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In the name of God, the most Gracious, the most Compassionate.

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Oracle 9i Database Administration in 10 Minutes

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Copyright 2005 Takveen, Inc. P.O. Box 1, South River, NJ08882. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in anyway, including but not limited to photocopy, photography,magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement andwritten permission of the publisher and author.

ISBN: 0-9770739-7-1

Takveen and the Takveen logo are either registered trademarksor trademarks of Takveen, Inc. in the United States and/orother countries.

The author and publisher have made their best effort to preparethis book, and the content is based upon final release softwarewhenever possible. Portion of the manuscript may be basedupon pre-release versions supplied by the software

manufacturer(s). The author and the publisher make norepresentation or warranties of any kind with regard to thecompleteness or accuracy of the contents herein and accept noliability of ANY KIND including but no limited toperformance, merchantability, fitness for any particularpurpose, or any losses or damages of ANY KIND caused oralleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book.

Manufactured in the United States of America.


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About the Author

Mr. Abbasi is President and CEO of Takveen, Inc. NJ, which isfirm providing information technology related OptimalSolutions to industry. He is also attached with three top-notchcomputer schools of NJ teaching Oracle DatabaseAdministration in Unix/Windows Server environments. Beforecoming to NJ, he used to teach Oracle in heart of NC, Raleighwhile working as Chief Technologist with a business solutions

development firm.

Mr. Abbasi has been attached intensely with the IT field forpast 13 years and has written dozens of softwares and tons ofcode from programming microcontrollers using Assemblylanguage to writing 3-tier multi-language web applications.

He did B.Sc. Electrical Engineering from University of

Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan(www.uet.edu.pk). He is Oracle Certified ProfessionalDatabase Administrator (OCP), Microsoft CertifiedProfessional (VB) and lots of other computer certifications.Besides certifications, he has lots of publications and has filed1 patent with United States Patent & Trade Mark Office.

When asked Mr. Abbasi, he said that it all erupted with a

saying of my engineering professor,

Think yourself .


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Acknowledgements

First, I am really thankful to God: The Designer of thisUniverse, everything within and beyond. I always rememberHim as Supreme Progneer (Programmer & Engineer). Theonly One whos every release is a final release and noupgrades, version releases or service packs after words. I saluteyour sea of computational and engineering skills my Lord andyour graciousness for letting me have a droplet from it.

I really want to thank my father and mother for their wonderfulsupport. Although my father is no more living but hisexceptional sacrifices will never be forgotten

I like to thank Arshia, Mateen and Abdul-Wadud for theirencouragement to let me work on this book even during thetime which I should had spent with them.

Finally, I am thankful to all the wonderful instructors,professors, scholars, students and friends I had for their supportand encouragement.


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Table of Contents

Minute 1: ......................................................................... 17Understanding the Oracle Environment

Minute 2: ......................................................................... 23

Understanding the Oracle Instance

Minute 3: ......................................................................... 33

Understanding the working of Oracle Instance

Minute 4: ......................................................................... 39

Understanding Oracle Database

Minute 5: ......................................................................... 51

Oracle 9i Software Installation

Minute 6: ......................................................................... 57Oracle 9i Database Design using DBCA

Minute 7: ......................................................................... 85

Enabling Other Computers to Access Oracle

Server

Minute 8: ....................................................................... 107

Oracle Enterprise Manger

Minute 9: ....................................................................... 121

Oracle Backup & Recovery -Simple Technique

Minute 10: ..................................................................... 129

Oracle Performance Tuning

INDEX .......................................................................... 135


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FIGURE 1:THE COMPLETE ORACLE SYSTEM:ORACLE INSTANCE &ORACLE DATABASE.

................................................................................................... 20

FIGURE 2:ORACLE INSTANCE CAN HEAR YOU FROM ANY CORNER OF GLOBE WHETHER ITS

LANOR INTERNET. .......................................................................... 21FIGURE 3:BACKGROUND PROCESSES &MEMORY ARCHITECTURE INSIDE BRAIN. .. 26

FIGURE 4:PHYSICALLY ALL HUMAN BRAINS ARE SIMILAR. .................................. 26

FIGURE 5:ORACLE INSTANCE MEMORY ARCHITECTURE. ................................... 27

FIGURE 6:ORACLE INSTANCE BACKGROUND PROCESSES;SHARED SERVER MODE. .. 35

FIGURE 7:ORACLE INSTANCE BACKGROUND PROCESSES;DEDICATED SERVER MODE.36

FIGURE 8:RESTAURANT RUNNING UNDER SHARED WAITRESS MODE................ 37

FIGURE 9:RESTAURANT RUNNING UNDER DEDICATED WAITER MODE............... 38

FIGURE 10:PHYSICAL ARCHITECTURE:ORACLE DATABASE............................... 42

FIGURE 11:ORACLE DATABASE LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE. .................................. 44FIGURE 12:PHYSICAL &LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE RELATIONSHIP. ........................ 45

FIGURE 13:TABLESPACES RELATES TO DATA FILES ONLY. .................................. 46

FIGURE 14:ONE OBJECT (E.G.TABLE)CAN BE IN TWO OR MORE DATA FILES BUT ONLY IN

ONE TABLESPACE. ............................................................................ 47

FIGURE 15:REDO LOG FILES IN ACTION. ........................................................ 48

FIGURE 16:THE FIRST TEXT BOX WILL ASK YOU THE LOCATION OF ORACLE SOFTWARE FILES

THAT NEEDS TO BE INSTALLED.THE SECOND IS THE NAME TEXT BOX WHERE YOU

WRITE THE ORACLE HOME NAME AND THE THIRD ONE IS THE DESTINATION

LOCATION WHERE YOU WANT ORACLE SOFTWARE TO BE INSTALLED. .......... 53FIGURE 17:SECOND OPTION IS FOR INSTALLING A CLIENT AND WOULD LACK THE ABILITY TO

CREATE THE DATABASE.THE THIRD OPTIONAL IS BASICALLY AN ADD-ON FEATURE

WHICH WILL INSTALL ORACLE MANAGEMENT SERVER AND OTHER RELATED

MANAGEMENT AND INTEGRATION TOO. ............................................... 54

FIGURE 18:ORACLE ENTERPRISE EDITION IS FOR HIGH-VOLUME APPLICATIONS.STANDARD

EDITION IS FOR DEPARTMENTAL APPLICATIONS WHEREAS PERSONAL EDITION OF

ORACLE IS FOR SINGLE USER DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT. .................... 55

FIGURE 19:IF WE SELECT GENERAL PURPOSETHEN ORACLE UNIVERSAL INSTALLER

(OUI)WILL NOT ONLY INSTALL THE SOFTWARE BUT WILL CREATE A STANDARD

GENERAL PURPOSE DATABASE TOO BY DEFAULT.BUT WE WANT TO INSTALL

SOFTWARE ONLY USING OUIAND THEN LATER LEARN HOW TO DEVELOP THE

DATABASE. ..................................................................................... 56

FIGURE 20:BEFORE USING DBCAWE HAVE TO SET CERTAIN OSENVIRONMENT

VARIABLES. .................................................................................... 59

FIGURE 21:IN WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM CLICK:,,

,AND FINALLY . ......................................................... 61

FIGURE 22:FIRST WINDOW OF DBCAIS BASICALLY A WELCOME MESSAGE WITH A BRIEF

DESCRIPTION ON THE PURPOSE OF THIS TOOL. ....................................... 62


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FIGURE 23:DBCACAN ASSIST DBAWITH 3OTHER TASKS BESIDES CREATING A NEW

