Summer Project Zhang

7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................................... 4

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Objectives of Study .............................................................................................................. 5

1.3 Purpose of the study ............................................................................................................. 6

1.4 Research Methodology ......................................................................................................... 6

1.5 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 10

1.6 Limitation of the study: ...................................................................................................... 10

1.7 Research Design ................................................................................................................. 11

1.8 Sources of Data................................................................................................................... 11

1.9 Nature of Data .................................................................................................................... 11

1.11 Data Collection Techniques .............................................................................................. 12

1.12 Data Analysis and Report Writing .................................................................................... 12

1.13 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 12

Industrial Sector Development In Nepal .............................................................................. 12

Legal Aspects of hazardous waste disposal and statutory authority ..................................... 14

Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................ 16

DATA ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS ............................................................................ 16

2.1 Summary results Industrial HW Survey ............................................................................. 16

A. Industry sector: Dry Cell Battery. .................................................................................... 17

B. Industry Sector: Iron Galvanizing .................................................................................... 18

C. Industry Sector: Paint manufacture .................................................................................. 18

D. Industry Sector: Paper and Pulp manufacturing .............................................................. 19

E. Industry Sector: Pesticides ............................................................................................... 19

F. Industry Sector: Pharmaceuticals ..................................................................................... 20

G. Industry Sector: Soap and detergent ................................................................................ 20

H. Industry Sector: Textile Dyeing ....................................................................................... 20

I. Industry Sector: Vegetables Ghee and Oil ......................................................................... 21

J. General industrial waste.-All sectors ................................................................................ 21

2.2 Results of Biomedical HW Survey ..................................................................................... 22

A. Bhaktapur District Hospital ............................................................................................. 23


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B. Bir Hospital ...................................................................................................................... 23

C. Patan Hospital .................................................................................................................. 24

D. NMC and Hospital ........................................................................................................... 24

E. Paropakar Maternity and Womens Hospital.................................................................... 24

F.Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital ........................................................................... 24

2.3 Summary and assumptions on Overall Industrial Production ............................................ 25

2.4 Summary of Biomedical HW Survey ................................................................................. 25

2.5 Quality of Information from Surveys and Desk Studies..................................................... 26

2.6 Current Estimate of Industrial HW ..................................................................................... 27

2.7 Current Estimate of Biomedical HW .................................................................................. 30

CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................... 35

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................. 35

3.1 Findings .............................................................................................................................. 35

3.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 37

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 39

Appendix I .................................................................................................................................... 40

Appendix II ................................................................................................................................... 44

Appendix III ................................................................................................................................. 45

Annex I ......................................................................................................................................... 47


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report has been prepared as partial fulfillment of BBA 4th Semester, Summer

Project, Ace Institute of Management. I am deeply indebted to Ace Institute of

Management and Pokhara University for incorporating summer project in the degree

program which provides a wonderful opportunity to carry out the practical research on

any topic.

I also wish to especially thank to my course instructor and lecturer Mr. Prakash C.

Bhattarai whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in every

step of this project.

I also express my sincere gratitude to all the other respected faculties of the

management department, librarian, lab technician and all other office staff for their

assistance and co-operation given to me in regard to this work.

I also want to thank all my colleagues for their help, support, interest and valuable

hints. I have tried to include all the relevant information regarding the topic of my

study. But this project study may not have the inclusions thoroughly so I heartily

welcome suggestions and comments for the improvement of the project.

Finally, I again send our warm greets and obligations to all those who involved in this

project directly or indirectly.

Thanking you,

Zhang Peng


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

As per the Basel Convention Wastes are substances or objects which are disposed

of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the

provisions of national law. Since these forms of wastes can be very dangerous, these

wastes have to be managed very carefully and properly. In the developing country

like ours, where we cannot find proper ways of treating such hazardous and toxic

wastes how have we been coping with such factors? This research study is precisely

aimed at answering these types of questions.

In the process of this research, many industries, hospitals and other organizations

that produce hazardous wastes were visited. Vital information was gathered from

which much important analysis could be made. Finally from those analysis,

conclusions like most of the hazardous wastes are toxic or corrosive / alkaline in

nature were found. This sort of information were taken into account when giving

recommendations like, A feasibility study should be conducted for the establishment

and operation of an industrial hazardous wastes collection, selling, buying, recycling

centre and Conduction of Awareness programmes and information dissemination on

HW and its consequences as well as on use, handling and disposals to the

stakeholders and to those come across directly with these wastes.

Thus, hazardous waste management is a sensitive topic and should be dealt with

properly.

CHAPTER I


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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

There are several ways to defined Hazardous waste (HW):

a. Hazardous characteristics e.g. toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness;b. Toxic components e.g. arsenic, mercury or PCBs;c. Types of material e.g. explosive, solvents;d. Waste from specific process e.g. refining, plating, clinical;e. Specific waste streams e.g. sludge from chemical treatment plant.

The above definitions are based on those used in the World Bank Pollution

Prevention and Abatement Handbook. There are many other definitions of hazardous

wastes such as those assumed by UNEP and US EPA.

The preparation of the hazardous waste inventory for Nepal has focused on

industrial and biomedical hazardous wastes. Sample surveys of hazardous wastes

would be conducted in the manufacturing industries and health facilities situated

across the Kathmandu Valley at various locations of importance and to provide

indicative results for the whole country. The inventory surveys and the reporting

would be coordinated by, a consulting company with experience, strength and

capability in the area of industrial an urban environmental management.

1.2 Objectives of Study

The objectives of the study are:

a.

Identify and quantify the sources of HW in Kathmandu by doing the survey.

b. Prepare a database from the results of the survey.


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c. Identify the existing management and disposal systems of the hazardous wastesgenerated from these sectors.

d. Provide information as a basis to develop technical guidelines to managehazardous waste generated from different sectors

1.3 Purpose of the study

The literature suggests that based on value of production and numbers of employees,

industrial and hospital are all potentially responsible for generating hazardous

wastes in significant quantities. Work to estimate HW carried out in 2004 did not

report on amounts of solid wastes for all the industrial sectors surveyed but the

reported figures suggest significant quantities of raw materials containing hazardous

substances were used by many industries. In the production process, these industries

generate and dispose hazardous materials along with other wastes. The industrial

sector is therefore the major sector of focus for this study. Biomedical wastes are

also generated from the health service units such as hospitals, nursing homes and

health posts in significant amounts based on studies conducted in 2003 and are

another major focus for this study.

1.4 Research Methodology

Research Design:

The approach for the identification and quantification of industrial and biomedical

hazardous wasted is mainly based on the survey of sample industrial enterprises, and

hospitals with purpose to collect the first hand data through visit and filling-up

questionnaires. The available first hand data from these enterprises and hospitals

would be utilized for further analysis in support of the collected relevant secondary

data from different sources to quantify the volume of hazardous wastes that are

being generated by the specified sector industries and hospitals in Nepal.

Relevant reports and publications have been collected from MOEST, MOICS and


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other organizations. These documents were reviewed. These include:

a. Inventory of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS ) in Nepal, Part-& b. Inventory of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS ) in Nepal, Part-c. Hazardous wastes inventory report, July 2004d. Baseline Study Report Of Sector Industries, 2003-04e. Report on Industrial Wastes Survey in Nepal, October 1997 (MOICS) partand

f. CBS Census of Manufacturing Establishment, 2001-02; published in 2003

In order to carry out survey, a list of five hazardous industrial sectors in

Kathmandu was prepared for the further reporting, In the selection of the industries

for hazardous waste survey, the criteria taken into considerations are the most

representative industries, which are known to produce hazardous wastes. The

industrial clusters are preferred for the survey because of generation of large

volume of waste, similarity of wastes, potential of common effluent treatment plant,

potential of waste exchange and use of 3 Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) concept,

potential of information exchange, easy access and cost effective survey.

