A. r. Ara~eers l~ , B. H. AQaHacbeB, r. H. 6enorna30sar n. A. B~THMK, E. E. r a s p ~ n e ~ ~ o s , 0. B. ronocos,A. B. ry~osa,

A. fl. AMMTPM~B (3aMe~TMTenb rnaBHOrO p e ~ a ~ ~ o p a ) , 1/1. 1/1. En~ceesa ( r n a ~ ~ b l f i p e ~ a ~ ~ o p ) , B. B. M B ~ H O B ,

B. B. M s a ~ ~ e p , P. M. Kaqanoe, T. 6. Knefi~ep, B. B. Kosanes, M. M. flee^^, B. fl. Ma~apos,

B. A. May, E. 0. MOCMH, C. Jl. neqepc~uli, B. M. ~on~eposwr , 6. H. I lopQ~pbes,

A . B. Co~onos, fl. C. TapacesM.1

C B ~ ~ T ~ J I ~ C T B O 0 PerHCTpaukiH > K ~ P H ~ J I < < @ M H ~ H c ~ I M 6 M 3 H e c * nkl N? @c 77-18831 B K n I o q e H B CIIMCOK 1 1 3 ~ a H k i f i , BbmaHO (De~epXTbH~fi cny>r

MCTOPMII QMHAHCOB kI WETA

N. N. huceeaa h a ~ 6 e r R ~ A6en. ~ K O H O M H K ~ POCCHH Ha paCrryl.6e.. . Bb160p IIOCTKPH3MCHOrO npocTpaHcma. M.: ACT AcTpenb, Bnana~wp: BKT, 2010 ...... . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. A. A. Kydpgsyes Ahamed L. Lords of Finance: 1929, the Great Depression, and the bankers who broke the World. London: Windmill books, 2009 ....................................... XPOHBKA H A S ~ I H O ~ XH3HB

A. Jl. &vtumpues l l p e ~ w r uMeHa npod>eccopa 6. Jl. O~cweskira 3a 2009 ron .............................. IN MEMORIAM

AHHOT~~UU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contents . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Co~epmnue wcypna~la 3a 2010 roA .................. ..... ...................................... .......

CKOrO TpaHCIIOpTa B C a ~ ~ T - n e T e p 6 y p r e CJIOXHJIaCb c n e u H @ H Y e c ~ a R KOHKJ'peHTHaR

cn-ryaum (OTZI~T AH0 , 2004). B 2004 r. B C a H ~ T - n e T e p 6 y p r e 6b1JIo IIpOBeneHO 0 6 c n e n o ~ a ~ ~ e HaCeneHHR, MaTe-

PkIaJIbI KOTOpOrO n03BOnRIoT RCCnenOBaTb O C O ~ ~ H H O C T E I CnpOCa H a YCnJTH rOpOACK0-

ro T p a H c n o p T a npki c o u ~ a ~ ~ b ~ o f i nomepme r o c y n a p c T B o M 6 o n b r u u x rpyrrn Hacene- HRR. B b 1 R B m ~ H t o ki OIIHCaHHIo 3THX O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ IIOCBRUeHa 3Ta CTaTbR.

B C ~ H K T - ~ ~ T ~ P ~ Y P ~ ~ B 2004 r. CJTUeCTBOBLLTH ABa B W a MaPUIPyTHbIX IIaCCa>lulp- CKHX nepeBO30K TpaHCnOpTOM, 3a KOTOPbIMW 3aKpenHJIHCb Ha3BaHMII - 4COUHaJIb- Hbre* H nepeso3olc: ~ a p ~ . i @ b ~ H a n a a a b ~ f i s k i n n e p e ~ o 3 0 ~ y c T a H a B n ~ s a r r E i c b p a c n o p m e H m M H MMM-

HHCTpaIJHti C a ~ ~ T - n e T e p 6 y p r a nOCne PaCCMOTpeHHR H COrJIaCOBaHHX B Tpexc~o- p0HHefi KOMRCCHH no PeryJIEipOBaHIw COuHaJIbHO-TpyAOBbIX OTHOILI~HH~~;

AeRTenbHOCTb no nepeBO3KaM AOTHpOBaJIaCb H3 rOPOnCKOr0 6rome~a;

H a ~ a p I U p y T H 0 f i CeTM

O ~ C J I ~ A O B ~ H H ~ IIpaKTKKH nOJIb30BaHHH TpaHCnOPTHbIMki YCJIyraMki XHTenRMH C a ~ K ~ - n e ~ e p 6 ) ' p r a npOBOnWIOCb C 4 no 24 OKTR~PSI 2004 r. MeTOAOM . Y OnpOWeHHbIX BbIRCHRJIOCb, I I epeMeUUIMCb JIM OHM B n e H b , n p e n H I e - C T B ~ U M ~ ~ OnpOCy, no rOpOAy, KaKMM C ~ O C O ~ O M ( ~ T ~ U I K O M WIki BI.I4aMM T ~ ~ H C ~ O P T ~ ) ki H a KaKEIX YCJIOBWIX ( o I U I ~ T ~ HaJIkiqHbIMM, npOe3nHbIM ~ W I ~ T O M , 6 e c m a T H o / J I b r o ~ -

HO). A o ~ o J I H H T ~ J I ~ H o BbIRCHIUIaCb IIPOnOKKHTenbHOCTb IIOe3nOK, MOTHBbI ~ b 1 6 0 p a

T o r 0 Wrki HHOTO BHAa TpaHCnOpTa (YAO~CTBO, CPOYHOCTb, ~ e ~ a ) , BpeMH CYTOK OCYll[e- CTBJIeHwI nOe3AKH.

