Portuguese Missionary Grammars - Zwartjes - Indice

8/2/2019 Portuguese Missionary Grammars - Zwartjes - Indice

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SUB Hamburg

A/566678PORTUGUESE MISSIONARYGRAM M ARS IN ASIA, A FRICAAND BRAZIL, 1550-1800

OTTO ZWARTJESUniversity of Amsterdam

JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANYAMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA


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Table of contents

Preface & acknowledgements xmCHAPTER 1Introduction 11.1 Goal of the study 11.2 The historiographical neglect of missionary linguistics 21.3 The contribution of missionary linguistics to the study

of the typology of languages 41.4 Missionary linguists as field-workers: Their attitudes 101.5 The description of exotic languages and the development

of linguistic concepts 141.6 The goals and structure of this study 17

1.6.1 What do we want to know? 181.6.1.1 Phonology and orthography 181.6.1.2 Morphosyntax 181.6.1.3 The lexicon 191.6.1.4 Extra-grammatical information 20

1.6.2 What do we have? 20References 20CHAPTER 2The Indian subcontinent 232.1 Introduction 23

2.1.1 Historical background 252.1.2 The Indian grammatical tradition 27

2.2 Tamil. Henrique Henriques (or, Anrique Anriquez) (1520-1600) 282.2.1 The life and work of Henrique Henriques 282.2.2 Henriquess Tamil grammar: Authorship and sources 292.2.3 Henriquess Tamil grammar and the Tamil language 31

2.2.3.1 Malabar and Tamil 312.2.3.2 The structure of Henriquess grammar 312.2.3.3 Henriquess treatment of Tamil orthography

and phonology 32


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vi Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800

2.2.3.4 H en riqu es s treatm ent of Tamil no m inal declension 322.2.3.5 H en riq ue ss trea tm en t of the Tam il verb 352.2.3.6 H en riq ue ss explicit com pa rison s betw een Tamiland Portug uese 382.2.3.7 H en riqu ess treatm ent of Tamil wo rd order 392.2.3.8 H en riqu es s trea tm en t of agreem ent in Tam il 402.2.3.9 Henriques s treatm ent of variation within Tamil 402.2.3.10 H en riq ue ss m eta-lan gua ge 41

2.2.4 The reputation of H en rique ss work 442.2.5 O ther Tamil gra m m ars 44

2.3 Kon kani. Thom as Stephens (Thom az Estevao 1549-1619) 452.3.1 The life of Tho m as Step hen s 452.3.2 O the r early gra m m ars of Ko nkani and neigh bou ring languages 462.3.3 The K onk ani langua ge 482.3.4 Stephens's Ko nka ni gr am m ar 49

2.3.4.1 Steph enss treatm ent of pho nolog y an d ortho grap hy 492.3.4.2 Steph enss treatm ent of Kon kani no m inal m orph olog y 522.3.4.3 Stephens's trea tm en t of Ko nka ni verbal m orp ho log y 542.3.4.4 Stephens's trea tm en t of K onk ani syntax. W ord ord er

and agreem ent 562.3.4.5 Steph ens's tre atm en t of ergativity 572.3.4.6 Steph ens s m eta-lan gua ge 58

2.4 Bengali. M ano el da A ssu m pc am (fl. 1743) 582.4.1 M anoel da As sum pca m and his gra m m ar 582.4.2 The Beng ali lang uag e 59

2.4.2.1 B enga li an d Po rtug uese 612.4.3 The gr am m ar 62

2.4.3.1 Assum pcam's treatm ent of ortho grap hy and pho nolog y 622.4.3.2 Assu m pcam 's trea tm en t of no m ina l declension 642.4.3.3 Assum pcam's treatm ent of verbal m orph olog y 642.4.3.4 Assum pcam 's tre atm en t of syntax 662.4.3.5 Assum pcam 's treatm ent of word order and agreem ent 66

2.5 M arathi (A non ym ous 1778a) 672.5.1 The M ar ath i lang uag e 672.5.2 The 1778 M ara thi gr am m ar 68

2.5.2.1 The gram m ar's treatm ent of M arathi p hono logyand orthograp hy 68

2.5.2.2 The gram m ar's treatm ent of M arathi no m inalmorphology 70

2.5.2.3 The gram m ar's treatm ent of M arathi verbal m orph olog y 71


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2.5.2.4 The gr am m ar s treatme nt of M arathi syntax, wo rd ord erand agreem ent 72

