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RESHIMAH #8

Divrei Yemei Chayei Admur Hazokein

Copyright © 2010by

Kehot Publication Society770 Eastern Parkway / Brooklyn, New York 11213

(718) 774-4000 / FAX (718) 774-2718editor@kehot.com

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Manufactured in the United States of America

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xary miaeyiae .dnc`d zceara exczqi l`xyi ipay ,exar mewn lka dlenrz zeyrl

ly mzciwy lr xxer mye dt .mipad jepig avne ,ipxezde ixqend mavn z` zrcl oiprzd

.miheytd miyp`d zaehl xtq irceie dxez ipa

iheyt z` mipier eidy micbpznd ipe`b icinlzn eid dxezd ipa xy` mipey miaeyiae

epyiy lrt xirfn hrn wxe ,mdnr gkezn 'id mixeae ux`d inr zenya mze` mipkne i"pa

`gex mda gitne mccern 'idy z`f cal dpd el` mixwnae miheytd miyp`d l` mqegi z

oa myl gelyl lczyn 'id Ð mdil` dxezd ipa qgi rex lbxl Ð mzeltyn mccerl miig

aeh qgia mdil` qgizne miheytd mr oiprzn 'idy Ð miciqgd zbltnn oaenk Ð dxez

(76zeqkecd iqkece oilet iklnn oexg`d Ð 1732Î1798.`hil ly dlecbd

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v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneieh

sc cenila dxez ircei eyrp miheytdn daxdy aehd eixt z` ozp mipy dfi` jynay dn

.zetqeze i"yxt mr `xnb

****

dzpicn ixry dgzt f`n wxe oilet zpicnl dleaba `iqex zpicn dzyr dcgein zxnyn

ini Ð mireaw mipnfa mdizexegq z` `iadl fpky`e oilet ixgeq iptl Ð g"tz zpya Ð

mi`yx eid `l mzexegq z` xeknl wx evxy el`e ,`iqex zexegqa silgdl Ð micixid

laex ,sqkd zerahnn yilyk wx miey eid dlynnd zexhye Ð adfe sqk zerahn `ivedl

minrt cixid onf `iqex zlynn draw a"wz zpyn dpd Ð xiip laex dylya dlr sqk

dxinya xebq leabd 'id dfd onfd zelkke ,uiwa miycg ipye sxega miycg ipy ,dpya

.dlern

mb erci `ly mdne rcne dnkg ipipra ,mixenb mixea eid ik s` ,'ipfexe `iqex iliv`

iaehe mc` iade` eid la` ,axre izya zecerze dfeg ixhy lr minzeg eide aezke `xw

zelecbd mixra mixc eid ik mdicar mixk`d mr mdiciwt zbdpdn erci `l md ,al

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z` miyiprn eid mixtkd iyp`e micard mr mdiciwt zbdpd rex xac mdl rcepyke

.mdizexynn mze` mixiarn e` mdiciwt

mipa`a mixwi xzeid mixacd zepwl miaxn eide micixid z` mixgeq eid miliv`d83

t"r eid el` mixgqne ,mwexe bxe` dyrn ,zikekf ilke adf ilke sqk ilk ,zeilbxne zeaeh

.dfa miaeh xzeid mipne`d eidy micedid icia aex

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e adf ihege iyna mewixe dbix`amdl minlyn eide dpicna akrzdl adfe sqk itxeve sqk

dpy lka miayiizn eid micedi zegtyn zexyr dnk dpd dfk ote`ae mzexegq xear ahina

z`xia dbdpdne dxezd cenln exxwzp h`l h`le zelecbd mixra maex ,`iqexa dpye

.miny

****

leabd z` mixaer micedi zegtyn eid n"n ,ahid xeny 'id oilete `iqex oia leabdy s`

al iaeh eid miqexd ik .sqk oi` mpg e` zhren dpzn cra leabd ixney miciwtd oeiyxa

mayen ewizrd micedi zegtyn dnk dpd dfk ote`ae ,mei iywe iprl mingxa miqgiizne

mihiig ,mixlcpq ,mipne` maex .`lehe l`ix` ,wqprll`nq iklta `iqex ixrl oilet ixrn¨¨¨©

la` .ilklkd mavna miaeh miig xcqa exczqp xvw onf jynae Ð xrkrla Ð gt iyxge

.onfl onfn cxi ipgexd mavn ,df znerl

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(83.mipa`k :l"ve`(84dpd.dl`d :l"pd zxaega :

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei fh

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eid dxezd zricia miheyt eidy s`e .w"ya yxcne reayd zyxte aixrnl dgpn oia dcb`

.devn ixneye iaagne miwl` i`xi

dfi` wx mixc eid daxd zenewnae ,mzxeag dcxtzp `iqex ixrl mayen ewizrdyk la`

h`l ecxi okle ,dpicnd igxf` ,micedi mpi` zegtyn mitl`e ze`n oia micedi zegtyn

mdipa mb dne ,dpicnd ibdpna bdpzdle zevna lwdl eligzie ixqend mavnn h`l

.jpgne jixcn mdl zeid ilan ,mixkpd oia eaxrzdy hrnk `iqexa mdl eclepy mdizepae

wx mdl 'id zephwd mixra la` ,micnlne mipax ,zeiqpk iza mdl eid cer zelecbd mixra

`ll elcbzp mipade ,'id `l a"ey mb dpd mixtkae .cnlnde `xew lrade ofgd `ede a"ey

dxezd zkxae oilitzd zkxa mikxan devn xa eyrpy mixrpd eid zeaexw mizrle ,dxez

.dltzd xecqa `xw erci `ly iptn dt lra

****

x"enc` w"k ced 'id ziniptd `iqex ixra micedid ly ixqend mavna oiprzdy oey`xd

axa cenil ixeriy mdl xcqle `iqex icedi z` xwal micgein mixiv gly xy` owfdiptl mi

.miphwd liaya mixcg cqile dcb`e yxcn `xnbe dpyn `xwna milecbd

oneida izeniyxn zg` dniyx `nbecl wizrdl ippd dfae85.epnfae ezra izlawy itk

xirl ze`qxt dxyr yngk jenqd `pieewrilel xtka 'id oilete `iqex zpicn oia leabd

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.`iqex Ð

zpicna la` ,`hil zpicna mherine oilet zpicna micedid ayen xwir 'id `idd zra

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ocnl dxev lra 'idy w`c`x`d xirn a`f opgei 'x owfd x"enc` w"k ced iciqgn cg`¨¨¨

zxez zricia dagx drc lra ,zetqeze i"yxt mr t"ra zezkqn dnka iwae blten

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.dwcvl mipebd minekq yixtn 'ide geixa qpxtzne zefeg`d ilra mipec`d

jlta leabl xarn exgqn xaca ekldn dyriy owfd x"enc` w"k ced el xn` mrt

.`iqex zpicna wqprl`nq¨

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zexb micedi ly zecg` zegtyn wxe mieb eaex dpd86cr jk lk enybzp dnd mbe dny

.`idd ux`d igxf`k eid mdiig zegx`e mdiyealna ik mxikdl xyt` i`y

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(85e"g ycewÎzexb`a milw miiepiya qtcp onwl `ad.jli`e gnx 'r

(86.mixb :my ycewÎzexb`a

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneifi

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zg`a zaey e` ezial w"y lr xfeg 'id aexd lre miciqgd elib ipaa mbe dxez ipaa mb

xiird.miciqgd elib ipa zaiqna ze

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mekq Ð sqkd xexv z` ez` `iaie owfd x"enc` w"k cedl lel` ycega `ayke ux`d inre

giexn 'id xy`n xzeie yng it Ð df ekelid jxca giexd xy`n dwcvl yixtdy Ð lecb

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ly laga dlgzak xegql el xizdle ef dyw dcearn exhetl eytp lr opgzie ux`d inre

.micedi

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.utg ippi` dfae utg ippd dfa

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znexze ,da gilvd89x"enc` w"k ced `ived owfd x"enc` w"kl `iad xy` dwcvl ezqpxt

.mdd zenewna micnln ze`ved lr owfd

wqprl`nq jltl mgly xy` miyp` dnk mya owfd x"enc` w"k ced `xw gqtd xg`¨

mipy yly exar `le f"ix ciqgd z`xed t"r mixtke zexiirl90zeldw my ecqepy cr

.dwcv ly zecqene dliah iza licadle zeiqpk izaa ,micnlne mia"ey mipaxa mixceqn

dpy mixyrk exar dkk91zpya Ð ziniptd dzpicn ixry z` `iqex zlynn dgztyke

ze`ne ,`iqexl egtqp `il`c`te oild`ee `hil zpicn lk xy` oileR zwelg ixg` Ð c"pwz¨¨¨

mavn lr e`ltzd ziniptd `iqex ixrl mayen ewizrd dxez ilecb daxd mdipiae zegtyn

dxez iblten mipaxe zeiqpk iza ewifgdy mdixag xtqna zephwd zeldwd ly ixqend

.mignen micnlne

****

eid mdipzge mdipay `hil igxf` eid dxezd ilecb ziniptd `iqex ixrl mixbdnd aex

inl efgie milecb mixgeq92mipwfd mdixedl mdiazknae dycgd dpicnd xgqa xidfn cizr

avnd z` milldne migayn eid dxez ly dld`a miig zegx`a exczqde `hila ex`ypy

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v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei gi

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mci lre mdae ziniptd `iqexl mayen ewizrd miciqg zegtyn daxd dpd b"pwzÎb"nwz

.mixrpe mixirvl cenil iza ceqie dxez zvaxda owfd x"enc` w"k zlert beg dagxzp

micbpznd ly zedeabd zexitql miaxewndn eidy `pliee i`vei mixbdnd mi`hild

zpyc mxgd hxtae mcw inin mdi`iype miciqgd z` etcx xy` zeticxd z` ercie

a"nwz93xy` owfd x"enc` w"k m`iype miciqgd ly mgaya mdixkne mdiaexwl eazk ,

ik mzedn lr dcirn zek`lnd ilra ikkeza miny z`xie dxez zvaxda 'ixetd mzcear

ilecb zlebq lke c"a`xd enr ez`e oe`bd epxene dnly dpen`ae zn`a miwl` i`xi md

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mxen icinlz Ð miciqg mi`xwpd miyp`d zbdpd z` Ð eazk Ð mi`ex epgp`y itke

dwcvd lr mytp mixqene dxezd zagae miny z`xia Ð rpf`iln cibnd oe`bd maxe¨

ilr devi ok ik daigae zefixfa z`f miyer dpd ,gex dkpe ipr lkl dlecb dage dad`amd

.zeaexw mizrl mdil` gleyy micgein mixiv i"re eizexb`a maxe mxen

ixg` jexk 'id la` ,dxezd zricia ipepia 'id ik s` ,eny sl`ee licpef 'x ,mixbdnd cg`¨

zegily xac lk miiwl eytpe eal lka oezpe xeqn 'id cegiae `"xbd icinlz dxezd ilecb

oia 'id `ed ,zegilyd zg` miiwl liaya okzqp minrt dnke miciqgd lr zeticxl rbepda

migvex Ð mi`pwd zxeagn cg` 'id mbe a"lwz zpyc mxgd z` mqxtl mirqepd94ekldy Ð

`"nwz zpya recid oic wqtd z` miiwl o`ivpieey xirlaeqgizd micbpznd zexitqae ©

.miciqgd zticxa dlecbd ezcear llba daig ly qgia eil`

****

(a`l dlenrzd zceara uxn ilra mdne o`ivpieey xira miciqg ly dxeag dzid xak d"lwz zpya©

miigix iza ,oeln iza ,zefeg` daxd eid o`ivpieey lilba ik zeidle ,daiaqda mb `l` `teb xira wx©

mzixa iyp`n miciqgdl mdl eid ueaiwe ayen lka hrnk dpd geixa eqpxtzd mleke milecb `l miaeyie

xy`e miciqgl eidp o`ivpieey lilba miaeyid lk xy` micbpznd zxiaa rcep jxrl mipy izyk jynae©

.o`ivpieeya miciqgd zxeagn d`a dlenrzd©

zra xy` a`lwy ,wqpin ,`plieec micbpznd icre oia mixac ztilga `ixhe `lwyd dkx` dpy ivgk¨

a`lwye wqpin icbpzne a`lwyae wqpina c"ag iciqg ly zenly zecr eid xak Ð `"nwzÎn"wz Ð `idd¨¨

ribdyke mtcxl mb dne miciqgd zcr lr cbpzdln mdici ekyn xak mday mipeznde mzerha exikd xak.dfl enikqd `l o`ivpieey xira c"ag iciqg htyna `pliee cre zrvd mdil`©

miciqgd lr mxg lhei ik yexcl etiqed cere `pliee cre zrvd z` elaw wvelqe wqixa icre mpn`

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.rpf`iln cibnd¨

xyr dyngk zewlna zewldl o`ivpieey iciqg ly mhtyn ekxre c"ia exgae daiyil qpkp `pliee cre©

.mdnr mikqie r"p `"xbd l` mhtyn xac z` erivie yi`

(93'r `"g (l"yz ,milyexi) "micbpzne miciqgZ d`x.330

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.158 'r c"yz zegiyd xtq

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oi` ik eazkn z` miiqie ,hxta o`ivpieeya miciqg drax` zgivxa szzyd xy` lre llka©

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.`plieec c"iade cred ildpn iy`x lr devnd iaagn

icbpzn ibega lecb myex eyr sl`ee licpef 'x ly eazkn cegiae micbpznd iazkn¨

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eglyiy lilbd lkl mixiv gelyl ehilgie dtiq`l miciqgd eqpkp o`ivpieeya dfxkdd xac rnyda©

miyngk mikled o`ivpieey mpgnny ericeie mxgd zlhd meia ecgi crezdl `plieel xiv ayene ayen lkn©

.creind meil `plieel yi`

mi`ad miciqgde o`ivpieey iciqg mr `pliee iciqg ecrezi xy` meid xcq zipkz ekxr o`ivpieey iciqg©©

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.oicd igelyn cg` 'id sl`ee licpef 'xe o`ivpieey iciqgn drax`l©¨

