7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
1/48
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................. 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Objectives of Study .............................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Purpose of the study ............................................................................................................. 6
1.4 Research Methodology ......................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Limitation of the study: ...................................................................................................... 10
1.7 Research Design ................................................................................................................. 11
1.8 Sources of Data................................................................................................................... 11
1.9 Nature of Data .................................................................................................................... 11
1.11 Data Collection Techniques .............................................................................................. 12
1.12 Data Analysis and Report Writing .................................................................................... 12
1.13 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 12
Industrial Sector Development In Nepal .............................................................................. 12
Legal Aspects of hazardous waste disposal and statutory authority ..................................... 14
Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................ 16
DATA ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS ............................................................................ 16
2.1 Summary results Industrial HW Survey ............................................................................. 16
A. Industry sector: Dry Cell Battery. .................................................................................... 17
B. Industry Sector: Iron Galvanizing .................................................................................... 18
C. Industry Sector: Paint manufacture .................................................................................. 18
D. Industry Sector: Paper and Pulp manufacturing .............................................................. 19
E. Industry Sector: Pesticides ............................................................................................... 19
F. Industry Sector: Pharmaceuticals ..................................................................................... 20
G. Industry Sector: Soap and detergent ................................................................................ 20
H. Industry Sector: Textile Dyeing ....................................................................................... 20
I. Industry Sector: Vegetables Ghee and Oil ......................................................................... 21
J. General industrial waste.-All sectors ................................................................................ 21
2.2 Results of Biomedical HW Survey ..................................................................................... 22
A. Bhaktapur District Hospital ............................................................................................. 23
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
2/48
2
B. Bir Hospital ...................................................................................................................... 23
C. Patan Hospital .................................................................................................................. 24
D. NMC and Hospital ........................................................................................................... 24
E. Paropakar Maternity and Womens Hospital.................................................................... 24
F.Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital ........................................................................... 24
2.3 Summary and assumptions on Overall Industrial Production ............................................ 25
2.4 Summary of Biomedical HW Survey ................................................................................. 25
2.5 Quality of Information from Surveys and Desk Studies..................................................... 26
2.6 Current Estimate of Industrial HW ..................................................................................... 27
2.7 Current Estimate of Biomedical HW .................................................................................. 30
CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................... 35
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................. 35
3.1 Findings .............................................................................................................................. 35
3.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 37
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 39
Appendix I .................................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix II ................................................................................................................................... 44
Appendix III ................................................................................................................................. 45
Annex I ......................................................................................................................................... 47
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
3/48
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report has been prepared as partial fulfillment of BBA 4th Semester, Summer
Project, Ace Institute of Management. I am deeply indebted to Ace Institute of
Management and Pokhara University for incorporating summer project in the degree
program which provides a wonderful opportunity to carry out the practical research on
any topic.
I also wish to especially thank to my course instructor and lecturer Mr. Prakash C.
Bhattarai whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in every
step of this project.
I also express my sincere gratitude to all the other respected faculties of the
management department, librarian, lab technician and all other office staff for their
assistance and co-operation given to me in regard to this work.
I also want to thank all my colleagues for their help, support, interest and valuable
hints. I have tried to include all the relevant information regarding the topic of my
study. But this project study may not have the inclusions thoroughly so I heartily
welcome suggestions and comments for the improvement of the project.
Finally, I again send our warm greets and obligations to all those who involved in this
project directly or indirectly.
Thanking you,
Zhang Peng
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
4/48
4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As per the Basel Convention Wastes are substances or objects which are disposed
of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the
provisions of national law. Since these forms of wastes can be very dangerous, these
wastes have to be managed very carefully and properly. In the developing country
like ours, where we cannot find proper ways of treating such hazardous and toxic
wastes how have we been coping with such factors? This research study is precisely
aimed at answering these types of questions.
In the process of this research, many industries, hospitals and other organizations
that produce hazardous wastes were visited. Vital information was gathered from
which much important analysis could be made. Finally from those analysis,
conclusions like most of the hazardous wastes are toxic or corrosive / alkaline in
nature were found. This sort of information were taken into account when giving
recommendations like, A feasibility study should be conducted for the establishment
and operation of an industrial hazardous wastes collection, selling, buying, recycling
centre and Conduction of Awareness programmes and information dissemination on
HW and its consequences as well as on use, handling and disposals to the
stakeholders and to those come across directly with these wastes.
Thus, hazardous waste management is a sensitive topic and should be dealt with
properly.
CHAPTER I
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
5/48
5
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
There are several ways to defined Hazardous waste (HW):
a. Hazardous characteristics e.g. toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness;b. Toxic components e.g. arsenic, mercury or PCBs;c. Types of material e.g. explosive, solvents;d. Waste from specific process e.g. refining, plating, clinical;e. Specific waste streams e.g. sludge from chemical treatment plant.
The above definitions are based on those used in the World Bank Pollution
Prevention and Abatement Handbook. There are many other definitions of hazardous
wastes such as those assumed by UNEP and US EPA.
The preparation of the hazardous waste inventory for Nepal has focused on
industrial and biomedical hazardous wastes. Sample surveys of hazardous wastes
would be conducted in the manufacturing industries and health facilities situated
across the Kathmandu Valley at various locations of importance and to provide
indicative results for the whole country. The inventory surveys and the reporting
would be coordinated by, a consulting company with experience, strength and
capability in the area of industrial an urban environmental management.
1.2 Objectives of Study
The objectives of the study are:
a.
Identify and quantify the sources of HW in Kathmandu by doing the survey.
b. Prepare a database from the results of the survey.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
6/48
6
c. Identify the existing management and disposal systems of the hazardous wastesgenerated from these sectors.
d. Provide information as a basis to develop technical guidelines to managehazardous waste generated from different sectors
1.3 Purpose of the study
The literature suggests that based on value of production and numbers of employees,
industrial and hospital are all potentially responsible for generating hazardous
wastes in significant quantities. Work to estimate HW carried out in 2004 did not
report on amounts of solid wastes for all the industrial sectors surveyed but the
reported figures suggest significant quantities of raw materials containing hazardous
substances were used by many industries. In the production process, these industries
generate and dispose hazardous materials along with other wastes. The industrial
sector is therefore the major sector of focus for this study. Biomedical wastes are
also generated from the health service units such as hospitals, nursing homes and
health posts in significant amounts based on studies conducted in 2003 and are
another major focus for this study.
1.4 Research Methodology
Research Design:
The approach for the identification and quantification of industrial and biomedical
hazardous wasted is mainly based on the survey of sample industrial enterprises, and
hospitals with purpose to collect the first hand data through visit and filling-up
questionnaires. The available first hand data from these enterprises and hospitals
would be utilized for further analysis in support of the collected relevant secondary
data from different sources to quantify the volume of hazardous wastes that are
being generated by the specified sector industries and hospitals in Nepal.
Relevant reports and publications have been collected from MOEST, MOICS and
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
7/48
7
other organizations. These documents were reviewed. These include:
a. Inventory of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS ) in Nepal, Part-& b. Inventory of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS ) in Nepal, Part-c. Hazardous wastes inventory report, July 2004d. Baseline Study Report Of Sector Industries, 2003-04e. Report on Industrial Wastes Survey in Nepal, October 1997 (MOICS) partand
f. CBS Census of Manufacturing Establishment, 2001-02; published in 2003
In order to carry out survey, a list of five hazardous industrial sectors in
Kathmandu was prepared for the further reporting, In the selection of the industries
for hazardous waste survey, the criteria taken into considerations are the most
representative industries, which are known to produce hazardous wastes. The
industrial clusters are preferred for the survey because of generation of large
volume of waste, similarity of wastes, potential of common effluent treatment plant,
potential of waste exchange and use of 3 Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) concept,
potential of information exchange, easy access and cost effective survey.
