98-807:. Hmhjnfism` prcngsm`rigt W^, Hfstnrjhf.

Dhan, H. ]., 899>; hxcecfy cg Acejce Mahy (Ncmnen) nrnjieijhn (Fcaausmh,Oivhavih) grcf scut`nhst Nedahej, \rcmnnjieds cg t`n Dncacdists’ Hsscmihtice 8<7,8=4-8:=. Iet.

Dnna, O. vhe, J. \. @haanwhs ne K.-\. \has, 890=; H Ahtn @cacmnen jnpcsit uejnr t`n Tnstgrinsn [nnjikb enhr Nebùizne (\rcv. cg Eccrj-@caahej, `n Ent`nrahejs),phahncnmcacdimha hej hrm`hncacdimha hspnmts, _nvinw cg \hahncocthey hej \hayecacdy =0, ?79-==>.

Dnajnr, O. vhe, 84=:; @nt dnzndnej Enjnrahejt cg nne dnjnnatn vhe jine, ie eccjt vheCvnrstrcfiedn jccr nne znajzhhf wcrfdnbehhuw, jcd ecd `cpnejn cp jns @nnrne`het tnr ùapn, ie hm`t uitvcnridn Annrrnjnene vnrtccet jccr Onrehrjus vhe Dnajnr,Onjinehhr jns Dcjjnaikbne Tccrjs . Hfstnrjhf. # (Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, ?=).

Diggne, H. N. vhe, 89?>-89?4; Jn ùenonjjne ie Enjnrahej , I 89?>, II 89?4, htahs89?>-89?4. ^trnm`t (H. Ccst`cnb).

Diebna, @. vhe, ?<<:; @nt rikbn vnranjne vhe vnstiedsthj Fuijne. [wcaan (Thhejnrsîtdnvnrs).

Diriont, D. ne T. T`nnanr, ?<<?; Ce oivhavn p`yacdney; H ìd`-anvna hehaysis cg

t`n Oivhavih (Fcaausmh) ohsnj ce mcfoienj fcrp`cacdy hej JEH snqunemn jhth,Ievnrtnorhtn Oicacdy 8?8 (:), ?48-=?:. # Iet.

Dcaahsm`, ]., J. @hyjhr, J. Fimìe, T. K. Tcagg ne B. _nisn, ?<<0 ; Ietrcjumnjhquhtim spnmins cg t`n Ecrt` ]nh Mchsts hej hjkhmnet orhmbis` whtnrs (ie) D. _iacvne K.H. Mrccbs (rnj.) Oicacdimha ievhsices ie fhrien nmcsystnfs (Nmcacdimha ]tujins?<:), Onraike-@nijnaonrd (]priednr Wnrahd), ><4->?0. Iet.

Dceddrikp. K.T., 89=?; Dndnvnes ontrnggnejn nne cejnrzcnb ehhr Enjnrahejsm`-Iejism`n`cutsccrtne, wnabn tndne jne phhawcrf onsthej zike. Ohthvih. # Rdnmitnnrj jccrBcrvnr ?<<9V

Drhhgahej, F. H., 8990; Fhrinen occrjnrs ie Enjnrahej. Jnagt (Jinest Tnd-ne Thtnrocuwbuejn, hgj. Thtnron`nnr), =7 p. Iet; Wnrbnnrnewhtnrsthht.ea/bneeispanie.

@hhssn, @., 8940; Fnvrcuw Onetiemb. Cevnrneidohhr`nij vhe Bhrhbtnr. Jn Drctnejnr Hhrjn . Hfstnrjhf (Xunrijc’s îtdnvnrik e.v.). @inr dnmitnnrj ehhr jn njitin]iednapcmbnts 8999.



=80

@hafh, G. ne F. Orcunrius vhe Eijnb, 84?>; ccenna jnr Wnrnneidjn Enjnrahejne,Ne cejnr`cridn ahejsm`hppne, Dncpnet ie nne Hadnfnne @istcrism`, Dnenhacdism`,Dncdrhpìsm`, Ne ]thhtbuejid Tccrjneocnb, Thhr ie jn Hacujn, jn Cpvcadnejnne @njnejhhdsm`n ]thht Jnznr Dnwnstne Ehhr jn crjn vhe ’t H.O.M. cetvcuwne necpdn`najnrt wcrjt, ît nne znnr drcct dntha vhe Cujn ne Einuwn Dnsmìnjocnbne,@hetvnstne, Orinvne, Hhtnnbneiedne, Ne hejnrn ]m`rigtne Fnt Onùap vhe vnrsm`ni-

jn Bneenrs Oiknne vnrdhjnrt ne zhfnednstnat jccr Grheäcis @hafh …2 vnrvcadt jccr Fhtt`hnus Orcunrius vhe Eijnb …2 fnt ehubnuridn ahejbhhrtne ne grhhin prietvnr-onnajiedne vnrsinrt. Annuwhrjne (@nejrib @hafh), ? jnane, jibwikas shfne ie jn-znagjn ohej.

@hrbnerct`, K. I., 84==; Tcrf ie Enjnrahejs \hhawnrb vccr jn [nnjybne, tct nne oui-tnednwcen strhggn vhe jne @nnrn jnr @nirsm`hrne onsmìbt . Drceiedne, ?7+=<+8< p.(_coonrs _npriets) # dnmitnnrj jccr Bcrvnr ?<<9, ?0-?9, Iet.

@hrtied, \., 80>4; Jn ocrnejn sm`napjinrne, Haouf jnr Ehtuur 80>4, ?09-=8>. #vI.

@hrtied, \., 807<; Cvnr `nt fnm`heisfn vhe jne tcnstna, whhrfnjn nrnjc ehvhaisziken dhedne fhhbt, p. 8?0-8><, pa. I-IW has oikahdn oik Wrcaib nt ha. 807<. Iet. (zingid. 7).

@hrtied, \., 8078h; ie Wcabshafhehb vhe jn Fhhtsm`hppik vccr `nt Eut vhe ’t Hadnfnne 8078, :7 :n.v.

@hrtied, \., 8078o; Jn ocuwbuest jnr jinrne. ?n jrub Drceiedne 8048 (p. 88=-8??dhhe cvnr jn phhawcrf).

@hrtfhe, \., 8448; Wnr`hejnaied cvnr jne phhawcrf vhe \intnr @hrtfhe, zyejn `nthetwccrj cp jn Wrhhd jccr jit Dnecctsm`hp, cf vccr 8 Fhy 844<; tn onhetwccr-

jne, cpdndnvne, Wnr`hejnaiedne vhe `nt Dnecctsm`hp ; Gacrnhet Aionrhans Hrtns I. Hfstnrjhf, >9-07. Ghmsifian cp Ietnrent.

@nifhes, N., @. T. @niesius ne K. \. Zìkssn, 89>=; Dnãaaustrnnrjn gacrh vhe Enjnrahej ,80n jrub. Hfstnrjhf-Jkhbhrth (T. Wnrsauys).

@nasiebi Mcffissice ne Ohatim Fhrien Nevircefnet \rctnmtice Mcffissice,?<<9; Oicjivnrsity ie t`n Ohatim ]nh. He ietndrhtnj t`nfhtim hssnssfnet ce oicjivnrsityhej ehturn mcesnrvhtice ie t`n Ohatim ]nh . @nasiebi. Iet

@istcrin 84==; @istcrin cg Wnr`hejnaied vhe jn ccrjnnane Dcjs ie znnwcrfne. _cttnrjhf.# vI.

@ccd`nnfrhhjsm`hp @caahejs Eccrjnrbwhrtinr, ?<88; Jn phhawcrfgurin vhe84=< . Iet.

@ccgt, \. M., 87:?; Ennjnrahejsm`n @istccrine. Hfstnrjhf (Acuis Naznvinr). # Iet.

@ccgt, \. M., 87>:; Wnrvcad` jnr Ennjnrahejsm`n ìstcriâe. Hfstnrjhf (Kc`he Oahnu).# Iet.

@ccdsm`hdne, K.-],. 8994-?<<=h; Jn Dnsmìnjneis vhe Tinriedne; Jn Fijjnannuwne,:. Jn cujstn sm`rigtnaikbn vnrfnajiedne. www.phdcwirnesn.ea. Iet.



=89

@ccdsm`hdne, K.-]., 8994-?<<=o; Jn Dnsmìnjneis vhe Tinriedne; Tinriedne ne `ntwinr; winrfhhine, jn vnrwnrbied, jn winrnmcecfin, jn tnaccrdhed. www.phdcwi-rnesn.ea. Iet.

@crcekngg, _. ne J. H. \htrimb, 89>8; Hmtice cg Fhrien Ocrnrs hej prctnmtivn fnhsu-rns hdhiest htthmb, \rcmnnjieds cg t`n Ietnrehticeha Mcegnrnemn ce Mchstha Nediennried

Ec. ?, 89>8. # Iet.@cuttuye, F., 8478; Ehtuuraikbn @istcrin cg îtvcnridn Onsm`rikvied jnr Jinrne,

\ahetne ne Fienrhhane, vcadnes `nt ]hfnestna vhe jne @nnr Aieehnus , 8n jnna, 8nstub. Hfstnrjhf (G. @cuttuye). # Iet.

@uddntt, K. F., H. ]. Dhan ne ]. Nvhes, ?<<<; Mhrocehtn mcemnetrhtices grcf t`nAcejce Mahy (Yprnsihe. Ncmnen) cg scut`nre Nedahej hej t`n nxmnpticeha prnsnr-vhtice cg wccj-ocried mcffueitins, Kcureha cg t`n Dncacdimha ]cminty 8>4, 804-?<<. # Iet.

@uisfhe, M., ?<<7; Ennrahejs Isrhâa. Jn vhjnrahejsn dnsmìnjneis vhe jn prnìstcrin tct

eu. Fijjnaourd. # dnmitnnrj jccr Bcrvnr ?<<9, ?4-?0, =7.Itnrsce, T. K. J. vhe, 8000; Hadnfnnen Hhrjrikbsbuejidn Oioaicdrhpìn vhe Enjnrahej,

uitdndnvne jccr jn Hgjnnaied ‑Enjnrahej‖ vhe `nt Enjnrahejsm` HhrjrikbsbuejidDnecctsm`hp. wnnjn jnna, onwnrbt jccr T.K.J. vhe Itnrsce Rnt ha.V. Anijne, N.K.Oriaa. Ghmsifian cp Ietnrent.

Knggrnys, K. D., 807>; Oritis` Mcem`cacdy cr he Hmmcuet cg t`n Fcaausmh wìm` ecw ie`h-oit t`n Oritis` Isans hej t`n surrcuejied snhs , III. Acejne (Kcè vhe Wccrst). # Iet.

Kced, J. K. jn, ne N. K. tn Auddne`crst, 8944; \hhawcrf ie `nt Jnathdnoinj. Mcejitinsvccr vccrbcfne ne jn onstrikjied. Fijjnaourd (Ecth 44-<: Jnathjinest, hgj.

Fiainucejnrzcnb). Ghmsifian cp Ietnrent cejnr jn titna. Kcedn, K.M. jn, 80==-80:0; Dnsmìnjneis vhe nt Enjnrahejsm`n [nnwnzne. ’s-Drhvne`hdn

ne Hfstnrjhf (Dnor. Whe Manng ).

Kcestceus, K., 87=?; `hvfhtcdrhpìh Ehturhais ; ie jnmnf mahssns jistiemth, ie quioushjfirhejh ; I Mcnai, II Nanfnetcrvf, III Fntncrvf, IW Gcssiaivf, W \ahethrvf, WI

Hvivf, WII Xvhjrvpnjvf, WIII Nxhedvivf, IP \ismivf, P @cfieis . Hfstnrjhf (D.Oahnv).

Kcestce, K., 87>=; @istcrih ehturhais jn iesnmtis, aiori III . Grhebgurt h. F. (Fhtt`êusFnrihe) # Iet.

Bist, E. M., 80:0; Enërahejs Onjnjhdne ne Oijjhdsorinvne I. Anijne. # dnmitnnnrj jccrBcrvnr ?<<9, ?0-?9, =7.

Bistnfhbnr, \., 8994; Drcni ne oacni vhe jn dnsmìnjneis vhe Hejikb . Iet.

Banie, \. T., 8990; 8074 Jn \hhawcrf-mcffissin (ie) \. T. Banie nt ha., 8990, Nneonnaj vhe nne hmhjnfin. Fnesne ne fcfnetne uit jn dnsmìnjneis vhe `nt BceiebaikbIestituut ne jn Bceiebaikbn Enjnrahejsn Hbhjnfin vhe Tntnesm`hppne 80<0-8990 . Hfstnrjhf (BEHT, Oikjrhdne tct jn dnsmìnjneis vhe jn Bceiebaikbn Enjnrahejsn Hbhjnfin vhe Tntnesm`hppne, jnna =), p. 4=-4:



=?<

Bcrvnr, H. \. N., ?<<9; Jn drctn phhawcrfpahhd vhe jn 80 jn nnuw ne jn vnrhejnried vhejn Enjnrahejsn jikbne, =0 p. Iet.

Bwhhj, G. K. \. F., mh. ?<<>; @nt cetsthhe vhe Tnst-Grinsahej . Ietnrent.

Ahorike, H., 89:>; @nt baifhht vhe Enjnrahej dnjurnejn jn ahhtstn twnn ne nne `havn

nnuw . Jn Oiat (Fnjnjnaiedne ne Wnr`hejnaiedne BEFI, :9, ec. 8<?).Ahbnefhe, ]., 84==; Cetwnrp vhe nne cebcstohhr ne znbnr fijjna, cf jn Tnstvrinsm`n

[nnjybne, jccr `nt hgbehdne vhe ’t phhawnrb znnr dnvhhrayb dnwcrjne, ie jn hhe-sthhejn zcfnr 84== tn stnaane ouitne nneid dnvhhr vhe jccrorhbn . Hfstnrjhf, Nrvne K. _htnaohej ne Min. ?= p., ? pa. Iet.

