USUL PENELITIAN

PENELITIAN KERJASAMA LUAR NEGERI DAN PUBLIKASI INTERNASIONAL

ENHANCING REHABILITATION OF ARTISANAL GOLD MINING LAND WITH PARTCIPATORY APPROACH:

CASE IN SEKOTONG, WEST LOMBOK.

Prof. Dr. Ir. Wani Hadi Utomo (UB)Ir.Bambang Siswanto MS (UB)

Dr. Baiq Dewi Krisnayani SP MS (UNRAM)Dr. C.W.N. Anderson (MU)

UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYAFAKULTAS PERTANIAN

Maret 2010

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

OVERSEAS COLLABORATION RESEARCH AND INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION

ENHANCING REHABILITATION OF ARTISANAL GOLD

MINING LAND WITH PARTCIPATORY APPROACH:CASE IN SEKOTONG, WEST LOMBOK.

Prof. Dr. Ir. Wani Hadi Utomo (UB)Ir.Bambang Siswanto MS (UB)

Dr. Baiq Dewi Krisnayani SP MS (UNRAM)Dr. C.W.N. Anderson (MU)

BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

March 2010

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CONTENT

Authorization Page.................................................................................................................ii

I. RESEARCH IDENTITY..............................................................................................1

II. RESEARCH SUBSTANCE.........................................................................................3

Abstract.........................................................................................................................3SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................3

1.1. Background..................................................................................31.2. Track record.................................................................................41.3. Special objectives.........................................................................51.4. Justification the need for doing some part of the research ............

abroad...........................................................................................5SECTION 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................6

2.1. Participatory Approach for soil and land resources ......................management..................................................................................6

2.2. Phytoremediation and phytomining for mining land rehabilitation................................................................................7

2.3. Soil organic matter management for phytomemediation.............8SECTION 3. RESEARCH METODOLOGY..............................................................9

3.1. Location of study..........................................................................93.2. Activities in 2010.......................................................................103.3. Activities in 2011.......................................................................123.4. Activities in 2012.......................................................................13

SECTION 4. PROPOSSED BUDGET...................................................................13REFERENCES...........................................................................................................17Appendices..................................................................................................................20

III. SUPPORTING FASILITIES.........................................................................................22

IV. BIODATA..................................................................................................................23

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Authorization Page

1 Research Title : Enhancing Rehabilitation of Artisanal Gold Mining Land with Participatory Approach: Case in Sekotong, West Lombok

2 Principle Investigator :a. Full Name : Prof. Dr. Ir.Wani Hadi Utomo.b. Sex : Malec. NIP : 19491204 197412 1 001d. Structural Position : -e. Functional Position : Professorf. Faculty/Department : Agriculture / Soil Scienceg. Research Centre : -h. Address : Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145i. Telephone/Fax : 0341-553623 / 0341-564333j. Home Address : Jl. Tlogo Agung, Tlogomas, Malang

65144k. Telephone/Fax/email : 0341-552744

hadi_utomo@hotmail.com3 International Collaboration Partner

Name : Dr. C.W.N. AndersonInstitution : Massey University, New Zealand

4 Research Period : Three years5 Budget :

Required Budget : Rp. 594.250.000 (3 years)Budget provided by Partner Rp. 400.000.000 (3 years)Budget proposed to DGHE : Rp. 594.250.000 (3 years)

Malang, 1 April 2010

Approved byDean of the Faculty of Agriculture Principle Investigator

Brawijaya University

Prof. Ir. Sumeru Ashari, M.Agr.Sc., PhD Prof. Dr. Ir. Wani Hadi Utomo.NIP 19530328 198103 1 001 NIP 19491204 197412 1 001

Head of Research and Public Service Boardof Brawijaya University

Prof. Dr. Ir. Siti Chuzaemi, MSNIP 19530514 198002 2 001

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SURAT PERNYATAAN

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:

Nama : Prof. Dr. Ir. Wani Hadi Utomo.N I P : 19491204 197412 1 001Pangkat/Golongan : Pembina Utama / IVeAlamat : Jurusan Tanah, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya,

Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145

Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa proposal penelitian saya yang berjudul ” Enhancing Rehabilitation of Artisanal Gold Mining Land with Participatory Approach: Case in Sekotong, West Lombok” yang diusulkan dalam skim Penelitian Kerjasama Luar Negeri dan Publikasi Internasional T.A. 2010 bersifat original dan belum pernah dibiayai oleh lembaga/sumber dana lain.

Bilamana di kemudian hari ditemukan ketidak sesuaian dengan pernyataan ini, maka saya bersedia dituntut dan diproses sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku dan mengembalikan seluruh biaya penelitian yang sudah diterima ke kas negara.

Demikian pernyataan ini dibuat dengan sesungguhnya dan dengan sebenar-benarnya.

Malang, 01 April 2010

Yang menyatakan

MengetahuiKetua Lembaga Penelitian dan

Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat,Materai 6000

Universitas Brawijaya Prof. Dr. Ir. Wani Hadi Utomo.NIP 19491204 197412 1 001

Prof. Dr. Ir. Siti Chuzaemi, MSNIP 19530514 198002 2 001

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I. RESEARCH IDENTITY

1 Research Title : Enhancing Rehabilitation of Artisanal Gold Mining Land with Participatory Approach: Case in Sekotong, West Lombok

2 Principle Investigator :a. Full Name : Prof.Dr.Ir.Wani Hadi Utomo, b. Field of Study : Soil Conservation/Land Husbandryc. Structural Position : -d. Functional Position : Professor e. Working Unit : Department of Soil Science, Faculty

of Agriculture, Brawijaya Universityf. Address : Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145g. Telephone/Fax : 0341-553623 / 0341-564333h. E-mail : hadi_utomo@hotmail.com

3 Member of Reseacher

Indonesian Research Team

No. Name and Degree Field of Study Institution Time Allocated

(hour/week)1. Ir.Bambang Siswanto MS Soil

ManagementBrawijaya University

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2. Dr.Baiq Dewi Krisnayani MS Mining Land Mataram University

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Overseas Research Team

No. Name and Degree Field of Study Institution Time Allocated

(hour/week)1. Dr. C.W.N. Anderson Phytoremediation

of gold mine tailings

Massey University,

New Zealand

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4 Research objects (materials to be studied): Mining land (overburden and the surrounding soils, tailings), plant species, soil

amandment, miners/farmers group5 Research Period

Commenced ; March 2010 Completed : December 2012

6 Proposed Budget : Required Budget : Rp. 994.250.000 (3 years) Budget provided by Partner : Rp. 400.000.000 (3 years) Budget proposed to DGHE : Rp. 594.250.000 (3 years)

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7 Research Location Artisanal gold mining at Sekotong District of West Lombok

Laboratory of Brawijaya University

8. Designated International Journals : International Journal of Phytoremediation: Taylor & Francis; 37-41 Mortimer Street, London, W1T 3JH, UK.

Science of the Total Environment: Science Direct, Elsevier B.V.

Environmental Pollution. Science Direct, Elsevier B.V

9 Targeted Results : Technology of mining land rehabilitation which meet the miners’ and/or farmers’ condition and requirements

10 Other Information :Massey University has international reputation in a field of risk and rehabilitation of degraded land. In particular, Massey University has expertise in application of phytoremediation technology for mining sites. Dr.C.W.N. Anderson plays active roles in research of application of phytoremediation technology in New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, China, USA, Mexico, Brazil and South Africa. This research collaboration can generate opportunities for staff and students of Brawijaya University and Massey University to conduct joint research in the field of phytoremediation of degraded land, especially gold mine tailings.

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II. RESEARCH SUBSTANCE

AbstractIndonesia is one of the main countries where artisanal gold mining is operated.

Artisanal mining is defined as an informal and unregulated system of small-scale mining. Most of these activities are illegal, and often called “ PETI” (Pertambangan Emas Tanpa Izin). The greatest risk arising from artisanal mining is land degradation due to the exposure of overburden and the deposition of tailings containing heavy metals and cyanide that can affect environment. The objective of this study is to develop mining land rehabilitation which meets the conditions and requirements of the miners and/or farmers. Then, they will implement this technology for improving degraded soil and land due to artisanal mining. The study use the “Participatory Approach”, which actively involved the miners and/or the farmers to identify the problems, alternative solution, test them and finally adopt or practice the technology. There will a field experiments on phytoremediation carried out by the team, which at the same time has a function as the demonstration plot. This study has been initiated with the characterization of tailing, overburden and the surrounding soils, and identification of metal-tolerant plant species in fields contaminated with gold mine tailings. These results will be used as the base of technology development in this research

SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Indonesia is one of the main countries where artisanal gold mining is operated. Artisanal mining is defined as an informal and unregulated system of small-scale mining. Most of these activities are illegal, and in the case of gold mining, it is called “PETI”, an abbreviation of the Indonesian term “Pertambangan Emas Tanpa Izin” (illegal gold mining). A report by the IIED in 2001 quantified the number of locations of illegal small-scale mining in Indonesia at 713 located in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and West Nusa Tenggara (Aspinal, 2001),

Artisanal mining usually employs very simple technologies, and there is no planning for rehabilitation after the closure of the mining activities. The most visible outcome of artisanal mining is environmental destruction. This includes the occurrence of degraded land and heavy metal pollution surrounding the location of artisanal mining resulting from waste rocks and tailing disposal. In some cases, the separation of gold ore is not done in the mining location, and therefore environmental pollution can spread out to further locations.

