Salman Khan (Trek)

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Sub: Environmental Biotechnology (3MBT

04)

SALMAN KHANM.Sc

III Semester (bt)Reg no: 10204015

9th

sept 2011



FUEL

Any material that stores energy that can laterbe extracted to perform mechanical work in a

controlled manner. Most fuels used by humans

undergo combustion, a redox reaction in whicha combustible substance releases energy afterit ignites and reacts with the oxygen in the air.

Other processes used to convert fuel intoenergy include various other exothermicchemical reactions and nuclear reactions, such

as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion



CONVENTIONAL FUELS

PETROL (Gasoline) -2,2,4-Trimethylpentane(isooctane)

34 megajoules/Lt The flash point of

gasoline is about -72°C

Viscosity of around0.88-0.71 cSt at 40°C

Fractional distillation

@ 40°C

DIESEL - C12H23

38.6 megajoules/Lt

Diesel at -45°C

1.3 to 4.1 cSt at 40°C

Fractional distillation @250°C



Standard Reference

Date CO HC NOx PM

India 2000 Euro 1 2000 17.3 to32.6

2.7 to 3.7 ----------------

------------------

BharatStage II

Euro 2 2001-04 11.202.40

14.4 ------------------

BharatStage III

Euro 3 2004-Present

4.0 to 4.5 1.1 7.0 to 8.0 0.15

BharatStage IV

Euro 4 2010onwards

2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10

Emission Standards for all commuting vehicles,g/kWh



WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?

A combustible fuel produced from any sort ofvegetation or other organic derivative(“biomass”).

3 MAIN TYPES:

Bioethanol

Biodiesel

Purified biogas



OVERVIEW OF BIO FUEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

Biofuel type Specific name Feedstock Conversion Technologies

Bioethanol Cellulosic bioethanol Lignocellulosic biomass andbiowaste

Advanced hydrolysis & fermentaion

Biogas SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) Lignocellulosic biomass

and residues

Pyrolysis/Gasification

Biodiesel Biomass to Liquid (BTL), Fischer-Tropsch (FT)diesel, synthetic (bio)diesel

Lignocellulosic biomass andresidues

Pyrolysis/Gasification & synthesis

Other Biofuels Biomethanol, heavier (mixed) alcohols,biodimethylether (Bio-DME)

Lignocellulosic biomassand residues

Gasification & synthesis

Biohydrogen Lignocellulosic biomass andbiowaste

Gasification & synthesis orbiological process



HOW AN ENGINE WORKS?



WHAT ARE THE BIOFUEL OPTIONS?

Starch conversion to ethanol (maize,wheat, rice, various tubers)

Sucrose conversion to ethanol (sugar

cane) Biodiesel: plant ( algae) oils converted

to diesel

Ligno-cellulose conversion to ethanol



ETHANOL AS A FUEL

Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, M.wt= 46.1, is an alcohol, a

group of chemical compounds whose moleculescontain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to acarbon atom

Ethanol melts at -114.1°C, boils at 78.5°C, andhas a density of 0.789 g/ml at 20°C. Its lowfreezing point of temperatures below -40°C, Auto

ignition temperature being 423°C. Specific gravity of Ethanol is 0.79

Octane number of 106-111

Calorific value of 11,500



GASOHOL

Ethanol fuel mixtures have "E" numbers which

describe the percentage of ethanol fuel in themixture by volume, for example, E85 is85% anhydrous ethanol and 15% gasoline.

Gasoline is the typical fuel mixed with ethanolbut there are other fuel additives that can bemixed, such as an ignition improver used in theE95 Swedish blend. Low ethanol blends, fromE5 to E25, are also known as gasohol , thoughinternationally the most common use of theterm gasohol refers to the E10 blend.

India is under E5 norms.



INDIA

By 1980 India became self sufficient forethanol production.

Sources of ethanol:

Maize (Zea mays )- 7th Place in world yield,11 million MT.Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum )-

Ranks 2nd in world total production, 348

million MT.Agricultural waste

Low average cost of Rs.18/liter projected

Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion liters



Volkswagen Jetta TDI 2010

Mitsubishi Lancer EX 2011

Chevorlet Tahoe S1.8 2010Honda Civic FLEX 2010

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanquinho_Celta_GM_FlexPower_02_SAO_10_2008.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_Honda_Civic_Flex_car_09_2008_logo_&_secondary_gas_tank.jpg


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanquinho_Celta_GM_FlexPower_02_SAO_10_2008.jpg



STARCH TO ETHANOL

Advantages Maize:

Agricultural infrastructure in place.

Fermentation and distilling technology

Will lower oil importsincrease energy security

cause oil prices to decrease.

