OORZAAK- EN GEVOLGDIAGRAMMEN (CIV04) OPSLAGTANKS ...

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Centrum

Industriële Veiligheid 3

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Het docum

ent Brandveiligheid Opslagtanks - O

orzaak- en Gevolgdiagram

men is de derde uit een reeks

van drie publicaties van het Centrum Industriële Veiligheid over opslagtanks. D

oel van deze documen-

ten is een handreiking te bieden voor het verbeteren van de brandveiligheid bij atmosferische opslag-

tanks. Na recente grote en kleinere incidenten is de aandacht hiervoor verscherpt. A

angezien verhoging van de kw

aliteit van brandveiligheid niet zozeer gebaat is bij meer en strengere norm

ering maar m

et vergroten van het inzicht in de m

echanismen van brandveiligheid bij tankopslagbedrijven, adviesbu-

reaus en overheden, zijn hiervoor deze specifieke documenten ontw

ikkeld. Deze docum

enten vormen

een auditmethode voor de volledige analyse van brandveiligheid bij een opslagtank (CIV

03), een ondersteunende docum

ent met achtergrondkennis en verbeteropties (CIV

02) en deze complete set van

incidentscenario’s (CIV 04). D

e documenten vertegenw

oordigen niet per definitie de actuele mening van

de Regionale Brandweer Rotterdam

Rijnmond van de Veiligheidsregio Rotterdam

Rijnmond en vervan-

gen niet bestaande normeringen.

Dit docum

ent is ontwikkeld door het gespecialiseerde Britse bureau Resource Protection International Ltd en

kent een uitgebreide consultatie van diverse Nederlandse specialisten op het gebied van arbeid-, m

ilieu-, brand- of openbare veiligheid en deskundigen op het gebied van bestrijding van tankincidenten.H

et Centrum Industriële Veiligheid is onderdeel van de Veiligheidsregio Rotterdam

Rijnmond en heeft

als doelstelling gemeentelijke en regionale overheden op een duurzam

e wijze te ondersteunen in het

domein industriële Veiligheid. H

et Centrum Industriële Veiligheid is bereikbaar voor aanvullende

ondersteuning bij gebruikt van dit document en geeft onder andere w

orkshops en (persoonlijke) opleidingen op het gebied van brandveiligheid.

Meer inform

atie is tevens te vinden op ww

w.centrum

-iv.nl

VO

OR

WO

OR

D

Centrum

Industriële Veiligheid 5

CO

LOFO

N

Niets u

it deze u

itgave m

ag w

ord

en verveelvo

ud

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geslag

en in

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estand

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en

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wijze, h

etzij elektron

isch, m

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isch, in

foto

kop

ie of an

derszin

s, zon

der vo

orafg

aand

schriftelijke to

estemm

ing

van

de u

itgever.

Deze p

ub

licatie is gem

aakt in o

pd

racht van

: Veilig

heid

sregio

Ro

tterdam

Rijn

mo

nd

(w

ww

.vr-rr.nl)

Vo

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: Trichis vo

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Dit d

ocu

men

t is uitg

egeven

do

or h

et Cen

trum

Ind

ustriële V

eiligh

eid (C

IV). H

et CIV

verzorg

t in h

eel Ned

erland

on

dersteu

nin

g b

ij b

rand

weerg

erelateerde o

nd

erwerp

en ro

nd

om

ind

ustriële veilig

heid

. Het C

IV is o

nd

ergeb

racht b

ij Bran

dw

eerdistrict H

aven w

elke deel

uitm

aakt van d

e Veilig

heid

sregio

Ro

tterdam

-Rijn

mo

nd

.H

et CIV

is op

geen

enkele w

ijze aansp

rakelijk voo

r het g

ebru

ik of d

e (nad

elige) g

evolg

en van

de to

epassin

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form

atie in d

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ocu

men

t.’

Centrum industriële Veiligheid 6


KEY TO ‘BOW TIE DIAGRAMS’

*

SCENARIO

LOCE.G. OVERFILLLevel alarm failure

LOSS OF CONTAINMENTE.G. SPILL ON ROOF

IGNITION SOURCE

BARRIER / CONTROLOR EVENTDetectionFoam System etc..

OUTCOME 1

IGNITION SOURCEE.G. LIGHTNINGDirect Strike Induced

BARRIER/CONTROL OR EVENT E.G ESCALATION OUTCOME 2B

INITIATINGFIRE EVENTDaily breathing cyclePV Vent failure

“Bow-Tie Diagrams” are provided for tank fire scenarios listed in the Te 4.5 and 4.6 to develop the fire scenario concerned. The left hand side of the “bow tie” may be made up of a number of initiating fire events, loss of containment modes and ignition sources depending upon the tank type, scenario and expected threats. The right hand side will comprise one or more intermediate events (e.g fire response options, threats or escalation events) leading to one or moreeventual outcomes. An outcome may be extinguishment of the tank fire, or a new fire scenario resulting from the previous escalation event(s).