DATABASE I.E.CONFIGURING DATABASE OPTIONS IN A DATABASE,DELETE A

DATABASE AND MANAGE TEMPLATES................................................... 63

FIGURE 24:EACH TEMPLATE HAS PREDEFINED SETTINGS E.G.DATA WAREHOUSE

TEMPLATE HAS SETTINGS GOOD FOR ANALYTICAL PROCESSING PURPOSES. .. 64

FIGURE 25:YOU CAN ASSIGN ANY NAME TO GLOBAL DATABASE NAME............... 65

FIGURE 26:THIS WINDOW IS MEANT FOR MAKE A DECISION WHETHER WE WANT TO RUN

OUR ORACLE SERVER IN DEDICATED SERVER MODEOR THE SHARED SERVER

MODE. ......................................................................................... 66

FIGURE 27:CUSTOM OPTION WILL ALLOW YOU TO SELECT THE SGASIZE ACCORDING TO

YOU NEEDS. ................................................................................... 67

FIGURE 28:THIS WINDOW WILL ALLOW YOU TO SET UP ORACLE SERVER FOR ARCHIVING

OF REDO LOG FILES. ......................................................................... 68FIGURE 29:THIS TAB WILL BE HAVING THE INFORMATION ABOUT LOCATION OF ALL

ORACLE PHYSICAL FILES. ................................................................... 69

FIGURE 30:THESE FOUR PARAMETERS ARE PRESENT IN INIT(SID).ORA FILE. ......... 70

FIGURE 31:THIS WINDOW PROVIDES THE COMPLETE LIST OF INIT(SID).ORA FILE

PARAMETERS.ORACLE INSTANCE READS THE FILE AT THE TIME OF STARTUP.71

FIGURE 32:ACLOSE-UP OF FIGURE 31. ........................................................ 72

FIGURE 33:EACH ORACLE DATABASE REQUIRES ONE CONTROL FILE AND THROUGH THIS

WINDOW YOU CAN SET-UP YOUR CONTROL FILE LOCATION(S).MIRROR COPIES

SHOULD BE ON DIFFERENT DRIVES FOR GREATER FAULT TOLERANCE. .......... 73FIGURE 34:SET THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF DATAFILES,REDO LOG GROUPS ETC. .. 74

FIGURE 35:CLICKING DATAFILESWILL CHANGE THE RIGHT PANE VIEW TO SHOW ALL

DATAFILES. ..................................................................................... 74

FIGURE 36:CLICKING 1UNDER REDO LOG GROUPS WILL CHANGE THE RIGHT PANE VIEW

TO SHOW ALL THE MEMBER OF THAT PARTICULAR REDO LOG GROUP.EACH REDO

LOG GROUP SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST ONE MEMBER. ................................ 75

FIGURE 37:EITHER YOU CAN CHANGE THE DEFAULT FILE SIZE FOR REDO LOG MEMBER OR

GO WHAT IS DEFAULT USING THIS WINDOW. ......................................... 76

FIGURE

38:Y

OU CAN ALSO SAVE THE SETTINGS FOR YOUR DATABASE IN A TEMPLATE FOR

CLONE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT. ....................................................... 77

FIGURE 39:ITS BETTER TO CHANGE ALL THE DEFAULT PASSWORDS AT THIS POINT BY

CLICKING THE BUTTON. ............................ 78

FIGURE 40:CHANGE THE PASSWORD AND MAKE SURE THE ACCOUNT IS NOT HAVE A CHECK

MARK IN THE CORRESPONDING LOCK ACCOUNT?FIELD. ....................... 79

FIGURE 41:USE ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM)TO TEST CONNECTION TO YOUR

RECENTLY DEVELOPED DATABASE.OEMIS LOCATED UNDER ,,FOLDER. ...................................................... 80

FIGURE 42:ACLOSE-UP OF THE FIGURE 41. .................................................. 80

FIGURE 43:SELECT THE LAUNCH STANDALONEOPTION. ................................. 81


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FIGURE 44:THE TESTDATABASE WILL BE VISIBLE IN THE TREE HIERARCHY OF OEM

(ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER). ..................................................... 82

FIGURE 45:CONNECTING AS SYSDBATO TESTDATABASE.............................. 82

FIGURE 46:EXPAND THE TABLESPACESITEM IN THE TREE TO SEE THE LIST OF

TABLESPACES WITHIN TESTDATABASE. ............................................... 83

FIGURE 47:ORACLE NET NEEDS TO BE CONFIGURED ON SERVER AS WELL AS ON EACH

CLIENT. ......................................................................................... 87

FIGURE 48:ORACLE INSTANCE KNOWS HOW TO SPEAK WITH ORACLE NET LAYER WHEREAS

ORACLE NET DEALS WITH DIFFERENT NETWORK PROTOCOLS. ................... 88

FIGURE 49:ACCESSING ORACLE NET MANAGER (ONM):JAVA BASED PROGRAM,

COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF OPERATING SYSTEM. .............................. 89

FIGURE 50:EXPANDING LISTENERSSHOWS NO LISTENER PROCESS. ................. 90

FIGURE 51:ORACLE NET MANAGER SHOWING NO SERVICE NAME. ................... 90FIGURE 52:CLICK THE LISTENERAND THEN THE +ICON TO CREATE NEW LISTENER

PROCESS. ....................................................................................... 91

FIGURE 53:ASSIGN THE NAME TO THE LISTENER PROCESS................................. 91

FIGURE 54:ADD ADDRESSOF NEWLY ADDED LISTENER PROCESS TO TREE. ........ 93

FIGURE 55:LISTENERS LOCATION FOR LISTENING REQUESTS. ............................ 94

FIGURE 56:LISTENER PROCESS WILL BEQUEATH THE CONNECTION REQUEST FROM THE

CLIENT TO THE DATABASE ADDED USING THE BUTTON. .. 95

FIGURE 57:ENTER GLOBAL DATABASE NAME,DATABASE HOME DIRECTORY LOCATION

AND FINALLY SID(NAME OF ORACLE INSTANCE). ................................... 96FIGURE 58:SAVE NETWORK CONFIGURATION AND START THE LISTENER. ............. 97

FIGURE 59:IN WINDOWS SERVER 2003ENVIRONMENT,THE LISTENER PROCESS CAN BE

ACTIVATED UNDER THE SERVICESWINDOW. ...................................... 98

FIGURE 60:CLICK THE SERVICE NAMEITEM AND THEN CLICK THE +ICON TO ADD A

NEW SERVICE NAME TO THE TREE. ....................................................... 99

FIGURE 61:NET SERVICE NAME WILL BE THE NICK NAME ON THIS MACHINE FOR THE

ORACLE DATABASE WE WANT TO CONNECT TO.IT CAN BE ANY NAME. ..... 100

FIGURE 62:SELECT THE NETWORK PROTOCOL USED TO COMMUNICATE WITH ORACLE

SERVER FROM THIS CLIENT

. ............................................................. 101FIGURE 63:NET SERVICE NAME IS AN ALIAS GIVEN TO DETAILED LIST OF CONNECTION