Ahbnefhe, ]., 84=>; Jriednejn ecctzhbn cf hhe haan jn znn-jybne dnandne hhe jn [uijnr-znn ne ’t Yn tn fhbne einuwn ouitnewnrbne. Nebùizne. Iet.

Ahfhrmb, K.-O., 80<8; ]ystàfn jns heifhux shes vnrtàorns cu hoanhu déeérha jns mahs-sns, jns crjrns nt jns dnerns jn mns heifhux, présnethet anurs mhrhmtàrns nssnetihas nt anur

jistrioutice, :=? p. \hriks. # Iet.Ahurnet, J., 8948; Ah dwnrz jn ]bcahe nt ah aédnejn jn Fnraie, Ntècacdin Grheähisn

8 (=-:), 89->:. # Iet.

Ansdnr, M. F., 899<; @ccre has stnjnaikb beccppuet. ]tnjnesystnfne tikjnes jn ahtn fij-jnannuwne ne vrcnd-fcjnren tikj . @iavnrsuf, Wnracrne (@caahejsn ]tujiâe ?7).Iet.

Ant`, @. jn, mh. 84:>; Einuwn Dncdrhpìsm`n ne @istcrism`n Htahs vhe jn [nvneWnrnnedjn Enjnrahejsm`n \rcvietine. Hfstnrjhf. \.E. vhe Bhfpne & [cce E.W.tn Hfstnrjhf dhvne ie 894< nne ghmsifian uit ehhr jn njitin vhe mh. 847>.

Audt, G., 898>; Thejnaiedne fnt _nforhejt ie ne cf Hfstnrjhf. Hfstnrjhf (\.E.vhe Bhfpne & [cce).

Auetnrne, G. @., ?<<:; Tntnesm`hp ne vhjnrahej. K.J. vhe jnr Thhas ne jn HgjnnaiedEhtuurbuejn (ie) B. vhe Onrbna (rnj.) Jn Hbhjnfin ne jn twnnjn dcujne nnuw . Hfstnrjhf (BEHT), :=-8<7.

Fhdeussce, F. ne @. \èassce, 897>; `n Wieahej ]hdhs. `n Ecrsn jismcvnry cg Hfnrimh. Drhneanejiedh ]hdh hej Nirib’s ]hdh . @hrfcejswcrt` (\neduie occbsAtj), > x `nrjrubt, 8977-894=.

Fhrtient, K. G., 8440; Bhtnmìsfus jnr Ehtuur , jnna =. Hfstnrjhf (K. Haahrt). #

Fhssunt, \., 84==h; _nm`nrm`ns ietnrnsshetns sur A’Cridien, Ah Gcrfhtice, an Jnvnacpfnet,ah ]trumturn, &m. jns jivnrsns nspnmns jn vnrs ì tuyhu, Xui iegnstnet ans Whissnhux, ansJiduns, &m. jn qunaquns-uens jns \ _CWIEMN] -^ EIN] . \hr \. Fhssunt, Jr. ne Fnjimien.Ce y kciet ans \rcmns-Wnrohux qui cet été jrnssns phr ans Iespnmtnurs jns Jiduns, husuknt ju Jcffhdn mhusé phr mns Wnrs. Hvnm anurs jiggnrnetns Gidurns ne hiaan-jcu-mn, drhvéns j’hpràs ehturn . Hfstnrjhf (G. M`heduice), ?== p., ? pa. dnvcadj jccrnne Mhthacdun vhe jn ocnbnevccrrhhj vhe Grhemcis M`heduice, Aiorhirn jhes anBhavnrstrhht. Iet.



=?8

Fhssunt, \., 84==o; Tntneswhhrjid cejnrzcnb cvnr jne ccrsprcedb, jn vccrttnaied, jncetzwhm`tnaied, `nt fhhbsna, jn dnjhhetn, jn dnstnat`nit, jne hronijt, ne jn vnrohznejnfneidtn jnr vnrsm`nijnen sccrtne vhe Bcbnrwurfne, jin jn Jybphane ne ]m`npne …vhe neidn jnr Wnrneidjn Enjnrahejsm`n \rcvietsine jccrocrne, jccr jne @r. Fhssunt2 uit `nt Grhesm` vnrthhat jccr \. An Manrm . Hfstnrjhf (Hjrihhe Tcr ne Cejnr jneAiejne), ?<= p., ? pa. # Iet.

Fnnr, T. vhe jnr, ?<<9; @hrvnstied uejnrwhtnr fnhjcws, usn cg nnadrhss ( [cstnrh spp.) hs iejimhtnj oy t`n Jutm` hrm`hncacdimha rnmcrj, Kcureha cg Hrm`hncacdy ie t`nAcw Mcuetrins 8, 94-8<>. Ghmsifian cp ietnrent.

Fnnsn, J., 8448; Wnr`hejnaied cvnr jn \hhawcrf, Wnr`hejnaiedne vhe nt Dnecctsm`hpcejnr jn ziesprnub; Gacrnhet Aionrhans Hrtns . I, 8->0. Hfstnrjhf. Dnmitnnrj jccrFhrtient, Bhtnmìsfus jnr Ehtuur jnna =, 8440, 78-7?. # Iet.

Fcohmìus, K. H., 84==; Jn hafhdtidn ne rndtvnnrjidn sahhejn `hej Dcjs fnt jn vnrjnr- gnaikbn pahdn jnr [nnwcrfne, vnrthhaj uit Ehùf I. Fnt : hgo. cp 8 pa.; ‐@nt ]aikf’(jn bcbnr), ‐Nne \hha fnt Banien CpneiednReV’, ‐Nne ]tub Jccrbehhdt @cut’ ne

‐Jn Tcrf’. # Iet.

RFceht`, \. M.V 84==; Enun druejaim`-ìstcrism`n uej p`ysimhaism`n Onsm`rnioued jns oniknienr [nit ìnr êdn`nunr unonaonrum`tidstne @caaêejism`n ]nn- cjnr \ghà-Turfs .Enurneonrd (\. M. Fceht`), 4< p., : pa. #, dnmitnnrj ie Wrcaib nt ha. 807<, ?:2 vI.

Fcrdnestnr, A., 84=?h; Fnfcrin cvnrdnanvnrt hhe … jn … ]thtne vhe @caahej … .Ie`cujnejn znbnr dnrnnj, juurzhhf, ne fie bcstohhr Fijjna, [im` has vhe znag uitjn [nn hheoinjnejn cf cejnr Dcjs zndne tct \rnsnrvhtin vhe `nt \hhawnrb, nez. nez.tndne jne drhssnrnejne [nnwcrf tn strnbbne. ^trnm`t (F. A. M`hracis), phfgant vhe0 p., 870>? ie Mhthacdus vhe jn phfganttnevnrzhfnaied onrustnejn ie jn BceiebaikbnOioaict`nnb , dnmitnnrj vcadnes Dccdan.

Fcrdnestnr, A., 84=?o; Hhe`hedsna cg Ehjnr Nmahirmissnfnet cp Jn Fnfcrin ec-pnejn `nt ]mùap- ne nnefijjna hhe jn nnen zyjn ne hhe jn hejnrn vccr ahednrprnsnrvhtin jnr \hane … . trnm`t, F. A. M`hracis. \hfgant 870>= ie Mhthacdus vhejn phfganttnevnrzhfnaied onrustnejn ie jn Bceiebaikbn Oioaict`nnb , vcadnes Dccdan2‐]mùap- ne nnefijjna’, fits dcnj dnspnaj, ondrikp ib eint.

Ehnrstid 84=?; Ehnrstid ne onwnndaikb dnonjt jccr crjnr vhe jne rhoike ne jnr cujnraiedne vhe jn `ccdjuitsm`n kccjsm`n dnfnnetn jnr stht _cttnrjhf. Tndnes jn onzcnbiedjns @nnrne jccr jn behdnejne jikbphnawcrf. Wnrthhaj uit `nt @nornnuwsm` jccr jnerhoike _ctt. B. vhe @hfcejt . _cttnrjhf, 8? p.

Euiknes, G., D. K. jn Wrins, ne K. vhe jn ]hejn Ohbùikzne, 89?=; Jn Tcejnrnevhe `nt @nnaha. Fnrbwhhrjid`njne uit `nt Jinrne- ne `nt \ahetnerikb ne vhe `nt@nnaha ie `nt Hadnfnne, Wnrbahhrj jccr jn Wccrehhfstn Jnsbuejidne. Anijne(]ikt`cgg), ? jnane.

Cahus Fhdeus, 8>>>; @istcrih jn dnetious snptnetricehaious, nhrufqun jivnrsis sthtious,mcejiticeious, fcrious … _cfn (D.F. Wictti). # Iet.

\hhavhst, \. ne D. vhe jnr Wnajn, ?<88; Jistrioutice, snttanfnet, hej drcwt` cggirst-ynhr iejivijuhas cg t`n sìpwcrf nrnjc ehvhais A. (Oivhavih; nrnjiehn) iet`n \crt cg _cttnrjhf hrnh, t`n Ent`nrahejs, Ietnrehticeha Oicjntnricrhtice &

Oicjndnenrhtice 7> (=), Kuen ?<88, =49-=00. # Iet.



=??

\imhrjt, K., 877<; Bcrtn onsm`ryviedn vhe nneidn vnrdntnen ne vnrocrdnen hetiquitntne jnr prcvietine ne ahejne dnandne tussm`ne jn Eccrj-[nn, jn Yssna, Nfsn ne Aippn. Thnroy dnvcnd`t zike Heehans Jrnetìhn … Fitsdhjnrs nne bcrtn onsm`rikviedn jnr sthjt,jns mhstnnas, ne jnr @nnraimb`nyt Mcvcrjn . Hfstnrjhf (Dnrrit vhe Dcnjnsonrd`)._npriets 8948 (Fnppna, Brips _nprc) ne ?<<0 (Anijne, ]ijnstcen \rnss).

Xuhtrnghdns, RK. A.V H. jn, 80:9; Féfcirn sur an dnern hrnt (nrnjc Aiee.), Heehansjns ]minemns Ehturnaans ([ccacdin) = (88), 89-4=. # Iet.

_éhufur, _.-H. G. jn, 84=:-84:?; Féfcirns pcur snrvir ì a’ìstcirn jns iesnmtns . \hriks(Hmhjéfin _cyhan jns ]minemns), 7 jnane. # Iet.

_nnvns nt ha., 809<; ]hdh cg `crgiee Bhrasngen, p. ?8:-?=8 ie _nnvns, H. F., E. I.Onhfis` ne _. O. Hejnrsce 809< `n Ecrsn Jismcvnry cg Hfnrimh . Acejne (@neryGrcwjn). Dnmitnnrj vcadnes nj. 89<7, Iet; www.shmrnj-tnxts.mcf/enu/ejh?<`tf.

_cussnt Rjn FissyV, K., 84==h; Hhefnrbiedne cvnr jne Ccrsprced, Dnstnat`nit, ne Hhrj jnr [nn-Tcrfne, jin jn ]m`npne ne \hha-wnrbne jccroccrne. Anijne (Dysonrt

Ahednrhb), ?n jrub (zin gid. 8). # Iet._cussnt Rjn FissyV, K., 84==o; Cosnrvhtices sur a’cridien, ah mcestitutice nt ah ehturn jns

vnrs jn fnr qui pnrmnet ans vhissnhux nt ans piainrs jns kntés nt jns nsthmhjns . ?n nj. Jne@hhd, >? p., = pa. Ghmsifian cp Ietnrent.

]hejne T. RH. O.V vhe jnr, ?<<4; _nuznestnene cp jn ns. Jn ùenonjjne vhe _cajn .[wcaan (Thhejnrs îtdnvnrs) ne Hssne (Jrnets \ahtnhu).

]hejne, T. RH. O.V vhe jnr, ?<<9; Mnatim ginajs ie Jrnet`n; nne cvnrzim`t vhe =>< khhr cejnrzcnb, ie . ]pnb, F. ]ecnmb, T. vhe jnr ]hejne, G. vhe jnr @nikjne, A.`nueissne, F. Eikneùis ne B. Drnvied Hrm`ncacdism`n whhrjnried vhe Mnatim ginajs

ie Jrnet`n , Hfnrsgccrt (_HF 8:8), 8:-?:. ]hetcs nt ha. ?<<>; ]. F. ]hetcs, M. @. hdaihrc, M. _. Onhsay, @. ]mènijnr, I.

]hfphac, M. @. Gia`c ne H. M. jn \huah Fñaanr; hxcecfim ifpaimhtices cg fc-anmuahr stujins ce Ecrt`nre Orhziaihe nrnjiehn (Fcaausmh; Oivhavih) spnmifnes,Dnentims hej Fcanmuahr Oicacdy ?0 (8), ?<<>. # Iet

]mìastrh, K. K., 894:; Ie jn ohe vhe jn jikb. Jn Tnstgrinsn Cfriedjikb . @ccre.

]m`wyznr, \`., ?<<:; Aitnrhturn, Ehticehaisf hej Fnfcry ie Nhray Fcjnre Nedahejhej Thans . Mhforijdn-Enw Ycrb-Chbanid` (Mhforijdn êivnrsity \rnss), PI +89: p. Iet.

]np`tce, K., 800<; `n ]hdh cg Nrib t`n _nj . Aivnrpcca (Fhrpans). nbst cp ietnrent.

]naaius, D., 84==; @istcrih ehturhais nrnjieis, snu Pyacp`hdi fhriei, tuouac-mcem`cijisspnmihtif onadimi ; muf IW thouais hj vivuf mcacrhtis. ^trnm`t (@nrfhe Onssnaied),?n jrub, =9: p., : pa. # Iet vI.

]fijs, A., 8488; ]m`htbhfnr jnr Enjnrahejssn Cuj`njne ; cg Tccrjneocnb on`nasnejn…. Hfstnrjhf (\intnr jn Mcup).

]pnx, K., 84>>; Dnjim`tne vhe Khmco ]pnx . ’s Drhvne`hdn (\intnr Dnrhrj vhe Ohane).