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v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei k

dlrdy dn mix`lRnrfw` ze`na `hil iagxn lka miazknd z` enqxt miciqgde ,`pliee©

.wvelqe wqixa `pliee icbpzn ly mt` oexg

****

wlgae dphwde dlecbd oileR zpicn lka zeciqgd dhytzp xak Ð d"pwz Ð `idd zra

wqarhiee iklta dhytzp c"ag zeciqge ,`ivil`be `il`c`t oild`ee zpicn ,hen`fn lecb©¨¨¨©

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.dltzd xecqe jexr

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zexkde mikldn el eid el` eiwqr ilbxle ,oexg`d lbq l"ixdn cr eixg` eizexecl df

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.owfd x"enc` w"k ced dl oeekzd xy` zixeavd

****

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dryn zeryd z` dxen `ed oi` recn dcigd z` xeztl ecia dlri ot zeryd dxen z`

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l"fg zvr ik exn`a reqpl o`in owfd x"enc` w"k ced105yi meid ,zeyxl rcezz l`

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.xacl mikqd eceniln lhal epnn eyxci `l xzei xy`

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wiqtn 'idy zeryae dxen 'idy zerya minrt drax` e` dyly zeryd dxen z` wcayke

:xn` zexedl

cenlza `zi`106oi` mippr caln dpd f`e mc` lk y`xa `ed ynyd meid rvn`a xy`

mixac epncfiy xyt` f` zehpl ligzn ynydyk jli`e mixdvn la` ,wiqtnd xac mey

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.zeryd

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Ð x"enc` w"k aiyd Ð `l ,x`qrt`xRd l`y ,mkly cenlzdn mbzt `ed df mb m`d¨¨

ipeid qepil`b mkgd ly enbzt edf107mexl eribd `ly rcna mixdiznd lr `yp xy` ©

.ddab

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.onfd d`xn zeryÎdxend

(105.i"n `"t zea`(106.` ,cv migqt d`x(107.(i"wzz `"c zexecd xcq) iax inia ig

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ak

micg`l rxe`nd z` xtq dziad xfgyke l"bq l"ixd all erbp x`qrt`xtd zeviwr¨¨

,mdd zenewnd z` xwal erqi mnvra mdy exn` mde ,mzvr z` l`yie mixkpd eixknn

xzeia zedeab zepli` ey`xae deab xd e`vn x"enc` w"k xn`y wgxna xy` 'id oke

zepli`d z` zexkl miyp` exkyie l"bq l"ixdl mb dfn dne`n xtq ilal mdipia ehilgie

.xdd y`xn mideabd

xvgay zeryd dxen ik rc`ieri`eed epec`l riced dfeg`d ldpne mini dfi` exar¨¨

`ltzie ziyingd cr 'ipyd dryn mb opewzk zeryd z` ze`xdl xfg oenx`d

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.epewzl xfg epenx`

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zepli`d z` ezxk mz`xed t"r xy` rc`ierieed iptl cirdl `edd xdl jenqd xtkd iyp`¨

zian zxye`ne minid mze`a daezk dcerz mz` e`iad mnvra mde `edd xddn mideabd

eny mqxtzp f`e `edd xddn zepli` jke jk f` ezxk mixk`d xy` xtkd zeciwtw"k ly

.rcnd inkg oia x"enc`

x"enc` w"k al xdeha wenr zxgp cenlzd lr irqx`n x`qrt`xRd brl xy` brld¨¨©

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qqazi dfa dpd dnc`d zceara ewqrie weyd xgqne zexqxqa gexd zeqpxt z` eafri

.ilklkd mcnrn

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rny z` hrxwrv jiqpd ly rinrc`w`a mixend y`x iyfbp`l rc x`qrt`xtd renyk¨¨©©©

wqr envra `edy s` dpd ,dqcpdde dpekzd znkga x"enc` w"k ced ly eznkg lceb

deabd q"dia cinlz cer 'idyk Ð rny xy` mipy zeax df la` mignvd irah znkga

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erqn z` dyr dqcpdde dpekzd znkga blten wqarhieea lbq xiabd ozg ik ernyke

.wqarhieel

rinrc`w`d inkg oia myex dyr iyfbp`l rc yiyid wip`h`ad x`qrt`xtd ly ez`ia¨¨¨©©©©

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lr eze` giked lbq l"ixd ozgn Ð rci `le eze` mb l`yy mipy dfi` dfy Ð ziqcpdd

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(108.mxtqnl 1257 zpya cqep

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneibk

iyfbp`l rc x`qrt`xtd ik ericedl lbq xiabdl eiciwtn cg` z` gly xird xy¨¨©

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el eidy mixtqnd mr zexiipd mpn` ,zipletd dtya ezl`y z` rivd x`qrt`xtd¨¨

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Ð iztxvd licprn dyn yi`de ,dcigd z` x"enc` w"k xzt epzeg ziaa x"enc` w"k z`

z` wizrd lbq l"ixd ly exgqn ziaa zepeayg ldpn 'idy Ð fievp`xt xrc licprn dyn©

eazk.ziztxvl w"dln x"enc` w"k ly

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`iady dn eixkn lk iptl elldie x"enc` w"k ly egaya xtqie dexzt `le dqcpdd inkg

.dnc`d zceara micedid zexczqd xaca x"enc` w"k ly dlenrzl daexn zlrez

****

zepizna 'id zeyrl hilgd xy` lke xaic xy` lk ,x"enc` w"k 'id oievn oxcqe `iavn

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ilina ode `inyc ilina od eznkqde ezhlgdn xeg` bq `l ezepwf cr ezeclin ,lidan 'id

.llkd zepwqra `nlrc

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.i`ygae rpvda eidi mdipipr lk xy` x"enc` w"k ced xidfd

micedide Ð a"lwz zpya Ð dpald `iqex z` 'ipyd `pixrh`wri zixqwd dyakyn©

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.hxta mzbdpd aihe mxyi

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.llkd zepwqrl dpt oa` cqi dfa

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i"r l`xyi ly mzaehl zeax mipy jyn ecar mde dbltnd y`xl xga ,sxev awri mdxa`

.dlynnd zecqen iciwte mikiqpd mr zexkidd

dyn l`eny 'x ciqgd epaa x"enc` w"k ced xga awri mdxa` 'x ciqgd xhtpyk

.ax uxn lrae ezrca siwze lecb mkg 'id n"yxd ,eia` mewn ze`lnl

****

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.wqarhieen ikcxn 'xe

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c"pwz zpya109,`hila zexiirdn zeax zepelz e`a ,oilet yeak ixg` dpyk ,oileR

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micedid z` `epyl zefeg`d ilrae miliv`d icli z` ekpg xy` miztxvd mixend ly

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oiee`yfxrc iqexd xteqd z` ef zek`lnl111. ©

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.zixqwd xvga aeyge c`na l`xyi `pey 'ide zextqa

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.eziaa exwal edywaie ezecli inia xkfpe exikde n"cxa

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iziid jenk eid micedid jig` lk m`Z el dper 'id cinz la` ,micedid zelrn z` zeze`a

."m`pey iziid `l zegtd lkl e` made`

****

zk`lna eci z` ze`lnl iniptd xy z`n xgap oiee`yfxrc xteqd xy` xacd rcepyk©

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(110.1739Î1791(111.1743Î1816

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xy` dgeha `idy xn`ze ezxigan oevx dwitd xy`e mdiig zegx`e mxgqn mzbdpd z`

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.mdl ie`xd mnewn lr mecinri xy` zelabdd

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dpd ekxcn xefgiyk miizpy cera ik dleb ilk mkl eyr dxiad xira mixbd micedid

.dxiad xirn micedid z` yxbl 'idz ez`vxd xac ziy`x

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epnn rny `ed mbe aeha oiee`yfxrc z` xikn n"cx ik zeidle ,'ihxta avndn ericedl©

.xrpqic n"cx 'idi x"enc` w"kl rqepd xivd xy` ehilgd zeyrl ezrca xy` lkk

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dnkgae ynn ytp zxiqna zegilyd xac z` e`ln ozp 'xe onlf 'ixny 'x miciqgd

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lr xac xac dpizpd ipnfe micgynd zeny mr rcedl mcia dlr xy` cgeyd itqk zniyx

.epte`

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mze` zwgxn dzid `pixrh`wri zixqwd xy` el`k cere iwqxin`aeil ee`wex`bl`c¨¨¨¨©

.zezgyen zecn ilrae mirx miyp`a dxgae

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****

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****

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v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei al

r"p ikcxn x"dene ,wcv gnv lra x"enc` w"k ced ly eia`e x"enc` w"k ced ozg143ik ,

drax`ke ,miciqgd zeayen lkl cgein xiv i"r eglyi qetca exnbiy miqxhpew dyng lk

e lilbd liaya mitl` ipyke ,`plieea milawn eid mixltnfk` mitl`micbpzndn daxd

.miqxhpewd z` i`yga micnel eid mipeznd

jxca mikled miciqgd xy` zrcl gkep `ed mb dpd oif`l`een miig 'x xic`d oe`bd¨

'id onfl onfne ,`ey zelilr `l` epi` mipy zexyr jyna mdilr exn`y dn lke xyid

,micbpznd crea enewn z` afre miciqgd l` axwzp zeiniptae `ipzd iqxhpewa oiirn

cred ixage yelg `"xbdy drenyd dhytzpy `"xbd ceak leflf eal l` rbp xzeiae

.ezricia `ly `"xbd mya mixacn qrlrqrR sqei my`xae

****

eny oerny hen`f igxf`n cg` `plieel `a a"pwz zpya144l`xyi 'x ly ecinlz cinlz ©

uiytil145cv lr j"pza iwae wecwca rprd onlf 'x ly ecinlz cinlze dqcpde dpekza

c`na edeaxwie `"xbd oa mdxa` 'xe `"xbd ig` xkyyi 'x mipe`bd ipira og `ype `ltd

.`plieea z"za j"pz micnlnd lk lr illk gibyn xeza eze` excqie

eywia mbe c`na ecaik `"xbde miwl` `xi opaxn `axev ly `lhvi`a xzzqd oerny

'il` wecwc extq z` xwal146milikynd on `ed df oerny xy` xryl leki `l yi`e

.dlkyddl zeytp zeyrl 'id epirn lke mixzqpd

xaky el`n mipievn zepexyk ilrale mdizepexyk itl z"zd icinlz z` xcqn 'id `ed

geha 'idyke i"yx 'it lr mitqep miyexita j"pz cenil xciq daiyia `xnb cenll e`vi

mirqepy dp`eza fpky` ixrn zg`l driqp xcq mdl xcqn 'id eqx`a mze` lirxd xaky

.wqixae o`bx`nqe wvelq ,wqpina zeaiyid zg`l dnd©¨

xceqn xcqa ezcear jiynd dke milecb minekqa mb xfer 'id xzeia mipievn mixirvl

mixacn eid `le aln egkyp erqpy oeikn xy` miipr ipaa xgea 'id aexd lre ,ax uxnae

.mzece`

,dlkydd itpk zgz o`iadl zeytp ccevl xzzqnd ziqnd ,oerny car mipy rax`k

zepexykd ilra micinlzd oian xgea 'id dpy ivg lkae ,xceqn xcqae dlecb zevixga

dxez mewnl dleb ied ly dyern zeninzae147zrtyd zgzy xtqd izal mgley 'id

z` jneze xzqa likyn 'idy ,qrlrqrR sqei zlef yi`e ,oilete `ivilba milikynd

.edpd zerca iytg ik oernya ea cyg `l mbe rci `l milecb minekqa milikynd

axrzn 'id `ly zeidle miciqgd ixigal speg 'id `plieea oerny ixebn zepy jyna

(143.ee`lwyn uieexed ield l`eny x"a ikcxn 'x(1442 dxrd l"pd ycewÎzexb`) l`dhprilil oerny

l`dhprilil mgpn x"c xteke likynd ly eaq .(b"deya5 'r dlkydd zrepze v"vd qxhpew dkex`a d`x Ð.` ,`lz b"g c"ewl) 2 dxrday gqtd bg zgiy .jli`e.(jli`e 91 'r .83 'r b"yz zegiyd xtq .jli`e ` ,glz

.4 'r c"yz zegiyd xtq(145uyen`fn l"bq ield dyn x"a l`xyi 'x `ed ile`

*a"lwzÎq"z),xc`c hxetwpxt) l`xyi gvp q"gn (.uiytil `ed ezgtyn myy ep`vn `l j` .(`"wz

(146.b"vwz `pliee dpey`xl qtcp(147.c"in c"t zea`

(*miwqetd zeclez .690 'r (f"nxz `yx`ee) l`xyi zqpk.453 'r (a"txz ,`yx`ee)

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneibl

zercd iwelga dlidwd ipipr dnka mipiad yi`k 'id minrtle ,miciqgde micbpznd aixa

y`xa micnerd al z` aepbl mkgzd xzeiae ,miciqgde micbpznd dldwd iqpxt oia eidy

ikcxn jexa 'x miciqgd zcr95ycewd oeyl iaagne wecwc ilra mzeidle lifiin dyn 'xe

mixiy aezkl dyleg el 'idy lifiin dyn 'x oe`bde ,eze` miaxwn eid148y"xd z` cakn 'id