Location of industries was identified for the conduction of the survey. The
industries situated at different locations were identified. A Total of five industries
were listed for further reporting.
As per the terms of reference and as per the requirement of the information from
the industrial enterprises in order to prepare an industrial hazardous waste
inventory, a draft questionnaire was developed, with the review of literature/
questionnaires and discussions among the focus group. It was also expected that
with the inputs, the shortcomings in the draft questionnaire were removed and an
improved questionnaire was prepared to meet the objectives of the survey. The
draft questionnaire is given in Appendix
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
8/48
8
Primary Data Collection for Industrial Hazardous Waste:
After the finalization of the questionnaire for industrial hazardous waste survey, the
main focus of survey would be concentrated on the first hand primary data of the
hazardous solid and liquid wastes and their handlings and disposals. Altogether 10
industrial establishments would be targeted to survey as sample. Other relevant
information covered in the questionnaire will be general information, production
figures of last 3 years, raw materials consumption details, energy consumption, etc.
Primary Data Collection for Biomedical Hazardous Waste:
The primary data would be collected from 6 health care institutions. In the sample
selection of the hospitals for biomedical hazardous waste survey, the hospitals taken
into considerations are hospitals within three districts of Kathmandu valley.
Questionnaire survey and direct consultation with different responsible persons
together with visit of different sections of the hospitals and taking the relevant
information about the generation, segregation system, and disposal methods of the
biomedical hazardous waste would be the survey method and primary data
collection.
After the finalization of the questionnaire for biomedical hazardous waste survey,
the main focus of survey would be on the collection of first hand primary data of the
biomedical hazardous wastes and their handlings and disposals. The relevant
information covered in the questionnaire would be general information, no of
hospital beds, bed occupancy rate, segregation practice; waste generation, handling
of the wastes etc.
Secondary Data Acquisition for Industrial Hazardous Waste:
In order to quantify the total hazardous wastes generation from specifies sectors of
industries; secondary data were required to compute. The major sources of such
secondary data are Census of Manufacturing Establishments of Central Bureau of
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
9/48
9
Statistics (CBS), Production and export figures of Trade and Export Promotion
Centre (TEPC), Production statistics recorded by Department of Industry (DOI) and
the sector industry associations. Industrial productions mentioned in the Economic
Survey of Ministry of Finance, GON. The important secondary data acquired from
the above mentioned organizations are:
1. Number of existing industrial establishments in the sector2. Location of industrial establishments3. Total production volume from the sector industries4. Total production value in NPR5. Industrial production index6. Sector industry production index7. Average unit price of the sector products8. Export of sectoral products to India and overseas countries
Secondary Data Acquisition for Biomedical Hazardous Waste:
Relevant study reports, literatures, related publications and documents on health care
wastes are collected from MOHP, DOHS, NMC, NNJA, etc. These reports/
publications were reviewed in order to carry out further study of the biomedical
hazardous wastes generation from the health care institutions.
The available first hand data from the hospitals would be utilized for further analysis
in support of the collected relevant secondary data from different sources to quantify
the volume of biomedical hazardous wastes that are being generated by the health
care institutions in Nepal. The documentation of the record of biomedical hazardous
wastes management in Nepal is limited. The other limitation of the study is the
unwillingness of the concerned authority to provide the necessary information and
data. In most of the health care institutions, there is no systematic way of record
keeping system.
This study was carried out within a short period of time and based on hospital
sample survey, literatures review, available secondary data and consultation of
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
10/48
10
stakeholders and medical service providers as well as waste handlers
1.5 Methodology
1.5.1 Methods for estimation of total hazardous waste for Industry
The primary data available from the questionnaires would be just sufficient to
quantify the hazardous waste generated from the sample industrial enterprises. To
estimate the total waste arising from the sectors, secondary data would be used.
1.5.2 Methods for estimation of total waste for biomedical waste
This study focuses more on the management of health care risk waste (HCRW). The
primary data available from the questionnaires would be the indication to quantify
the biomedical hazardous waste generated from the sample health care institutions.
To estimate the total amount of biomedical hazardous waste arising from the total
health care institutions, secondary data would be used.
Conducting the sample survey of the health care institutions, the primary data on
hospital bed occupancy rate and the average health care risk waste/patient/day will
be calculated. From the secondary data, the total number of hospital beds would be
calculated. From the secondary data, the total number of hospital beds would be
calculated. And from the report of previous surveys on quantities of health care
waste the average quantity of health care waste/patient/day would be know. Thus,
the total wastes could be estimated by considering both primary and secondary data.
1.6 Limitation of the study:
The data collected from the study may not actually match with the exact data and
results. The main constrains for this could be availability of the time. The other
limitation could be the method being used for the survey. Not all relevant areas were
surveyed and the survey was limited to Kathmandu city only.
With the survey, the sample sizes for analysis were found to be much smaller than
the actual size of the data. The true significance of the survey/interview was
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
11/48
11
therefore felt to be limited due to the results being more a matter of chance and not
trend that was actually observed. Due to the lack of availability of the data
information, data were not able to be compared, as when data consistency for
comparison was being sorted, some information as described in the journals was not
known to the interviewee, and were not extracted. The measures introduced in this
study could be refined and made more robust.
1.7 Research Design
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the situation of hazardous solid waste
management. Hence, it is of utmost importance that various conditions prevailing in
tourism sector are also considered while accessing the scenario hazardous solid waste
management. Hence, the research design is quantitative and descriptive in nature.
1.8 Sources of Data
Both primary and secondary data will be used for the study. To receive in-depth
knowledge on the technical aspects of hazardous solid waste management, it is
required to consult and review existing literatures, reports, information bulletins,
booklets etc published by various institutions and personnel working in the field
hazardous solid waste management. To get first hand information on t hazardous solid
waste management, interview.
1.9 Nature of Data
The study will require both quantitative and qualitative information. Hence primary
as well as secondary data would be used in the process. So, the data will be collected
first hand through general interview and detailed questionnaires.
1.10Population and Sample
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
12/48
12
The population for this study would comprise all hotels hazardous solid waste
management in Kathmandu. Also, a range of middle and top level staffs from various
aspects would be interviewed.
1.11 Data Collection Techniques
Interviews would be scheduled with various middle and top level staffs. They would
also be assigned to fill up certain questionnaires regarding the performance of
hazardous solid waste management.. Other data would be collected from various
published and unpublished sources.
1.12 Data Analysis and Report Writing
All the data/information will be entered in the computer using softwares. They will
be refined and analyzed by using simple statistical tools. Qualitative approaches may
be used to analyze the collected information. Different diagrams and graphs will be
used as applicable. The findings will be presented in the summer project report.
1.13 Literature Review
Industrial Sector Development In Nepal
Industrial development in Nepal is still in its early stages but several industries are
the backbone of economic development. The history of industrial development in
Nepal shows that early industrial ventures were not very successful due to lack of
adequate technical knows how management skill and experience, By the 1960s there
were still very few registered industries in Nepal, but modern industries and small
and cottage industries began and in the early 1970s the industrial sector took priority
attention in development planning. Central Bureau of statistics (CBS) Records
indicate manufacturing units increased from only 15 in 1950/51 to 3,633 in 1986/87.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
13/48
13
There were 4,271 units in 1991/92 but this declined to 3,557 in 1996/97; to 3,213 in
2001/02.