PARAMETERS.HOST NAME WILL BE THE NAME OF THE MACHINE ON THE NETWORK

RUNNING ORACLE DATABASE SERVER. .............................................. 102

FIGURE 64:SERVICE NAME WILL BE GLOBAL DATABASE NAME OF ORACLE DATABASE

SERVER.LISTENER PROCESS WILL BE REQUESTED BY CLIENT TO BEQUEATH THE

CONNECTION TO THIS ORACLE DATABASE SERVER. ............................... 103

FIGURE 65:SERVICE NAME &NET SERVICE NAME IS NOT SAME.SERVICE NAME IS THE

GLOBAL DATABASE NAME. ............................................................. 104

FIGURE 66:SAVE NETWORK CONFIGURATION.ORACLE NET MANAGER WILL GENERATE

TNSNAMES.ORA FILE CONTAINING NET SERVICE NAME (ALIAS)RESOLUTION TO

MAKE A ORACLE SERVER CONNECTION. ............................................. 105


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FIGURE 67:ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM)IS A JAVA BASED APPLICATION,

COMPLETELY OPERATING SYSTEM INDEPENDENT. ................................. 109

FIGURE 68:NO NEED TO REMEMBER SQLSTATEMENTS.MOST OF THE TIME RIGHT-CLICK

SOLVES THE PROBLEM AND POPPED UP MENU PROVIDES YOU THE COMMAND YOU

WERE LOOKING FOR. ...................................................................... 110

FIGURE 69:CREATE THE NEW TABLESPACE USING THIS WINDOW. .................... 111

FIGURE 70:STORAGE TAB WILL GIVES YOU THE OPTION TO SELECT LOCALLY MANAGED OR

DICTIONARY MANAGED EXTENTS.YOU CAN ALSO SELECT TO MAKE THE TABLESPACE

EXTEND AUTOMATICALLY IN CASE IT RUNS OUT OF SPACE BY SELECTING

AUTOMATIC ALLOCATION. ........................................................... 112

FIGURE 71:MANAGE DATA FILES USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM).113

FIGURE 72:MANAGE REDO LOG FILES &GROUPS USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER

(OEM). ...................................................................................... 114FIGURE 73:COMPLETE USERS MANAGEMENT USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER

(OEM). ...................................................................................... 115

FIGURE 74:CREATE USERUSER WINDOW WILL POP UP ONCE YOU RIGHT CLICK ANY USER

AND SELECT THE OPTION CREATE AS SHOWN IN THE SLIDE ABOVE.COMPLETE

ORACLE INSTANCE MANAGEMENT USING ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANGER (OEM).

................................................................................................. 116

FIGURE 75:MEMORY TAB GIVES YOU FULL CONTROL OVER ORACLE INSTANCE MEMORY

ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS. ......................................................... 117

FIGURE 76:DATABASE RECOVERY ISSUES CAN BE MANAGED EASILY USING ORACLEENTERPRISE MANAGER (OEM). ...................................................... 118


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MMiinnuuttee11::

Understanding the

OracleEnvironment


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Oracle is such a complex system that without analogies itsvery hard to comprehend and grasp the concept of Oracle

architecture and its working. Also once you understand theconcepts then there is nothing left for cramming.

Oracle System is basically divided into two things namelyOracle Instance and Oracle Database. We have taken theanalogy of a Genie (Ghost/Djin): just like the one you mighthave seen in the movie/story of Aladdin & the Magic Lamp.When Aladdin rubbed the lamp; Genie became available andfulfilled all his commands. Similarly when you double clickOracle icon in your system, Oracle Instance gets alive andwaits for users information/data related commands to fulfill, asit is a magnificent Data Management Genie.

Oracle Instance is something with which users interact in termsof storing and retrieving information. Anything that is goinginto the database or coming out of the database has to bethrough Oracle Instance and to communicate with Oracle

Instance we need to learn Genies language: SQL. It stands forStructured Query Language and pronounced as See-Qual.

The Oracle Database is basically Genies area to writeinformation and to make the changes permanent on the harddisk. The communication between Oracle and user takes placein a fashion that first user has to establish a connection withOracle server or more precisely oracle instance by providing

his/her credentials (Username and password). Once verified,Oracle accepts the connection otherwise the connection requestwill get rejected.


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MMiinnuuttee22::

UnderstandingOracle Instance


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The thing I want you to memorize if you havent memorized ityet, the definition of Oracle Instance i.e. the background

processes and memory architecture constitute the OracleInstance. To better understand these two things I want to giveyou the analogy of the way human brain works. Human brainsworks pretty much the same way Oracle Instance works.

Oracle System Human System

Oracle Instance + OracleDatabase

Human Brain + NoteBooks (Papers etc.)

Oracle Instance iscomposed of backgroundprocesses & memoryarchitecture.

Human brain is composedof background processes &memory architecture.

Sources of input to OracleInstance are connectedusers.

Sources of input to humanbrain are nose, eye, ear etc.

Background processesreceives input fromconnected users and usingthe memory (RAM)architecture produce theoutput.

Background processes(decision, alerts,relationships etc.) receivesinput from five senses andusing the brain memoryproduces the output(decision).

Physically all OracleSystems are alike i.e. datafiles, control file, redo logfiles etc.

Physically all human brainsare alike i.e. twohemispheres.

Its the logical architecturewhich makes one Oraclesystem different from theother.

Its the logical architecturewhich makes one braindifferent than other.


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on. There is a special area inside Shared Pool that deals withSQL and PL/SQL, is called the Library Cache. If one user has

executed the SQL statement that statement will get parsed andcomplied utilizing this area.

The Data Dictionary Cache holds the most recently useddatabase dictionary information. Data Dictionary is basicallythe information about the data inside the database or in otherwords metadata in the form of tables and view about thedatabase.

Database Buffer Cache holds the DB Blocks recently read fromthe data files. Database Buffer Cache has further three sub-caches. One is called KEEP, second one is RECYCLE and thethird one is DEFAULT. In KEEP, DB blocks will be retainedin the RAM and will not get aged out. Oracle Instance willremove stuff placed in RECYCLE from the RAM as soon asthey are not needed. DB Blocks without any assigned attribute(KEEP or RECYCLE) are placed in the DEFAULT buffer

pool.

Within whole Database Buffer Cache, there lie three differenttypes of buffers or in other words three different states ofbuffers. These three states are, Dirty Buffers, Free Buffers andPinned Buffers. Buffers that need to be written to the data filesare marked dirty and hence got the name Dirty Buffers. Oncewritten to the data files they are available to be over-written

and those which never had any data, are called Free Buffers.Buffers that are currently being accessed or those that areexplicitly marked for future use, are called Pinned Buffers e.g.KEEP buffer pool.

Redo Log Buffer Cache holds the information about thechanges that are being made to the database. Large Pool isoptionally required for specific database operation like backup

or restore to avoid contention with rest of the good stuff ofSGA.


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Java Pool is another optional area and can be requested to

provide memory for java objects within Oracle database. TheNon-Shared part of memory is called PGA (Program GlobalArea) and contains the data and control information for a serverprocess. Stack space in the PGA is utilized by server process tohold variables, arrays and other useful information pertainingto connected session.