Despite its negative effects, artisanal mining plays an essential role in developing societies. Artisanal mining has been proven to be very important in providing livelihood for rural communities. It provides job markets for a lot of people, not only in the mining activities, but also in all its related activities. Looking at these roles, Sir Mark Moody Stewart, the President of the Geological Society of London, in

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his words during a November 2003 conference on sustainable mining in London, said that “Artisanal mining should be encouraged; however, the associated poor health, safety, and environmental conditions must be improved.”

Improvement of degraded mining land requires high technologies and expensive works. It can be done in situ and/or ex situ by means of physical, chemical, or biological techniques. In situ improvement is favored because of the lower cost and reduced impact on the environment, and the use of vegetative technologies, which is known as “phytoremediation” is recognized as a potentially cost-effective and ecologically sound approach to degraded mined land for initiation of the soil formation processes and pollutant removal (Munshover, 1994; Cunningham and Ow, 1996). The beneficial of phytoremediation over the traditional remediation technology had also been addressed by Anderson et al. (1999a).

Furthermore, in order to compensate the cost for the phytoremediation, Anderson et al. (199a; 199b) introduced the term of “Phytomining”. Phytomining is the in situ removal of metals from a contaminated site or subeconomic orebody with the additional aim of recovering from the plant an economic amount of metal. Plants used in such operations, hyperaccumulators (Brooks et al., 1977), i.e. plant that accumulate large quantities of one or more target metals in their above-ground herbage. Upon harvesting and incineration, this plant material yields a low-volume, sulphide-free 'bio-ore', which can either be safely disposed of, or if the metal is of sufficient value, smelted. The economic advantage of gold phytomining had been demonstated by Anderson et al. (2005)

In artisanal mining, the excecutor of rehabilitation is not the researchers or governmental agency, but the miners and/or the farmers. Experience had shown that many soil and land conservation and rehabilitation fail because farmers did not adopt the the existing technologies (Pretty and Shah, 1997; Utomo et al., 1998). Therefore, there should a method to develop the rehabilitation technology developed that meets the requirements and the conditions of the miners and/or the farmers. It is thought that the participatory approach such done in other fields (Fujisaka, 1989; Utomo et al., 1998; Howeler et al., 2004; Yuniwati et al., 2010) will work well.

1.2. Track record

The results of the previous work showed that the overburden materials are a relatively neutral with pH of about 6.4. However, over time with the formation of sulfate compounds such as copper sulfate, the pH decreases to result in more acidic conditions. The overburden materials have a low water holding capacity, are low in N, P, and K. Landform of the area varies from undulating to hilly with a land slope of 30 - 45%, and the soil has a shallow effective depth with a sandy clay loam to clay loam (Siswanto et al., 2009). A study by Prasetyo et al. (2010) showed that the tailings had a relatively acid with pH of 5.4, high clay content, very low C, N, P, K and contain some heavy metals.

Employing phytoremediation technologies on such conditions requires an appropriate plant and technology. Handayanto et al. (2010) and Prasetyo et al. (2010)

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found that there were some potential local plants that have the ability to be used as the phytoremediation. However, it seems that these plants are not potential enough either to grow on the site or to remove the heavy metals. Introduced some introduced species, especially that of able to grow in a very poor environmental condition and/or hyper-accumulator plants would be very useful. The use of Vetiver grass might be a good idea, because this grass had been found can grow excelent in a many unfavorable environmental condition (Indrayatie et al., 2010). In addition, improvement of the overburden, tailings and soil condition, especially increasing pH, carbon content and decreasing heavy metal solubility are very important. Due to its rapid decomposition, application of conventional organic matter sources is often un-economic. Therefore, the use of biochar, a recalcitrant organic compound, is probably worthwhile to be studied (Masulili et al., 2010).

The success of rehabilitation is not entirely determined by the sophistication of the technology, but largely by how much the technology is adopted by the miners and/or the farmers. Experiences had shown that many rehabilitation works had fail because farmers did not adopt the technologies developed by researchers ( Utomo et al., 1998). Technically the technologies is excelent, but these technologies did not meet the farmers’ requirements and condition. Therefore, the development of the rehabilitation will used the participation approach as described by Utomo et al. (1998; 2001) and Yunawati et al. (2010)

1.3. Special objectives

The special objectives of the research are:1. To study and obtained plant species that could be used for phytoremediation of

artisanal mining land in West Lombok.2. To develop the specific management of rehabilitation, especially that for

phytoremediation of artisanal mining land in West Lombok.3. To develop the method of rehabilitation technology generation and the

rehabilitation technology that meet the conditions and requirements of the miners and/or the farmers.

It is expected that the research project can produced the rehabilitation technology which will be adopted and implemented by the miners and or farmers. If this can be achieved, then artisanal mining can be continued safely. Thus the positive impact of artisanal mining can be achieved and the negative impact to the environment can be minimized.

1.4. Justification the need for doing some part of the research abroad

Massey University has international reputation in a field of risk and rehabilitation of degraded land. In particular, Massey University has expertise in application of phytoremediation technology for mining sites. Dr.C.W.N. Anderson plays active roles in research of application of phytoremediation technology in New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, China, USA, Mexico, Brazil and South Africa. In addition,

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some measurements, especially for heavy metal exits in a very low concentration, could not be done in Brawijaya. This measurement will be done at the Massey University.

SECTION 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Participatory Approach for soil and land resources management.

Soil and land degradation, either due to agriculture or other activities (such as mining) had been concerned for many years. A lot of efforts have been employed to combat soil and land degradation, or improving the productivity of this degraded land. Researchers have developed a huge of technologies for this purpose. However, soil and land degradation occurs continuously, even more and more intensively, and farmers rarely adopt the existing technology. These facts indicated that the approach failure to control soil and land degradation.

In the past, the technology for combating soil and land degradation is mostly developed based on the researchers’ perception and tested in experimental station. In fact, the executor is farmers, not the researchers or government agencies. It is often that the technology developed by researches is not met the farmers’ needs and conditions. Therefore, farmers will reluctant to adopt the technology.

Farmers themselves are the persons who know exactly what their problems, their conditions, and what their needs. Therefore, the farmers should be given a chance to express what their problems, willingness, idea and needs. This approach is well known as “Participatory Approach”, although with a varieties name such as Participatory Technology development (Fujisaka, 1989), Farmers’ Participatory Research ( Utomo et al., 1998, Howeler, 2004), Participatory approach (Fargerstorm et al., 2003 ). Basically, the approach is based on the interaction between target audience ( in this case farmers) with researchers or extensions workers. The farmers should be actively involved from the beginning of the technology generation process, i.e. to identification of the problems, possible solutions of the problems, to test and to choose the best technologies according to their criteria. This methods, with some success, has been practiced in many work of agricultural technology transfer and extension (Fujisaka, 1989), and soil conservation and land rehabilitation (Pretty and Shah, 1997)

Participatory approach in agricultural technology development and dissemination has have a long story of success and failure. It seems that in the recent years, almost of all technology generation and dissemination works use the term “Participation”. However, the work of “participation” is often only used to justify for mobilizing the people in the works. Therefore, participation become meaningless, and the activity just “as usual”, top down and passive participation, whereas the adoption and the continuous use of the technologies is influenced by the degree of user participation. Webler et al. (2001) developed 5 criteria for good participation. A critical review of participatory approach has been given by Pretty and Shah (1997).

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2.2. Phytoremediation and phytomining for mining land rehabilitation

Improvement of degraded mining land requires high technologies and expensive works. It can be done in situ and/or ex situ by means of physical, chemical, or biological techniques. In situ improvement is favored because of the lower cost and reduced impact on the environment, and the use of vegetative technologies, which is known as “phytoremediation” is recognized as a potentially cost-effective and ecologically sound approach to degraded mined land for initiation of the soil formation processes and pollutant removal (Cunningham and Ow., 1996).