Location of industries was identified for the conduction of the survey. The

industries situated at different locations were identified. A Total of five industries

were listed for further reporting.

As per the terms of reference and as per the requirement of the information from

the industrial enterprises in order to prepare an industrial hazardous waste

inventory, a draft questionnaire was developed, with the review of literature/

questionnaires and discussions among the focus group. It was also expected that

with the inputs, the shortcomings in the draft questionnaire were removed and an

improved questionnaire was prepared to meet the objectives of the survey. The

draft questionnaire is given in Appendix


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Primary Data Collection for Industrial Hazardous Waste:

After the finalization of the questionnaire for industrial hazardous waste survey, the

main focus of survey would be concentrated on the first hand primary data of the

hazardous solid and liquid wastes and their handlings and disposals. Altogether 10

industrial establishments would be targeted to survey as sample. Other relevant

information covered in the questionnaire will be general information, production

figures of last 3 years, raw materials consumption details, energy consumption, etc.

Primary Data Collection for Biomedical Hazardous Waste:

The primary data would be collected from 6 health care institutions. In the sample

selection of the hospitals for biomedical hazardous waste survey, the hospitals taken

into considerations are hospitals within three districts of Kathmandu valley.

Questionnaire survey and direct consultation with different responsible persons

together with visit of different sections of the hospitals and taking the relevant

information about the generation, segregation system, and disposal methods of the

biomedical hazardous waste would be the survey method and primary data

collection.

After the finalization of the questionnaire for biomedical hazardous waste survey,

the main focus of survey would be on the collection of first hand primary data of the

biomedical hazardous wastes and their handlings and disposals. The relevant

information covered in the questionnaire would be general information, no of

hospital beds, bed occupancy rate, segregation practice; waste generation, handling

of the wastes etc.

Secondary Data Acquisition for Industrial Hazardous Waste:

In order to quantify the total hazardous wastes generation from specifies sectors of

industries; secondary data were required to compute. The major sources of such

secondary data are Census of Manufacturing Establishments of Central Bureau of


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Statistics (CBS), Production and export figures of Trade and Export Promotion

Centre (TEPC), Production statistics recorded by Department of Industry (DOI) and

the sector industry associations. Industrial productions mentioned in the Economic

Survey of Ministry of Finance, GON. The important secondary data acquired from

the above mentioned organizations are:

1. Number of existing industrial establishments in the sector2. Location of industrial establishments3. Total production volume from the sector industries4. Total production value in NPR5. Industrial production index6. Sector industry production index7. Average unit price of the sector products8. Export of sectoral products to India and overseas countries

Secondary Data Acquisition for Biomedical Hazardous Waste:

Relevant study reports, literatures, related publications and documents on health care

wastes are collected from MOHP, DOHS, NMC, NNJA, etc. These reports/

publications were reviewed in order to carry out further study of the biomedical

hazardous wastes generation from the health care institutions.

The available first hand data from the hospitals would be utilized for further analysis

in support of the collected relevant secondary data from different sources to quantify

the volume of biomedical hazardous wastes that are being generated by the health

care institutions in Nepal. The documentation of the record of biomedical hazardous

wastes management in Nepal is limited. The other limitation of the study is the

unwillingness of the concerned authority to provide the necessary information and

data. In most of the health care institutions, there is no systematic way of record

keeping system.

This study was carried out within a short period of time and based on hospital

sample survey, literatures review, available secondary data and consultation of


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stakeholders and medical service providers as well as waste handlers

1.5 Methodology

1.5.1 Methods for estimation of total hazardous waste for Industry

The primary data available from the questionnaires would be just sufficient to

quantify the hazardous waste generated from the sample industrial enterprises. To

estimate the total waste arising from the sectors, secondary data would be used.

1.5.2 Methods for estimation of total waste for biomedical waste

This study focuses more on the management of health care risk waste (HCRW). The

primary data available from the questionnaires would be the indication to quantify

the biomedical hazardous waste generated from the sample health care institutions.

To estimate the total amount of biomedical hazardous waste arising from the total

health care institutions, secondary data would be used.

Conducting the sample survey of the health care institutions, the primary data on

hospital bed occupancy rate and the average health care risk waste/patient/day will

be calculated. From the secondary data, the total number of hospital beds would be

calculated. From the secondary data, the total number of hospital beds would be

calculated. And from the report of previous surveys on quantities of health care

waste the average quantity of health care waste/patient/day would be know. Thus,

the total wastes could be estimated by considering both primary and secondary data.

1.6 Limitation of the study:

The data collected from the study may not actually match with the exact data and

results. The main constrains for this could be availability of the time. The other

limitation could be the method being used for the survey. Not all relevant areas were

surveyed and the survey was limited to Kathmandu city only.

With the survey, the sample sizes for analysis were found to be much smaller than

the actual size of the data. The true significance of the survey/interview was


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therefore felt to be limited due to the results being more a matter of chance and not

trend that was actually observed. Due to the lack of availability of the data

information, data were not able to be compared, as when data consistency for

comparison was being sorted, some information as described in the journals was not

known to the interviewee, and were not extracted. The measures introduced in this

study could be refined and made more robust.

1.7 Research Design

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the situation of hazardous solid waste

management. Hence, it is of utmost importance that various conditions prevailing in

tourism sector are also considered while accessing the scenario hazardous solid waste

management. Hence, the research design is quantitative and descriptive in nature.

1.8 Sources of Data

Both primary and secondary data will be used for the study. To receive in-depth

knowledge on the technical aspects of hazardous solid waste management, it is

required to consult and review existing literatures, reports, information bulletins,

booklets etc published by various institutions and personnel working in the field

hazardous solid waste management. To get first hand information on t hazardous solid

waste management, interview.

1.9 Nature of Data

The study will require both quantitative and qualitative information. Hence primary

as well as secondary data would be used in the process. So, the data will be collected

first hand through general interview and detailed questionnaires.

1.10Population and Sample


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The population for this study would comprise all hotels hazardous solid waste

management in Kathmandu. Also, a range of middle and top level staffs from various

aspects would be interviewed.

1.11 Data Collection Techniques

Interviews would be scheduled with various middle and top level staffs. They would

also be assigned to fill up certain questionnaires regarding the performance of

hazardous solid waste management.. Other data would be collected from various

published and unpublished sources.

1.12 Data Analysis and Report Writing

All the data/information will be entered in the computer using softwares. They will

be refined and analyzed by using simple statistical tools. Qualitative approaches may

be used to analyze the collected information. Different diagrams and graphs will be

used as applicable. The findings will be presented in the summer project report.

1.13 Literature Review

Industrial Sector Development In Nepal

Industrial development in Nepal is still in its early stages but several industries are

the backbone of economic development. The history of industrial development in

Nepal shows that early industrial ventures were not very successful due to lack of

adequate technical knows how management skill and experience, By the 1960s there

were still very few registered industries in Nepal, but modern industries and small

and cottage industries began and in the early 1970s the industrial sector took priority

attention in development planning. Central Bureau of statistics (CBS) Records

indicate manufacturing units increased from only 15 in 1950/51 to 3,633 in 1986/87.