2.5.2.5 The gra m m ar's tre atm en t of ergativity 742.6 H ind i (An ony m ous 1778b) 75

2.6.1 Previous gra m m ars of Hin di by Euro pean s 752.6.2 T he language 76

2.6.3.1 The gr am m ar s view of the H ind i language 762.6.3.2 The stru ctur e of the gra m m ar 772.6.3.3 The gr am m ar s treatm ent of Hin di pho nolo gy

and orthography 792.6.3.4 The gram m ar's trea tm ent of no m ina l declen sion 842.6.3.5 The gra m m ar's trea tm en t of verbal inflection 842.6.3.6 The gram m ar's trea tm en t of adverbs 852.6.3.7 The gram m ar's tre atm en t of the article 852.6.3.8 The gr am m ars treatm ent of agreem ent and wo rd orde r 872.6.3.9 The gr am m ars treatmen t of agreem ent and ergativity 88

2.7 Co nclu sion 89CHAPTER 3Missionary lingu istics in Japan 933.1 Int rod uc tion 933.2 The activities of Joao Ro drigu es (156 2-163 3) 94

3.2.1 H is life 943.2.2 H is w ork 963.2.3 Sources of R od rig ue s'g ram m ar 98

3.2.3.1 E uro pe an sou rces 983.2.3.2 Japane se sourc es 103

3.3 The Japanese language as des cribed by Ro drigu es 1113.3.1 Langua ge va riation: Coye an d yom i 1113.3.2 G eog raph ical dis tinc tion s 1113.3.3 D iach ron y: The 'old langu age' an d the conc ep t of aucto ritas 1143.3.4 Ch ristian term inolo gy : Loan s from Latin and Po rtugu ese 1183.3.5 O n the be st way of lear nin g Japan ese 120

3.4 Pho nolog y and ortho grap hy 1213.5 M orp ho log y 1273.5.1 Inflection 127

3.5.1.1 N om in al inflection an d cases' 1273.5.1.2 Adjective noun ("N om e adjectiuo") 1303.5.1.3 Verbal inf lectio n 133


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3.5.1.4 Honorificity 1363.5.1.5 Causatives 136

3.6 Syntax: W ord ord er and agree m ent 1373.6.1 Japane se as an SOV lan gu age 1373.6.2 Japanese as a left-b ranch ing lang uag e 139

3.7 Ro drigue s as an historian and eth no gra ph er 1403.8 Co nclu sion 140C H A P T E R 4M issio na ry lingu istics in Brazil 1434.1 Intro du ctio n: M issionaries in Spanish and Portu gue se Am erica 143

4.1.1 M issionaries an d leng uas gen erale s/ling uas gerais 1444.1.2 M issionary linguistics in Po rtug ue se A m erica 146

4.2 T upi gra m m ars 1484.2.1 Joseph de A nc hie ta (15 34 -15 97 ) 148

4.2.1.1 Intro du ctio n: A nch ieta and his forerun ners 1484.2.1.2 The langu age de scrib ed by A nc hie ta 1484.2.1.3 The stru ctu re of th e gr am m ar 1514.2.1.4 Ph on olo gy an d ort ho gra ph y 1524.2.1.5 The co nc ep t of 'case' as applied to Tu pi 1564.2.1.6 Th e p ro no un s 1574.2.1.7 N om in al an d ve rba l inflection 1594.2.1.8 N ou ns , 'adjectives', an d 'adv erbs' 1614.2.1.9 Sy ntax 162

4.2.2 A nto nio de Araiijo's C ath eci sm o (1618) 1634.2.3 L uizF igue ira (157 5-16 43) 1644.2.3.1 The langu age de scri be d by Figu eira 165

4.2.3.2 O rth og rap hy an d ph on olo gy 1654.2.3.3 M orp ho syn tax 1664.2.3.4 T he inclusive-exclusive dis tin ctio n 1664.2.3.5 Syn tax an d ag ree m en t 1674.2.3.6 Wor d o rd er 168

4.2.4 The ano ny m ou s gra m m ar of the Lingua geral ama zonica.Biblioteca de C oim bra , no . 69 (1750) 1684.2.4.1 In tro du cti on 1684.2.4.2 The au th or 1694.2.4.3 The m an us cr ip t 1694.2.4.4 Lan gua ge varia tion 1704.2.4.5 Lan guage cha nge 1714.2.4.6 The gr am m ar 171


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4.2.4.7 The eight parts of speech and language universals 1724.2.4.8 The pronominal system 1724.2.4.9 The 'pronomes extravagantes' 174

