Tahir Manan Auto Link

7/31/2019 Tahir Manan Auto Link

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Manan Auto Link Pvt. Ltd.

CertificateCertificate

It is hereby certified that the work incorporated in the thesis submitted entitled``Consumer satisfaction towards inquiry handling at Manan Auto Link``

submitted by Belim Tahir A comprises the result of independent and original investigation carried out

me. The material which obtained (and used) from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis.

Date:

Place: Signature of the student

It is certified that the work mentioned above is carried out under my guidance.

Date:

Place: Signature of the faculty guide

Summer Internship Report.(LJICA) Page 1


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PREFACE

Experience makes a man perfect

Training is a bridge between the theory and practical aspects of knowledge

Theoretical knowledge of any field is very important but if it is not backed by practical training itis worthless. Particularly for the management students it is most essential to have real idea about

the functioning of the organization as they are going to enter into the corporate world.

The principle activity of in plant training is to learn management and decisipline, which isequally important. This training provides golden opportunities to all the students to interact withthe working environment.

At the end of the first year we had an opportunity to undergo in plant training in Manan auto

link. There I was given project on ``Consumer satisfaction towards inquiry handling at MananAuto Link`` where we studied various aspects regarding customer behaviour and marketing of theorganization.

In this report we have tried my best to cover all the relevant informationwe are sure we cancope up with the requirement of practical situation. We come across there in brief manner.



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ACKNOWLEDGEMET

As a student of management, I take the opportunity to thank Gujarat Technological

University for introducing the course of Masters of Business Administration, to make the studentsmore efficient and perfect manager of tomorrow. It gave me a real time experience, as how anorganization works.

I owe my regard and sincere gratitude to for granting permission to do summer training in such aprestigious organization.

I have obliged to get training in such an organization like manan autolink,vijay cross road, Ahmedabad which is ahmedabad`s finest marutisuzuki

dealer. we would like to thanks MBA Dpt. Who has given us opportunity to

make a project repot at manan auto link.

From My training I received lots of help from all the members of the

respective department. They taught us the real aspects of their practical work

which we could not have learned without their help.

We are also thankful to my faculty guide Prof.Mikin shah and other faculty

members who helped us a lot during the project.



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Index

1 Executive Summary 5

2 Industry Profile 7

3 Company Profile 27

4 Dealers Profile 45

5 Departmental study 55

6 Research Methodology 65

7 Data analysis 75

8 Findings of research 92

9 Suggestions 95

10 Conclusion 97

11 Bibliography 99

12 Annexure 101



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In this project I am trying to find the segmentation of cars sell by manan auto link and its effect

on customer I am also trying to study the sales trend followed by MarutiSuzuki .In my study I had

followed different method to find and analyze the data I am using primary data as well as

secondary data. Before our study lots of study is being done but none had tried to research on

Manan auto link and Maruti Suzuki segmentation and its effect on sales trend. I had used the

questionnaire method to study the Maruti Suzuki sales in manan auto link. I had asked question to

dealer. In Ahmedabad. and tried to know that what are the cars which they are selling more what is

the sales trend of Maruti which kind of cars customer is demanding more and why. What

modification should Manan auto link make in its strategy to take an edge over competitors? I am

also using secondary data to analyze the sales trend of Maruti Suzuki. In which I had studied the

Maruti shares condition in the market. Its profit and lose its market share and many more. I had

analyzed where Dealer having an edge over competitor and where it is lacking behind. How it

would improve its sales trend.



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Introduction to project



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Industry Profile



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The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of automobiles capableofhumantransport. In 1806, the first cars powered by internal combustion engines running on fuelgas appeared, which led to the introduction in 1885 of the ubiquitous modern gasoline- or petrol-fueled internal combustion engine. Cars powered by electricity briefly appeared at the turn of the20th century but largely disappeared from commonality until the turn of the 21st century, when

interest in low- and zero-emissions transportation was reignited. As such, the early history of theautomobile can be divided into a number of eras based on the prevalent method of automotivepropulsion during that time. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling and size andutility preferences.