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There were 4,271 units in 1991/92 but this declined to 3,557 in 1996/97; to 3,213 in

2001/02.

There have been some initiatives to encourage investment and privatization through

the Industrial policy 1992 and Foreign Investment and One Window Policy 1992,

and the creation of industrial centers with governmental land and buildings on lease

for private ventures. However industrial growth in Nepal suffers from a number of

problems and constraints including low domestic savings, a small domestic market,

and shortage of skilled labor, inefficient bureaucracy, and high transport and

operating costs, inadequate and inconsistent electrical power supply and, more

recently, political instability.

Now, since the new government has come to power, we can hope that they would

bring certain socialistic rules and regulation for betterment of industries and

industrial workers. The broad view of Maoist supported government for making new

& developed Nepal would definitely bring rise in the no. of industrial units in Nepal.

The largest numbers of factories in the country are carpet making, clay and ceramic

products, grain mill products, furniture, textiles and clothing, plastics, bakery, metal

products, pulp and paper, stone cutting, concrete, cement and printing. Large and

medium scale manufacturing plants include jute, sugar, cigarettes, beer, production

and refining of vegetable ghee and oil, soap, processed leather, acrylic yarn, bricks

and tiles, sports shoes, transformers, knit-wear, spinning mills, pharmaceuticals.

Cement, breweries and soft drinks. While industries such as jute, tea and sugar use

local raw materials, other industries have to import raw materials from India and

other countries. Mining is based on deposits of limestone magnetite, and talc.

Besides large and medium scale industry, more than 85% Nepalese industries are

cottage and small industries. Cottage industries are mainly based on the local

production of traditional handicrafts. These industries are also seen as a way to

engage the underemployed rural population and contribute towards export earnings.


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In Nepal, cottage industries have included pottery, handmade paper and products

woodwork, metal work, weaving, embroidery, and basket making, and draw on

artistic traditions dating back centuries. However, even with the creation of cottage

industries training centers across the country, many of these crafts have been in

decline. This sector is large and although creation of hazardous waste is not

significant from many of the typical cottage and small industries there can be

significant hazardous waste in some processes. Therefore some economically

important small carpet dying factories have been included in the inventory. Other

small scale manufacturing will be much less significant than for the major industries

because of the scale and nature of the processes.

Based on reported figures the contribution of the industrial manufacturing sector to

the gross domestic product (GDP) is less than 10%. However the industrial

Development perspective plan of Nepal Vision 2020 envisages production

increasing to the point where industrial manufacturing will contribute 20% 2020

Legal Aspects of hazardous waste disposal and statutory authority

There are many currently no specific policies or regulation on the disposal of

hazardous waste in Nepal. The Solid Waste Management and Resources

Mobilization Act 1987 defined Hazardous Waste for the first time and prohibited

storage, dumping and improper disposal in any public or private places. The solid

waste management and resource centre was delegated responsibility for managing

solid and hazardous waste in Kathmandu Valley but its regulatory activities have

been altered by the Local Self Governance Act 1999 that devolved responsibilities

for management of domestic solid waste but did not require local government to

manage hazardous waste. The broad terms but did not require local government to

manage hazardous waste. The broad terms used in the Environment Protection Act

1997 (EPA) and Environmental Protection Rules 1997 (EPR as amended) do not

make specific provisions for the control of hazardous waste


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Conceptual Framework

The different independent variables are analyzed below to show their relationship

with the dependent Variables.

As regards to this project for the proper solid waste management, things considered

included, policies and strategies of the government, various awareness programmes,

effectiveness of environmental education, Reducing toxicity from the wastage,

industries and feedback from the concerned authorities and finally development of

solid waste management techniques.

Proper Hazardous Waste

Management

Policies &

Strategies of the

Government

Environmental Education

Responsibilities of the

industries

Awareness

Programmes

Reducing toxicity from

the wastage

Feedback from the

concerned authorities

Development ofHazardous

Waste Management Techniques


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CHAPTER II

DATA ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS

2.1 Summary results Industrial HW Survey

The findings of the survey in 10 industrial enterprises are discussed below. The table

below shows the annual total production of surveyed industrial enterprises, each

industrial sector for the fiscal year 2006/07 in NPR and the sources of information.

In the following text the potential wastes are classified in line with the Annexes to

the Basel convention (i.e. Annex 1Y1 to Y18, Y19 to Y45 and H1 to H13).

Table 3 Industries Sectors and Productions

S.No Industry

Sector

Production

Surveyed

(ps,NPRx

103)

Production

for the

sector (Pt,

NPRx 103

Source of

Information

Guidelines for

waste disposals

1 Dry cell 530,000 530,000 Survey Residues only

2 Iron

Galvanizing

8,048,975 14,517,907 DOI Acid sludge

3 Paint 642,313 1,065,992 DOI Pigment/solvent

4 Paper 1,584,396 1,883,940 FNCCI Base sludge

5 Pesticides 588,175 588,175 Survey Residues only

6 Pharmaceuticals 1,774,381 5,091,330 CBS Residues only

7 Soap 1,159,810 1,505,984 FNCCI Base sludge

8 Textile dyeing 1,124,584 1,289,396 CBS Acid Sludge

9 Vegetable Oil

&Ghee

7,450,215 9,410,000 FNCCI Oil earth/cat


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N.B. ps : Total Production of surveyed industries, pt: Total Production the

industrial sector.

Figure 2 Production sector-wise

A. Industry sector: Dry Cell Battery.

A. dry cell battery is a galvanic electrochemical cell with a pasty low-moisture

electrolyte. A. wet cell has liquid electrolyte, such as the lead-acid batteries in most

cars. DOI records indicate there are five (5) dry cell (battery) manufacturing

industrial establishments in operation in Nepal. There were 66.2 million batteries

manufactured in the fiscal year 2006/07 (worth approximately 530million NPR).

The factories produced 13.79 M/T of solid HW in the form of a chemical mix

sweeping wastes, which are generated from store spillages in the processing areas

(mostly zinc chloride and zinc oxide). As heavy metals these wastes are potentially

toxic in nature. Under Basel Convention Annex 1, zinc compound wastes are

classified as Y23 and H11. In addition the factories also generate 23.0 m of liquid

waste containing ammonium chloride, which is potentially oxidizing and reactive

with other chemicals. Ammonium chloride is a severe eye irritant and zinc chloride

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

Production Surveyed (ps,NPRx

103)

Production for the sector(Pt,

NPRx 103)


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is a corrosive material. Combustion of fuel from this sector is estimated to release

26.45 M/T of carbon dioxide and 0.11 M/T of sulphur dioxide emissions per year to

the atmosphere.

B. Industry Sector: Iron Galvanizing

Iron galvanizing units use large amounts of chemicals. Corrosive hydrochloric acid

is used for the surface cleaning (i.e. in the pickling process). Other chemicals such

as ammonium chloride, zinc chloride, sodium dichromates etc. are also required for

different processes before dipping the iron material in zinc bath. The major

hazardous solid waste generated is the mixed corrosive sludge from the pickling

tank. Under Basel Convention metal treatment waste is classified as Y17. The

hazardous liquid wastes are pickling waste (hydrochloric acid), Fluxing waste

(ammonium chloride) and quenching waste (Sodium / potassium dichromate), which

are corrosive and fall in the Basel category H8. The units surveyed produced

101,852 M/T of hazardous solid waste as sludge and 231,678m3 of hazardous liquid

wastes, which are mostly corrosive, from the pickling tanks and quenching

processes.