=?=

]pcce, T., 89:=; Nne phhawcrfprcng ie Enjnrahej fnt Iejism`n ne ]uriehhfsm`n`cutsccrtne. Hfstnrjhf (Onrim`tne vhe jn Hgjnnaied @hejnasfusnuf vhe `ntBcaceihha Iestituut Ec. 89>).

]trhht, \. vhe jnr, ne \. vhe jnr Jnurn, 84==; Cetwnrp tct nne fiest bcstohhrn, zn-bnrstn ne smìnaybstn `nrstnaaied vhe jn zcrdnaikbn tcnsthej jnr Tnstgrinsn znnjybne, zce-

jnr jht `nt vccrtbehdnej [nndnwcrftn jhhr hhe nneidn ìejnreissn bhe vnrccrshbne . Hfstnrjhf. (?n jrub vhe ùe `hejdnsm`rnvne (3) Cetwnrp uit 84=?).

Zndnewccrjidn ]thht; zin Thdnehhr 84:?.

Z`cfpsce, T., 80>>; Ce t`n nrnjc ehvhais hej Aifecrih tnrnorhes, Njieourd` Enw\ìacscpìmha Kcureha gcr Kheuhry 80>> . # dnmitnnrj jccr Wrcaib nt ha., 807<, 0=.

Zrnurbrnnt 84==; rnurbrnnt cvnr jn znnwcrfne. _cttnrjhf. # vI.

Wnne, \. H. G. vhe jnr, ne E. vhe jnr ]iks, 8994; Ntyfcacdism` Tccrjneocnb. Jn `nr-bcfst vhe cezn wccrjne. ^trnm`t/Hetwnrpne (Whe Jhan Anximcdrhgin ov.).

Wnenfh, D. H., 807>; Cvnr jne phhawcrf (nrnjc ehvhais) aheds jn bustne vhe jnprcviemin Drceiedne. Oikjrhdne rct jn Dnsmìnjneis ne Cuj`nijbuejn iezcejnr`nijvhe jn \rcviemin Drceiedne III, 807>, =?>-=><.

Wnr`hha 84=?; Wnr`hha vhe jikbdrhhg, `nnfrhjne nez. vhe jn vinr Eccrjnrbcddne vhe ?9Gnoruhri 84=? . #, vI.

Wnrfnnr, K., 84:4; Wnrzhfnaied vhe nneidn cngneiedne, on`naznejn uitdnanznen vnr`he-jnaiedne cvnr vnrsm`nijn sm`rigtuurpahhtzne jns Cujne ne Einuwne nsthfnets, dn-jhhe oik vnrsm`nijnen dnandnet`njne, vccrehfnaikb cp Hvcejfhhatikjne ne Onjnjhdne. Hfstnrjhf. # Iet.

Winraied`, H, 8>47-8>49; rhmthnt vhe Jymbhdin . Fheusmript uitdndnvne jccr K. jn@uaau ne H. D. Wnr`cnvne 89?<; rhmthnt vhe Jymbhdin. Thtnrocuwbuejidn hj-vinzne ne nrvhriedne vhe Hejrins Winraied`. _ikbs @istcrism`n \uoaimhtiâe baniensnrin ?< ne ?<h. ’s-Drhvne`hdn 89?<. @nrjrub _cttnrjhf 894=. # Rdnmitnnrj jccrBcrvnr ?<<9, ?=V

Wcs, H., ?<<>; Whe znnstrcfiedne ne phhawcrfne, cg `cn cujn sm`nnpswrhbbnevnrjwikene.; H. Wcs ne K. vhe Waint (rnj.) Ehtuuraikbn prcmnssne has vnrstccrjnr.

Hrm`ncacdism` nrgdcnj ie situ onjrnidj jccr nne vnrstccrjnr jin eint onthhat . Hfstnrjhf(]tim`tied Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdin, EH_). # Iet.

Wrcaib nt ha., 807<; T. Wrcaib, \. @hrtied, J. K. ]tcrf Ouysied, K. T. A. vhe Ccrjtne N. @. vce Ohuf`hunr, 807<; Wnrsahd cvnr jne \hhawcrf, uitdndnvne jccr jnEhtuurbuejidn Hgjnnaied jnr Bceiebaikbn Hbhjnfin vhe Tntnesm`hppne . Hfstnrjhf(M. D. vhe jnr \cst), 8?: p. RFnt has oikahdn @hrtied 807<, zin hajhhrV (zin gid. 4).Jn Wnrsa. ne Fnjnj. BHT Ehtuurb . 80>0 vhttne nne vccrjrhm`t vhe Wrcaib shfnejin cvnrnnebcft fnt jn bnre vhe `nt ìstcrism` cvnrzim`t vhe 807<.

Thha, J. jn, ?<<0; Onsm`cuwied cvnr jn [uijnrjikb oik Jn Tnnj ne Ccstnrannb . nbstcp ietnrent.



=?:

RThdnehhr, K.V, 84:?; ndnewccrjidn ]thht jnr Wnrnneidjn Enjnrahejne, jnna :(@caahej), 84:?. Hfstnrjhf (I. irice). 6 @njnejhhdsm`n @istcrin , jnna PIW. Jnheceinfn hutnur whs Khe Thdnehhr (84<9-844=).

Tnstgrins Dnecctsm`hp ?<88; Dnsmìnjneis vhe Tnst-Grinsahej ie vcdnavaum`t. Jnna III;Tnst-Grinsahej ne `nt pahttnahej, =. Jccrsenjn jccr jn Tnstgrinsn [nnjikb . Iet.

Tìtn, O. M., 89?=; Jn ]m`nnps- cg \hhawcrf (ie) Euiknes nt ha. 89?=, :::-::9 Rbne-enaikb vnrthhaj ehhr, cg dnâxmnrpnnrj uit nne Nednas hrtibna vhe Onrehrj M. Tìtn,fnt fccin iaaustrhtinsV (zin gid. 9). Iet.

Tiddnrs, H. K., 89>>; Jn wcrjied vhe `nt Eccrjccstpcajnrdnoinj. Nne cejnrzcnb ehhrjn p`ysism`-dncdrhgism`n cetwibbnaied vhe nne snjifnethir dnoinj . [wcaan (E.W.îtdnvnrsfhhtsm`hppik T. N. K. knneb Tiaaieb), ?8: p., 8 oikahdn (bhhrt vhe snm-tin- ne bhvnaeuffnrs ie jn Eccrjccstpcajnr).

Tiebanr, Z. M., 809>; Dijs cp `nt strhej. @hhranf (Nrvne Accskns), 8=? p.

Tiebanr \ries, H., 800:; Dnãaaustrnnrjn Nemymacphnjin. Tccrjneocnb vccr wntnesm`hpne buest, onsm`hvied ne eikvnr`nij cejnr `ccgjrnjhmtin vhe H. Tiebanr \ries fntfnjnwnrbied vhe vnan spnmihaistne. wnnjn .. uitdhvn , jnna =. _cttnrjhf (îtdnvnrs-fhhtsm`hppik ‑Nasnvinr‖).

Ypny, H., 8444; Wnr`hejnaied cvnr jnr znnjikbne ie `nt hadnfnne ne jin jnr Wikg Jnnane ie`nt oikzcejnr . R\riks-Wnr`hejnaiedV. @hraiedne (W. vhe jnr \ahhts). # Iet.



=?>

I] @NZ WN_ANJNE ZN WCC_]\NAANE3

Cvnr `nt dnoruib vhe jn IBHT ie jn Enjnrahejsnhrm`ncacdism`n fceufnetnezcrd

@. Bhfnrfhes

Ieanijied

Tht nr cp 87 kheuhri 899? ie Whantth cp Fhath dnonurjn, is jht eu nne zndne cg nnerhfp vccr jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin3 Jnzn vrhhd is fcniaikb tn onhetwccrjne.Jin jhd tnbnejn nne hhetha fieistnrs nne vnrjrhd, jn Nurcpnhe Mcevnetice ce t`n\rctnmtice cg t`n hrm`hnacdimha @nrithdn (rnvisnj). Juijnaikb is wna jht jit vnrjrhdvccr drctn vnrhejnriedne `nngt dnzcrdj. ct cp jht fcfnet whs hrm`ncacdin nnewntnesm`hp jin `nt vnranjne onstujnnrjn ne jhhrfnn wht grhekn dhg hhe `nt jhdn-aikbs anvne. Jn oncngnehhrs vhe jit vhb, hrm`ncacdne, wnrjne cvnr `nt hadnfnnehas tcndnwikj, nxmnetrinb fhhr vcastrnbt cednvhhraikb onsm`cuwj. Eh 899? wcrjthrm`ncacdin iennes jccr jn shfneanvied ouitnednwcce snrinus dnecfne ne spnanehrm`ncacdne onahedrikbn rcaane ie jn ruiftnaikbn crjneied vhe ces ahej. Bneeis

vnrwnrvne cvnr `nt vnranjne is tndnewccrjid nm`tnr nne oikzhhb.Ie zike ocnb Jn vha vhe \rcfnt`nus wikst giacsccg ce Anfhirn (?<8<) cp jn rcavhe `nt vnranjne ie cezn fhhtsm`hppik. Wcadnes Anfhirn, ne ìk mitnnrt Acwnet`ha’socnb `n \hst Is H Gcrnide Mcuetry (8907), nngt cezn wnstnrsn fhhtsm`hppik eh jniejustriâan rnvcautin nt mcethmt fnt `nt vnranjne vnracrne. Jn dnãejustrihaisnnrjnfhhtsm`hppik `nngt jht vnranjne eint fnnr ecjid, `nt vnranjne fhhbt eint ahednrjnna uit vhe `nt `njne, `nt vnranjne is nne gcrnide mcuetry .

Ie `nt fnnst duestidn dnvha is `nt vnranjne cejnrjnna vhe cezn nmcecfin. @ntwcrjt dnprnsnetnnrj ne dnâxpacitnnrj has gue. Fhhr fnnstha wcrjne jn fhtnriâanrnstne uit `nt vnranjne dnzine has nne vcrf vhe ocjnfvnrcetrnieidied, jin nmcec-

fism`n cetwibbnaiedne ìejnraikb ie jn wnd zit. nrwika `nt Wnrjrhd vhe Whantthonjcnaj is cf `nt ocjnfhrmìng tn onsm`nrfne ne jn stujin vhe `nt vnranjne tnghmiaitnrne wcrjt eu kuist jit vnrjrhd dnoruibt cf jnzn ocjnfvnrcetrnieidied zcdcnjbccp fcdnaikb cp tn ruifne.

Wcadnes `nt Wnrjrhd vhe Whantth fcnt jn vnrstccrjnr eccjzhbnaikb hrm`ncac-dism` cejnrzcnb onthane. @nt is jus `hejid has jn vnrstccrjnr vccrhg zcu wntnewhhr jn bhes cp hrm`ncacdin ie jn ocjnf drcct is. @ik bhe jhe vnna dnaj onsphrnejccr nne onrnjnennrjn bnuzn tn fhbne whhr ìk zike ‑vnrstcried‖ zha paheene. Jnvccrdhednr vhe jn _MN, jn _CO, `nngt jhhrcf ie 8994 jn IBHT cetwibbnaj,jn Iejimhtinvn Bhhrt Hrm`ncacdism`n Thhrjne (Jnnone nt ha . 8994). Jnzn bhhrt is

vcadnes jn fhbnrs nne drhgism`n wnnrdhvn vhe nne vccrspnaanej fcjna (prnjimtivn



=?7

fcjna) vhe whhr hrm`ncacdin, ie jn ruifstn zie jns wccrjs, ie jn Enjnrahejsnocjnf zit.

\rnjimtivn Fcjnaaied

Nne vhe jn onbnejstn jngieitins vhe nne vccrspnaanej fcjna vccr jn hrm`ncacdin

is;

‐\rnjimtivn acmhticeha fcjnas httnfpt tc prnjimt, ht h fieifuf, t`n acmhtice cg hrm`hncacdi -

mha sitns cr fhtnrihas ie h rndice, ohsnj nit`nr ce h shfpan cg t`ht rndice cr ce guejhfnetha

ectices mcemnreied ùfhe on`hvicr’ (Bcànr & \hrbnr 8907).

Eu zike nr twnn rnjnene cf hhe prnjimtivn fcjnaaied tn jcne;

cf iezim`t tn brikdne ie `nt dnjrhd vhe fnesne ie `nt vnranjne2 nne hmhjnfi-sm`n cejnrzcnbstcnphssied

cf jn acmhtin vhe hrm`ncacdism`n viejpahhtsne tn vccrspnaane, cf einuwn cet-

wibbnaiedne ie `nt ahejsm`hp tn sturne2 nne hrm`ncacdism`n fceufnetnezcrdtcnphssied.

Nr zike twnn vcrfne vhe prnjimtivn fcjnaaied, nne iejumtinvn (ccb wna mcr-rnahtinvn) ne nne jnjumtinvn. Ie jn prhbtikb is nr nne cvnrahp tussne onijnonehjnriedswikzne.

Oik jn iejumtinvn onehjnried wcrjt nne fcjna cpdnstnaj, dnohsnnrj cp jn mcr-rnahtin tussne onbnejn hrm`ncacdism`n viejpahhtsne ne nidnesm`hppne vhe (fnnst-ha) `nt ùijidn ahejsm`hp. Cp ohsis vhe jnzn mcrrnahtin wcrjt nne mhushha vnrohejvnrcejnrstnaj ne vnrvcadnes wcrjt `nt fcjna dnoruibt cf jn acmhtin vhe viej-pahhtsne tn vccrspnaane. Whhb wcrjt jn bneeis vhe nxpnrts dnoruibt cf jn fcjna-ane tn nvhaunrne ne oik tn stnaane. Jnzn vccrspnaaiedne bueene vnrvcadnes dnoruibtwcrjne ie jn ruiftnaikbn crjneied.

Oik nne jnjumtinvn onehjnried wcrjt nne fcjna cpdnstnaj dnohsnnrj cp h pricri bneeis (scmihan, vccrha hetrcpcacdism`n, ìstcrism`n ne hrm`ncacdism`n, fhhr scfsccb dncacdism`n bneeis) ne wcrjne jn onbnejn viejpahhtsne dnoruibt cf `nt fc-jna tn nvhaunrne.