There have been some initiatives to encourage investment and privatization through
the Industrial policy 1992 and Foreign Investment and One Window Policy 1992,
and the creation of industrial centers with governmental land and buildings on lease
for private ventures. However industrial growth in Nepal suffers from a number of
problems and constraints including low domestic savings, a small domestic market,
and shortage of skilled labor, inefficient bureaucracy, and high transport and
operating costs, inadequate and inconsistent electrical power supply and, more
recently, political instability.
Now, since the new government has come to power, we can hope that they would
bring certain socialistic rules and regulation for betterment of industries and
industrial workers. The broad view of Maoist supported government for making new
& developed Nepal would definitely bring rise in the no. of industrial units in Nepal.
The largest numbers of factories in the country are carpet making, clay and ceramic
products, grain mill products, furniture, textiles and clothing, plastics, bakery, metal
products, pulp and paper, stone cutting, concrete, cement and printing. Large and
medium scale manufacturing plants include jute, sugar, cigarettes, beer, production
and refining of vegetable ghee and oil, soap, processed leather, acrylic yarn, bricks
and tiles, sports shoes, transformers, knit-wear, spinning mills, pharmaceuticals.
Cement, breweries and soft drinks. While industries such as jute, tea and sugar use
local raw materials, other industries have to import raw materials from India and
other countries. Mining is based on deposits of limestone magnetite, and talc.
Besides large and medium scale industry, more than 85% Nepalese industries are
cottage and small industries. Cottage industries are mainly based on the local
production of traditional handicrafts. These industries are also seen as a way to
engage the underemployed rural population and contribute towards export earnings.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
14/48
14
In Nepal, cottage industries have included pottery, handmade paper and products
woodwork, metal work, weaving, embroidery, and basket making, and draw on
artistic traditions dating back centuries. However, even with the creation of cottage
industries training centers across the country, many of these crafts have been in
decline. This sector is large and although creation of hazardous waste is not
significant from many of the typical cottage and small industries there can be
significant hazardous waste in some processes. Therefore some economically
important small carpet dying factories have been included in the inventory. Other
small scale manufacturing will be much less significant than for the major industries
because of the scale and nature of the processes.
Based on reported figures the contribution of the industrial manufacturing sector to
the gross domestic product (GDP) is less than 10%. However the industrial
Development perspective plan of Nepal Vision 2020 envisages production
increasing to the point where industrial manufacturing will contribute 20% 2020
Legal Aspects of hazardous waste disposal and statutory authority
There are many currently no specific policies or regulation on the disposal of
hazardous waste in Nepal. The Solid Waste Management and Resources
Mobilization Act 1987 defined Hazardous Waste for the first time and prohibited
storage, dumping and improper disposal in any public or private places. The solid
waste management and resource centre was delegated responsibility for managing
solid and hazardous waste in Kathmandu Valley but its regulatory activities have
been altered by the Local Self Governance Act 1999 that devolved responsibilities
for management of domestic solid waste but did not require local government to
manage hazardous waste. The broad terms but did not require local government to
manage hazardous waste. The broad terms used in the Environment Protection Act
1997 (EPA) and Environmental Protection Rules 1997 (EPR as amended) do not
make specific provisions for the control of hazardous waste
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
15/48
15
Conceptual Framework
The different independent variables are analyzed below to show their relationship
with the dependent Variables.
As regards to this project for the proper solid waste management, things considered
included, policies and strategies of the government, various awareness programmes,
effectiveness of environmental education, Reducing toxicity from the wastage,
industries and feedback from the concerned authorities and finally development of
solid waste management techniques.
Proper Hazardous Waste
Management
Policies &
Strategies of the
Government
Environmental Education
Responsibilities of the
industries
Awareness
Programmes
Reducing toxicity from
the wastage
Feedback from the
concerned authorities
Development ofHazardous
Waste Management Techniques
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
16/48
16
CHAPTER II
DATA ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS
2.1 Summary results Industrial HW Survey
The findings of the survey in 10 industrial enterprises are discussed below. The table
below shows the annual total production of surveyed industrial enterprises, each
industrial sector for the fiscal year 2006/07 in NPR and the sources of information.
In the following text the potential wastes are classified in line with the Annexes to
the Basel convention (i.e. Annex 1Y1 to Y18, Y19 to Y45 and H1 to H13).
Table 3 Industries Sectors and Productions
S.No Industry
Sector
Production
Surveyed
(ps,NPRx
103)
Production
for the
sector (Pt,
NPRx 103
Source of
Information
Guidelines for
waste disposals
1 Dry cell 530,000 530,000 Survey Residues only
2 Iron
Galvanizing
8,048,975 14,517,907 DOI Acid sludge
3 Paint 642,313 1,065,992 DOI Pigment/solvent
4 Paper 1,584,396 1,883,940 FNCCI Base sludge
5 Pesticides 588,175 588,175 Survey Residues only
6 Pharmaceuticals 1,774,381 5,091,330 CBS Residues only
7 Soap 1,159,810 1,505,984 FNCCI Base sludge
8 Textile dyeing 1,124,584 1,289,396 CBS Acid Sludge
9 Vegetable Oil
&Ghee
7,450,215 9,410,000 FNCCI Oil earth/cat
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
17/48
17
N.B. ps : Total Production of surveyed industries, pt: Total Production the
industrial sector.
Figure 2 Production sector-wise
A. Industry sector: Dry Cell Battery.
A. dry cell battery is a galvanic electrochemical cell with a pasty low-moisture
electrolyte. A. wet cell has liquid electrolyte, such as the lead-acid batteries in most
cars. DOI records indicate there are five (5) dry cell (battery) manufacturing
industrial establishments in operation in Nepal. There were 66.2 million batteries
manufactured in the fiscal year 2006/07 (worth approximately 530million NPR).
The factories produced 13.79 M/T of solid HW in the form of a chemical mix
sweeping wastes, which are generated from store spillages in the processing areas
(mostly zinc chloride and zinc oxide). As heavy metals these wastes are potentially
toxic in nature. Under Basel Convention Annex 1, zinc compound wastes are
classified as Y23 and H11. In addition the factories also generate 23.0 m of liquid
waste containing ammonium chloride, which is potentially oxidizing and reactive
with other chemicals. Ammonium chloride is a severe eye irritant and zinc chloride
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
Production Surveyed (ps,NPRx
103)
Production for the sector(Pt,
NPRx 103)
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
18/48
18
is a corrosive material. Combustion of fuel from this sector is estimated to release
26.45 M/T of carbon dioxide and 0.11 M/T of sulphur dioxide emissions per year to
the atmosphere.
B. Industry Sector: Iron Galvanizing
Iron galvanizing units use large amounts of chemicals. Corrosive hydrochloric acid
is used for the surface cleaning (i.e. in the pickling process). Other chemicals such
as ammonium chloride, zinc chloride, sodium dichromates etc. are also required for
different processes before dipping the iron material in zinc bath. The major
hazardous solid waste generated is the mixed corrosive sludge from the pickling
tank. Under Basel Convention metal treatment waste is classified as Y17. The
hazardous liquid wastes are pickling waste (hydrochloric acid), Fluxing waste
(ammonium chloride) and quenching waste (Sodium / potassium dichromate), which
are corrosive and fall in the Basel category H8. The units surveyed produced
101,852 M/T of hazardous solid waste as sludge and 231,678m3 of hazardous liquid
wastes, which are mostly corrosive, from the pickling tanks and quenching
processes.