Understanding Oracle Instances BackgroundProcesses

Oracle background processes have been assigned a specificjob. Each process gets executed under certain circumstances. Ifthose circumstances happen again, the process gets executedagain. Lets look at each of these processes one by one.

DBWn

DBWn or Database Writer process writes the contents of dirtybuffers of Database Buffer Cache to the data files.

LGWR

The Log Writer process writes the Redo Log Buffers from

the Redo Log Cache to the Redo Log files.

ARCn

If we dont want the Redo Log files to be overwritten byLGWR process then we have to run the database inARCHIVELOG mode and we have to enable automatic

archiving by setting LOG_ARCHIVE_START = True.


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Under this mode Archiver process (ARCn) become alive.ARCn process makes sure that the Redo Log files gets archived

to the archived location before it gets overwritten by LGWRprocess. In Oracle 9i, we can have as many as ten Archiverprocesses (ARC0 to ARC9).

CKPT (Checkpoint)

CKPT process updates the header of data files and control file.Its a event that happens automatically and kicks the DBWRprocess to write the dirty buffers to data files.

SMON, PMON

SMON or System Monitor performs instance recovery, ifnecessary on system startup whereas PMON or ProcessMonitor frees up all the resources held by a user processwhenever it fails.

Dnnn or Dispatcher Process(es)

Dnnn or Dispatcher process is only available if you run Oraclesystem in Shared Server mode. Its prime job is to take therequest from the connected user and place it in the in theRequest Queue. Server process when its free picks up therequest form the request queue and put the response back in theResponse Queue after processing the request. Dispatcher

process when its free picks that response from the responsequeue and sends it back to the user who submitted that request.You can have multiple Dnnn processes for single DatabaseInstance.


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Snnn or Shared Server Process(es)

Shared Server processes (Snnn) utilizing the beauty ofDispatcher process and Request and Response Queue to servemore than one user. The number of Shared Server processescan be controlled using two init.ora parameters,SHARED_SERVERS and MAX_SHARED_SERVERS.


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MMiinnuuttee33::

Understanding theWorking of OracleInstance


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37

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Figure 9

Let me givefor you i.e. SServer takessystem runniOracle syste7 concurrenDedicated S

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Oracle 9i Database

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39

MMiinnuuttee44::

UnderstandingOracle Database


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40


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41

Oracle database has a logical architecture as well as physicalarchitecture. When we talk about database objects e.g. tables

we are actually talking about logical architecture and when aretalking about physical files like control file, data files etc., weare actually talking about physical architecture of Oracledatabase.

Physical Architecture

Physical architecture of Oracle Database is comprised of fivedifferent types of files.

Physical Architecture of Oracle DatabasePurpose File Names

Main Oracle Database Files.

Control File

Data Files

Redo Log Files

Oracle Instance reads it at startup. Parameter File (init.ora)

Archiving of Redo Log Files Archived Redo Log Files

Control File:

Every database has one control file and it basically contains theinformation regarding the structure of database. OracleInstance reads control file at the time of startup to find outdatabase name, location of data files and redo log files.

Data Files:

Data files are the files where the actual databases data resides.Oracle database can have one or more data files. The size ofeach data file is limited to OS (operating system) maximum filesize. But the size of the Oracle Database can be whatever youlike. There is no limit on the maximum size of the database. Ifyou are running out of space you can always add more datafiles to the database.


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Fi

Redo Log Fil

Redo Loghappening inmore redo lolog files getInstance finioverwriting tThe way we

the Oracle Inin this mod

Oracle 9i Database

ure 10: Physical

es & Archive

iles are thedata. Everyfiles. Each s

utilized inhes writinge first one.

an protect ov

stance in Arc then redo

Administration in

Architecture: Or

Redo Log Fil

files that mOracle Databt is called red circular fashe last redo

rwriting of R

ive Log Modog files will

10 Minutes

cle Database

es:

intains these has set o

o log file grouion i.e. whenog file then

do Log files

. If Oracle isget archived

42

changestwo or

p. RedoOracle

it starts

s to run

runningto the


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43

destination you specify in the parameter file before gettingoverwritten.

Parameter File (PFILE):

Parameter file contains the name of the database, location ofcontrol file, memory structure of Oracle Instance and certainother necessary Oracle system configuration parameters.PFILE is read by Oracle Instance while starting up the databaseor even before that i.e. when the Instance creates itself.

Logical Architecture

Logically the data inside the database resides inside thetablespaces. Each tablespace is comprised of segments. OracleInstance allocates a segment each time you create a object(table, view etc) inside the database. Each segment iscomposed of Extents and What are Extents? Each extent is agroup of contiguous DB Blocks. Now what are DB Blocks? ADB Block is the smallest building block of the database and isusually the even multiple of OS Block e.g. DB Block can be (2* OS Block) but not (1.37 * OS Block). The size of the DBBlock can be specified using DB_BLOCK_SIZE init.oraparameter. You can assign values like 2KB (2 Kilo Byes) andif the OS permits you can have 4KB, 8KB etc.


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L

F

Oracle 9i Database

gical Archite

igure 11: Oracle

Administration in

cture of Oraclablespace

Segments

Extents

B Blocks

database logical

10 Minutes

Database

rchitecture.

44


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Figu

Figure 12 shand physicalthe same buttalk about itsabout its tablTablespacesinside theseonly one da

maximum siOperating Syanother datasize of tablessize.

e 12: Physical &

ws the sidearchitectureyou can loo

files (data filspaces, segm

re like smallablespaces rea file associ

e of the tastem maximufile to the ta

pace is not li

logical architect

y side relatiof Oracle dataat it throughes, control filnts (objects)

departmentalsides in the dted with the

lespace cannfiles size. B

lespace. In thited to the O

re relationship.

ship betweease. The dattwo angles.etc.) or you

tc.

level databasata a file. If

tablespace t

t be more tt you can al

is way the mmarked limi

45

logicalbase isou can

can talk

s. Datathere isen the

an theays addximumon file


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Figure 14: One

object (e.g. tablin o

) can be in two one tablespace.

r more data files

47

but only


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How Orac

Every databaredo log grocalled memb

Within oneof each otherdifferent phfactor. Haviwithin a grWhatever dawritten to th

Oracle 9i Database

e Instance

se should havp should havrs.

Figure 15:

edo log grouand its recosical hard drig mirror copup is calleda changes areRedo Log fi

Administration in

ses Redo

two or moreat least two

edo log files in

, all redo logmend that theves to increaies of the orMultiplexing

happening ines. In other

10 Minutes

og Files?

redo log grour more redo

ction.

iles are mirroy all should re the fault tginal Redoof Redo Lothe database,ords you can

48

s. Eachog files

r copiesside onleranceog fileg files.all getssay its


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49

the Undo copy of the original database. As shown in Figure15, Oracle Instance (or more precisely, the Log Writer process)

will start writing these changes in data from Redo Log group 1,once it gets filled up, Oracle instance will move to group 2 andfinally group 3. Once group 3 finishes up, Oracle instance willstart all over gain from group 1. Thats the reason we say thatRedo Log files get utilized in a circular fashion.