\rnjimtivn fcjnaaied is hgbcfstid uit jn W] whhr `nt ie jn ahtn znvnetidnr nevrcndn thm`tidnr khrne is cetwibbnaj t.o.v. jn hrm`ncacdism`n fceufnetnezcrdoik drcctsm`haidn iedrnpne ie `nt ahejsm`hp, oikvccronnaj ocsocuw. Ie nne hhethapuoaimhtins zike jn tnmèinbne ne jn t`ncrntism`n hm`tnrdrcej uitdnornij onsm`rn-vne (Mhrr 890>2 Kujdn & ]nohstihe 89002 Bcànr 89002 Bcànr & \hrbnr 89072Bvhffn 890>, 8900, 899<2 Fn`rnr & Tnsmctt ?<<>2 ]nohstihe & Kujdn 89002\hrbnr 89002 Tnsmctt & Orhejce ?<<<). Whehg `nt ondie is nr ccb vnna britinbdnwnnst cp jn fnt`cjn (oikvccronnaj Bcànr & \hrbnr 8907, ::<).

Ccb jccr Enjnrahejsn cejnrzcnbnrs is dnjurnejn jn 0<nr khrne uitdnornijdnâxpnrifnetnnrj fnt prnjimtivn fcjnaaied. Thesannone (Thesannone & Wnr`hrt899?) & Whe Anusne (899=) `noone cejnrzcnb dnjhhe ie [uij-Aifourd, jht vhatcejnr jn ecnfnr prnjimtivn fcjnaaied. Bhfnrfhes wnrbt ha ?> khhr hhe `nt dn-oruib vhe ahejnvhauhtin has prnjimtivn fcjnaaied. Jn nnrstn ijnnâe zike ie shfne-wnrbied fnt jn ocjnfbuejidn ]nvieb cetwibbnaj ie `nt ondie vhe jn khrne 0<

•

•



=?4

(Bhfnrfhes 899=, ?<<<, ?<<72 Bhfnrfhes nt ha . 890>2 Bhfnrfhes & ]nvieb?<88).

Ie jn vrcndn khrne 9< ondceene hrm`ncacdne wnrbzhhf ie jn fceufnetnezcrdzim` tn ietnrnssnrne ie tcnphssied vhe prnjimtivn fcjnaaied ne siejsjine wcrjt ccbie Enjnrahej vnnavuajid dnoruib dnfhhbt vhe zcdnehhfjn ‐iejimhtinvn bhhrtne’,

bhhrtne jin dnfhhbt zike fnt onùap vhe prnjimtivn fcjnaaied. _HH\ fhhbt siejs899< jnrdnaikbn bhhrtne; hrm`ncacdism`n vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrtne, hrm`ncacdism`n pc-tnetinbhhrtne ne hrm`ncacdism`n onanijsbhhrtne (Hebuf & Drcnenwcujt 899<).[chas dnzndj, jn _MN `nngt siejs 8994 jn ahejnaikbn vccrspnaaiedsbhhrt IBHT,Iejimhtinvn Bhhrt Hrm`ncacdism`n Thhrjne (Jnnone nt ha . 8994, ?<<?2 Jnnone?<<0).

Thhrcf jnzn bhhrtne ecjid zike is juijnaikb. Wccr injnrn vinrbhetn fntnr vheEnjnrahej is nne pahe ne jht pahe sthht cp nne bhhrt. Cf nne rca tn bueene spnaneie jn ruiftnaikbn crjneied `noone hrm`ncacdne jus vccrspnaaiedsbhhrtne ecjid.Jn pahecacdne ne jn pcaitinb vrhdne nr cf ne jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdin prc-

jumnnrt zn. Hhevhebnaikb whrne oik jn prcjumnetne ne dnoruibnrs vhe prnjimtivn fcjnasjn vnrwhm`tiedne ccd dnspheene; ‑It whs cridiehaay nxpnmtnj t`ht prnjimtivn fc-jnaied wcuaj haacw h orchj rhedn cg pctnetiha mcestrhiets ce ùfhe snttanfnetjnmisices tc on nvhauhtnj gcr t`nir ifpcrthemn; suosistnemn, mcestrumticeha, psy-m`cacdimha, scmiha hej ct`nr ghmtcrs‖ (Mhrr 890>).

Fhhr ha spcnjid oanbne nr tcm` vnna `hbne ne cdne hhe prnjimtivn fcjnaied tnzittne. Nr whrne prcoanfne fnt;

`nt dnoruib vhe vnrbnnrjn stnnbprcngtnmèinbne2dnne cejnrsm`nij ie tikjspnricjne ne sitn guemtin2

cejuijnaikbn ievacnj vhe jn dnoruibtn vhrihonane cp jn acmhtinbnuzn ie `ntvnranjne2ahdn ruiftnaikbn rnscautin2vnrbnnrjn sthtistinb2fcjnaane wcrjne eint dntnst.

Britinb

Ccb ie Enjnrahej `nngt jit, zchas jht `ccrt, tct nne wntnesm`hppnaikbn jismussindnanij. Jn ueivnrsithirn wnrnaj `hj drctn fcnitn fnt jn prhbtikb vhe prnjimtivn

fcjnaaied zchas jin ondie 9<nr khrne ie jn hrm`ncacdism`n fceufnetnezcrd wnrjtcndnphst. Fhrtike vhe Anusne `nngt jn nnrstn beuppna ie `nt `cnjnr`cb dndccij.Cp nne mcedrns ie cbtconr 899= ie _hvnaac, ehoik Ehpnas, uittn ìk sm`nrpn britinbcp jn dhed vhe zhbne ie, fnt ehfn, Enjnrahej (Whe Anusne 899>). Fnnr hrtibn-ane vcadjne (Whe Anusne 89972 Bhfnrfhes & Thesannone 89992 Wnr`hdne nt ha .?<<<).

îtniejnaikb `nngt jit haans dnanij tct nne jccr ETC dngieheminrj cejnrzcnbie `nt bhjnr vhe `nt OOC prcdrhffh (onsm`nrfied ne on`cuj vhe `nt ocjnfhr-mìng, Oacnfnrs nt ha . ?<88) ehhr jn fcdnaikb`njne, fhhr ccb ehhr jn onpnrbie-dne, vhe prnjimtivn fcjnaaied vccr jn Enjnrahejsn hrm`ncacdism`n fceufnetne-

zcrd. Jn jcnane vhe jit prcknmt whrne;

••

•

•••



=?0

nne drcejidn hehaysn vhe jn vnrsmìaanejn fcjnaane ne fnt`cjne jin tndne-wccrjid oik prnjimtivn fcjnaaied wcrjne dnoruibt2

`nt cejnrzcnbne vhe vnrsmìaanejn fcdnaikb`njne vccr fnt`cjcacdism`nvnrontnriedne2

`nt dnvne vhe hheonvnaiedne vccr jn BEH, `nt `hejocnb Bwhaitnitsecrf

Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdin.

Ie jn nnrstn ghsn is jn sthej vhe zhbne dnãevnethrisnnrj (ohsnaien rhppcrt ) ne is nnenxpnrt fnntied dncrdheisnnrj whhr oieene- ne ouitneahejsn nxpnrts cp `nt ohsnaienrhppcrt `noone dnrnhdnnrj (Whe Anusne & Bhfnrfhes ?<<>). Jccr jn prcknmt-drcnp is nne hhetha prcoanfne fnt prnjimtivn fcjnaaied dnãjnetigimnnrj;

jn bwhaitnit ne bwhetitnit vhe jn hrm`ncacdism`n dndnvnes2`nt onahed vhe jn dndnvnes vhe jn ehtuuraikbn cfdnvied2`nt dnornb hhe ruiftnaikbn rnscautin ne hhe tikjsjinptn2`nt dnoruib vhe ruiftnaikbn sthtistinb2

`nt tnstne vhe jn fcjnaane2jn eccjzhhb cf scmihan ne muaturnan vhrihonane cp tn enfne ie jn fcjnaane.

Ie jn twnnjn ghsn vhe `nt prcknmt is ehjnr cejnrzcnb dnjhhe ehhr nne hhetha vhejn dnsidehannrjn prcoanfne, c.h. jccr fijjna vhe nne cejnrzcnb ehhr nt cfdhhefnt ceznbnr`njne oik `nt fcjnaanrne f.o.v. Ohysihhesn sthtistinb ne Jnfpstnr]`hgnr (Whe Anusne nt ha . ?<<9). Ccb jnzn ghsn is hgdnsactne fnt jn puoaimhtin vhenne ocnb (Bhfnrfhes nt ha . ?<<9).

Tht is eu jn situhtin ie Enjnrahej. Nr wcrjne cp twnn sm`hane vccrspnaaieds-fcjnaane dnfhhbt, rndicehha ne ehticehha. Jn ehticehan bhhrt wcrjt jccr jn _MNdnfhhbt, jn hrm`ncacdism`n onjrikvne fhbne jn rndicehan bhhrtne.

Jn ìnrcejnr onsm`rnvne britinb spitst zim` vccrehfnaikb tcn cp jn IBHT.

Jn IBHT is dnohsnnrj cp jn mcrrnahtin (hsscmihtin is ìnr nne ontnrn tnrf) vhe hr-m`ncacdism`n viejpahhtsne fnt vhrihonane vhe `nt ehtuuraikbn ahejsm`hp (ocjnf,dncacdin, dncfcrgcacdin), hhednvuaj fnt nxpnrt cpieice. @nt niejprcjumt is nnebhhrt jin hhednngt whhr hrm`ncacdin ie jn ocjnf zit. Nr is nm`tnr zcwna t`ncrntism`has fnt`cjcacdism` vhe haans fis fnt jn bhhrt ne jht tnrwika jn aikst fnt prcoan-fne vhe Bcànr & \hrbnr uit 8907 ha ahed onbnej whs tikjnes nt cetwibbnane vhejn nnrstn vnrsin vhe jn IBHT.

]tnnbprcngtnmèinbneBnnr cp bnnr wikzne spnmihaistne nrcp jht vccr `nt fhbne vhe vccrspnaanejn fc-jnaane nne wiaanbnuridn stnnbprcng ecjid is jin jn vnrsm`nijne`nij vhe jn hrm`n-cacdin ie nne rndic wnnrspindnat. Ie jn Wnrneidjn ]thtne wcrjne dndnvnes vhhbvnrzhfnaj jccr fijjna vhe vnajvnrbneeiedne.

Jn IBHT dnoruibt dndnvnes uit Hrmìs (Hrmìs is `nt dnhutcfhtisnnrjn Hrm`ncacdism` Iegcrfhtinsystnnf vccr Enjnrahej). Jn dndnvnes ie Hrmìs zikeoik ahedn eh dnne rnprnsnethtinvn stnnbprcng vhe jn hrm`ncacdin hhewnzid ie jnEnjnrahejsn ocjnf. Jn iegcrfhtin is eint cp systnfhtism`n ne dnmcetrcannrjnfheinr vnrzhfnaj. Nr is dnne sprhbn vhe nne cfcdnen vnrsprnijied cvnr nt ahej-

sm`hp ne jn bwhaitnit vhe jn dndnvnes wissnat stnrb.

•

•

•

••••

••



=?9

Ehtuuraikb `noone ccb hejnrn fcjnaane jit prcoannf. Eint jn fcjnaane vccrbanienrn dnoinjne, jhhr bhe vrik fhbbnaikb fnt onùap vhe nne vnajvnrbneeiednne dnsmìbtn jhthsnt dnmrnânrj wcrjne, fhhr ie drctnrn dnoinjne dhht jht fcni-aikb. @nt bhe nm`tnr wna. Ie Orhejneourd ie Juitsahej `noone zn znvne dnoinjnednsnanmtnnrj fnt vnrsmìa ie ahejsm`hp ne hrm`ncacdin ne jhhrvccr sitn iegcrfhtin

vnrzhfnaj (Jumbn & Fñem` ?<<>). Whhb wnrjne jn dndnvnes ie `nt vnaj dnmce-trcannrj. Eint ijnhha, fhhr nr is wna cvnr ehdnjhm`t ne vnna hhejhm`t hhe onstnnj.

Cejnrsm`nij ehhr pnricjn ne sitn guemtin

Jn IBHT vccrspnat jn hhewnzid`nij vhe ‑hrm`ncacdism` fhtnrihha‖ vhe vccr8><< HJ ie jn ocjnf ne eint jn hhewnzid`nij vhe encaitìsm`n enjnrznttiednecg orcestikj drhgvnajne. @nt is nm`tnr cefcdnaikb nne fcjna tn cetwibbnane jhtehuwbnurid zcwna jn hhewnzid`nij vhe phancaitìsm`n has vhe fijjnannuwsn viej-pahhtsne vccrspnat. Wnrsmìaanejn typne sitns stnaane vnrsmìaanejn nisne hhe `ntahejsm`hp. Jn rnahtin vhe nne fnscaitism` khm`tbhfpkn fnt zike ehtuuraikbn cfdn-

vied whs `nna hejnrs jhe jht vhe nne fijjnannuwsn enjnrznttied.Bcànr & \hrbnr wikzne nr ha ie 8907 cp jht ie dnoinjne fnt nne ahedn onwc-

eiedsdnsmìnjneis, wht zik ecnfne ‑tnfpcrha smcpn cg prnjimtice‖, zchas wn jht ieNurcph `noone, vnrsmìaanejn fcjnaane fcntne wcrjne dnfhhbt pnr pnricjn nepnr sitn guemtin.

Ie nne vhe jn nnrstn hrtibnane cvnr prnjimtivn fcjnaaied ie jn hrm`ncacdism`nfceufnetnezcrd ie Enjnrahej onacvne _cna Orhejt, Onrt Drcnenwcujt & BneBvhffn (Orhejt nt ha . 899?) `nt vcadnejn; ‑t`ht nhm` hrm`hncacdimha pnricj wiaaon hehayznj snphrhtnay ie guturn nggcrts, hej h jistiemt fcjna wiaa on dnenrhtnj gcrnhm` pnricj‖.