The term “Phytoremediation” come from the combination of Greek and Latin words, i.e. Phyto is the Greek’s term for plant, and “remidium” is Latin’s and have a meaning “to improve”. Thus phytoremediation is the use of plant to degrade, immobilize, extract and remove the pollutant from the environment, especially soil and water (Cunningham and Ow, 1996). Actually this technology had been practiced since the early of the 1980 to remove heavy metals from the soil and water (Schroder et al., 2002). However, this technology becoming more important since the year of 2000 with its ability to remove organic pollutant, include petroleum, hydrocarbon compound, and Chlorin (Alkotra and Garbisu, 2001; EPA, 2000; Schnoor, 2002; Schroder et al, 2002). Principally, the work of phytoremediation technology is to transfer the dangerous chemical compound from the environment to the plant. In plant, these chemical can be degraded, immobilized, or just stored after which removed to other controlled site. At the same time, plant will promote soil formation and improvement by speed up weathering and/or promote the living soil organisms.

The positive results of phytoremediation to remove heavy metals from soil and water has been shown elsewhere, such as the removal of Cd, Cu, Se by Duckweed (Lemma minor L.) plant (Schnoor, 2002). Truong (2001) had extensively studied the use of Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L) for remediation of organic pollutant as well as inorganic pollutant. He showed that Vetiver can grow well in soil with pH 3,0 – 10,5 and very tolerant to many heavy metals, such as Al, As. Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Ni, and Zn. The ability of Vetiver to improve the conditions of soil polluted with organic waste has also been shown by Indrayatie et al. (2010).

As pointed before, the executor of rehabilitation in artisanal mining is the miners and/or the farmers. Any one would do a job if he will get insentive or payment for what he is doing. For this purpose, Anderson et al. (199a; 199b) introduced the term of “Phytomining”. Phytomining is the in situ removal of metals from a contaminated site or subeconomic orebody with the additional aim of recovering from the plant an economic amount of metal. Plants used in such operations, hyperaccumulators (Brooks et al., 1977), i.e. plant that accumulate large quantities of one or more target metals in their above-ground herbage. Upon harvesting and incineration, this plant material yields a low-volume, sulphide-free 'bio-ore', which can either be safely disposed of, or if the metal is of sufficient value, smelted. The economic advantage of gold phytomining had been demonstrated by Anderson et al. (2005)

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2.3. Soil organic matter management for phytomemediation.

The success of phytoremediation of course depends to the plant species employed. However, plant growth is strongly influenced by the conditions the growth medium. Although some plants can grow well in unfavorable medium, the availability of plant nutrient will control its growth. The result of the previous works showed that either the overburden materials or tailings of artisanal gold mining in Sekotong West Lombok is unfavorable for most plants (Prasetyo et al., 2010; Siswanto et al., 2010). These materials have very low soil organic matter, and some essential plant nutrient, especially Nitrogen.It has been widely known the important of soil organic matter, both for the improvement of soil properties and plant growth. Soil organic matter is the main agent for soil aggregation which responsible for the improvement of soil porosity and water holding capacity (Harris et al., 1966). Soil organic matter is the main source of Nitrogen and to some extent potassium. In addition soil organic matter is the source of energy for living soil organism.

Looking the condition of overburden material, tailing and the soil surrounding soils in Sekotong, West Lombok as discussed above, organic matter and nitrogen improvement will determine plant growth, and in turn the success of remediation in gold mining land at Sekotong, West Lombok. The conventional soil organic improvement is usually done by adding organic materials to the soil, such as manure, compost, or some industrial waste. The addition of commercial compost to mine tailings has been shown to enhance plant growth in greenhouse trials (Mendez et al., 2007; Munshower 1994; Schippers et al., 2000). As well as pH levels increasing with compost amendment, there is a decrease in the number of iron- and sulfur-oxidizers attributed to acid production and vegetation death in pyritic tailings. Furthermore, compost can increase the water-holding capacity and cation exchange capacity of mine tailings.

Biosolids have also been used as an amendment to ameliorate the harsh conditions of mine tailings. For example, biosolids successfully increased plant growth in a gold mine tailings field trial in New Zealand (Mains et al., 2006). Anaerobically digested biosolids are preferred to aerobically treated biosolids because of higher nitrogen content and a greater enhancement of plant growth as tested in a copper mine tailings site (McNearny, 1998). However, biosolids may contain phytotoxic levels of metals, depending on the source of the material (Munshower, 1994). Also, biosolids amendment is not generally desirable in ecologically sensitive areas.

The problem with organic matter application is that this materials should be given in high dose (up to 15 t/ha). In a soil, especially under tropical condition the manure decompose very rapidly (Islami et al., 2010; Masulili et al., 2010), hence the application of manure should be repeated yearly. This makes this practice un-economic and causes farmers rarely do this practice. Munshover (1994) suggested that in order to prevent high rates of organic matter decomposition and excessive nitrogen consumption by the microbial community, the carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the organic amendment should range from 12:1 to 20:1. For example, uncomposted organic amendments such as woodchips contain a high C:N ratio; therefore, nitrogen may

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become immobilized and impede long-term plant establishment (Van Rensburg and Morgenthal, 2004).

Lately many scientists are interested in using a black carbon material termed “biochar” as as a soil amendment (Glasser et al., 2002; Topolianz et al., 2007; Woolf, 2008). Although there are still some objections (Ernsting and Smolker, 2009), a lot of experimental results have indicated that biochar applications can improve soil properties (Lehman et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2006; Chan et al., 2007; Masulili et al., 2010) and increase crop yield (Yamato et al., 2006; Chan et al., 2008 ). Chan et al. (2007) and Masulili et al. (2010) showed that biochar application had improved some physical soil properties, such as increased soil aggregation, water holding capacity, and decreased soil strength. An increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity of upland rice soil with biochar application has been reported by Asai et al. (2009). Furthermore, Chan et al. (2007) also showed that the application of biochar could increase soil organic carbon, soil pH, and CEC. The increase of CEC with the application of biochar has also been shown by Liang et al. (2006).Yamato et al. (2006) showed that the application of biochar made from Acacia magnum could increase soil pH, Ca, base saturation, and CEC and decrease Al+ saturation. Novak et al. (2009) showed that the application of biochar in the acidic coastal soil of the Southern US could increase soil pH, soil organic matter, Mn, and Ca and decrease S and Zn. On this sandy soil, the application of biochar did not significantly influence the CEC of the soil. The increase in soil biological activity has been reported by Rondon et al. (2007) for nitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and by Chan et al. (2008) for earthworm and microbial mass.

The increase in crop yield with biochar application has been reported elsewhere for crops such as cowpea (Yamato et al., 2006), soybean (Tagoe et al., 2008), maize (Yamato et al., 2006; Rodríguez et al., 2009), and upland rice (Asai et al., 2009). Haefele (2007) and Haefele et al. (2008) discussed the possibility of biochar applications for rice-based cropping systems. Reichenauer et al. (2009) applied biochar in tsunami-affected paddy fields in Sri Lanka, and the experimental results showed that the application of 2t rice-husk-charcoal/ha increased the grain yield from less than 4t/ha for the control treatment to more than 5t/ha for the biochar treatment. Masulili et al. (2010) showed an improvement of rice crop planted in acid soil of West Kalimantan due to rice ask biochar application.

SECTION 3. RESEARCH METODOLOGY

3.1. Location of study

The field study will be conducted in the artisanal mining area at Sekotong, West Lombok, about 30 km south west of Mataram. The area is located at 400 m above sea level with average annual rainfall of 1500 mm.

In small-scale gold mining units of this area, gold-bearing ore or soil was processed using equipment called Gelundung, to separate the gold from the surrounding ore body. The equipment consists of between one to ten cylinders which are powered by

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diesel engine or waterwheels that mix the gold bearing soil or rock with mercury. Spinning for about 9-12 hours, the cylinders grind the small rocks inside the soil into a raw paste mixture of gold, and mercury, which is then strained through a porous fabric which separates the gold from the mercury. The end product of this process is called bullion.

As the tailings can still contain traces of gold, along with used mercury, the tailings were sold at a much lower market price for reprocessing of gold using cyanide with concentration of 600-800 ppm. Tailings were then deposited to tailing dams nearby the processing unit.

3.2. Activities in 2010

3.2.1. Participatory study

The participarory study will follow the approach used by Howeler et al. (2004) and Yunawati et al. (2010). The outstanding feature of this approach is that farmers participate in every step and make all important decisions (Figure 1).