Will increase income of farmersWill stimulate economy




















MICROBES EMPLOYED

Fungi: (95%)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Rosillo-Calle & Hall, 1987)Saccharomyces saki Saccharomyces oviformis Saccharospora crassa

Aspergillus oryzae Neurospora crassa Trichosporium cutaneum Candida utilis

Candida albicans ( Pathogenic )Another problem overcome was the inability of S. cerevisiae to process thecomplex sugar xylose, a common component of leaves and stems. To solve thishurdle three genes from the yeast species Picchia stipitis , a natural fermenter ofxylose, were introduced.

( Genetic engineering- By Grant Banks January 2,2011




























Bacteria: (5%)

Clostridium sporogenes

Clostridium thermocellum

Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum

Clostridium papyrosolvans

Clostridium indolis Zymomonas mobilis , Ssp. Pomaceas (anaerobe)

Spirochaeta aurantia

Spirochaeta litoralis

Sarcina ventriculi

Leuconostoc mesenteroides














CONVERSION OF SUGARS TO ETHANOL

1. Starch (Maize) to Simpler Glucose (by hydrolysis)Starch (C6H10O5)n + Water → Amylase → Glucose C6H12O6

2. Sucrose (Sugarcane) to Glucose (by hydrolysis)

Sucrose C12H22O11 + water → Sucrase → Glucose C6H12O6 + FructoseC6H12OFructose isomer of glucose (Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase / phosphoglucoseisomerase )

One mole of glucose is converted into two moles of ethanol and two molesof carbon dioxide:Glucose- C6H12O6

Ethanol- C2H5OHConversion-

C12H22O11 +H2O + invertase →2 C6H12O6
















































































STARCH TO ETHANOL (MAIZE)

Disadvantages Maize:

large amounts of high quality land needed. displaces traditional commodity crops (Soy

bean)Maize will be diverted from export markets

raising prices on international market. (Japan,Mexico, Africa etc.)

Maize will be diverted from feed market Engines must be modified; costly but feasible;

fueling stations must be modified (feasible).

Possible pressure to utilize virgin lands/ forestarea.






















WHAT IS BIODIESEL ? Alternative fuel for diesel engines

Made from vegetable oil or animal fat

Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer

Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.

Chemically, biodiesel molecules are produced usually from

triglyceride esters (transesterification) Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel

(B20, BXX).

Fatty Acid

Alcohol

Glycerin

Vegetable Oil

BiodieselFA

FAFA

FA

Almost all biodiesel is produced from virgin vegetable oils using the base catalyzed




























Almost all biodiesel is produced from virgin vegetable oils using the base-catalyzedtechnique as it is the most economical process for treating virgin vegetable oils,requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing over 98% conversion yield

During the esterification process, the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presenceof a catalyst, usually a strong alkali (NaOH, KOH, or Alkoxides). The main reason fordoing a titration to produce biodiesel, is to find out how much alkaline is needed to

completely neutralize any free fatty acids present, thus ensuring a completetransesterification. Empirically 6.25 g / L NaOH produces a very usable fuel. One usesabout 6 g NaOH when the WVO is light in color and about 7 g NaOH when it is dark incolor.The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester (or biodiesel) andcrude glycerol. The reaction between the biolipid (fat or oil) and the alcohol is

a reversible reaction so the alcohol must be added in excess to drive the reaction
















CHEMISTRY OF TRIGLYCERIDES Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride

with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…). What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of

glycerol and three fatty acids:










SOURCE!?

Sources of biodiesel:Danti/ pratyanshrani (Jatropha curcas )Honge -Honge oil is extracted from the

seeds of the Honge tree (Pongamiya pinnata

).Canola (Brassica napus L.) High capital, broad scale production plan

initiated

Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27

Canola inflorescence






























BIODIESEL, WHY?

Burning fossil fuels increases

atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide Fossil fuels are a

finite resource

Graph taken from USF Oceanography webpage

Biodiesel’s Closed Carbon

Cycle

30% Increase














JATROPHA Biodiesel from Jatropha

Seeds of the Jatropha nut iscrushed and oil is extracted

The oil is processed andrefined to form bio-diesel.













BIODIESEL: PLANT OILS CONVERTED TO DIESEL

Advantages

• fossil energy ratio between 2 to 3. Greenhouse gasreduction 40 to 70% over conventional diesel perkm.

• Soybean oil is cheap because it is a byproduct.Soybean meal is of higher market value.

• It is 11% oxygen by weight and contains no sulfur

• Biodiesel is safe to store, and has a high flashpoint

• Biodiesel Lowers toxic emissions and ParticulateMatter (PM)

• Biodiesel has greater Cetane (50-56) and Lubricity

Disadvantages
























Disadvantages Jatropha produces 1/6 as much fuel per acre as corn

ethanol.