The fire scenario (shows as the “knot” of the bow tie) will generally ar means of an AND gate (i.e. both must occur for the tank fire to manifest i Overfill OR m

In all cases, modes and events are grouped together, denoted by a ‘box’, under which examples are given. Those which appear in red type are generally failures or actions which could result in loss of containment, ignition or escalation (i.e. threats). Examples appearing in green type are generally “barriers” or Lines of Defence which may mitigate the effects of the tank fire scenario. On the right hand side of the bow tie, the eventual outcomes will be dependent upon the effectiveness of the barriers or Risk Reduction Options, and for more guidance on this reference should be made to the Technical Frame of Reference, Sections 6 and 9, which detail Lines of Defence and Fire Systems Integrity Assurance.

Fixed (Cone Roof) Tanks

FUEL

VAPOUR SPACE VAPOUR SPACE

FUEL

VENT SEAM WEAK

Fixed (Cone Roof) Tanks FIXED (CONE ROOF) TANKS



VENT FIRE SCENARIO

*

*Probablity depends on effectiveness of Risk Reduction Option (Barrier) /FSIA. See TFR Sections 6 / 9

*

*

NB: Frequency of vent fi res typically much lower than rimseal fi re frequency (fl oating roof tanks) due to nature of fuels normally stored i.e.high fl ash point

VENTFIRE

OVERFILLING

Level Alarm FailureOperator errorTank valve trip/close failure

UNPERMITTEDHOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.

LIGHTNING

Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike)

FLARES/OTHER

Vehicle(s)Lighting

FLAMMABLE VAPOUR(VENT/VAPOUR SPACE)

IGNITION SOURCE

RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT

Foam pourer systemTank cooling

DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENT

BLUE-RED FLAMEFLAM. VAPOUR SPACEHalt tank operations

EXTINGUISHMENT

SHORT DURATIONVENT FIRE

VENT FIRE

OTHER MECHANICALDAMAGECorrosion

(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenance

YELLOW/ORANGE FLAME VAPOUR SPACE FUEL RICH

Flame arrest in vent(s)Foam pourer systemExtinguishers / monitorsControlled burndown

SHORT DURATIONVENT FIRESingle ventMultiple vents

VAPOUREXPULSIONDaily breathing cycleFilling Operations

BLUE-RED FLAMEFLAM. VAPOUR SPACEAs above

DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENTExtended discharge foam system failureDelayed responseDetection failure

PROLONGED VENT FIRE

Single ventMultiple vents

PROLONGED VENT FIRE

DEFECTIVE FLAMEARRESTOR

FLASH-BACK INTO TANK

LOSS OF ROOF & PAR-TIAL/FULL SURFACE FIRE


BUND FIRE SCENARIO

*


*

BUNDFIRE

‘CARRY-OVER’ OF FUEL

Adjacent tank incidentBoilover

PIPE/TANK LEAKAGE

Piping, fl ange or valveMixer leakSteam coil failureSample point/valve leakCorrosion of tank bottomCorrosion of annular plateImpact

OVERFILLING


OTHER MECHANICALFAILURECorrosionFailed gasket(s)Tank suction/discharge valve failureFailure of roof leg padsTank settlement


(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenancePoor specifi cation

FLARES/OTHER

Vehicle(s)

SPILL IN BUND AND/ORSMALL BUND FIRE

IGNITION SOURCE


Bund pourersMonitors

PREVENTS ESCALATIONTO ENGULF TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOC


ESCALATION TOENGULF TANKBund pourer failureDelayed/inappropriate response

ESCALATION BEYONDBUND/TO OTHER TANKOpen drainPoor bundWall transitMisuse of Large monitorsIntermediate bund failure

Tank spacingIP19• Impervious bunding


EXTINGUISHMENT

CONTAINED BUND FIRE

PROLONGED SINGLEBUND FIRENo other tanks involvedIntermediate bunding

LARGE SCALE BUND FIRE + VENT FIRE

EXTENSIVE FIRE BEYOND BUND

ENGULFED TANK(S)

Flam range created in low fl ash tanks

MULTIPLE TANK / BUND INCIDENT

INLET/OUTLETPIPE RUPTURECorrosionImpact

LIGHTNING



FULL SURFACE FIRE SCENARIO (Full Roof Removal)

*


*

*FULLSURFACE

FIREFull RoofRemoval

LIGHTNING

Direct Strike Induced (nearby strike)