C. Industry Sector: Paint manufacture
The paint factories were surveyed with a total annual production of 7,570 M/T
(worth around 642.3 million NPR). These units generated 19.53 M/T of hazardous
solid waste consisting of pigments (17.03 M/T) and lime (2.5 M/T). Pigments are
toxic and lime is corrosive. These solid waste from use of pigments is classified
under Basel Convention as Y12. Hazardous liquid wastes generated in the paint
industries are from washing of machines, floor and hand washing. The estimated
total liquid waste generation is 1.093.1 m. This includes all arising from water
based and solvent based paint manufacture, both of which include cobalt based
(heavy metal) materials. Exposure to high levels of cobalt can result in lung and
heart effects and dermatitis, but cobalt is an essential element and cobalt compounds
are not generally treated as hazardous and are unlikely to pose a toxic threat. Cobalt
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
19/48
19
is not listed specifically under Basel Convention. The concern for these wastes arises
mainly from the solvent based elements that are potentially flammable and toxic and
are HWs classified as Y6 and Y42 under Basel Convention.
D. Industry Sector: Paper and Pulp manufacturing
Pulp and Paper industries use large quantities of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda),
sodium sulphite, lime, and liquid chlorine (H8 and H5.1). The pulp and paper
industries were surveyed with a total annual production of 29,243.6 M/T (worth
1.584 trillion NPR) associated with 1,692.75 M/T of hazardous solid wastes as
sludge containing sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphite, which are corrosive /
alkaline in nature. These units also produced around 4 million m of corrosive
/alkaline liquid wastes from the beater and washing processes (Y35 and H8).
E. Industry Sector: Pesticides
By their nature pesticides are hazardous and toxic. In 2006 the Department of
Agriculture, Pesticides Registration and Management Division reported 131284.5 kg
of all pesticides were imported and that the same amount was consumed. In addition
there are only four pesticides operating in Nepal. They produce approximately
1,486M/T of produce (wroth approx 588 million NPR). These units are basically
mixing and repacking units. The raw materials used in the formulation are toxic and
some are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention.
The four units generate 5.81 M/T of hazardous solid waste mainly in the form of
spilled ingredients and 406 m3 of hazardous liquid wastes from washing of floors or
cleaning of machines prior to production of a new batch of products. Both of these
wastes are potentially toxic in nature. According to Basel Convention, these solid
and liquid pesticide residues are identified as HW and could be toxic or form
leachate if not disposed of correctly (H11,H12.and H13). In addition to the waste
from production there are approximately 75 M/T of stockpiled obsolete pesticides in
Nepal that have been stored for several years at various locations under the control
of Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Inputs Corporation Ltd.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
20/48
20
F. Industry Sector: Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical industries use various raw materials that are reactive and toxic in
nature to produce different kinds of medicines. According to Basel Convention solid
and liquid wastes are classified as Y3 (wastes pharmaceuticals, drugs and medicines)
and Y2 (wastes from production and preparation of pharmaceutical products). The
major hazardous solid wastes are production waste mixtures of raw materials (Y2)
quality control samples and expired medicines (Y3). Surplus materials, swept or
cleaned and laboratory wastes (from quality control), are also included. The
hazardous liquid wastes arise from washing of machines, bottles, floor, ceiling and
walls. In the units surveyed 1,472 M/T of machines were produced per annum worth
nearly NPR 1.8 Billion. This production generates 36.57 M/T of solid waste and
nearly 36,000m3 of liquid HWs.
G. Industry Sector: Soap and detergent
The major raw materials for the soap and detergent industries are industries are oil,
fatty acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and silicates. Most of the solid or
liquid wastes generated from these units are alkaline or corrosive in nature. The
main solid waste is the sludge and spent lye and the liquid waste is the spent lye
which contains common salt. These wastes are generated during washing in the soap
making process. The surveyed units produced about 38,000 M/T of products wroth
about NPR 1,160 million per year. They were found to generate 546 M/T of solid
and 21,000 cm3 of liquid HWs. These solid and liquid basic wastes are classified as
Y35 under Basel Convention.
H. Industry Sector: Textile Dyeing
Washing and dyeing operations in the textile industry utilizes chemicals including
sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, acetic acid, and dyes. This sector of industry
does not generate significant hazardous solid waste except some residual sludge.
The most significant HW is the washing and dying process sludge and effluents
(classified as Y12 due to the use of dyes) that are potentially hazardous. The units
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
21/48
21
studied produced 3,744 M/T of fabric worth nearly NPR 1,125 million. This
generates about 52 M/T of semi solid sludge and nearly 159,000 m3 of liquid HWs in
a year that may also be hazardous due to acidity and eco-toxic.
I. Industry Sector: Vegetables Ghee and Oil
The vegetables ghee production and vegetables oil refining enterprises use mainly
palm oil as a raw material. The imported crude vegetable oils are refined using
various chemicals. The main solid HWs are spent bleaching earth, floor cleaning
waste and sludge from oil and grease traps. These wastes also contaminated Nickel
Similarly, the generated hazardous liquid wastes are the wastewater from washing
process, filter cloth washing, and floor washing. The surveyed units produced
around 149,000 M/T of the products worth NPR 7,450 million. They generated
1,274 M/T of semi solid and nearly 238,000 m3 of liquid HWs containing oil and
grease (Y9). Based on this survey the alkaline solid waste (Y35) from de-gumming
and acid distillation of the raw oil stock is reused in the soap industry or by the
factories themselves to make soap. The waste bleaching earth contains much oil and
is disposed of as a fuel such as brick kilns but is technically an oily waste (Y9). The
production of hydrogenated vegetable oil uses nickel power as catalyst that is
eventually spent and results in the accumulation a few tones of oily nickel waste in
each factory, every month. This nickel based waste is sold on for treatment and
nickel recovery. The nickel waste oils mixture is a hazardous waste (Y9) because of
the oil although the nickel is unlikely to be eco-toxic in the pure metal form.
J. General industrial waste.-All sectors
All industrial units will produce general factory waste in the form of cleaning waste
and general refuse. There will be some oily and metallic waste from the maintenance
workshops and other waste such as spent fluorescent light tubes that contain
mercury waste (Y29).
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
22/48
22
2.2 Results of Biomedical HW Survey
The survey of biomedical wastes generation from health care facilities focused on
hospitals mainly in the in the Kathmandu valley that were used to reconfirm data
collected in recent years from other more detailed studies that focused on the main
types of waste that have previously defined Nepal.
Health care waste (HCW) has been defined as all types of general solid and liquid
waste arising from health care facilities. WHO guidelines include Health Care Risk
Waste (HCRW) as follows:
i. Infectious waste (including solid or bloody bandages, cotton an paper
tissue);
ii. Pathological waste (e.g. body parts, foetus and placenta);
iii. Sharps (needles, scalpels and ampoules);iv. Pharmaceutical waste (outdated and spilled medicines and vaccines);v. Genotoxic waste (including from cancer treatment);vi. Chemical waste (discarded lab chemicals and insecticides)vii. Heavy metal waste (broken thermometers, X-ray developing fluids);viii. Pressurized containers; andix. Radioactive waste
Name of
HCI
(Hospitals
)
No.
of
Bed
s
Occu
p ancy
Beds
used/da
y
HCW
Kg/Da
y
HCRW
Kg/Da
y
HCRW
kg/patien
t
/day
Infectious
HCRW
Bhaktapur 75 46 34 100 20 0.59 Mix with
municipal
waste
Bir 468 88 411 107 107 0.26 Mix with
municipal
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
23/48
23
waste
Patan 320 83 265 113 113 0.43 Burned
NMC 42 80 33 60 10 0.3 Mix with
municipal
waste
Paropkar 320 70 224 N/A N/A Mix with
municipal
waste
Trib Univ.