C. Industry Sector: Paint manufacture

The paint factories were surveyed with a total annual production of 7,570 M/T

(worth around 642.3 million NPR). These units generated 19.53 M/T of hazardous

solid waste consisting of pigments (17.03 M/T) and lime (2.5 M/T). Pigments are

toxic and lime is corrosive. These solid waste from use of pigments is classified

under Basel Convention as Y12. Hazardous liquid wastes generated in the paint

industries are from washing of machines, floor and hand washing. The estimated

total liquid waste generation is 1.093.1 m. This includes all arising from water

based and solvent based paint manufacture, both of which include cobalt based

(heavy metal) materials. Exposure to high levels of cobalt can result in lung and

heart effects and dermatitis, but cobalt is an essential element and cobalt compounds

are not generally treated as hazardous and are unlikely to pose a toxic threat. Cobalt


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is not listed specifically under Basel Convention. The concern for these wastes arises

mainly from the solvent based elements that are potentially flammable and toxic and

are HWs classified as Y6 and Y42 under Basel Convention.

D. Industry Sector: Paper and Pulp manufacturing

Pulp and Paper industries use large quantities of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda),

sodium sulphite, lime, and liquid chlorine (H8 and H5.1). The pulp and paper

industries were surveyed with a total annual production of 29,243.6 M/T (worth

1.584 trillion NPR) associated with 1,692.75 M/T of hazardous solid wastes as

sludge containing sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphite, which are corrosive /

alkaline in nature. These units also produced around 4 million m of corrosive

/alkaline liquid wastes from the beater and washing processes (Y35 and H8).

E. Industry Sector: Pesticides

By their nature pesticides are hazardous and toxic. In 2006 the Department of

Agriculture, Pesticides Registration and Management Division reported 131284.5 kg

of all pesticides were imported and that the same amount was consumed. In addition

there are only four pesticides operating in Nepal. They produce approximately

1,486M/T of produce (wroth approx 588 million NPR). These units are basically

mixing and repacking units. The raw materials used in the formulation are toxic and

some are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention.

The four units generate 5.81 M/T of hazardous solid waste mainly in the form of

spilled ingredients and 406 m3 of hazardous liquid wastes from washing of floors or

cleaning of machines prior to production of a new batch of products. Both of these

wastes are potentially toxic in nature. According to Basel Convention, these solid

and liquid pesticide residues are identified as HW and could be toxic or form

leachate if not disposed of correctly (H11,H12.and H13). In addition to the waste

from production there are approximately 75 M/T of stockpiled obsolete pesticides in

Nepal that have been stored for several years at various locations under the control

of Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Inputs Corporation Ltd.


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F. Industry Sector: Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceutical industries use various raw materials that are reactive and toxic in

nature to produce different kinds of medicines. According to Basel Convention solid

and liquid wastes are classified as Y3 (wastes pharmaceuticals, drugs and medicines)

and Y2 (wastes from production and preparation of pharmaceutical products). The

major hazardous solid wastes are production waste mixtures of raw materials (Y2)

quality control samples and expired medicines (Y3). Surplus materials, swept or

cleaned and laboratory wastes (from quality control), are also included. The

hazardous liquid wastes arise from washing of machines, bottles, floor, ceiling and

walls. In the units surveyed 1,472 M/T of machines were produced per annum worth

nearly NPR 1.8 Billion. This production generates 36.57 M/T of solid waste and

nearly 36,000m3 of liquid HWs.

G. Industry Sector: Soap and detergent

The major raw materials for the soap and detergent industries are industries are oil,

fatty acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and silicates. Most of the solid or

liquid wastes generated from these units are alkaline or corrosive in nature. The

main solid waste is the sludge and spent lye and the liquid waste is the spent lye

which contains common salt. These wastes are generated during washing in the soap

making process. The surveyed units produced about 38,000 M/T of products wroth

about NPR 1,160 million per year. They were found to generate 546 M/T of solid

and 21,000 cm3 of liquid HWs. These solid and liquid basic wastes are classified as

Y35 under Basel Convention.

H. Industry Sector: Textile Dyeing

Washing and dyeing operations in the textile industry utilizes chemicals including

sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, acetic acid, and dyes. This sector of industry

does not generate significant hazardous solid waste except some residual sludge.

The most significant HW is the washing and dying process sludge and effluents

(classified as Y12 due to the use of dyes) that are potentially hazardous. The units


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studied produced 3,744 M/T of fabric worth nearly NPR 1,125 million. This

generates about 52 M/T of semi solid sludge and nearly 159,000 m3 of liquid HWs in

a year that may also be hazardous due to acidity and eco-toxic.

I. Industry Sector: Vegetables Ghee and Oil

The vegetables ghee production and vegetables oil refining enterprises use mainly

palm oil as a raw material. The imported crude vegetable oils are refined using

various chemicals. The main solid HWs are spent bleaching earth, floor cleaning

waste and sludge from oil and grease traps. These wastes also contaminated Nickel

Similarly, the generated hazardous liquid wastes are the wastewater from washing

process, filter cloth washing, and floor washing. The surveyed units produced

around 149,000 M/T of the products worth NPR 7,450 million. They generated

1,274 M/T of semi solid and nearly 238,000 m3 of liquid HWs containing oil and

grease (Y9). Based on this survey the alkaline solid waste (Y35) from de-gumming

and acid distillation of the raw oil stock is reused in the soap industry or by the

factories themselves to make soap. The waste bleaching earth contains much oil and

is disposed of as a fuel such as brick kilns but is technically an oily waste (Y9). The

production of hydrogenated vegetable oil uses nickel power as catalyst that is

eventually spent and results in the accumulation a few tones of oily nickel waste in

each factory, every month. This nickel based waste is sold on for treatment and

nickel recovery. The nickel waste oils mixture is a hazardous waste (Y9) because of

the oil although the nickel is unlikely to be eco-toxic in the pure metal form.

J. General industrial waste.-All sectors

All industrial units will produce general factory waste in the form of cleaning waste

and general refuse. There will be some oily and metallic waste from the maintenance

workshops and other waste such as spent fluorescent light tubes that contain

mercury waste (Y29).


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2.2 Results of Biomedical HW Survey

The survey of biomedical wastes generation from health care facilities focused on

hospitals mainly in the in the Kathmandu valley that were used to reconfirm data

collected in recent years from other more detailed studies that focused on the main

types of waste that have previously defined Nepal.