Eras of invention

Pioneer inventors

GermanengineerKarl Benz, the inventor of numerous car-related technologies, is generallyregarded as the inventor of the modern automobile. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internalcombustion engine that constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion is acreation of German inventorNikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was alsoinvented by a German, Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as areplacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by yet anotherGerman, Christian Friedrich Schnbein, in 1838. The battery electric carowes its beginnings toHungarian nyos Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Plant, whoinvented the lead-acid battery in 1859.

Early automobiles

Steam automobiles

See also: History of steam road vehicles

Cugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) version

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Ottohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbeinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FardierdeCugnot20050111.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Ottohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbeinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Plant%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles


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Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehiclearound 1672, designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor, it being of small scale and unable to carrya driver or passenger but, quite possibly, the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').

A replica of Richard Trevithick's 1801 road locomotive 'Puffing Devil'

Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles are thought to have been devised in the late-18th century.Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated hisfardier vapeur, an experimental steam-driven artillerytractor, in 1770 and 1771. Cugnot's design proved to be impractical and his invention was notdeveloped in his native France, the centre of innovation passing to Great Britain. By 1784, WilliamMurdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth, and in 1801 RichardTrevithickwas running a full-sized vehicle on the road in Camborne. Such vehicles were in voguefor a time, and over the next decades such innovations as handbrakes, multi-speed transmissions,and bettersteering developed. Some were commercially successful in providing mass transit, untila backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in passing a law, the Locomotive Act, in1865 requiring self-propelled vehicles onpublic roads in the United Kingdom be preceded by aman on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively killed road auto developmentin the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century. as inventors and engineers shifted their efforts toimprovements in railway locomotives. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need forthe red flag was removed in 1878.

In Russia in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin started working on a human-pedalled carriage with a steamengine. He finished working on it in 1791. Some of its features included a flywheel, brake,gearbox, andbearing, which are also the features of a modern automobile. His design had threeroadwheels. Unfortunately, as with many of his inventions, the government failed to see thepotential market and it was not developed further.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambornehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(acoustic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kulibinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trevithick_Road_Loco_01.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambornehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flaghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(acoustic)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kulibinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel


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The first automobilepatent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789. In 1805,Evans demonstrated his first successful self-propelled vehicle, which not only was the firstautomobile in the USA, but was also the first amphibious vehicle, as his steam-powered vehiclewas able to travel on roadwheels on land, and via apaddle wheel in the water.

Among other efforts, in 1815, a professor at Prague Polytechnich, Josef Bozek, built an oil-firedsteam carand Walter Hancock, builder and operator of London steambuses, in 1838 built a four-seat steam phaeton.

Electric automobiles

See also: History of the electric vehicle

In 1828, nyos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type ofelectric motor, created a tinymodel car powered by his new motor. In 1834, Vermontblacksmith Thomas Davenport, theinventor of the first American DC electrical motor, installed his motor in a small model car, whichhe operated on a short circular electrified track. In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of

Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electricalcar, powered by non-rechargeableprimary cells. In 1838, Scotsman Robert Davidson built anelectric locomotive that attained a speed of 4 miles per hour(6 km/h). In England, apatent wasgranted in 1840 for the use ofrail tracks as conductors ofelectric current, and similar Americanpatents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year isuncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeableprimary cells.

Internal combustion engines

1885-built Benz Patent Motorwagen, the first car to go into production with an internal combustionengine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Evanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Technical_University_in_Praguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bozekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometres_per_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benz-1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Evanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Technical_University_in_Praguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bozekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_per_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometres_per_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen


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1870, Vienna, Austria: world's first gasoline-run vehicle, the 'first Marcus car'

The second Marcus car of 1888 (Technical Museum Vienna)

Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack ofsuitable fuels, particularly liquids, and the earliest engines used gas mixtures.