Thhrcf jcne wn jht jhe eint3 @inr wrnnbt zim` `nt gnit jht jn cpjrhm`tdnvnrvccr jin bhhrtne, jn dnfnnetn cg nne prcknmtcetwibbnahhr, eint dnãetnrnssnnrj is ie`nt prcjumt (bneeis cvnr `nt vnranjne), fhhr fnnr ie `nt cpruifne vhe ìejnraikbie jn wnd aiddnejn coknmtne. @ccdstnes wcrjt jnzn bneeis iednznt cf hrm`ncacdi-sm`n whhrjne tn vnrfikjne. Jn vnrdnaikbied fnt fiainuvnrcetrnieidied wcrjt vhhbdnfhhbt. Fne wia nr eint fnnr dnaj ie stnbne jhe stribt eccjzhbnaikb is.

Dnoruibtn vhrihonane

@nt is juijnaikb jht acmhtinbnuzn ie `nt vnranjne vhe vnan ghmtcrne hg`hebnaikb is

dnwnnst. Cfdnviedsvhrihonane `noone nne rca dnspnnaj, fhhr ccb scmihan, muatu-rnan, nmcecfism`n ne rnaidinuzn vhrihonane. Jn fhbnrs vhe jn IBHT `noone eintdnbnbne wnabn vhrihonane vhe onahed zcujne bueene zike vccr nne acmhtinbnuznfcjna fhhr bikbne uitsauitnej ehhr nne mcrrnahtin tussne jn acmhtin vhe onbnejnviejpahhtsne ne jn ocjnfbhhrt cg jn dncacdism`n bhhrt. Jht is nne ouitnednwccecujnrwntsn, gysism`-jntnrfieistism`n onehjnriedswikzn. Fhhr jn fhbnrs dnvne tcnjht ccb ìnr dnbczne is vccr jn fhbbnaikbstn ne dcnjbccpstn wnd; ‑`n scia fhpwhs m`csne fhieay gcr prhmtimha rnhsces2 tìs fhp cg t`n Ent`nrahejs mcvnrs t`nw`can mcuetry hej is jidithaay hvhiahoan‖ (Jnnone nt ha. 8994, 0>).



==<

Nne cejnrzcnb vhe Bhfnrfhes & _nesieb (8990) ahht zine wht vccr vnrsmìa`nt fhhbt wnabn vhrihonane vhe `nt fcjnren ahejsm`hp kn dnoruibt ie kn vccrspna-anejn fcjna. Jn mcrrnahtin vhe viejpahhtsne fnt jn ocjnfbhhrt ne jn dncfcrgc-acdism`n bhhrt zike dn`nna vnrsmìaanej (gid. 8).

Cvnrha najnrs wcrjne vnna fnnr vhrihonane vhe `nt ahejsm`hp dnoruibt.Dncfcrgcacdism`n dndnvnes has naaieds`cnb ne naaiedsrim`tied ne hejnrn vhrihon-ane has `ccdtn, hgsthej tct whtnr ne hgsthej tct hejnrn ùaporceene. @nt dnoruibvhe muaturnan vhrihonane dnonurt fiejnr vhhb fhhr kn bhe jnebne hhe _cfniesnne fijjnannuwsn wndne, jn hgsthej tct `nt jim`tstoikzikejn jcrp nez., nez.

_nscautin Jn IBHT is dnohsnnrj cp bhhrtne cp sm`hha 8;>< <<<, jn rnscautin vhe jn vccr-spnaaiedsbhhrt is jus eint nrd `ccd. Jn sm`hha is fnnstha tn drcg cf jn ievacnj vhepaheene cp `nt dnoinj vhe ruiftnaikbn crjneied tn bueene nvhaunrne. Ccb is jnsm`hha cednsmìbt cf cp ohsis vhe jn IBHT nne dcnj prcspnmtinpahe tn fhbne.

Nne oikbcfnejn ghmtcr is jht jn fnnstn ocjnfbhhrtne nne ehuwbnurid`nij`noone vhe fhxifhha 4<%. Nne vccrspnaaiedsbhhrt dnohsnnrj cp jn ocjnfbhhrtzha jnzn ehuwbnurid`nij jus nrvne. @nt shfnevcndne vhe banien ocjnfnne`njneie hsscmihtins ne nt onsthhe vhe mcfpanxne, nne`njne jin eint ie jnthia dnbhrtnnrjbcejne wcrjne zcrdne, shfne fnt dnwcen gcutne, vccr jn ahdn ehuwbnurid`nij

dnne dndnvnesfnnr viejpahhtsne jhe vnrwhm`tfiejnr viejpahhtsne jhe vnrwhm`tvcadnes vnrwhm`tied

h o

Gid. 8 Wnrsmìaanejn bhhrtne has ievcnr vccr vccrspnaaiedsbhhrtne dnvne znnr vnrsmìaanejn

rnsuathtne. Aiebs; Nne vccrspnaaiedsbhhrt vccr viejpahhtsne uit `nt Fijjne-\hancaitìmuf cp

ohsis vhe jn ocjnfbhhrt. _nm`ts; Nne vccrspnaaiedsbhhrt vccr viejpahhtsne uit `nt Fijjne-

\hancaitìmuf cp ohsis vhe jn dncfcrgcacdism`n bhhrt (Ehhr @. Bhfnrfhes ne N. _nesieb,

8999).



==8

vhe ocjnfbhhrtne. Jit znagjn dnajt vccr jn dncacdism`n bhhrt ne jn phanc-dncdrh-gism`n bhhrt vhe `nt mnetrhan rivinrnednoinj.

Jn cpacssied is ehtuuraikb `nt wnrbne cp nne fnnr dnjnthiaannrjn sm`hha. Neehtuuraikb ontnbnet jht `cdnrn bcstne vccr `nt vnrzhfnane vhe dndnvnes ne `ntprcjumnrne vhe jn bhhrt.

]thtistinb

Oik jn iejumtinvn prnjimtivn fcjnas wcrjne vnrsmìaanejn sthtistism`n tnmèinbnednoruibt cf jn ehtuuraikbn vhrihonane tn ijnetigimnrne jin vnrhetwccrjnaikb zikevccr vnrsmìa ie vnrsprnijied vhe hrm`ncacdism` fhtnrihha. Ie Eccrj-Hfnribh dn-oruibne jn fnnstn cejnrzcnbnrs jn tnmèinb vhe fuatipan acdistim rndrnssice oik `ntocuwne vhe ùe fcjnaane.

Jn vcadnejn sthp is `nt vhststnaane vhe jn vccrspnaanejn whhrjn vhe nt fcjna.Fnnstha dnonurt jht jccr jn zcdnehhfjn dhie tn onrnbnene. Jin dhie bhe wcrjnednjngieinnrj has jn vnr`cujied vhe `nt cppnrvahb vhe `nt dnoinj fnt jn `ccdstn

bhes cp hrm`ncacdin ne `nt pnrmnethdn viejpahhtsne ie jnzn zcen. Jhhr wcrjnevnrsmìaanejn fnt`cjne vccr dnoruibt.

Wccr jn IBHT zike dnne pcdiedne dnjhhe jn vnrsmìaanejn vhrihonane tn ijne-tigimnrne jin vnrhetwccrjnaikb zike vccr jn acmhtinbnuzn ie `nt vnranjne. Nr is dnnefuativhrihtn sthtistinb zchas fuatipan rndrnssice dnoruibt, zchas ie jn Wnrneidjn]thtne dnoruibnaikb is. Fhhr, nrdnr ecd, ccb jn stnrbtn vhe jn mcrrnahtin tussne jnocjnfbhhrt ne jn viejpahhtsne is eint onrnbnej. rcuwnes `nt wccrj hsscmihtinis ìnr fnnr cp zike pahhts. Nr is wna nne vnrdnaikbohrn whhrjn dnoruibt has jn dhie,fhhr eint cf jn wnrbied tn nvhaunrne fhhr cf jn bhhrt tn fhbne! Cp ohsis vhejn vnr`cujied tussne whhrdnecfne ne vnrwhm`tn viejpahhtsjim`t`njne, wcrjne

iejimhtinvn whhrjne dndrcnpnnrj ie bahssne. Jn bahssndrnezne vhriârne pnr rndic.Jn mcemausin fcnt zike jht jn IBHT `nt onsthhe vhe nne vnrohej tussne vh-

rihonane vhe `nt ehtuuraikbn ahejsm`hp ne jn jim`t`nij vhe hrm`ncacdism`n gnec-fnene eint tnst ne ccb eint bikbt cg nr nne mhushha vnrohej tussne jn vhrihonaneis, fhhr jit vnrohej vnrvcadnes wna dnoruibt cf jn rnahtin tn nxtrhpcanrne ehhrhejnrn dnoinjne! Haan sthtistinbocnbne whhrsmùwne tndne jnzn prhbtikbne, vccrhavccr `nt dnvhhr vhe `nt hganijne vhe mhushaitnit uit hsscmihtin.

Ehtuuraikb is jit prcoannf uitdnornij onjismussinnrj cejnr fnesne jin zim`fnt prnjimtivn fcjnaaied onzid cujne. Jn fnnstn cejnrzcnbnrs cujne nt nrcpjht vccr iejumtinvn fcjnaane `nt onsthhe vhe nne mhushha vnrohej tussne viej-pahhtsne ne vhrihonane jin jn acmhtin bnuzn onphane nne hoscautn vccrwhhrjn is cf`nt fcjna vccr vccrspnaaiedne tn dnoruibne.

Znstne

Nne hejnr onahedrikb sthtistism` prcoannf is nt tnstne vhe jn wnrbied vhe nt fc-jna. @nt is eint onwnzne jht jn IBHT eint wnrbt ccb ha onwnrne vnna vnajhrm`n-cacdne jht. Einfhej `nngt jn mcfpantn bhhrt ccit dntnst. Nr is jus ccb einfhejjin bhe onwnrne jht jn bhhrt wna wnrbt.

Whe jn fnnstn prnjimtivn fcjnas ie jn Wnrneidjn ]thtne is jn wnrbied wna

dntnst. Jhhrvccr zike `nna vnna tnmèinbne vccr`hejne. Wccr jn IBHT is sanm`tsnne dnjnnatn dntnst. Ehjht jn nnrstn vnrsin hg whs is nr nne cehg`hebnaikbn jhthsnt



==?

dnoruibt cf tn tnstne (Jnnone & @haanwhs ?<<=, 88?). Jnzn jhthsnt onsthht uit=9:> sitns uit jn prcviemin Jrnet`n. Jn rnsuathtne vhe jnzn tnst wcrjne vnnaon-acvnej dnecnfj. Fnnr jhe 00% vhe jn einuwn viejpahhtsne aiddne ie zcens fnt`cdn cg fijjna`cdn trngbhes. Fhhr has kn ie cdnesm`cuw ennft jht 4?% vhe jnprcviemin nne `cdn cg fijjna`cdn trngbhes cp hrm`ncacdin `nngt wcrjt juijnaikb

jht jnzn mikgnrs wnieid znddne.Nne cpacssied is ehtuuraikb `nt vnrzhfnane vhe cehg`hebnaikbn dndnvnes jccrfijjna vhe vnajvnrbneeiedne cf `nt fcjna tn tnstne. Orhejt nt ha. znddne ìnr-cvnr; ‑Divne t`n eufnrcus jiggimuatins hej jhth aifithtices t`ht mcegrcet hrm`hn-cacdimha fcjna jnvnacpfnet ie t`n Ent`nrahejs, tcdnt`nr wit` fhey sifpaigimh-tices hej hssufptices t`ht cen fust fhbn, it is ifpnrhtivn t`ht suggiminet tnstson pnrgcrfnj ongcrn hey snricus mcesijnrhtice cg h fcjna is uejnrthbne‖ (899?,?47)

Mcemausins

Tht zike shfnevhttnej eu jn onahedrikbstn britinbpuetne cp jn IBHT3

Jn dnoruibtn hrm`ncacdism`n jhthsnt. Eint cehg`hebnaikb. Eint rnprnsnethting.Eint ontrcuwohhr2

Jn dnoruibtn vhrihonane. ]tnrb gysism`-jntnrfieistism`. Nr is eint dnbnbnewnabn vhrihonane acmhtinbnuzn onãevacnjne. Nr is dnbczne vccr dcnjbccp on-smìbohrn dndnvnes2

Jn tnmèinb. Jn hsscmihtin is eint dntnst. Nr is eint dnbnbne ehhr nne mhushhavnrohej ne nr is eint dnbnbne cg `nt fcjna wnrbt.

Haanfhha jccjzcejne ie jn wnrnaj vhe prnjimtivn fcjnaaied. Thhrsmìkeaikb dn-onurt jit haans cf giehemiâan rnjnene.

Ccb hejnrne `noone britinb cp iejumtinvn cg mcrrnahtinvn vccrspnaaiedsbhhr-tne oikvccronnaj jn Hfnribhhe `cfhs Tìtany (?<<:); ‑Ie fhey mhsns it is tccmcstay cr nvne ifpcssioan tc jc he mcrrnahtivn prnjimtivn fcjna hej uatifhtnay t`nrnsuatied fcjna jcns ect prcvijn onttnr iesid`t ietc sitn pahmnfnet prcmnssns t`heietuitice‖.

Fhhr whhrcf wnrbt `nt ie jn Wnrneidjn ]thtne ne Mhehjh wna ne oik ces eint3

ne nnrstn jccr jn jim`t`nij vhe vcejstne. Nurcph is ha vnna ahednr onwccejjhe Hfnribh ne ccb jccr vnna fnnr vnrsmìaanejn muaturne. Ie Eccrj-Hfnribh

dhht `nt tcm` vhhb uitsauitnej cf khdnrs-vnrzhfnahhrs. Whhb is nne viejpahhts nnephaifpsnst vhe vcejstne uit vnrsmìaanejn pnricjne. Ocvnejine is Nurcph jim`tnronwccej jhe Eccrj-Hfnribh, nr zike jus vnna iedrnpne ie jn ocjnf ne wnieiduitwikbfcdnaikb`njne.