To avoid overwriting of Redo Log files, you should run theOracle Instance in Archive Log Mode. Whenever Oracle isrunning in this mode, redo log files gets archived well beforethey get overwritten.


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50


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51

MMiinnuuttee55::

Oracle 9i Software

Installation


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52


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You can doworacle websit

you downloaunzip those dsetup.exe file(OUI).

Step 1:

Once you ruwill see theNext button

Figure 16: Thfiles that needswrite the Orac

nload complete (www.oracl

the Oracle sownload fileswhich will st

the setup.eollowing winnce done.

first text box wto be installed.le Home name ahere you want O

e Oracle soft.com) for lear

ftware then ymost probablrt the Oracle

e file OUI wdow with de

ll ask you the lohe second is thed the third one iacle software to

are for free frning purpose.

u would needbefore runniniversal Inst

ll start and tult values. C

ation of Oracle same text box w

the destination lbe installed.

53

mOnce

tog theller

en youlick the

oftwarehere youocation


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Step 2:

Select the fiselected Orac

Figure 17: Secoto create the

which will inst

Oracle 9i Database

st option ofle9i Database

nd option is for iatabase. The thi

ll Oracle Managand

Administration in

racle 9i Datoption then cl

nstalling a clientd optional is bas

ment Server andntegration too.

10 Minutes

base. Once yck Next but

and would lack tically an add-on

other related ma

54

u haveon.

e abilityeature

agement


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Step 4:

Select the oSoftware Oprocess willOracle Soft

Figure 19: If(OUI) will no

purpose databaOUI

Oracle 9i Database

tion of Sofly option anstart and upoare has been

e select Generonly install thee too by default.and then later le

Administration in

ware Only.click Nextsuccessful c

nstalled succ

l Purpose thenoftware but willBut we want to irn how to devel

10 Minutes

Once you sebutton the insmpletion it

ssfully.

racle Universalcreate a standardnstall software op the database.

56

lect theallationill say,

nstallergenerally using


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57

MMiinnuuttee66::

Oracle 9i Database

Design UsingDBCA


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58


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Before eveAssistant) w

variables. Owhere Oracenvironment

Step 1:

Lets supposC:\> SET O

Figure 20: B

Whereas in

% setenv ORORACLE_H

ORACLE_BAccording tenvironment

we starte have to s

ACLE_BASe softwaree can set it u

the DOS pro

ACLE_BAS

fore using DBC

nix we write t

CLE_BASE

ME specifi

SE and itsOFA (Opvariable

DBCA (Daet some of

describes twill be inssing the SET

pt is C:\>.

C:\Oracle

we have to setvariables.

he command

/Oracle

s the direct

ere where Oimal Flexiblshould

abase Confihe OS envi

e top most dalled. Inommand.

ertain OS envir

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acle products Architecturto set

59

urationonment

irectoryindows

nment

.

beneath

reside.), thisto


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60

ORACLE_BASE/product/release#. Lets suppose the DOSprompt is C:\>.

C:\> SET ORACLE_HOME C:\Oracle\database\9_2

Whereas in Unix we write the command as shown below.

% setenv ORACLE_HOME /Oracle/product/9_2

ORACLE_SID is the instance name or rather default instancename on the machine having Oracle installed. Lets suppose

the DOS prompt is C:\>.

C:\> SET ORACLE_SID test

Whereas in Unix we write the command as shown below.

% setenv ORACLE_SID test

PATH is the environment variable and its usually set toORACLE_HOME/bin folder. The bin folder contains all thetools that shipped with Oracle.


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61

Step 2:

After setting the above mentioned parameters the next stepwould be to run DBCA. DBCA can be invoked from theWindows operating system start menu as shown below or byentering the following Unix command.

dbca

Figure 21: In windows operating system click: , ,, and finally .


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Step 3:

Click the button.

t window of DBbrief description

Administration in

A is basically aon the purpose o

10 Minutes

elcome messaf this tool.

62

e with a


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Step 4:

Using DBCexisting datmanage tempselected and

Figure 23: DBdatabase i.e. c

you can creabase, deletelates. Make shen click Ne

A can assist DBnfiguring datab

and m

e a new databan already ere that Creatt button.

with 3 other tase options in a danage templates.

ase, configurexisting databa Database

ks besides creatitabase, delete a

63

alreadyse andption is

ng a newatabase


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Step 5:

DBCA hasusing Genethat Generalbutton.

Figure 24: Etemplate

Oracle 9i Database

ertain built-ial Purpose dPurpose opti

ch template hashas settings goo

Administration in

templates.atabase templon is selected

predefined settinfor Analytical P

10 Minutes

ver here wete option. Mand then clic

s e.g. Data Warrocessing purpos

64

will beke sureNext

housees.


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Step 6:

Decide onIdentifier (SIcase we haName and tethen click the

Figure 25

Global Data) will be thee entered tet will comeNext butto

: You can assign

ase Namename of thet.takveen asp automatical.

any name to Glo

& Domain.racle Instancthe Globaly as SID. On

al Database Na

65

System. In ouratabasece done

e.


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Step 7:

Decide on tOracle InstaMode.

Figure 26: Thirun our Orac

Oracle 9i Database

e mode ofce either in

s window is meale Server in ded

Administration in

peration of iedicated Ser

t for make a deccated server mo

mode.

10 Minutes

stance. Wever or Share

ision whether wee or the shared

66

an runServer

want toserver


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Step 8:

Decide on SHere you cmemory arcyour needs.that the stuff

Figure 27: Cus

A sizing. Usn either useitecture of Once done cl

in there is acc

tom option willt

e either Typi the defaultacle or chanck the Archirding to your

llow you to selecyou needs.

al or Customvalues provie them acco

ve tab to mrequirement.

t the SGA size a

67

option.ed fording toke sure

cording


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Step 9:

Archive Logfiles will beDB Sizingto your reqdefault value

Figure 28: This

Oracle 9i Database

Mode: if youarchived befoab to make suirement. All.

window will alloof

Administration in

select this optie overwrittenre that the stuthese tabs wi

w you to set upedo log files.

10 Minutes

on then the R. Once donef in there is all already be

racle Server for

68

do Loglick thecordinghaving

archiving


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Step 10:

Parameter Fitab. All thescreen are acabout it.

Figure 29: T

e and Traceefault locatiocording to sta

is tab will be haOrac

iles locationsns and file ndards. So yo

ing the informate physical files.

can be set usmes specifiedont have t

on about locatio

69

ing thisin thiso worry

of all


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Step 11:

Make sure tvalues youLocation Varof theseORALCE_HOK button a

Figure 30:

Oracle 9i Database

he OS envirset before stiables button

four varME, DB_N

d you will be

These four para

Administration in

nment variarting DBCA.to see and toables viz.,ME and SID.ack to the pr

eters are presen

10 Minutes

les reflect t Click on tmake sure th

ORACLE Once donevious windo

in init(SID).ora

70

e samee Filevalues

BASE,lick the.

file.


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Step 12:

To see the coAll Initializwill be havinthose you habe a compldeselect anyclick Closewindow and

Figure 31: Tparamete

mplete list oftion Parametg complete lise selected antely editableof the paramebutton and ithen click the

is window provis. Oracle Instanc

nitialization prs button. Tt of all the inithose you hwindow i.e.

ters and edit twill take you

Next button.

des the completee reads the file at

arameters clice popped upialization parvent select. Iyou can sel

he values. Onback to the

list of init(SID).the time of start

71

on theindowmeters,t wouldect andce donerevious

ra fileup.