.mifexga wxt rcei 'idy

miciqgd oia x"enc` w"k ced ly dltzd gqep hytzp xak `idd zra dpd xen`k

i"zka137gqepl xzei mi`zn `edy d"lyd ly minyd xry xeciqa miepiyd eazky mdn ,

zepeilb lr owfd x"enc` ly dltzd gqep z` miazek eid aexd lre owfd x"enc` w"k ced

.mda milltzn eidy fpky` gqep mixeciqd

lr micbpznd s` oexg siqed miciqgd liaya cgein gqep oipr zellky s` dpde

dtepn `ed owfd x"enc` ly dltzd xeciqa wecwcd xy` eced cg`k mlk la` miciqgd

z` owiz dpd gqepd z` dpiy `ly zelitzde miheitd mze`a mb ik ,zetp dxyr ylya

.wecwca mipe`bd z` mb `iltdy dn oeyld zxdhe wecwcd iwg i"tr cewipd

'ide owfd x"enc` w"k ced ly dltzd xeciq z` gayne lldn 'id xzzqnd oerny

wqr el oi` ik dne`n cibdl ezlekia oi` mixenfnd xcqe gqepd oipra ik 'ineta `lbxn

,wiecn eznbec oi`y `ln dta xnel leki `ed wecwcd iwgl rbepy dna la` ,zexzqpa

iaie.oeyld zxeze wecwcd znkg z` micnel miciqgd oi` xy` lr ezdinz z` `

****

e`a mdixg`e ,milikynd zeticxe zenglnn elaq xy` mipey`xd eid `ivil`b iciqg©

ilikynn micg` ik dzid xacd zaiq ,mipexg`dn eid c"ag iciqge oilete oild`ee iciqg¨

wiy qgpt 'x ,ealk sqei 'x mipe`bd c"ag iciqg ixiga mr epncfp oilxa129oinipa 'xe ,

wvrlwn149bivRiil icixia ee`lwy iciqgn cere150c"ag iciqg ik zrcl milikynd egkeie ¨

zilbpd dxeza mdizerici lceb lr sqep xzqpae ziwl` dxiwg zricia dagx drc ilra md

gexe uxn ilra miyp` miyexc mgvpl ickae ,zecnd oewze alay dceara miwqer df mre

.ax

,`pi`xwe`e `hil iciqg mr megll milikynd erbie elnr Ð e"pwzÎ`"pwz Ð mipy yngk©

gxkd zece` lr xxerl miciqgd zeayen zenewnl mixiv egly151zricie wecwcd cenil

mi`xew eid `l q"pkdial mi`a eidyke mdn ewgxzd m`ea mewn lka la` zixard dtyd

eid aexd lre on` eixg` epr `l yicw xnel aiegn mdn in 'idyke dxezl zelrl mze`

.miciqgd ly zeiqpkd izan mze` miyxbn heyt

erqp xy` mixzqpd milikynd mdixiv z`n milikynd fkxna elawzpy zericid ilbxl

(148"dyn zxiyZ extq ee`lwya qtcp g"nwz zpyaxryd sc oeyl) "mixvw mizaa zevn b"ixz lr xy xy`Z

.(xtqd ly(149xtq .(` ,`r) e"kt `"g iax zia Ð ezece` d`x

'r a"g ycewÎzexb` .jli`e 6 r"q mely zxez zegiyd.jli`e `"lq c"vxz gqtd bg zgiy .bly 'r e"g .ry

zegiyd xtq .cnx 'r (a"vxz) oneid zniyx mgpn zxez.258 'r g"yz .127 'r .97 'r c"yz .127 'r .124 'r b"yz

.p"ye(150.my g"yz zegiyd xtq mb d`x(151gxkd.zxag :zewzrdd '`a :

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei cl

,mkxca me`vn xy` ze`lzde dlkyddl zeytp zeyrl c"ag iciqg zeayen zelilbl

`l` miciqgd oia dne`n elrt `ly cal `ly ,mrnynk mheyt miyexibe mitecbe zetxga

fieerp`R xira dxw xy` dlidand drenyd zvtde miciqgd zecbpzd ici lry z`f cerk ¨

ixagn micbpznd oia mb dpd152ekiynd `le mzxnyn z` eafrie dvnyl eidp wecwcd ixtq

oerny lr milikynd fkxnay dlenrzd cre qinrd ,dlkydd zaehl dlenrzd z` d`ld

zelkke .rpf`il xira m`iype miciqgd zxia z` mb xwaie miciqgd zeayen z` xwaiy¨

ny .mgvple ,miciqgd mr megll ji` d`vxde g"ec `iai erqnjldn z` xikd xak xy` oer

`ed ik ,envra xriy xwgn ipipra `pliee iciqg mr ryrzyd zeax minrte miciqgd gex

ilbxle ,dlenrzd cre zrvd z` law ,ezk`lna gilvi ik dewe dxen`d zegilyl mi`znd

z` yrie onfd seq cr miycg dyly jynl dyteg law Ð eilral xn` ok Ð dgtyn ipipr

.miciqgd zxiaae miciqgd zeayen z` xwal erqn

****

ced mya rpf`iln azkn lifiin n"xe n"ax mipe`bd miciqgd elaw lel` ycga jxrl¨

dltzd xeciq z` aagne miny `xil eze` mix`zn mdy oerny yi`d xy` x"enc` w"k

ccevl milikynd gilye xzzqn likyn zn`a edpd eze` `iltne x"enc` w"k ced ly

mcia dlriyke eicrv z` xenyle lbxl eilr al eniyie ,dlkydd jlenl mxiardl zeytp

.`ed xy`k etevxt z` elbi if` ska eytzl

lr ritydy mdipian miqpxt ipy cer `pliee zlidwa aiyedl miciqgd egilvdy zrn

dlecb zlrez `iad xacdy s`e ,elek lilbd lka mb `l` `plieea wx `l mgex znxd

xzei mipekp minekq eqpkp xak oey`xd ycgae miciqgd zelczyd cvn zeldwd zeqpkda

,c`n dxabzp d`pyde mitixgd micbpznd al z` ai`kd `teb df la` ,mcewn libxd lr

dfy zwelgnd dgwlzd aey ik cr dxecnd lr ony etiqed x"dl ixacne likx iklede

.dhwyy mipy ylyk

my`xae miciqgd cbp mingeld cre ixag izaa yxg ilbxn aiyedl miciqgd ehilgie

.mgeld cre y`xa micnerd zcire dzid eziaay qrlrqrR sqei xn

'id `ed ,qppd jexa l`lva gilvd cegiae daexn zlrez miciqgdl d`iad ef dhlgd

ivge xer ivg ,miizty lxr ,jgebne mz yi`k 'id ed`xny s`e qrlrqrR zxn zgtynn

,yxg'id oeekzn `la el`ke xac jezn xac oiane mkg 'id zn`a la` ,ekxi lr rleve oab

lka `vnpzaehl lbxne qrlrqrR xnl milawznd miazknd z` `xewe lkd rney ,`vn zr

.miciqgd

(kmiyexit mr j"pz mdnr cnel 'id ee`wl`fn `ay micnlnd cg`e oeira `xnbl xcg ecqi fieerp`Ra¨¨¨

xtq izaa cenll mdl zeyxdl mdixed z` eywai xy` micinlzdl cnlnd xn` onf dfi` xaryk .mipey

micinlzl zecerz epzp mcenil wg micinlzd exnbyke ,mixend y`x 'id xnekde xira 'idy mixkp ly

lka dvetp drenyde mzc z` exinie oeiqpa cenrl elki `l micinlz ipye ,epzp `l micedile mixkpd.mzc z` micinlzd exind ee`wl`fn cnlnd zny`a ik lilbd¨¨

(152.iaagn :l"ve`

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneidl

.qrlrqrR xnl eazkn zwzrd 'id oerny ly eceq geztl oey`xd gztnd

miciqgd ayen ixra erqnn oeayge oic xqene `w`xwa zrk `edy ricen `ed eazkna¨

ini dfi` Ð reayk dny eakrzd ixg`e zeciqgd zxiaa xwia xy`elawzp Ð dleg 'id m

xdfay `wepi `eddk ea gixd Ð lezida azk Ð xyt` ,ea xikd seqale `iypd lv` oei`xl

yecwd153ik xikd `l df z` la` ,mei eze`a oiltz gipd `l `ede ,y"w e`xw `ly gixdy

dpald `iqex ixra exarae myn rqp dlil eze`ae milikynd gily `edy xikd `edy m`

.mdixvanl xecgl dlriy xryl cake c`n cr `id dwfg miciqgd zcnry d`x

ilra eplk Ð azek `ed Ð epgp` ik myaekl ji` dlenrz xcqe dvr miqkhn eixage `ed

'idi `le epi`e 'id `ly dricd`kycwp ilra e` xzke jyicwp ilra m` epl `id zg`

jvixrpe154.dxe` oxwa mcinrdl mikixve dnd zepyep iwifgn cg`k mlk ik ,

dn lk ik mircei mziid ip` izi`xy dn mzi`x ele mixivd mixtqny dn mzrny ele

ie`xy dn ohw wlg mb eppi` 'ifdd ilra z` mivgele miwirn `plieec mingeld cre ixagy

.dkex`a lkd xtqi `plieel `aiyke rpf`iln iaxd iciqg 'ifdd ilral zeyrl¨

xtqln xdfiy jexa l`lva lr eevie z`fd zxb`d z` `exwl eldap n"nxde n"axd

.dlecb zepiznae zerce zevrena epipr lklkie dzec` `edy inl xaclne

****

qrlrnext lwifii` 'x eaexw ly egay z` oerny itn n"nxde n"axd erny zeax minrt

mr jczyde oeyld zxez aagne wecwcd znkga iwae sixg `edy wv`lR xira ayeid

oeyle wecwc mdipa z` cnll egexn mdilr rityde mdly fielwa lltzne miciqg zgtyn

`ed e`ea mewn lka dpd wv`lRl mikenqd mixr dnka miwqr lrae xiyr ezeidle ycewd¨

.mdilr egexn rityn

'x xgeqdl aexw xeza y"xd oernl `eaie ytgzi y"p`n cg`y n"nxde n"axd evriizie

exga ef dxhnle mdil` m`iaie oerny iazk lk z` mipenhna ytgie qrlrnext lwifii`

.o`ivpieey xirn Ð xrkrla xrc linlrf 'x Ð ggtd aiil onlf 'x ciqgda©

miazke zeniyx zexb` ,ci iazk zeliag zeliag `iaie ezegilya gilvd aiil onlf 'x

z`e eirceine eixknl oerny azk xy` z`n zewzrd155ceine eixknn law xy`xtq mb eir

ipenhna oenh 'id xy` lkn ,zipeie ziztxv ziwlhi` ,fpky` oeylae ycwd oeyla dlkyd

.n"nxe n"axl l"fxd `iad oerny

lfiee oia miazknd ztilgn15likii` wgvie156ficpin ewp`xt iytg .c ,ielqxa .n ,157.y , ©

(`k.d"a `xead ze`ivna dxitkd ezpeek

(153.` ,etw b"g(154.(a ,bl) g"it `"g iax zia mb d`x(155z`e.z`f :zewzrdd '`a :(156zxagZ bxaqbipwa dnwed 1782 seqa .1756Î1804

zrd azk z` xe`l d`ivedy) "xar oeyl iyxec

uitdl dxhnl dl dnyy milikyn ly dxeag ,("sq`ndZdtya yeniyd z` aigxdle icedid mlera dlkydielqxa lcpn mgpn ,lkii` wgvi ecnr dy`xa .zixard

.xrcprlcixt lieepfe oerny mig`de(157.1713Î1792

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei el

oeniin54`cpil .a ,158oitil .n ,159xrcprlcixt mig`d ,160cg` `ed oerny xy` zrcl egkep

dlkydl zeytp zeyrl dlenrzd zcear envr lr gwle dlkydd zrepz y`xa micnerd

.`plieec dxezd ixcge zeaiyid icinlz ixiga oian

e`vn cid iazk oia

ixra milikynd zldpd zgz xy` xtqd izaa cenll oerny glyy mixirvd zniyx (`

.bxraqbiprwe ieqqrc ,ielqrxa oilxae fpky`e `ivil`bae `w`xw `yx`ee©¨©

zelrn ihxta gly xy` micinlzdn cg`e cg` lkl ozp xy` zecerzd wzrd (a

.d`ld micenila mxcql ji` drvde elv` ecnly dn d`vxde mdizepexyk

Ð mixiv i"r Ð bxraqbiprwne oilxan laiw xy` mitqkdn d`vede dqpkdn g"ec (b

.qrlrqrR oec`d cakpd mxag z`n ezeyxl eqpkp xy`e

z`xeda micinlzd ixen oiae epia miazkn zetilge micinlzd avnn zehxetn zerici (c

dxewnn dwizrd `iteqelitd icenila lig eyri xy` ornl zipeie ziztxv zetyd cenil ipipr

pin`ne zca miwec`dn milezid ixtq ,e`xwi xy` mixtq zniyxerxd oir mik`lna mi

.zrcn mixrapd micnlnd mda eyixydy zexrad z` maln xewr ornl zerx zegexe micy

xteke milikynd ilecbn cg` `ed xy` oerny ly etevxt z` hilad df axd xnegd

oziqdl zeninz zeytp ccevl oievn oexyk lrae minkg ixac lr birlne zevne dxeza 'da

.dlkydd jlenl oxiardle ogicdle

miaxa mqxtl ie`xd xcqa ewizrd xzeia mivegpd z` ,miazkd z` exciq n"nxde n"axd

lvpzdl mb s`e yigkdle mipt cinrdl eilbx z`e eici z` `vni `l xy` ote`a `vn zrl

.c`n el xwid eceak lwie rleai qrlrqrR xnl mbe

****

meve d"x iniae ekxcn oerny xfg d"xra ik n"axl jexa l`lva riced 'ilcb mev meia

xy` z` rnyy dn n"nxle n"axl xqn jexa l`lvae qrlrqrRe oerny ecrezd 'ilcb

w"k mr el 'idy oei`xd zece`e miciqgd zxiaa exewia zece` qrlrqrRl xtiq oerny

eizebdpde eizeltze `iypd zxez ,eig`e `iypd ipa mikiqpd mr ezgiye owfd x"enc`

dad`d miciqgd igxte mixirvd iig ,mdizegiye mcenil mzltz miciqgd ipwf zbdpd

.miciqgd oia mixxeyd dwfgd zrnynde xcqd deg`de

rny miciqgd zxian ze`qxt mirax` miylyk dwegxd wqarhiee xirl ribdyk cer

opax ikln o`n ,jln zixwa dyrpd lk zece` lr daxd161zxcda ceakd zxcd lr `ltzie ,

l"ixdn oe`bd mya eze` mi`xewy eig`e `iypd ipan cg` mya mixikfn miciqgd ycw162

x`ezd mi`xew `iypd ipa lk z`e163z` ,zeaiz iy`xa wx yexita mny zxkfd ila epxen

(158iyxec zxagZl etxhvdy mipey`xd on .1759Î1849.156 dxrd l"pd "xar oeyl

(159(d"xz `pliee) "ytpd oeaygZ q"gn .1826Î1749.xrhp`l`q i"xd zvr i"tr Ð

(160.156 dxrd lirl d`x

(161.`"rq ,aq oihib d`x(162`iqexa) yhiee`p`ia ax aiil dcedi 'x w"dxd

'r lirl ezece` d`x .dcedi zix`y q"gnra .(dpald.000

(163.x`eza :l"ve`

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneifl

xraec 'x axd epxen Ð c"xden mi`xew xekad164axd epxen Ð `"gxden mi`xew ipyd z` Ð

mdxa` miig 'x165dyn 'x axd epxen Ð n"xden mi`xew iyilyd z`e Ð166ckp z` mb Ð

`iypd167ray oak yy oak xrp168eze` mi`iltne Ð licprn mgpn iax Ð n"nx mya mi`xew

.dlecb d`ltda oievn oexyk lrae ielirl

zeceb` ik `vnie zeyxcn izae zeiqpk iza daxd xwa wqahieea ddyy minid zylya

mdipia miltltzne Ð mikxekn izla Ð miqtcp miqxhpewa micnele miayei zeceb`

miwqer cg`k mleke mitetv micner mixirvde miayei mipwfd ,`ziixe`c `gzixa

.mcenila

qetcl xqnpy xak `l df xy` `iypd ly exeagn wlg dnd miqxhpewd ik el rcep169

qitcnd mr dfeg eyr max zxezl miciqgd ly mzweyze mpe`nv lcebne `hiee`lq xira©

miqxhpew mitl` dyngke mzqtcd itl miqxhpew miqxhpew xtqd z` mdl glyi xy`

.lilbde xird liaya elawzp

.erqnl `vi mxh cer `pliee xira mb d`x el`k miqxhpew

exnby miciqg zveaw my `vnie mixdvd ixg` ziyingd drya qpkp cg` zqpkd zial

mgl xkka jexre zeihpel`a dqekn inexcd ogly ,devn zcerql mippekzne dgpnd zltz

miwexi migiha` dfi` ,migeln mibc ipye gln170zeqeke sxy oii weawa ,171.