Teaching
500 90 450 216 216 0.48 Pathologica
l waste
burned
Average 70 0.47
The average bed occupancy rate is 70% and the average HCRW generation is 0.47
kg/patient/day. This compares closely with the HCRW generation of 0.48 kg
calculated in the MOHP Study in 2006/07.
The following paragraphs describe the different existing operating procedures at the
hospitals and there is no reason to expect that these procedures are very different for
other hospitals around Nepal.
A. Bhaktapur District Hospital
This hospital established and run by the government, is a general hospital situated in
Kathmandu valley. The segregated syringes, needles and infected plastic materials
are burned daily in the hospital compound. All other normal solid wastes are mixed
with the municipal solid waste.
B. Bir Hospital
Bir Hospital is the oldest government medical facility in Nepal. In 2003, the
National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) was established in Bir Hospital.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
24/48
24
Now it is a semi-government organization. Bir Hospital does not have proper storage,
treatment and disposal facilities for the generated biomedical HWs. Pathological
wastes are buried inside hospital compound. All other wastes including HWs are
disposed in municipality container.
C. Patan Hospital
Patan Hospital was originally established and run by missionary workers. Lately it is
managed by the community with the assistance of government. Waste collection and
segregation practices are relatively well managed in this hospital. The hospital has
dirty utility rooms where wastes are collected from wards and kept for sufficient
time in large buckets until they are filled. The clinical HWs are burned in the
incinerator and the sharps are burned in separate place. The non-HWs are taken by
municipality waste collector.
D. NMC and Hospital
This hospital established and run by private sector, is a teaching hospital situated in
outskirt of Kathmandu valley. Although segregation of waste is exercised in this
hospital, some of the generated wastes are mixed with the municipal solid waste for
disposal and others are disposed in the nearby river banks.
E. Paropakar Maternity and Womens Hospital
The vision of this hospital is to develop Maternity Hospital as a centre of excellence
for the reproductive health care services including newborn care, immunization to
newborn babies, family planning services etc. Placental waste is disposed in a pit
near by the hospital own land, Neonate dead bodies are buried in the earth near
Bagmati river and syringes are burned in a drum. The other wastes including
hazardous.
F.Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
This hospital, established under Tribhuvan University as a teaching hospital, is a
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
25/48
25
general hospital. Waste segregation and collection practices are relatively well
managed in this hospital. The segregated biomedical HWs are incinerated in the
incinerator. The general wastes are taken away by municipality waste collector.
2.3 Summary and assumptions on Overall Industrial Production
The findings of survey given in the chapter 4.1 above were utilized for the
estimation of the total volume of HW generation from the the sector industries in the
country. The assumptions made for the estimation of the total wastes are as follows:
a. The census output of industrial sector mentioned in the Census of
Manufacturing Establishments 2001/02(CBS,2003) is taken as base value and
available sector industry production index is used to find out the value of production
for the fiscal year 2006/07(MOF,2007).
b. The volume of production of several of the subject sector industries, taken
from the FNCCI and Economic Survey of MOF and the figures production (2006/07)
is multiplied by the average price of the product to find out present value in NPR.
c. For the exportable products, the direct value is taken to estimate current
production for the fiscal year 2006/07. In this, the total volume exported to India and
overseas countries are taken from the given figures with consideration of small
volume for local consumption.
d. A one hundred percent survey was carried out for some of the industrial
sectors, thus the total production of these industries is considered as the total
national production.
e. To estimate the total quantity of the production and the generation of HWs for
the fiscal year 2006/07 and also to project these figures after five and ten years, the
factors and the formulae given under Chapter 5.
2.4 Summary of Biomedical HW Survey
The quantities of waste and its composition differ considerably from HCF to HCF.
The quantities are among others determined by:1) The health care services provided
by the individual HCFs ; 2) The size of the HCF; 3) The supply and share of
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
26/48
26
disposable materials used; and 4) the degree of segregation. There does not appear to
be much initiative to minimize quantities of waste or substitution of hazardous
materials at the health care facilities surveyed. Only in few cases a proper waste
segregation takes place, which leads to less quantities of health care risk waste.At
some health care facilities needles for certain kinds of inoculation (TB) and gloves
are recycled, by steam. In some cases the segregated waste in remixed with
municipally collected waste.
The risks associated with the generation of health care waste are primarily financial
and the environmental and public health consequences of improper disposal seem
largely ignored. If the potential for minimizing the quantities of waste is not utilized
the health care facility is wasting resources and the opportunity to save money on
waste disposal. The present lack of enforcement and low rates for waste collection.
However, do not encourage the health care facilities to make special efforts to
minimize the quantities of waste. Likewise, as there is not regulation there are no
particular benefits for the health care facilities to avoid HCRW generation and
thereby to protect the environment and the public health.
2.5 Quality of Information from Surveys and Desk Studies
Every factory in each sector could not be documented. The primary data collected
from the sampled industrial enterprises, hospital and automobile workshops is based
on the information provided from the records kept in the various enterprises. Some
of the information, which was not documented, was also obtained through the
interviews and discussions with the personnel of the enterprises and visual
inspections during the visit. In certain cases professional judgment was also made to
quantify the amount of waste materials. Where secondary data was used the different
publication and sources are cited and efforts have been made to use reliable
information from authorized or authenticated sources. The consultants and
enumerators involved in the industrial and biomedical surveys were professionals
having experience in conducting other assessments in industry such as Cleaner
Production assessments. Implementation of Environmental Management Systems
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
27/48
27
and Occupational Safety and Health audits. Therefore, although the majority of these
enterprises have a poor system of recording and maintaining the exact amount of
wastes generated, efforts have been made to ensure a good standard and therefore
the reliability and accuracy of the collected data is considered acceptable and fit for
the purposes of this study.
2.6 Current Estimate of Industrial HW
The preceding chapter highlighted the findings of the survey, which is based on the
information available from the surveyed 10 industrial enterprises. The volume of
HWs shown above is the wastes generated by the surveyed industries only. The
actual generation of the HW from the industries surveyed has been used to project:
The total quantity of HW generation by that particular sector broken down bytypes or categories as to toxic, corrosive, flammable and reactive; as well as by
solid and liquid
For this a factor has been determined as:Factor F= Pt/ps
Where, Pt is the total production of the sector
And ps is the total production of the sampled industries.
Thus the total Hw H= hs *F; where, hs is the quantity of HW for the individual
surveyed industry and hs is the total of all these.
The estimated industrial HWs for year 2006/2007 are given in the tables as follows:
Table 5 Hazardous Solid Waste (in M/T)
S.N
O.
Sector Value
(Quantit
y)
Toxic Corrosi
ve
Flammab
le
Reactive Total
1 Dry Cell 530.0
(N/A)
13.79 0 0 0 13.79
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
28/48
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
29/48
29
Table 6 Total maximum and minimum waste production
S.NO.