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Oracle 9i Database

Figure 32:

Administration in

close-up of figu

10 Minutes

re 31.

72


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Step 13:

If you click tpane you wilwith their loc

Figure 33: Eacwindow you c

b

he Control filsee all the mation. Once d

Oracle databasn set-up your coon different dri

item on theultiplexed conne click the

requires one Cotrol file locationes for greater fa

left pane, on ttrol files namptions tab.

trol file and thr(s). Mirror copielt tolerance.

73

he rights along

ugh thiss should


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Step 14:

The optionslog groups adatabase coDatafiles it

Figure 34: S

Figure 35: Clic

Oracle 9i Database

ab defines thd log membld ever possm on the righ

t the maximum

king Datafiles

Administration in

maximum lirs in each reblely has. Opane.

umber of datafil

ill change the ridatafiles.

10 Minutes

it on data filo log groupnce done th

es, redo log grou

ht pane view to

74

es, redohat thisn click

s etc.

show all


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Step 15:

Once you cliwill show alalong with th

Figure 36: Clicview to show

ck the Datal the data fileir location in

king 1 under Rll the member olog group shoul

iles in the ries your databthe system.

do Log Groupsthat particular r

have at least on

ht pane, the lase is compr

ill change the rido log group. Emember.

75

ft panesed off

ght panech redo


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Step 16:

Click the redwill change.of each othelocation whinformationviewing theNext.

Figure 37: Eith

Oracle 9i Database

o log group ithin a Red. You can are you wantbout redo loinformation

er you can chanor go what is d

Administration in

and informLog Group ad more memto place the

group 2 andegarding red

e the default fileefault using this

10 Minutes

tion in the rill members arers and specm. Click 2similarly for

log group

size for redo logindow.

76

ht panee imagefy theirto see

3. After, click

member


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Step 17:

Configuratioclone datababased on thejust save theboth. Oncewindow.

Figure 38: You

values youse developm configuratioconfigurationone click F

can also save theclone dat

ntered in DBnt. You cansettings you

settings as a tnish button

settings for yourabase developme

CA can be screate theprovided ormplate or yoand it take y

database in a tent.

77

ved foratabaseou cancan do

ou next

plate for


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Step 18:

One shouldSYSTEM aclocked. Afteyou will bedatabase crea

Figure 39: It

Oracle 9i Database

change thecounts. Make changing thack on the ption process

better to changelicking the button.

78

S andis notton andand the

oint by


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Figure 40: Chcheck

nge the passwormark in the corr

d and make suresponding Lock

he account is noAccount? field.

79

have a


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80

Step 19:

Once you see the message, database has been createdsuccessfully. Open up OEM (Oracle Enterprise Manager) asshown in the figure below.

Figure 41: Use Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) to test connection to yourrecently developed database. OEM is located under , , folder.

Figure 42: A close-up of the figure 41.


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Once youwindow will

standalone oServer. Oracwe haventstandalone.

Fi

The next popOEM. Fromrunning all o

one database

lick Enterprpopup asking

you want te Managemeinstalled itClick Ok.

ure 43: Select th

ped up windohere you caver the world

i.e. TEST.

ise Manageryou whether

login to thet Server is ao we will

e Launch stand

w will be thecontrol all t

. Right now i

Console, fou want to r

Oracle Man add-on proe running

lone option.

main controle databases

ts showing y

81

llowingn OEM

gementuct andEM as

anel ofyou areou only


82/138

Figure 44: T

TEST is theyou click onappear askin

There is noSYSDBA frOK button.

Figu

Oracle 9i Database

e TEST databOEM (Oracl

atabase thatTEST item ing you for cr

eed to specifm Connect

e 45: Connectin

Administration in

se will be visiblee Enterprise Man

e have develthe tree, the fedentials i.e.

the login ans drop down

as SYSDBA to

10 Minutes

in the tree hieraager).

oped using Dllowing winlogin and p

password juoption box a

TEST database

82

chy of

CA. Ifow willssword.

t selectd click


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83

Now you would be able to expand the tree under TESTdatabase. If you click Tablespaces under Storage item, you

would be able to see the list of all the tablespaces andcorresponding data files that DBCA has developed for you. Letme give you a closer look to this window in the followingpicture. We will learn in depth about OEM and other good stufflater in this book.

Figure 46: Expand the Tablespaces item in the tree to see the list oftablespaces within TEST database.


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84


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85

MMiinnuuttee77::

Enabling OtherComputers to

Access OracleDatabase Server


86/138


86


87/138

The purposenvironment

even world cmachine. Estyou have toand client sid

Figure 47: Or

Oracle Netinstallation ohave to selUniversal Inlistener.ora fdevelopmentOracle Net

process, it lithe listener

of makingwhere users

an access theablishing ano is to config

e.

cle Net needs to

gets installef Oracle Serct the optiotaller. Thele on the serof listener.oror the server.

tens to the usprocess is t

Oracle netrom all over

database as iracle networure Oracle Ne

e configured onclient.

on the seer software b of client iay it worksver then wefile is actuallOnce we ha

ers connectio bequeath t

ork is tohe city or co

its residingk is very simt layer on bot

server as well as

ver at thet for each clstallation in

s first we crtart the listethe configure started the

requests. The connection

87

ave anntry or

on theirple. Allserver

on each

ime ofient weOracleate theer. Theation oflistener

job ofto the


88/138

dispatcher inserver mode

running undeOn the clienCreating tnsOracle Netcontains theconnect to O

Figure 48: Owherea

Oracle 9i Database

case the Orr to the dedic

dedicated m

t side, we haames.ora filn the client

resolution ofacle server.

racle Instance kns Oracle Net deal

Administration in

cle server isated server pr

de.

ve to createis actually

side. tnsnamservice nam

ows how to speas with different n

10 Minutes

unning undecess in case

he tnsnames.the configurs.ora is not that we wil

with Oracle Neetwork protocols

88

sharedracle is

ra file.tion ofing butl use to

layer.


89/138

Figure 49: Ac

Creating

Step 1:

The next stethis single

tnsnames.oranetmgr comthe same soPrograms >

cessing Oracle Nompletely indep

istener

would be totool we c

files. ONM cand under

tware can beracle.

et Manager (ONndent of Operati

start the Oran create b

n be accesseRACLE_HOfound in wi

): Java based png System.

le Net Mangth listener.o

under Unix uE/bin direct

dow under S

89

ogram,

r. Withra and

sing thery and

tart>All


90/138

Figure 5

Figure

Oracle 9i Database

0: Expanding L

51: Oracle Net

Administration in

isteners shows

anager showing

10 Minutes

o listener proces

o Service Name

90

s.

.


91/138

Once you exin the tree, y

moreover the

Figure 52: Clic

Fig

and the thing. There

es.ora file.

nd then the + iprocess.

e name to the lis

nd itemsrunning

listener


92/138


92

Select the Listener item from the tree in ONM and then clickthe + sign shown in the slide to create the listener. In the

popped up window write the Listener Name. If you use thedefault name of the listener than the Oracle Instance registersitself with the listener dynamically and its called dynamicservice registration. Thats why we are sticking with the defaultname of the listener i.e. LISTENER. Not only listener namehas to be default but we have to use default protocol i.e.TCP/IP and default port i.e. 1521 or 1520 if we want to go withdynamic service registration.