Early experimenters using gases included, in 1806, Swiss engineerFranois Isaac de Rivaz whobuilt an internal combustion engine powered by a hydrogen and oxygen mixture, and in 1826,Englishman Samuel Brown who tested his hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine by using it

to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in south-east London. Belgian-born Etienne Lenoir'sHippomobile with a hydrogen-gas-fuelled one-cylinderinternal combustion engine made a testdrive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont in 1860, covering some nine kilometres in about three hours.A later version was propelled by coal gas. A Delamare-Deboutteville vehicle was patented andtrialled in 1884.

About 1870, in Vienna, Austria (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), inventorSiegfried Marcusput a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man

http://www.tmw.ac.at/default.asp?id=1&al=Englischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Isaac_de_Rivazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter's_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Lenoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippomobile_(car)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_cylinder_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joinville-le-Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamare-Debouttevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Marcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MW2_05_02_24_klein.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MW1_signiert.jpghttp://www.tmw.ac.at/default.asp?id=1&al=Englischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Isaac_de_Rivazhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooter's_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Lenoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippomobile_(car)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_cylinder_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joinville-le-Ponthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamare-Debouttevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Marcus


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to propel a vehicle by means ofgasoline. Today, this car is known as "the first Marcus car". In1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low-voltage ignition system of the magneto type; thiswas his only automotive patent. This design was used for all further engines, and the four-seat"second Marcus car" of 1888/89. This ignition, in conjunction with the "rotating-brush carburetor",made the second car's design very innovative.

It is generally acknowledged that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several Germaninventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benzwas granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production ofautomobiles in 1888, afterBertha Benz, his wife, had proved - with the first long-distance trip inAugust 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back - that the horseless coach was absolutelysuitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.

Soon after, Gottlieb Daimlerand Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle fromscratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are

usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi of theUniversity of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower(17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the firstautomobile, and first motorcycle;. Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.

One of the first four-wheeledpetrol-driven automobiles in Britain was built in Birmingham in1895 by Frederick William Lanchester, who also patented the disc brake; and the first electricstarterwas installed on an Arnold, an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built between 1895 and 1898.

In all the turmoil, many early pioneers are nearly forgotten. In 1891, John William Lambert built athree-wheeler in Ohio City, Ohio, which was destroyed in a fire the same year, while Henry Nadig

constructed a four-wheeler in Allentown, Pennsylvania. It is likely they were not the only ones.

Veteran era

The French 1898 RenaultVoiturette

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_seathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Maybachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-drawn_carriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Bernardihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paduahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_inch#Engine_displacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Lanchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Velohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Lamberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_On_Wheels#Collection_.26_exhibitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Voiturettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RVoiturette.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_seathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Routehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Maybachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-drawn_carriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Bernardihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paduahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_centimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_inch#Engine_displacementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Lanchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_(automobile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benz_Velohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Lamberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_On_Wheels#Collection_.26_exhibitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Voiturette


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The first production ofautomobiles was by Karl Benz in 1888 in Germany and, under licence fromBenz, in Franceby Emile Roger. There were numerous others, including tricycle builders RudolfEgg, Edward Butler, and Lon Bolle. Bolle, using a 650 cc (40 cu in) engine of his own design,enabled his driver, Jamin, to average 45 kilometres per hour(28.0 mph) in the 1897 Paris-Tourvillerally. By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States. The

first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was Panhard et Levassorin France, whichalso introduced the first four-cylinder engine. Formed in 1889, Panhard was quickly followed byPeugeot two years later. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning totake off in western Europe, especially in France, where 30,204 were produced in 1903,representing 48.8% of world automobile production that year

The first automobile in Japan, a French Panhard-Levassor, in 1898

1903 World's Work Article

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In the United States, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor WagonCompany in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. However, itwas Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle Company (later known as Oldsmobile) whowould dominate this era of automobile production. Its large scaleproduction line was running in1902. Within a year, Cadillac (formed from the Henry Ford Company), Winton, and Ford were

producing cars in the thousands.