Sector
Solid Waste (M/T) Liquid Waste (Cu.m)
Max Min Max Min
1 Dry Cell (per 1000
Pcs)
0.34 0.05 8.0 1.16
2 Iron Galvanize (Per
1000
M/T)
0.96 0.5 13.333 10.2
3 Paint (Per 1000 M/T) 33.92 1.10 2,638 4.5
4 Paper/Pulp (Per 1000
M/T)
117.3 0.02 230000 257.5
5 Pesticides(Per 1000
M/T)
113.3 1.7 22988 25.9
6 Pharmaceuticals (Per
1000 M/T)
453.6 9.9 242255 365
7 Soap (per 1000 M/T) 53.5 1.1 1612 2.1
8 Vegetable Oil &Ghee
(per 1000 M/T)
13.52 1.6 4444 160.3
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
30/48
30
Figure 3 Solid Waste Production from different sectors
The main reasons behind such variations may be due to fact that very few industries
keep accurate records of the waste arising. Other reasons include:
a. Variation in product type (e.g. some pharmaceuticals produce more of liquid
products where as other produce more of solid products)
b. Variation in raw materials (e.g. some paper industries use waste paper only
where as others use agro residue for paper making)
c. Variation in the size of the industrial units
d. Technology used (e.g. physical refining versus chemical refining in vegetable
oil industry)
2.7 Current Estimate of Biomedical HW
The average bed occupancy rate seems to be 70%. And the average HCRW is
calculated to be 0.47 kg/patient/day in the hospital. The total amount of HCRW in
the surveyed health care institutions is 686kg/day (5 hospitals).
The foregoing chapter highlighted the findings of the sample survey of health care
Sales
Dry Cell (per 1000 Pcs)
Iron Galvaniz (Per 1000M/T)
Paint (Per 1000M/T)
Paper (Per 1000M/T)
pestcides (Per 1000M/T)
Pharmaceuticals (Per 1000M/T)
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
31/48
31
institutions, and is based on the information available from the surveyed different
health care establishments. The amount of biomedical HWs shown above is the
HWs generated by the surveyed health institutions only. The actual generation of
biomedical HW from the surveyed health care institutions has been used to calculate
the total amount of biomedical HW generated in the country by using the secondary
data.
The total number of hospital beds from different types of health care institutions i.e.
Medical colleges, Government hospitals, Eye hospital, Private hospitals and Military
hospitals is given in table below:
Table 7 Total Number of beds
NO. Type of Health Care Institution NO. of beds
1 Medical colleges 8243
2 Government 7205
3 Eye hospitals 2279
4 Private Hospitals 4810
5 Military Hospitals 420
Total
22957
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
32/48
32
Figure 4 Numbers of beds in different hospitals
A number of surveys have been conducted in the Kathmandu Valley to establish an
overview of the health care waste management. Two of them include surveys of the
quantities of health care waste (HCW) and health care risk waste (HCRW). The first
survey was conducted in 1997 and included measurements of the quantities of waste
generated at 11 hospitals in the Kathmandu Valley. The average quantity of waste
estimated for all 11 HCFs is given in table below. Another survey conducted in 2001
by the Environment & Public Health Organization (ENPHO) for Kathmandu
Metropolitan City, shows somewhat higher figures.
Table 8 Average quantity of waste
Location Year Health Care Waste
(HCW)
Health Care risk
waste
(HCRW)
Kathmandu Valley 1997 0.54kg/patient/day 0.16kg/patient/day
Kathmandu
Municipality
2001 1.7kg/patient/day 0.48kg/patient/day
(Source: Healthcare Waste Management in Nepal, MOHP, 2006)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Medical
college
Government
Hosptial
Eye hospitals Private
Hosptials
Military
Hospitals
No. of beds
No. of beds
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
33/48
33
The ENPHO study calculates with an occupancy rate of around 65% in average. The
difference between the two surveys indicates a solid increase in the amounts of
waste generated at the health care facilities in the valley, which corresponds very
well with the development of the sector within recent years. However, as the first
survey probably also include smaller health care facilities; this is also part of the
explanation for smaller amounts of waste. A survey in South Africa shows a quantity
of HCRW at the same level as the ENPHO study, namely 0.6351 kg/patient/day.(Ref.
Draft report "Health Care Waste (HCW) Generation and Characterization Study for
Health and Treatment Facilities", prepared by Data Management & Statistical
Analysis CC, January 2003).
If it is assumed that all health care facilities in Nepal having beds are generating
approximately the same amounts of waste per patient per day as in ENPHO's survey,
and that the bed occupancy rate is 70%, and that health post and sub health posts
(not having beds) are generating 0.5 kg HCRW per day, and that outreach clinics are
generating 0.1 kg HCRW per day, the total amounts of health care risk waste can be
estimated as follows:
Table 9 Total quantity of HCRW
Types Kg HCRW
Small HCFS (186x0.5) 93
Health Posts (698x0.5) 349
Sub-Health Posts (3129x0.5) 1564
Outreach Clinics (14512x0.1) 1451
HCFs with beds (22957 bedsx0.7x0.5) 8035
Total per day 11492
Total per year 4194580
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
34/48
34
Notes:
1) For HCF with beds: 0.5 kg/patient/day
2) For Health Post and Sub HP: 0.5 kg/HCF/day
3) For Outreach clinics: 0.1 kg/HCF/day.
The estimate should be considered as indicative only, as there are many factors
influencing on the amounts of waste, and there are considerably variance from HCF
to HCF. In addition to this it also has to be taken into consideration that it is seldom
possible to reach such a high quality of segregation of waste in HCRW and HCW as
during the survey where there are focus on the subject. In daily practice it must be
expected that some considerable parts of the health care general waste is mixed with
the health care risk waste, thereby generating larger amounts that have to be
considered as health care risk waste.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
35/48
35
CHAPTER III
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
3.1 Findings
The overall finding of the study is that the industries are not much aware on the
hazardous natures of the raw materials and wastes generated. All the wastes being
generated are disposed to natural environment without much care. Most units do not
differentiate between the normal waste and hazardous waste from other processes
turning all the wastes into hazardous wastes unnecessarily.
Most Industrial units do not have proper storage and handling systems for hazardous
materials. Workers are often not provided information about the hazardous nature of
the substances they have to handle. This results in poor work environment and low
productivity. Wherever, personal protective equipments are provided, the workers do
not make effective use of such equipments.
Figure 5 Estimated Solid waste generated for upcoming years
The generation of hazardous solid and liquid wastes from all the sector industries is
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2006/2007 2011/2012 2016/2017
Solid waste Generated
Solid waste Generated
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
36/48
36
observed to be in an increasing trend for the projected periods. The total amount of
hazardous solid waste generated is estimated to be 5,051 M/T per annum for the
fiscal year 2006/07 and the quantities of such waste after five and ten years have
been projected to be 5,732 M/T and 6,589 M/T per annum respectively. Similarly,
the total amount of hazardous liquid waste generated is estimated to be 6,404,872 cu.
m. Per annum for the fiscal year 2006/07 and the quantities of such waste after five
and ten years have been projected to be 7,088,305 cu. m. And 7,879,080 cu. m. Per
annum respectively.
Most of the hazardous wastes are toxic or corrosive / alkaline in nature. Some
tendency has also been noticed that the industries try to hide some of the hazardous
wastes, mainly the flammable ones as they readily understand the adverse
consequences and complaints by immediate neighbours. The amount of total
hazardous solid and liquid waste as shown above is high because of the fact that the
industrial units mix the hazardous waste with non-hazardous and total quantity
becomes hazardous. This fact indicates that there is a great challenge and hence
tremendous opportunity for the government and environmentalists to promote
awareness and segregation to reduce the quantity of hazardous wastes. This can be
achieved more easily by promoting cleaner production and 3R principles before
carrying out any treatment or disposal.