Anx IIOHEiMaHwI B O ~ M O > K H O C T ~ ~ ~ kiCnOnb30BaHHH KOHKpeTHbIX KOJIHqeCTBeHHbIX OUeHOK H ~ O ~ X O A H M O MMeTb B B m y , q T 0 0 0 T p e 6 n e ~ k i e TPaHCnOPTHbIX YCJIJT H3MeHqH-

BO no AHHM H e n e n M a c e 3 o ~ a ~ rona. J I p o n o n m ~ e n b ~ o c n 0 6 c n e n o ~ a ~ l . r ~ c o c T a s w I a T ~ M Henenk i , PI p a B H o M e p H o e pacnpeneneme q k i c n a o n p a r u k i s a e M b I x no AHXM H e n e n k i nO3BOnWIO H a OCHOBe C O ~ ~ ~ H H ~ I X naHHbIX PaCCYkiTbIBaTb CPeAHeAHeBHbIe 06'6e~b1 IIepeBO3OK. O K T H ~ P ~ , n0 OUeHKaM 3KCnePTOB ki3 rOPOnCKI?X TpaHCIIOPTHbIX cnyx6, RBJIReTCR CpenHMM MeCHlIeM no o6'6e~y IIepeBO30K. O K ~ J T J I ~ H H ~ I ~ AnR OCTOPOXHOC- TM BenMYMHbI CO0TBeTCTB)N)UkiX noKa3aTeJ Ie f i M o m HCIIOJIb30BaTbCR &JIR P a C q e T a

rOAOBbIX BeJIWlHH.

Bcero 661~10 O n p o r u e H o 1183 s e n o B e K a , no B b 1 6 0 p ~ e , n p e n c ~ a ~ ~ ~ e n b ~ o f i nnx Ha- ceneHEiR C a ~ ~ ~ - J I e ~ e p G y p r a c T a p m e 14 neT. B b 1 6 0 p ~ a TpexcTyneHsa-raR, m o m a R , KoHTponHpyeMaR no nony, ~03pac-r~ M 06pa30sa~~10, B npenenax y q a c T K a - r p y n n b r nOMOB, KBapTaJIa. ~ P M YCTaHOBneHEiH KOHTaKTa C PeCnOHAeHTOM npOBOAkinaCb @ W r b ~ p a l I W I BOIIPOCOM , T. e. no CyIJJeCTBy B b 1 6 0 p K a 6 b 1 ~ 1 a ~ J I p a f i ~ o f i no MeCTy npO>KElBaHWI, HO 6e3 BXOna B m b r e n o M e u e H w I ( < ~ ~ ~ I . I ~ o M o B o ~ ~ ) > ) .

M ~ B ~ C T H O , YTO H e K o T o p a x sacm HaceneHkiR ropona c-raprue 14 n e T H e BbIxonkiT WrH PenKO BbIXOnkiT M3 AOMa no pa3JIkiYHbIM nPkiqMHaM - 60~1e3~b, AOMaIUHkie AeJIa, M T. n. ki, CJIenOBaTeJIbHO, H e MCnOJIb3YeT TpaHCnOpTHbIe CpenCTBa. n p k f I I p k i n 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 6 TeXHOnOTMH O ~ C ~ ~ A O B ~ H H R 3TH n I O W H e nOllaAaIOT B YkiCnO peCllOH4eHTOB. &'IH BHe-

CeHMR n O n p a B O K B PaCYeTbI O ~ ~ ~ M O B rIaCCaXHPOrIOTOKOB B XOAe OnpOCa @HKCMPOB~-

JIOCb HaJIMYHe T a M X JIIOnefi B CeMbe OnpaIIIMBaeMOrO. C y.IeTOM KOJIH.lreCTBa B3POC- nbIX YJIeHOB CeMbM P e C n O H n e H T a BBOnWrCR n 0 l I p a B 0 Y ~ b 1 f i K O ~ @ @ W U M ~ H T &JIH

PaCYeTa O ~ S ~ M H ~ I X n o K a 3 a ~ e J I e f i no naHHbIM OlTpOCa. Y ~ ~ e p n k i ~ e J I b ~ o OTBeTWrM H a BOnpOC 0 HUIMqMH PenKO BbIX0,IIRlllMX 1.13 AOMa YJIeHOB CeMbM 160 OnPOLlIeHHbIX ( 13,5% o n p a r u ~ ~ a e ~ b r x ) , s ~ o nos~onmo onpeaenam o6ruylo w c n e H H o c m ropo- x a H , H e nonwamuux B r e H e p a n b H y I O c o ~ o ~ y n ~ o c m ( n p k i ~ e p ~ o 100 THC. Yen.). ~ ~ ~ M M J U ~ C T B ~ H H O (6onee 90%) 3 T 0 neHCHOHepb1, KOTOPbIM @ K ~ R Y ~ C K H 3aTPyHHki- TenbHO BbIXOHkiTb I43 AOMa.

