Reflections on the History Reflections on the History of Reproductive of Reproductive

Physiology Research in Physiology Research in Dairy CattleDairy Cattle

Robert H. FooteRobert H. Foote

Cornell University, Ithaca, NYCornell University, Ithaca, NY

Early History: the FoundationEarly History: the Foundation

De Graaf: testis structure, De Graaf: testis structure, 1668; Graafian follicle, 1672.1668; Graafian follicle, 1672.

van Leeuwenhoek: sperm cells, van Leeuwenhoek: sperm cells, 1678.1678.

Spallanzani: A.I. in dogs, 1784.Spallanzani: A.I. in dogs, 1784. von Baer: mammalian ovum, von Baer: mammalian ovum,

1827.1827. Leydig: Leydig cells, 1850.Leydig: Leydig cells, 1850.

Early History (cont.)Early History (cont.)

Sertoli: Sertoli cells, 1865.Sertoli: Sertoli cells, 1865. von Ebner: stages of spermato-von Ebner: stages of spermato-

genesis, 1871.genesis, 1871. Heape: embryo transfer, 1891.Heape: embryo transfer, 1891. Starling: proposed the term Starling: proposed the term

hormone, 1905.hormone, 1905.

A.I. Was Practiced 100 Years AgoA.I. Was Practiced 100 Years Ago

A.I. was initiated in A.I. was initiated in Russia by I.V. Russia by I.V. Ivanov. (Horse Ivanov. (Horse program by 1900.)program by 1900.)

I.V. Ivanov

In Japan by H. In Japan by H. Ishikawa and Later Ishikawa and Later by Y. Nishikawa.by Y. Nishikawa.

Y. Nishikawa

A.I. Moved into Western Europe A.I. Moved into Western Europe in the 1930sin the 1930s

Nils Lageröf in Nils Lageröf in Sweden.Sweden.

TelesforoTelesforo Bonadonna in Bonadonna in Italy.Italy.

John Hammond

John Hammond and Arthur Walton in the U.K.

The Danes Developed A.I. The Danes Developed A.I. Commercially in CattleCommercially in Cattle

Eduard SEduard Sørensen developed the ørensen developed the straw, 1940.straw, 1940.

Rectovaginal Technique of A.I. Requiring

Fewer Sperm Developed by the Danes.

A.I. Moved to the U.S. in theA.I. Moved to the U.S. in theLate 1930sLate 1930s

Brownell et al.

Rupert Amann, Enos Perry, John Almquist,

Glenn Salisbury

Also, a Generation of Reproductive Also, a Generation of Reproductive Physiologists Was Being TrainedPhysiologists Was Being Trained

In Fred McKenzie’s lab In Fred McKenzie’s lab were Ralph Phillips, Fred were Ralph Phillips, Fred Andrews, J.F. Lasley, H. Andrews, J.F. Lasley, H. Herman and L.E. Casida.Herman and L.E. Casida.

Fred McKenzie

Harry Herman

Les Casida

A New Generation (cont.)A New Generation (cont.)

H.H. Cole, of Cole H.H. Cole, of Cole and Cupps, and Cupps, “Reproduction in “Reproduction in Domestic Domestic Animals,” PMSG Animals,” PMSG (eCG) and lst (eCG) and lst editor of Biology editor of Biology of Reproductionof Reproduction

Sydney Asdell, Author of “Patterns Sydney Asdell, Author of “Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction.”of Mammalian Reproduction.”

Chuck Henderson RevolutionizedChuck Henderson RevolutionizedSire SelectionSire Selection

Explosion of AI Research and Explosion of AI Research and Development in the U.S. Development in the U.S.

Bull care and sexual behavior.Bull care and sexual behavior.

Semen collection, evaluation, Semen collection, evaluation, extension, storage and shipment.extension, storage and shipment.

The cow and insemination.The cow and insemination.

Liquid Semen, 1941.

Evaluation of Sperm

Normal Sperm Abnormal Sperm

Antibiotic-Treated Semen Controlled Venereal Diseases

Untreated Treated

Changes in Fertility in AI

Joseph Edwards, A.S. Parkes, Chris Polge

Frozen Semen

Ampules for Frozen Semen

Straws for Frozen Semen

Liquid Nitrogen Containers

J. Rockefeller Prentice

Pioneer with Frozen Semen

George Trimberger Developed the AM-George Trimberger Developed the AM-PM Rule for AI in 1943PM Rule for AI in 1943

How to Detect the OnsetHow to Detect the Onsetof Estrus?of Estrus?

Visual versus multiple aids, such as Visual versus multiple aids, such as pedometers, KaMars, electronic probes pedometers, KaMars, electronic probes and counters.and counters.

There was no method of regulating the There was no method of regulating the estrous cycle.estrous cycle.

Deviated Penis Bull

Heifer Marked with a Chin Ball

Intensive Research in EndocrinologyIntensive Research in Endocrinology

Two gonadotropins Two gonadotropins (FSH and LH) were (FSH and LH) were reported in 1931 by reported in 1931 by Sam Leonard et al.Sam Leonard et al.

Hampered by lack of specific and Hampered by lack of specific and sensitive assays for hormones.sensitive assays for hormones.

RIAs (Niswender, Midgley, 1968).RIAs (Niswender, Midgley, 1968).

GnRH and PGFGnRH and PGF22αα were were characterized and available. Also characterized and available. Also purer FSH, LH.purer FSH, LH.

Reproductive Endocrinology

Estrous Cycle Dynamics and Timed A.I.Estrous Cycle Dynamics and Timed A.I.

Embryo Transfer in CattleEmbryo Transfer in Cattle

First successful (surgical) transfer by Elwin First successful (surgical) transfer by Elwin Willett et al., 1951.Willett et al., 1951.

Eight Cell Embryo

Non-Surgical Techniques of ET (Rowson, Sugie).Non-Surgical Techniques of ET (Rowson, Sugie).

Seidel et al. at CSU

Many Embryo BiotechniquesMany Embryo BiotechniquesWere DevelopedWere Developed

Collection, culture, splitting, sexing, Collection, culture, splitting, sexing, freezing and synchronized transfer.freezing and synchronized transfer.

Embryos made in the lab by IVF.Embryos made in the lab by IVF.

Use of “sexed” sperm and IVF.Use of “sexed” sperm and IVF.

Microinjection; Improved Staining

Combining Multiple Combining Multiple Biotechnologies and ManagementBiotechnologies and Management

Sexed and frozen sperm and Sexed and frozen sperm and embryos.embryos.

Synchronized AI and ET.Synchronized AI and ET. bST, electronic controls, 3x/day bST, electronic controls, 3x/day

milking.milking. Gene profiling, transgenics, cloningGene profiling, transgenics, cloning..

Increases in Milk Production

Butler, Livestk. Prod. Sci. 83:211-218, 2003.

Milk Production and Fertility in Dairy Cows

Challenge for the FutureChallenge for the Future

Managing physiology, nutrition and Managing physiology, nutrition and genetics.genetics.

What is best for the producer?What is best for the producer? What is best for the cow?What is best for the cow? What will society require?What will society require? Regulations?Regulations?

Here is the big Lab we promised you.

American Scientist 94:157. 2006.