As the country does not have specific legislation for prevention and proper disposal
for the hazardous waste, initiative must be started in this direction soonest possible.
Timely prevention of undesirable chemicals, switching to more
environment-friendly substitutes can be carried out under an effective legislation.
Otherwise, amelioration after contamination can be very costly and sometimes it
may be irreversible.
Total estimated biomedical hazardous waste generated from all the Health Care
Institutions for year 2006/07 is calculated to be 4,195 M/T. The volume of these
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
37/48
37
waste in next ten years is expected to double of the quantity estimated for year 2007
Nepal presently does not generate very large amount of Biomedical Hazardous
Wastes. However, it is a major concern with regard to the environmental and human
health point of view. The country does not have adequate policies, legislation,
standards, guidelines, programmers and appropriate institution to deal with these
types of waste. Even the existing policies and regulations have not been
implemented properly.
There are no separate rooms for storage of the waste and the waste is usually kept in
the backyard of HCI before the municipality picks them up. The HCIs witch manage
their own waste collect the wastes and temporarily store it inside their compound
before sending to the municipality containers or burying.
Private hospitals are located in crowded residential areas mostly in rented house
with limited space. Those hospitals do not have enough space for proper incineration
of the hazardous wastes. Also, they don't have enough space for burying the waste.
They are compelled to send all types of wastes to the municipal solid waste
container.
3.2 Recommendations
Considering this present study as base, the recommendations in this field are as
follows:
A feasibility study should be conducted for the establishment andoperation of an industrial hazardous wastes collection, selling, buying,
recycling centre.
Conduction of Awareness programmes and information disseminationon HW and its consequences as well as on use, handling and disposals to
the stakeholders and to those come across directly with these wastes.
Although the quantity of HW generated in Nepal is low, these wastes aremixed with other wastes and disposed to environment without much
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
38/48
38
care. This practice is alarming and will be extremely detrimental to
living conditions. This challenge can also be viewed as an opportunity
that the industries, hospitals and automobile workshops can be provided
inputs such that they practice waste segregation and 3R principles to
reduce the amount of HW significantly. Programmes could be developed
to promote such waste segregation and 3R principles in the relevant
organizations.
It will also be necessary to develop HW disposal site separately from thenormal municipal waste disposal system.
Most of the hospital does not have the treatment facility. They used tobury the biomedical HW in a pit within the hospital compound. To
reduce the negative impacts, the pit should be away from hospital staffs,
patients, visitors, workers and water sources and each time the waste
should be covered with sufficient soil and lime. The pit side should be
protected from contaminating water. Similarly the incinerators used by
many of the hospitals are not of up to the standard. Cleaner technology
incinerators with built in pollution control devices are appropriate for the
hospitals .Segregation of pollution prone hospital wastes from
incinerating wastes is essential.
There is lack of awareness among the hospital staffs, patients, visitorsand workers about the potential health risk associated with the
unmanaged biomedical wastes. Waste handling personals and other
hospital staffs should be trained for proper handling and disposal of
hospital wastes. Hospital should provide protective clothing and
equipments for waste handlers. So, awareness programmes and
information dissemination on biomedical hazardous wastes and its
impacts should be conducted for all stakeholders.
Conduction of waste survey work to all the big and medium sized healthcare institutions is recommended by managing sufficient resources and
manpower and sufficient time.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
39/48
39
REFERENCES
1World Bank Group 1998Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook.
2Govt of Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, (2001 -2002), Census of
Manufacturing Establishments.
3Preparation of Hazardous Waste Inventory, MOPE July 2004 (DEVS) Consult
Nepal Ltd
4Healthcare Waste Management in Nepal. Assessment of Present state and
Establishment of a Framework Strategy and Action Plan for Improvement,
Ministry of Health and Population, June 2006.
5Methodological Guide to the Undertaking of Inventories of Hazardous Waste
within the Framework of Basel Convention. SBC 99/009 (E) Geneva May 2000.
62001 Census District Development Profile of Nepal 2004, ISRSC.
7National Planning CommissionNinth Plan 1998.
8Industrial Development Perspective Plan of Nepal Vision 2020, UNDP,
Kathmandu Sep 2002
9Economic Survey 2006/2007 Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance.
1010. Concept paper on health care waste management, Bimala Shresta, Department of
Community Medicine and Family Health, Teaching Hospital, March 1997.
11. Environmental impact assessment of Medical Waste management in Kathmandu
(draft November 2001) environmental and Public Health organization (ENPHO)
FOR THE Kathmandu Valley Mapping Programme, Kathmandu Metropolitan City.
12. Guidelines for Establishment, Implementing Policy, Standard and Infrastructure
of Private and non-government organization Health Care Institution (Hospital and
Nursing Home), 2061 (2004), Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal
13. Guidelines for the Management of Hospital Waste in Nepal- Nepal Health
Research Council/ WHO-2002.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
40/48
40
Appendix I
HAZARDOUS WASTE DEFINITION
Basel ConventionWastes are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be
disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law;
Waste Streams
Y1 Clinical wastes from medical care in hospitals, medical centres and clinics
Y2 Wastes from the production and preparation of pharmaceutical products
Y3 Waste pharmaceuticals, drugs and medicines
Y4 Wastes from the production, formulation and use of biocides and
pharmaceuticals
Y5 Wastes from the manufacture, formulation and use of wood preservingchemicals
Y6 Wastes from the production, formulation use of organic solvents
Y7 Wastes from heat treatment and tempering operations containing cyanides
Y8 Waste mineral oils unfit for their originally intended use
Y9 Waste oils/water, hydtocarbons/water mixtures, emulsions
Y10 Waste substances and articles containing or contaminated with
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and/or polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and/or
polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)
Y11 Waste terry residues arising from refining, distillation and any pyrolytic
treatment
Y12 Wastes from production, formulation and use of inks, dyes, pigments, paints,
lacquers, varnish
Y13 Wastes from production, formulation and use of resins, latex, plasticzers
Y14 Waste chemical substances arising from research and development or
teaching activities which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man
and/or the environment are not known
Y15 Wastes of an explosive nature not subject to other legislation
Y16 Wastes from production, formulation and use of photographic chemicals and
processing materials
Y17 Wastes resulting from surface treatment of metals and plastics
Y18 Residues arising from industrial waste disposal operations
Wastes having as constituents:
Y19 Metal carbonyls
Y20 Beryllium; beryllium compounds
Y21 Hexavalent chromium compounds
Y22 Copper compounds
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
41/48
41
Y23 Zinc compounds
Y24 Arsenic; arsenic compounds
Y25 Selenium; selenium compounds
Y26 Cadmium; cadmium compounds
Y27 Antimony; antimony compoundsY28 Tellurium; tellurium compounds
Y29 Mercury; mercury compounds
Y30 Thallium; thallium compounds
Y31 Lead; lead compounds
Y32 Inorganic fluorine compounds excluding calcium fluoride
Y33 Inorganic cyanides
Y34 Acidic solutions or acids in solid form
Y35 Basic solutions or bases in solid form
Y36 Asbestos (dust and fibres)
Y37 Organic phosphorus compoundsY38 Organic cyanides
Y39 Phenols; phenols compounds including chlorophenols
Y40 Ethers
Y41 Halogenated organic solvents
Y42 Organic solvents excluding halogenated solvents
Y43 Any congenor of polychlorinated dibenzo-furan
Y44 Any congenor of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
Y45 Organohalogen compounds other than substances referred to in this Annex
US Environmental protection Agency
Hazardous waste is waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or
the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, gases, or sludge. They can
be discarded commercial products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the
by-products of manufacturing processes.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) govern the management of
hazardous wastes. There is not a single comprehensive list of hazardous wastes that
is continuously updated, as hazardous waste identification is a process that involvesmany steps.