After an initial meeting to explain the objectives of the study and to gauge the interest of farmers and local leaders and extensionists to participate, the project staff visits the community and conducts a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) as described by Chambers (1994a; 1994b). This activity was done to learn more about the conditions, needs and mining and other activities of the miners and/or the farmers, and to diagnose, together with the target audience, the problems that need attention. After prioritizing the problems and possible solutions, miners and/or farmers can decide what type of trials they want to conduct on their own fields.

Miners and/or farmers who volunteer to joint this works, will be taken to a demonstration plot conducted by the research team. Farmers evaluate and discuss the various treatments being demonstrated and then select those they consider most suitable for their own conditions. Thus, farmers discuss and decide, while researchers and extension workers help farmers in selecting reasonable treatment, but without imposing their own opinions. At time of planting, the project staff helps the farmers set out the experiments and provides the planting material, seed or fertilizers, if required. Farmers themselves are the owners and managers of the trials but project staff should visit regularly to discuss and solve any problems that might occur.

Most FPR trials will be conducted for 2-3 years until minners and/or farmers have tested and selected the best options for adoption. Farmers from other new villages may want to visit those villages that have already adopted some new technologies in order to see and discuss their benefits. These farmers may either want to conduct their own FPR trials or start adopting those practices that others have already tested and selected. These cross-visits between villages is one way to stimulate farmer-to-farmer extension which is often more effective than the traditional extension practices.

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Figure 1. Farmer participatory model used for the development of sustainable artisanal minning land rehabilitation

3.2.2. Field experiment

Field experiments on phytoremediation will be done both on tailing and overburden disposal. On the tailing disposal, the experiment is mainly aimed to remove the heavy metal (especially Hg) contaminant. For the overburden material, on the other hand, the aimed of experiment is mainly to speed up the minerization of the rock waste so that it can be cropped. As discussed before, any one would do a job if he will get insentive or payment for what he is doing. For the tailing experiment, it is expected that the tecnology tested is also able to absorb the remaining gold in the tailing, then this gold will be released from the plant (see Andersonet al., 1999a; b; 2005) as the insentive. For the overburden experiment, the insentive is the crop yield.

This field experiment is also used as the demonstration plot, to which the collaborator minners and/or farmers will be invited for studying the way to do experiments, to evaluate the treatments, and then to select some of them to be tested or adopted in their own field.

The experimental treatments on the tailing disposal will consist of two factors, i.e. (1) plant species (cassava, mucuna, and Vetiver), and (2)organic matter application (None, Farm Yard Manure, and biochar made from FYM. These 9 treatment combination will be arranged in Factorial Block Design, with 3 replictions.

The experimental treatment on the overburden consist of two factors, i.e. (1) the application of soil amandment (None, FYM, biochar made from FYM, nitric acid,

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phosphoric acid), and cropping system (maize-maize; and mucuna-maize). These 10 combination treatment will be arranged in a Randomized Block Design with 3 replications.

The measurements include crop growth and yield (for overburden experiment), heavy metal uptake, and soil properties. Analyses will be done in Soil Laboratoty at Brawijaya University and Massey University. Above ground parts (twigs and leaves) of plant species having important index values of more 10% will be collected, washed with distilled water to adhered soil particles. Soil samples from the rooting zone (0–15cm) of the fifteen plots will be mixed and air-dried at room temperature for two weeks and then sieved by 2-mm sieve.

For total Hg concentration, the plant and soil samples were digested using the hot-block digestion procedure for total Hg concentration. 5 ml of the tri-acid mixture (nitric, perchloric and sulfuric) in the ratio 3:1:1 was added to 0.1 g of the dried ground soil and plant samples in a 100 ml conical. After cooling the sample was then diluted with a 4% nitric acid, filtered into 100 ml volumetric flasks, made up to the mark with distilled water.

Soil properties analyzed will include soil pH (with pHmeter), CEC (Ammonium Acetate 1 N, pH 7.0), N (kejldahl), P (Bray), exchangeable cations (Ammonium Acetate 1 N, pH 7) and heavy metals. Heavy metals extraction will be done according to the standar procedure, and then measured with Atomic Absorption Shectophotometer, type AAnalyst 50, PerkinElmer, UK. (Brawijaya University), and/or Graphite Furnace (Massey University)

3.3. Activities in 2011

3.3.1. Field experiments

Field experiments (include the measurements) done in the first year (2010) will be continued in the second year (2011).

3.2.2. Minners’ and/or Farmers’ trials

The minners and/or the farmers who have visited the field experiments conducted by research team are encouraged to do trials on their own fields. The treatments for their experiment are based on their own selection. All activities are done by themselves, project staff will provides the materials required for the experiments, and help to set up the experiments and measurements. It is expected 3- 5 farmers will conduct the trials.

3.3.3. Field days

Field days are planned by visiting some minner and/or farmers to the demonstation plot as well as farmers’ trials. During these visits they are asked to judge and evaluate the treatments.

13

3.4. Activities in 2012

3.4.1. Field experiments

Field experiments (include the measurements) done in the first year (2010) will be continued in the third year.(2012)

3.4.2. Minners’ and/or Farmers’ trials

Miners and/or farmers’ trialdone in the second year (2011) will be continued in the third year (2012). In addition, it is expected there will be more minner and/or farmers joint to do farmers’ trials.

3.4.3. Adoption

It is expected that someminners and/or farmers, either who have involved in the farmers’ trial or who that are not involved in the trial, after observing the trials willing to adopt one of the tecnology in theiroew field.

SECTION 4. PROPOSSED BUDGET

No Components 2010 2011 2012A Honoraria & Wages 47,200,000 24% 57,700,000 29% 57,700,000 29%B Consumables &

equipments57,750,000 29% 55,550,000 28% 55,550,000 28%

C Transportation &Accommodation

50,600,000 26% 50,600,000 26% 50,600,000 26%

D Reports, seminar & publication

41,000,000 21% 35,000,000 17% 35,000,000 17%

TOTAL 196,550,000 100% 198,850,000 100% 198,850,000 100%

14

Proposed Budged for 2010A Honoraria /wagesNo Items Number

ofperson

hour/week Honoraria/hour (Rp)

Total Cost(Rp)

(10 months)1 Principle investigator 1 20 1,440,000 14,400,0002 Researcher 1 1 15 1,080,000 10,800,0003 Researcher 2 1 15 1,080,000 10,800,0004 Field assistants 2 20 1,120,000 11,200,000

Sub Total (A) 47,200,000

B Consumables & Supporting EquipmentsNo Items Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Planting materials LS - - 5,000,0002 Manure biochar 5 ton 500,000 2,500,0003 Thermometer for microclimate measurement 20 piece 150,000 3,000,0004 Plastic bags; for sample handling: pot

experiment40 kg 30,000 1,200,000

5 Labels for experimental plots & blocks: pot experiment

10 box 10,000 100,000

6 Papers and writing utensils 1 packet 1,950,000 1,950,0007 Tailing and plant chemical analysis 90 samples 350,000 31,500,0008 Soil analysis 90 samples 150,000 13,500,000

Sub Total (B) 58,750,000

C Transportation and AccommodationNo Destination Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Malang -Sekotong, West Lombok 2 person 6,000,000 12,000,0002. Mataram-Lombok 12 person 300,000 3,600,0003 Malang-Palmerston v.v: analysis & writing

articles 1 person 25,000,000 25,000,000

4 Technical meeting (Malang, Jakarta, Lombok)

2 person 5,000,000 10,000,000

Sub Total 50,600,000

D Reports, seminar & publicationNo Items Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Report writing, distribution & copying 1 packet 6,000,000 6,000,0002 National and/or international conferences 2 packet 10,000,000 20,000,0003 Publication process (proofreaders and

journal's fee1 packet 15,000,000 15,000,000

Sub Total (D) 41,000,000Grand Total 197,550,000

15

Proposed Budged for 2011A Honoraria /wagesNo Items Number

ofperson

hour/week HonorariaHour (Rp)

Total Cost(Rp)

(10 months)1 Principle investigator 1 20 1,440,000 14,400,0002 Researcher 1 1 15 1,080,000 10,800,0003 Researcher 2 1 15 1,080,000 10,800,0004 Field assistants 2 20 1,120,000 11,200,0005 Field labours 3 25 1,050,000 10,500,000

Sub Total (A) 57,700,000

B Consumables & Supporting EquipmentsNo Items Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Materials for field experiments (land, plant

materials, etc)1 packet 3,000,000 3,000,000

2 Plastic bags 50 kg 30,000 1,500,0003 Labels 30 box 10,000 300,0004 Papers and writing utensils 1 packet 1,750,000 1,750,0005 Tailing and plant chemical analysis (Cd, Pb,