Land consumption. In India maize is more profitable It gives out more nitrogen oxide emissions (Nitrogen

oxide emissions from biodiesel blends could possibly

be reduced by blending with kerosene) Transportation & storage at lower temperature areas. Soybean oil will be more expensive if soybean meal is

in surplus. For farmer total value is important.

Engine life decreases (Biodiesel has excellent solventproperties).

Large investments in infrastructure may be needed inthird world countries.

Cold Weather Operation.





























E-DIESEL

Uses additives (n -butanol, Butylated hydroxytoluene,Tetranitromethane) in order to allow blending ofethanol with diesel.

Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%

Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel from

separating at very low temperatures or if watercontamination occurs.
















THE ULTIMATE FUEL: LIGNOCELLULOSE TO

ETHANOL.

Advantages: high yields per acre. The most abundant plant

product on earth. Estimated greenhouse gas reduction about 80

percent. Very large yield of biomass per acre. (example

eshel tamarisk tree. 10-12 tons/acre/year vrscorn 3.5 tons/ acre)

Different plant types for different soils, climates,can be developed and bred for higher yields.

Can be grown on marginal land.Generally need little fertilizer.

























Disadvantages

Technology must be developed toeconomically convert cellulose into sugarsand sugars to ethanol.

Technology must be developed to modify

feedstock so it is easier to convert.













REFERENCE

Environmental biotechnology ,2002 -Geetha B, Ramamurthi, Sullia, Ajij S & Satish K

Environmental Chemistry. 2nd edition, 2005 (pg. 153- Fossil Fuels) -G.S Sodhi

Essential Environmental Studies. 1st edition, 2008 (pg. 159- Alternate

Emerging Fuel)- S.P Misra Environmental Biotechnology 1st edition, 2008 (pg. 246- Developing

Biofuels from Biomass Energy)-Rajiv K. Sinha & Rohit

Sinha Environmental Management. 2nd edition, (pg. 111- Air Pollution and its

Management) 2010H.M Saxena

Biotechnological Approaches for Ethanol Production 1st edition 2008,(pg.258, 267)

Vijaya t & Dev D.V

From Books:






































REFERENCE

Articles

1. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CHANNEL MAGAZINE-GreenDreams

By Joel K. Bourne, Jr- 2009 edition

2. SCIENCE published online 12 August 2008By Timothy Searchinger

3. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences(IJAES)

Biofuels: Clarifying Assumptions

17 October 2008:
















REFERENCE

Internet URL

http://www.reegle.info/?gclid=CIeEwZms26oCFcEa6wodTlZ28Q

http://oneclick.indiatimes.com/article/0ea88Ka2kY4sD?q=Bangkok

http://www.tatamotors.com/ http://www.bkkautos.com/feature/Gasohol-95

http://www.carsanook.com/read/events/15_sep_09/b84uq-p/mitsubishi_motors_thailand_launches_all_new_mitsu.htm

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5794183_diesel-fuel-volatility_.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/kinematic-viscosity-d_397.html

http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~rains/PM/docs/documentation.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation
















http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose

http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/2/743

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast

http://www.gizmag.com/yeast-ethanol-biofuel/17408/

http://www.carsanook.com/read/events/15_sep_09/b84uq-p/mitsubishi_motors_thailand_launches_all_new_mitsu.htm

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5794183_diesel-fuel-volatility_.html

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/kinematic-viscosity-d_397.html
















http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~rains/PM/docs/documentation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosehttp://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/2/743http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://www.gizmag.com/yeast-ethanol-biofuel/17408/ http://www.hpagriculture.com/maize_processing.htmhttp://www.bdpedia.com/biodiesel/alt/alt.htmlhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/
















Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHDYR2f5BMI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGAfHA44g3M

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7uErZH1LC4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNhgdGdzelIo

Leisure reading

Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of "EnergyIndependence“ (E-Book) By RobertBryce


















Image credit:www.tenaska.com/energy/biofuels.html

http://bantrel.com/markets/renewableenergy.aspxhttp://www.mahalo.com/answers/write-a-your-vision-of-indian-by-2020-what-needs-to-change-to-move-india-into-super-power-economics-essayhttp://biofuel-tech.com/AboutBiofuels.aspx

http://www.toonpool.com/cartoons/World%20Demand%20for%20BioFuels_17700http://www.biodieselprocessor.org/biodiesel%20process.jpg

Tables Referredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standard#Indiahttp://www.crophouse.co.nz/energy/fuels/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency
















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