To be considered a hazardous waste, a material first must be classified as a solid
waste. EPA defines solid waste as garbage, refuse, sludge, or other discarded
material (including solids, semisolids, liquids, and contained gaseous materials). If a
waste is considered solid waste, it must then be determined if it is hazardous waste.
Wastes are defined as hazardous by EPA if they are specifically named on one of
four lists of hazardous wastes (F, K, P, U) or if they exhibit one of four
characteristics (characteristic wastes)
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
42/48
42
Listed Wastes
Wastes are listed as hazardous because they are known to be harmful to human
health and the environment when not managed properly, regardless of their
concentrations. EPA has studied and listed as hazardous hundreds of specificindustrial waste streams. These wastes are described or listed on four different lists
that are found in the regulations. These four lists are:
The F list-The F list designates as hazardous particular wastes from certain common
industrial or manufacturing processes. Because the processes producing these wastes
can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes
from non-specific sources.
T K list- The K list designates as hazardous particular waste streams from certain
specific industries. K-listed wastes are known as wastes from specific sources.
The P List and U List (Discarded commercial Chemical Products) These two
lists are similar in that both list pure or commercial grade formulations of certain
specific unused chemicals as hazardous. A P or U waste code may be applicable,
provided that the material is an unused commercial chemical product (CCP).A CCP
is a substance that consists of the commercially pure grade of the chemical, any
technical grades of the chemical, and all formulations in which the chemical is the
sole active ingredient.
Characteristic Wastes
Even if the waste stream does not meet any of the four listings explained above, it
may still be considered a hazardous waste if it exhibits a characteristic. EPA has
designated the following four characteristics: ignitability(D001), corrosivity(D002),
reactivity(D003) and toxicity (D004-D043).
Ignitability - Ignitability wastes create fires under certain conditions or are
spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60140 F.
Corrosivity - corrosive wastes are acids or bases (PH less than or equal to 2 or
greater than or equal to 12.5) that are capable of corroding metal containers, such as
storage thanks, drums, and barrels.
Reactivity - Reactive wastes are unstable under normal conditions. They can
cause explosions, toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when mixed with water.
Toxicity - Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbede. g ,
containing mercury, lead, etc.. When toxic wastes are disposed of on land,
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
43/48
43
contaminated liquid may drain (leach) from the waste and pollute ground water.
Toxicity is defined through a laboratory procedure called the Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure(TCLP)
If wastes are not listed or do not exhibit any hazardous waste characteristics, theyare considered nonhazardous solid waste (as opposed to hazardous
wastes).Nonhazardous solid waste disposal and recycling is regulated on a state
level. Therefore, you may wish to contact your state solid waste official for more
information on solid waste management.
SAYEN
Hazardous waste is an inevitable by-product of hunman activities. In the past, this
was not a major problem because almost everything was reused or recycled and
whatever remained was taken care of by nature. However, the intorduction of new
materials and changing consumption patterns, especially in urban areas, haveresulted in increasing volumes of waste and, as a result, breakdown of traditional
systems of waste management has taken place. Urbanisation in Nepal is
characterized by rapid and haphazard growth, and this has exerted tremendous
pressure on the urban envionment as well as on the capacities of the government and
the people to manage this change. The rate of urban growth is at 6.5% per
annum,which is the highest in South Asia, and also a cause for major concern.
Households are the main sources of solid waste in Nepal. This accounts for about 83%
of all solid waste generated in Nepal. In comparison, agricultural waste accounts for
11% and industral waste for 6% of the tatal solid waste. Due to the low level of
industrialisation and limited use of hazardous chemicals, such as pesticides and
persistend organic pollutants, it is safe to say that Nepal probably generates very
little hazardous waste compared to other countries. Out of sight, out of mind,is the
most common response to the problem of solid waste managerial level than
technical. If left unchecked, the waste management problem is expected to become
more become more sewere in the future because of the continued increase in the
amount of waste generated and in the generation of potentially hazardous waste.
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
44/48
44
Appendix II
LIST OF INDUSTRIAL UNITS SURVEYED
S.NO. Name of the Industrial Unit Address Contact Person
1 Mahavir ShreeInternational
Devkota Sadak,Old Baneshwore
Mr. MadanGopal Khemka
2 AL-TECH(P)Ltd. Thimi, Bhaktapur Mr. Deepak
3 Barjar Johnson and
Nikolson
Pvt. Ltd
Bhaktapur Industrial
Area.
Mr. Ramesh
Sainju
4 Bagmati paper industries Sinamangal,
Kanthmandu
Mr. Narayan
Lal
shrestha
5 Deuraji Janta
Pharmaceutical P. Ltd.
Dhapasi, Kathmandu Mr.Hari Bhakta
Shrestha
6 Nebico (P) Ltd. Balaju, Kathmandu Mr. Ramesh
shrestha
7 Godawari Marble
Industries Pvt. Ltd
Godawari,kathamandu Mr.Krishna
Gopal
8
9
LIST OF HOSPITALS SURVEYED
S.NO Name of HCI Address Contact
Person
1 Bir Hospital Ratnapark, Kathmandu Dr. Ramesh
Stapith
2 Neapl Medical College Teaching
Hospital
Attarkhel, Kathmandu Dr. Ram
Keval
3 Teaching Hospital Maharjgunj,
kathmandu
Dr.Mahesh
Shah
4 Bhaktapur Hospital Bhaktapur ,Kathmandu Dr. prema
Shah
5 Parpkar Maternity Hospital Thapathali,
Kathmandu
Dr. Bindu
Maskey
6 Patan Hospital Lagankhel,Lalitpur Dr. Rabindra
Khatiwada
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
45/48
45
Appendix III
Survey Questionnaire for Industrial Units
General Information
1. Name of the Organization:
2. Address:
3. Contact person:4. Type of Industry:5. No. of Employees:6. Location of the industry: (Residential, Industrial Area)7. Production figures for last three years:Year
Production
8. Waste Generated for last three years:Year
Waste Generated
9. Are you aware of the Basel Convention (YES/NO):10.Is your industry according to the norms of EPC and ERP (YES/NO):
Survey Questions
1. How much waste is produce by your industry daily?2. Do you segregate Hazardous and non-hazardous wastes?3. How do you manage the waste generated from your industry?4. What are the raw materials consumed in your industry?5. Where do you get the raw materials from?6. What is the daily energy consumption in your industry?
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
46/48
46
7. Are your workers and staffs aware of the waste generation and its propermanagement?
8. If No, what are your plans to make them aware?9. What would you do to improve your waste management?10.Any other suggestions?
Survey Questionnaire for Health Care Institutions
1. Name of HCI:2. Address:3. Contact Person:4. Type of Hospital:5. No. of Beds:6. Bed Occupancy rate for last three years:Year
Bed Occupancy rate
7. Waste Generated for last three years:Year
Waste Generated
8. Are you aware of the Basel Convention (YES/NO)9. Is your industry according to the norms of EPC and ERP (YES/NO)10.Do you normally use reusable or use and throw products for medical purpose?
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
47/48
7/27/2019 Summer Project Zhang
48/48