Hg and cyanide) 90 samples 350,000 31,500,000

6 Handling of field samples (packing and shipping)

2 container 2,000,000 4,000,000

7 Soil analysis 90 samples 150,000 13,500,000Sub Total (B) 55,550,000

C Transportation and AccommodationNo Destination Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Sekotong, West Lombok: collecting tailing

and plant samples; 10 days2 person 6,000,000 12,000,000

2 Mataram-Sekotong 12 person 300,000 3,600,0003 Malang-Palmerston v.v: analysis & writing

articles for publication: 14 days1 person 25,000,000 25,000,000

4 Technical meeting (Malang, Jakarta, Lombok)

2 person 5,000,000 10,000,000

Sub Total (C) 50,600,000

D Reports, seminar & publicationNo Items Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Data processing-final report 2 packet 5,000,000 10,000,0002 National seminar 1 packet 5,000,000 5,000,0003 International conference 1 packet 10,000,000 10,000,0004 Publication process (proofreaders) and

journal's fee1 packet 10,000,000 10,000,000

Sub Total (D) 35,000,000Grand Total 198,850,000

16

Proposed Budged for 2012A Honoraria /wagesNo Items Number

ofperson

hour/week HonorariaHour (Rp)

Total Cost(Rp)

(10 months)1 Principle investigator 1 20 1,440,000 14,400,0002 Researcher 1 1 15 1,080,000 10,800,0003 Researcher 2 1 15 1,080,000 10,800,0004 Field assistants 2 20 1,120,000 11,200,0005 Field labours 3 25 1,050,000 10,500,000

Sub Total (A) 57,700,000

B Consumables & Supporting EquipmentsNo Items Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Materials for field experiments (land, plant

materials, etc)1 packet 3,000,000 3,000,000

2 Plastic bags 50 kg 30,000 1,500,0003 Labels 30 box 10,000 300,0004 Papers and writing utensils 1 packet 1,750,000 1,750,0005 Tailing and plant chemical analysis (Cd, Pb,

Hg and cyanide) 90 samples 350,000 31,500,000

6 Handling of field samples (packing and shipping)

2 container 2,000,000 4,000,000

7 Analyses of soil and biological properties: field experiment

90 samples 150,000 13,500,000

Sub Total (B) 55,550,000

C Transportation and AccommodationNo Destination Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Sekotong, West Lombok: collecting tailing

and plant samples; 10 days2 person 6,000,000 12,000,000

2 Mataram-Sekotong 12 person 300,000 3,600,0003 Malang-Palmerston v.v: analysis & writing

articles for publication: 14 days1 person 25,000,000 25,000,000

4 Technical meeting (Malang, Jakarta, Lombok)

2 person 5,000,000 10,000,000

Sub Total (C) 50,600,000

D Reports, seminar & publicationNo Items Volume Unit Unit Cost

(Rp)Total Cost

(Rp)1 Data processing-final report 2 packet 5,000,000 10,000,0002 National seminar 1 packet 5,000,000 5,000,0003 International conference 1 packet 10,000,000 10,000,0004 Publication process (proofreaders) and

journal's fee1 packet 10,000,000 10,000,000

Sub Total (D) 35,000,000Grand Total 198,850,000

17

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Technology Development : The Main Key of Land Husbandry. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Research (in press).

Appendices

1. MOU (letter of support from Massey University)

21

2. Articles generated from this joint research & publication

(a) Winarso, S., Handayanto, E., Sulistyanto, D. (2009). Effects of humic compounds and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus availability in an acid soil. Submitted to European Journal of Soil Biology.

(b) Siswanto, B. Krisnayani, B.D, Utomo, W.H. Anderson, C.W.N.. (2009). Rehabilitation of artisanal gold mining land in West Lombok, Indonesia: 1 Characterization of overburden and the surrounding soils. Submitted to Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (Japan)

(c) Handayanto, E., Arisoesilaningsih, E., Utomo, W.H. (2010). Diversity of local vegetations in drylan d area contaminated by small-scale gold mine tailings of West Lombok. Submitted to Journal of Phytoremediation

(d) Handayanto, E. and Sholihah, A (2010). Stimulation and retardation of nitrogen mineralization from previously added legume residues due to addition of new legume residues. Submitted to Journal of Tropical Agriculture (India).

(e) Prasetyo, B. Krisnayanti, B.D., Utomo W.H. and Anderson C.W.N. (2010). Rehabilitation of Artisanal Mining gold land in West Lombok, Indonesia: 2. Arbuscular mycorrhiza status of tailings and surrounding soils. Journal of Agricultural Science : Vol. 2, No. 2 (in press)

22

III. SUPPORTING FASILITIES

1. Equipment that will be used and available at the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University

No Name of Instrument Present condition of instrument

Instrument usage in this research

1 Atomic Absorption operational nutrient analysis, micronutrient, heavy metals

2 Spectrometer operational lignin, polyphenol and protein-binding assay

3 Flamephotometer operational potassium analysis4 Vacuum pump needs slight repair suction of leachate5 Centrifuge operational extraction of plant materials6 Digestion blocks operational digestion of plant materials;

nitrogen and lignin analyses7 Kjeldahl apparatus operational mineral nitrogen determination8 Gas chromatography operational elemental analysis (qualitative)9 Laminar flow operational bacterial isolation10 Electric microscope

connected to LCD monitor

operational root and fungal measurement

2. A unit of glasshouse (and its facilities) having dimension of 10 x 25 m2

3. Soil and plant sample storage, including cold storage for liquid samples4. On-line library facilities of Brawijaya University5. LAN and WAN of Brawijaya University, 100Mbps

23

IV. BIODATA

PrincipleInvestigator

Personal details

1. Name : Prof.Dr.Ir.Wani Hadi Utomo2. NIP : 1949120419741210013. Place and date of birth : Lamongan, 4 Desember 19494. Occupation : Profesor, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang5. Field of experts : Soil and land conservation and management 6. Adrees, office : Jl. Veteran, Malang

Phone : 0341 – 553623Fax : 0341 – 565420E-mail : hadi_utomo@hotmail.comHome : Jl. Tlogoagung No. 3 Tlogomas, Malang 65144Phone/mobile phone : 0341 – 552744/+6281249490979Fax : 0341 – 575458E-mail : hadi_utomo@hotmail. com

7. Education :a. Agricultural Engineer (Ir.) : Brawijaya University, Malang, 1974

b. PhD, Soil Science : University of Adelaide, Australia 1981 c. Non formal education:

a. Short Course on Agronomy of Annual Crops : Asia-Australia University Scheme (AAUCS), di UNHAS, Ujung Pandang, 1975

b. Short Course on Lab. Instrumentation, AAUCS, di UNIBRAW, Malang, 1976c. The Use of Isotope for Soil- Plant Study, IAEA, Wina 1990d. Farmer Participatory Research. CIAT – Asia Office, Rayong (Thailand) 1994

Publicatios A. Publications relevant to the research proposal.

1. Utomo, W.H., Suyamto, H., Santoso, H., and Sinaga, A., 1998, Farmer Participatory Research in Soil Management in Indonesia. In: R.H. Howeler (Ed.). Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia. Proc. 5th Regional Workshop, held in Danzhou, Hainan, China. Nov 3-8, 1996. pp. 471-481.

2. Utomo, W.H., Suyamto, and Sinaga, A. 2001. Implementation of Farmer Participatory Reserach ( FPR) in the transfer of cassava technology in Indonesia. In Howeler, R. and S.L. Tan (eds.) Cassava potential in Asia in the 21st Century. CIAT-The Nippon Foundation, Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam

3. Masulili, A., Utomo, W.H. and Syekhfani, Ms. 2010. Rice Husk Biochar for Rice Based Cropping Syatem in Acid Soil, 1: The characteristics of rice husk biochar and its influence on the properties of acid sulfat soil and rice growth in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Agric. Sci. (Canada) 2: 23-30

4. Prasetyo, B. Krisnayanti, B.D., Utomo W.H. and Anderson C.W.N. (2010). Rehabilitation of Artisanal Mining gold land in West Lombok, Indonesia: 2. Arbuscular mycorrhiza status of tailings and surrounding soils. Journal of Agricultural Science : Vol. 2, No. 3 (in press)

5. Yunawati, E.D., Irawanto, D.W., Utomo, W.H., Banuki, N. And Howeler, R.H. 2010. Land Husbandry, A Better Approach for Sustainable Cassava Production: 1. Farmers’ Based Technology Development : The Main Key of Land Husbandry. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Research (in press).