Health care waste (HCW) has been defined as all types of general solid and liquid

waste arising from health care facilities. WHO guidelines include Health Care Risk

Waste (HCRW) as follows:

i. Infectious waste (including solid or bloody bandages, cotton an paper

tissue);

ii. Pathological waste (e.g. body parts, foetus and placenta);

iii. Sharps (needles, scalpels and ampoules);iv. Pharmaceutical waste (outdated and spilled medicines and vaccines);v. Genotoxic waste (including from cancer treatment);vi. Chemical waste (discarded lab chemicals and insecticides)vii. Heavy metal waste (broken thermometers, X-ray developing fluids);viii. Pressurized containers; andix. Radioactive waste

Name of

HCI

(Hospitals

)

No.

of

Bed

s

Occu

p ancy

Beds

used/da

y

HCW

Kg/Da

y

HCRW

Kg/Da

y

HCRW

kg/patien

t

/day

Infectious

HCRW

Bhaktapur 75 46 34 100 20 0.59 Mix with

municipal

waste

Bir 468 88 411 107 107 0.26 Mix with

municipal


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waste

Patan 320 83 265 113 113 0.43 Burned

NMC 42 80 33 60 10 0.3 Mix with

municipal

waste

Paropkar 320 70 224 N/A N/A Mix with

municipal

waste

Trib Univ.

Teaching

500 90 450 216 216 0.48 Pathologica

l waste

burned

Average 70 0.47

The average bed occupancy rate is 70% and the average HCRW generation is 0.47

kg/patient/day. This compares closely with the HCRW generation of 0.48 kg

calculated in the MOHP Study in 2006/07.

The following paragraphs describe the different existing operating procedures at the

hospitals and there is no reason to expect that these procedures are very different for

other hospitals around Nepal.

A. Bhaktapur District Hospital

This hospital established and run by the government, is a general hospital situated in

Kathmandu valley. The segregated syringes, needles and infected plastic materials

are burned daily in the hospital compound. All other normal solid wastes are mixed

with the municipal solid waste.

B. Bir Hospital

Bir Hospital is the oldest government medical facility in Nepal. In 2003, the

National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) was established in Bir Hospital.


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Now it is a semi-government organization. Bir Hospital does not have proper storage,

treatment and disposal facilities for the generated biomedical HWs. Pathological

wastes are buried inside hospital compound. All other wastes including HWs are

disposed in municipality container.

C. Patan Hospital

Patan Hospital was originally established and run by missionary workers. Lately it is

managed by the community with the assistance of government. Waste collection and

segregation practices are relatively well managed in this hospital. The hospital has

dirty utility rooms where wastes are collected from wards and kept for sufficient

time in large buckets until they are filled. The clinical HWs are burned in the

incinerator and the sharps are burned in separate place. The non-HWs are taken by

municipality waste collector.

D. NMC and Hospital

This hospital established and run by private sector, is a teaching hospital situated in

outskirt of Kathmandu valley. Although segregation of waste is exercised in this

hospital, some of the generated wastes are mixed with the municipal solid waste for

disposal and others are disposed in the nearby river banks.

E. Paropakar Maternity and Womens Hospital

The vision of this hospital is to develop Maternity Hospital as a centre of excellence

for the reproductive health care services including newborn care, immunization to

newborn babies, family planning services etc. Placental waste is disposed in a pit

near by the hospital own land, Neonate dead bodies are buried in the earth near

Bagmati river and syringes are burned in a drum. The other wastes including

hazardous.

F.Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital

This hospital, established under Tribhuvan University as a teaching hospital, is a


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general hospital. Waste segregation and collection practices are relatively well

managed in this hospital. The segregated biomedical HWs are incinerated in the

incinerator. The general wastes are taken away by municipality waste collector.

2.3 Summary and assumptions on Overall Industrial Production

The findings of survey given in the chapter 4.1 above were utilized for the

estimation of the total volume of HW generation from the the sector industries in the

country. The assumptions made for the estimation of the total wastes are as follows:

a. The census output of industrial sector mentioned in the Census of

Manufacturing Establishments 2001/02(CBS,2003) is taken as base value and

available sector industry production index is used to find out the value of production

for the fiscal year 2006/07(MOF,2007).

b. The volume of production of several of the subject sector industries, taken

from the FNCCI and Economic Survey of MOF and the figures production (2006/07)

is multiplied by the average price of the product to find out present value in NPR.

c. For the exportable products, the direct value is taken to estimate current

production for the fiscal year 2006/07. In this, the total volume exported to India and

overseas countries are taken from the given figures with consideration of small

volume for local consumption.

d. A one hundred percent survey was carried out for some of the industrial

sectors, thus the total production of these industries is considered as the total

national production.

e. To estimate the total quantity of the production and the generation of HWs for

the fiscal year 2006/07 and also to project these figures after five and ten years, the

factors and the formulae given under Chapter 5.

2.4 Summary of Biomedical HW Survey

The quantities of waste and its composition differ considerably from HCF to HCF.

The quantities are among others determined by:1) The health care services provided

by the individual HCFs ; 2) The size of the HCF; 3) The supply and share of


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disposable materials used; and 4) the degree of segregation. There does not appear to

be much initiative to minimize quantities of waste or substitution of hazardous

materials at the health care facilities surveyed. Only in few cases a proper waste

segregation takes place, which leads to less quantities of health care risk waste.At

some health care facilities needles for certain kinds of inoculation (TB) and gloves

are recycled, by steam. In some cases the segregated waste in remixed with

municipally collected waste.

The risks associated with the generation of health care waste are primarily financial

and the environmental and public health consequences of improper disposal seem

largely ignored. If the potential for minimizing the quantities of waste is not utilized

the health care facility is wasting resources and the opportunity to save money on

waste disposal. The present lack of enforcement and low rates for waste collection.

However, do not encourage the health care facilities to make special efforts to

minimize the quantities of waste. Likewise, as there is not regulation there are no

particular benefits for the health care facilities to avoid HCRW generation and

thereby to protect the environment and the public health.

2.5 Quality of Information from Surveys and Desk Studies

Every factory in each sector could not be documented. The primary data collected

from the sampled industrial enterprises, hospital and automobile workshops is based

on the information provided from the records kept in the various enterprises. Some

of the information, which was not documented, was also obtained through the

interviews and discussions with the personnel of the enterprises and visual

inspections during the visit. In certain cases professional judgment was also made to

quantify the amount of waste materials. Where secondary data was used the different

publication and sources are cited and efforts have been made to use reliable

information from authorized or authenticated sources. The consultants and

enumerators involved in the industrial and biomedical surveys were professionals

having experience in conducting other assessments in industry such as Cleaner

Production assessments. Implementation of Environmental Management Systems


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and Occupational Safety and Health audits. Therefore, although the majority of these

enterprises have a poor system of recording and maintaining the exact amount of

wastes generated, efforts have been made to ensure a good standard and therefore

the reliability and accuracy of the collected data is considered acceptable and fit for

the purposes of this study.

2.6 Current Estimate of Industrial HW

The preceding chapter highlighted the findings of the survey, which is based on the

information available from the surveyed 10 industrial enterprises. The volume of

HWs shown above is the wastes generated by the surveyed industries only. The

actual generation of the HW from the industries surveyed has been used to project:

The total quantity of HW generation by that particular sector broken down bytypes or categories as to toxic, corrosive, flammable and reactive; as well as by

solid and liquid

For this a factor has been determined as:Factor F= Pt/ps

Where, Pt is the total production of the sector

And ps is the total production of the sampled industries.

Thus the total Hw H= hs *F; where, hs is the quantity of HW for the individual

surveyed industry and hs is the total of all these.

The estimated industrial HWs for year 2006/2007 are given in the tables as follows:

Table 5 Hazardous Solid Waste (in M/T)

S.N

O.

Sector Value

(Quantit

y)

Toxic Corrosi

ve

Flammab

le

Reactive Total

1 Dry Cell 530.0

(N/A)

13.79 0 0 0 13.79


28/48


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29

Table 6 Total maximum and minimum waste production

S.NO.