y`x `ed d`xpke ,eny ongp 'x ,agx gvne miipivx mipt lra ,miciqgd ipwfn cg`

.oglyd l` eayie `ixagd x`y mdici elhp eixg`e ,dlgz eici lhp ,mldpne miciqgd

iexy ip`y izayd oglyd l` ipepinfd xtqa oiirne ipetvd lqtq lr ayei ipe`x xy`k

yb`e mzgnya ,mzeyxa ,szzy` wx dne`n merhl leki ipi`e ia` ly h"v`il ziprza

.oglyd dvwa ay`e

xe zeqekd z` `ln miciqgd ixirvn cg`lk ecnr eixg`e eznew `ln cnr ongp '

zia zgtynle epiaxe epixen epipec`l miigl ,xn`ie ,iayenn izcnr ikp` mbe miaeqnd

dpti xy` lkae epiaxe epixen epipec` miycwd ycw aal zel`yn z` z"iyd `lni ,epiig

zpn lr ,epiaxe epixen epipec` zxeza dwacl miciqgd epig` lkle epl z"iyd xfrie gilvi

,'d oevx `edy epiaxe epixen epipec` oevxl mipezpe mixeqn zeidle miiwle zeyrl xenyl

ly dkxad xac z` z"iyd miwi xy`e miigl zkxaa edrx z` yi` ekxaie on` epr mlke

.mlew xiya epzp ok ixg`e ,ongp 'x

zglvd lceb lr miciqgd zxian rnypy zeycgdn xtql ongp 'x ligzd obpl exnbyk

zeytp eyr xrwvrlw oinipa 'xe qrfiix qgpt 'x ,milecbd zexe`nd xy` ,cegiae a`lwy iciqg¨

.micbpznd ly zeqgeind zegtyne micneld ixiga ixirv oian zeciqgd zxezl zeax

(164.irvn`d x"enc` w"k(165.p"ye .33 'r h"txz zegiyd xtq Ð ezece` d`x(166.jli`e p 'r onwl ezece` d`x(167.v"vd x"enc` w"k(168.211 dxrd onwl d`x(169. e"pwz lel` idlyZqitcndl epiax w"k riced .

ycewÎzexb`) "extq z` qitcdl eznkqd z` `hiee`lqc

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zecqizda zelylzydd ote`Z epiax zniyx mb d`x.(000 'r lirl) f"q "ipy xec ,oey`x xec ,c"ag zeciqg

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei gl

cibnd yecwd eaxe exen lv` 'idyk cer Ð ongp 'x xn` Ð epiaxe epixen epipec`

`zexaga cnel 'id yhixfrnn172yecwd j`lnd mr173mrte ,cibnd axd ly epa174rqpyk

mr dlbrd lra `ayke ,ezell yecwd j`lnd exag jld ezial epiaxe epixen epipec`

dptie ,dvegd x"enc`e yecwd j`lnd `vi ,reqpl epiaxe epixen epipec` z` zgwl ezlbr

,cxrt qie` oxree orl`f iif fia cxrt ic qiiny xn`ie dlbrd lra l` yecwd j`lnd¨

onf jyn dfi` cer akrzie xfg dlbrd lra l` yecwd j`lnd ixac z` x"enc` renyk

iif fia cxrt ic qiiny ,b"rad l` yecwd j`lnd ly ez`xedn xy` exn`a yhixfrna

.`xead zceara dycg jxc el gzt cxrt qie` oxree orlree

elew xiya ozie zehdel eipt ongp 'x ,eilr mihian miaeqnd lke xacln wqt ongp 'x

.df oebip obpl md milibxy d`xpk Ð jyenn lewa eixg` epr miaeqnd lke

****

epixen epipec` cnl xy` dycgd jxcd z` x`al mikixvy ongp 'x xn` obpl exnbyk

:xn`ie ,yhixfrna miptln mipy ynge miylyk b"rad l` j`lnd ixacn epiaxe

aizk175mie`x dyly `xfr oa` axd 'ite ,miliqk ebl haye xengl bzne qeql hey

zxezl micbpznd dnd qeq Ð ongp 'x l`y Ð mzekdl mikixvy dylyd md ine ,mzekdl

milikynd dnd miliqke f"der zeinybn mibprznd d`pd ilra dnd xeng ,zeciqgd

.'ilic zke o`qlrcprn d`nehd zea` ia` ly eizeclez mivxyd¨

zeciqg cnel epi`e qeq `edy in ,mxcqk mayeg ,miliqkde xengd ,qeqd ,dl` dyly

d`x `l qeqd dpd ,qeq myd mrhe ,qeqk edpd zeciqgd zxezl cbpn `edy in hxtae

minyd z` mlern176miyp`d dnd ok .miny yiy zrcl ey`x z` diabd `l mlern ik ,

.miny yi my`xl lrnny zrcl mivtg mpi`y

iweptza mytp ze`z mi`lnnd mixeng zpiga zg`d ,zezkd izy miyrp el`d miqeqn

qxhpewda azek x"enc` xy` mixzend mixaca dlgz ,f"der177mixzend mixac mb xy`

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.dligzkl mlv` md jexr oglyay caricad iwqte

.cre mlerl mxkfe mny gni mixtekd miliqkd milikynd md 'ipyd zke

qeqd z` ahenl mxifgdl icka el` dyly mr bdpzdl epilr ji` epcnln aezkde

qr f` oqiee l`f xr ,qeq `edy rci ik cr heya zekdl mikixv178dhiyn edf ,cxrt ` fi` ¨©©

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(173ibnd axd oa j`lnd mdxa` 'x w"dxdc'r b"g ycewÎzexb`) d"lwz zpya wlzqp .yhixfrnn.f"lwz ixyz ai wlzqpy `zi` zenewn dnkae .(bqwzpya clepy ,8 'r `"g (1914 ,`yx`ee) ic`ln axd xtqa

.`"nwz zpya wlzqpe `"wz(174'r lirl) f"txz ohw mixet Ð oneid zniyx d`x

zniyx mgpn zxez .(152 'r f"txz zegiyd xtq .000

sirq b"vxz elqk hi lil zgiy .enx 'r (a"vxz) oneidxtq .nz 'r c"ig .fpwz 'r yix c"g ycewÎzexb` .dk

.118 'r `"g zegiy ihewl .117 'r f"yz zegiyd(175.(bzn :mye) b ,ek ilyn(176r"q e"g ycewÎzexb` .96 'r a"yz n"dq mb d`x

.jli`e fky(177.f wxt `ipz(178.xr :l"ve`

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneihl

,ezeiqeqn `vi xy` cr zekdl mikixv qeqd z` xy` ycig yecwd j`lnd mpn` ,dpey`x

.cxrt qie` oxree l`f xr fia mi` orqiiny¨

dpey`xd jxcd ,zeciqgd zxezl micbpnd mr bdpzdl mikixvy ji` md mikxc ipy

x"enc` cnly dycgd jxcde ,miqeq mix`yp md zeciqgd cenil `la xy` mdl ze`xdl

ipipr micbpndl xiaqdle x`al mikixvy `ed dlbrd lral yecwd j`lnd ly eycw ixacn

are dxezd cenil.mzexran e`vi ik cr `xead zce

z` melal oqxe bzn zzl mcnll mikixv mal zee`z ixg` mikynpy el`c xengl bzne

.zelewe xzid z`xed ila dxezd ipic t"r bdpzdle mdizee`z

la` ,bzne heya dpwz mdl yi oiicr de`z ilrae micbpznd ,el` mibeq ipy dpde

oi`y xeqi` rlead qxg ilkke dpwz mey oi` mdl dpd y"ni mixex`d milikynd ,miliqkd

mdl oi` mze` lirxd dxitkd qx` xy` mixex`d milikynd dnd ok ,dxiay `l` dpwz el

wfg sprn lwnd `ed haye edfe .mzpwz idef mlerd on mzxarde mzxiay wxe dpwz mey

.l`xyi leab lrn mwigxdle mzekdl miliqk ebl

****

rbx ,ongp 'x ixac renyl ultzi iale gzxi iawr mc dpd ikp`e mlew xiya epzp md

ixn`e mzxezl micbpnd mixn`na mdilr xihndle axw mz` gibdle cenrl izxn`

dnd zrc iipr ik ,bidpne `xead minyd l`a mdizepeinc lk z` l`l minyd miteqeltd

rbxk j` ,ixfekde dxend ly zizcd dxiwgdn mb zrce zevrena gkezdl erci `l ghae

epytp i`epy efld dxeagd z` mipt xikdl xwi ikd dxwnd z` ikixrda df lr izhxgzp

raya hiadle elld mixead itn `veid dbd lk renyl ipf` zehdle dtl ci miyl un`z`e

.mdiqenipe mdiig zegx` lr mipir

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miwqer ep` oi`y itl 'ipyd jxcl miyexcd oiif ilkd epl oi`e dnd miqeq ik mdl xn`l

cenila miwqerd a`lwy iciqg la` ,iednl irack dltzd zekix`a alay dcearae cenila¨

x"enc`y qrfiix qgpt 'x hxtae zekix`a alay dceara miwqere dciwya zeciqgd zxez

egayn179dtih ca`n epi`y ceq xea `ed ik180`ed ik egayn x"enc`y wvrlwn oinipa 'xe ,

ownr181sixge182xriif oet cxrt ic orRrly qiex` ipyd jxca `id mzcear md dpd©

.hiiwyicxrt

zelylzyd inrha jex` xaqda ongp 'x x`aiezerxe`n dnk xtqie d`pd lral cbpznn

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.epipt dzqk drife eplk epwzy ik cr mikgebn dk eid

`zepviln xal `xeq` `zepvil lk 'igaa mdy mnvra mixtqnd exn` el`d mixetqd lr

(179lirl) ak 'r "wqpina lecbd gekieZ zniyx d`x.p"ye .(000 'r

(180.h"n a"t zea` t"r

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v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei n

zxzeny dxf dcearc183mdizepibpn ik cgkl oi`e mlew xiya epzie miigl ezy aeye

.al zegwel

uxt 'x ,jly `wl`nx`id oz uxt xn`ie miaeqnd cg` l` ongp 'x dpt obpl exnbyk©

'x sqeie ,dlrnl 'ite oglyd lr dgipie ey`x lrn `wl`nx`id z` xiqie eraek z` mixd©¨

on cg`l dptie dniyxd z` aezkz dz` miig l`lva xn`ie miaeqnd '` l` dptie ongp

xdfd xn`ie miig l`lva 'xl dptie eice hr xiip `ad dyn 'il` eil` xn`ie mikxa`d

miycwd ycwl `xwnl dnipt ycwd l` `aez ef dniyx ik zexf zeaygn `la dnz daizka

.epiaxe epixen epipec`

****

xeikd l` jlie oglyd on miig l`lva 'x cnr daizk ilke xiip dyn 'il` jxa`d `iadyk

izyk azk dpkd xg`e enewna ayie eraek z`e exebg z` owzie mabpie mtytyie eici lehie

`wneq `z`e `xeig lf`e c`na mipivx eid eipt wx izi`x `l azk dn ,zexey184lkzqne

.ongp 'x ipta

inekqe miyp` zeny ekezn `xwie aezk oeilb `iveie ca jixkz ecba qikn `ived ongp 'x

`wl`nx`ida ogipd zerahnd z` .adf zerahna laex sl` lr xzei dlry mznexz sqk©

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zerahnd z`e mdizenexz inekqe minxezd zniyx z` mi`xew ezenk eyr miyp` dyng

.zepeilb dyng e` drax` `ln dke azek g"axe `wl`nx`ida mipzep©

g"axe `wl`nx`id l` dpzie adf rahn ongp 'x `ived zeniyxd z` `xwl exnbyke©

b eide zerahn ylyn ezgt `l maex ,miaeqnd x`y ezenk eyr eixg`e eny z` azkm

`ived exez ribda ik xzeia ip`iltd cg`e ,adf ly zerahn ryz e` yng epzpy el`k

mizye mrt mze` dpn xy` ongp 'x ci lr xeqnie adf zerahn daxd `iveie ca ztihr

'xa izlkzqd .adf jilcprx zerahn a"r a`f opgei x"a `liia oa licpef miig g"axl xn`ie