93/138

Step 2:

After selectithe OK buttAddresses. Sbutton on thOracle addsmachine runname resolutTCP/IP) and

Figure 54:

g listener nan. Once thelect the listenright pane othe defaulting Oracle Son service liort (i.e. 1521

Add Address

e as LISTENListener getser name and cONM. Oncealues for Herver or its Ie DNS is av.

f newly added li

ER you havecreated thenlick Add Adyou click thist (i.e. nameP address inilable), Proto

tener process to

93

to clickadd theressesbuttonof the

case nocol (i.e.

ree.


94/138

Fig

Oracle 9i Database

re 55: Listener

Administration in

location for liste

10 Minutes

ning requests.

94


95/138

Step 3:

After you hdrop down mthe option D

Figure 56: Lisclient to

ve finalizedenu from theatabase Servi

ener process willhe database add

ost, Protocotop as showne.

bequeath the cod using the butt

95

lect thed select

rom then.


96/138

After selecticlick the A

(Oracle Net

Figure 57: Ente

Now provideour case it iOracle Homcase. The in

should be eOnce done dwhen you sa

Oracle 9i Database

g Databased Database

ork Manger).

Global Databas

and finally SID

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actly the sanot forget te, ONM creat

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erives frombutton on th

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ame i.e. Glo Moreover prd the name o provide in t

e when yousave the cones or updates t

10 Minutes

the drop do right pane o

Home Director

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al Databaseovide the locf SID i.e. tesese three te

created the dfiguration as ihe listener.or

96

n menuf ONM

location

ame. Intion ofin our

t boxes

atabase.ts onlyfile.


97/138

Figure

Step 4:

Next thing isstarted usingenvironment.clicking

Start>SettingAnd then sepressing the

8: Save network

to start the llsnrctl utilityYou can als

s>Control Pan

ecting the liplay on the t

configuration an

stener. The liboth in Wind run in win

el>Services

tener serviceol bar of serv

start the Listen

stener processows Server aows environ

for Oracle aices console.

97

r.

can bed Unixent by

d then


98/138


98

Figure 59: In Windows Server 2003 environment, the listener process can

be activated under the Services window.

C:\>lsnrctl start

This command will start the listener whereas if you replacestart with stop you can stop the listener. To check thestatus of the listener use the following command.

C:\>lsnrctl status


99/138

Configuri

Step 1:

Since now wlistener procService Namshort & easythat helps clService Na

click the +

Figure 60: Clic

g Oracle N

e have createss. Next thion this machto rememberent applicatioing item in t

sign to add th

the Service Naa new ser

t on client-

the listener.og we will doine. Net Serviname for a l

ns to connecthe tree on the

Net Service

me item and theice name to the t

side

ra file and st is to createe Name is bang set of par

to server. Seleft pane of O

ame.

n click the + icree.

99

rted thethe Netically aameterslect theM and

on to add


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Figure 61: etOracle

In the poppasim. Nomeans on thi

Oracle 9i Database

Service Name widatabase we wan

d up windo we are goinmachine by

Administration in

ll be the nick nato connect to. It

write theg to definelicking Next

10 Minutes

e on this machican be any name

et Servicehat the wordbutton.

100

e for the.

ame asasim


101/138

Step 2:

Select protocdown the hosother words t

Figure 62: Sel

ol as TCP/IPt name of thee listeners

ect the networkServe

nd click Neachine runniachine name.

rotocol used to cfrom this client.

t button. Thg Oracle Ser

ommunicate wit

101

n writeer or in

Oracle


102/138

Figure 63: Netparameters.

Remember t

the listenerdispatcher inin a dedicatbequeathed ttakes place bwithout any lon which lisHost and clic

Oracle 9i Database

Service Name isost Name will b

running Or

at client appli

and listenera shared servd server moo the Oracleetween Oraclistener procesener is listenNext.

Administration in

an alias given tothe name of the

acle Database Se

cations send a

bequeath thr mode or dee. After theInstance the Instance an

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10 Minutes

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106

cow) although both Net Service Names will resolves to thesame Oracle database (e.g. test.takveen).

You can connect to or manage multiple databases using OEMremotely. All you need to do is to create the Net Service Namefor each of the databases you want to manage.


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MMiinnuuttee88::

Oracle EnterpriseManager A SQL-Less DatabaseManagement

Environment


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Figure 76: Da

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119

underneath it. If you check the box Archive Log Mode thenthe Archiver process will get alive and will start archiving

your redo log files. You can also specify Archive LogDestination in the same Recovery tab at the bottom.


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MMiinnuuttee99::

Oracle DatabaseBackup &

Recovery SimpleTechnique


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User-Managed Offline Backup

The other names given to this kind of backup areClosed/Cold/Consistent Database backup. No recovery isneeded in this kind of backup during the restore process.

Step 1:

Shut down the database

Connect to database as SYSDBA and then use theSHUTDOWN statement with NORMAL, IMMEDIATE orTRANSACTIONAL clause.

C:\> sqlplus /nolog

SQL>connect / as sysdba

SQL> SHUTDOWN NORMAL;

Remember that if there is any single user connected with thedatabase and you have used the NORMAL clause with theSHUTDOWN statement then database will never shutdownunless the user closes the session.

Step 2:

Backup all the data files

Once the database gets completely shutdown backup all thedata files associated with the database at the operating systemlevel or in other worlds using operating system commands e.g.copy in Windows and cp in case of Unix.


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Step 3:

Backup Parameter File, Redo Log Files and Archived RedoLog Files

Backup all these files too using operating system command.Its highly recommended and provides greater fault tolerance incase of database failures.

Step 4:

Startup Oracle Database with MOUNT option

Start the oracle instance and mount the database but dontopen.

C:\>sqlplus /nolog


SQL>startup mount;

Step 5:

Backup the Control File

Control file can be backed up using the following statement

and at the desired location.

ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO c:\staging\ctl.bak;

The backup created in this fashion will be the binary copy ofthe control file. We can also take the backup of control file,which will be in text format in the following manner.

ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE;


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As a result of this statement the text version of control file willget copied to the location/folder specified in

USER_DUMP_DEST init.ora parameter.

Step 6:

Open the database

Now you have full database backup or in other words WholeDatabase Backup. Its time to make the database available tothe users you executing the following statement.

ALTER DATABASE OPEN;

This completes our User-Managed Offline/Cold DatabaseBackup. Lets see now how we can perform User-ManagedOnline/Hot Database Backup.

User-Managed Complete Recovery is done in two different

ways and it all depends on the mode in which you are runningthe Oracle server. You can run Oracle server either inARCHIVELOG mode or NOARCHIVELOG mode. The waywe do the recovery in NOARCHIVELOG mode is differentfrom the way we do recovery in ARCHIVELOG mode. Letshave a look on each procedure as follows.


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User-Managed Complete Recovery in

NOARCHIVELOG Mode

In NOARCHIVELOG mode the recovery is very simple. Allyou have to do is to restore the database files from your backupto the original location and start the database.