4.3 The Kiriri grammar of Luiz Vincencio Mamiani (1652-1730) 1754.3.1 Introduction 1754.3.2 The language 1764.3.3 Sources for eastern Brazilian languages of the Macro-Je family 1774.3.4 The grammar 179

4.3.4.1 The sources of the grammar 1794.3.4.2 References to other languages and language variety 182

4.3.5 Phonology and orthography 1834.3.5.1 The vowels 1844.3.5.2 The consonants 1874.3.5.3 Diacritics 190

4.3.6 Morphosyntax 1914.3.6.1 "Inflection" 1914.3.6.2 The inclusive-exclusive distinction 1944.3.6.3 The animate versus inanimate distinction 196

4.3.7 Syntax 1964.3.7.1 Word order and agreement 1964.3.7.2 Ergativity 198

4.4 Conclusion 201CHAPTER 5African languages 2055.1 Introduction 205

5.1.1 Three grammars of African languages 2065.1.2 Their context in the early study of African languages 2085.1.3 Early catechisms in African languages 210

5.2 The Capuchin Hyacinth Brusciotto and his Kongo grammar (1659) 2145.2.1 The language 2145.2.2 Phonology 2155.2.3 Morphosyntax 216

5.2.3.1 Nominal inflection, declensions, cases'and the noun-classes 216

5.2.3.2 Verbal morphology 2175.2.4 Syntax 219

5.3 Pedro Dias (1622-1700) 2205.3.1 The language 222

5.3.1.1 The structure of the grammar 224


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x Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800

5.3.2 Phonology and orthography 2245.3.3 Morphosyntax 227

5.3.3.1 Nominal morphology 2275.3.3.2 Verbal morphology 2305.4 The anonymous "Arte da lingua de Cafre" 236

5.4.1 The language 2365.4.2 Phonology and orthography 2385.4.3 Morphosyntax 238

5.4.3.1 Nominal morphology 2385.4.3.2 Verbal morphology 239

5.4.4 Meta-language 2415.5 Conclusion 241

CHAPTER 6Arabic and Hebrew 2436.1 Introduction 2436.2 Arabic 243

6.2.1 Introduction 2436.2.2 The grammars and their sources 2456.2.3 The language 2486.2.4 The structure of the grammar of de Sousa, compared

with those of Erpenius and Guadagnoli 2496.2.5 Phonology and orthography 2526.2.6 Parts of speech and morphology 2546.2.7 Syntax. Word order and agreement 255

6.3 Hebrew 2566.4 Conclusion 260

CHAPTER 7Conclusion 2617.1 Phonology and orthography 261

7.1.1 The Indian subcontinent 2617.1.2 Japan 2627.1.3 Brazil 2637.1.4 Africa 2637.1.5 Arabic and Hebrew 263

7.2 Morphosyntax 2647.2.1 India 2647.2.2 Japan 265


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7.2.3 Brazil 2657.2.4 Afr ica 266

7.3 Pa rts of spe ech 2667.3.1 A dap tation s of the trad ition al m od el 2667.3.2 Articles 267

7.4 E xtra-gra m ma tical inform ation 2687.5 A Po rtugu ese traditio n? 268APPENDIXLexicography 2711. The India n sub con tinent 2711.1 The In dia n lexicograp hical trad ition 271

1.1.1 Sansk ri t 2711.1.2 Tamil 271

1.2 Dic tiona ries com piled by Eu rop ea ns 2721.3 K on ka ni 2741.4 H in d i 2751.5 O th er lang uag es 276

2. Japan 2762.1 The Japanese lexicograph ical trad ition . 2762.2 The Voca bulario of 1595 an d the D iction arium of 1603-1604 2772.3 M eta-linguistic term s in the dictio nar ies 280

3. China and Coc hinchina (Vietnam) 2813.1 Int rod uc tion 2813.2 The Ch ines e linguistic trad ition 2823.3 Chine se dictionaries com pos ed by wes terners 2823.3.1 The Dic iona rio Po rtug ue s-C hin es 286

3.3.2 O th er early E uro pe an studies of Ch inese 2873.3 Co chin chin a (Vietnam ) and Malaya 290

3.3.1 The Ro m an alph abe t and the de scrip tion of ton e 2923.3.2 M orp ho log y an d syntax 2933.3.3 M alay 295

4. Brazil 2955. African languag es 2966. Arabic and He brew 301

6.1 Arab ic 3016.2 H eb rew 301

References 303Index of biographical nam es 347Inde x of subjects an d term s 353

Portuguese Missionary Grammars - Zwartjes - Indice

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