6. Siswanto, B. Krisnayani, B.D, Utomo, W.H. Anderson, C.W.N.. (2009). Rehabilitation of artisanal gold mining land in West Lombok, Indonesia: 1 Characterization of overburden and the surrounding soils. Submitted to Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (Japan)

7. Handayanto, E., Arisoesilaningsih, E., Utomo, W.H. (2010). Diversity of local vegetations in drylan d area contaminated by small-scale gold mine tailings of West Lombok. Submitted to Journal of Phytoremediation

24

8. Indrayatie, E.R., Handayanto, E.H., Utomo, W.H. and Anderson, C.W.N. 2010. The use of vetiver (Vetivera zizanoides L.) for remediation of wastewater discharge from tapioca factories. Submited to Int. J. Environment and Waste Management

B. Other international publications 1. Utomo.W.H. and Dexter. A.R. 1981. Effect of ageing on the compression resistence and

water stability of soil aggregates disturbed by tillage. Soil and Tillage Res. (Amsterdam) 1 : 127 – 137

2. Utomo.W.H. and dexter, A.R. 1981. Tilth mellowing. Journal Soil Science (London) 32 : 187 –m 201

3. Whitelly, G, Utomo, W.H, and Dexter, A.R. 1981. A comparison of penetrometer pressure and pressure excerted by roots. Plant and soil (Amsterdam) 61 : 351 – 364

4. Utomo, W.H. and Dexter, A.R. 1981. Soil friability. Journal Soil Science (London) 32 : 203 – 211

5. Utomo, W.H. and dexter, A.R. 1982. Changes in soil aggregate water stability induced by wetting and drying cycles in unsaturatyed soil. Journal Soil Science (London) 33 : 621 – 637

6. Guritno.B.and utomo, W.h. 1987. Cassava agronomic practices and research in East Java , Indonesia, In Howeler, R. (ed). Cassava Breeding and Research in Asia VI. Rayong Thailand

7. Utomo,W.H. and Setiyono.S.1989. Legume cover crops for red yellow Podzolic soil. In Heide, J.van der (Ed). Nutrient Management for Food Production in Tropical Farming Systems. IB – Haren, Netherland.

8. Hairiah,K. and Utomo,W.H. and Heide, J.Vander.1992. Biomass production and performance of leguminous cover crops on Ultisols, Agrivita (Malang). vol. 15

9. Utomo, W.H. and sitompul,S.M. and Noordwijk, Meine, van. 1992. Effect of leguminous cover crops on subsequent maize and soybean crops on Ultisols in Lampung. Agrivita (Malang) 15 (special edition)

10. Utomo, W.H, Prastowo,B, Adisarwanto,T, Dacanny,E.V. and Kirchhof,G. 1996. In Kirchhof,G. and So.H.B. (Eds). Management of Clay Soils. ACIAR Proc. No. 70. Canbera.

11. Adisarwanto.T, and Utomo, W.H., Kirchhof, G. and so. H.B. 1996, Response of food legume crops to different soil management practices for rice-basesd cropping systems. In Kirchoof, G. and so. H.B. (eds). Management of Clay Soils. ACIAR Proc. 70. Canbera.

12. Kirchoof, G., So. H.B, Adisarwanto, T., Utomo, W.H, and Priyono, S. 1996. Postrice climatic variability and legume yields. In Kirchhof,G. ang So, H.B.(eds). Management of Clay Soils. ACIAR Proc. 70, Canbera.

13. Priyono,S., Kirchhof, G, So,H.B. and Utomo,W.H. 1996. Effect of puddling on root growth and subsoil watr use of rainfed legumes after rice. In Kirchhof,G. and So.H.B. (Eds). Management of Clay Soil. ACIAR. Proc.70. Canbera

14. Utomo,W.H. Suyamto,H, and Santoso,H. 1996. Farmer Participatory Research in soil management transfer in Indonesia. In Howeler, R, (Ed) Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Farmer Participatory Research in Asia. CIAT – Asia Office, Bangkok.

15. Kirchhof,G., Priyono,S. Utomo,W.H., Adisarwanto, T. and So., H.B. 2000. The effect of soil pudding on the soil physical properties and the growth of rice and post – rice crops . Soil and Tillage Res. (Amsterdam) 56 : 37 – 50

16. Kirchhof, G., So, H.B, Adisarwanto,T., Utomo, W.H., Priyono, S., and Prastowo B. 2000. Growth and yield response of grain legumes to different soil management practices after rainfed lowleand rice. Soil and Tillage Res. (Amsterdam) 56 : 51 – 66

17. Utomo, W.H., Suyamto, and Sinaga, A. 2001. Implementation of Farmer Participatory Reserach ( FPR) in the transfer of cassava technology in Indonesia. In Howeler, R. and S.L. Tan (eds.) Cassava Potential i Asia In the 21st Century. CIAT-The Nippon Foundation, Ho Chi MinhCity,Vietnam

18. Wargiono, J., Widodo, Y., and W.H. Utomo. 2001. Cassava agronomy research and adoption of improved technology in Indonesia. In Howeler, R. and S.L. Tan (eds.). Cassava Potential in Asia in the 21st Century. CIAT-The Nippon Foundation, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

19. Masulili, A., Utomo, W.H. and Syekhfani, Ms. 2010. Rice Husk Biochar for Rice Based Cropping Syatem in Acid Soil, 1: The characteristics of rice husk biochar and its influence

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on the properties of acid sulfat soil and rice growth in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Journal of Agric. Sci. (Canada) 2: 23-30

20. Yunawati, E.I., Wisnubroto, E.I., Utomo, W.H., Basuki, N and Howeler, R.H. 2010. Land husbandry for sustainable cassava production : 2. Combating land degradation by crop yield improvement. International Journal of International Journal of Applied Agricultural Research (In press).

21. Islami, T., Utomo, W.H. and Guritno, B. 2010. Farming on tropical degraded land: Crop and cropping Choice. Land Development & Degradation (in Press)

22. Wijayani, W., Ismubroto, E.I. and Utomo, W.H. 2010. Sustainable teak forest management in Cepu, Central Java: a soil resources point of view. Submited to Journal of Forest Science.

Malang, 28 Maret 2010.Wani Hadi Utomo.

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Researher 2

Personal Details

Name : Bambang SiswantoPlace and Date of birth : Ngawi, 30 Juli 1950NIP : 19500730 197903 1 001Field of study : Land evaluation/ EnvironmentWorking Kerja : Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya

UniversityAddress : Jl. Veteran, Malang, 65145Telp : 0341-553623Fax : 0341-564333e-mail -Home address : Jl. Akordion Selatan No. 8 MalangTelp : 0341-411212Mobile phone : 08125242126

Education BackgroundBachelor of Science (Agriculture), Brawijaya University, 1978Master of Science (Soil Science), Bogor Agricultural University, 1982.

Research Experience and Professional Assignments (a) Research1. Regional Development of surrounding dams, 20002. Empowerment of Society of surrounding Wonorejo Dam, 20003. The Potency of Green Belt area of Wonorejo Dam, 20004. Degradation level of land previously used for type C mining in Blitar Regency, 20015. Empowerment of Society of surrounding forest area of Blitar Regency, 2002. 6. Environmental Impact Analysis of Wonorejo Recreation Site Planned of Tulungagung Regency,

20027. Environmental Management and Monitoring of Kiguma Sugar Factory of Malang, 20038. Environmental Impact Analysis of Kedung Brubus Dam of Madiun Regency, 20049. Monitoring and evaluation of sustainable development program of the Republic of Indonesia,

200410. Important Environmetal Issues in Malang Regency, 200411. Environmental Impact Analysis of Bumi Penataran settlement of Blitar Regency, 200512. UKL & UPL of Kanigoro sugar factory at Madiun Regency, 200613. Empowerment of Society of surrounding Sumbersuko Dam ofNganjuk Regency, 200614. Program Construction of Green Indonesia, 200615. Detail study of Ngasinana Sub watershed of Trenggalek Regency, 200616. Empowerment of Society of surrounding Sumberbrantas, 200717. Program Construction of Green Indonesia, 200818. Detail study of Lekto sub watershed of Blitar Regency, 200819. A study of mirigation plan of tsunami in Blitar Regency, 200820. Environmental Impact Analysis for upgrading status of PKM at Srengat District of Blitar Regency,

200821. Environmental Impact Analysis for upgrading status of PKM at Sutojayan District of Blitar

Regency, 200822. Concervation study of Amandit sub Watershed of Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, South Kalimantan,

200823. A Study lof and acquisition resetlement action plan at Mujur Dam of Lombok Tengah, 200824. Environmental Impact Analysis of Sub terminal Agribusiness (STA) of Blitar Regency, 200825. Environmental Impact Analysis of Animal husbandry industri area in Blitar Regency, 2008