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.dfk lecb mekq

cg` cil exqnie ca wya eniyie `wl`nx`idn ewixd dnexzd sqe` z` exnbyke©

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.dyn megp 'x mipwfd cg`e licpef miig 'x eid

****

q"pkdal izqpkp .meid zevg ixg` zery izyk reayl ipyd meid 'id rpf`ill iz`ayk¨

milltzne oilitze zilh oiicr mithern miyp` ipyd xcga iz`vn dpde `iypd xvga xy`

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mi`iap j`lhiR`w exfg micg`e `xnbe dpyn ecnl micg`e mildz ixenfn exn` mdn©©

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(185.jx` :l"ve`

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei`n

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zveaw iz`vn Ð `iypd xvga xy` lecbd q"pkdial mixcg dyly ik Ð ipyd xcga

l"ixdne ,`peirl `xnb cenila miwqere miayei mikxa` miyp`162y`xa ayei `iypd ig`

daxde `"ayxe m"anxa `xnba d`ltp ze`iwaa dxe`iae `ibeqd mdl xiaqne x`an oglyd

.mikxa` miylyk eid `idd dveawa .mipexg`d ixtqn

izi`xy miqxhpewd mze` ecnl yi` dylye mixyr ,mikxa` zveaw dayi iyilyd xcga

mipt lra jxa` oglyd y`xa ayi myl izqpkpy drya ,wqarhieea zeiqpkd izaa micnel

.zcgein daywda eixacl erny micnerde miayeid lke xzeia mipivxe zexi`n

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oi`y dltzae dxeza `idd dlik`d gka 'ied z` cearl miny myl rced `la xeqi` lk`n

`ed mixeq`d mixacl de`znd x"dvide dltzde dxezd zeize`a yalzn lk`ndn zeigd

.oi`xkep oicyn cy

zepvile zelledc zexiarn d`ad d`nehd oia lcadd z` jxa`d xiaqd jex` xe`iaae

zene` zenkg cenil zxiarc d`nehd oiae ald z` mi`nhnd milha mixace gexd zeqb

mda ewqry o"anxde m"anxd lr uilnn `ed eixac jyndae gend z` ze`nhny mlerd

.`xead zcearl mda ynzydl erciy

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el yi xy` `iypd ly xekad epa `ed jxa`d xy` izrcep k"g` ,ipeibd gexa mixaqdde

.yi` dynge mixyrk dzk lkae zezk izy mr reaya minrt ipy cenll reaw xeriy

****

zlgz a"i sc miizqne oey`x wxtn ligzn mipey`xd miqxhpew dyly izipw `edd meia

ixiyrd wxt187micg` mb ,izbyd itl ax oeira mdilr izxar mini dylyk jynae ,

mipiprdn dnk lre d`lde ipnn eid mipiprd `yep ik s`e ippiadl dxfrl il eid mipwfdn

lye y` ly mpdibd iyper ,dltze dxez i"r miyrpd micegide zepeilrd zexitqd ix`eza

oeyld iwg itl udebnd oepbqde dxexad dtyd xiyrd oeincd la` iaxwa izwgy ,bly

.fr myex ilr eyr uxnp xevwa

ecnle x"cndiaa mayia `iypd ipa x`y z` mb xikdl icia dlr mini dylyk jyna

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(186'r d"yz .136 'r z"y'd uiiw zegiyd xtq d`x.106

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(188.ek dxrd d`x

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei an

`ld ,ipaiyd ,wecwcd znkg cnl m` eizl`yyke ,edenk oi`n `ed oxkfe oqtz ik dt lra

dcnll `ly xyt` ji`e `ed dxeza revwn189i`e j"pzd zeaiz yexit mircei oi` f`y ,

.dltza oeekl xyt`

****

iaxd lv` oei`xl lawzdl `ad lk ,miciqgdl mdl yi micgein mix`eze mipey miqenip

.xzeie reayk mnvr mipikny yie mini dylyn zegt `l dpkd jixv mdly

zery dfi` dpd oei`xl mzqipk meiae daygnd zxdhae ytpd oeayg dxwira `id dpkdd

,zevg oewz xcqa xwirde dxeza miwqere q"pkdia ixcgn cg`a cgi mivawzn mcew

zexixnaiwnrn ze`veid zegp`ae 'ikaa mildz ixenfn mixne`e dpeeka milltzne dlecb

.ald

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df legnl cgein192.sk l` sk mikne mipbpn x`yde legna mi`vei zecigid ilra ,

miciqgd193dltz ipebip ,mipey mixwnl micgein mipebip mipbpne dnd dpibp iade`

mze`l mini`zn mipebipd dpd aexd lre .zecrezd ipebipe dcerq ipebip ,cenil ipebipe

xiy :mde xic` myex ilr eyry mipebip dylyd cegiae ,rneyd lr myex miyere mipiprd

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.ycwnd oebip `xwpe zecigid xiy

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nirpa zettlne zewypn zewagndlibd mnexzn `aal `aan ,ytpd zevilre dfilr ze

.ytpd zeybxzd dnr dz`e

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lew Ð ziyily `aae dnevr zexnxnzda zeilk xqena xxern lew ,'ipy `aa ,daygnd

.ziaal dywaa aexiwe megip irebrb ,mingx ipepgz ,dhxg xxern

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`aae ,gehae jx lewa dewze dcez drian ziriaxe ziyily `aa .zewnrzde zeppeazd

itl micid zdabde lbx zrepz xxernd ybxzne filr lewa gexd une` zran ziyingd

.oebipd zrepz itk ,milbxd zewitc

w"yvene iyyd meil xe` ,reaya zelil ipy mixerp zeidl miciqgd dnd mibdep

zecrezda miwqer minrtle miwqete `xnba miwqer zevg cr aexd lr ,dxeza miwqere

(189zeclezd xtq d`xe .52 'r e"vxz zegiyd xtq d`x.8 'r (f"pyz .f"yz ,z"dw) y"xdn x"enc`

(190xtq .152 'r .38 'r a"yz zegiyd xtq d`x.p"ye .110 'r f"yz zegiyd

(191:c"kq (e"qyz ,z"dw) mixfegd ini ixac d`x."lvprh miycwdÎycwZ

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(193Ð "zecigid oebipZ ligznd rhw seq cr o`kn.2 dxrd l"pd mipebipd xtqa wzred

(194.my b"yz zegiyd xtq mb d`x

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneibn

,giha`e dpiab e` zepefna gepiwe y"ii qek lr miigl zkxaa edrx z` yi` mikxan ,mirix

.zeciqga mzxez cenila miwqer dltzd onf cr zevg oewz mixcqny xg`le

****

iz`vn `iypd xvgay q"pkdial mixdvd ixg` ziyyd drya iyingd meia izqpkpyk

.cenila gvpnk zeybxzda lelv cli lewe lebira micner miyp` zveaw

dcen 'qezd ,riax lebird lr xzi raexn dnk xiaqn cli lew rny`e ip` mb ipf` h`e

'qezd `peqkl`a `yneg ixze `zn` `reaixa `zn` lkc la` rwxwa oiae swida oia i"yxl

`ven dz` my xne`y dkeqc oey`x wxta dlebr dkeqc `ibeqa yxtny i"yx lr wleg

o`ke my xne`e miyneg ipy 'qez reaixay dn` lkl195.oeekn oeaygd oi`y

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.xeqz `lc zevn t"r minkg exryy jk lr eixac

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l egihad mikxa`d cg` xy` `iypdcegiae dcyd z` `ed ade` ik ,dcya liihl enr zkl

xefgi dlgzny enr dpzd jxa`d .`iypd epwf clep my xy` xirl dkenqd dfeg`d zecy

oiaexira mixr inegz zcicnc `ibeqd xfge ef reaya cnly dpexg`d `ibeqd dze` miaxa

oixarn cvik wxta196.

****

iaxd ly ezxic z` miciqgd mi`xew ok ,lkidd197mr ob ,mici agxe lecb xvga cner ,

.xvga mipey mipipae wxi ly obe zepli` zexey

'ilr eab lre dn` dxyr mizyk agexe zen` ynge mixyrk jxe`a zia `ed lkidd

dxicd ,dqipkd xcg wqtda zexic izyl welg ziad .ziad agexk dagxe dn` mixyrk

ocr ob el mi`xew miciqgde ohwd q"pkdia l`nyne ,`iypd ly ihxtd epern `id oinin

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miciqgde ,zecigil miyp` zlaw xcg ipyde `iypd ly zecceazdd xcg `ed cg`d ,`eand

.oeilrd ocr ob el mi`xew

eze` ze`xl xyt` il rcepy itke `iypd z` ze`xl icia dzlr `l reayd ini jyna

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dxeza199.dliahd zial jledyk zay axrae ,

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.p"ye .1 'r e"vxz(198xtq .dxr 'r h"g .ary 'r a"g ycewÎzexb` d`x

.99 'r e"vxz .164 'r `"vxz .jli`e 16 'r g"txz zegiyde"vxz zegiyd xtqae .(38 'r) 190 dxrday a"yz

ipevigd xcgd mi`xew eid miciqgdZ :197 dxrdaymi`xew eid dhnl ipevigd xcge ,oeilrd r"b Ð 'ilrdaeid Ð zeriawa epax zaiyi mewn Ð xcgde .oezgzd r"b

."giynd lkid mi`xew(199.(000 'r lirl) eh 'r "wqpina lecbd gekieZ d`x.p"ye

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei cn

inq ipwydy `ipqk`d lra ly elnrl zecede ,zelil ylye mini dyly dleg dhna lhen

meia izcnr ,rifdl ick zekinyae micbaa ipqkie unega ixya z` sytyie mipey `txn

dylegd iptn ilbx lr cenrl izlki `le izhnn Ð reayl ipyd meia Ð iilgl iriaxd

.oeilrd ocr oba iaxd z`n lawzdl ily oei`xd xez ribd iriaxd meiae

****

elewe xcegde wfgd ehan ,yi`d ipt dfgnn cgte `xen ilr ltp iaxd xcgl izqpkpyk

ippd iwcxc cnln izxn`e izrbxpe izvn`zd rbxk j` ,jvtg dn dl`ya jyennde xic`d

wcd iwege illk t"r icinlz mr cnel ippde ixiramixaece il micbpn micnlnd ixage wec

dltzd xeciqn 'i`x iz`adyke ,oeyld zxez mb micinlzd mr cnel ippd xy` lr dxq ilr

ywan iziide ,dne`n epr `l wecwcd illk t"r wiecn `edy x"enc` w"k ly ycgd gqepa

illk t"r cenll xacd aeh ik dcrl il zeidl dviln azkn ici lr zzl miaxd zaehl

.j"pz ecnli xy`e dpekp d`ixwa miclid z` libxdle wecwcd

xn`ie eipir z` gwtie ey`x z` 'iabd k"g`e mirbx dyngk eizerexf lr oryp `iypd

t"r dlecb zexidfa l"v r"enye y"w hxtae mixenfnde dltzd iheit zxin` xy` xacd ok

.dlecb zexidf mikixv oeyld zxeze wecwcd znkg cenill rbepda la` wecwcd iweg

lkidc zelkidd ipy oiae ,cenile cenil lkl micgein zelkid mpyi `riwxc `zaizna

.dkldk `ly dxeza mipt ilbn lkid yi oeyld zxez lkide wecwcd znkg

dlrnln miig dl ae`yl dlila eznyp zelra dpd meia wqer mc`dy cenild eze`a200

znkg lkid zxenze drez `idy oncfn minrtle dlila `edd lkidl dler dnypd dpd

z`fle dkldk `ly dxeza mipt dlbn lkidl zqpkp `id oeyld zxez lkid e` wecwcd

.oeyld zxeze wecwcd znkg cenila xdfil mikixv

eipir z` gwtie ey`x 'iabd k"g` dlgzak eizerexf lr oryp aey xacl xnbyk

ipl`yie201weqtd z` icinlzl yxtn ip` ji`202ippd .c`n cr dlecb dcxg wgvi cxgie

.dniz oeyl `edy i"yxay oey`xd yexitk aezkd z` Ð izipr Ð yxtn

el dgezt mpdibc yxcnd mya i"yx yexitk jicinlzl yxtn jpi` Ð ipl`y Ð recne

.eizgzn

ze`lnl oi`y Ð izayd Ð izrc203dne llka dcb` ixaca mittexd zewepizd zegen z`

cere dnecde mpdib enk micigtnd mixaca mbxryl mb wepizd lkei `ly dna xzei

xzei df cinz ea dxrea zgwlzn y` xy` agxde lecbd mpdibdy xyt` ji` el dywie

ex`yi eia` mr eyre ,wgvi ly excga qpki dpy ynge miyng ze`n yng mitl` zyngn

.y`d jxgi `l mdicbaa mb s` miiga

.eizgzn el dgezt mpdib d`xy Ð cer ipl`y Ð yxcndl el oipne

(200.a"it `"xc iwxt d`xe .h ,c"it x"a d`x(201.20 dxrdae 91 'r h"ig y"ewl d`x(202.bl ,fk zeclez

(203y"ewla wzrp oke ,2 dxrday zeclezd xtqa.ze`ldl :my

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneidn

oey`xd `ed df xn`n m`d aiydl izleki `l oaenk ik ,dne`n izipr `le izwzy

.cenlzde yxcnd ly i`ad inbzte ixn`na

dz` in edel`y wgvie wgvil eyr qpkpy drya ,xn` wzey ippdy d`xyk204dpr eyre ,

eyr jxeka jpa ip` eia`l204dxenb dxikna awril dxekad z` xkn xak `ld ik ,xwy `ede ,

z` lhaie eyr xwy xy` xwyd lr dcxg wgvi cxgie dfn rci wgvie ,fer swez lka oick

.eizgz el dgezt mpdib ixd oxwy `edy oeikne ,dlecb dcxg cxg dfne ,dxezd ipic

eipir z` gwtie ey`x z` 'iabd k"g` dlgzak eizerexf lr oryp aey ,xacl dlkyke

dpd miyp` lawn `edy drya ekxc ok ik Ð oglyd lr ecnry zexpd ipyn cg` xp gwie

lkzqie xpd z` 'iabie Ð oglyd lr migpen xdfe yneg xtqe zewlec zexp ipy meia elit`

:xn`ie ia

mipa xiarn fi` orn oree ,xrhen`f ` fi` orn f` hb`f orn oe` xrpliee ` fi` orn oree©¨©©©

zeytp dnk ,eizgzn dgezt mpdib fi` ,cnln ` fi` orn f` hb`f orn oe` dlkydd jlenl¨©©