B c p e n ~ k i f i AeHb HeAenM H e nOJIb30BaJIEiCb H M K a M M TPaHClTOPTOM H e M e H e e 35% HaceneHwR maprue 14 neT.

M H A U B W I J ~ I ~ H ~ I M TpaHCnOpTOM (CBOMM, WIH c J I J X ~ ~ H ~ I M , WIM saCTHbIM 3a AeHb- Tki) l lOJIb30BUMCb B TeYeHMe AHR 10% OnpaLIIkiBaeMbIX.

Coome~cme~~o , 55% ropoxas cosepurm ram my^ o m noe3ru

O C O ~ ~ H H O C T H cnpoca ~a ycnyru roponc~oro ~ p a ~ c n o p ~ a ... 95

Mi = QJN X m,,

~ o T ~ ~ ~ ~ I T ~ J I R M M yCJI)T no n e p e B 0 3 K e ~ a C C ~ p C K P i M MaPrUPJTHbIM ~ B T O M O ~ K J I ~ - HbIM TpaHCIIOPTOM B C ~ H K T - ~ ~ T ~ P ~ Y P ~ ~ HBJIHIOTCR nOCTOHHHOe HaCeneHkie rOpOAa, a T a m e n k i u a , B p e M e H H o HaxoAr r ruaecH H a T e p p k i T o p m ropona. YC~OBHO ux M O ~ O pa3AenkiTb H a Tpki QJTInbI:

noTpe6kiTeJIki , MMeIoUkie npOe3AHbIe KaPTOYKH ki JIbrOTbI Pi H e nOJIb3yIoUMeCH

y c n y r a M w K o M M e p q e c K o r o T p a H c n o p T a , TaK KaK B TOM c n y z I a e yTpaqm3aro-r c B o e npa- BO H a J I b r o ~ ~ b l f i npOe3A. 3THX noTpe6kiTeJIef i

96 A. A. BeCixep, K. B. K ~ ~ H ~ u o B ~

n o ~ p e 6 ~ ~ e n a , H e H M e I o r u w e H a K a r u u c n a r o T H e npenwrarrsrmurwe ~ p e 6 o s a ~ k i i ' i K y c n o B w a M npoe3na, mrc KOTOP~IX < c K o M M e p s e c m i e * w nepe~o3~1.i HB- JIHIOTCH B3akiM03aMeHReMbIMH.

B H a C T O R U e e BpeMR 'ienule r p a H k i u b I MeXDJ' M KEIPY

MMeTb ~b160p - H a KaKOM M3 HHX A O ~ ~ ~ T ~ C F I A 0 H)r>KHOTO MeCTa. H a n n q k i e TaKOrO sb160pa OTMeTMnM3 1 % i/oaCCa>KLlpOB KEIp aBTO- 6yca l I p H HaJIMYHH TaKOrO sbr60pa OTBeTKT, ' I T 0 e M y BCe PaBHO, H a q e M eXaTb, a nos- TI4 n B e T p e T H OTMeTWlM, q T O Bb16paJM 3TOT B m T p a H C n O p T a H 3 - 3 a er0 H M ~ K O ~ ~ CTOEI- MOCTH. T ~ K H M 06pa30~, p a s n a s ~ e ~ T H X ABYX P ~ I H K O B ycnyr n a c c a m p c K o r o T p a H c n o p T a COCTOHT B p a 3 ~ w e M e w ~ a p ~ a a ~ a H a coomeTcTBymruy?o ycnyry.

50JIee rny6omifi a H a J I H 3 6bm n p 0 B e n e H r ryTeM CpaBHeHMH rpynn naCCa>rcllpOB, I

nOnb3JKlUWXCR M ~ B T O ~ ~ C ~ X HUIMqHbIMM, n O X O X e H a P a C n p e A e J I e H H e

I IaCCaXHpOB

I UO 1,s 1,s-2 2-2,5 2,5-3 3 - 4 4--5 5-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-15 15-25 cs. 25

Rymemtinoxon, mc. py6. - ~04ianbHbIfi a8~06yc; - K O M M ~ ~ ¶ ~ C & ~ B T ~ ~ Y C ; - - - ~ponnet6yc; - - - ~erpo; - - ~pamafi Pnc. 3. Pacnpenenenne naccanarpon pawmbrx BWOB TpancnopTa no yponm aoxona

(ncwmqe~b~ Te, KTO nMeeT nbr0~61)

LOW

16%

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0% no 1,5 1,s-2 2-2,5 2.5-3 3 - 4 4-5 5- 6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-15 15-25 ca. 25

&menol noxon, THC. py6.