Ie Nednahej ne Grhebrikb dnoruibt fne dnne prnjimtivn fcjnaaied, fne stcpt`nt dnaj ainvnr ie prcspnmting cejnrzcnb. Fne bikbt whhr jn hrm`ncacdin wnrbnaikbzit vih vnajvnrbneeiedne, prcngsanuvne, occrmhfphdens ne dncgysism` cejnrzcnb.

Jn mcemausin is jht jn IBHT wna nne oikzcejnr prifiting prnjimtivn fcjna isjht, ie vnrdnaikbied fnt hejnrn fcjnaane, sanm`t t`ncrntism` cejnrocuwj is ne fn-t`cjcacdism` hhe haan bhetne rhffnat. cm` wcrjt jn IBHT ecd stnnjs jccr zc-

wna prcviemins has dnfnnetne dnoruibt oik `nt onccrjnane vhe ruiftnaikbn paheene

•

•

•



===

ne vccr `nt ieitiârne vhe hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie dnoinjne fnt nne onphhajnvnrwhm`tiedswhhrjn (_nesieb & Jnrimbx ?<<0). Fhhr vnna dnfnnetne ahtne ùenidne vccrspnaaiedsbhhrt fhbne.

Jnzn einuwn dnenrhtin rndicehan fcjnaane fhhbt dnne dnoruib fnnr vhe on-bnejn sitn acmhtins. Jn fcjnaane zike fnnr jnjumting ne ietuãting ne dhhe uit vhe

wnabn dncfcrgcacdism`n nne`njne ie nne onphhajn pnricjn httrhmting whrne vccrnne onphhaj dnoruib. Ie mcfoiehtin fnt nne occr mhfphden ne `nt dnoruib vhe`nt H@E (Hmtunan @ccdtnonsthej Enjnrahej ” nne AIJH_ dndnenrnnrj `ccdtn-onsthej) anvnrt jit scfs znnr dcnjn vccrspnaaiedne cp. Jnzn fnt`cjne zike nm`tnreint bwhetithting ne gcrfnna. ]cfs wcrjne jn onbnejn sitns dnoruibt cf `nt fc-jna tn nvhaunrne.

Hjvins

ît jit haans oaikbt fhhr wnnr jht eint haanne jn tcnbcfst vccrspnaane fcniaikb is2ccb `nt vccrspnaane vhe `nt vnranjne is prcoanfhtism`. Fhhr wht jhe wna tn jcne3

Tht is jn onstn cpacssied3 Déée vccrspnaaiedsbhhrtne dnoruibne ne ie pahhts jhhr-vhe fnnr prcspnmtin. @nahhs is nne jnrdnaikb hjvins zieaccs. Nne wiks fhe `nngtdnne hjvins ecjid ne nne jwhhs ennft dnne hjvins hhe. Eintwhhr Nrim3

Aitnrhtuur

Hebuf, A.H. & O.K. Drcnenwcujt, 899<; Jn situnried vhe hrm`ncacdism`n viejpahht-sne. Hfstnrjhf (_HH\-rhppcrt :?).

Oacnfnrs, Z., @. Bhrs & H. vhe jnr Whab (rnj.), ?<88; `n Muaturha Ahejsmhpn &

@nrithdn \hrhjcx. \rctnmtice hej Jnvnacpfnet cg t`n Jutm` Hrm`hncacdimha-ìstcrimhaAhejsmhpn hej its Nurcpnhe Jifnesice. Hfstnrjhf.

Orhejt, _., O.K. Drcnenwcujt & B.A. Bvhffn, 899?; He nxpnrifnet ie hrm`hn-cacdimha sitn acmhtice; fcjnaaied ie t`n Ent`nrahejs usied DI] tnmèiquns. Tcraj

Hrm`hncacdy ?, ?70-?0?.

Mhrr, M., 890>; Ietrcjumtcry rnfhrbs ce _ndiceha Hehaysis. Ie; M. Mhrr (nj.), GcrMcemcrjhemn ie Hrm`hncacdimha Hehaysis. Orijdied Jhth ]trumturn, Xuhetithtivnnmèiqun, hej `ncry , Bheshs Mity, 88:-8?4.

Jnnone, [email protected]. (nj.), ?<<0; Jn Iejimhtinvn Bhhrt vhe Hrm`ncacdism`n Thhrjne, jnrjn

dnenrhtin. Hfnrsgccrt (_hppcrthdn Hrm`ncacdism`n Fceufnetnezcrd 8>>).Jnnone, K. & J. @haanwhs, ?<<=; \rnjimtivn Fhps hej Hrm`hncadimha

@nrithdn Fhehdnfnet ie t`n Ent`nrahejs. Ie; K. Buecw & K. Fñaanr (rnj.),Ahejsm`hgtshrm`êcacdin uej dncdrhpìsm`n Iegcrfhticessystnfn; \rcdecsnbhrtne,Onsinjauedsjyehfib uej prêìstcrism`n _hufcrjeuedne. `n Hrm`hncacdy cgAhejsmhpns hej Dncdrhpìm Iegcrfhtice ]ystnfs; \rnjimtivn Fhps, ]nttanfnet Jyehfimshej ]phmn hej nrritcry ie \rnìstcry. Tñesjcrg, (Gcrsmùedne zur Hrm`êcacdin ifAhej Orhejneourd 0/ Hrm`êcprcdecsn Orhejneourd I), 8<4-880.



==:

Jnnone, K., J. @haanwhs, K. Bcane & _. Tinfnr, 8994; Onycej t`n mrystha ohaa;prnjimtivn fcjnaaied hs h tcca ie hrm`hncacdimha `nrithdn fhehdnfnet hej cm-muphtice ìstcry. Ie; T. Tiaanfs, @. Bhrs & J. @haanwhs (rnj.), Hrm`hncacdimha@nrithdn Fhehdnfnet ie t`n Ent`nrahejs. Gigty Ynhrs ]thtn ]nrvimn gcr Hrm`hncacdimhaIevnstidhtices . Hfnrsgccrt, 47”880.

Jnnone, K., J.\. @haanwhs & Z`.K. Fhhranvnat, ?<<?; \rnjimtivn fcjnaaied ie hr-m`hncacdimha `nrithdn fhehdnfnet cg t`n Ent`nrahejs; t`n iejimhtivn fhp cg hr-m`hncacdimha vhauns (?ej dnenrhtice). Onrim`tne _CO :>, Hfnrsgccrt, 9->7.

Jumbn, O. & ^. Fñem`, ?<<>; \rnjimtivn Fcjnaaied hej t`n Hrm`hncacdimha @nrithdncg Orhejneourd (Dnrfhey), ie F. vhe Anusne & @. Bhfnrfhes (rnj.), \rnjimtivn

Fcjnaaied gcr Hrm`hncacdimha @nrithdn Fhehdnfnet; H _nsnhrm` Hdnejh. Hfnrsgccrt(Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n _hppcrtne ?9), 9=-8<4.

Kujdn, T.K. & A. ]nohstihe, 8900; Xuhetigyied t`n \rnsnet hej \rnjimtied t`n \hst;`ncry, fnt`cj, hej hppaimhtice cg hrm`hncacdimha prnjimtivn fcjnaied. Jnevnr.

Bcànr, Z.H., 8900; \rnjimtivn Acmhticeha Fcjnaied; @istcry hej murrnet prhmtimn.Ie; T.A. Kujdn & A. ]nohstihe (rnj.), Xuhetigyied t`n \rnsnet hej \rnjimtied t`n\hst; `ncry, Fnt`cj hej Hppaimhtice cg Hrm`hncacdimha \rnjimtivn Fcjnaied . Jnevnr,89->9.

Bcànr, Z.H. & ].M. \hrbnr, 8907; \rnjimtivn fcjnas gcr hrm`hncacdimha rnscurmn ac-mhtice. Ie; F.O. ]mìggnr (rnj.), Hjvhemns ie Hrm`hncacdimha Fnt`cj hej `ncry,Wcaufn 9 , Enw Ycrb, =94-:>?.

Bhfnrfhes, @., 899=; Hrm`ncacdin ne ahejnvhauhtin ie jn Hdrc \cetiec (Ahzic, Ithaiâ). Hmhjnfism` prcngsm`rigt, Hfstnrjhf.

Bhfnrfhes, @., ?<<<; Ahej nvhauhtice hs prnjimtivn fcjnaaied; h jnjumtivn hp-prchm`. Ie; D. Acmb (rnj), Onycej t`n Fhp. Hrm`hncacdy hej ]phtiha nmècacdins .EHC ]minemns ]nrins, Hfstnrjhf, 8?:-8:7.

Bhfnrfhes, @., ?<<7; \rcoanfs ie \hancaitìm ahej nvhauhtice; h mhuticehry than. Ie;F. Fn`rnr & B. Tnsmctt (rnj.). DI] hej Hrm`hncacdimha \rnjimtivn Fcjnaied . Ocmh_htce, Gacrijh ^]H, 94-8??.

Bhfnrfhes, @., F. vhe Anusne & \`. Wnr`hdne (rnj.), ?<<9; Hrm`hncacdimha\rnjimtice hej _isb Fhehdnfnet. Hatnrehtivns tc Murrnet \rhmtimn. (H]A^ 87),Anijne.

Bhfnrfhes, @., ].@. Acvied & H. Wccrrips, 890>; M`hedied phttnres cg prnìs-tcrim ahej usn ie t`n Hdrc \cetiec. Ie; M. Fhacen & ] ]tcjjhrt (rnj.), \hpnrs ieIthaihe Hrm`hncacdy IW. \hrt i; `n @ufhe Ahejsmhpn . (OH_ Ietnrehticeha ]nrins?:=), >=-70.

Bhfnrfhes, @. & N. _nesieb, 8999; DI] ie \hahncaitìm Hrm`hncacdy. H mhsn stujygrcf t`n scut`nre Ent`nrahejs. Ie; A. Jiedwhaa, ]. Nxce, W. Dhggeny, ]. Ahgaie &F. Whe Anusne (rnj.), Hrm`hncacdy ie t`n Hdn cg t`n Ietnrent. Mcfputnr Hppaimhticeshej Xuhetithtivn Fnt`cjs ie Hrm`hncacdy. (OH_ Ietnrehticeha ]nrins 4><), 08 hejMJ-_CF.



==>

Bhfnrfhes, @. & K. ]nvieb, ?<88; \httnres cg Fijjan hej ^ppnr \hahncaitìm ahejusn ie Mnetrha Ahzic (Ithay). Ie; M.M. Ohbnas & @. Bhfnrfhes (rnj.). Fimnaaheih

Hrm`hncacdimh Anijnesih. (Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih :8), :8->>.

Bhfnrfhes, @. & F. Thesannone, 8999; \rnjimtivn fcjnaaied ie Jutm` hrm`hncac-dy, kcieied gcrmns. Ie; K.H. Ohrmnaý, I. Oriz & H. Wiah (rnj.), Enw nmèiquns gcr Caj

ifns - MHH90. Mcfputnr Hppaimhtices hej Xuhetithtivn Fnt`cjs ie Hrm`hncacdy .(OH_ Ietnrehticeha ]nrins 4>4), ??>-?=<.

Bvhffn, B.A., 890>; Jntnrfieied nfpirimha rnahticesìps ontwnne t`n ehturha nevi-rcefnet hej prnìstcrim sitn acmhtice; h uetnr-dht`nrnr nxhfpan. Ie; M. Mhrr (rnj.),Gcr Mcemcrjhemn ie Hrm`hncacdimha Hehaysis. Orijdied Jhth ]trumturn, Xuhetithtivnnmèiqun, hej `ncry . Bheshs Mity, ?<0-?=0.

Bvhffn, B.A., 8900; Jnvnacpfnet hej tnstied cg quhetithtivn fcjnas. Ie; T.A. Kujdn & A. ]nohstihe (rnj.) , Xuhetigyied t`n \rnsnet hej \rnjimtied t`n \hst; `ncry, Fnt`cj hej Hppaimhtice cg Hrm`hncacdimha \rnjimtivn Fcjnaied . Jnevnr, =?:-:?0.

Bvhffn, B.A., 899<; `n Guejhfnetha priemipans hej \rhmtimn cg \rnjimtivn Hrm`hncacdimha fcjnaied. Ie; H. Wccrrips (rnj.), Fht`nfhtims hej Iegcrfhtice]minemn ie Hrm`hncacdy; H Ganxioan Grhfnwcrb . Ocee (]tujins ie Fcjnre Hrm`hncacdy,Wca. =), ?4>-?9>.

Anfhirn, Z., ?<8<; Jn vha vhe \rcfnt`nus. Cvnr jn bnnrzikjne vhe jn vccruitdhed . Hfstnrjhf.

Anusne, \.F. vhe, 899=; Mhrtcdrhpìm Fcjnaaied ie h mnaa-ohsnj DI]. Ie; K. Hejrnsne,. Fhjsne & I. ]mcaahr (rnj.), Mcfputnr Hppaimhtices hej Xuhetithtivn Fnt`cjs ie

Hrm`hncacdy 899? . Hhrùs, 8<=-8??.

Anusne, \.F. vhe, 899>; DI] hej Hrm`hncacdimha _nscurmn Fhehdnfnet; H Nurcpnhe Hdnejh. Ie; D. Acmb & [. ]theĆiĆ (rnj.), Hrm`hncacdy hej Dncdrhpìmha Iegcrfhtice]ystnfs , Acejne, ?4-:8.

Anusne, \.F. vhe, 8997; Acmhticeha Fcjnaaied ie Jutm` Hrm`hncacdy. Ie; @.J.D.Fhsmènr (rnj.), Enw Fnt`cjs, Caj \rcoanfs; Dncdrhpìm Iegcrfhtice ]ystnfs ie

Fcjnre Hrm`hncacdimha _nsnhrm`. ]cut`nre Iaaiecis êivnrsity (Cmmhsiceha \hpnr ec.?=), 844-894.