(b) Professional Assignments1. Instructor of a course of bacis enviromental impact analysis, 2001

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2. Instructor of Natural resource inventarization and mapping training, 20023. Instructor of Bacis soil management and conservation, 20024. Instructor of Basic natural resource management, 20035. Instructor of Short course on basic enviromental impact analysis, 20036. Instructor of Basic natural resource conservation and management, 20047. Instructor of Coourse of Type A Environmental impact analysis, 20048. Instructor of Environmental Analysis, 2005

Publications relevant to this proposal1. Bambang Siswanto, 1998. Peluang pengembangan tanaman tebu lahan kering ke dalam Program

Perhutanan Sosial di KPH Dradah Habitat. Vol 9 No 102. Maret. 1998.31-362. Bambang Siswanto, 1994. Pengaruh dosis dan waktu pemberian pupuk N dan K thd produksi dan

kualitas daun murbei Agrivita, Vol 17, Jul.-Des. 1994, No. 2, hal. 863. Bambang Siswanto, 1997. Hubungan beberapa karakteristik lahan dengan bonita tanaman jati

Habitat. Vol 8 No 99. Juni. 1997. 47-504. Bambang Siswanto, 1997. Pengaruh inokulasi bakteri Rhizobium terhadap pertumbuhan dan

produksi kedele pada pertanaman pertama di lahan Perhutanan Sosial KPH Mpjpkerto Habitat. Vol 8 No 100. September. 1997. 19-24

5. Bambang Siswanto, Mintarto, Agung Nugroho, Bambang Ardí, 1997, Pengaruh Pupuk Organik dan Cara Pemberian Air terhadap Pertumbuhan Cabe Jamu. Agrivita. Vol 20 No 2. April – Juni

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Researcher 3

Personal Details

Name : Baiq Dewi KrisnayantiDate/Place of Birth : 10 January 1970, Mataram, West Nusa Tenggara, IndonesiaAddress : Jl. Ciamis A-12 Taman Indah, Mataram, IndonesiaInstitution : Mataram University, IndonesiaE-mail : bgdewi@yahoo.corn

Education1. PhD in Soil Physics and Science, Lincoln University, NZ, 2005-20092. Masters of Soil Science, Brawijaya University, Indonesia, 1994-19963. BSc in Soil Science, Mataram University, Indonesia, 1988-1994

Summary of Relevant SkillsResearch1. Towards a sustainable restoration method for gold mine sites, 20092. Using organic matter for tobacco growth, 20033. The effect of using compost with activator and soil pathogen innoculation for peanut disease,

20034. Implementation of agroforestry and integrated farming system through involving of community,

20025. Model of natural resources management for local in East Indonesia, 20026. Land use plan of Sumbawa district, 20017. Application of organic matter for vegetable, 20018. Reef check Lombok, 20019. Reef check Bali, 200010. Development of soil strength in paddle soil, 200211. Study fro improvement of irrigation management and empowerment of water use association fro

enhancement of turnover program, 200012. The effect of rice field cultivation on vertisol, 1996

Teaching / training 1. Geology and mineralogy, 2002-20042. Introduction of geography information system and system of land evaluation, 2002-20043. Cartography, 1998-20044. Geomorphology and landscape, 1998-20045. Application of hydroponic technology for cities agrobusiness development, 20016. Entrepreneurship, 20017. Coral reef training for trainer, 20008. Remote sensing for young academic lecturer, 1999

Conferences1. Soil conference NZ-Australia, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 20082. Soil conference, Rotorua, New Zealand, 20053. The 32°d IAGI and the 28th HAGI Annual convention and exhibition, Indonesia, 20034. The 10`f' Scientific meeting of remote sensing association, Indonesia, 20015. Agribusiness for agriculture and animal husbandry, Indonesia, 19996. Biodiversity, Indonesia, 19987. International conference on water quality and waste treatment, Indonesia, 1998

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Researcher 4Personal details

Full name Dr. Christopher William Noel AndersonPresent position Senior LecturerOrganisation/Employer Massey UniversityContact Address Soil and Earth Sciences, Institute of Natural Resources, Private Bag 11-

222, Palmerston NorthPost code 4442Work telephone 06 356 9099 ext 7584Mobile 021 404 559Email c.w.n.anderson@massey.ac.nz

Academic qualifications2000 Ph. D., Earth Science, Massey University1996 B.Sc. (Hons 1st Class), Soil Science, Massey University1995 B. Sc., Chemistry and Earth Science, Massey University

Professional positions heldFrom 2009 Senior Lecturer, Soil and Earth Sciences Group, Massey University

Director and Consulting Scientist to Tiaki International Ltd.From 2006 Company Secretary, Tiaki USA US Corp.2004-2007 Contract Lecturer and research supervisor to the Soil and Earth Sciences Group, Massey

University2003-2008 Director and Chief Scientist, Tiaki International Ltd.2001-2004 Director, Chairman and consulting scientist, Phytomine Environmental Ltd.2000-2003 NZ Science and Technology Post Doctoral Fellow, Massey University.

Present research/professional speciality Environmental geochemistry, phytoremediation, phytomining, land rehabilitation, environmental

risk assessment, analytical chemistry, commercialisation of new science and technology. I have significant experience in the application of new scientific techniques (analytical and

technology-based) to current science and technology questions and problems.

Total years research experience 10 years

Professional distinctions and memberships (including honours, prizes, scholarships, boards or governance roles, etc)

2009 Accepted for publication in the Marquis ‘Who’s Who in the World’ 2010 reference volume2009 Massey Lincoln and Agricultural Industry Trust, Partnership for Excellence research award

for joint research with Lincoln University2007 Invited foreign expert to the 1st Ningbo Forum on Contaminated Soil and Rehabilitation,

Ningbo, China, Sept 21-222006 Invited speaker to the Fiji-New Zealand Business Council annual meeting, Suva, Fiji

2005 Invited lecturer to the 2nd USEPA phyto-technologies workshop, Atlanta, April 19-22

2004 Invited keynote speaker to the 2nd International SoilRem Conference, Nanjing, China, November 9-12

2004 Invited keynote speaker to the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) Global Biotechnology Forum, March 2-5, Concepcion, Chile

2004 Nominee for the 2004 Tech Museum (USA) award for the environment

2003 Founder, Director and Inaugural Chairman of the New Zealand company Tiaki Resources Ltd. which offered innovative biotechnology for gold processing (now Tiaki International Ltd.)

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2003 Award of a US Air Force research grant for nanoparticle research (AOARD). Second award followed in 2005

2002 National Secretary of the Geological Society of New Zealand (two-year term)2000 Award of a Akzo Nobel (Dutch) industry grant to study gold uptake by plants, second award

followed in 20022000 Foundation for Research, Science & Technology Post Doctoral Fellowship

Current Referee: Minerals Engineering, Journal of Environmental Management, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, International Journal of PhytoremediationCurrent Member: Geological Society of New Zealand, New Zealand Soil Science SocietyCurrent Member: Kopeopeo Canal (Whakatane) Remediation Governance Board

Total number of peer reviewed publications and patents

Journal articles

Books, book chapters, books

edited

Conference proceedings

Patents

17 8 4 0

Research publications and dissemination (a) Peer-reviewed journal articles

1 Moreno, F.N., Anderson, C., Stewart, R. and Robinson, B., 2009. Analysis of mercury-rich plants and mine tailings using the hydride-generation AAS method. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 54: 953-960.

2 Jeyakumar, P., Loganathan, P., Sivakumaran, S., Anderson, C.W.N. and McLaren, R.G., 2008. Copper and zinc spiking of biosolids: effects of incubation period on metal fractionation, speciation and microbial growth. Environmental Chemistry, 5: 347-354.

3 Ko, B-J., Anderson, C.W.N., Huh, K-Y., Vogeler, I. and Bolan, N.S.B., 2008. Potential for the phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated mine tailings in Fiji. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 46: 1-9.

4 Moreno, F.N., Anderson, C.W.N., Stewart, R.B. and Robinson, B.H., 2008. Phytofiltration of mercury-contaminated water: volatilisation and plant-accumulation aspects. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 62: 78-85.

5 Moreno, F.N., Anderson, C.W.N., Stewart, R.B. and Robinson, B.H., 2005. Mercury volatilisation and phytoextraction from base-metal mine tailings. Environmental Pollution, 136: 341-352.

6 Moreno, F.N., Anderson, C.W.N., Stewart, R.B., Robinson, B.H., Ghomshei, M., Meech, J.A. and Nomura, R., 2005. Effect of thioligands on plant-Hg accumulation and volatilisation from mercury-contaminated mine tailings. Plant and Soil, 275: 231-243.