Pnc. 4. Pacnpenenenne naccanarpon pa3nmnrx BWOB TpancnopTa no ~ ~ O B H I O noxona (naccanarpbr, omaqnsmme npoe3n nanmna~~n)

JIeHHHX OTJIklqaeTCII TOJIbKO T a YaCTb, KOTOPaR OTHOCHTCR K c a~0 f i 6en~ofi %3CTPi Ha- cenems. OH^ CyMMapHo c0cTaBnxe-r O K O ~ O 20% B c e x n a c c a m M p o B ~ B T O ~ Y C O B . O c T a J I b ~ b 1 e Xe 80% MaJIO OTJIlnaIoTCR OT naCCamMpOB

98 A. A. Beiixep, K. B. K ~ ~ H ~ u o B ~

n o ~ p e 6 k i ~ e n ~ - naccampbr, non~3y1oruaecx ycnyram naccaxkipcKoro TpaHc- nopTa perynxpHo 2-3 pasa B Henenm;

no~pe6ki~enki - naccaxc~pbr, nonb3yro~kiecx ycnyraMki naccamipceoro TpaHc- IIOpTa cJIysafiHb1~ 06pa30~, IIO Mepe nOHBneHkiR TaK0fi H ~ O ~ X O ~ M M O C T H .

A a ~ ~ b r e npencTaskiTenbHoro O ~ C J I ~ ~ O B ~ H ~ ~ X noeasanki: Ha nocToRHHbre noe3nm Ha Bcex Bwax TpaHcnopTa npkixonmTcx 59% OT o6ruero skicna noe3no~. Ha perynxp- HbIe (2-3 pasa B ~enenro) noe3nm Ha Bcex smax TpaHcnopTa npmonkiTcx 22% OT o6mero Ykicna noe3no~. Ha cnpafi~bre noe3nm Ha Bcex smax TpaHcnopTa npmo- nmcx 19% OT o6ruero skicna noe3no~. K ~ K pacnpenenmkicb Bce ~ T H ~pk i Tkina noes- AOK no OTneJIbHbIM BWaM TpaHCnOpTa, IIpeACTaBJIeHO B ~ a 6 n . 2.

M3 lIpkiBeneHH0fi ~a6nkiubl BWHO, YTO no~pe6ki~enki mR lTOCTOHHHbIX nOe3AOK 6onbrue Bcero acnonbsy~o~ MeTpo, a oc-rarrbabre, T. e. ~ a 3 e ~ ~ b 1 e B W ~ I TpaHcnopTa, MCnOJIb3)WTCR IIpkiMepHO B PaBHbIX nPOnOPUMIU(. B ~ O ~ ~ U I M H C T B ~ CIIyYaeB OAWH (mki 6onee) a3 H ~ ~ ~ M H ~ I X BWOB TpaHcnopTa wcnonb3o~anc~ n o ~ p e 6 k i ~ e n e ~ c0BMec.r- HO C MeTpO. B Per'yJUIPHbIX H ~JIflafiHb1~ nOe3AKaX AOjlR lTOe3AOK Ha MaPIlIPYTKaX noqm B nsa pa3a Gonbrue, s e M B ~OCTORHHMX.

B pe3ynb~a~e onpoca no~pe6ki~eneik, cosepruaroruax noe3nm Ha PammHbIx BH- &ax TpaHcnopTa, 6bmki nonpeHbI naHHbIe 06 m CpenHeAyUTeBbIx noxonax. TO 1103~0- nm0 IIOCTpOMTb 3aBkiCkiMOCTkI TkIna

Pnc. 5. Pacnpenenenne nocToamm noe3no~ B s a ~ n c n ~ o c ~ n OT noxona

Pnc. 6. Pacnpene~~enne perynapnbrx noe3nor B ~ ~ B ~ C B M O C T ~ OT noxona

H a KOMMePqeCKOM TpaHCIIOpTe Em = 0,6; H a M e T p o EM = 0,29.

,Qx rpyrr r rbI c n p a i i ~ b ~ x n o e 3 ~ o ~ n o c T p o e H b 1 aaanormabre saswcmoc~~i (pwc. 7). no o c ~ a6cu~cc o T n o x e H b r ~ H ~ ~ ~ H H F I In I, me I - sepmee s ~ a s e ~ ~ e m T e p s a n a no AOXOAy, a IIO OCll OPAMHaT OTJIOXeHbI In Q, me Q - KOJIllseCTBO IIOe3AOK H a OAHOrO s e n o s e K a .

3 H a s e H l l ~ ~ J I ~ c T H ~ H o c T ~ ~ ~ no AOXOAJ' ,DJIH c J I f l a f i H b 1 ~ nOe3AOK COCTaBMnll: H a O ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O M TpaHCIIOpTe Em = -0,39; H a KOMMePqeCKOM TpaHCIIOpTe Em = 0,9; H a MeTpO EM = 0,29.