Anusne, F. vhe & @. Bhfnrfhes (rnj.), ?<<>; \rnjimtivn Fcjnaaied gcr Hrm`hncacdimha@nrithdn Fhehdnfnet; H _nsnhrm` Hdnejh, Hfnrsgccrt (Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n_hppcrtne ?9).

Anusne, \.F., H._. Fiaahrj & O. Jumbn, ?<<9; Jnhaied Tit` êmnrthiety ie Hrm`hncacdimha \rnjimtice. Ie; @. Bhfnrfhes, F. vhe Anusne & \`. Wnr`hdne(rnj.), Hrm`hncacdimha \rnjimtice hej _isb Fhehdnfnet. Hatnrehtivns tc Murrnet\rhmtimn. (H]A^ 87), 8?=-87<.

Acwnet`ha, J., 8907; `n \hst is h Gcrnide Mcuetry , Mhforijdn.

Fn`rnr, F. & B. Tnsmctt (rnj.), ?<<>; DI] hej Hrm`hncacdimha \rnjimtivn Fcjnaied .Ocmh _htce, Gacrijh, ^]H.

\hrbnr, ]., 890>; \rnjimtivn fcjnaied cg sitn snttanfnet systnfs usied fuativhrihtn ac-

distims. Ie; M. Mhrr (rnj.), Gcr Mcemcrjhemn ie Hrm`hncacdimha Hehaysis. Orijdied Jhth]trumturn, Xuhetithtivn nmèiqun, hej `ncry . Bheshs Mity, 84=-?<4.



==7

_nesieb, N. & T.K.O. Jnrimbx, ?<<0; Jn IBHT vhe jn jnrjn dnenrhtin ne jn ieji-mhtinvn whhrjn vhe onnbjhane. Ie; [email protected]. Jnnone, (rnj.), Jn Iejimhtinvn Bhhrt vhe

Hrm`ncacdism`n Thhrjne, jnrjn dnenrhtin . Hfnrsgccrt (_hppcrthdn Hrm`ncacdism`nFceufnetnezcrd 8>>), =>-:9.

]nohstihe, A. & T.K. Kujdn, 8900; \rnjimtied t`n phst; Mcrrnahtice, nxpahehtice, hej

t`n usn cg hrm`hncacdimha fcjnas. Ie; T.A. Kujdn & A. ]nohstihe (rnj.), Xuhetigyiedt`n \rnsnet hej \rnjimtied t`n \hst; `ncry, Fnt`cj hej Hppaimhtice cg Hrm`hncacdimha\rnjimtivn Fcjnaied . Jnevnr, 8-80.

Wnr`hdne, \`., F. Thesannone & F. vhe Anusne, ?<<<; \rnjimtivn Fcjnaaied iet`n Ent`nrahejs. `n prnjimtice cg hrm`hncacdimha vhauns ie Muaturha _nscurmnFhehdnfnet hej hmhjnfim rnsnhrm`. Ie; C. @hra (rnj.), Hrm`êcacdin uej Mcfputnr8999. (Gcrsmùedsdnsnasm`hgt Tinenr ]thjthrm`êncacdin :), 77-0?.

Thesannone, F. & A.O.F. Wnr`hrt, 899?; `n Fnusn Whaany \rcknmt; DI] hej sitnacmhtice sthtistims. Hehanmth \rhnìstcrimh Anijnesih ?>, 99-8<0.

Tnsmctt, B.A. & _.K. Orhejce (rnj.), ?<<<; \rhmtimha Hppaimhtices cg DI] Gcr Hrm`hncacdists. H \rnjimtivn Fcjnaied Bit. Acejne.

Tìtany, Z.D., ?<<:; Mhushaity hej Mrcss-purpcsns ie Hrm`hncacdimha \rnjimtivnFcjnaied. Ie; ]thjthrm`êcacdin Tine (rnj.), Netnr t`n \hst. `n N-why ietc t`nGcur Jifnesices cg Muaturha @nrithdn (OH_ Ietnrehticeha ]nrins 8??4), Cxgcrj,?=7-?=9 ne MJ-_CF (84 phdieh’s).



==4

OIOAICD_HGIN N_IM @ HE] AC@CG

\rcngsm`rigt

Ac`cg, N., 8998; Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejnried ie jn orcestikj vhe Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej , \rcngsm`rigt eivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8998; Mhthacdus vhe orcestikj-drhg`nuvnas uit Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej ,

Mhthacdus oik prcngsm`rigt êivnrsitnit vhe Hfstnrjhf.

Hrtibnane

\. H. Hbbnrfhes, K. H. B. Ocnrfh, H. Z. Mahsce, ]. D. @iaa, N. Ac`cg, M. Fnibankcè,F. Anfiàrn, D.F.G. Fcadht & K.K. _ccjneonrd, 890=; Ocuqrhs rnvisitnj; prnai-fiehry rnpcrt ce h prcknmt ie Nhstnre ]yrih. Ie; \rcmnnjieds cg t`n \rnìstcrim ]cminty :9, ==>-=4?.

Ac`cg, N., 890=; Ocuqrhs rnvisitnj; giduriens, ct`nr mahy, stcen hej ocen hrtnghmts, hejsnhas. \rcmnnjieds cg t`n \rnìstcrim ]cminty :9, =>:-=>4.

Ac`cg, N., 8904; _nmnesin vhe ‑Mhìnrs jn a’Nup`rhtn :‖, \hriks 890>, ie Oioaict`nmh Crinethais PAIW, er. >/7, 40?-404.

Ac`cg, N., 8909; _nmnesin vhe ‑Hrm`hncacdy hej Aheduhdn‖ vhe M. _negrnw, Acejne8904. Ie; ]pindna @istcrihna ?:, er. >, pp. ?:8-?:?.

Ac`cg, N., 8909; H anssnr becwe gidurien grcf t`n Enhr Nhstnre encaitìm. Ie; C.F.M.@hnx, @.@. Murvnrs, \.F.F.D. Hbbnrfhes (rnj.), c t`n Nup`rhtns hej onycej. _cttnrjhf, 7>-4:.

Ac`cg, N., 899<; Fhrbhetn vccrwnrpne ; @nt `hassecnr vhe Nxacârfcej. Ie; ]pindnaìstcrihna ?>, p. :=4.

Ac`cg, N., 8998; Jn tnrudbnnr vhe jn mrnfhtin. Ie; ]pindna ìstcrihna ; fhhejoahj vccr dnsmìnjneis ne hrm`ncacdin =>, pp. 4<-4>.

Ac`cg, N., 899?; @ccgjfheene ie jn orcestikj vhe Eccrj-Enjnrahej3 \rcgina :, (:),87-?7.

Ac`cg, N., 899=; Drhgritunna ne scmihan vnrhejnried. Ie; N. Jrnet`, T.H.F. @nssied ,,N. Beca (rnj.), wnnjn anvne vhe cezn jcjne, (Enjnrahejsn Hrm`ncacdism`n_hppcrtne 8>), Hfnrsgccrt, pp. =-9.

Ac`cg, N., 899:; rhjitice hej m`hedn; ouriha prhmtimns ie t`n ahtn encaitìm hej orce-

zn hdn ie t`n Ecrt`nhstnre Ent`nrahejs. Hrm`hncacdimha Jihacduns 8, (?), 90-880.



==0

Ac`cg, N., 899>; rhjitice hej m`hedn; h rnpay tc mcffnets ce ‐rhjitice hej m`he-dn. Ouriha prhmtimns ie t`n Ahtn Encaitìm hej Orcezn Hdn ie t`n ecrt`-nhstnreEnt`nrahejs’. Hrm`hncacdimha Jihacduns ?, (8), 4>-44.

Ac`cg, N., 8997; \hhabrhesne rcej orcestikjdrhg`nuvnas ie Eccrjccst-Enjnrahej.Ie; N.F. `nueissne (rnj.), Cejnrzcnb ehhr orcestikjdrhg`nuvnas ie Enjnrahej ne

Wahhejnrne. Anijne, :?-::.Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Jcjneùiskns, orhejsthpnas ne `niaidn ùiskns. Ie; Einuwn Jrnetsn

vcabshafhehb ; ìstcrism` khhrocnb vccr Jrnet`n, vca. 884, pp. 8::-8>9

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Nne cejnrzcnb ehhr znstine Jrnetsn mrnfhtins uit jn fijjne-orces-tikj cg; `nt prcoannf vhe jn drcnen vanbbne. Einuwn Jrnetsn vcabshafhehb ; ìstc-rism` khhrocnb vccr Jrnet`n vca. 884, pp. 8?>-8=:.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Jn tnrudbnnr vhe jn mrnfhtin. ]pindna @istcrihna =>, er. ?, 4<-4>.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; _nmnesin vhe A. `nueissne; Fijjne-Orcestikjshfneanviedne ie

`nt zuijne vhe jn Ahdn Ahejne. Nne nvhauhtin vhe `nt ondrip ‑@iavnrsufmuatuur‖.Tnstnr`nnf :9, er. ?, hpria, 70-4<.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<?; Hrm`ncacdin ie Wih Aifourd, _ikbswnd 4=-[uij ; hhevuaanej hrm`n-cacdism` cejnrzcnb ]whafne-@nijn (HHC N8<), (_hppcrthdns Hrm`ncacdism`nFceufnetnezcrd 90), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<?; @cutne; @nnfstnjn. Ie; J. Bcb, _. Bcb, G. Wcdnanezhed (rnj.), Hrm`ncacdism`n brceinb prcviemin ^trnm`t ?<<< -?<<8. ^trnm`t, 7=-77.

Ac`cg, N. & E.F. \rhedsfh, ?<<?; Oueeib-Cjikb; ]iedna/]m`cujnrfhetna. Ie; J.Bcb, _. Bcb, G. Wcdnanezhed (rnj.), Hrm`ncacdism`n brceinb prcviemin ^trnm`t ?<<<

- ?<<8. ^trnm`t, ><->7.Ac`cg, N., ?<<=; Jivnrsn anffhth fnt ontrnbbied tct jn orcestikj ie; F.H.T.

Dnrjied, \. Orccj, F. @iaaiedne & @. Eikbnutnr (rnj.), Nemymacphnjin vhe Jrnet`n, (= jae), Hssne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<:; Drhg`nuvna ‑Jn Ocdne‖ oik Fntnrne, cemn fcrn visitnj. HJM-Iegc khhrdhed ?<<=. Hfnrsgccrt, 88<-889.

Jrnet`, N. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<>; @nuvnas vccr jn jcjne. Ondrhvied ne drhgritunna ie jnonbnrtikj, vrcndn ne fijjne-orcestikj. Ie; A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, H.A.vhe Dike,\.T. vhe jnr Orcnbn, @. Gcbbnes (rnj.), Enjnrahej ie jn \rnìstcrin. Hfstnrjhf,

:==-:>:.Jrnet`, N. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<>; Fcuejs gcr t`n jnhj. Guenrhry hej ouriha rituha

ie Onhbnr pnricj, Nhray hej Fijjan Orcezn Hdn. Ie; A.\. Acuwn Bccikfhes, H.A.vhe Dike, \.T. vhe jnr Orcnbn, @. Gcbbnes (rnj.) ?<<>, `n \rnìstcry cg t`nEnt`nrahejs. Hfstnrjhf, :==-:>:.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<7; Nne enjnrznttied uit jn fijjne-orcestikj tn `ccdwcuj, dnfnne-tn Cpfnnr, prcviemin Eccrj-@caahej. Aueuah. Hrm`hncacdih prctcìstcrimh PIW,?4-=>.

Jrnet`, N. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<0; Fcoiaitêt wê`rnej jns Nejencaitìbufs uej jnr

Orceznznit. Nien haadnfnien żonrsim`t gñr jin Einjnrahejn. Bcedrnsouejna Phetne?<<7.



==9

Jrnet`, N. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<9; Fcoiaitêt wê`rnej jns Nejencaitìbufs uej jnrOrceznznit. Nien haadnfnien Ñonrsim`t gñr jin Einjnrahejn. Ie; H. Brnee-Anno, @.- K. Oninr, N. MahÓne, G. Ghabnestnie & ]. ]m`wneznr (rnj.), Fcoiaitêt, Fidrhtice uejBcffueibhtice ie Nurcph wê`rnej jns Encaitìbufs uej jnr Orceznznit. (Onitrêdn zur r-uej Grñ`dnsmìm`tn Fittnanurcphs, >=), Oninr & Onrhe, Ahednewnissohm`, 8?8-8=?.

Wnajn, \. vhe jnr, N. Ac`cg & ]. Tyes, ?<<9; H AOB nhrt`wcrb ht Onnb (\rcv.Aifourd). ‑An Fcjàan _cs`nifcis ‖ ie t`n Ent`nrahejs. Hrm`êcacpdism`nrsBcrrnspcejnezoahtt =9, (:), :>> ” :4<.

Ac`cg, N., ?<8<; Nne wikjnr ahejsm`hp. Witruvius 88, hpria, 80-?8.

]tnoenr, A., N. Ac`cg & N. Jrnet`, ?<88; _c`fhtnrihauetnrsumùedne he nienrohejbnrhfism`ne Jnm`snabaiedn hus Onnb, Einjnrahejn, ie; @.-K. Oninr, _. Nieimbn& N. Oinrfhee (rnj.), Whrih Encaitìmh WII (Onitrêdn zur ^r- uej Grñ`dnsmìm`tnFittnanurcphs, 7=), Ahednewnissohm`, ?9-=7.

AHEJ (899?-8997)Ac`cg, N., 899?; Hrm`êcacdism`n \rcspnbtice hug jnf Druejstñmb jnr @uvhrt` Do_ ie

]m`÷enim`n oni Onraie, Brnis Gñrstnewhajn . AHEJ-Onrim`t 8>/9?, Hbne.

Ac`cg, N., 899:; Nien hrm`êcacdism`n \rcspnbtice if Onrnim` jns dnpahetne DnwnrondnointnsJñrne-Einjnrzinr, Brnis Jñrne. AHEJ-Onrim`t :/899:, Hajne`cvne.