Sector

Solid Waste (M/T) Liquid Waste (Cu.m)

Max Min Max Min

1 Dry Cell (per 1000

Pcs)

0.34 0.05 8.0 1.16

2 Iron Galvanize (Per

1000

M/T)

0.96 0.5 13.333 10.2

3 Paint (Per 1000 M/T) 33.92 1.10 2,638 4.5

4 Paper/Pulp (Per 1000

M/T)

117.3 0.02 230000 257.5

5 Pesticides(Per 1000

M/T)

113.3 1.7 22988 25.9

6 Pharmaceuticals (Per

1000 M/T)

453.6 9.9 242255 365

7 Soap (per 1000 M/T) 53.5 1.1 1612 2.1

8 Vegetable Oil &Ghee

(per 1000 M/T)

13.52 1.6 4444 160.3


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Figure 3 Solid Waste Production from different sectors

The main reasons behind such variations may be due to fact that very few industries

keep accurate records of the waste arising. Other reasons include:

a. Variation in product type (e.g. some pharmaceuticals produce more of liquid

products where as other produce more of solid products)

b. Variation in raw materials (e.g. some paper industries use waste paper only

where as others use agro residue for paper making)

c. Variation in the size of the industrial units

d. Technology used (e.g. physical refining versus chemical refining in vegetable

oil industry)

2.7 Current Estimate of Biomedical HW

The average bed occupancy rate seems to be 70%. And the average HCRW is

calculated to be 0.47 kg/patient/day in the hospital. The total amount of HCRW in

the surveyed health care institutions is 686kg/day (5 hospitals).

The foregoing chapter highlighted the findings of the sample survey of health care

Sales

Dry Cell (per 1000 Pcs)

Iron Galvaniz (Per 1000M/T)

Paint (Per 1000M/T)

Paper (Per 1000M/T)

pestcides (Per 1000M/T)

Pharmaceuticals (Per 1000M/T)


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31

institutions, and is based on the information available from the surveyed different

health care establishments. The amount of biomedical HWs shown above is the

HWs generated by the surveyed health institutions only. The actual generation of

biomedical HW from the surveyed health care institutions has been used to calculate

the total amount of biomedical HW generated in the country by using the secondary

data.

The total number of hospital beds from different types of health care institutions i.e.

Medical colleges, Government hospitals, Eye hospital, Private hospitals and Military

hospitals is given in table below:

Table 7 Total Number of beds

NO. Type of Health Care Institution NO. of beds

1 Medical colleges 8243

2 Government 7205

3 Eye hospitals 2279

4 Private Hospitals 4810

5 Military Hospitals 420

Total

22957


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Figure 4 Numbers of beds in different hospitals

A number of surveys have been conducted in the Kathmandu Valley to establish an

overview of the health care waste management. Two of them include surveys of the

quantities of health care waste (HCW) and health care risk waste (HCRW). The first

survey was conducted in 1997 and included measurements of the quantities of waste

generated at 11 hospitals in the Kathmandu Valley. The average quantity of waste

estimated for all 11 HCFs is given in table below. Another survey conducted in 2001

by the Environment & Public Health Organization (ENPHO) for Kathmandu

Metropolitan City, shows somewhat higher figures.

Table 8 Average quantity of waste

Location Year Health Care Waste

(HCW)

Health Care risk

waste

(HCRW)

Kathmandu Valley 1997 0.54kg/patient/day 0.16kg/patient/day

Kathmandu

Municipality

2001 1.7kg/patient/day 0.48kg/patient/day

(Source: Healthcare Waste Management in Nepal, MOHP, 2006)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Medical

college

Government

Hosptial

Eye hospitals Private

Hosptials

Military

Hospitals

No. of beds

No. of beds


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The ENPHO study calculates with an occupancy rate of around 65% in average. The

difference between the two surveys indicates a solid increase in the amounts of

waste generated at the health care facilities in the valley, which corresponds very

well with the development of the sector within recent years. However, as the first

survey probably also include smaller health care facilities; this is also part of the

explanation for smaller amounts of waste. A survey in South Africa shows a quantity

of HCRW at the same level as the ENPHO study, namely 0.6351 kg/patient/day.(Ref.

Draft report "Health Care Waste (HCW) Generation and Characterization Study for

Health and Treatment Facilities", prepared by Data Management & Statistical

Analysis CC, January 2003).

If it is assumed that all health care facilities in Nepal having beds are generating

approximately the same amounts of waste per patient per day as in ENPHO's survey,

and that the bed occupancy rate is 70%, and that health post and sub health posts

(not having beds) are generating 0.5 kg HCRW per day, and that outreach clinics are

generating 0.1 kg HCRW per day, the total amounts of health care risk waste can be

estimated as follows:

Table 9 Total quantity of HCRW

Types Kg HCRW

Small HCFS (186x0.5) 93

Health Posts (698x0.5) 349

Sub-Health Posts (3129x0.5) 1564

Outreach Clinics (14512x0.1) 1451

HCFs with beds (22957 bedsx0.7x0.5) 8035

Total per day 11492

Total per year 4194580


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Notes:

1) For HCF with beds: 0.5 kg/patient/day

2) For Health Post and Sub HP: 0.5 kg/HCF/day

3) For Outreach clinics: 0.1 kg/HCF/day.

The estimate should be considered as indicative only, as there are many factors

influencing on the amounts of waste, and there are considerably variance from HCF

to HCF. In addition to this it also has to be taken into consideration that it is seldom

possible to reach such a high quality of segregation of waste in HCRW and HCW as

during the survey where there are focus on the subject. In daily practice it must be

expected that some considerable parts of the health care general waste is mixed with

the health care risk waste, thereby generating larger amounts that have to be

considered as health care risk waste.


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CHAPTER III

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

3.1 Findings

The overall finding of the study is that the industries are not much aware on the

hazardous natures of the raw materials and wastes generated. All the wastes being

generated are disposed to natural environment without much care. Most units do not

differentiate between the normal waste and hazardous waste from other processes

turning all the wastes into hazardous wastes unnecessarily.

Most Industrial units do not have proper storage and handling systems for hazardous

materials. Workers are often not provided information about the hazardous nature of

the substances they have to handle. This results in poor work environment and low

productivity. Wherever, personal protective equipments are provided, the workers do

not make effective use of such equipments.

Figure 5 Estimated Solid waste generated for upcoming years

The generation of hazardous solid and liquid wastes from all the sector industries is

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

2006/2007 2011/2012 2016/2017

Solid waste Generated

Solid waste Generated


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observed to be in an increasing trend for the projected periods. The total amount of

hazardous solid waste generated is estimated to be 5,051 M/T per annum for the

fiscal year 2006/07 and the quantities of such waste after five and ten years have

been projected to be 5,732 M/T and 6,589 M/T per annum respectively. Similarly,

the total amount of hazardous liquid waste generated is estimated to be 6,404,872 cu.

m. Per annum for the fiscal year 2006/07 and the quantities of such waste after five

and ten years have been projected to be 7,088,305 cu. m. And 7,879,080 cu. m. Per

annum respectively.