" C ! - In I

h c . 7. Pacnpeaenenne c~ryl~aiiomm noe3no~ B ~ ~ B ~ C ~ I O C T ~ OT noxoaa

mrr Bcex Tpex mnoB noTpe6kiTenefi no~a3a~enb ~ ~ ~ C T M ~ H O C T M no A O X O A ~ Ha no- e3nKkI B O ~ I U ~ C T B ~ H H O M TpaHCnOpTe MeHbLUe HyJIR, YTO XapaKTepHO mR ki~@epkiop- HbIX TOBaPOB Pi Y C W , CnPOC Ha KOTOPbIe PaCTeT IIpM CHL9KeHMM AOXOAOB n o ~ p e 6 ~ ~ e n ~ ki, H ~ O ~ O P O T , CHmicaeTcx npki PenMseHmi ~ o x o n o ~ . Perynsrp~b~e noe3nm (2-3 pasa B H ~ ~ ~ J I K ) ) Ha O ~ L U ~ C T B ~ H H O M TpaHCnOpTe OKa32UIMCb ~ ~ H @ ~ ~ ~ I O P H ~ I M I I B 60~1bLUefi CTeneHM. 3~aqMT, CnPOC Y 3~0fi KaTerOpMki lTo~pe6M~eJIefi 6onee YyBCTBkiTeneH K M3- MeHeHMlo n0XOAa.

no~a3aTenb 3JIaCTki4HOCTki IT0 AOXOAY Ha nOe3AKM B KOMMeP4eCKOM TpaHCnOpTe Tame mcr Tpex TMnoB no~pe6a~enefi 60nbrue HYIIR, TO xapaKTepHo mrr nopfiaflbnblx TOBapOB M YCJIJT. Hop~2UIbHb1e TOBapbI - 3T0 TOBaPbI, CnPOC Ha KOTOPbIe ki3MeHReT- CR B TOM x e HanpaBneHMki, TO ki noxon no~pe614~en~ . K p o ~ e Toro, no~a3a~enl.r 3na- CTM'IHOCTH aTIFI Pa3HbIX rpJTIn HeMHOrO pa3JIMqaloTCH, HO OYeHb ~ J I M ~ K E I K enkiHMUe, T. e. p e n m e m e noxono~ Ha 1 % npki~onw~ K yBenmeHMm cnpoca H a noe3n~w B KOM- MepqeCKOM TpaHCnOpTe npkiMepH0 Ha 1 % .

TO KaCaeTCR nOe3AOK Ha MeTpO, TO BbIAeJIeHkie kM B KaqeCTBe 0c06oro 0 6 ' b e ~ ~ a a ~ a n ~ s a o~asmocb onpaBnaHHbIM. A ~ R Bcex Tpex rpynn no~pe6ki~eneii no~a3a~enb 3nacmuHocm npaKTMsecm meHTkiYeH ( o ~ n k i s a e ~ c ~ ~ o n b ~ o BO BTOPOM 3 ~ a ~ e nocne 3anHTofi). TO, 4TO OH ~ o J I o X P ~ T ~ J I ~ H ~ I ~ ~ , nOKa3bIBaeT, 9TO nOe3AKM Ha MeV0 - 3T0 HOpMmbHbIe YCJIyrki, HO TaKaR 6~Tki30~Tb er0 K Hynlo nOATBep>Ic4aeT IIepBOHaqWIbHOe npeAnonoxeHae o TOM, YTO cnpoc Ha noe3nm B MeTpo cna6o syBcTBkiTeneH K ~ 3 ~ e - HeHMlo nOXOEOB no~pe6ki~enefi. HO n0CKOnbKy MeTpO noTpe6ki~enki MCnOnb3yIoT M KaK ~ A M H C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ TpaHCrIOPT, TPK M KOMmeMeHTapHO K Ha3eMHOMY TPaHCnOPTY, TO nOKa3aTeJIb 3JIaCTMYHOCTM XOTb M 6 1 1 ~ 3 0 ~ K HYnIO, HO BCe-Tam IIOnOXHTeneH.

l l o ~ p e 6 ~ ~ e n e f i ycnyr no n e p e ~ o s ~ e nacciUKEIpcmM M ~ P L L I P ~ T H ~ I M TpaHcnopToM B C a ~ ~ ~ - T I e ~ e p G y p r e MOMO p a 3 ~ e n a ~ b Ha Ase 60nbLUkie rpynnbl: pa60~amur~e M He- pa6o~alourkie. rpyrrna p a 6 0 ~ a l o 4 ~ x conepmT KaTeropmi ~pynocnoco6~b1x, c.rynes- TOB M IIeHCMOHepOB. rpJTIna ~epa60~alou1~x COAep>tulT KaTerOpMM neHCMOHepOB,

CTYAeHTOB, 6 e 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ b 1 ~ L4 AOMOBOAOB. Ha rpJTIIIy pa60~aK)lUPiX npWXOflWTCII 68,5% noe3no~, a H a rpynny ~epa6o~amruax n p m o n a T c c r 3 1 3 % noe3no~. K a w M W BmaMM TpaHcnopTa n o n b 3 y m ~ c ~ p a 6 o ~ a m u ~ e a B K a m nponopumx, n o ~ a 3 a ~ o H a PMC. 8.