Ac`cg, N., 899:; Hrm`êcacdism`ne \rcspnbtice if Onrnim` jnr Gnrewêrfntrhespcrtanituedzwism`ne jnf Brhgtwnrb Tniswnianr uej jnr ]thjt Hhm`ne. AHEJ-Onrim`t ?:/899:, Hajne`cvne 899:.

Ac`cg, N., 899>; \haêcetcacdism`n uej hrm`êcacdism`n \rcspnbtice if Niezudsonrnim`jnr Enuohustrnmbn B÷ae - _`nie/Fhie jnr Jnutsm`n Ohè HD . (fnt O. Xuhjgaind-]trcieb). AHEJ-Onrim`t 8>/899>, Hajne`cvne 899>.

Ac`cg, N., 8997; Nien hrm`êcacdism`n \rcspnbtice if Onrnim` jnr Hodrhoued Drctnejceb,]thjt Bnvnahnr, Dnfhrbued Drctnejceb, Gaur = uej : . AHEJ-Onrim`t 8/8997, Hajne`cvne 8997.

Ac`cg, N., 8997; Nien hrm`êcacdism`n \rcspnbtice if Onrnim` jns dnpahetne Dnwnrondnointns Kñaim`-B÷eidsbhfp II, 8. Onohuueds-Hosmèitt . AHEJ-Onrim`t 8:/8997, Hajne`cvne8997.

_HH\ _hppcrtne (8994-?<<<)

Ac`cg, N., 8994; Dnfnnetn ]itthrj ; pahednoinj ]itthrj-@ccdvnaj ; nne hrm`ncacdism`nbhrtnried, (_HH\ _hppcrt ?4<), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8990; \rcviemin Dnajnrahej ; TMA-Jn Drhhgsm`hp ; hrm`ncacdism`n ievne-thrishtin ne vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrt (ghsn H), (_HH\ _hppcrt =<>), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8990; H4=-[uij Onagnaj-]whafne ; nne hhevuaanejn hrm`ncacdism`n ievnethri-shtin, (_HH\ _hppcrt =>:), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8990; Cfanijied E?4= @hnane ; nne hrm`ncacdism`n bhrtnried, (_HH\

_hppcrt =4>), Hfstnrjhf.



=:<

Ac`cg, N., 8990; \ahednoinj Ahhr-[uij ; dnfnnetn Tnnrt ; hrm`ncacdism` ournhucejnr-zcnb ne vnajiespnmtin, (_HH\ _hppcrt :<8), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8999; Bhstnnatnrrnie ]tnie; dnfnnetn ]tnie ; hrm`ncacdism` ournhu- ne occrce-jnrzcnb, (_HH\ _hppcrt =9>), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8999; \ahednoinj IKznrne Buiane ; dnfnnetn Fnnrssne ; hrm`ncacdism` ournhu-cejnrzcnb ne vnajiespnmtin, (_HH\ _hppcrt :<?), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8999; _ikbswnd H>< Driksccrj-Nwikb ; jn hrm`ncacdism`n vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrtt.o.v. jn f.n.r. , (_HH\ _hppcrt :97), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8999; _ikbswnd H4=-Eccrj Whaourd-Ennrocsm` ; jn hrm`ncacdism`n vnrwhm`-tiedsbhhrt t.o.v. jn f.n.r. , (_HH\ _hppcrt :9<), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., 8999; Onstnffiedspahe Jn _inzn IW tn âgt ; dnfnnetn Dnejriedne ; nne hhe-vuaanejn hrmn`cacdism`n ievnethrishtin (HHI), (_HH\ _hppcrt :00), Hfstnrjhf.

@hhrùis, @.G.H. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<<; _ikbswnd H>< Driksccrj-Nwikb; jn dntcntstn hrm`n-cacdism`n vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrt t.o.v. jn f.n.r. , (_HH\ _hppcrt >=7), Hfstnrjhf.

@hhrùis, @.G.H. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<<; _ikbswnd H4=-Eccrj Whaourd-Ennrocsm`; jn dntcntstn hrm`ncacdism`n vnrwhm`tiedsbhhrt t.o.v. jn f.n.r. , (_HH\ _hppcrt >=>), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Drcejwhtnrwieeied Cvnr-Ontuwn ; \rcviemin Dnajnrahej ; cejnr-zcnb ehhr fcdnaikbn nggnmtne cp hrm`ncacdism`n whhrjne, (_HH\ _hppcrt :77), Hfstnrjhf.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; \rcknmt Drnesfhhs ; jnnadnoinj Ocrd`hrne ; hhevuaanejn hrm`ncacdism`nievnethrishtin (HHI ghsn ?) , (_HH\ _hppcrt ::=), Hfstnrjhf.

HJM _hppcrtne (?<<<-?<88)

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb cp `nt tcnbcfstidn onjrikvnetnrrnieTnasuf, dnfnnetn Jhagsne, (HJM _hppcrt 89), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb cp `nt tcnbcfstidn onjrikvnetnrrnie‑Jn _inzn IW‖; âgt, dnfnnetn Dnejriedne, (HJM _hppcrt ?:), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie Nast (pahednoinjne [uij-hednetne Nast-[uij), (HJM _hppcrt ?4), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb cp jn acmhtin ]iedna/]m`cujnrfhetna tnCjikb, dnfnnetn Oueeib (pahednoinjne \nnb ne ]iedna Tnst), (HJM _hppcrt 7<),Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<<; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb cp jn acmhtin ]iedna/]m`cujnrfhetna tnCjikb, dnfnnetn Oueeib (pahednoinjne \nnb ne ]iedna Tnst), (HJM _hppcrt 4<),Ouesm`ctne.



=:8

Ac`cg, N. & F.T. Nejnrfhe, ?<<8; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ne ocuw`istcrism`n cp-ehfn ie `nt zuijwnstnaikb jnna vhe jn tuiene vhe bhstnna @nnfstnjn tn @cutne, (HJM_hppcrt 77), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<8; Jrnm`tnrahej, pahednoinj _nidnrsocrd, HHC, (HJM _hppcrt 09),Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<8; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie Naspnnt-Eccrj, dnfnnetn Euespnnt, (HJM_hppcrt 4<), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<8; Hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb tn Wrhbbnr-Tnst, dnfnnetn Tnnrt,(HJM _hppcrt 44), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<8; Whabneswhhrj, [nnaonrdsn hbbnrs, HHC , (HJM _hppcrt 9<),Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<8; @nufne, pahednoinj @nufne-Eccrj ; hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` ce-jnrzcnb ie `nt pahednoinj @nufne-Eccrj, dnfnnetn @nufne, (HJM _hppcrt 9:),

Ouesm`ctne.Ac`cg, N., ?<<8; Hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb cp jn acmhtin tcnbcfstidn gints-

tueena bruispuet Dnnrtnstnnd ne Muenrhwnd, dnfnnetn _`nene, (HJM _hppcrt 90),Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<8; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb vhe nne urenevnaj cp jn Fussm`neonrd tn@nrtne, dnfnnetn _cnrfcej , Ouesm`ctne (HJM _hppcrt 8<>).

Jcrst, F., vhe jnr Buika, N. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<8; Hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnbcp `nt tcnbcfstidn onjrikvnetnrrnie Hm`tnr`cnb-Ccst ; ie jn dnfnnetne Drcneac neNionrdne, (HJM _hppcrt 88<), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<8; Hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb cp jn acmhtin ‑pinbouggnrohssieEctna‖ tne eccrjccstne vhe Cirsm`ct, (HJM _hppcrt 88?), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<?; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ie `nt trhmé vhe jn H>< tne ccstne vhe ]t.-Cnjnercjn, (HJM _hppcrt 8=9), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N. & H. jn Ocnr, ?<<=; \ahednoinj @hfnrjne, dnfnnetn Tnstnrvccrt ; ournhu-cejnrzcnb ne 8n ghsn ievnethrisnrnej vnajcejnrzcnb Tnstnrvccrt pahednoinj @hfnrjneIWC, (HJM _hppcrt 899), Ouesm`ctne.

vhe Jietnr, F. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<=; Ournhucejnrzcnb ne 8n ghsn IevnethrisnrnejWnajcejnrzcnb \ahednoinj Jn _nns, dnfnnetn Dcrssna, (HJM _hppcrt ?<>),Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<=; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb hhe jn Ahednrn Tnd, dnfnnetn ]itthrj-Dnanne,(HJM _hppcrt 87?), Ouesm`ctne.

FmJcehaj, K. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<=; Hhevuaanej hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb Muikb,‐Onnrsnohhe-Fhhsocuanvhrj’ , (HJM _hppcrt 84:), Ouesm`ctne.

Ac`cg, N.@., ?<<=; Hhevuaanej ournhucejnrzcnb @ussnanrvnaj-[uijwnst, dnfnnetn\uttne, (HJM _hppcrt 897), Ouesm`ctne.



=:?

Ac`cg, N., ?<<:; Jijhf Bnrbwikb, dnfnnetn Jijhf, nne ournhu- ne ievnethrisnrnejoccrcejnrzcnb (IWC-?), (HJM _hppcrt ?08), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N. & K. Whhrs, ?<<>; Nne enjnrznttied uit jn Orcestikj tn @ccdwcuj, dnfnnetnCpfnnr, (HJM _hppcrt :<8), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N. & @. Wheenstn, ?<<>; Bhstnaneahhe-Bcnbnatsn Ocsahhe, dnfnnetn Njn ; nneievnethrisnrnej vnajcejnrzcnb ie jn vcrf vhe prcngsanuvne, (HJM _hppcrt ::8), Hfnrsgccrt.

Bnenfhes, F.M. & N. Ac`cg, ?<<>; Hrm`ncacdism`n rnstne uit Fijjne-Encaitìmuf,Orcestikj, ikznrtikj ne Fijjnannuwne ie \heeiedne, dnfnnetn @najne, (HJM _hppcrt=89), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<>; Nne ievnethrisnrnej vnajcejnrzcnb cp `nt onjrikvnetnrrnie Tikeonrdne(ghsn =), dnfnnetn Jcntiem`nf, (HJM _hppcrt =7:), Hfnrsgccrt.

]m`riknr, N., N. Ac`cg ne T.O. Thajus, ?<<7; zuffhruf, rctcejn (dnf.

Grhenbnrhjnna); nne hrm`ncacdism`n cpdrhvied ne nne ondnanijied, (HJM _hppcrt :4>), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N. & N. ]m`riknr, ?<<7; Cast - nne cejnrzcnb ie jn IKssnauitnrwhhrjne ; nneievnethrisnrnej vnajcejnrzcnb ie jn vcrf vhe prcngsanuvne, (HJM _hppcrt ><7), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<7; Hrm`ncacdism` ournhucejnrzcnb Bahtnrwnd 8? tn Euespnnt . Hfnrsgccrt(HJM _hppcrt >?:).

Ac`cg, N., ?<<7; Hrm`ncacdism` ournhucejnrzcnb Bahtnrwnd 8? tn Euespnnt, (HJM_hppcrt >=:), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<7; Ournhucejnrzcnb ‑Bhjikbne‖ tn Nebùizne, (HJM _hppcrt >?>), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<7; Hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb ghuehtueena E787, dnfnnetn Wnd`na, (HJM_hppcrt 7=8), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<4; _cejwnd Tcujsnej, dnfnnetn Tyforitsnrhjina ; nne ievnethrisnrnejvnajcejnrzcnb ie jn vcrf vhe prcngsanuvne, (HJM _hppcrt 0?<), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<4; Drcnezcen ]mìpauijne ‐HT[I @hrehsm`pcajnr’; nne hrm`ncacdism`n ondnanijied, (HJM _hppcrt 0?<), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<4; _cejwnd Tcujsnej, dnfnnetn Tyforitsnrhjina . Hfnrsgccrt (HJM_hppcrt 8<=8).

Ac`cg, N. & \. \acndhnrt, ?<<0; Drhvne aheds jn bnrb ; hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb vhe Kuaihehpanie ne Jn [whhestrhht ie Tikb hhe [nn (dnfnnetn Onvnrwikb) , (HJM_hppcrt >90), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N. & \.D. Hajnrs, ?<<0; @httnfnrorcnb Onjrikvnetnrrnie Eccrj (dnf. @httnf). Hfnrsgccrt (HJM _hppcrt 70<).



=:=

Ac`cg, N., \. Hajnrs & A.\. Wnreinrs, ?<<0; @httnfnrorcnb onjrikvnetnrrnie Eccrj(dnf. @httnf) ; nne ievnethrisnrnej vnajcejnrzcnb ie jn vcrf vhe prcngsanuvne neocriedne, (HJM _hppcrt 708), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., ?<<0; Nne enjnrznttied uit jn Ahtn-Orcestikj/Wrcndn-IKznrtikj cp `nt onjrik-vnetnrrnie Tikeonrdne (ghsn =), dnfnnetn Jcntiem`nf ; nne hrm`ncacdism`n cpdrhvied ,

(HJM _hppcrt 098), Hfnrsgccrt.Ac`cg, N. & ]. Tyes, ?<<9; Onnb Bnrbnvnaj, jn pnrignrin vhe nne ohejbnrhfism`n enjnr-

znttied ; nne jngieiting hrm`ncacdism` cejnrzcnb , (HJM _hppcrt 8?9?), Hfnrsgccrt.

_cnssied`, T. & N. Ac`cg, ?<88; Orcestikjocnrne cp jn bwnajnrs ; hrm`ncacdism` ce-jnrzcnb ie Neb`uizne-Bhjikbne, (HJM Fcecdrhgin 8</ HJM _hppcrt ??<<), Hfnrsgccrt.

Ac`cg, N., Z. @hfourd & K. Gahffhe (rnj.), ?<88; ]tnnetikj cpdnspccrj. Hrm`ncacdism`cejnrzcnb ie `nt trhmé vhe jn @heznaike-Cujn Ahej . Hfnrsgccrt (Hrm`ca rhppcrt8=0 / HJM rhppcrt ?>47).

Velde Et Al 2011 - Van Graven in de Prehistorie en Dingen Die Voorbij Gaan

Documents

Transcript of Velde Et Al 2011 - Van Graven in de Prehistorie en Dingen Die Voorbij Gaan