Within a few years, a dizzying assortment oftechnologies were being produced by hundreds ofproducers all over the western world. Steam, electricity andpetrol/gasoline-powered automobilescompeted for decades, with petrol/gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance inthe 1910s. Dual- and even quad-engine cars were designed, and engine displacement ranged tomore than a dozen litres. Many modern advances, including gas/electric hybrids,multi-valveengines, overhead camshafts, and four-wheel drive, were attempted, and discarded at this time. In1898, Louis Renault had a De Dion-Bouton modified, with fixed drive shaft and ring and piniongear, making "perhaps the first hot rod in history" and bringing Renault and his brothers into thecar industry. Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clearstandards for basic vehicle

architectures,body styles, construction materials, or controls. Many veteran cars use a tiller, ratherthan a wheel forsteering, for example, and most operated at a single speed.Chain drive wasdominant over the drive shaft, and closed bodies were extremely rare. Drum brakes wereintroduced by Renault in 1902. The next year, Dutch designerJacobus Spijkerbuilt the first four-wheel drive racing car; it never competed and it would be 1965 and the Jensen FF before fourwheel drive was used on a production car.

Innovation was not limited to the vehicles themselves, either. Increasing numbers of cars propelledthe growth of the petroleum industry, as well as the development of technology to producegasoline (replacing kerosene and coal oil) and of improvements in heat-tolerant mineral oillubricants (replacing vegetable and animal oils).

There were social effects, also. Music would be made about cars, such as "In My MerryOldsmobile" (a tradition that continues) while, in 1896, William Jennings Bryan would be the firstpresidential candidate to campaign in a car (a donated Mueller), in Decatur, Illinois. Three yearslater, Jacob German would start a tradition forNew York Citycabdrivers when he sped downLexington Avenue, at the "reckless" speed of 12 mph (19 km/h). Also in 1899, Akron,Ohio,adopted the first self-propelled paddy wagon.

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acturing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_(Manhattan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_van


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In My Merry Oldsmobile songbook featuring an Oldsmobile Curved Dash automobile (produced1901-1907) and period driving clothing

By 1900, it was possible to talk about a national automotive industry in many countries, includingBelgium (home to Vincke, which copied Benz; Germain, a pseudo-Panhard; and Linon andNagant, both based on the Gobron-Brilli), Switzerland (led by Fritz Henriod, Rudolf Egg, Saurer,Johann Weber, and Lorenz Popp), Vagnfabrik AB in Sweden, Hammel (by A. F. Hammel and H.U. Johansen at Copenhagen, in Denmark, beginning around 1886), Irgens (starting in Bergen,Norway, in 1883, but without success), Italy (where FIAT started in 1899), and as far afield asAustralia (where Pioneerset up shop in 1898, with an already archaicparaffin-fuelled centre-pivot-steered wagon). Meanwhile, the export trade had begun to be global, with Koch exporting cars and

trucks from Paris to Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, and the Dutch East Indies.

On 5 November 1895, George B. Selden was granted a United States patent for a two-strokeautomobile engine (U.S. Patent 549,160). This patent did more to hinder than encouragedevelopment of autos in the USA. Selden licensed his patent to most major American auto makers,collecting a fee on every car they produced. The Studebakerbrothers, having become the world'sleading manufacturers of horse-drawn vehicles, made a transition to electric automobiles in 1902,and gasoline engines in 1904, but also continued to build horse-drawn vehicles until 1919. In 1908,the first South American automobile was built in Peru, theGrieve.

Throughout the veteran car era, however, automobiles were seen as more of a novelty than a

genuinely useful device. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable fortravelling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless. Majorbreakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distancedrive ofBertha Benz in 1888, when she travelled more than 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mannheimto Pforzheim, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz,manufactured, and afterHoratio Nelson Jackson's successful trans-continental drive across theUnited States in 1903.