(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate Maintenance

FLARES/OTHER

Vehicle(s)Lighting

VENT FIRE ESCALATION

Prolonged vent fi reBlue-red ‘snapping’ fl ameFlashback into tankTank draw down operations Vent fl ame arrest failureVent PVV failure

VAPOUR SPACEEXPLOSIONFlashback into tank

FLAMMABLE VAPOUR(VENT/VAPOUR SPACE

WEAK SEAM RUPTURE FULL ROOF REMOVALAPI 650 Weak Seam

RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT(TOPSIDE/SUBSURFACE)Extended discharge foamSubsurface foam injectionTank cooling

PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOC

DELAYEDEXTINGUISHMENTInsuffi cient application rateInappropriate foamLogistical diffi culties

EXTINGUISHMENT

SHORT DURATIONFULL SURFACE FIRESingle tank

PROLONGED SINGLE BUND FIRE TANK INCIDENT

PROLONGED TANKFULL SURFACE FIRE

FUEL CARRY OVER

Misuse of large monitors

UNPERMITTED HOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.

IGNITION SOURCE

TOPSIDE EXTINGUISH-MENTMobile foam monitorsFoam Pourers


FOAM SYSTEM

Semi-Subsurface foam injectionSubsurface foam injection Foam pourers

MULTIPLE TANK/BUND INCIDENTTank spacing IP19Intermediate bundingTank cooling


FULL SURFACE FIRE SCENARIO (Partial Roof Removal)

*


*

*FULL

SURFACEFIRE

Partial RoofRemoval

LIGHTNING



FLARES/OTHER

Vehicle(s)Lighting


Prolonged vent fi reBlue-red ‘snapping’ fl ameFlashback into tankTank draw down operations Vent fl ame arrest failureVent PVV failure

VAPOUR SPACEEXPLOSIONFlashback into tank


WEAK SEAM RUPTURE PARTIAL ROOF REMOVALAPI 650 Weak Seam

RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT(TOPSIDE/SUBSURFACE)Extended discharge foamSubsurface foam injectionTank cooling

PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOCIntermediate bunding


EXTINGUISHMENT


PROLONGED SINGLE TANK INCIDENT


FUEL CARRY OVER


UNPERMITTED HOT WORKWelding, grinding etc.

IGNITION SOURCE

ROOF FALLS BACK INTO TANK


ROOF BUCKLES

‘Fish mouth’ opening



INTERNAL (COVERED) FLOATING TANKS

InternalFloating Roof

Tank

Internal (Covered) Floating Roof TanksInternal (Covered) Floating Roof Tanks

InternalFloating Roof

Tank


VENT FIRE SCENARIO

*


*

*

NB: Frequency of vent fi res typically much lower than rimseal fi re frequency (fl oating roof tanks) due to nature of fuels normally stored i.e.high fl ash point

VENTFIRE

OVERFILLING



LIGHTNING


FLARES/OTHER

Vehicle(s)Lighting

FLAMMABLE VAPOUR(VENT/VAPOUR SPACE)

IGNITION SOURCE


Foam pourer systemTank cooling


BLUE-RED FLAMEFLAM. VAPOUR SPACEHalt tank operations

EXTINGUISHMENT

SHORT DURATIONVENT FIRE

VENT FIRE

OTHER MECHANICALDAMAGECorrosion

(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenance

YELLOW/ORANGE FLAME VAPOUR SPACE FUEL RICH

Flame arrest in vent(s)Foam pourer systemExtinguishers / monitorsControlled burndown

SHORT DURATIONVENT FIRESingle ventMultiple vents

VAPOUREXPULSIONDaily breathing cycleFilling Operations

BLUE-RED FLAMEFLAM. VAPOUR SPACEAs above


PROLONGED VENT FIRE

Single ventMultiple vents

PROLONGED VENT FIRE

DEFECTIVE FLAMEARRESTOR

FLASH-BACK INTO TANK

LOSS OF ROOF & PAR-TIAL/FULL SURFACE FIRE


BUND FIRE SCENARIO

*


*

BUNDFIRE



PIPE/TANK LEAKAGE


OVERFILLING





FLARES/OTHER

Vehicle(s)


IGNITION SOURCE









EXTINGUISHMENT

CONTAINED BUND FIRE




ENGULFED TANK(S)




LIGHTNING



OBSTRUCTED FULL SURFACE FIRE SCENARIO

*

*

*

PARTIALSURFACE

FIRE

LIGHTNING



FLARES/OTHER

Vehicle(s)Lighting


Prolonged vent fi reBlue-red ‘snapping’ fl ameFlashback into tank

VAPOUR SPACE EXPLOSIONBuckled or cocked roofProduct overfl owing rim resulting in fl ammable mixture between fi xed / fl oating roofFlashback into tank