Lets suppose one of your data file got corrupted. The time tryto start the Oracle Instance, it will give you an error. In thiscase shutdown the database. Restore all the data files; redo log

files and control file back to their original location from yourlast whole/complete cold backup.

Then start the Oracle database again by first running SQL andthen connecting as SYSDBA. This time you will not get anyerror.

User-Managed Complete Recovery inARCHIVELOG Mode

Lets suppose one of your data file got corrupted/deleted. Thetime you try to start the Oracle Instance, it will give you anerror with the name and location of the data files. If the Oracleserver is up and running and you dont want to shut it downthen follow the following steps.

Step 1:

Take the corrupted data file offline

Use the following SQL statement to take the corrupted/deleteddata file offline.

ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE c:\oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbfOFFLINE;


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Step 2:

Restore the corrupted data file

Restore the corrupted data file by copy it from the backed uplocation and pasting it to the original location at the operatingsystem level or in other words using operating systemscommands like copy in windows or cp in Unix/Linux.

Step 3:

Recover Data File

Recover the restored data file using the RECOVERDATAFILE statement. Then apply all the available Redo Logfiles by pressing Enter button on the keyboard wheneverasked.

C:\> sqlplus /nolog


SQL>recover datafile c:\oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbf

This will complete the recovery process and you will realizethat no data will get lost i.e. everything that you entered orchanged after the last whole database backup will get

recovered by Oracle by applying all the redo log files.


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Difference between Recovery in ARCHIVELOG

mode & NOARCHIVELOG mode

In NOARCHIVELOG mode, the transactions that gotprocessed after the last complete backup, will get lost where asin ARCHIVELOG mode no data will get lost i.e. everythingthat you entered or changed after the last whole databasebackup will get recovered by Oracle by applying all the redolog files including the ones got archived by the Archiverprocess.


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MMiinnuuttee1100::

OraclePerformance

Tuning


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Oracle Performance Tuning, the topic is not that scary as itsounds. Actually its very simple if you understand the

performance tuning concept the bigger picture or in otherwords birds eye view.

Performance tuning is nothing but the collection of statisticsregarding the current status of the system and then changesystem values based on the statistics to enhance theperformance. In other words performance tuning is

Collection of system statistics Changing system based on the statistics

Now we have to look into what are different sources that canprovide us the information regarding the current health of thesystem. Although there are a lot of sources. The simplesources, which can provide us the Oracle system information,are alert log file, trace files, dynamic performance view, datadictionary views etc. Lets start learning about each of thesesources one by one.

Alert Log File

The location of Alert log file is described byBACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST initialization parameter. ForOracle systems that follow OFA (Oracle Flexible Architecture)or in other words standard directory architecture of Oraclefiles, the location of Alter Log file will be as follows.

In Windows Server 2003/NT/XP,%ORACLE_BASE%\admin\SID\bdump whereas in Unix itwould be $ORACLE_BASE/admin/SID/bdump. Where SID isthe name of the Oracle Instance. You might have noticed thatin Unix environment we use forward slash (/) whereas inWindows we user backward slash (\).


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Oracle writes all the error messages and other alerts to this filewhenever that message occurs during it normal operations.

Background Process, Event & User Trace Files

Oracle trace files contain information pertaining to certainevent that happens in the regular operation of Oracle. Thelocation of these trace files is described byBACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST initialization parameter. For

Oracle systems that follow OFA (Oracle Flexible Architecture)or in other words standard directory architecture of Oraclefiles, the location of these trace files will be as follows.

In Windows Server 2003/NT/XP,%ORACLE_BASE%\admin\SID\bdump whereas in Unix itwould be $ORACLE_BASE/admin/SID/bdump. Where SID isthe name of the Oracle Instance.

All trace files have file extension of .trc no matter whether it isBackground process, Event or User trace file. In Windowsenvironment, the background processes will generate thefollowing files.

Process Monitor (PMON): sidPMON.trcSystem Monitor (SMON): sidSMON.trcDatabase Writer (DBW0): sidDBW0.trcArchive Process (ARC0): sidARC0.trcLog Writer (LGWR): sidLGWR.tc

If we have two Database Writer processes (DBW0, DBW1)then you may see one more trace file sidDBW1.trc besidessidDBWR0.trc, this applies to Archiver Process too. Similarlyfor Checkpoint Process (CKPT) it is sidCKPT.trc whereas in

Unix environment the trace files pertaining to each of theseprocesses would include the name of that process in the file


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names e.g. for PMON the trace file name would bePMON_nnnn.trc etc.

Remember that user trace file will get generated when there isan error in users server process which contains the detailsregarding that error. We can limit the size of User trace file byspecifying the MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE init.ora parametere.g. specifying the value of this parameter as follows in init.orafile will the user trace file size to 20MB.

MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE=20M

Dynamic Performance Views (V$) & Data

Dictionary Views

Dynamic Performance Views or in other words all the viewsthat start with V$ and Data Dictionary View are views created

on Oracle base tables. These tables are Oracle Internal tablesand are utilized by Oracle. They reside in the SYSTEMtablespace and if you remember SYS is the owner of thesetables as these tables get created when we logged in to Oracleas SYS and we ran two scripts which resulted in these Oraclebase tables and views.

Dynamic Performance Views as the name says are dynamic innature i.e. data inside these tables keeps changing and itdepends on the current state of Oracle system. Some of thevery important Dynamic Performance Views along with thebrief description of the stuff they contain are provided below.

V$SGASTAT

Contains information about the size of SGA (System GlobalArea) and each of its major components.

V$SESSTAT


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Contains the statistics information regarding the each

connected session or in other words connected user.

V$SESSION

Contains the current connection information of each session orin other words each connected user.

Whereas Data Dictionary Views are static in nature and thevalues inside these tables change only when you change thestructure of the database. Some of the very important DataDictionary Views along with the brief description of the stuffthey contain are provided below.

DBA_TABLES

Contains information about the tables within the database, theirrow and block information.

DBA_DATA_FILES

Contains the information about all the data files within thedatabase, their names, size etc.


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IINNDDEEXX

110g 1131521 93

AAlert log 131All Initialization Parameters 71ARC0 132Archive Log Destination 119Archive Log Mode 68Archived Redo Log Files 41, 44Archived Redo Log Files: 42ARCHIVELOG 118, 128Archiver 119Archiver Process 35ARCn 29, 35asim 100

Bbackground processes 25Background processes 25BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST

131, 132

CCKPT 30, 132

clone database development 77Configuration 116Control File 41

DData Dictionary Cache 28data dictionary views 131Data Dictionary Views 134Data Files 41Data Management Genie 19Database Buffer Cache 27, 28Database Configuration Assistant

59Database Service 95Datafiles 74DB Blocks 43

DB Sizing 68DB_BLOCK_SIZE 43DB_NAME 70DBA_DATA_FILES 134DBA_TABLES 134dbca 61DBCA 59DBW1 132DBWn 29Dedicated Server 66dedicated server mode 36

Dedicated Server mode 35DEFAULT 28Dirty Buffers 28Dispatcher 37dispatcher process 37Dispatcher process 30, 35, 37Dnnn 30dynamic service registration 92

EEnterprise Edition 55

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