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Brass or Edwardian era

T-model Ford car parked outside Geelong Library at its launch in Australia in 1915

Main article: Brass Era car

Named for the widespread use ofbrass in the United States, the Brass (orEdwardian) Era lastedfrom roughly 1905 through to the beginning ofWorld War I in 1914. 1905 was a signal yearin thedevelopment of the automobile, marking the point when the majority of sales shifted from thehobbyist and enthusiast to the average user.

Within the 15 years that make up this era, the various experimental designs and alternate powersystems would be marginalised. Although the modern touring carhad been invented earlier, it wasnot until Panhard et Levassor'sSystme Panhardwas widely licensed and adopted thatrecognisable and standardised automobiles were created. This system specified front-engined, rear-wheel drive internal combustion engined cars with a sliding geartransmission. Traditional coach-

style vehicles were rapidly abandoned, and buckboard runabouts lost favour with the introductionoftonneaus and other less-expensive touring bodies.

Throughout this era, development ofautomotive technology was rapid, due in part to hundreds ofsmall manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included theelectric ignition system (by dynamotoron the Arnold in 1898, though Robert Bosch, 1903, tends toget the credit), independent suspension (actually conceived by Bolle in 1873), and four-wheelbrakes (by the Arrol-Johnston Company ofScotland in 1909). Leaf springs were widely used forsuspension, though many other systems were still in use, with angle steel taking over from armoredwood as the frame material of choice. Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted,allowing a variety of cruising speeds, though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings,rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras. Safety glass also made itsdebut, patented by John Wood in England in 1905. (It would not become standard equipment until1926, on a Rickenbacker.)

Between 1907 and 1912 in the United States, the high-wheel motor buggy (resembling the horsebuggy of before 1900) was in its heyday, with over seventy-five makers including Holsman(Chicago), IHC (Chicago), and Sears (which sold via catalog); the high-wheeler would be killed bythe Model T. In 1912, Hupp (in the U.S., supplied by Hale & Irwin) and BSA (in the UK)

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pioneered the use of all-steel bodies, joined in 1914 by Dodge (who produced Model T bodies).While it would be another two decades before all-steel bodies would be standard, the changewould mean improved supplies of superior-quality wood forfurniture makers.

Some examples of cars of the period included

19081927 Ford Model T the most widely produced and available car of the era. It usedaplanetary transmission, and had a pedal-based control system.

1910 Mercer Raceabout regarded as one of the first sports cars, the Raceabout expressedthe exuberance of the driving public, as did the similarly-conceived American Underslungand Hispano-Suiza Alphonso.

19101920 Bugatti Type 13 a notable racing and touring model with advancedengineering and design. Similar models were the Types 15, 17, 22, and 23.

Vintage era

1926 Austin 7 Box saloon

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Lineup ofFord Model As

Main article: Vintage car

The vintage era lasted from the end ofWorld War I (1919), through the Wall Street Crash at theend of 1929. During this period, the front-engined car came to dominate, with closedbodies and

standardised controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90% of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90%were closed. Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with multi-valve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end, and V8, V12, and even V16engines conceived for the ultra-rich. Also in 1919, hydraulic brakes were invented by MalcolmLoughead (co-founder ofLockheed); they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A.Three years later, Hermann RieselerofVulcan Motorinvented the first automatic transmission,which had two-speedplanetary gearbox, torque converter, and lockup clutch; it never enteredproduction. (Its like would only become an available option in 1940.) Just at the end of the vintageera, tempered glass (now standard equipment in side windows) was invented in France.

Exemplary vintage vehicles:

19221939 Austin 7 the Austin Seven was one of the most widely copied vehicles ever,serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW toNissan.

19241929 Bugatti Type 35 the Type 35 was one of the most successful racing cars ofall time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.

19221931 Lancia Lambda very advanced car for the time, first car to feature a load-bearing monocoque-type body and independent front suspension.

19251928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS early example ofenvelope styling, without separatefenders (wings) and running boards.

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19271931 Ford Model A (1927-1931) after keeping the brass era Model T inproduction for too long, Ford broke from the past by restarting its model series with the1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the

era.