.oeaeyi `l 'i`a lke zepinl zqtzp xacd ok ,jcxna cner jpde zca`

****

ik xird z` aefrle `ipqk`d l` zkll xdn`e oeilrd ocr ob excg z` aefrl izxdn

lr megizndy epigelyn dnkl eyry enk il eyri `ly iz`xie gta izltp xy` izi`x

.eicinlz z` dwlnd cnlnk ewlie miqpknd z` ecixede oglyd

dyy dyngk dpd ,mpeyla oezgzd ocr ob ohwd zqpkd zia z` izxary oeikn mpn`

cibdl xzenl .zecigid ilra legna z`vl xvgay zqpkd zia l` ipeagqie ipexhr mikxa`

z` aefrl izvtg ylye minrte zgcwd zlgnn yelg oiicr iziid mbe izeybxe icgt z`

g`e dwfga ia efg` ipky la` lebirdoebipd zrepz itl dad` jezn itxra dkn mdn c

.lvrlt xrhet mlv` `xwpd zerixe daig jezn ixeg`a iweya qipkd minrt dnke

cr izikg dcrxe ligae ily `ipqk`l izkld rax` lr lgefk dpd legnd xnbpyke

xak oeaygd z` Ð `ipqk`d lra liaya oglyd lr zerahn dfi` izgpde xgyd xi`iy

lr dxwnd z` izkxae dlbr xeky`e dqxtk jenqd xtkl jl`e ivtg z` gw`e Ð izrxt

.ixa` lka mly izhlnp xy`

****

aeall reqpl izxdne ee`bipxryhe wqpin aild`n iklta irqna iziyr zereay dyyk¨¨

z`f cal dpd miciqgd zcr xy` zhxetn d`vxd mdl izxqne epixag mr izpncfp myy

miqkha zexiird z` miyaeke mikled dnd lfxa ilbx lr micner xaky205zipkzae mkegn

.mixcr mixcr mdixg` xdep micedid oende xceqn

dlgza xy`n z`y xzia mxgd z` ycgl mikixv lkd zlgz xy` ehilgd epixag

cixgi dfk mxg xy` mdil` axwznde mdnr szzynd lr mxgd xneg z` lihdl xwirde

ipira mgix yi`adl dkelnd xirl miyp` gelyle ,mdil` axwzdln xeg` ebeqie oendd z`

(204.al ,my zeclez(205.qiqkha :l"ve`

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei en

,l`rnyi zpicnl dpicnl ueg gleye ax oenn sq`n `edy m`iyp z` oiyldle dlynnd

,wp`xt ixage iav izay ixag eyry enk micedid lr jelnl `vi lecb mekq seq`iyke©

xzeiae dlynnd ibega drtyd ilra miyp` m`iypl el yi xak xy` epixag dnd mirceie

mixendn dnk ici lr egilvi ik dnd miewn f"ka la` miliv`de mikiqpd ibeg oia

.dlynnd ixy iciwte miliv`d mikiqpd izaa mi`vnpd miztxvd mibebctd

dyexc epi`e mxgd qteh z` oerny `iad dpd oiady itk xy` n"axl xn` jexa l`lva

.mingeld cre mr xacd xcqi qrlrqrR xny i`ceae `"xbd znizg wx

micnerd miciqgd zcrn dlebq icigin dtiq` n"nxde n"axd e`xw daey w"yvena

ik ehilgie xtekd oerny ly epipr lk z` mdl ericeie micbpznd znglnn dpbdd y`xa

deqn z` erxwie miazkd xac enqxtie ericei mye izax dtq` dldwd cre `xwi q"ndega

oerny ipt lrn zeriavd.dlkydd jlenl l`xyi icli z` xiarnd

`"xbd ik xird lka drenyd wxak dhytzd f"pwz zpy t"kdei zxgn iyingd meia

zeyrl xfb s`e oe`bd xizd df mxg t"r xy`e y`xa m`iype miciqgd lr xeng mxg fixkd

el 'idi xy` z`e ,mpgi `le mdilr lengi `l yi`y deve mleray zerxd lk miciqgdl

.cenrd lr gzni mdnr `yne rbn

xirqd mxgd206meia eae micbpznay mipeznd z` mb `l` cala `pliee iciqg z` wx `l

raye miray oa owf `ed xak ik `"xbd zricia `ly fxked mxgd xy` drenyd dhytzp

xn my`xae miciqgd cbp mingeld cre wx xzeia egk yz t"kdei ziprzne dpy ivge

dlebq icigi cnrna wxe dnkyda mxgd fxked df mrhne wcwcnd oernye qrlrqrRak.

`ived Ð f"pwz Ð ixyz ycgl xyr mipy meia Ð mxgd zfxkd zxgnl Ð iyyd meia

:'ixexte `pliee iayei micedid lkl ielb fexk q'l`tx xi`n 'x ciqgd `edd ycegc qpxtd

itn xy` xxazp `l ik exy`l o`nnd v"ciadn xy`zd `l miciqgd lr mxgd fexk ik (`

mrhne zianet dtiq` `dz q"ndegl oey`xa iriaxd meia xy`e (a .`vi ciqgd oe`bd

.dtiq`d l` `al dlrne devnÎxan miclie miyp miyp`d lk lr lhed dldwd

iqpxt z`n ielb xfeg azkn `pliee iciqg ekxr meia ea miciqgd lr mxgd fxkedy meia

eglyie '` sirq dldwd fexka lirl xen`d `yepa Ð micbpzndn micg`n mb Ð dldwd

.miaxa mqxtl eywaie wqpine a`lwy wqixa zeldwl Ð orhrt`hy Ð micgein mixiv©¨

rcep dzr df ik eazk aild`ne wqarhiee ,o`ivpieey a`lwy wqpina miciqgd zcr l`e¨©¨

df ,fexka dnd miricen ezece`y eixiage yi`d icia minezg zexb`e miazkne miazk t"r

mixend dxen xeza eneyl edelcb xy`e zeaeh ciqgd oe`bd ez` xac xy` ,oerny yi`d

,j"pzd cenila oeibd lrae wecwcd znkga blten ezeidl `pliee xira mixcge zeaiyia

mziqdle ,dxezd ceniln mgicdl zeytp ccevl milikynd gilye xenb qxewit` `ed

(akz` `"xbd axiwy aexiwdne mxgd fxked ezricia m` xxal dlr `l `"xbd ly oexg`d enei cr

.miciqgd lr mxg fxked xy`n rci `ly 'id xkip `plieeay miciqgd iqpxt

(206.cirxd :zewzrdd '`a

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneifn

xtq izal mixirv daxd gly `plieea ayeiy mipyd zrax` jynae dlkydd cenill

.drx zeaxzl e`vi xak mdn daxde fpky`e `ivil`ba milikynd©

v"ciad cnrnae dldwd mrhn dfxked xy` izax dtq`a q"ndegl oey`xa iriaxd meia

dwd itel`elr dnd micirny lewa efixkie dxev ilra miyp` ipy ecnr dcrd icakpe dl

zeaiyid icinlz z` gicdl milikynd gily `edy wcwcnd oerny 'x lk ita `xwpd yi`d

mlv` yie ,fpky`ae `ivil`ba milikynd ly xtqd izaa cenll zkll mze` ziqne ceniln©

mdilr `ivedy minekqde e"pwzÎa"pwz mipyd zrax` jyna ziqdy micinlzd zniyx

ci azka aezk exn`y dn lke mdixac mipky dxeng dreaya raydl mipken md xy`e

dreaya qrlrqrR xn z` riaydl dnd miyxece eixiag i"zkae gicne ziqnd oerny

.xtekd oerny ly zearez dyrndn rceid `edy cibi `l m` dxeng

dldwd ixneyn mipy dpd zedez mipira dke dk dpet epcerae drenyd lr ldap oerny

oia xrqd ik ldwd edenbxi `ly Ð mcin wngzi `ly Ð edeaaq miciqgd igxtn micg`e

Ð zeaiyidl mdipa z`v zrn onfd lk xy` micinlzd ixedn miaxe lecbe jeld mitq`pd

zglvdn zericida engpzd dnde dne`n mdn erny `l Ð ziqnd oerny mdl xn`y itk

zekinqe epxen zecerz xzka mixhern mze`xl eewe oerny mdl xqn xy` cenila mdipa

z` eylz Ð l`xyi llkl `xfl eidy Ð milikynd gta eltp mdipa xy` ernyyke minkg

zia zllil dktdp dtq`de mxay lr eppew Ð micinlzd zen` Ð miypde mdiy`x zexry

.zexawd

dylyk jynae ,mxgd xac z` gikyd xtekde ziqnd oerny mr rxe`ndn yrxd

lke oerny ly epernn egwly zexbi`de zeniyxd miazkd z`ixwa v"ciad wqr zereay

ly ezelczyd el dlired `le ,dlern dxinya dldwd `lka xeq` oerny 'id onfd jyn

Ð fea ly dkeldza xirdn a"a mr eglyl ehtyn uxgp oeygxn rvn`ae qrlrqrR oec`d

"rpewZa meia zery yly mini dyly ecnr ixg` Ð `idd zra bedpk207xaerd ldwd lke

.eipta ewxi

xtekd oerny zield oicd wqt miiwzp oeygxn ycgl dylye mixyra iyingd meiae

.fea ly dkeldza xird on a"ae

****

oa mdxa` 'x oe`bd z`e llka micbpznd zcra eicakn z` eailrd oerny irezrz

qrd lr xegy mzk egipde hxta `"xbdxag xeza qrlrqrR sqei 'x xiabd uexgd ow

.l`xyi zcr ldwa dvnyl eid xy` oilxa ilikyn

zayl leki 'id `l Ð f"pwz Ð bgd iniae meil mein rxbed `"xbd ly eze`ixa avn

(207,milyexi) "cenlzd znizg ixg` oiyperdZazg`a :"rpewZa dcnrdd yper x`zn 31 'r (a"txzzqpkdÎziaa aex t"r Ð zqpkdÎzia xecfextay zeptdef dpta .lfxa iqt ipy "otec i`veiZ eid Ð xiray lecbdzepezpd ,lfxa ly ze`lylye `hegd z` micinrn eidzlyly cer .lfxad iqt lr eze` zewzex eid ,eici lr

.xiwd l` eze` zwzexe ex`ev lr dpezp dzid zg` lfxalkyk dltz zrya de`xl bven `hegd 'id "rpewaZ,oaenk ,cegia Ð lkde ,zqpkd zial qpkpe `vei ldwd,eipta miwxei mb e` ea miqlwzn eid Ð miaaeyd mixrpd

.efn dlecb xzei zyea jl oi`e

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei gn

zcgein zxnyn eyr oif`l`een miig 'x xic`d oe`bd my`xae miwdaend eicinlz .dkeqa¨

sehr 'id meid aex dpd df mre dhna lhen onfd aex 'id bgd xg` xy` oe`bd z` ynyl

lr zeltzd lltzn `edy envrl oin`d `l ezeyilg lceb cvne ze`xn edk eipir ,z"eha

.dlna dln enr elltziy opgzn 'ide xcqd

ely mireawd mixeriyd lka `qxibn 'inet wqt `l dlecbd ezyleg mr aygzd ilan

itk ecrena yi` yi` ycwd zxnyna ewifgd mipe`bd eicinlze ,dt lra xzqpae dlbpa

.elxeba dlry

dvr qkhl dldwd iqpxte v"ciad qpkp eze`ixa zeyilga `"xbd ly eavn rcepyk

lltzdl xeava mildz zxin` lilbae `plieeay zeiqpkd iza lka reawl fixkdl ehilgie

.eizepye eini jix`ie oe`bdl d`etx z"iyd glyiy

dltza miaxa mildz zxin` eraw lilbde `plieea c"ag iciqg ly zeiqpkd izaa mb

cre my`xae micbpznd oia miwec`d ipira og `vn `ly dn ,`"xbd mely cra mipepgzae

.miciqgd mr mgeld

cg` ly devn zcerqa szzydl oif`l`een miig 'x oe`bdl oncfp minidn cg`a¨

'ihpa g"xbd ipira daygp dgny lrad ia` ly ezyxce `paec dnly 'x icinlzn208

t"r l"fg ixn`n x`an 'id eizeyxcae enrh bt xy` owf c"yxd 'id `idd zra ,zepinl

ziaa ayiyk milikynd zxeagn law xy`n mi`lk iperxf eid mdae xwgnd zeceqi

c"yxd ly exe`ia lr enikqdy dl`n eid f"yxbd eig`e g"xbdy zeidle ,o`qlrcprn209 ¨

.dfn lecb xrva g"xbd 'id egaya ebiltde

****

elqk 'k meia dxnbp ezqtcdy Ð mixn` ihewl xtqd lawzp f"pwz zah yceg zlgza

f"pwz210,dgnye dzyn mei erawe `plieea c"ag iciqgl dlecb dgny 'idze ,`pliel Ð

nle ,ezyleg lcebl minrt izy `"xbd slrzp `edd dlila xy` oncfpexacd rcepyk xg

d`ced zcerq eyr md xy` mdilr dac miciqgd cbp mgeld cre `ived `"xbd zetlrzdn

ixtq xtqn dpwe xird z` qrlrqrR sqei xiabd yirxd xzeiae `"xbd ly ezyleg lr

mixn` ihewl xtqd z` sexyl oe`bd mya efixkd mgeld cre ixag sexivae mixn` ihewl

.q"pkdia xvga

,sxype qnxp ycwd xtq z` ze`xl lecb ikd ma`k mr aygzd ilan `pliee iciqg zcr

dldwd ixage miciqgd ildpn zcewt mdilr dtwz ik mipezn zeidl evn`zd miaxa dpd

micbpznd zcrn daxd ipira og `vny dn z`fd dlapd dyrn lr biladl miciqgdn

.oif`l`een g"xbd ipira cegiae¨

raw dpd oiee`yfxrc xxevd xvd zaygn lhal x"enc` w"k ced cia z"iyd gilvd f`n©

.llkd zaeh ipipra wqrziy y"p`n cgein cre x"enc` w"k ced

ji` elkpzd dninz dpy jynae ehwy `le egp `l milikynd eixiage ihen`fd oerny©

(208.'ihpk :l"ve`(209rl d`x.h 'r li

(210.jli`e aqx 'r c"g ycewÎzexb` d`x

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneihn

ex`zi bxaqbiprwe oilxa ilikyn ik ehilgie ,miciqgd zcr mr dtepz znglna megll

exxerie dxfend mzbdpd z`e miciqgd zhiy z` ztxve fpky` oeyla mikex` mixn`na

zzk z` xral `iqexa dlynnd ixy ibeg lr erityi mdy ztxve fpky`a micnlnd z`

.micedid axwn miciqgd

****

cyg ly qgia Ð mnrh z` epiy mideabd mixyde mikiqpd mdixikny bxeaxhRa c"ag iciqg

ci ik epiad micedid oia zebltnde zezkd ipipra mel`y xy` zepey zel`yne Ð mdilr

.dpyk mdilr xar dke erci `l edyrn dne `ed in la` miciqgd zrxl zlret dxzqp

ciqgd ly dkeqa miciqg zveaw dl dayi g"pwz zpy q"ndegl ipya oey`xd meia

edekxa okeqn 'id `"xbd avn ik zeidle ,da`eyd zia zgnya egnye q'l`tx xi`n 'x qpxtd