WEAK SEAM RUPTURE PARTIAL ROOF REMOVALAPI 650 Weak Seam

RAPID EXTINGUISHMENT(TOPSIDE/SUBSURFACE)Foam systemMonitorsTank cooling

PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND TANKIsolation of fuel/minimise LOCIntermediate bunding


EXTINGUISHMENT




FUEL CARRY OVER


UNPERMITTED HOT WORK

IGNITION SOURCE

ROOF PARTIALLY INTO TANK


ROOF BUCKLES

‘Fish mouth’ opening


RIMSEAL NOT VAPOUR TIGHTVapour space in fl ammable range


OPEN-TOP FLOATING ROOF TANKS

Open top Floating Roof

Open-Top Floating Roof TanksOpen-Top Floating Roof Tanks

Open top Floating Roof


SPILL ON ROOF FIRE SCENARIO

*


*

*

SPILLON ROOF

FIRE

PONTOON LEAKAGE

Weld failureCorrosion

DOUBLE DECK LEAKAGE

Lap weld cracking(high wind loading)

MECHANICAL FAILURE

CorrosionRoof drain failureSuction/discharge valve faiSeal damagel

LOSS OFROOF BUOYANCYLeg failurePontoon damageExcessive weight



FLARES/OTHER

LightingFlare carry over

SPILL ON ROOF/ PRO-DUCT ACCUMULATION

IGNITION SOURCE


Extended discharge foamMonitors

PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND SPILL FIRE


ROOF SINKS

Misuse of large monitorsLocal over application offoam (full surface system)Open roof drian

ROOF TIPS


EXTINGUISHMENT

SHORT DURATIONSPILL ON ROOF FIRE

PROLONGEDSPILL ON ROOF FIRE

SINGLE TANK FULL SURFACE FIRE (SHORT)

PROLONGED TANK FULL SURFACE FIRE

BOILOVER (CRUDE OIL)

OVERFILLING


EXCESSIVE WEIGHT(RAIN/FIREWATER)

LIGHTNING




BUND FIRE SCENARIO

*


*

BUNDFIRE



PIPE/TANK LEAKAGE


OVERFILLING





FLARES/OTHER

Vehicle(s)


IGNITION SOURCE









EXTINGUISHMENT

CONTAINED BUND FIRE




ENGULFED TANK(S)




LIGHTNING



RIMSEAL FIRE SCENARIO

*


*

*

RIMSEALFIRE

OVERFILLING


OTHER MECHANICAL DAMAGERim vent failureCorrosion


LIGHTNING

Direct strikeInduced (nearby strike) Geodesic dome

FLARES/OTHER

Flare carry over

LOSS OF CONTAINMENTIN RIMSEAL FIRE

IGNITION SOURCE


Extended discharge foamHandlines / extinguishers


ESCALATION BEYOND RIMSEALPoor maintenancePontoon explosionExcessive fi rewater

EXTINGUISHMENT

PARTIAL SURFACE FIRE

FULL SURFUCE FIRE SCENARIO

SEAL DAMAGE

Weather shield damagePunctured seal (liquid/gas)Secondary seal failure

(UN)CLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenance Poor specifi catie

PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND RIMSEALFire retardant rimsealDetectionExtended discharge foam system

SHORT DURATIONRIMSEAL FIREPartialFull Circumference

PRODUCT ACCUMULATIONOn fl oating

ESCALATION BEYOND RIMSEALPoor maintenancePontoon explosion


PROLONGED RIMSEAL ROOF FIREPartialFull Circumference


POOR MAINTENANCE


MULTIPLE TANK/ BUND INCIDENT


FULL/PARTIAL SURFACE FIRE SCENARIO

*


*

*

FULL/ PARTIAL SURFACE

FIRE

PONTOON LEAKAGE

Weld failureCorrosion

DOUBLE DECK LEAKAGE

Lap weld cracking(high wind loading)

MECHANICAL FAILURE

CorrosionRoof drain failure

LOSS OFROOF BUOYANCYLeg failurePontoon damage


UNCLASSIFIEDELECTRICAL EQUIP.Inadequate maintenance

FLARES/OTHER

SPILL ON ROOF/ PRO-DUCT ACCUMULATION

IGNITION SOURCE


Extended discharge foamMonitors


ROOF SINKS

Misuse of large monitorsLocal over application offoam (full surface system)Open roof drian

ROOF TIPS


EXTINGUISHMENT


PROLONGED TANK FULL SURFACE FIRE

BOILOVER (CRUDE OIL)

OVERFILLING

Level Alarm Failure

EXCESSIVE WEIGHT(RAIN/FIREWATER)

LIGHTNING



PREVENTS ESCALATIONBEYOND SPILL FIREExtended discharge foamMonitors


OORZAAK- EN GEVOLGDIAGRAMMEN (CIV04) OPSLAGTANKS ...

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