HeoGxonmo OTMeTllTb TOT @BKT, 9 T 0 , IIOCKOJIbKy B 3~0fi rpylllle HaXOARTCR IIeH- CMOHepbI ( k i ~ ~ a J I m b 1 TOXe B K J I W ~ ~ H ~ I ) W CTyAeHTbI, CpeflM p a 6 0 ~ a K ) U k u c 12% i;OTpe- 6a~enefi MMeloT lTpaBO H a n b r 0 ~ ~ b I f i npOe3A B rOpOnCKOM o ~ ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H O M TpaHCnOp- Te ( B K J I I O ~ ~ X M ~ T ~ o ) .

Ha PRC. 9 ~ I O K ~ ~ ~ H O , B K a m x 06'6e~ax KaTeropWkl, BxoaFIukle B rpynny pa6o~am- UHX, nOnb3yIoTCX pZl3HbIMki B m a M I I TpaHCnOpTa. A o n ~ lTOe3AOK, COBepIUeHHbIX n e H c a o H e p a m , COCTaBJIReT B c e r o 6,6%, H a CTyAeHTOB IIpkYtOAHTCR 6% HOe3AOK.

&JIX T ~ ~ ~ ~ o c I I o c o ~ H ~ I x pa60~aK) lUHX 41% nOe3AOK IIpHXOAWTCR H a MeTpO, 35% - H a ~ a 3 e M ~ b I f i o ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ TpaHCIIOpT, 24% - H a K O M M ~ P ~ ~ C K H ~ ~ TpaHCnOpT.

&JIX p a 6 0 ~ a 1 o l U H x IIeHCWOHepOB 38% nOe3flOK npkYtOAHTCH H a MeTpO, 55% - H a ~ a 3 e ~ ~ b I f i o ~ ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ TpaHCnOpT, 7% - H a K O M M ~ P ~ ~ C K M ~ ~ TpaHCIIOPT. Ta~oe npeo6na~a~we 0 6 r u e c ~ s e ~ ~ o r o T p a H c n o p T a B ~ b 1 6 o p e swa T p a H c n o p T a M O ~ O 06%- IICHWTb ~ ~ c I I J L ~ T H ~ I M IIpOe3AOM H a HeM DJII neHCWOHepOB.

&II p a 6 0 ~ a W l U H ~ CTyAeHTOB 39% IIOe3AOK IIPMXOAMTCR H a MeTpO, 55% - H a Ha- 3 e ~ H b 1 f i 0 6 u e ~ T B e ~ H b 1 f i TpaHCnOpT, 6% - H a K O M M ~ P ~ ~ C K & TpaHCIIOpT. Bb160p CTY- AeHTOB ~ ~ ' ~ R C H I I ~ T C R B03MOXHOCTbK) l T p W 0 6 p e ~ a ~ b J I b r O T H m eAklHJ'I0 KaPTOqKY Ha

0 6 I I J e c T B e ~ ~ b 1 f i TpaHCnOpT CTOWMOCTbK) 100 py6nefi e X e M e C F I H 0 . ,&I53 CpaBHeHWH: OAHa nOe3nKa B MeTPO CTOUna B TOT nepROA 8 py6., a H a Ha3eMHbIX BkUtaX - 7 py6.

Memo

Puc. 11. Pacnpenenenue noe3no~ nepa6o~amqm naccaxupos no BmaM TpancnopTa

Dong IIOe3AOK, COBepIIIeHHbIX H e p a 6 0 ~ a m 4 H ~ k i IIeHCHOHepaMH, OT 06ruero sac- JIa IIOe3nOK, COBepmeHHbIX H ~ ~ ~ ~ O T ~ I O ~ H M H , COCTaBHJla 44%. ,&IX H ~ ~ ~ ~ O T ~ I ~ U M X IIeHCHOHepOB 28% IIOe3AOK npHXOnkiTCX H a MeTpO, 66% - H a H a 3 e M ~ b I f i 06ruec.r- B e ~ ~ b 1 f i TpaHCnOpT, 6% - H a K O M M ~ P ~ ~ C K M ~ ~ TpaHCnOPT. I/Ix IIOBeneHEie H e OTnHqa- eTCII OT pa6o~alouax neHCHOHepOB B OTHOLUeHLIH MCIIOJIb30BaHMX O ~ U I ~ C T B ~ H H O T O H KOMMepseCKOrO TpaHCnOpTa.

Aonrr nOe3nOK, COBepLUeHHbIX ~ e p a 6 0 T a 1 o ~ H ~ k i CTyneHTaMM, OT o6uero YElCna llOe3AOK, COBepIIIeHHbIX H ~ ~ ~ ~ o T ~ I O U J H M H , COCTaBkUIa 4 1 % . ,&IX ~ e p a 6 0 ~ a m ~ H x CTy- AeHTOB 49% nOe3nOK IIPMXOAHTCX H a MeTpO, 37% - H a H ~ ~ ~ M H ~ I G 0 6 4 e ~ ~ ~ e H H b I f i TpaHCnOpT, 14% - H a K O M M ~ P ~ ~ C K E ~ ~ ~ TpaHCnOpT.