Most of the hazardous wastes are toxic or corrosive / alkaline in nature. Some

tendency has also been noticed that the industries try to hide some of the hazardous

wastes, mainly the flammable ones as they readily understand the adverse

consequences and complaints by immediate neighbours. The amount of total

hazardous solid and liquid waste as shown above is high because of the fact that the

industrial units mix the hazardous waste with non-hazardous and total quantity

becomes hazardous. This fact indicates that there is a great challenge and hence

tremendous opportunity for the government and environmentalists to promote

awareness and segregation to reduce the quantity of hazardous wastes. This can be

achieved more easily by promoting cleaner production and 3R principles before

carrying out any treatment or disposal.

As the country does not have specific legislation for prevention and proper disposal

for the hazardous waste, initiative must be started in this direction soonest possible.

Timely prevention of undesirable chemicals, switching to more

environment-friendly substitutes can be carried out under an effective legislation.

Otherwise, amelioration after contamination can be very costly and sometimes it

may be irreversible.

Total estimated biomedical hazardous waste generated from all the Health Care

Institutions for year 2006/07 is calculated to be 4,195 M/T. The volume of these


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waste in next ten years is expected to double of the quantity estimated for year 2007

Nepal presently does not generate very large amount of Biomedical Hazardous

Wastes. However, it is a major concern with regard to the environmental and human

health point of view. The country does not have adequate policies, legislation,

standards, guidelines, programmers and appropriate institution to deal with these

types of waste. Even the existing policies and regulations have not been

implemented properly.

There are no separate rooms for storage of the waste and the waste is usually kept in

the backyard of HCI before the municipality picks them up. The HCIs witch manage

their own waste collect the wastes and temporarily store it inside their compound

before sending to the municipality containers or burying.

Private hospitals are located in crowded residential areas mostly in rented house

with limited space. Those hospitals do not have enough space for proper incineration

of the hazardous wastes. Also, they don't have enough space for burying the waste.

They are compelled to send all types of wastes to the municipal solid waste

container.

3.2 Recommendations

Considering this present study as base, the recommendations in this field are as

follows:

A feasibility study should be conducted for the establishment andoperation of an industrial hazardous wastes collection, selling, buying,

recycling centre.

Conduction of Awareness programmes and information disseminationon HW and its consequences as well as on use, handling and disposals to

the stakeholders and to those come across directly with these wastes.

Although the quantity of HW generated in Nepal is low, these wastes aremixed with other wastes and disposed to environment without much


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38

care. This practice is alarming and will be extremely detrimental to

living conditions. This challenge can also be viewed as an opportunity

that the industries, hospitals and automobile workshops can be provided

inputs such that they practice waste segregation and 3R principles to

reduce the amount of HW significantly. Programmes could be developed

to promote such waste segregation and 3R principles in the relevant

organizations.

It will also be necessary to develop HW disposal site separately from thenormal municipal waste disposal system.

Most of the hospital does not have the treatment facility. They used tobury the biomedical HW in a pit within the hospital compound. To

reduce the negative impacts, the pit should be away from hospital staffs,

patients, visitors, workers and water sources and each time the waste

should be covered with sufficient soil and lime. The pit side should be

protected from contaminating water. Similarly the incinerators used by

many of the hospitals are not of up to the standard. Cleaner technology

incinerators with built in pollution control devices are appropriate for the

hospitals .Segregation of pollution prone hospital wastes from

incinerating wastes is essential.

There is lack of awareness among the hospital staffs, patients, visitorsand workers about the potential health risk associated with the

unmanaged biomedical wastes. Waste handling personals and other

hospital staffs should be trained for proper handling and disposal of

hospital wastes. Hospital should provide protective clothing and

equipments for waste handlers. So, awareness programmes and

information dissemination on biomedical hazardous wastes and its

impacts should be conducted for all stakeholders.

Conduction of waste survey work to all the big and medium sized healthcare institutions is recommended by managing sufficient resources and

manpower and sufficient time.


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REFERENCES

1World Bank Group 1998Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook.

2Govt of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, (2001 -2002), Census of

Manufacturing Establishments.

3Preparation of Hazardous Waste Inventory, MOPE July 2004 (DEVS) Consult

Nepal Ltd

4Healthcare Waste Management in Nepal. Assessment of Present state and

Establishment of a Framework Strategy and Action Plan for Improvement,

Ministry of Health and Population, June 2006.

5Methodological Guide to the Undertaking of Inventories of Hazardous Waste

within the Framework of Basel Convention. SBC 99/009 (E) Geneva May 2000.

62001 Census District Development Profile of Nepal 2004, ISRSC.

7National Planning CommissionNinth Plan 1998.

8Industrial Development Perspective Plan of Nepal Vision 2020, UNDP,

Kathmandu Sep 2002

9Economic Survey 2006/2007 Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance.

1010. Concept paper on health care waste management, Bimala Shresta, Department of

Community Medicine and Family Health, Teaching Hospital, March 1997.

11. Environmental impact assessment of Medical Waste management in Kathmandu

(draft November 2001) environmental and Public Health organization (ENPHO)

FOR THE Kathmandu Valley Mapping Programme, Kathmandu Metropolitan City.

12. Guidelines for Establishment, Implementing Policy, Standard and Infrastructure

of Private and non-government organization Health Care Institution (Hospital and

Nursing Home), 2061 (2004), Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal

13. Guidelines for the Management of Hospital Waste in Nepal- Nepal Health

Research Council/ WHO-2002.


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Appendix I

HAZARDOUS WASTE DEFINITION

Basel ConventionWastes are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be

disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law;

Waste Streams

Y1 Clinical wastes from medical care in hospitals, medical centres and clinics

Y2 Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products

Y3 Waste pharmaceuticals, drugs and medicines

Y4 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and

pharmaceuticals

Y5 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood preservingchemicals

Y6 Wastes from the production, formulation use of organic solvents

Y7 Wastes from heat treatment and tempering operations containing cyanides

Y8 Waste mineral oils unfit for their originally intended use

Y9 Waste oils/water, hydtocarbons/water mixtures, emulsions

Y10 Waste substances and articles containing or contaminated with

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and/or polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and/or

polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)

Y11 Waste terry residues arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic

treatment

Y12 Wastes from production, formulation and use of inks, dyes, pigments, paints,

lacquers, varnish

Y13 Wastes from production, formulation and use of resins, latex, plasticzers

Y14 Waste chemical substances arising from research and development or

teaching activities which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man

and/or the environment are not known

Y15 Wastes of an explosive nature not subject to other legislation

Y16 Wastes from production, formulation and use of photographic chemicals and

processing materials

Y17 Wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics

Y18 Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations

Wastes having as constituents:

Y19 Metal carbonyls

Y20 Beryllium; beryllium compounds

Y21 Hexavalent chromium compounds

Y22 Copper compounds


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Y23 Zinc compounds

Y24 Arsenic; arsenic compounds

Y25 Selenium; selenium compounds

Y26 Cadmium; cadmium compounds

Y27 Antimony; antimony compoundsY28 Tellurium; tellurium compounds

Y29 Mercury; mercury compounds

Y30 Thallium; thallium compounds

Y31 Lead; lead compounds

Y32 Inorganic fluorine compounds excluding calcium fluoride

Y33 Inorganic cyanides

Y34 Acidic solutions or acids in solid form

Y35 Basic solutions or bases in solid form

Y36 Asbestos (dust and fibres)

Y37 Organic phosphorus compoundsY38 Organic cyanides

Y39 Phenols; phenols compounds including chlorophenols

Y40 Ethers

Y41 Halogenated organic solvents

Y42 Organic solvents excluding halogenated solvents

Y43 Any congenor of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan

Y44 Any congenor of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin

Y45 Organohalogen compounds other than substances referred to in this Annex

US Environmental protection Agency

Hazardous waste is waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or

the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, gases, or sludge. They can

be discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the

by-products of manufacturing processes.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) govern the management of

hazardous wastes. There is not a single comprehensive list of hazardous wastes that

is continuously updated, as hazardous waste identification is a process that involvesmany steps.