dwrva miciqgd mr mgeld cre ixagn micg` evxtzd mizpia ,miaxa jxay in zkxaa

'ield zryae dlecb 'ixexry eyrie Ð e"g Ð df lr migny mz`e qqeb `"xbd epxen xy`

dpyke ,dnwp zreay erayie zelidan zereny miciqgd zcra mgeld cre ixag evitd

.c`n egny milikynd eixiage qrlrqrR sqei 'x xiabde mnnf ewitd xy` cr dfa ecar

****

xy` ,mipt izya llkd zepwqr zceara daexn zlrez `iad x"enc` w"k ly exq`n

ecnr miciqgd oiane x"enc` w"k ced m`iype miciqgd zedn z` exikd dlynnd ibega

.l`xyi ly zilklkd mzaeha cewyl mnvr eqipkde llkd zepwqra ax oexyk ilra

eipa w"ke zipaxd ,epiax zia ly mze`ixa lr c`n lrt x"enc` w"k ced ly exq`n

mipy dpeny oa f` 'idy n"nxd eckp mb s`e eizepae211mipern eidy aygzd ilan dpd ,

ly dxaw lr zexawd ziaa mixwane xeava mildz mixne`e minid lk miprzn eid milege

d`l dxeac zxn x"enc` w"k ced zabk212.

(bkxaw lr mildzd lk xnel dxyra mikled eid mei lka xy` xtiq wcv gnv lra x"enc` w"k ced

xetq 'id epkeze irvn`d x"enc` w"k ced azky gqepd z` mi`xew eide en`ced ly exq`nn dyrnd

(211mipy dpeny oaowfd x"enc` ly oey`xd exq`n :x"enc` clep f"tle ,h"pwz zekeq ly bg exq`a 'idzgiy mb d`x .(`"pwz d"x axr) p"wz lel`a wcv gnvd

.cere .(243 'r `"iyz n"dq) d"vxz t"yg`mikix`z epivn wcv gnvd x"enc` zcled zpy zece`hk (2) .(h"nwz d"x axr) g"nwz lel` hk (1) :mipeyaxr) p"wz lel` hk (3) .(p"wz d"x axr) h"nwz lel`

.(`"pwz d"x"minzdZ) a"xrz hay 'b Ð epiax ly oneid zniyxaxtqna miwteqn eid miciqgdZ :([` ,hkw] dk 'r b zxaegoa 'id m` ,wcv gnv w"dxd x"enf`` w"k iig zepy,ivge dpy raye miray e` ,dpy ivge mipy yye miray,dwax zxn zipwcvd zipaxd izpwf in` w"k z` izl`yeclep wcv gnv x"enc` w"dxd x"enf`` w"k ik dxn`em` `ed wtqd xy` dl izxn` ,h"nwz dpyd y`x axra

,p"wz d"x ly d"x axra e` h"nwz d"x ly d"x axra`id z`f wx ,xexiaa zrcei dpi` `id mb ik dcibdev"dxd ixg` oey`xd myd 'id `ed ik xexiaa zrcei

.] wlzqp] w`c`x`dn licprn mgpn x"xd.xii` '` [.dpr w"dxd x"en`` w"k .iax zia icilil ozipy ,[g"nwzw"k ipwf w"k zcled zpy xac lr xexiaa rny `l ik ,ilx"enf`` w"k eia` w"k la` ,wcv gnv w"dxd x"enc`dpy dxyr mizy oa ik el xtiq y"xdn x"enc` w"dxdwcv gnv x"enc` w"dxd x"enf`` w"k eia` w"k 'idzlgzd ayeg 'ide ,g"`cae dlbpa aezkl ligzdykmei ik oaen dfn `ld ,`"qwz zpyn dpy dxyr mizyd

.h"nwz zpy ly dpyd y`x axra `ed ezcled zpye."d"x axr h"nwz zpya clepZy ezligza "mei meidZa

(212b"pwz ixyz 'b dwlzqp .f"kwz zpya dclep.(000 'r lirl d`x)

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei p

dwax zipaxd ,`zaqd dpwfd wxe213dyelg dzid `id mb ik s` Ð x"enc` w"k ced m` Ð

w"ya .jfd dlkyae hweyd dgexa dzrc sweza mlek gex z` zwfgn dzid df lka dperne

Ð `zaqd dxn` xrv aexne dylegn minrt irvn`d x"enc` w"k ced slrzd glyie

iy`x iiga ip` zraypcka` il cibd xy`k 'idi ok xy`dkjia` `vi df reaya xy`

.exq`nn

x"enc` w"k ced oa dyn 'x w"dxd ybxzn 'id mlekn xzeieekreqpl el exiziy yxce

xq`ndn eia` z` `ivene gilvn 'id zewcevd eizeprha ik el xexae ,bxeaxhRlfkÐ ikp` ,

lk z` gvpn iziid dpetz ilae ,envra xqiwdl mb aizp il qltn iziid Ð oreh 'id

.mibxhwnd

eqib zlef xy` dwfg dzid x"enc` w"k ced zcewt mpn`gkezia ipan yi` `ai `l ,

cgeind cred ixag xy` el` zlef erqi `l miciqgdn mb ,bxeaxhRlhkreqpl mdl eyxi ,

bxeaxhRllzn`d xexiaa xefrl`l.

****

'a meia Ð zennexd zcewt dribdyk219ipyd meia xy` Ð `"qwz ixyz i"g q"ndegc ipy

ericezy mkilr mixfeb (dt lr mi`xew eid c"ad ixag zeny z`) c"ad epgp` aezk 'id seqae x"enc` w"kmey dyri `l xq`ndy ecra dltze dpx e`yi xy` h"yrad eaxe exenle cibnd axd eaxe exenl epixrv

.lka gilvie dnx cia `vi xy`e eze`ixa lr myex(ckdzid xzeiae `xnbe dpyn mb dcnle yxcne j"pza d`iwa dzid ,dlecb zipcnl dzid `id

.xqen ixtq cenll dcinzn

(dkmdxa` 'x oe`bd214.r"p jexa 'x w"dxd ozeg(ekn"wz xc` clep215.xwgne g"`ca dlbpa enr cenil ipnf raw envra eia` w"ke milidan eizepexyk ,

(fkx"enc` w"k eakr libxk rpf`ill `plieen lifiin n"xd ciqgd `ayk Ð f"pwz Ð jxra f"h oa 'idyk¨

zepexyk lra n"xd w"dxd zeidae ziztxve `iqex zty n"xd epa z` cenliy miycg dfi` jyn lr

geha 'id ,zetyd zrici zahdl mivegpd mixtq z`ixwa rewy 'ide onf hrnae dti cnlzd c`na mipievn.gvpi ezrc zetiwzae epeyl zwlga xy`

(gkw`f`w l`xyi 'x216. ¨

(hkc"ewl 'ir217.

(lÐ bxeaxhRa cgi epncfi `ly `xi 'id eicinlzn dxyr iptn xn` exq`nn `viyk x"enc` w"k ced

xrwyh`R` rlrkin 'x ayg dxyrd oia218dpeekde hree`q ipiihd z` mitxey eid dyecwd mzcearae Ð ¨¨¨

.dxiay `le xexia

(`lced.zn`d xexia i"r `"k zewchvd i"r `l 'id ehtyn zekf xy` xn` x"enc` w"k

(213a"g .`"kt `"g zepexkfd xtq Ð dzece` d`x.f"lwt .`lwÎl"wt

(214.jli`e b"it `"g zepexkfd xtq Ð ezece` d`x.`"lwt a"g .f"pt .jli`e g"it

(215ikix`z epivn ezcled zpy zece`Ð mipey mote`Z epiax zniyx .fh 'r f"g ycewÎzexb` d`xxec ,oey`x xec ,c"ag zeciqg zecqizda zelylzyddxtq .150 'r c"yz zegiyd xtq .(000 'r lirl) g"lq "ipyzay zgiy .74 'r (f"yz ,z"dw) y"xdn x"enc` zeclezdzpyay 80 'r e"vxz zegiyd xtq d`xe .u"gxz daeyz

d`xe .cere .dxexa dtya xaic `ly dfk liba 'id d"nwz.dp 'r onwl

(216.(` ,ep) c"kt `"g iax zia ezece` d`x(217` ,fi `"g c"ewl) b"vxz elqk hi lil zgiy d`x.(jli`e(218.p"ye .137 'r f"yz zegiyd xtq Ð ezece` d`x

96 'r a"yz zegiyd xtqae .fkw 'r g"g ycewÎzexb`.h"yrad iiga clepy jli`e

(219'a meialg `"qwz ixyz i"g) 'b meia :l"ve` :.('b meia

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei`p

oeayg lr Ð hq`Rd zakxn mr dkelnd xirl erqn dyri ixyz ycgl drax`e mixyr¨

dylye ,mpg enr erqie eynyl dvxiy in z` miyp` ipy enr zgwl lekie Ð dlynnd

w"k ced xy` n"xd w"dxd un`zd dpd ,mkxc lr mze` eeli ,migxf` icbaa miciwt

enr epgwi x"enc`al.

dceze z"iyd cqga ,`yicw 'ineta `lbxne xirvd epa z` aagn 'id x"enc` w"k ced

enya `xwp `edy inn xyr it mipievn zepexyk lra `ed dyn 'zi elbloievnd exkf xy`

cr icr ipnn yeni `l c`n c`nacl.

zncewd iabl ef driqp zepiihvd lkl rcep222xq`n dzid dpey`xd Ð h"pwz zpya Ð

z`xwpe lfxa igta dqeknd dxegyd dakxna edeaiyedy dpey`xd rbxn xzeia cake dyw

"zend zlbrZdlmiliige ,mze` miaaeq axg itely ilbx lige Ð orb`ee ax`hy xrc Щ¨

lk z` minei`a migixan eide ,mze` miaaeq my`xa heicxqe miqeqa miakex axg itely

driqpe ,dgev lewa milline miwreve dkeldzd xg` mivx eidy miclie miyp miyp` ldwd

Ð hq`R Ð oeln lkae dgeexn hq`Rd zakxna driqp ,ceak zxcd ly driqp dzid efeleid ¨¨

miype miyp` ze`n eid dakxnd dxary mewn lkae gepl cgein xcg x"enc` w"kl mipzep

x"enc` w"k ced ycw ipt milawnfleze` mikxanegl.

ixyn cg`e ,bxeaxhRl x"enc` w"k ced `a ixyz ycegl dpenye mixyr iyyd meia

xvga mizadn cg` l` enr mirqepd z`e eze` `iaie eycw ipt z` mcw iniptd xy zeciwt

hree`q ipii`hhl.mzxyl ixkp licadle ixar zxyn mdilr evie ©¨

minrt dyly xeaiva lltzdl bdep x"enc` eia` w"k ced ik xydl cibd n"xd w"dxd

,ef dyixc z`lnl leki `l xy` lr `ed xrhvny edpr xyd ,aixrne dgpn zixgy meia

mdnr `ay ipyde `ede eia` w"k ced ,mlek dpd xy`a228mdig`n milica zeidl mikixv ,

(al.ef driqp zec` xtiq zeax(bldyn 'x oe`bd220ia`221.r"p jexa 'x

(cl.ez`n law daxd

(dlzen htyna mpecl micreind223.(el.driqpd zeakxn selige dgepn mewn

(fl.glne mgla mi`vei eid mixtka mixkpd mb(gl.oey`xd mrtn xzei cer dlrzi ik

(hlhree`q rpi`h mya `xwp ee`lee`R`xhrR xvan 'id oey`xd xq`na224xnbp mipy izy jynae ©¨¨

ipyd xcpqkl` iniay df `ed Ð hree`q rpi`h `xwpe dpy mixyr jyna edepay lecbd oipad225`xwp ¨

riprlrch` riyhrxh226hq`Rrxw iwqiee`lee`R`xhrR `xwp oey`xde Ð227. ¨¨©¨¨

(220xtq .avÎ`"vt zepexkfd xtq Ð ezece` d`x.cere .jli`e 58 'r z"y'd uiw zegiyd

(221ia`.ly epwf eia` :l"ve`e .i"gzy dwzrda d"k :(222"mei meidZ .jli`e ny 'r b"g ycewÎzexb` d`x

.h"it `"g iax zia .elqk fk(223iiegneid zen htynl l"x mipecipe zekln ia

miphw miawp mr) lfxa iqha zeqekn zelbra mikilendni` lihne lidan ,xegy 'id mdly ravde (xie` liaya