A o n ~ nOe3nOK, COBepIUeHHbIX 6 e 3 p a 6 0 ~ H b 1 ~ ~ 1 , OT o6uero s M c n a nOe3flOK, COBep- UeHHbIX H ~ ~ ~ ~ o T ~ I o U I M M H , COCTaBWM 8%. ,&IX 6 e 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ b r x 37% I'IOe3AOK npl.ut0- nMTCII H a MeTpO, 20% - H a ~ a 3 e M ~ b I f i 0 6 4 e c T ~ e ~ ~ b 1 f i TpaHCnOpT, 43% - H a KOM- MepqecKHfi TpaHCnOpT. MX IIOBeAeHMe OTnMsaeTCX B OTHOmeHHH MCIIOJIb30BaHkiII O ~ I I I ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ O I4 KOMMepseCKOrO TpaHCIIOpTa: npeo6naam~ MeTpO Ei M a p l J I p y n u l , XOTII RBJIXIOTCR OHM 6onee ~ O P O r H M F i n0 CpaBHeHHIO C O ~ U [ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I M TpaHCIIOpTOM ( c p e n ~ ~ r r u e H a npoe3na B M a p u p y T K e c o c T a B n m a 14,6 py6.).

&R no~pe6w~enefi-ne~ckio~epo~ no p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ a ~ onpoca Toxe ynmocb noc-rpo- HTb 3aBMCkiMOCTkl mna

104 A. A. Beiixep, K. B. K ~ ~ H ~ u o B ~

Pnc. 13. Pacnpenene~ne noe3nos no BmaM TpaHcnopTa Ha rura~~bre/6ecma~me

H ~ M H n o n y . ~ e ~ b ~ nepme KasecTseHHbIe p e 3 y n b ~ a n r a~anasa oTnenbHbrx a c n e K - TOB cnpoca H a ycrryr~ r o p o n c K o r o n a c c a x m p c K o r o T p a H c n o p T a B C a ~ ~ ~ - I I e ~ e p G y p r e HaKaHyHe n p o B e n e H m pe@opm no M O H ~ T H ~ ~ U ~ nbroT. Ha o c s o B e npenc-ram- TeJIbHOrO B ~ I ~ O P O Y H O ~ O O ~ C ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H R X P i ~ e J I e f i C a ~ ~ ~ - n e ~ e p 6 y p r a , npOBeneHHOr0 B 2004 r., 6b1~1ki nOJIy.IeHb1 CJIeAmIIJMe Pe3YJIbTaTbI.

~ O C T P O ~ H ~ I K . J I ~ C C M @ H K ~ ~ H H n o T p e 6 H ~ e n e f i no 0 6 n a n a ~ k i m JIbrOTHbIM npaBOM n p O e 3 n a , no YaCTOTe nOnb30BaHkIR TpaHCnOpTOM, no COUkIaJIbHOMy CTaTyCy. Anrr ~ a ~ 0 f i k13 rpJTIn nOJIYYeHb1 3aBkiCHMOCTkI, nOKa3bIBaK)IIJMe qyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb cnpoca H a kiccnenyeMbIe ycnyra no noxony. Haruk i pac.re.rbr ~ o K ~ ~ ~ J - I H , s ~ o y c n y r K O ~ W ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ O TpaHCnOpTa BCeX ~ a ~ e r 0 p H f i rpa>rcnaH, H e 06nanamm~x JIbrOT- HbIM npaBOM n p O e 3 n a , OKa3aJIkICb H H @ ~ P M O P H ~ I M 6 n a r 0 ~ . n 0 e 3 n ~ k I H a MeTpO a H a - nH3HpOBaJIHCb OTneJIbHO, IIOTOMy 9TO MeTPO n o ~ p e 6 H ~ e n e f i MOXeT 6 b 1 ~ b KaK

C Y ~ C T K T ~ T O M , TaK Pi KOMILJIeMeHTOM K APyrkIM BHAaM TpaHCnOPTa. Anx BCeX KaTe- r0pkifi nOe3nKH H a MeTpO OKa3aJIHCb cna6o 9YBCTBMTenbHbIMM K M3MeHeHHIO nOXO- Ha, a 3 T 0 rOBOPHT 0 TOM, 9TO OHH IIpH nm6b1x n0XOnaX 6 y n y ~ MCnOnb30BaTb MeTpO n n ~ n e p e n B H x e H m no ropony. ABTOP~I T a m e y 6 e n m a c b B TOM, YTO noesn~w H a KOMMeP9eCKOM TPaHCIIOPTe RBnRmTCR HOPMWIbHbIM 6 n a r 0 ~ C e ~ k i ~ k i 9 ~ 0 f i 3naC- TH9HOCTbH).