1930 Cadillac V-16 developed at the height of the vintage era, the V16-poweredCadillac would join Bugatti's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era.

Pre-WWII era

Citron Traction Avant

Main article: Classic car

The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression in 1930, and ended with therecovery afterWorld War II, commonly placed at 1948. It was in this period that integrated fendersand fully-closedbodies began to dominate sales, with the new saloon/sedan body style evenincorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage. The old open-top runabouts, phaetons, andtouring cars were phased out by the end of the classic era as wings, running boards, and headlightswere gradually integrated with the body of the car.

By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today's automobiles had been invented,although some things were later "re-invented", and credited to someone else. For example, front-wheel drive was re-introduced by Andr Citron with the launch of theTraction Avantin 1934,

though it had appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racingcars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). In the same vein, independent suspensionwas originally conceived by Amde Bolle in 1873, but not put in production until appearing onthe low-volume Mercedes-Benz 380 in 1933, which prodded American makers to use it morewidely. In 1930, the number ofauto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidatedand matured, thanks in part to the effects of the Great Depression.

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Exemplary pre-war automobiles:

19321939 Alvis Speed 20 and Speed 25 the first cars with all-synchromesh gearbox.

19321948 Ford V-8 introduction of the powerful flathead V8 in mainstream vehicles,setting new performance and efficiency standards.

19341940 Bugatti Type 57 a singular refined automobile for the wealthy.

19341956 Citron Traction Avant the first mass-produced front-wheel drive car, builtwith monocoque chassis.

19361955 MG T series sports cars with youth appeal at an affordable price.

19382003 Volkswagen Beetle a design for efficiency and low price, which progressed

over 60 years with minimal basic change.

19361939 Rolls-Royce Phantom IIIV12 engined pinnacle of pre-war engineering,with technological advances not seen in most other manufacturers until the 1960s. Superiorperformance and quality.

Post-war era

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1953 Morris MinorSeries II

Jaguar E-type coupe

1985 Mini

See also: Antique car

Automobile design finally emerged from the shadow ofWorld War II in 1949, the year that in theUnited States saw the introduction of high-compressionV8 engines and modern bodies fromGeneral Motors' Oldsmobile and Cadillacbrands. The unibody/strut-suspended 1951 Ford Consuljoined the 1948 Morris Minorand 1949 Rover P4 in waking up the automobile market in theUnited Kingdom. In Italy, Enzo Ferrari was beginning his 250 series, just as Lancia introduced therevolutionary V6-powered Aurelia.

Throughout the 1950s, enginepowerand vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and

artful, and cars spread across the world. Alec Issigonis'Mini and Fiat's 500 diminutive cars sweptEurope, while the similarkei carclass put Japan on wheels for the first time. The legendaryVolkswagen Beetle survived Hitler's Germany to shake up the small-car market in the Americas.Ultra luxury, exemplified in America by the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham, reappeared after a longabsence, and grand tourers (GT), like the Ferrari Americas, swept across Europe.

The market changed somewhat in the 1960s, as Detroit began to worry about foreign competition,the European makers adopted ever-higher technology, and Japan appeared as a serious car-

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producing nation. General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford tried radical small cars, like the GM A-bodies, but had little success. Captive imports and badge engineering swept through the US andUK as amalgamated groups like the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market. BMC'srevolutionary space-saving Mini, which first appeared in 1959, captured large sales worldwide.Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, until Mini became a marque in its own

right in 1969. The trend for corporate consolidation reached Italy as niche makers like Maserati,Ferrari, and Lancia were acquired by larger companies. By the end of the decade, the number ofautomobile marques had been greatly reduced.