To be considered a hazardous waste, a material first must be classified as a solid

waste. EPA defines solid waste as garbage, refuse, sludge, or other discarded

material (including solids, semisolids, liquids, and contained gaseous materials). If a

waste is considered solid waste, it must then be determined if it is hazardous waste.

Wastes are defined as hazardous by EPA if they are specifically named on one of

four lists of hazardous wastes (F, K, P, U) or if they exhibit one of four

characteristics (characteristic wastes)


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Listed Wastes

Wastes are listed as hazardous because they are known to be harmful to human

health and the environment when not managed properly, regardless of their

concentrations. EPA has studied and listed as hazardous hundreds of specificindustrial waste streams. These wastes are described or listed on four different lists

that are found in the regulations. These four lists are:

The F list-The F list designates as hazardous particular wastes from certain common

industrial or manufacturing processes. Because the processes producing these wastes

can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes

from non-specific sources.

T K list- The K list designates as hazardous particular waste streams from certain

specific industries. K-listed wastes are known as wastes from specific sources.

The P List and U List (Discarded commercial Chemical Products) These two

lists are similar in that both list pure or commercial grade formulations of certain

specific unused chemicals as hazardous. A P or U waste code may be applicable,

provided that the material is an unused commercial chemical product (CCP).A CCP

is a substance that consists of the commercially pure grade of the chemical, any

technical grades of the chemical, and all formulations in which the chemical is the

sole active ingredient.

Characteristic Wastes

Even if the waste stream does not meet any of the four listings explained above, it

may still be considered a hazardous waste if it exhibits a characteristic. EPA has

designated the following four characteristics: ignitability(D001), corrosivity(D002),

reactivity(D003) and toxicity (D004-D043).

Ignitability - Ignitability wastes create fires under certain conditions or are

spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60140 F.

Corrosivity - corrosive wastes are acids or bases (PH less than or equal to 2 or

greater than or equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers, such as

storage thanks, drums, and barrels.

Reactivity - Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can

cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when mixed with water.

Toxicity - Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbede. g ,

containing mercury, lead, etc.. When toxic wastes are disposed of on land,


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contaminated liquid may drain (leach) from the waste and pollute ground water.

Toxicity is defined through a laboratory procedure called the Toxicity Characteristic

Leaching Procedure(TCLP)

If wastes are not listed or do not exhibit any hazardous waste characteristics, theyare considered nonhazardous solid waste (as opposed to hazardous

wastes).Nonhazardous solid waste disposal and recycling is regulated on a state

level. Therefore, you may wish to contact your state solid waste official for more

information on solid waste management.

SAYEN

Hazardous waste is an inevitable by-product of hunman activities. In the past, this

was not a major problem because almost everything was reused or recycled and

whatever remained was taken care of by nature. However, the intorduction of new

materials and changing consumption patterns, especially in urban areas, haveresulted in increasing volumes of waste and, as a result, breakdown of traditional

systems of waste management has taken place. Urbanisation in Nepal is

characterized by rapid and haphazard growth, and this has exerted tremendous

pressure on the urban envionment as well as on the capacities of the government and

the people to manage this change. The rate of urban growth is at 6.5% per

annum,which is the highest in South Asia, and also a cause for major concern.

Households are the main sources of solid waste in Nepal. This accounts for about 83%

of all solid waste generated in Nepal. In comparison, agricultural waste accounts for

11% and industral waste for 6% of the tatal solid waste. Due to the low level of

industrialisation and limited use of hazardous chemicals, such as pesticides and

persistend organic pollutants, it is safe to say that Nepal probably generates very

little hazardous waste compared to other countries. Out of sight, out of mind,is the

most common response to the problem of solid waste managerial level than

technical. If left unchecked, the waste management problem is expected to become

more become more sewere in the future because of the continued increase in the

amount of waste generated and in the generation of potentially hazardous waste.


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Appendix II

LIST OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS SURVEYED

S.NO. Name of the Industrial Unit Address Contact Person

1 Mahavir ShreeInternational

Devkota Sadak,Old Baneshwore

Mr. MadanGopal Khemka

2 AL-TECH(P)Ltd. Thimi, Bhaktapur Mr. Deepak

3 Barjar Johnson and

Nikolson

Pvt. Ltd

Bhaktapur Industrial

Area.

Mr. Ramesh

Sainju

4 Bagmati paper industries Sinamangal,

Kanthmandu

Mr. Narayan

Lal

shrestha

5 Deuraji Janta

Pharmaceutical P. Ltd.

Dhapasi, Kathmandu Mr.Hari Bhakta

Shrestha

6 Nebico (P) Ltd. Balaju, Kathmandu Mr. Ramesh

shrestha

7 Godawari Marble

Industries Pvt. Ltd

Godawari,kathamandu Mr.Krishna

Gopal

8

9

LIST OF HOSPITALS SURVEYED

S.NO Name of HCI Address Contact

Person

1 Bir Hospital Ratnapark, Kathmandu Dr. Ramesh

Stapith

2 Neapl Medical College Teaching

Hospital

Attarkhel, Kathmandu Dr. Ram

Keval

3 Teaching Hospital Maharjgunj,

kathmandu

Dr.Mahesh

Shah

4 Bhaktapur Hospital Bhaktapur ,Kathmandu Dr. prema

Shah

5 Parpkar Maternity Hospital Thapathali,

Kathmandu

Dr. Bindu

Maskey

6 Patan Hospital Lagankhel,Lalitpur Dr. Rabindra

Khatiwada


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Appendix III

Survey Questionnaire for Industrial Units

General Information

1. Name of the Organization:

2. Address:

3. Contact person:4. Type of Industry:5. No. of Employees:6. Location of the industry: (Residential, Industrial Area)7. Production figures for last three years:Year

Production

8. Waste Generated for last three years:Year

Waste Generated

9. Are you aware of the Basel Convention (YES/NO):10.Is your industry according to the norms of EPC and ERP (YES/NO):

Survey Questions

1. How much waste is produce by your industry daily?2. Do you segregate Hazardous and non-hazardous wastes?3. How do you manage the waste generated from your industry?4. What are the raw materials consumed in your industry?5. Where do you get the raw materials from?6. What is the daily energy consumption in your industry?


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7. Are your workers and staffs aware of the waste generation and its propermanagement?

8. If No, what are your plans to make them aware?9. What would you do to improve your waste management?10.Any other suggestions?

Survey Questionnaire for Health Care Institutions

1. Name of HCI:2. Address:3. Contact Person:4. Type of Hospital:5. No. of Beds:6. Bed Occupancy rate for last three years:Year

Bed Occupancy rate

7. Waste Generated for last three years:Year

Waste Generated

8. Are you aware of the Basel Convention (YES/NO)9. Is your industry according to the norms of EPC and ERP (YES/NO)10.Do you normally use reusable or use and throw products for medical purpose?


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