7 Moreno, F.N., Anderson, C.W.N., Stewart, R.B., Robinson, B.H., Ghomshei, M. and Meech, J.A., 2005. Induced plant uptake and transport of mercury in the presence of sulphur-containing ligands and humic acid. New Phytologist, 166: 445-454.

8 Anderson, C., Moreno, F., Guerts, F., Wreesmann, C., Ghomshei, M. and Meech, J., 2005. A comparative analysis of gold-rich plant material using various analytical methods. Microchemical Journal, 81: 81-85.

9 Anderson, C., Moreno, F. and Meech, J., 2005. A field demonstration of gold phytoextraction technology. Minerals Engineering, 18: 385-392.

10 Keeling, S.M., Stewart, R.B., Anderson, C.W.N. and Robinson, B.H., 2003. Nickel and cobalt phytoextraction by the hyperaccumulator Berkheya coddii: implications for polymetallic phytomining and phytoremediation. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 5(3): 235-244.

11 Anderson, C.W.N., Brooks, R., Chiarucci, A., LaCoste, C.J., Leblanc, M., Robinson, B.H., Simcock, R., and Stewart, R.B., 1999. Phytomining for nickel, thallium and gold. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 67: 407-415.

12 Brooks, R., Anderson, C., Stewart, R., and Robinson, B., 1999. Phytomining - growing a crop of metal. Biologist, 46: 201-205.

13 Anderson, C.W.N., Brooks, R.R., Stewart, R.B., and Simcock, R., 1999. Gold uptake by plants. Gold Bulletin, 32: 48-51.

14 LaCoste, C., Robinson, B., Brooks, R., Anderson, C., Chiarucci, A. and Leblanc, M., 1999. The phytoremediation potential of thallium-contaminated soils using Iberis and Biscutella species.

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International Journal of Phytoremediation, 1: 327-338.15 Anderson, C.W.N., Brooks, R.R., Stewart, R.B., and Simcock, R., 1998. Harvesting a crop of gold

in plants. Nature, 395: 553-554.

(b) Peer reviewed books, book chapters, books edited1 Moreno, F.N., Sigolo, J.B., Anderson, C.W.N., Stewart, R.B., Meech, J.A. and Robinson, B.H.,

2009. Phytoremediation of mercury-contaminated mine wastes. In: Environmental and Regional Air Pollution. (Eds. D.Gallo and R. Mancini) pp 141-172 (Nova Science Publishers, Hauppage, New York).

2 Bolan, N.S., Ko, B.J., Anderson, C.W.N., Vogeler, I., Mahimairaja, S. and Naidu, R. (2008). Manipulating bioavailability to manage remediation of metal contaminated soils. In: Chemical Bioavailability in Terrestrial Environment. (Eds. Naidu et al) pp 657-678 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands).

3 Robinson, B. and Anderson, C., 2008. Phytoremediation in New Zealand and Australia. In Phytoremediation Methods and Reviews (Ed. N.Wiley) p. 455-468 (Humana Press, Totowa, USA).

4 Anderson, C., 2005. Biogeochemistry of gold; accepted theories and new opportunities. In Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Plants and Soils. Advances in Ecological Science, Vol 20 (Ed. I.Shtangeeva) pp. 287-321 (WIT Press, Southampton).

5 Anderson, C., Stewart, B., Wreesmann, C., Smith, G. and Meech, J., 2005. Bio-nanotechnology and phytomining: the living synthesis of gold nanoparticles by plants. In Intelligence in a Small Materials World (IPMM’03) (Eds. J.A.Meech, Y.Kawazoe, J.F.Maguire, V.Kumar and H.Wang) pp 336-343 (Destech Publications: Lancaster, PA).

6 Anderson, C., Robinson, B. and Russell, C., 2002. Phytoextraction: a plant-based environmental biotechnology. In Intelligence in a Materials World – selected papers from IPMM-2001 (Ed. J.A. Meech, M.M. Veiga, Y. Kawazoe, S.R. LeClair) pp 629-638 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida).

7 Anderson, C., Deram. A., Petit, D., Brooks, R., Stewart, R., and Simcock, R., 2001. Induced hyperaccumulation: metal movement and problems? In Trace Elements in Soil, Bioavailability Flux, and Transfer (Ed I.K.Iskander and M.B.Kirkham) pp 63-76 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida).

(c) Refereed conference proceedings

Anderson, C., Brooks, R., Stewart, B., Simcock, R., and Robinson, B., 1999. The phytoremediation and phytomining of heavy metals. In Proceedings PACRIM’99 Congress (Ed G.Weber) pp 127-135 (Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Victoria).

Other forms of dissemination (reports for clients, technical reports, popular press, etc)

1 Belgrave, M., Bennett, A., Millner, J., Anderson, C., Belgrave, D., Gardiner, S., Procter, J. And Watson, J., 2009. Raukawa waterways and environmental impact: The environmental policy, consultation and impacts from development. Report for Crown Forestry Rental Trust.

2 Anderson, C., 2008. Nanocrystalline structure review essay. CARES0803. Confidential discussion paper written for Tiaki International Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand. 12 pp.

3 Anderson, C., 2006. Tiaki nanotechnology discussion paper. Strategic research briefing paper written for Tiaki International Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand. 8 pp.

4 Anderson, C., 2006. Can living plants synthesise biological gold catalysts suitable for industrial application? Release of gold nanoparticles. AOARD 054068. End of project report submitted to the Asian Office for Aerospace Research and Development (USAF). 29 pp.

Previous research work

Research title: Phytomining of gold (Research period 1997-2004) Principal outcome: a) Negotiation of the release of IP from Massey University regarding gold

phytomining to Tiaki for commercial development; b) Acceptance into the New Zealand Trade and Enterprise Business Escalator scheme to secure equity funding for Tiaki Resources Ltd. (became Tiaki International Ltd. after the first tranche of funding was awarded) c)The formation of the New Zealand company Tiaki International Ltd. (I was the founder) and award of >$1million equity funding since 2005

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Principal end-user and contact: Tiaki International Ltd. Mr Phil Randle – General ManagerResearch title: Establishment of a phytoremediation research facility in Vancouver, Canada with field facility in Brazil hosted by the mining company Vale (CVRD)Principal outcome: Anderson, C., Moreno, F. and Meech, J., 2005. A field demonstration of gold phytoextraction technology. Minerals Engineering, 18: 385-392.Principal end-user and contact: The University of British Columbia, Prof. John Meech

Describe the commercial, social or environmental impact of your previous research work The primary project of my research career to date has been ‘the phytomining and phytoremediation of

metals’. This technology has potential to remediate toxic metals from contaminated and polluted mine sites (e.g. mercury or arsenic) while generating revenue through the recovery of precious metals (gold). In this sense, phytomining can offer an economically sustainable environmental solution to some contaminated sites.

Gold phytomining is being developed as a commercial ‘for profit’ venture in the USA, Canada and Mexico through the activities of Tiaki Internatonal Ltd.

I am also developing application of the technology as a solution to mercury miss-use and pollution in Asia (Indonesia and China). The objective of this project is to provide an alternative gold extraction technology to artisanal and small scale miners who currently use non-regulated mercury amalgamation and cyanidation for gold recovery. The technology in this scenario creates opportunities for eductation, employment and new business, in additional to environmental protection. This scenario is being actively brought to the attention of development funders such as NZAid, AusAID and the Asian Development Bank.

Demonstration of relationships with end-users Consultancy work conducting Environmental Impact Assessments for contracts awarded by the

Crown Forestry Rental Trust investigating the environmental aspects of specific Treaty of Waitangi Claims (Te Rohe Potae and Ngati Raukawa) (2008-2009)

Engagement with the US division of the French Energy company Areva to develop new applications for metal recovery technology they have developed to pilot scale – Exploratory Project with the University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho (2009)

Approached by and assisting with a St Louis, USA, groups assessment of the economic potential of plant generated nanoparticles for medicine (2009)

Assisting the design and implementation of a remediation project at the Kopeopeo Canal, Whakatane, at the invitation of SWAP (Sawmill Workers Against Poisons) (2009)

International collaborations worldwide to develop gold phytomining technology; for example, a) I am supporting a project in Mexico where the Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa is working with the private mining companies and investors to test the economic feasibility of the phytomining system (2009) b) I am working with Brawijaya University in Malang, Indonesia, to bid for Asian Development Bank funding for a demonstration project of phytomining technology in Indonesia (2010)

Palmerstone North, 25 March 2010

C.W.N. Anderson