In America, performance became a prime focus of marketing, exemplified by pony cars andmuscle cars. In 1964 the popularFordMustang appeared. In 1967, Chevrolet released the Camaroto compete with the Mustang. But everything changed in the 1970s as the 1973 oil crisis,automobile emissions control rules, Japanese and European imports, and stagnant innovationwreaked havoc on the American industry. Though somewhat ironically, full-size sedans staged amajor comeback in the years between the energy crisis, with makes such as Cadillac and Lincolnstaging their best sales years ever in the late 70s. Small performance cars from BMW, Toyota, and

Nissan took the place ofbig-engined cars from America and Italy.On the technology front, the biggest developments of the era were the widespread use ofindependent suspensions, wider application offuel injection, and an increasing focus on safety inthe design of automobiles. The hottest technologies of the 1960s wereNSU's "Wankel engine", thegas turbine, and the turbocharger. Of these, only the last, pioneered by General Motors butpopularised by BMW and Saab, was to see widespread use. Mazda had much success with its"Rotary" engine which, however, acquired a reputation as a polluting gas-guzzler. Other Wankellicensees, including Mercedes-Benz and General Motors, never put their designs into productionafter the 1973 oil crisis. (Mazda's hydrogen-fuelled successor was later to demonstrate potential asan "ultimate eco-car") Roverand Chryslerboth produced experimental gas turbine cars to no

effect.

A so-called yank tankin Havana, Cuba

Cuba is famous for retaining its pre-1959 cars, known as yank tanks or maquinas, which have beenkept since the Cuban revolution when the influx of new cars slowed because of a US tradeembargo.

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Exemplary post-war cars:

19481971 Morris Minor a popular, and typical post-war car exported around the world.

19592000 Mini this quintessential small car lasted for four decades, and is one of themost famous cars of all time.

19611975 Jaguar E-type the E-type saved Jaguar on the trackand in the showroom,and was a standard for design and innovation in the 1960s.

1964present Ford Mustang thepony carthat became one of the best-selling and most-collected cars of the era.

1969 Datsun 240Z one of the first Japanese sports cars to be a smash hit with the NorthAmerican public, it paved the way for future decades of Japanese strength in theautomotive industry. It was affordable, well built, and had great success both on the trackand in the showroom.

Modern era

The wedge profile of the 1967NSU Ro 80 was often copied in subsequent decades

The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year. However, there aresome technical and design aspects that differentiate modern cars from antiques. Withoutconsidering the future of the car, the modern era has been one of increasing standardisation,platform sharing, and computer-aided design.

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Some particularly notable advances in modern times are the widespread offront-wheel drive andall-wheel drive, the adoption of the diesel engine, and the ubiquity offuel injection. While all ofthese advances were first attempted in earlier eras, they so dominate the market today that it is easyto overlook their significance. Nearly all modern passenger cars are front-wheel drivemonocoque/unibody designs, with transversely-mounted engines, but this design was considered

radical as late as the 1960s.

Body styles have changed as well in the modern era. Three types, the hatchback, minivan, andsport utility vehicle, dominate today's market,yet are relatively recent concepts. All originallyemphasised practicality, but have mutated into today's high-powered luxury crossover SUV andsports wagon. The rise ofpickup trucks in the United States, and SUVs worldwide has changed theface of motoring, with these "trucks" coming to command more than half of the world automobilemarket.

The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficiency and engine output. Once the automobileemissions concerns of the 1970s were conquered with computerised engine management systems,

power began to rise rapidly. In the 1980s, a powerful sports carmight have produced200 horsepower(150 kW) just 20 years later, average passenger cars have engines that powerful,and some performance models offer three times as much power.

Exemplary modern cars:

1966present Toyota Corolla a simple small Japanese saloon/sedan that has come to bethe best-selling car of all time.

1967 NSU Ro 80 the basic wedge profile of this design was much emulated insubsequent decades.

1970present Range Rover the first take on the combination ofluxury and four-wheel

drive utility, the original 'SUV'. Such was the popularity of the original Range RoverClassic that a new model was not brought out until 1994. [27]

1973present Mercedes-Benz S-Class electronic Anti-lock Braking System,supplemental restraint airbags, seat belt pretensioners, and electronic traction control

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