(dxrda (` ,ai `"g c"ewl) b"vxz elqk hi zgiy)(224=.zi`yg dvren(225.1818Î1881(226=.ziyilyd dwlgnd(227=Ð 'iqex ixqiw y"r) ee`lee`R`xhrR xvan¨©¨

.(lree`Re xrhrR©

(228mdnr `ay ipyde,zxynd dyn sqei 'x `ed ile` :.dniyxa oldlc

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei ap

dny elltzi mdipia wiqtn mezq lzeky cg`d oernda xy` el rivd n"xd .mixard

zery dfi` xearke ,dxeza d`ixwde dltzd z` rnyi xy` miphw miwcq eyri lrnne

.ok dyrp

etzzydy zecire mixyrn xzei eppekzd Ð eilqk f"kÎixyz g"k Ð miycg ipy jyna

ipipre izc xwgna epiprzd mdn daxde zepey zelkyena dlkyd ilra mipey miyp` oda

.oixcdpqd ipnfa l`xyi ini ixace dlaw

azekd cgein xteq 'id dcire lka hree`q `pii`hd xvgay zexicd zg`a eid zecired©¨

zxaecnd dtya minrt dnk dper 'id x"enc` w"k ced ,lk ihxta zeaeyzde zel`yd z`

x`an 'id x"enc` w"k ced zeyxae ,`iqex oeyla mbxzn 'id n"xde ycwd oeyla minrte

.mi`znd xaqda eycw ixac z`

dplek lr dlerde xceqnd exeaicae oeznd eqenipa dtid ed`xna mixyd ipira og `vn n"xd

.dti oepbqa ziztxvd dtya aehd exeac mze` `iltd xzeiae gvd dpicnd zty oepbqa

l`xyi ini ixac zricia daexn dlkyd ilra mixnek ipy eid dyixcde dxiwgd ixy oia

zpen` zece` xacl enkgzde zcd ipipra mdizel`y eid aexd lre ,cenlzd inkg inia

dribt 'idz dfe Ð ilily ote`a mdl zeprl x"enc` w"k ced gxkei xy` ote`a mixvepd

onfed `l ik exn`a el`k zel`y lr aiyn 'id `l x"enc` w"k ced mpn` Ð mzpen` ceaka

.izc gekiel

ligzd mipy ylyk df xy` izc oipra mb dne migekie ade` 'id eraha n"xd mpn`

dfa oiiprzdlnztya licadle ycw oeyla mixtq dnk biyd lifiin n"xd ciqgd ici lre ,

w"dzkn mdizei`xe mzpen` cra mdizeprha iwa 'ide mzpen` iyigkne iwec` ztxv

'id Ð zecired xg` Ð zihxtd ezgiyae ef zepncfda ynzyd dpd ,mdizeprh lehiaae

nekd ipy mr gkezn.mix

xiyr edpd df mre ,`ltp gxe`a mzpen` ixwir rcei n"xd ik zrcl egkep mixnekd

x`k`f Ð mixnekd ipwfn cg` l` edelldie zewfg ikd mdizeprh lehiaa zeax zericia©©

Ð owfd xnekd Ð `ede ,mzpen` cenila wqere zixeaiv dcearn yextd Ð iwqc`hyp`xw¨©

zricia `ly Ð owfd xnekd z` n"xd xwia minrte eil` Ð mixnekd i"r Ð n"xd z` oinfd

.n"xd ly ecv lr 'id oegvpde enr gkezde Ð x"enc` w"k ced

x"enc` w"k ced ipira og e`vn x"enc` w"k ced zeprh lr eizexaqde n"xd ixe`ia

envr zlrn zxkdn `ad ,xidid erah zhlada exeac oepbq j` ,xyid lkye mday oeibda

.f"r egikeie x"enc` w"k ced ipira d`xp `l c`n

dkepgc 'b elqk f"k '` dyixcde dxiwgd ini zelkk229x"enc` w"k cedl dpzip dyteg ,

(nfl onfne uexg ilezw xnek 'id mldpne milezw mixifp zia 'id rpf`il xirn ze`qxt xyrk`a 'id on ¨

oke mdizebltnl mixvepd zpen` zricia n"xd oiiprzd f`ne weyd xkka m`ep 'id uiwd ipnfae rpf`ill¨

.mite` lr cenrl oiprzd zepen`d x`y zece`

(229`vi f"dc`y 222 dxrday "mei meidZa mb d"k'r mely zxez zegiyd xtqa .dkepgc 'ba ipyd exq`nn

(dkepgc 'd xp) meia eay mixne` miciqgd on dnk :84xy` mixne` yie ,ipyd mrt lecbd epiax w"k zyteg 'id

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneibp

ik bxeaxhR dkelnd xira Ð r"rl ipnf Ð ezxic rawi xy`e ihxt oernl ezxic wizrdl

micedid aex xy`e oievn `iavn `ed x"enc` w"k ced xy` zrcl egkep dlynnd ixy

x"enc` w"k ced ly ezrtyde dpicnd iagxn lka mdi`iype miciqgd zcr ixg` mixdep

.miciqgd zebltn x`y i`iyp lr mb dlecb

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bdpzdl x"enc` w"k cedl dxenb dyteg zzl dlynnd ixy zrvd xy` lree`R jlnd©

'idi eayen wx ,dlgzak Ð x"enc` w"k ced z`n Ð ez`n dxceqnd dbdpdd fer swez lka

.envr oeayg lr bxeaxhR dkelnd xira Ð hlgei xy` cr ipnf Ð

ihxt oerna xczqd x"enc` w"k ced`niycg exar dke ,dgnye dldv miciqgd zcre

lree`R jlnd zxiht cr oqipe xc` hayanw"k ced oa n"xd w"dxd el dyr df onf jyna , ©

mikiqpd mipfexd izaa Ð c"ag iciqgc llkd ipwqr cre ixag i"r Ð zexikd x"enc`

dlan 'ide mdl xy` Ð mihxtd Ð mixtqd cwr iza z` xwal mdipira og `ype miliv`de

zepen`a dxitkde dpen`d ixtq mdipiae ,eze` epipry mixtq z`ixwa zekex` zery dny

y.c`na eze` oiprn 'idy zepe

mr n"xd ybtp c`n wec` ixvep Ð ee`xaef ic`wx` Ð bxeaxhR ipfexn cg` ly eziaa©©¨

,mzpen` ixwr lcad zece` lr e`a oiprl oiprne wize ilezw `ixhqe` zlynn gk `a

hxtie mzpen` ipa irah lcada xzeiae mzpen` ixwr lcada df `yep lr m`p ekxck n"xde

mihi`efrid ipa irezrz z`231dyry dn mixvepd ipdk zbdpd rex znerl mdizeixfk`e

.ilezwd xyd lr rx myexe ee`xaef lr mirp izla myex¨

****

gekieda szzydl exewiaa ecakl ee`xaef ofexd z`n onfed n"xde onf jyn xeark¨

zihxtd ezltz zia odk z`n jexrdbn.eliabd xy` crenl

zewizrd zezcd `yep lr sixg me`p m`pe gekieda szzydl drvdd z` law n"xd

mdxa` inia `a`vd zpen`a232,mqxite mdxa` oin`dy cegid zpen` lr me`pl licbde

,mditelg itelge mditelg ,zepen`d zelylzyd zece` ahegn oepbqa xac xceqn xcqae

(`n.12 xtqn iwqprqrpf`ee aegx¨

(anepelga cnr x"enc` w"ke iwqprqrpf`ee aegxa ezakxna lree`R jlnd xar gqt axr lecbd zaya©¨

Ð gqt ly '` lil Ð dlilae ,weiliee`R `l` epi`e epnn jln ced xq ik xn`e ea lkzqd rqep ede`xyke©

edewpg230.(bn.miihxt dltz iza mdl eid bxeaxhR ipfexn daxd

ewifgd mze` mb xy` `pliee iciqgl jiiy 'id dfmdipyac l"ie :74 dxrd 413 'r d"kg y"ewlae .dqitza

.mheytk mb dle`b ipipr eid(230Ð epiax ly oneid zniyx Ð miiepiya Ð d`x

.83 'r mely zxez zegiyd xtq) f"qxz zeny w"yven.(000 'r lirl

(231=.(zexvpa blt) mireyid zk

(232mdxa`y reci :h"kt b"g mikeap dxen d`xwx del` oi`y mzrce da`vd zpen`a lcb d"r epia`c"t dxf dcear m"anxdl zeipynd yexitae .miakekd

dne`a :f"nmdxa` `viy dne`d mde mia`v z`xwpdzlwlewnd mzxaqe mzerh lr wlge mdipian d"r epia`oicakne oilcbn eide dnkgd on eala midl`d ozpy dna

.mdl opi`y zelert mda oiqgine miakekd

v"iixden x"enc` w"k onei cp

mda oi` l`xyie dyn zcn ewizrdy dn zlef xy` zezcd iwwegn ilad zeze`a d`xde

.mc` ipa zezc ody zexezd ix`y lr ziwl` zc `idy dxezd zlrna xacie ,dne`n lk

mixvepd zxez iwec`e dnkgd ilecb mb xy` ote`a miaeqnd lr fr myex dyr me`pd

lr mala dx`yp dlecb `pih la` ,dne`n lk epr `le mdilbxe mdici e`vn `l mdizce

,mzpen` ixwir lhal dfk ote`a me`pl dyr aeh `l ik mzrc z` eriad micg`e ,n"xd

ze`x ilra itl` ,dpr n"xd .lazd iyp`n lecb wlgl yecwd lr mb xacl rpn `l xy`e

.cg` xer lr dne`n etiqei `l mixer sl` la` ,d`exd cg`n zlrez `iadl mileki

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ikcxn 'x ciqgd exknl xtq ee`xaef ofexdcn`lRriln233dniiwzpy dcired zyxt z` ¨

,mzce mzpen` zxeza rcnd ilecbn dnk oinfde izc gekie jxr ezltz zia odk xy` eziaa

`pee`lq`ee`xR Ð mixvepd zpen` zlrn zece` lr ezrc riad mdn cg` lke234lr Ð ©¨©

caeknd zecleza mixacnd micedid ly w"dzkn miweqt dnk ex`aie milezwd zpen`

zlrna my iaewp mlek yi` mirax`k eid mitq`pd .ea dpen`de eizegiye ezxez mdly

ilecbn mipyi mixtqa miwfg zeceqi lr zcqein ezrc riad cg` lke dlkydde dricid

.mipencwd minkgd

xirvd oia`xddnepa inin jex` me`pa ezrc riad235iwl` `xa xy` oey`xd yi`d ly ©

miqenipa mipey milil`e miakekle gxil ynyl cearl mc` ipa eligzd yep` enye l`xyi

dpy mitl` ipyk jynp dke miphwe milecb zewl` mibeq ipin dnk mdl eide mipeyn236cr

cg` lÎ`a oin`dl mrd z` cnile cg` lÎ` wx yi ik ricede mdxa` mwy237lr m`pe .

ixwr x`aie zinlyende zixvepd zc erawe miyp` ipy e`a ik cr zepen`d zelylzyd

z` miyxtnd 'iqpkd inkg zerh z` gkeie l`xyi zce dyn zxezn ewizrd xy` mdipic

.mixvepd zc wwegn lr w"dzk iweqt

c`na eybxzp maexe mirneyd lr lecb myex dyre dgv dtyae aeha x`ean 'id me`pd

dribd zcde dpen`d oealr la` ,dne`n el eyr `l ene`p ixg` ik s`e .me`pd okez lr

dlriy cr etxi `le ,xirvd oia`xd mr gkeezdl mnvr oikdl miczrzne maal wnerl©

.egvpl mcia

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zepivx z` oiade wec`d ee`xaef ofexd ly ezexnxnzd lceb z` d`x ikcxn 'x ciqgd¨

(cn.bxeaxhRa ezxic rawy mipy yngk dfe lecb xiab 'id

(dn.xirvd iaxd xnelk ,dyn 'x z` e`xw jk

(233iax zia Ð ezece` d`x Ð .o`qlrhiit ikcxn 'x¨

c"g c"ewl) a"vxz elqk hi zgiy .(` ,cr) e"kt ` wlgihewl) ak sirq c"vxz gqtd bg zegiy .(a ,hnyzd`xe .cwz 'r g"g ycewÎzexb` .(` ,alw `"g mixeaic.`"lyz awr t"y .c"iyz da`eyd zia zgny zegiyt"yg` .e"lyz Ð y"dgc 'a meie miyecw t"y `a t"y

.b"nyz `xwie t"y .f"lyz(234=.miqw`c`hx` mixvep¨¨¨

(235.epa oa :l"ve`(236g"nwzz'` Ð mdxa` .d"lx zpya clep yep`

.(zexecd xcq)(237.jli`e `"d `"t f"r 'ld m"anx d`x

v"iixden x"enc` w"k oneidp

aefrl ywaie ee`xaef ixac z` dyn 'xl xtqie dfn zeidl zelekiy ze`vezd z`e oiprd¨

.dfa zekexkd zerxd ze`vezd z` el xiaqie Ð gex igekiee Ð df ekxc z`

.x"enc` w"k cedl oiprd lk z` xtiq n"xd lr myex eyr `l eixac xy` ikcxn 'x ciqgd

,zn` `ed dyn cibd xy` lk ik ikcxn 'xl cibdl li`eie c`na xrhvd x"enc` w"k ced

yndl siqeie Ð dreyid 'dle ze`vezd lr xrhvn ippd la`Ð dyecwd ezgiy z` ji

ixg`238b"nwz zpya `plieea efixkd xy` mxgd239etq`zp240`ixagd ipwfn dxyr dtiq`l

izin` mxg lihdl ehilgie ,cibnd epxen icinlz `yicwen,r"p `"xbd ciqgd lr dlaw t"r

`ixagdn mipy .ezenk t"dkl l"v dxyrdn cg` xy` mdl epre ,minya dl`y eyre

izivx `le mdnr szzydl il` e`a `yicwfnyly oak f` 'id dyn ipa ,242cg`e ,ilv` cnre

'd rnyi `l ,izxn` .epnn mkl 'idi Ð epnn mi`xi mz`y leligd ,znerxza xn` mipydn

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