~ O C K O J I ~ K ~ JIbrOTHbIe llOe3nKl-i COCTaBJIRnki B e C O M m WCTb CnpOCa H a TpaHCnOpT-

HbIe YCJIyrH, H3fleHHe BJIHRHMR H a CnPOC BBeneHHR ne~eXC~0fi CYGCWHH &JIR JIbTOT- HHKOB - TO o n H a 143 npo6ne~ I . r c c n e n o s a H m n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ m ycnyr B H y T p a r o p o n c K o - r0 TpaHClTOpTa, KOTOpaR ~ p e 6 y e ~ neTaJIbHOr0 H3fleHHR B HOBOM HCCJIenOBaHHki. ~ O J ~ Y ~ M B neHe>KHyIo C Y ~ C M ~ H H , aKKOpnHOr0 TkIna, JIbrOTHWKkl, KOTOPbIe nOqTki He

k ~ c n o n b s y m ~ roponc~ofi TpaHcnopT, y s e n l n a T c B o e 6 ~ 1 a r o c o c ~ o ~ ~ k i e . A Te n b r o T H k I m (B n e p B y m o q e p e n b p e q b w e T o pa6o~arour~x n e H c M o H e p a x H T. n.), KoTopbIe nocne OTMeHbI JIbrOT 6 y n y ~ B b I H W e H b I KJIaTKTb 3a n p O e 3 n , M O P H3MeHklTb CBOe nOBeDe- HHe. H e c ~ o T p R H a TO 9TO IIpaBHTeJIbCTBO PeryJIRpHO kIn4eKCkIpyeT IIeHCHkI, UeHbI H a

npOe3n B rOpOnCKOM TpaHCnOpTe, BKJII09aX O ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ ki MeTpO, MeHRloTCR C He

~ e ~ b r u e f i p e r y n R p a o c T b m . I l ~ e e ~ cMbrcn npononxan H a s a T o e H c c n e n o s a H M e , s ~ o - 6b1 HOHRTb, KaK Te WIkI HHbIe H3MeHeHHR H a 3TOM COUklaJIbHO-3Ha9kIMOM PbIHKe OT-

paxamcrr H a ~ b r 6 0 p e no~pe6ki~enefi pa3~b1x ~ a ~ e r o p k i i i . K p o ~ e T o r o , npencTaBnReT MHTepeC M3JWeHHe TOTO, KaK o ~ I I J ~ c T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ El K O M M ~ P ~ ~ C K ~ I ~ ~ TpaHCnOpT 6 y n y ~ KOHKYPMPOBaTb 3 8 CBOerO n o ~ p e 6 ~ ~ e n ~ .

B 3aKJIIO9eHMe XOTenOCb 661 OTMeTklTb, 9 T 0 , HeCMOTPR H a BCIO CePbe3HOCTb CylLIe- cmyrorum n p 0 6 J I e ~ r o p o n c K o r o n a c c a x m p c K o r o T p a H c n o p T a , ec-rb B c e BO~MOXHOC- m m wx B c c n e A o B a H m w a ~ a ~ 1 ~ 3 a w n p a K T a s e c K o r o p e r u e a z l x . l l p a ~ ~ u ~ a a 3 ~ e ~ e - H E . I ~ ~ OPTaHM3aLIAH O ~ U ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ O rOPOACKOT0 TPaHCnOPTa 3a IIOCJIeIIHHe 20 JIeT B pa3HbIX PerWOHaX POCCHH AaeT 6 o r a ~ y ~ 1 @ ~ K T W I ~ C K J W 6a3y IIJIR BbIREUleHWH 3aKO- H O M ~ ~ H O C T ~ ~ ~ IIOBeAeHMR XFi~eneG rOpOAOB KaK B OTHOCMTenbHO C T ~ ~ W I ~ H O ~ ~ CWTY- aIIkiki, TaK W IIpW PUtllKaJIbHbIX H3MeHeHHRX YCJIOBM~~ IIOJIb30BaHWH rOpOflCKMM 06- UeCTBeHHbIM TpaHCnOpTOM. no C y l u , B POCCHH 6bIJI0 I I O C T a ~ e H O MHOXeCTBO a3KCIIePMMeHTOB)>, H a w H O e OCMbICJIeHMe KOTOPbIX AaJIeKO H e 3 a B e p N e H O .

O T ~ ~ T AH0 u ~ H P C * B PaMKaX pa60Tb1 no MOHMTOPHHW PerMOHaJIbHblX PblHKOB ki ycno~kifi npeJI- ilp~HkiMaTenb~K0fi AeHTenbHOCTH B CaHK~-ne~ep6)'pre, I I P O B ~ A ~ H H ~ I R no 3aKa3y K O M H T ~ T ~ 3KOHOMki- 'IeCKOrO Pa3BHTHR, Ilp~~blLUneHH~fi nOnWTHKLl W TOPrOBnH CaHK~-neTep6J'pra. C n 6 . , 2004.

Houthakker H. S., Taylor L. Consumer demand in the United States: analyses and projections. Cambridge (MA), 1970.